hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gonadarche
Gonadarche (/ˌɡoʊnəˈdɑːrki/) refers to the earliest gonadal (reproductive gland) changes of puberty. In response to pituitary gonadotropins, the ovaries in females and the testes in males begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids, especially estradiol and testosterone. The ovary and testis have receptors, follicle cells and leydig cells, respectively, where gonadotropins bind to stimulate the maturation of the gonads and secretion of estrogen and testosterone. Certain disorders can result in changes to timing or nature of these processes.

In males, gonadarche is responsible for testicular enlargement and virilization.

In females, gonadarche is responsible for thelarche and menarche (first menstruation).

Gonadarche should be contrasted with adrenarche. Gonadarche indicates that true central puberty has begun, while adrenarche is an independent maturational process only loosely associated with complete puberty.

Adrenarche
Adrenarche is an early stage in sexual maturation that happens in some higher primates (including humans), typically peaks at around 20 years of age, and is involved in the development of pubic hair, body odor, skin oiliness, axillary hair, sexual attraction/sexual desire/increased libido and mild acne. During adrenarche the adrenal glands secrete increased levels of weak adrenal androgens, including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4), but without increased cortisol levels. Adrenarche is the result of the development of a new zone of the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis. Adrenarche is a process related to puberty, but distinct from hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) maturation and function.
Henriette Rénard
Ana Katharina (Henriette) Rénard (1685 – 26 May 1721), was a mistress of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony and mother of his daughter, the later Countess Anna Karolina Orzelska.

Anna Karolina Orzelska
Anna Karolina Orzelska (23 November 1707 – 27 September 1769) was a Polish szlachcianka (noblewoman) and an adventuress. Born as an illegitimate daughter of August II the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, by Henriette Rénard she became Hereditary Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck by marriage.
Patung Pemuda Membangun
Patung Pemuda Membangun (translated as Youth Advancement Monument or simply Youth Monument) is a statue located at the southern end of Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta, Indonesia. The statue marks the entrance to Kebayoran Baru subdistrict in South Jakarta.

Kebayoran Baru
Kebayoran Baru is a district (Indonesian: kecamatan) in the administrative city of South Jakarta, Indonesia. The name was derived from a planned satellite city of the same name which was developed in the post-war period. Kebayoran Baru was the last residential area to be developed by the Dutch colonial administration. The urban planning was laid in a concept of the Garden city movement, consisting of a well-planned residential area, a shopping center, and a business district, supported with civic facilities such as schools, places of worship, hospitals, and parks. Today, the district is home to many important government institutions, such as the Indonesia Stock Exchange building, the ASEAN Headquarters building, the National Police headquarters, and the City Hall of South Jakarta. Sudirman Central Business District is also located in the district.
Muskegon River
The Muskegon River (/məˈskiːɡən/ mə-SKEE-gən) is a 216-mile-long (348 km) river in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. From its source at Houghton Lake in Roscommon County, the river flows in a generally southwesterly direction to its mouth at Lake Michigan at the eponymous city of Muskegon. The river drains an area of 2,350 square miles (6,100 km2), and collects a number of tributaries, including the Little Muskegon River, Hersey River, and Clam River.

In September 2002, an article in National Geographic raised concerns about a controversial deal made with Nestlé Waters North America, giving them permission "to bottle up to 210 million gallons (about 800 million liters) a year from an aquifer north of Grand Rapids, Michigan that recharges the Muskegon River".

Muskegon, Michigan
Muskegon (/məˈskiːɡən/ mə-SKEE-gən) is a city in and the county seat of Muskegon County, Michigan, United States. Situated around a harbor of Lake Michigan, Muskegon is known for fishing, sailing regattas, and boating. It is the most populous city along Lake Michigan's eastern shore. At the 2020 census, the city's population was 38,318. The city is administratively autonomous from adjacent Muskegon Township, and several locations in Muskegon Township and other surrounding townships have Muskegon addresses.

