hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alghero
Alghero (Italian: [alˈɡɛːro]; Algherese: L'Alguer [lalˈɣe]; Sardinian: S'Alighera [saliˈɣɛɾa]; Sassarese: L'Aliera [laˈljɛːɾa]) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Sassari in the north west of the autonomous island region of Sardinia in Italy, next to the Mediterranean Sea. With a population of 41,989, it is the 5th-largest city in Sardinia.

The population is noted for having retained the language of the Crown of Aragon rulers from the end of the Middle Ages, when Sardinia was part of the Crown of Aragon; hence, Algherese (the Catalan dialect spoken there) is officially recognized as a minority language.

Alghero is the third university center in the island, coming after Cagliari and Sassari. It hosts the headquarters of the Università degli Studi di Sassari's Architecture and Design department.

Algherese dialect
Algherese or Alguerese (autonym: alguerés [alɣaˈɾes]) is the variety of Catalan spoken in the city of Alghero (L'Alguer in Catalan), in the northwest of Sardinia, Italy.

The dialect has its roots in 1372, when Catalan-speaking colonists were allowed to repopulate Alghero and expel the native population, after several revolts. Catalan was replaced as the official language by Spanish, then by Italian in the mid-18th century. Today the language has semi-official recognition alongside Italian.

Studies give an approximate number of 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, Italian and Logudorese Sardinian are often used as well.
Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye
The Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (Yiddish: פֿאַראײניקטע פּאַרטיזאַנער אָרגאַניזאַציע‎; "United Partisan Organization"; referred to as FPO by its Yiddish initials) was a Jewish resistance organization based in the Vilna Ghetto in German-occupied Lithuania and founded on January 21, 1942. The clandestine organisation was established by Communists as well as left- and right-wing Zionists. Their leaders were the Communist Yitzhak Wittenberg, Socialist Abba Kovner, and revisionist Betar member Josef Glazman.

Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe encompassed various forms of organized underground activities undertaken by Jews against German occupational regimes in Europe during World War II. According to historian Yehuda Bauer, Jewish resistance can be defined as any action that defied Nazi laws and policies. The term is particularly associated with the Holocaust and includes a wide range of responses, from social defiance to both passive and armed resistance by Jews themselves.

Due to the overwhelming military power of Nazi Germany and its allies, the system of ghettoization, and the hostility or indifference of various segments of the civilian population, most Jews had limited opportunities for effective military resistance against the Final Solution. Nevertheless, there were numerous instances of resistance, including more than a hundred documented armed uprisings.

Historiographically, the study of Jewish resistance to Nazi rule remains an important aspect of Holocaust research.
Barry Hill Palmer
Barry Hill Palmer (born November 10, 1937) is an American aeronautical engineer (UC Berkeley, 1961), inventor, builder and pilot of the first hang glider based on the Rogallo wing or flexible wing. Palmer also designed, built and flew the first weight-shift ultralight trike aircraft.

History of hang gliding
Hang gliding is an air sport employing a foot-launchable aircraft. Typically, a modern hang glider is constructed of an aluminium alloy or composite-framed fabric wing. The pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame.
Freilassing station
Freilassing station is located in the Upper Bavarian district of Berchtesgaden. It is the last German station on the railway line from Munich to Salzburg, a border station to Austria and the only station in the town of Freilassing.

The station is the junction between the Rosenheim–Salzburg, Salzburg–Berchtesgaden and Salzburg–Mühldorf lines and is used daily by about 160 trains operated by Deutsche Bahn, the Austrian Federal Railways and the Berchtesgadener Land Bahn.

Freilassing–Berchtesgaden railway
The Freilassing–Berchtesgaden railway is an electrified line listed in the Deutsche Bahn timetable as route 954. The 33.671 km long route branches in Freilassing as a single-track line from the double-track Rosenheim–Salzburg railway. It is classified as a line as far as Bad Reichenhall and from there as branch line. The section between Bad Reichenhall-Kirchberg and Hallthurm is considered a steep section with specific operational requirements under Deutsche Bahn's regulations.
Ultimate Black Panther
Ultimate Black Panther is a 2024 comic book series written by Bryan Edward Hill and illustrated by Stefano Caselli. Published by Marvel Comics, it is set in the Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160). It follows T'Challa as he rules over the isolated Wakanda, while garnering allies and preparing for war with Moon Knight, who aims to take control of the rest of Africa in the Maker's absence.

