hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm
"The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", also known as the "Spandrels paper", is a paper by evolutionary biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin, originally published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences in 1979. The paper criticizes the adaptationist school of thought that was prevalent in evolutionary biology at the time using two metaphors: that of the spandrels in St Mark's Basilica, a cathedral in Venice, Italy, and that of the fictional character "Pangloss" in Voltaire's novella Candide. The paper was the first to use the architectural term "spandrel" in a biological context; the term "spandrel" has since gained currency in biology to refer to byproducts of adaptation.

Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles Lewontin (March 29, 1929 – July 4, 2021) was an American evolutionary biologist, mathematician, geneticist, and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he applied techniques from molecular biology, such as gel electrophoresis, to questions of genetic variation and evolution. He was a self-described Marxist.

In a pair of seminal 1966 papers co-authored with J. L. Hubby in the journal Genetics, Lewontin helped set the stage for the modern field of molecular evolution. In 1979, he and Stephen Jay Gould introduced the term "spandrel" into evolutionary theory. From 1973 to 1998, he held an endowed chair in zoology and biology at Harvard University, and from 2003 until his death in 2021 he was a research professor there.

From a sociological perspective, Lewontin strongly opposed genetic determinism.
1909 Sewanee Tigers football team
The 1909 Sewanee Tigers football team represented Sewanee: The University of the South during the 1909 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season.  The team was coached by Harris G. Cope in his 1st year as head coach, compiling a record of 6–1 (5–0 SIAA) and outscoring opponents 160 to 42 to win the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association title. Sewanee beat the previous season's champions LSU and Auburn, and upset rival Vanderbilt, handing the school its first loss to a Southern team in six years.

1909 LSU Tigers football team
The 1909 LSU Tigers football team represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1909 college football season. The LSU team posted a 6–2 record, losing to Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) champion Sewanee and to an undefeated Arkansas. Notable victories include those over Mississippi and Alabama.

John W. Mayhew, a former halfback at Brown, took over as coach for former Vanderbilt lineman Joe Pritchard midway through the season. College Football Hall of Fame inductee Doc Fenton started at quarterback.
Occitania (administrative region)
Occitania (French: Occitanie [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ]; Catalan: Occitània [uksiˈtaniə]) is the southernmost administrative region of metropolitan France excluding Corsica, located in the south of the country, created on 1 January 2016 from the former regions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. The Council of State approved Occitania as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, coming into effect on 30 September 2016.

The modern administrative region is named after the larger cultural and historical region of Occitania, which corresponds with the southern third of France. The region of Occitania as it is today covers a territory similar to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th centuries. The banner of arms of the Counts of Toulouse, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol. In 2022, Occitania had a population of 6,080,731.

Languedoc-Roussillon
Languedoc-Roussillon (French pronunciation: [lɑ̃ɡ(ə)dɔk ʁusijɔ̃] ⓘ; Occitan: Lengadòc-Rosselhon [ˌleŋɡɔˈðɔk ruseˈʎu]; Catalan: Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to become Occitania. It comprised five departments, and bordered the other French regions of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes, Auvergne, Midi-Pyrénées towards the north, and Spain, Andorra and the Mediterranean Sea towards the south. It was the southernmost region of mainland France.
Battle of Toverud
The Battle of Toverud or the Battles of Rakkestad and Toverud were several skirmishes fought around Toverud in Aurskog and Rakkestad in Østfold, on 19 and 20 April 1808, as a part of the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809. Christian August sent a larger force to cut off and destroy the scattered Swedish detachments under Gustaf Olof Lagerbring. A small Swedish force, led by Oxenstierna, managed to break through the Norwegian lines, led by Heyerdahl, at Rakkestad. Another contingent, under Axel Otto Mörner, failed to break through the lines at Toverud, under Weibye, resulting in the capture of the Swedish force—except for 13 men who managed to escape to the main army at Haneborg.

Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden
Charles August or Carl August (9 July 1768 – 28 May 1810) was a Danish prince. He is best known for serving as Crown Prince of Sweden briefly in 1810, adopted by Charles XIII, before his sudden death from a stroke. Earlier, he had been a general in the Royal Danish Army as well as the Governor-general of Norway. His name before assuming the Swedish title in 1810 was Christian August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, or Christian August of Augustenburg for short.
Kramers–Kronig relations
The Kramers–Kronig relations, sometimes abbreviated as KK relations, are bidirectional mathematical relations, connecting the real and imaginary parts of any complex function that is analytic in the upper half-plane. The relations are often used to compute the real part from the imaginary part (or vice versa) of response functions in physical systems, because for stable systems, causality implies the condition of analyticity, and conversely, analyticity implies causality of the corresponding stable physical system.  The relation is named in honor of Ralph Kronig and Hans Kramers. In mathematics, these relations are known by the names Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem and Hilbert transform.