Muskegon is the center of the Muskegon metropolitan statistical area, which is coextensive with Muskegon County and had a population of 175,824 as of the 2020 census. It is also part of the larger Grand Rapids-Kentwood-Muskegon-combined statistical area.
Gibralfaro
Mount Gibralfaro (Spanish: Monte Gibralfaro [ˈmonte xiβɾalˈfaɾo]) is a hill located in Málaga in the south of Spain. It is a 130 m high foothill of the Montes de Málaga, part of the Cordillera Penibética.

At the top of the hill stands the Castle of Gibralfaro overlooking Málaga city and the Mediterranean Sea, and connected by a walled corridor to the Alcazaba of Málaga.

Alcazaba of Málaga
The Alcazaba (Spanish: [alkaˈθaβa, alkaˈsaβa]; from Arabic: القَصَبَة, romanized: al-qaṣabah, pronounced [alˈqasˤaba]; lit. 'citadel') is a palatial fortification in Málaga, Spain, built during the period of Muslim-ruled Al-Andalus. The current complex was begun in the 11th century and was modified or rebuilt multiple times up to the 14th century. It is one of the best-preserved alcazabas in Spain. The Alcazaba is also connected by a walled corridor to the higher Castle of Gibralfaro, and adjacent to the entrance of the Alcazaba are remnants of a Roman theatre dating to the 1st century AD.
Griffons (rugby union)
The Griffons, currently known as the Novavit Griffons for sponsorship reasons, are a South African rugby union team that participates in the annual Currie Cup and SA Cup tournaments. They play out of Welkom at North West Stadium, and draw players from roughly the eastern third of Free State Province (the remainder of the province comprises the territory of the Free State Cheetahs).

Currie Cup
The Currie Cup (Afrikaans: Curriebeker) is South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. The Currie Cup dates back to 1891.
Christian Brando
Christian Devi Brando (May 11, 1958 – January 26, 2008) was one of the eleven acknowledged children of actor Marlon Brando, and the only one Brando had with his first wife, former actress Anna Kashfi.

From 1990 to 2005, Brando was involved in several criminal proceedings and convicted of felonious crime, as well as being entangled in noted personal disputes.

Anna Kashfi
Anna Kashfi (born Joan O'Callaghan; 30 September 1934 – 16 August 2015) was an Anglo-Indian actress who had a brief Hollywood career in the 1950s but was better known for her tumultuous marriage to film star Marlon Brando and the controversies surrounding their son.
Self-persuasion
Self-persuasion is used to explain one aspect of social influence. This theory postulates that the receiver takes an active role in persuading himself or herself to change his or her attitude. Unlike the direct technique of Persuasion, Self-persuasion is indirect and entails placing people in situations where they are motivated to persuade themselves to change. More specifically what characterizes a self-persuasion situation is that no direct attempt is made to convince anyone of anything. Thus, with self-persuasion, people are convinced that the motivation for change has come from within, so the persuasion factors of another person's influence is irrelevant. Therefore, Self-persuasion is almost always a more powerful form of persuasion (deeper, longer lasting) than the more traditional persuasion techniques. Self-Persuasion, also has an important influence in Social judgment theory, Elaboration Likelihood Model, Cognitive Dissonance and Narrative paradigm.

Social judgment theory
In social psychology, social judgment theory (SJT) is a self-persuasion theory proposing that an individual's perception and evaluation of an idea is by comparing it with current attitudes.  According to this theory, an individual weighs every new idea, comparing it with the individual's present point of view to determine where it should be placed on the attitude scale in an individual's mind.  SJT is the subconscious sorting out of ideas that occurs at the instant of perception. The theory of Social Judgement attempts to explain why and how people have different reactions and responses toward the same information or issue. Social Judgment Theory can be used to improve the way people communicate with one another. The theory is also widely considered in persuasions. The Social Judgement Theory depends on the individual's position on a certain issue occurring. Depending on three elements Social Judgement Theory has, they are followed by their anchor, alternatives and ego-involvement.
Nippon Sharyo P865
The P865 and P2020 are retired articulated light rail vehicles used on the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. They were manufactured by Nippon Sharyo and used on the A, C (P2020), and E lines.

