hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thomas Allcock
Thomas Allcock (1815–1891) was the inventor of a plaster for pain relief, the founder of the Allcock Manufacturing Company and an artillery officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was one of the military judges in the trial of Henry Wirz.

Benjamin Brandreth
Benjamin Brandreth (June 23, 1809 – February 18, 1880) was a British-American businessman. He was a 19th-century pioneer in the early use of mass advertising to build consumer awareness of his product, a purgative that allegedly cured many ills by purging toxins out of the blood.

Brandreth became a successful and wealthy businessman, bank president, and New York state senator.
Theriodontia
The theriodonts (clade Theriodontia) are a major group of therapsids which appeared during the Middle Permian and which includes the gorgonopsians and the eutheriodonts, itself including the therocephalians and the cynodonts.

Eutheriodontia
Eutheriodontia is a clade of therapsids which appear during the Middle Permian and which includes therocephalians and cynodonts, this latter group including mammals and related forms.

With the dicynodonts, they form one of two lineages of therapsids that survived the End-Permian extinction and which diversified again during the Triassic, before the majority of them disappeared before or during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, except for a lineage of cynodonts that later gave rise to mammals.
Louis Teicher
Louis Milton Teicher (pronounce as TIE-cher; August 24, 1924 – August 3, 2008) was an American piano player, half of the piano duo Ferrante & Teicher.

"No one was more blessed than I to have Lou Teicher as my best friend since we met at the Juilliard School of Music at the ages of 9 and 6. Although we were two individuals, at the twin pianos our brains worked as one. Lou was certainly one of the world's most gifted pianists. I will miss him dearly and as pianists it's ironic how we both ended up living on keys," his longtime partner Arthur Ferrante, who lived on Longboat Key, Florida, said in a statement at the time of Teicher's death. Ferrante subsequently died on September 19, 2009.

Teicher was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to a Jewish family. He became a resident of Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the 1970s.

Teicher died due to heart failure at his summer home in Highlands, North Carolina, aged 83.

Ferrante & Teicher
Ferrante & Teicher were a duo of American pianists known for their clever arrangements of familiar classical pieces, movie soundtracks, and show tunes, as well as their signature style of florid, intricate, and fast-paced piano playing performances.
Bank One Corporation
Bank One Corporation was an American bank founded in 1968 and at its peak the sixth-largest bank in the United States. It traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol ONE. The company merged with JPMorgan Chase & Co. on July 1, 2004, with Bank One CEO Jamie Dimon soon becoming CEO and Chairman of the combined company but under JPMorgan Chase branding. The company had its headquarters in the Bank One Plaza (now Chase Tower) in the Chicago Loop in Chicago, Illinois, now the headquarters of Chase's retail banking division.

Bank One traces its roots to the merger of Illinois based First Chicago NBD, and  Ohio-based First Banc Group (later Bank One),  a holding company for the City National Bank in Columbus, Ohio.

First Chicago Bank
First Chicago Bank was an American retail and commercial bank based in Chicago, Illinois. Its roots trace back to 1863, when it received one of the first charters under the then new National Bank Act.  Over the years, the bank operated under several names including The First National Bank of Chicago and First Chicago NBD (following its 1995 merger with the former National Bank of Detroit).  In 1998, First Chicago NBD merged with Banc One Corporation to form Bank One Corporation, today a part of Chase.
Isaac Knapp
Isaac Knapp (January 11, 1804 – September 14, 1843) was an American abolitionist printer, publisher, and bookseller in Boston, Massachusetts. He is remembered primarily for his collaboration with William Lloyd Garrison in printing and publishing The Liberator newspaper.

The Liberator (newspaper)
The Liberator (1831–1865) was a weekly abolitionist newspaper, printed and published in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison and, through 1839, by Isaac Knapp. Religious rather than political, it appealed to the moral conscience of its readers, urging them to demand immediate freeing of the slaves ("immediatism"). It also promoted women's rights, an issue that split the American abolitionist movement. Despite its modest circulation of 3,000, it had prominent and influential readers, including all the abolitionist leaders, among them Frederick Douglass, Beriah Green, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Alfred Niger. It frequently printed or reprinted letters, reports, sermons, and news stories relating to American slavery, becoming a sort of community bulletin board for the new abolitionist movement that Garrison helped foster.
Hesperocyparis pygmaea
Hesperocyparis pygmaea, the Mendocino cypress or pygmy cypress, is a taxon of disputed status in the western cypress genus. It is endemic to certain coastal terraces and coastal mountain ranges of Mendocino and Sonoma Counties in northwestern California. It is a variable tree, and closely related to Hesperocyparis abramsiana and Hesperocyparis goveniana, enough to sometimes be considered conspecific with them.

