hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Doug Sahm
Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999) was an American musician, singer-songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist from San Antonio, Texas.  He is regarded as a key Tex-Mex music and Texan Music performer.  San Antonio's conjunto and blues and later the hippie scene of San Francisco helped create his blend of music, with which he found success performing in 1970s Austin, Texas.

He made his recording debut as "Little Doug" in 1955. In 1965, Huey P. Meaux produced Sahm and the Sir Douglas Quintet's "She's About a Mover."  Atlantic Records signed Sahm and released his debut solo album Doug Sahm and Band in 1973.  In 1989, Sahm formed the supergroup the Texas Tornados with fellow Tex-Mex musicians Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jiménez. The Texas Tornados toured successfully, and one of their releases earned a Grammy Award.  In 1999, Sahm died during a vacation trip.

Freddy Fender
Freddy Fender (born Baldemar Garza Huerta; June 4, 1937 – October 14, 2006) was an American Country and Tejano singer, of Mexican descent, known for his work as a solo artist and in the groups Los Super Seven and the Texas Tornados. His signature sound fused country, rock, swamp pop and Tex-Mex styles.

Active since the 1950s, when he got his start playing Spanish-language rock and roll for Tejano audiences, Fender's mainstream breakthrough came in 1975 with the crossover hit "Before the Next Teardrop Falls," which topped Billboard's pop and country charts. He recorded further country hits such as "Wasted Days and Wasted Nights," "Secret Love," "You'll Lose a Good Thing," "Living It Down," and "The Rains Came."
Garvestone
Garvestone (or Garveston) is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Garvestone, Reymerston and Thuxton, in the Breckland district, in the English county of Norfolk.

Garvestone is located 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south-east of Dereham and 7 miles (11 km) north-west of Wymondham, on the upper reaches of the River Yare.

Thuxton
Thuxton is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Garvestone, Reymerston and Thuxton, in the Breckland district, in the county of Norfolk, England. It is 6 miles north west of Wymondham and 5 miles south east of Dereham.

The village is located just off the B1135 Wymondham to Dereham road, and is served by a station on the Mid-Norfolk Railway heritage line. The railway station waiting rooms have been converted into holiday accommodation.
Multiton pattern
In software engineering, the multiton pattern is a design pattern which generalizes the singleton pattern. Whereas the  singleton allows only one instance of a class to be created, the multiton pattern allows for the controlled creation of multiple instances, which it manages through the use of a map.

Rather than having a single instance per application (e.g. the java.lang.Runtime object in the Java programming language) the multiton pattern instead ensures a single instance per key.

The multiton pattern does not explicitly appear as a pattern in the highly regarded object-oriented programming textbook Design Patterns. However, the book describes using a registry of singletons to allow subclassing of singletons, which is essentially the multiton pattern.

Singleton pattern
In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance. It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. The pattern is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate actions across a system.

More specifically, the singleton pattern allows classes to:

Ensure they only have one instance

Provide easy access to that instance

Control their instantiation (for example, hiding the constructors of a class)

The term comes from the mathematical concept of a singleton.
Li Cunjin
Li Cunjin (李存進) (855 – 24 September 922), originally Sun Chongjin (孫重進), was a military general in imperial China's Tang dynasty, and later the Jin territory in the ensuing Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period after Tang's collapse. He served the Shatuo leaders Li Keyong — who adopted him as a son — and Li Keyong's biological son and successor Li Cunxu. He died in the battles against Zhang Chujin.

Li Keyong
Li Keyong (Chinese: 李克用; pinyin: Lǐ Kèyòng) (October 24, 856 – February 24, 908) was a Chinese military general and politician of Shatuo ethnicity, and from January 896 the Prince of Jin (Chinese: 晉王; pinyin: Jìn Wáng), which would become an independent state after the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907. Li served as a Jiedushi provincial military governor during the late Tang period and was an instrumental figure in the development of a Shatuo base of power in what is today's Shanxi Province of China. His son Li Cunxu (Emperor Zhuangzong), a child of his concubine Lady Cao, would succeed him as Prince of Jin and eventually become the founding emperor of the Later Tang dynasty in 923.
Cody Williams
Cody Leron Williams (born November 20, 2004) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes. He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2023 class. He is the younger brother of Oklahoma City Thunder player Jalen Williams.

Jalen Williams
Jalen Devonn Williams (born April 14, 2001), nicknamed J-Dub, is an American professional basketball player for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three seasons of college basketball for the Santa Clara Broncos before declaring for the 2022 NBA draft, where he was selected 12th overall by the Thunder. Williams was named to his first NBA All-Star Game and All-NBA Team in 2025, later winning an NBA championship that same year.
Gura, Eritrea
Gura (Tigrinya: ጉራዕ) or Gura'e is a settlement in Eritrea's Debub region in northeast Africa. It is located in the eponymous Gura Valley in the southeastern Eritrean Highlands. It is about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) SE of Dekemhare and about 32 kilometres (20 mi) SSE of the capital Asmara.