The trains featured air conditioning, emergency intercoms, wheelchair spaces and automated announcements. They are of an air-electric design, with air powered doors, friction brakes, and a pantograph.

Kinki Sharyo P3010
The P3010 is an articulated light rail car used on the Los Angeles Metro Rail system manufactured by Kinki Sharyo, operated on all of the Metro Rail light rail lines.

Ordered by Metro in 2012, the first train entered service in 2016. A total of 235 trains were built, making it Metro's largest rail fleet.
Motella
Motella, Metello(u)polis, or Pulcherianopolis was a city in the Roman province of Phrygia Pacatiana, in Asia Minor, probably on the site of the modern Yeşiloba (Medele).

Inscriptions make known a Phrygian town named Motella, which name is connected with the Phrygian feminine proper name Motalis and the Cilician masculine Motales, as also with Mutalli, or Mutallu, the name of an ancient Hittite king of Northern Commagene. One of these inscriptions was found in the village of Medele, which evidently preserves the ancient name.

Motella seems to be the town which Hierocles calls Pulcherianopolis.

Yeşiloba, Bekilli
Yeşiloba, formerly known as Medele, is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Bekilli, Denizli Province, Turkey. Its population is 366 (2022).

It is probably the site of ancient and medieval Motella.
Kurupi
Curupi (Curupí) or Kurupi is a figure in Guaraní mythology, known particularly for an elongated penis that can wind once or several turns around the waist or torso, or wrap around its arms, and feared as the abductor and rapist of women.

He is one of the seven monstrous children of Tau and Kerana, and as such is one of the central legendary figures in the region of Guaraní speaking cultures. The curupí is one of the most widespread myth in the region.

Tau (mythology)
Tau is the name of an evil spirit in South American Guaraní mythology. Although Tau is not quite synonymous with the Devil in Christian beliefs, for example, he was sometimes referred to as The Evil Spirit and as such may have been a personification of evil itself. Tau was created along with his opposite, Angatupyry, by the supreme god of the Guaraní creation myth, Tupã, and was left with humanity on Earth.
Brussels Urban Transport Museum
The Brussels Urban Transport Museum (French: Musée du transport urbain bruxellois (MTUB); Dutch: Museum voor het Stedelijk Vervoer te Brussel (MSVB)), also known as the Tram Museum (French: Musée du Tram; Dutch: Trammuseum), is a transport museum in Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, a municipality of Brussels, Belgium.

Located in an old tram depot, the museum displays a collection of trams and buses from different eras in the history of public transport in Brussels. It is situated at 364b, avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan, opposite Woluwe Park. This site is served by the bus and tram stop Musée du Tram/Trammuseum (on lines 8, 36, 39 and 44).

Trams in Brussels
The Brussels tramway network is a tram system serving a large part of the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. It is the 16th largest tram system in the world by route length, in 2017 providing 149.1 million journeys (up 9.5% on 2016) over routes 140.6 km (87.4 mi) in length. In 2018, it consisted of 18 tram lines (eight of which—lines 4, 7, 10, 25, 32, 51, 55 and 82—qualified as premetro lines, and five of which—lines 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10—qualified as "Chrono" or "Fast" lines). Brussels trams are operated by STIB/MIVB, the local public transport company.

The network's development has faced issues including the inconsistent route pattern resulting from the closure of the interurban trams, the conflict between low-floor surface trams and high-floor underground trams, and whether the trams run on the right or the left.
Dirk Jan de Geer
Jonkheer Dirk Jan de Geer (14 December 1870 – 28 November 1960) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Historical Union. He served as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 8 March 1926 until 10 August 1929, and from 10 August 1939 until 3 September 1940.

Christian Historical Union
The Christian Historical Union (Dutch: Christelijk-Historische Unie, CHU) was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged in September 1980.
Gagauz people
The Gagauz (/ɡəˈɡɔːz/; Gagauz: Gagauzlar) are an Oghuz Turkic ethnic group native to southern Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia District, Basarabeasca District) and southwestern Ukraine (Budjak). Gagauz are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term Gagauz is also often used as a collective naming of Turkic people living in the Balkans, speaking the Gagauz language, which is separate from Balkan Gagauz Turkish.