Hesperocyparis goveniana
Hesperocyparis goveniana commonly known as Californian cypress and Gowen cypress, is a species of western cypress that is endemic to a small area of coastal California near Monterey. It was formerly classified as Cupressus goveniana.
Remington Model 721
The Model 721 and Model 722 along with the later Model 725 variant are bolt-action sporting rifles manufactured by Remington Arms from 1948 until 1961. The 721/722 replaced the short-lived Model 720. The Model 721/722 is considered to be one of the first modern, economically produced sporting rifles whose design largely continued with the subsequent and highly successful Model 700. Manufactured with high precision, it is known for exceptional accuracy. The bolt and receiver design, based on the Mauser action, is considered one of the strongest ever produced. Samples in excellent condition have become collectible.

Remington Model 30
The Remington Model 30 is a US sporting rifle of the inter-war period based on the military P14/M1917 Enfield rifle action, which was manufactured for the British and US governments during World War I. Initial specimens used surplus military parts with some modifications in order to consume the stock of parts, though further modifications were made as production progressed and later rifles were produced from newly manufactured parts. Most early rifles were in the military .30-06 calibre used in the M1917 but it became available in a variety of chamberings. It was the first high-powered bolt-action sporting rifle produced by Remington. Some would beg to differ as Remington made the Remington Lee factory sporting rifle from 1899-1909, 1446 were built in a variety of calibers.
Winter storm
A winter storm (also known as snow storm) is an event in which wind coincides with varieties of precipitation that only occur at freezing temperatures, such as snow, mixed snow and rain, or freezing rain. In temperate continental and subarctic climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well. A snowstorm with strong winds and low visibility is called a blizzard.

Blizzard
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow that has already fallen is being blown by wind. Blizzards can have an immense size and usually stretch to hundreds or thousands of kilometres.
Langenstein family
The Langenstein family is an extinct Swiss noble family that came from Langenstein Castle in Melchnau in the Canton of Bern in Switzerland.  Only two generations of the family are known.  In 1194 the family helped found the Cistercian St. Urban's Abbey.  The family became extinct in the early 13th century, though much of their land was inherited by the Grünenbergs.

Grünenberg family
The Grünenberg family was a medieval Swiss noble family. The family was active from the middle of the 12th century until the 15th century in the Swiss Plateau, mostly in the Bernese Oberaargau.  There were two major branches, the Grimme and Schnabel lines which then further divided into other branches. Some of these branches owned land in Alsace and in southern Bavaria, especially in the Markgräflerland and in Breisgau.  About one hundred members of the family are known today.  The family name comes from Grünenberg Castle in Melchnau in the Canton of Bern.
San Miguel Brewery
San Miguel Brewery, Inc. (SMBI) is a subsidiary of San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc. (part of San Miguel Corporation) and jointly owned with Kirin Holdings Co. Ltd. The company is the Philippines' largest brewery with a market share of over 95% as of 2008, notably producing San Miguel Beer.

San Miguel Food and Beverage
San Miguel Food and Beverage, Inc., (formerly known as San Miguel Pure Foods Company, Inc.), is a Philippine food and beverage company headquartered in Pasig, Metro Manila. It is the largest food and beverage company in the Philippines, with nearly 3,000 employees deployed in a nationwide network of offices, farms, manufacturing, processing and distribution facilities. The company evolved from Pure Foods Corporation and is a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation (SMC).
Papyrus 49
Papyrus 49 (Gregory-Aland), designated by 𝔓49, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Epistle to the Ephesians, surviving in a fragmentary condition. The manuscript has been palaeographically assigned to the 3rd century. It was probably a part of the same manuscript as Papyrus 65. It came from Egypt and was purchased for the Yale University Library. Textually it is close to the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The text of the manuscript has been published several times.

Papyrus 65
Papyrus 65 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), designated by 𝔓65, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians. The surviving texts of the epistle are the verses 1:3-2:1 and 2:6-13. The manuscript has been assigned on palaeographic grounds to the 3rd century.

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category I, but text of the manuscript is too brief for certainty. According to Philip Comfort, 𝔓49 and 𝔓65 came from the same manuscript.

Location

It is currently housed at the Papyrological Institute of Florence in National Archaeological Museum (Florence) (PSI 1373).
Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal
Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria das Neves Isabel Eulália Carlota Adelaide Micaela Gabriela Rafaela Gonzaga de Paula de Assis Inês Sofia Romana, Infanta de Portugal) (5 August 1852 – 15 February 1941) was the eldest child and daughter of exiled Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein.

Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (3 April 1831 – 16 December 1909) was the wife of the deposed king Miguel I of Portugal. As a widow, she secured advantageous marriages for their six daughters.
Markland (Scots)
A markland or merkland (Scottish Gaelic: Marg-fhearainn) is an old Scottish unit of land measurement.