Dekemhare
Dekemhare (Tigrinya: ደቀምሓረ; sometimes spelled Decamare, Italian: Decamerè) is a town in Eritrea in the Southern Region, southeast of the national capital of Asmara. During the Italian colonial period, the town became a major center of industry and agriculture known for its vineyards. The town became known for Art Deco buildings built during the colonial period.

Prior to 1947, the town had a sizable population of Italian settlers. The city was partially destroyed in the Eritrean War of Independence.
Findlay Township, Pennsylvania
Findlay Township is a township located west of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 6,373 at the 2020 census.

The township is the home of Pittsburgh International Airport, which it shares with neighboring Moon Township to the east.

Moon Township, Pennsylvania
Moon Township is a township in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 27,261 at the 2020 census. Located 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Pittsburgh, the township is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area and is home to Pittsburgh International Airport.
Campbell Slemp
Campbell Slemp (December 2, 1839 – October 13, 1907) was a farmer and Confederate officer in southwest Virginia who became a Readjuster Democrat after Congressional Reconstruction and served in the Virginia House of Delegates. He eventually joined the Republican Party and won election to the United States House of Representatives from Virginia's 9th congressional district and controlled federal patronage in the Commonwealth from 1903 to 1907. Slemp died unexpectedly at home while in office, after which his son C. Bascom Slemp succeeded to the seat for more than a decade, until being ousted by the rising Byrd Organization.

C. Bascom Slemp
Campbell Bascom Slemp (September 4, 1870 – August 7, 1943) was an American Republican politician. He was a six-time United States congressman from Virginia's 9th congressional district from 1907 to 1923 and served as the presidential secretary to President Calvin Coolidge. As a philanthropist, Slemp set up the "Slemp Foundation", which provides gifts and scholarships to schools and colleges in Southwestern Virginia.
Lissens Goods station
Lissens Goods station or Lissens Sidings station was a railway freight facility located approximately two miles north-east of Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland. It served the industrial and agricultural requirements for transportation in the vicinity of Auchenmade and the surrounding rural area on behalf of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. Lissens Goods was around seven miles from the Lugton East Junction and the railway workers employed here were supervised by staff from the nearby Auchenmade Station, the nearest passenger and goods station on the up line towards Lugton and Glasgow.

Although a remote location today the facility would have had freight transport business in the form of lime for the fields, cattle, horse and sheep movements, milk and cheese delivery, mining and quarrying related items, etc. with other sidings in the vicinity, namely Lylestone.

Auchenmade railway station
Auchenmade railway station was a railway station approximately three miles (4.8 km) north-east of Kilwinning on the B707, North Ayrshire, Scotland. It served the hamlet of Auchentiber and the surrounding rural area as part of the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway. The station was 6.75 miles (10.86 km) from the Lugton East Junction.
Drew Ginn
Drew Cameron Ginn OAM (born 20 November 1974) is an Australian five-time world champion rower, a four time Olympian and triple Olympic gold medallist. From 1995 to 1998 he was a member of Australia's prominent world class crew – the coxless four known as the Oarsome Foursome.

Oarsome Foursome
The Oarsome Foursome is the nickname for an Australian men's rowing coxless four crew who competed with a clear lineage between 1990 and 2012, winning two Olympic gold medals and one silver medal, two world championships as a coxless four, and additional world championship titles in coxed boats. Members of the Oarsome Foursome when split into pairs placed first and second in the 1998 World Rowing Championships and won gold at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Cholesky decomposition
In linear algebra, the Cholesky decomposition or Cholesky factorization (pronounced /ʃəˈlɛski/ shə-LES-kee) is a decomposition of a Hermitian, positive-definite matrix into the product of a lower triangular matrix and its conjugate transpose, which is useful for efficient numerical solutions, e.g., Monte Carlo simulations. It was discovered by André-Louis Cholesky for real matrices, and posthumously published in 1924.
When it is applicable, the Cholesky decomposition is roughly twice as efficient as the LU decomposition for solving systems of linear equations.

Triangular matrix
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below the main diagonal are zero.

Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero.
Juan Tafur
Juan Tafur (1500, Córdoba, Andalusia, Castile - ?, ?) was a Spanish conquistador who participated in the Spanish conquest of the Muisca people. He was a cousin of fellow conquistadors Martín Yañéz Tafur, Hernán Venegas Carrillo and Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela. Juan Tafur was five times encomendero (mayor) of Santa Fe de Bogotá. He also received the encomiendas of Pasca, Chipaque and Usaquén. The encomienda of Suesca was shared between Tafur and Gonzalo García Zorro.