Ultimate Universe
The Ultimate Universe is an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics beginning in 2023 and concluding in 2026; the imprint is overseen by writer Jonathan Hickman. It reimagines several classic Marvel characters in a new fictional continuity, after Hickman and artist Bryan Hitch's Ultimate Invasion limited series depicted The Maker (the Reed Richards of Earth-1610) shaping a new world in his image, resulting in Earth-6160, a new Earth preceded by alternate history.

While it shares its name with the earlier Ultimate Marvel imprint that ran from 2000 to 2015, it is not a direct reboot. While the original Ultimate Marvel started by updating the origins of Marvel Universe characters in a then-modern but recognizable Earth-1610, the Ultimate Universe (Earth-6160) features entirely new interpretations of Marvel characters set in a radically altered sociopolitical status quo caused by the Maker.
Danubian Sich
The Danubian Sich (Ukrainian: Задунайська Сiч, romanized: Zadunaiska Sich, lit. 'Transdanubian sich') was an organization of the part of former Zaporozhian Cossacks who settled in the territory of the Ottoman Empire (the Danube Delta, hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed in 1775.

In 1863, Semen Hulak-Artemovsky wrote his libretto Zaporozhets za Dunayem in Saint Petersburg to commemorate the exodus of Zaporizhian Cossacks to the Danube, an area of Silistra Eyalet. The Cossacks were protecting the Metropolitan bishop of Brăila who serviced the area of Budjak and Yedisan (Ottoman Ukraine) and was titled as Metropolitan bishop of all Ukraine.

Yedisan
Yedisan (also Jedisan or Edisan; Ukrainian: Єдисан, romanized: Yedysan, Romanian: Edisan, Ottoman Turkish: یدیصان, Turkish: Yedisan, Russian: Едисан, romanized: Yedisan, Dobrujan Tatar: Ğedísan) was a conditional name for Özi [Paşa] Sancağı (Ochakiv Sanjak) of Silistra Eyalet, a territory located in today's Southern Ukraine between the Dniester and the Southern Bug (Boh). It was placed by the Ottomans under the control of the Nogai Horde in the 17th and 18th centuries and was named after one of the Nogai Hordes.

Geographically, it was the western part of the so-called Wild Fields that sprawled to the north of the Black Sea between the Dniester and Dnieper rivers. It lies east of Budjak and Bessarabia, south of Podolia and Zaporizhzhia, and west of Taurida. Since the mid-20th century, the territory has been divided between southwestern Ukraine and southeastern Moldova (southern Transnistria).
Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)
Major Chandrakanth is a 1993 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao and written by the Paruchuri brothers. Produced by Mohan Babu under the Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures banner, the film stars N. T. Rama Rao in the title role, alongside Mohan Babu, Nagma, Ramya Krishna, Sarada, and Amrish Puri. The music for the film was composed by M. M. Keeravani.

The film released on 23 April 1993 and was a major box office success. The film's success was boosted by a popular soundtrack, especially the song "Punyabhumi Na Desam." The film marked N. T. Rama Rao's final acting performance, even though Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu (1993) released later. While Major Chandrakanth was completed after Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu, it was released earlier.

Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu
Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu (transl. Srinatha, the universal monarch of poets) is a 1993 Telugu-language biographical film directed by Bapu and written by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana. The film depicts the life of the 15th-century Telugu poet Srinatha and is based on the novels Kavi Sarvabhoumudu and Kavidvayamu by Nori Narasimha Sastry. Produced by Nandamuri Rama Krishna, the film stars N. T. Rama Rao in the title role, alongside Jayasudha, Kaikala Satyanarayana, Rajendra Prasad, Mikkilineni, and Gummadi in supporting roles. The music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan and Puhalendi.