Hilbert transform
In mathematics and signal processing, the Hilbert transform  is a specific singular integral that takes a function, u(t) of a real variable and produces another function of a real variable H(u)(t). The Hilbert transform is given by the Cauchy principal value of the convolution with the function   (see § Definition).  The Hilbert transform has a particularly simple representation in the frequency domain: It imparts a phase shift of ±90° (π/2 radians) to every frequency component of a function, the sign of the shift depending on the sign of the frequency (see § Relationship with the Fourier transform).  The Hilbert transform is important in signal processing, where it is a component of the analytic representation of a real-valued signal u(t).  The Hilbert transform was first introduced by David Hilbert in this setting, to solve a special case of the Riemann–Hilbert problem for analytic functions.
Frank Arnesen
Frank Arnesen (born 30 September 1956) is a Danish former footballer and football director. Arnesen was the director of football at English football clubs Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea, and was sporting director at Hamburger SV, Metalist Kharkiv, PAOK and Feyenoord.

As a player, he most notably played with Dutch clubs Ajax and PSV Eindhoven, winning the 1988 European Cup with PSV. Arnesen was capped 52 times and scored 14 goals for the Danish national team, and participated in the Euro 1984 and 1986 FIFA World Cup tournaments.

UEFA Euro 1984
The 1984 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in France from 12 to 27 June 1984. It was the seventh UEFA European Championship, a competition held every four years and endorsed by UEFA.

At the time, only eight countries took part in the final stage of the tournament, seven of which had to come through the qualifying stage. France qualified automatically as hosts of the event; in the tournament led by Michel Platini, who scored nine goals in France's all five matches, which is still the record for goals scored in a single tournament and until UEFA Euro 2020 was also the record for goals scored by a single player at all tournaments. Les Bleus won the championship – their first major international title.
St. Martin's Day
Saint Martin's Day or Martinmas (obsolete: Martlemas), and historically called Old Halloween or Old All Hallows Eve, is the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours and is celebrated in the liturgical year on 11 November. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly Germanic-speaking regions. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter and the "winter revelling season". Traditions include feasting on 'Martinmas goose' or 'Martinmas beef', drinking the first wine of the season, and mumming. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (Laternelaufen), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to bestow gifts on children. In the Rhineland, it is also marked by lighting bonfires.

Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours (Latin: Martinus Turonensis; 316/336 – 8 November 397) was the third bishop of Tours. He is the patron saint of many communities and organizations across Europe, including France's Third Republic. A native of Pannonia (present-day Hungary), he converted to Christianity at a young age. He served in the Roman cavalry in Gaul, but left military service prior to 361, when he became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers, establishing the monastery at Ligugé. He was consecrated as Bishop of Caesarodunum (Tours) in 371. As bishop, he was active in the suppression of the remnants of Gallo-Roman religion.

The contemporary hagiographer Sulpicius Severus wrote a Life of St. Martin. He is best known for the account of his using his sword to cut his cloak in two, to give half to a beggar clad only in rags in winter. His shrine in Tours became an often-frequented stop for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
Jesse Bishop
Jesse Walter Bishop (March 1, 1933 – October 22, 1979) was an American criminal convicted of the December 1977 murder of David Ballard during a robbery at a Las Vegas Strip casino. Bishop was executed in 1979 by the state of Nevada via gas chamber, becoming the first person to be executed in Nevada since 1961. He was also the first person to be executed in Nevada since the reinstatement of capital punishment, and the first person to be executed in the gas chamber since then. Overall, he was the third person in the U.S. to be executed since the reinstatement, after Gary Gilmore (who died by firing squad) and John Spenkelink (executed in the electric chair). Bishop had spent twenty years of his life incarcerated for various felony offenses and admitted to 18 other murders, all of them gang-related, since 1954.

Capital punishment in Nevada
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Nevada.

