hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Keith Rowe
Keith Rowe (born 16 March 1940 in Plymouth, England) is an English free improvisation tabletop guitarist and painter. Rowe is a founding member of both AMM in the mid-1960s and M.I.M.E.O. Having trained as a visual artist, his paintings have appeared on most of his albums. He is seen as a godfather of EAI (electroacoustic improvisation), with many of his recordings having been released by Erstwhile.

Prepared guitar
A prepared guitar is a guitar that has had its timbre altered by placing various objects on or between the instrument's strings, including other extended techniques. This practice is sometimes called tabletop guitar, because many prepared guitarists do not hold the instrument in the usual manner, but instead place the guitar on a table to manipulate it.

The idea of altering an instrument's timbre through the use of external objects has been applied to other instruments as well, most notably John Cage's prepared piano, which preceded the prepared guitar.
International Qualification Examination
The International Qualification Examination (IQEX) is an examination sat by certain non-U.S. qualified accountants seeking the Certified Public Accountant designation in the United States.

The examination is set by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and administered by the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA).

National Association of State Boards of Accountancy
The National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) is an association dedicated to serving the 56 state boards of accountancy. These are the boards that regulate the accountancy profession in the United States of America.

There is one board for each of the 50 states, plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.
Balkars
Balkars (Karachay-Balkar: малкъарлыла, romanized: malqarlıla or аланла, romanized: alanla or таулула, romanized: tawlula, lit. 'mountaineers') are a Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria.

Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern (Kipchak) group of Turkic languages.

Kipchaks
The Kipchaks, also spelled Qipchaqs, known as Polovtsians (Polovtsy) in Russian sources, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe.

First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, China, Syr Darya, and Siberia. Cumania was conquered by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century and integrated into the Golden Horde, which also went on to become known as Kipchak Khanate and the start of a massive Mongolisation of culture, in which when the Kipchak identity was codified permanently when they started to blur the line of Mongols and Turks to become the modern formation of Turco-Mongol identity.
HMS Lizard (1844)
HMS Lizard was a Jackal-class second-class iron paddle gunvessel of the Royal Navy. She was built by Robert Napier and Sons at Govan to a design by William Symonds, the Surveyor of the Navy. She was launched in 1844, was damaged at the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, performed fishery protection duties off Scotland and broken up in 1869.

Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata, also known as Paraná War, was a five-year naval blockade imposed by France and the United Kingdom on the Argentine Confederation during the Uruguayan Civil War. It was imposed by the Royal Navy and French Navy in 1845 against the Río de la Plata Basin to support the Colorado Party in Uruguay's civil war, resulting in the closure of Buenos Aires to maritime commerce. The Argentine government, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas, refused to drop their support for the Uruguyan White Party, which supported Argentina's resistance to the blockade. Eventually, both Britain and France ended the blockade, signing the Arana–Southern Treaty in 1849 and 1850 respectively, which acknowledged Argentine sovereignty over its rivers.
Gun Control Act of 1968
The Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA or GCA68) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms ownership. Due to constitutional limitations, the Act is primarily based on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except by manufacturers, dealers and importers licensed under a scheme set up under the Act.

The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22, 1968, and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws. The National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA) is Title II. Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).

18 USC chapter 44 was first enacted by the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. GCA repealed the Federal Firearms Act of 1938, though many of its provisions were reenacted as part of the GCA, which revised the FFA and its predecessor, the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA).

Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Pub.L. 103–159, 107 Stat. 1536, enacted November 30, 1993), often referred to as the Brady Act, the Brady Bill or the Brady Handgun Bill, is an Act of the United States Congress that mandated federal background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States. It also imposed a five-day waiting period on purchases until the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) was implemented in 1998. Introduced by U.S. representative Chuck Schumer of New York, the Brady Act was a landmark legislative enactment during the Clinton administration. The act was appended to the end of Section 922 of Title 18, United States Code. The intention of the act was to prevent persons with previous serious convictions from purchasing firearms.
S100A9
S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) also known as migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14 (MRP14) or calgranulin B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A9 gene.

The proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimer called calprotectin.

S100A8
S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A8 gene. It is also known as calgranulin A.

The proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterodimer called calprotectin.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. Altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis  and post COVID-19 condition.
Brian Lima
Brian Pala Lima OM (born 25 January 1972) is a Samoan former rugby union player who was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011.
He earned the nickname of "The Chiropractor" for his shuddering hits both on and off the pitch that supposedly rearranged the bones of the victim.

Order of Merit of Samoa
The Samoan Order of Merit is an order recognizing distinguished service in science, art, literature, or religion. Per the Honours and Awards Act 1999, admission into the organization is granted by the O le Ao o le Malo, presently Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II, and is limited to 15 living individuals from Samoa, plus an unspecified number of foreigners. All members receive the ability to use the post-nominal letters OM and a medallion to wear, and in the Samoan order of precedence fall between Companions and Officers of the Order of Samoa.
Aulad (1962 film)
Aulaad (transl. Progeny) is a 1962 Pakistani Urdu-language black and white film.