Filming took place in locations including Rajahmundry, Polavaram, and Pattiseema along the Godavari River. The film was released in October 1993 but did not achieve commercial success. It was the final film featuring N. T. Rama Rao to release, although his last performance was in Major Chandrakanth (1993), which was released prior to this film.
Tomo Medin
Tomo Medin, also known as count Tommaso Medini (1725–1788) was a Montenegrin Serb adventurer and author, translator of Voltaire's Henriade into Italian. He achieved prominence in high society by rubbing shoulders with Stefano Zannowich,  Count of St. Germain, Chevalier d'Eon, Alessandro Cagliostro, André-Robert Andréa de Nerciat and Giacomo Casanova with whom he had two duels.

Stefano Zannowich
Stefano Zannowich (Serbo-Croatian: Stefan or Stjepan Zanović, Стефан Зановић; Budva, Montenegro, 18 February 1751 – Amsterdam, Netherlands, then known as the Dutch Republic, 25 May 1786) was an adventurer from Budva who achieved significant notoriety for his impersonation of royalty. His most notable published work was the 1776 "Turkish Letters".
Banque du Congo Belge
The Banque du Congo Belge (BCB, Dutch: Bank van Belgisch Congo; lit. 'Bank of the Belgian Congo') was a Belgian colonial bank that mainly operated in the Belgian Congo from 1909 to 1960. Following Congolese independence, it kept operating as the Banque du Congo from 1960 to 1971, the Banque Commerciale Zaïroise from 1971 to 1997, and the Banque Commerciale Du Congo (BCDC) from 1997 to 2020, when it was acquired by Kenya-based Equity Group Holdings and became part of Equity Banque Commerciale du Congo.

The BCB was the bank of issue in the Belgian Congo from 1911 to 1952 and in Ruanda-Urundi from 1916 to 1952. It was succeeded in that role in 1952 by the newly established Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi. Its operations in Belgium were spun off in 1960 as Banque Belgolaise. Its commercial operations in Burundi were also spun off in 1964 and became the Banque de Crédit de Bujumbura.

Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi
The Banque Centrale du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi (BCCBRU) was a short-lived central bank whose territorial remit covered Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. It was established in 1952 to take over monetary authority from the private-sector Banque du Congo Belge upon expiry of the latter's issuance charter. Made obsolete by Congolese independence in mid-1960, it finally ceased activity on 31 August 1961.: 6

Its successors were, in the Congo, the Monetary Council (French: Conseil monétaire de la République du Congo), established in October 1960 and itself replaced in 1964 by the Banque Nationale du Congo; and in Ruanda-Urundi, the Banque d'Emission du Rwanda et du Burundi (BERB) replaced, also in 1964, by the National Bank of Rwanda and the Banque du Royaume du Burundi.
Agency for Defense Development
The Agency for Defense Development (ADD; Korean: 국방과학연구소) is the South Korean government agency for research and development in defense technology, funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA). It was established in August 1970 under the banner of the self-reliant national defense promoted by President Park Chung Hee.

Its purpose is contributing to enforcing the national defence, to improving the national R&D capacity, and to fostering the domestic defense industry. ADD focuses on core weapons systems and core technology development, and studies major weapons platforms in high-risk and non-economical fields, unmanned and advanced, and new weapon systems for the future.

ADD is responsible for first South Korean ballistic missile Nike Hercules Korea-1 aka White/Polar Bear, developed in the 1970s with its first successful test in 1978.

ADD is the operator of South Korea's first dedicated military satellite, ANASIS-II, launched on 20 July 2020 by a Falcon 9 rocket.

Defense industry of South Korea
The defense industry of South Korea is the main supplier of armaments to the Republic of Korea's Armed Forces. Originally heavily reliant on the United States to supply weapons to its armed forces, South Korea began manufacturing its own weapons through the country's industrialization and military modernization efforts. Today, South Korea enjoys a robust defense industry and is the world's 8th largest weapons exporter.
Phra Phuttha Sihing
The Phra Phuttha Sihing (Thai: พระพุทธสิหิงค์) is a highly revered image of the Gautama Buddha in Bangkok, Thailand, second in importance only after the Emerald Buddha. The image is currently housed at the Phutthaisawan Hall (formerly a part of the Front Palace), now the Bangkok National Museum. The image was brought to Bangkok from Wat Phra Singh, Chiang Mai in 1795 by Viceroy Maha Sura Singhanat, the brother of King Rama I.