The last person executed in the state was convicted murderer Daryl Mack in 2006. There have been no executions in Nevada since then, in part because of a shortage of drugs used in executions by lethal injection.
Chelsea Furlani
Chelsea Marie Furlani (born May 18, 1988) is an American-Italian ice hockey player. She is known as a member of the Italian national ice hockey team and for her accomplished career with the EV Bozen Eagles in the European Women's Hockey League (EWHL) and Italian Hockey League Women (IHLW).

EVB Eagles Südtirol
46°33′38.6″N 11°30′50.3″E﻿ / ﻿46.560722°N 11.513972°E﻿ / 46.560722; 11.513972

The EVB Eagles Südtirol, previously known as the EV Bozen Eagles during 2008 to 2017, are an ice hockey team in the European Women's Hockey League (EWHL) and the Italian Hockey League Women (IHLW; previously the Serie A). They play in Bolzano (German: Bozen), the capital city of the northern Italian province of South Tyrol (German: Südtirol, Italian: Alto Adige), at the Sparkasse Arena.
Trishul (film)
Trishul (IAST Hindustani: triśūl, transl. 'Trident') is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language action drama film, directed by Yash Chopra, written by Salim–Javed and produced by Gulshan Rai. It features music by Mohammed Zahur Khayyam, with lyrics by Sahir Ludhianvi. The film features an ensemble cast of Shashi Kapoor, Sanjeev Kumar, Amitabh Bachchan, Hema Malini, Raakhee Gulzar, Poonam Dhillon, and Sachin, with Waheeda Rehman in a special appearance.

Kapoor, Bachchan, Raakhee and Rehman had earlier starred together in Chopra's previous release, Kabhi Kabhie, two years prior.

Trishul was the second-highest grossing Indian film of 1978, after Muqaddar Ka Sikandar, which also starred Bachchan and Raakhee. The movie has been remade in Tamil as Mr. Bharath and in Telugu as Mr. Bharath.

Rishi Kapoor was offered the role of Ravi, which was eventually played by Sachin. Kapoor declined the offer, triggering animosity between him and Salim-Javed.

Mohammed Zahur Khayyam
Mohammed Zahur Khayyam Hashmi (18 February 1927 – 19 August 2019), better known mononymously as Khayyam, was an Indian music director and background score composer whose career spanned four decades.

He won three Filmfare Awards: for Best Music in 1977 for Kabhi Kabhie and 1982 for Umrao Jaan, and a lifetime achievement award in 2010. He was awarded the 2007 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Creative Music, by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Theatre. He was awarded the third-highest civilian honour, Padma Bhushan, by the Government of India in 2011.
Sterling submachine gun
The Sterling submachine gun is a British submachine gun (SMG). It was tested by the British Army in 1944–1945, but did not start to replace the Sten until 1953. A successful and reliable design, it remained standard issue in the British Army until 1994, when it began to be replaced by the L85A1, a bullpup assault rifle.

Lanchester submachine gun
The Lanchester is a submachine gun ("machine carbine") assembled by the Sterling Armament Company, W. W. Greener and Boss & Co between 1941 and 1945. It is an evolution from MP28/II and was manufactured in three versions, the MkI,  MkI* and the MkI**. The MkI had an adjustable tangent site, the MkI* had a two position flip sight and the MkI** was the MkI* but fitted with a bolt safety stop fitted from 1944. It was primarily used by the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and to a lesser extent by the Royal Air Force Regiment for use in their training facilities. It was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Lanchester, who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armament Company.https://vickersmg.blog/product/lanchester/
Oropouche virus
Oropouche virus (OROV) is one of the most common orthobunyaviruses. When OROV infects humans, it causes a febrile illness called Oropouche fever. OROV was originally reported in Trinidad and Tobago in 1955 from the blood sample of a fever patient and from a pool of Coquillettidia venezuelensis mosquitoes. In 1960, OROV was isolated from a sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) and a pool of Ochlerotatus serratus  mosquitoes in Brazil. The virus is considered a public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, with over half a million infected people as of 2005. OROV is considered to be an arbovirus because it is transmitted between animals and humans by arthropods. OROV is primarily transmitted by biting midges, specifically Culicoides paraensis, but transmission by both Aedes and Culex mosquitos has been reported.