The film was released on 3 August 1962, and was directed by S. M. Yusuf who also co-produced it with F. M. Sardar under banner F & Y Movies.

The story, dialogues and lyrics were written by Fayyaz Hashmi. The cast included Nayyar Sultana, Habib, Waheed Murad, Talish and Rehana. The music composition was done by A. Hameed. The film revolves around the struggles and greatness of a woman as a mother and wife. It marked the debut of Murad as an actor who later went on to become a superstar of Pakistani cinema.

This was a super-hit musical film of 1962 and won two awards at the 1962 Nigar Awards; Best director and Best Actress (Sultana).

Habib (actor)
Habib-ur-Rehman (Urdu: حبیب الرحمان; 26 November 1940 – 25 February 2016), better known by his screen name Habib, was a Pakistani film actor, director, producer and a television actor.

He was one of the busiest heroes of the Pakistani film industry and established himself as one of the most successful actors of Pakistani cinema, acting in almost 600 movies in a career spanning 60 years. He appeared in both Punjabi and Urdu language movies.
Tau Boötis
Tau Boötis is a wide binary star system in the northern constellation of Boötes. Its name is a Bayer designation that is Latinised from τ Boötis, and abbreviated Tau Boo or τ Boo. This system is visible to the naked eye at a point of light with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.50. Based on parallax measurements, It is located at a distance of approximately 51 light-years (16 pc) from the Earth. This system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −16 km/s.

The primary component is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star that is larger, brighter, and more massive than the Sun, while the secondary is a faint red dwarf. In 1999, an extrasolar planet was detected orbiting the primary star.

F-type main-sequence star
An F-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence, core-hydrogen-fusing star of spectral type F. The spectral luminosity class is V. They have from around 1.1 to 1.6 times the mass of the Sun and surface temperatures between about 6,000 and 7,200 K. This temperature range gives the F-type stars a whitish hue when observed through the atmosphere. Notable examples include Procyon A, Gamma Virginis A and B, and Tabby's Star.
Kevin Tsai
Kevin Tsai (Chinese: 蔡康永; pinyin: Cài Kāngyǒng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chhòa Khong-éng; born 1 March 1962) is a Taiwanese television host and writer. He is known for co-hosting the Chung T'ien Television talk show Kangsi Coming (2004–2016) with Dee Hsu and for his self-help book series Ways of Speaking (2010; 2014).

Dee Hsu
Dee Hsu (Chinese: 徐熙娣; pinyin: Xú Xīdì; born 14 June 1978), stage name Little S (小S; Xiǎo S), also credited as elephant DEE for her EP of the same name (2014), is a Taiwanese television host, actress, and singer. She debuted alongside her older sister Barbie Hsu (Big S) in 1994 as part of the musical duo S.O.S (later A.S.O.S), which shifted its focus to television hosting beginning in 1996. The sisters co-hosted variety shows such as Guess (1996–2000) and 100% Entertainment (1998–2005). Hsu gained wide popularity for co-hosting Kangsi Coming (2004–2016) with Kevin Tsai, for which the duo won Best Host in a Variety Show at the 40th Golden Bell Awards in 2005. She won the award again for Dee Girl's Talk at the 60th Golden Bell Awards in 2025.

Hsu ranked 27th on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 in 2010, 46th in 2011, 31st in 2012, 27th in 2013, 54th in 2014, and 75th in 2015.
Conservative Party of Quebec (historical)
The Conservative Party of Quebec (French: Parti conservateur du Québec) was a political party in Quebec, Canada, from 1867 until 1936, when it merged with members of the Action libérale nationale to form the Union Nationale.

Union Nationale (Quebec)
The Union nationale (French pronunciation: [ynjɔ̃ nɑsjɔnal]) was a conservative and nationalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that identified with Québécois autonomism.  It was created during the Great Depression and held power in Quebec from 1936 to 1939, from 1944 to 1960 and from 1966 to 1970. The party was founded by Maurice Duplessis, who led it until his death in 1959.

The party was often referred to in English as the National Union, especially when it was still an electoral force, by both the media and, at times, the party.
Bhekumuzi Luthuli
Bhekumuzi Luthuli (13 July 1961 – 7 April 2010) was a well known South African Maskandi musician. Born in Kwa-Maphumulo, near the Kwa-Zulu Natal town of Stanger, he started making traditional Zulu music on a home-made guitar. In the early 1980s, he joined the Mbaqanga band Oshomi, based in Durban. After two albums with the group, Luthuli embarked on a successful solo career. His second and third solo releases, Unembeza and Wongikhonzela Enhliziyweni, won OKTV awards, and were followed by another 17 albums. Impempe attained platinum status, selling over 50,000 copies.