Emerald Buddha
The Emerald Buddha (Thai: พระแก้วมรกต Phra Kaeo Morakot, or พระพุทธมหามณีรัตนปฏิมากร Phra Phuttha Maha Mani Rattana Patimakon, lit. 'Statue of the Great Emerald Buddha') is an image of the meditating Gautama Buddha seated in a meditative posture, made of a semi-precious green stone (jasper rather than emerald or jade), clothed in gold, and about 66 centimetres (26 in) tall. The image is considered the sacred palladium of Thailand. It is housed in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha (Wat Phra Kaew) on the grounds of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.
Georgia State Route 384
State Route 384 (SR 384) is a 15.6-mile-long (25.1 km) state highway in the northeast part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels southeast-to-northwest along Duncan Bridge Road from US 23/SR 365 in the western part of Baldwin to SR 75 southeast of Helen. The route serves as a gateway to Helen and the North Georgia mountains.

Georgia State Route 365
State Route 365 (SR 365, also known as the Sidney Lanier Parkway) is a 69.5-mile-long (111.8 km) state highway that travels within portions of Gwinnett, Hall, Habersham, and Stephens counties in the US state of Georgia. It begins at exit 113 on Interstate 85 (I-85), at the southeastern edge of Suwanee. This is also the southern terminus of I-985. It continues from that point running concurrently with I-985 for the entire length of that freeway. Eventually, U.S. Route 23 (US 23) also joins the concurrency. The highway heads northeast through Gainesville and Toccoa, before it terminates at the South Carolina state line, southwest of Westminster, South Carolina.
Michael Rubin (historian)
Michael Allan Rubin (born 1971) is an American historian, foreign policy analyst, government adviser, and military lecturer. He holds the position of a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI). He previously worked as an official at the Pentagon, where he dealt with issues relating to the Middle East, and as political adviser to the Coalition Provisional Authority in US-occupied Iraq.

American Enterprise Institute
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a center-right think tank based in Washington, D.C., that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare. AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals.

Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with conservatism. AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise, limited government, and democratic capitalism. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Trustees. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI. Arthur C. Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019. He was succeeded by Robert Doar.
Eva-Maria Neher
Eva-Maria Neher (née Ruhr, born 22 November 1950) is a German scientist in the fields of biochemistry and microbiology. She founded the Göttingen Xlab and has been its executive director since 2000. The Göttingen Xlab is an experimental laboratory for training young people from student to scientist level. She is married to Erwin Neher who is a Nobel laureate for his Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. She is the recipient of many awards, including the Lower Saxony State Prize.

Erwin Neher
Erwin Neher (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁviːn ˈneːɐ] ⓘ; /ˈneɪər/; born 20 March 1944) is a German biophysicist, specializing in the field of cell physiology. For significant contribution in the field, in 1991 he was awarded, along with Bert Sakmann, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells".
Narten present
Narten present is a proposed inflectional class of the Proto-Indo-European verb, named after the Indo-Iranianist Johanna Narten who posited its existence in 1968. It is characterized by accent on the root in all of the person-number forms.

Roots having Narten presents always possess a surface accent, having a lengthened grade R(ḗ) in the singular active, and a full-grade R(é) in the rest of the active forms, as well as the mediopassive. The proposed examples of roots having such acrostatic presents include the following:

These forms are best reflected in Indo-Iranian and Hittite, with relics surviving in other languages, particularly in the root "to eat".

Proto-Indo-European verbs
Proto-Indo-European verbs reflect a complex system of morphology, more complicated than the substantive, with verbs categorized according to their aspect, using multiple grammatical moods and voices, and being conjugated according to person, number and tense. In addition to finite forms thus formed, non-finite forms such as participles are also extensively used.