Aedes serratus
Aedes serratus is a species of mosquito that can spread Oropouche virus, as well as being a potential vectors of arboviruses, such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Melao virus, Ilheus virus, Rocio virus, yellow fever, Una virus, Aura virus, Wyeomyia virus, and Itupiranga virus. It is also known as Ochlerotatus serratus.
Cubic honeycomb
The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille.

A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs.  Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.

Convex uniform honeycomb
In geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional Euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells.

Twenty-eight such honeycombs are known:

the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof;

the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereof;

10 prismatic forms based on the uniform plane tilings (11 if including the cubic honeycomb);

5 modifications of some of the above by elongation and/or gyration.

They can be considered the three-dimensional analogue to the uniform tilings of the plane.

The Voronoi diagram of any lattice forms a convex uniform honeycomb in which the cells are zonohedra.
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes are one of the two groups of the deep cervical lymph nodes (the other being the superior deep cervical lymph nodes).

They are situated partial deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They are closely related to the inferior portion of internal jugular vein; some are also closely related to the brachial plexus, and the subclavian artery and subclavian vein (those situated in the supraclavicular triangle - beyond the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle).

Some superior deep cervical lymph nodes drain to the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes. The inferior deep cervical lymph nodes drain to the jugular lymph trunk.

Superior deep cervical lymph nodes
The superior deep cervical lymph nodes are the deep cervical lymph nodes that are situated adjacent to the superior portion of the internal jugular vein. They drain either to the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes or into the jugular trunk.

Most of these lymph nodes are situated deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, though some are not. Some are situated anterior and some posterior to the internal jugular vein. They are also situated adjacent to the accessory nerve (CN XI).
Christen Westphal
Christen Joan Westphal (born September 2, 1993) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a right back for the Houston Dash of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She previously played for San Diego Wave FC, Portland Thorns FC, Seattle Reign FC, the Boston Breakers, as well as the United States national under-23 team. She played college soccer for the Florida Gators.

Florida Gators women's soccer
The Florida Gators women's soccer team represents the University of Florida in the sport of college soccer.  The Gators compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southeastern Conference (SEC).  Home games are played at Donald R. Dizney Stadium on the university's Gainesville, Florida campus. They have won thirteen conference championships and one NCAA national championship.
Gjesdal
Gjesdal is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Jæren. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ålgård. Other villages in Gjesdal include Dirdal, Frafjord, Gilja, Gjesdal, and Oltedal. The municipality lies about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the southwest of the city of Stavanger in southwestern Norway.

The European route E39 highway runs through the western side of the municipality. On the east side of the municipality, the Frafjord Tunnel connects the Frafjord valley with the rest of the municipality.

The 618-square-kilometre (239 sq mi) municipality is the 187th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Gjesdal is the 95th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 12,302. The municipality's population density is 22 inhabitants per square kilometre (57/sq mi) and its population has increased by 11.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Ålgård
Ålgård (historic: Aalgaard) is the administrative centre of Gjesdal municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The village is located along the European route E39 highway, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of the city of Sandnes in the Jæren district of the county.  The village includes the neighborhoods of Ålgård, Bærland, Fiskebekk, Opstad and Solås.  The large lake Edlandsvatnet lies on the south side of the village, emptying into the river Figgjoelva which runs northwest to Sandnes.

Ålgård is mostly known for the Kongeparken amusement park, an old wool mill, and a local football team (Ålgård F.K.) playing in the Norwegian Second Division.  The Old Ålgård Church (built in 1917) and the new Ålgård Church (built in 2015) are both located in the village.  There is significant industries in Ålgård, primarily the wood, textile, and clothing industries.
Kyhytysuka
Kyhytysuka (Chibcha pronunciation: [kɨhɨtɨˈsuka]) is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurian ichthyosaur from Early Cretaceous Colombia. The animal was previously assigned to the genus Platypterygius, but given its own genus in 2021. Kyhytysuka was a mid-sized ophthalmosaurian with heterodont dentition and several adaptations suggesting that it was a macropredatory vertebrate hunter living in shallow waters. It contains a single species, Kyhytysuka sachicarum.

Platypterygius
Platypterygius is a historically paraphyletic genus of platypterygiine ichthyosaur from the Cretaceous period. It was historically used as a wastebasket taxon, and most species within Platypterygius likely are undiagnostic at the genus or species level, or represent distinct genera, even being argued as invalid. While fossils referred to Platypterygius have been found throughout different continents, the holotype specimen was found in Germany.