Budjak
Budjak, also known as Budzhak, is a historical region that was part of Bessarabia from 1812 to 1940. Situated along the Black Sea, between the Danube and Dniester rivers, this multi-ethnic region covers an area of 13,188 km2 (5,092 sq mi)  and is home to approximately 600,000 people. The majority of the region (former Izmail Oblast) is now located in Ukraine's Odesa Oblast, while the remaining part is found in the southern districts of Moldova. The region is bordered to the north by the rest of Moldova, to the west and south by Romania, and to the east by the Black Sea and the rest of Ukraine.
Sylvester Q. Cannon
Sylvester Quayle Cannon (June 10, 1877 – May 29, 1943) was an American businessman, engineer, and religious leader who served as the sixth presiding bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1925 to 1938 and a member of church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1939 until his death. He was the son of George Q. Cannon, an apostle and member of the church's First Presidency.

Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a "special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others." In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is a priesthood office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve and First Presidency of the church. In most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles.

In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, Jesus Christ himself being the chief cornerstone. The "Articles of Faith", written by Joseph Smith, mentions apostles:

"We believe in the same organization that existed in the Primitive Church, namely, apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangelists, and so forth."
Lands (band)
Lands (stylized as LANDS) is a temporary musical band created by the producer of Japanese pop-rock band Mr. Children, Takeshi Kobayashi (小林 武史, Kobayashi Takeshi). The group was created to promote the film Bandage, which stars the Japanese singer and actor Jin Akanishi as the leader and vocalist Natsu (ナツ) of the fictional band. The band released their debut single "Bandage", on November 25, 2009. The single topped the Oricon chart selling 211,000 copies in the first week.

Jin Akanishi
Jin Akanishi (赤西 仁, Akanishi Jin; born July 4, 1984) is a Japanese singer-songwriter and actor. He has been active since 1998 as one of the two lead vocalists of the J-pop boy-band KAT-TUN before starting a solo career in 2009. Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas.
TCS BaNCS
TCS BaNCS is a core banking software suite developed by Tata Consultancy Services for use by retail banks.

It includes functions for universal banking, core banking, payments, wealth management, forex and money markets, compliance, insurance, securities processing, custody, financial inclusion, Islamic banking and treasury operations.  There are also modules that deal with capital markets and the insurance business. The suite of products is periodically evaluated by independent research firms such as Forrester.

Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is an Indian multinational technology company specializing in information technology services and consulting. Headquartered in Mumbai, it is a part of the Tata Group and operates in 150 locations across 46 countries. As of 2024, Tata Sons owned 71.74% of TCS, and close to 80% of Tata Sons' dividend income came from TCS.

TCS ranked seventh on the Fortune India 500 list for 2024. In September 2021, TCS recorded a market capitalization of US$200 billion, becoming the first Indian IT company to achieve this valuation. In 2012, it was the world's second-largest user of U.S. H-1B visas.
Philip A. Kuhn
Philip A. Kuhn (September 9, 1933 – February 11, 2016) was an American historian of China and the Francis Lee Higginson Professor of History and of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University.

Kuhn was praised by his colleagues. Frederic Wakeman described Kuhn as "one of the West's premier China historians." Stanford University historian Harold L. Kahn added that “Every twenty years, like clockwork, Philip Kuhn produces a book that we are required to read. What he says sticks to the ribs and gives much pleasure,” and Yale University historian Peter Perdue wrote that Kuhn "shaped the field of Qing history more profoundly than any other scholar of his generation."

John King Fairbank
John King Fairbank (May 24, 1907 – September 14, 1991) was an American historian of China and United States–China relations. He taught at Harvard University from 1936 until his retirement in 1977. He is credited with building the field of China studies in the United States after World War II with his organizational ability, his mentorship of students, support of fellow scholars, and formulation of basic concepts to be tested.

The Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard is named after him. Among his most widely read books are The United States and China, first published in 1948 and revised editions in 1958, 1979, and 1983; East Asia: The Great Tradition (1960) and East Asia The Great Transformation (1965), co-authored with Edwin O. Reischauer; and his co-edited series, The Cambridge History of China.
Mauser C78 "zig-zag"
The Mauser C78 - also known as M78 Oberndorf - is a single-action revolver manufactured by the Mauser company in Oberndorf am Neckar during the late 19th century. It was the first German revolver to be mass-produced for modern center-fire cartridges. It was also called the "zig-zag" in reference to the design of the six-round zig-zag-grooved cylinder and was chambered in various 6 mm to 11 mm calibers.

Webley–Fosbery Automatic Revolver
The Webley–Fosbery Self-Cocking Automatic Revolver is a recoil-operated automatic revolver designed by Lieutenant Colonel George Vincent Fosbery VC and produced by the Webley & Scott company from 1901 to 1924. The revolver is easily recognisable by the zig-zag grooves on the cylinder.  The handgun was offered in both .455 and .38 calibers and, somewhat unique for a revolver, features a manual thumb safety.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (/ˈdɔːbərt/ DAW-bərt), 509 U.S. 579 (1993), is a United States Supreme Court case determining the standard for admitting expert testimony in federal courts. In Daubert, the Court held that the enactment of the Federal Rules of Evidence implicitly overturned the Frye standard; the standard that the Court articulated is referred to as the Daubert standard.

Expert witness
An expert witness, particularly in common law countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States, is a person whose opinion by virtue of education, training, certification, skills or experience, is accepted by the judge as an expert. The judge may consider the witness's specialized (scientific, technical or other) opinion about evidence or about facts before the court within the expert's area of expertise, to be referred to as an "expert opinion". Expert witnesses may also deliver "expert evidence" within the area of their expertise. Their testimony may be rebutted by testimony from other experts or by other evidence or facts.
Almaz (1936 film)
Almaz is a feature film directed by Ağarza Quliyev and Grigori Braginski in 1936. The film was produced by the Azerbaijan film studio. In this cinematic story, the young teacher Almaz comes to a village to work, where she faces obstacles and challenges on the path to the development and strengthening of the new social structure. The main roles in the film are played by Izzat Orujova, Hokuma Gurbanova, Hayri Amirzade, Alisattar Melikov, Alakbar Huseynzade. This film was included in the list of films declared as national heritage in Azerbaijan by the Decision No. 211 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated May 7, 2019.

Izzet Orujova
Izzet Khanim Mirzaaga Orujova (Azerbaijani: İzzət Xanım Mirzəağa Orucova; 16 September 1909 – 22 April 1983) was an Azerbaijani chemist and actress. She was the first Azerbaijani film actress, starring in the film Sevil (1929), and an important figure in the Azerbaijani women's rights movement for her portrayal of a liberated young woman in the film. She later enjoyed a distinguished academic career, being one of the first female chemistry students in Azerbaijan and the country's first female oil engineer. Her research on improving motor oils was important to the war effort of the Soviet Union in World War II and earned her the Order of the Badge of Honour. Throughout her scientific career she authored hundreds of works, held talks internationally, and was awarded numerous other awards.
Erwin Thiesies
Erwin Thiesies (22 August 1908 – 18 February 1993) was a German international rugby union player, playing for the Berliner SV 92 Rugby and the Germany national rugby union team.

After the Second World War, Thiesies helped form the rugby department of BSG Stahl Hennigsdorf, which he coached until 1977. He was also the coach of the German Democratic Republic national rugby union team from 1951 to 1972.

Berliner SV 1892 Rugby
The Berliner SV 92 Rugby is a German rugby union club from Berlin, currently competing in the 1st Bundesliga (highest tier of German rugby). Known as “the international rugby club of Berlin” due to the diversity of nationalities in its 1st and 2nd men’s teams, it is part of a larger club, the Berliner SV 92, which also offers other sports like association football, baseball and basketball.