Knowledge of the life of Juan Tafur has been provided by the work El Carnero (1638), by chronicler Juan Rodríguez Freyle.

Gonzalo García Zorro
Gonzalo García Zorro (c. 1500 – 1566) was a Spanish conquistador who participated in the Spanish conquest of the Muisca people. García Zorro was encomendero (mayor) of Santa Fe de Bogotá for seven terms, and received the encomiendas of Fusagasugá and Fosca.

He married three times, twice with Muisca women, and had one daughter, Francisca, and a son, Diego. García Zorro died of wounds he suffered in a duel with Alonso Venegas. Venegas was the son of fellow conquistador Hernán Venegas Carrillo and the grandson through his mother of Sagipa, the last zipa (leader) of the Muisca, whom García Zorro had helped to kill.

Knowledge of the life of García Zorro comes from the works Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (1589) and El Carnero (1638), by Juan de Castellanos and Juan Rodríguez Freyle respectively.
Hexie (train)
Hexie (Chinese: 和谐号; pinyin: Héxié hào; lit. 'Harmony'), also known as the CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.

The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1, CRH2, CRH3 and CRH5. Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.

China Railway CRH5
The CRH5 Hexie (simplified Chinese: 和谐号; traditional Chinese: 和諧號; pinyin: Héxié Hào; lit. 'Harmony') is an electric multiple unit high-speed train in use with China Railway High-speed in the northern regions of the People's Republic of China. The CRH5 is based on the ETR-600 New Pendolino used in Italy.

The CRH5 are non-tilting trains, developed for the Chinese Railways and whose technology has been transferred to local manufacturers. The CRH5 operate steadily at 250 kilometres per hour (155 mph).
175th Wing
The 175th Wing is a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard, stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. If activated to federal service, components of the Wing are gained by the two separate major commands of the United States Air Force: Air Combat Command and United States Air Forces in Europe.

The 104th Fighter Squadron, assigned to the wing's 175th Operations Group, is a descendant of the 104th Observation Squadron, established on 29 June 1921. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.  It is the oldest unit in the Maryland Air National Guard, having over 90 years of service to the state and nation.

104th Fighter Squadron
The 104th Fighter Squadron (104th FS), nicknamed the Fightin' O's, was a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard 175th Wing stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The 104th was equipped with the Fairchild Republic A-10C Thunderbolt II. It was inactivated in September 2025.

The squadron is a descendant organization of the 104th Squadron (Observation), which was formed on 29 June 1921.  It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II and was the oldest unit of the Maryland Air National Guard.
John Ringle
John Ringle (born Johann Ringle; October 2, 1848 – March 15, 1923) was an American businessman and Democratic politician from Wausau, Wisconsin.  He was the 10th and 27th mayor of Wausau, and represented Marathon County for five years in the Wisconsin State Assembly and for four years in the Wisconsin Senate.

His father, Bartholomew Ringle, was an early settler at Wausau and served as mayor, state representative, and several other county offices.  John Ringle's son, Oscar Ringle, also served in the Assembly.

Bartholomew Ringle
Bartholomew Ringle (born Johann Bartholomaus Ringle; October 16, 1814 – October 27, 1881) was a German American immigrant, lawyer, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was instrumental in organizing many of the towns of Marathon County, Wisconsin.  He was the fifth mayor of Wausau, Wisconsin, represented Marathon County for five terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly, and served nearly 18 years as county judge.  His son and grandson also served in the Wisconsin Legislature.
Knife sharpening
Knife sharpening is the process of making a knife or similar tool sharp by grinding against a hard, rough surface, typically  a stone, or a flexible surface with hard particles, such as sandpaper. Additionally, a leather razor strop, or strop, is often used to straighten and polish an edge.
The trade or occupation is called knifegrinder or knife sharpener.

Sharpening
Sharpening is the process of creating or refining a sharp edge of appropriate shape on a tool or implement designed for cutting. Sharpening is done by removing material from the implement with an abrasive substance harder than the material of the implement, followed sometimes by processes to polish the sharp surface to increase smoothness and correct small mechanical deformations without removing significant metal.