There was some local variation in the equivalences; for example, in some places eight ouncelands were equal to one markland, but in others, such as Islay, a markland was twelve ouncelands. The markland derived its name from the old coin, the Merk Scots (cognate with German mark and various other European coinages, see Mark (money)), which was the annual rent paid on it. It was based on this, rather than its actual area. Originally a Scots mark or merk was 13s 4d (160 pence), but the Scottish coinage depreciated against the English, and by the 18th century a Scots merk was worth only 131/3d sterling – one-twelfth of its original value. Although such coins were abolished by the Acts of Union 1707, some stayed in circulation for decades, and the names themselves remained in common use for centuries.

Ounceland
An ounceland (Scottish Gaelic: unga) is a traditional Scottish land measurement. It was found in the West Highlands, and Hebrides. In Eastern Scotland, other measuring systems were used instead. It was equivalent to 20 pennylands or one eighth of a markland. Like those measurements, it is based on the rent paid, rather than the actual land area. It was also known as a "tirung" (from Scottish Gaelic: tìr-unga), or a dabhach (same as daugh), which is a term of Pictish origin, also used in the east of Scotland too, but for a different measurement. The “ounceland” is thought to be of Norse origin, so it is possible that Norse (‘ounceland’) and native systems (dabhach) were conflated in the west.
Obukhiv Raion
Obukhiv Raion (Ukrainian: Обухівський район, romanized: Obukhivskyi raion) is a raion (district) in Kyiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is Obukhiv. Population: 227,209 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Obukhiv Raion was significantly expanded. Two abolished raions, Kaharlyk and Myronivka Raions, as well of Obukhiv Municipality and the cities of Vasylkiv and Rzhyshchiv, which were previously incorporated as cities of oblast significance, and parts of Bohuslav, Kyiv-Sviatoshyn, and Vasylkiv Raions, were merged into Obukhiv Raion. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 35,278 (2020 est.).

Obukhiv
Obukhiv (Ukrainian: Обухів, IPA: [oˈbuxiu̯] ⓘ) is a city in Kyiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine and the administrative center of Obukhiv Raion. It hosts the administration of Obukhiv urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 33,287 (2022 estimate). In 2024, the population was 32,600.

The city has a Holodomor memorial and in 2009 the municipal administration took down the Lenin monument which was repeatedly vandalized. It is 178 km south - southeast of Chernobyl.

Until 18 July 2020, Obukhiv was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and the center of Obukhiv Municipality. It also served as the center of Obukhiv Raion even though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kyiv Oblast to seven, Obukhiv Municipality was merged into Obukhiv Raion.
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse. It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is a common practice in animal breeding, including cattle (see frozen bovine semen) and pigs.

Artificial insemination may employ assisted reproductive technology, sperm donation and animal husbandry techniques. Artificial insemination techniques available include intracervical insemination (ICI) and intrauterine insemination (IUI). Where gametes from a third party are used, the procedure may be known as 'assisted insemination'.

Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and cryopreservation of gametes and embryos, and the use of fertility medication. When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as fertility treatment. ART primarily belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility Some forms of ART may be used about fertile couples for genetic purposes (see preimplantation genetic diagnosis). ART may also be used in surrogacy arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART.
The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on promoting health and reproductive habits.
Ash Vale
Ash Vale is a village in the borough of Guildford in Surrey, England and the larger, northern settlement of the civil parish of Ash. It is 7 miles (11 km) from Guildford but is closer to the Hampshire towns of Aldershot and Farnborough, the centres of which are each about two miles (4 km) away, immediately across the two crossings of the River Blackwater, to the southwest and northwest.

Ash, Surrey
Ash is a village and civil parish in the far west of the borough of Guildford, Surrey. Ash is on the eastern side of the River Blackwater, with a station on the Reading-Guildford-Gatwick line, and direct roads to Aldershot, Farnham and Guildford. The 2011 census counted the residents of the main ward of Ash, which excludes Ash Vale, as 6,120. Ash has a small museum in the local cemetery chapel, a large secondary school and a library.
Smooth Wales
Smooth Wales is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting from Cardiff for South Wales and North Wales, as well as parts of Cheshire in England. All programming content is now shared to both areas. There are no longer any stations within the Smooth radio network broadcasting on AM, the last ever remaining one in North Wales and Cheshire closed at 1:00PM on Friday 28th February 2025.  In later years, it was the only former regional Smooth AM station to have its own content, a local four-hour weekday show, as all other Smooth AM stations, as added to the network in 2014, carried the London network FM content, opting out only for local news and advertising breaks. The local show on Smooth Wales was carried over from the station's previous incarnation as Gold.