After 23 albums with over a million sales he released Imali YabeLungu in 2010. It reached gold status in just one week and the title track won a SATMA 2011 award in the category of best song.

Maskandi
Maskandi (also Maskanda) is a form of Zulu folk music, originally associated with migrant workers,  that is evolving with South African society. Thought to be pioneered by Phuzushukela (John Bhengu). Often characterised by a picking guitar style which draws on a variety of historical influences it also has an important social function with players being given sanction to publicly criticise powerful people.
Matthew Carter
Matthew Carter (born 1 October 1937) is an English-born American type designer. A 2005 New Yorker profile described him as 'the most widely read man in the world' by considering the amount of text set in his commonly used typefaces.

Carter's career began in the early 1960s and has bridged all three major technologies used in type design: physical type, phototypesetting and digital type design, as well as the design of custom lettering.

Carter's most used typefaces are the classic web typefaces Verdana and Georgia and the Windows interface typeface Tahoma, as well as other designs including Bell Centennial, Miller and Galliard. He is the son of the English historian of printing Harry Carter (1901–1982) and cofounded Bitstream, one of the first major retailers of digital typefaces. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Bitstream Inc.
Bitstream Inc. was an American  type foundry that produced digital typefaces. It was founded in 1981 by Matthew Carter, Mike Parker, Cherie Cone, and Rob Friedman, all former employees of the Mergenthaler Linotype Company. It was located in Marlborough, Massachusetts. The font business, including MyFonts, was acquired by Monotype Imaging in March 2012. The remainder of the business, responsible for Pageflex and Bolt Browser, was spun off to a new entity named Marlborough Software Development Holdings Inc. It was later renamed Pageflex, Inc following a successful management buyout in December 2013.
Hilbert matrix
In linear algebra, a Hilbert matrix, introduced by Hilbert (1894),  is a square matrix with entries being the unit fractions

For example, this is the 5 × 5 Hilbert matrix:

The entries can also be defined by the integral

that is, as a Gramian matrix for powers of x. It arises in the least squares approximation of arbitrary functions by polynomials.

The Hilbert matrices are canonical examples of ill-conditioned matrices, being notoriously difficult to use in numerical computation.  For example, the 2-norm condition number of the matrix above is about 4.8×105.

Cauchy matrix
In mathematics, a Cauchy matrix, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is an m×n matrix with elements aij in the form

where  and  are elements of a field , and  and  are injective sequences (they contain distinct elements).
Oligaun
Oligaun is a market center in Mangalsen Municipality in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. The municipality was established merging with existing Janalibandali, Kuntibandali, Oligaun, Jupu, Kalagaun and Mangalsen village development committees (VDCs) on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, the village had a population of 3077 living in 657 houses. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census, the population was 3429, of which 41% was literate.

Mangalsen
Mangalsen (Nepali: मङ्गलसेन) is a municipality and the capital of Achham District in Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal. It was established on 18 May 2014 by merger of the former Village development committees of Janalibandali, Kuntibandali, Oligaun, Jupu, Kalagaun into its current form. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 32,507 people living in 6,604 individual households.

Mangalsen was a major scene of conflict between Maoist rebels and government forces during the Nepalese Civil War.
Nil Khasevych
Nil Antonovych Khasevych (Ukrainian: Ніл Антонович Хасе́вич; 25 November 1905 - 4 March 1952) was a Ukrainian painter, graphic artist, and active public and political figure, member of the OUN and the UHVR. He was also a knight of the Silver Cross of Merit and the Medal "For the fight in especially difficult circumstances". Many of his most famous works depict the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in their struggles against Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. He died during a Soviet raid "to suppress the anti-Soviet activities" of Khasevych. His pseudonyms are Bey-Zot, Levko, Rybalka, 333, Staryi, and Dzhmil.

Cross of Merit (Ukrainian Insurgent Army)
The Cross of Merit (Ukrainian: Хрест Заслуги) was an award of Ukrainian Insurgent Army. It awarded for distinguished services to the state and people of the Ukrainian army. The Order was instituted on January 27, 1944, by the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council leaders, Roman Shukhevych and Dmytro Hrytsai.

The Order is awarded in three (golden, silver and bronze) grades and had a red ribbon with a black stripe on each edge.
Florsheim Ngwenya
Mlungisi Florsheim "Flosh" Ngwenya is a South African professional basketball coach. He is the current head coach of the Cape Town Tigers of the Basketball National League (BNL) and of the South Africa men's national team. He is the most successful coach in South African basketball history, with five national titles.

Cape Town Tigers
The Cape Town Tigers are a South African professional basketball team founded in Cape Town. The Tigers have played in the Basketball National League (BNL) and played in three seasons of the Basketball Africa League (BAL) between 2022 and 2024.