The verbal system is clearly represented in Ancient Greek and Vedic Sanskrit, which closely correspond in nearly all aspects of their verbal systems, and are two of the most well-understood of the early daughter languages of Proto-Indo-European.
Kevin Saunderson
Kevin Maurice Saunderson (born September 5, 1964) is an American electronic dance music DJ and record producer. He is famous for being a member of a trio, along with Juan Atkins and Derrick May, who came to be known as the Belleville Three, who are often credited to being among the pioneers and originators of techno: in particular this act helped define Detroit techno, the earliest style of this music genre. Born in New York, at the age of nine he moved to Belleville, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, where at Belleville High School he befriended the other members of the trio.

Juan Atkins
Juan Atkins (born September 12, 1962), also known as Model 500 and Infiniti, is an American record producer and DJ from Detroit, Michigan. Mixmag has described him as "the original pioneer of Detroit techno." He has been a member of the Belleville Three, Cybotron, and Borderland.
Cytochalasin
Cytochalasins are fungal metabolites that have the ability to bind to actin filaments and block polymerization and the elongation of actin. As a result of the inhibition of actin polymerization, cytochalasins can change cellular morphology, inhibit cellular processes such as cell division, and even cause cells to undergo apoptosis. Cytochalasins have the ability to permeate cell membranes, prevent cellular translocation and cause cells to enucleate. Cytochalasins can also have an effect on other aspects of biological processes unrelated to actin polymerization. For example, cytochalasin A and cytochalasin B can also inhibit the transport of monosaccharides across the cell membrane, cytochalasin H has been found to regulate plant growth, cytochalasin D inhibits protein synthesis and cytochalasin E prevents angiogenesis.

Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin D is a member of the class of mycotoxins known as cytochalasins. Cytochalasin D is an alkaloid produced by Helminthosporium and other molds.

Cytochalasin D is a cell-permeable and potent inhibitor of actin polymerization. It disrupts actin microfilaments and activates the p53-dependent pathways causing arrest of the cell cycle at the G1-S transition. It is believed to bind to F-actin polymer and prevent polymerization of actin monomers.

It has been shown to inhibit smooth muscle contraction in mammals.
OTR-21 Tochka
OTR-21 Tochka (Russian: оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка», romanized: operativno-takticheskiy raketnyy kompleks (OTR) "Tochka", lit. 'Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Point"') is a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. Its GRAU designation is 9K79. Its NATO reporting name is the SS-21 Scarab. One missile is transported per 9P129 vehicle and raised prior to launch. It uses an inertial guidance system.

The OTR-21 forward deployment to East Germany began in 1981, replacing the earlier Luna-M series of unguided artillery rockets. The system was scheduled to be decommissioned by the Russian Armed Forces in 2020 in favour of the 9K720 Iskander, but they have been observed in use against Ukrainian targets during the Russo-Ukrainian war.

9K52 Luna-M
The 9K52 Luna-M (Russian: Луна, English: Moon; NATO reporting name: Frog-7) is a Soviet short-range artillery rocket system which fires unguided and spin-stabilized 9M21 rockets. It was originally developed in the 1960s to provide divisional artillery support using tactical nuclear weapons but gradually modified for conventional use. The 9K52 was succeeded by the OTR-21 Tochka.
Hindu Monastery of Africa
The Hindu Monastery of Africa (HMA) is a Hindu monastic and temple complex headquartered in Odorkor, a suburb of Accra, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Founded in 1975 by Swami Ghanananda Saraswati, it is widely regarded as the first Hindu monastery established and led by indigenous Africans. The monastery plays a central role in the practice and spread of Hinduism in Ghana among ethnic Ghanaians and has branches across the country as well as in neighboring Togo.

Swami Ghanananda Saraswati
Ghanananda Saraswati (born Kewsi Essel; 12 September 1937 – 18 January 2016), commonly known as Swami Ghanananda,  was a prominent swami (sannyasi) of the indigenous Hindu community in Ghana, and the first Hindu swami of African ancestry. He was initiated as a swami by the late Swami Krishnananda of India in 1975, and was head of the Hindu Monastery of Africa in Accra, Ghana.