Smooth Radio (2014)
Smooth Radio is a network of local radio stations broadcasting on FM and DAB in the United Kingdom. It no longer broadcasts any outlets on AM since the last outlet on medium wave ceased at 1:00pm on Friday 28th February 2025. Smooth Radio previously featured a soft adult contemporary radio format but has introduced more upbeat music since 2023. Launched in March 2014, it replaced the national Smooth Radio that had launched in 2010 on FM and DAB, and most outlets of Gold on AM.

Each FM station broadcasts localised breakfast with networked shows simulcast from London at all other times. Four of the seven FM stations, and the former AM stations, are owned and operated by Global, with the remaining three FM licences owned by Communicorp UK and run as a franchise.

According to RAJAR, the network broadcasts to a combined weekly audience of 7.8 million with a listening share of 4.1% as of July 2025.

In January 2023, Smooth introduced a new logo and slogan, "Always the best music".
Apure River
The Apure River is a river of southwestern Venezuela, formed by the confluence of the Sarare and Uribante near Guasdualito, in Venezuela, at 7°15′N 70°40′W﻿ / ﻿7.250°N 70.667°W﻿ / 7.250; -70.667, and flowing across the Llanos into the Orinoco. It provides significant transportation in the area.

Orinoco
The Orinoco (Spanish pronunciation: [oɾiˈnoko]) is one of the longest rivers in South America at 2,140 km (1,330 mi). Its drainage basin, sometimes known as the Orinoquia, covers approximately 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi), with 65% of it in Venezuela and 35% in Colombia. It is the fourth largest river in the world by discharge volume of water (39,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s) at delta) due to the high precipitation throughout its catchment area (2,300 millimetres per are [0.084 in/sq ft]). The Orinoco River and its tributaries are the major transportation system for eastern and interior Venezuela and the Llanos of Colombia. The environment and wildlife in the Orinoco's basin are extremely diverse.
WBBM (AM)
WBBM (780 kHz) – branded Newsradio 105.9 WBBM – is a commercial all-news AM radio station licensed to serve Chicago, Illinois. Owned by Audacy, Inc., its studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station's transmitter—diplexed with sister station WSCR—is in the nearby suburb of Bloomingdale.

WBBM is a Class A station that broadcasts on a clear-channel AM frequency, powered with 35,000 watts by day and 42,000 watts at night, using a non-directional antenna. Its daytime signal provides at least grade B coverage to most of the northern two-thirds of Illinois (as far south as Springfield) as well as large portions of Wisconsin, Iowa, Michigan and Indiana. Its city-grade coverage reaches as far north as Milwaukee. At night, WBBM can be heard across much of North America under favorable conditions, but is strongest in the Midwest.

In addition to a standard analog transmission, WBBM is simulcast over WCFS-FM (105.9), and is available online via Audacy.

WSCR (AM)
WSCR (670 kHz) – branded 104-3 The Score – is a commercial AM sports radio station, licensed to Chicago, Illinois, which serves the Chicago metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., WSCR is a clear-channel station with extended nighttime range in most of the Central United States and part of the Eastern United States.

Studios are located at Two Prudential Plaza in the Chicago Loop, while the station transmitter site is in suburban Bloomingdale, diplexed with co-owned WBBM. Besides its main analog transmission, WSCR is simulcasted on 104.3 WSCR-FM, and streams online via Audacy.
St. Mary of the Angels (Chicago)
Saint Mary of the Angels (Polish: Kościół Matki Boskiej Anielskiej) is a historic church of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.

Located at 1850 North Hermitage Avenue in Chicago's Bucktown neighborhood, it is an example of the  Polish Cathedral style of churches. Along with St. John Cantius Church (Chicago), St. Stanislaus Kostka, St. Hyacinth Basilica, St. Hedwig, St. Wenceslaus, and Holy Trinity it is one of the monumental Polish churches visible from the Kennedy Expressway.

From 1899 until 1990, the parish was administered by priests of the Congregation of the Resurrection. Since January 1991, it has been administered by the Priestly Society of the Holy Cross.

The church regularly makes appearances in The Dresden Files series of books by Jim Butcher.

St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (Chicago)
Saint Stanislaus Kostka Catholic Church (Polish: Kościół Świętego Stanisława Kostki) is a historic Polish church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago that is located at 1351 West Evergreen Avenue in the Pulaski Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is designated as the Sanctuary of Divine Mercy of the Archdiocese.

The Church is the "mother church" of all Polish churches in the Archdiocese of Chicago. Since 1999 the church has been open 24 hours, 7 days per week for Adoration, and it hosts the Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament at all times except during the celebration of Holy Mass.

It is a prime example of the Polish Cathedral style of churches in both its opulence and grand scale. With the Basilica of St. Hyacinth, St. Mary of the Angels Church, St. John Cantius, and St. Hedwig Church it is one of many monumental Polish churches visible from the Kennedy Expressway that runs through Chicago.