Established in 2019, the Tigers are based in Gugulethu, and have won the South African national championship three times, and qualified for the BAL through the Road to BAL three times.
Chambéry
Chambéry (UK: /ˈʃɒ̃bəri/, US: /ˌʃɒ̃beɪˈriː/, French: [ʃɑ̃beʁi]; Arpitan: Chambèri; Italian: Ciamberì) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the southeastern Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.

The population of the commune of Chambéry was 60,251 as of 2022, while the population of the Chambéry metropolitan area was 263,919. The city is located at the foot of the French Alps between Bauges and Chartreuse mountains, and is a railway and highway crossroads.

It has been the historical capital of the Savoy region since the 13th century, when Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, made the city his seat of power. The annexation of Savoy merged the city to France in 1860. Together with other alpine towns Chambéry engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Chambéry was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2006.

Chartreuse Mountains
The Chartreuse Mountains (French: Massif de la Chartreuse [masif d(ə) la ʃaʁtʁøz]) are a mountain range in southeastern France, stretching from the city of Grenoble in the south to the Lac du Bourget in the north. They are part of the French Prealps, which continue as the Bauges to the north and the Vercors to the south.
Ratio test
In mathematics, the ratio test is a test (or "criterion") for the convergence of a series

where each term is a real or complex number and an is nonzero when n is large. The test was first published by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and is sometimes known as d'Alembert's ratio test or as the Cauchy ratio test.

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (/ˌdæləmˈbɛər/ DAL-əm-BAIR; French: [ʒɑ̃ lə ʁɔ̃ dalɑ̃bɛʁ]; 16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was, together with Denis Diderot, a co-editor of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's equation, and the fundamental theorem of algebra is named after d'Alembert in French.
Zabu Kun-Cha
The Zabu Kun-Cha (Burmese: ဇမ္ဗူကွန်ချာ ကျမ်း, pronounced [zəbù kùɴ tɕʰa̰ tɕáɴ]; also spelled Zambu Kungya) is a late 14th to early 15th century court treatise on Burmese statecraft and court organization. The text also includes a section on early history of Myanmar, which mentions several settlements across Myanmar that map to the archaeologically known Pyu settlements. About half of the 18th century court treatise Mani Yadanabon comes from the Zabu.

Mani Yadanabon
The Mani Yadanabon (Burmese: မဏိ ရတနာပုံ ကျမ်း, pronounced [mənḭ jədənàbòʊɴ tɕáɴ]; also spelled Maniyadanabon or Mani-yadana-bon) is an 18th-century court treatise on Burmese statecraft and court organization. The text is a compilation of exemplary "advice offered by various ministers to Burmese sovereigns from the late 14th to the early 18th century." It is "a repository of historical examples illustrating pragmatic political principles worthy of Machiavelli".

It was also the first Burmese historical text to link Burmese kings to the Shakya clan of the Buddha and ultimately to Maha Sammata, the first king of the world in Buddhist tradition. It was one of the first four Burmese texts to be machine-published by the Burmese Konbaung dynasty in 1871.
Feuerzangenbowle
Feuerzangenbowle (German: [ˈfɔʏ̯ɐt͡saŋənˌboːlə] ⓘ) is a traditional German alcoholic drink for which a rum-soaked sugarloaf is set on fire and drips into mulled wine. It is often part of a Christmas or New Year's Eve tradition. The name translates literally as fire-tongs punch, "Bowle" meaning "punch" being borrowed from English.

The popularity of the drink was boosted in Germany by the 1944 comedy film Die Feuerzangenbowle. It is a traditional drink of some German fraternities, who also call it Krambambuli, as the red color is reminiscent of a cherry liqueur of that name which was manufactured by the distillery Der Lachs zu Danzig (in Gdańsk).

Mulled wine
Mulled wine, also known as spiced wine, is an alcoholic drink usually made with red wine, along with various mulling spices and sometimes raisins, served hot or warm. It is a traditional drink during winter, especially around Christmas. It is usually served at Christmas markets in Europe.  There are non-alcoholic versions of it.
Martyna Wojciechowska
Martyna Wojciechowska (Polish pronunciation: [marˈtɨna vɔjt͡ɕɛˈxɔfska]; born 28 September 1974 in Warsaw as Marta Eliza Wojciechowska) is a Polish TV presenter, mountaineer, traveller, journalist, sportswoman and writer. In 2010, she completed the Seven Summits. She presents the television series Kobieta na krańcu świata (Woman at the Edge of the World), and is the editor in chief of National Geographic Poland.

Kobieta na krańcu świata
Kobieta na krańcu świata (Woman At the End Of the World) is a Polish documentary television series broadcast on TVN. The programme is presented by Martyna Wojciechowska who visits interesting places all over the world and shows the everyday life of women living there. It premiered on 20 September 2009.