The process creates a bevel - the angled surface that meets at the cutting edge. Ideally, the two sides of the edge meet at a precise mathematical point (the apex), though in practice, a microscopic radius always remains. Sharpening is distinct from honing or steeling, which are maintenance steps used to realign an edge that has rolled over during use, though the terms are often used interchangeably in casual conversation.
Ktiv hasar niqqud
Ktiv hasar niqqud (Hebrew pronunciation: [ktiv χaˈsaʁ niˈkud]; Hebrew: כתיב חסר ניקוד, literally "spelling lacking niqqud"), colloquially known as ktiv maleh (IPA: [ktiv maˈle]; כתיב מלא, literally "full spelling"), are the rules for writing Hebrew without vowel points (niqqud), often replacing them with matres lectionis (ו‎ and י‎). To avoid confusion, consonantal ו‎ ([v]) and י‎ ([j]) are doubled in the middle of words. In general use, niqqud are rarely used, except in specialized texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants.

Mater lectionis
A mater lectionis (/ˌmeɪtər ˌlɛktiˈoʊnɪs/ ⓘ MAY-tər LEK-tee-OH-niss, /ˌmɑːtər -/ MAH-tər -⁠; Latin for 'mother of reading', pl. matres lectionis /ˌmɑːtreɪs -/ MAH-trayss -⁠; original Hebrew: אֵם קְרִיאָה, romanized: ʾēm qərîʾāh) is any consonant letter that is used to indicate a vowel, primarily in the writing of Semitic languages such as Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac. The letters that do this in Hebrew are aleph א, he ה, vav ו and yud י, with the latter two in particular being more often vowels than they are consonants. In Arabic, the matres lectionis (though they are much less often referred to thus) are ʾalif ا, wāw و and yāʾ ي.

The original value of the matres lectionis corresponds closely to what are called in modern linguistics glides or semivowels.
Michael Llewelyn Davies
Michael Llewelyn Davies (16 June 1900 – 19 May 1921) was – along with his four brothers – the inspiration for J. M. Barrie's characters Peter Pan, the Darling brothers, and the Lost Boys.  Late in life, his only surviving brother Nico described him as "the cleverest of us, the most original, the potential genius." He died in ambiguous circumstances, drowning with a close friend – and possible lover – just short of his twenty-first birthday. He was a first cousin of English writer Daphne du Maurier.

Nicholas Llewelyn Davies
Nicholas "Nico" Llewelyn Davies (24 November 1903 – 14 October 1980) was the youngest of the Llewelyn Davies boys, who were the inspiration for J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan and the Lost Boys.  He was only a year old when Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up hit the stage in 1904, and as such was not a primary inspiration for the characters of Peter and the Lost Boys.  However he was eight years old when the novel adaptation Peter and Wendy was published, and in later editions of the play, the character Michael Darling's middle name was changed to "Nicholas". He was the first cousin of the English writer Daphne du Maurier.
National School of Drama, Tripura
The National School of Drama, New Delhi, has established its camp office National School of Drama Theatre-in-Education Wing Tripura in conjunction with the Department of Information & Cultural Affairs and Higher Education, Government of Tripura, in Agartala, with effect from 17 November 2011. The wing provides a one-year residential PG certificate course in Theatre-in-Education to students from the Northeast, the rest of India, and around the world.

National School of Drama
National School of Drama (NSD) is a drama school situated at New Delhi, India. It is an autonomous organization under Ministry of Culture, Government of India. It was set up in 1959 by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and became an independent school in 1975. In 2005, it was granted deemed university status, but in 2011 it was revoked. Paresh Rawal is the current Chairperson & Chittaranjan Tripathy currently serves as Director of National School of Drama (NSD).
Ohio State Route 201
State Route 201 (SR 201) is a 21.69-mile (34.91 km) long north–south state highway in the western portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The southern terminus of SR 201 is at an interchange with the SR 4 freeway in Dayton.  Its northern terminus is at a T-intersection with SR 55 approximately 3.25 miles (5.23 km) east of Casstown.

Ohio State Route 55
State Route 55 (SR 55) is an east–west state route in western Ohio.  Its western terminus is near the town of Laura at SR 571, and its eastern terminus is south of downtown Urbana at U.S. Route 68 (US 68).
Hand evaluation
In contract bridge, various bidding systems have been devised to enable partners to describe their hands so that they may reach the optimum contract. Key to this process is that players evaluate and re-evaluate the trick-taking potential of their hands as the auction proceeds and additional information about partner's hand and the opponent's hands becomes available.

Hand evaluation methods assess various features of a hand, including: its high card strength, shape or suit distribution, controls, fit with partner, quality of suits and quality of the whole hand. The methods range from basic to complex, requiring partners to have the same understandings and agreements about their application in their bidding system.

Glossary of contract bridge terms
These terms are used in contract bridge, using duplicate or rubber scoring. Some of them are also used in whist, bid whist, the obsolete game auction bridge, and other trick-taking games. This glossary supplements the Glossary of card game terms.

In the following entries, boldface links are external to the glossary and plain links reference other glossary entries.