hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glenmont, Maryland
Glenmont is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The United States Census Bureau had combined Glenmont with nearby Wheaton to create the census-designated place of Wheaton-Glenmont, from 2000 to 2010. It had a population of 16,710 in 2020.

Wheaton–Glenmont, Maryland
Wheaton–Glenmont was a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Maryland, at the 2000 United States census, at which time it had a population of 57,694. For the 2010 U.S. Census the area was split into the two census-designated places of Wheaton and Glenmont.
Springerville, Arizona
Springerville (Navajo: Tsé Noodǫ́ǫ́z) is a town in Apache County, Arizona, United States, within the White Mountains. Its postal ZIP Code is 85938. As of the 2020 census, Springerville had a population of 1,717.

Springerville sits at an elevation of 6,907 feet (2,105 m) above sea level. Along with its neighbor Eagar, the communities make up the place known as Round Valley, which is in the central-eastern part of Arizona close to the New Mexico border.

Eagar, Arizona
Eagar (Navajo: Shádiʼááhjí Tsé Noodǫ́ǫ́z) is a town in Apache County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2020 census, Eagar had a population of 4,395.

The area was the home of the Apache people. The town of Eagar was first settled by European Americans in 1871.
Megazostrodon
Megazostrodon is an extinct genus of basal mammaliaforms belonging to the order Morganucodonta. It is approximately 200 million years old. Two species are known: M. rudnerae from the Early Jurassic of Lesotho and South Africa, and M. chenali from the Late Triassic of France.

Morganucodonta
Morganucodonta ("Glamorgan teeth") is an extinct order of basal Mammaliaformes, a group including crown-group mammals (Mammalia) and their close relatives. Their remains have been found in Southern Africa, Western Europe, North America, India and China. The morganucodontans were probably insectivorous and nocturnal, though like eutriconodonts some species attained large sizes and were carnivorous. Nocturnality is believed to have evolved in the earliest mammals in the Triassic (called the nocturnal bottleneck) as a specialisation that allowed them to exploit a safer, night-time niche, while most larger predators were likely to have been active during the day (though some dinosaurs, for example, were nocturnal as well).
Boy (autobiography)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984) is an autobiography  written by British writer Roald Dahl. This book describes his life from early childhood until leaving school, focusing on living conditions in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s, the public school system at the time, and how his childhood experiences led him to writing children's books as a career. It concludes with his first job, working for Royal Dutch Shell. His life story continues in the book Going Solo.

An expanded edition titled More About Boy was published in 2008, featuring the full original text and illustrations with annotations by Dahl's widow Felicity along with additional stories, letters, and photographs.

Going Solo
Going Solo is a book by Roald Dahl, first published by Jonathan Cape in London in 1986. It is a continuation of his autobiography describing his childhood, Boy and detailed his travel to Africa and exploits as a World War II pilot.
Style investing
Style investing is an investment approach in which securities are grouped into categories, and portfolio allocation is based on selection among "styles" rather than among individual securities.

Style investors, then, make portfolio allocation decisions by placing their money in broad categorizations of assets, such as small-cap, value, low-volatility, or emerging markets. Some investors dynamically allocate across different styles and move funds back and forth between these styles depending on their expected performance.

Styles enable institutional investors to organize and simplify their portfolio allocation decisions, as well as to measure and evaluate the performance of professional managers relative to standardized style benchmarks (see style drift).
An implication of style investing is that it could impact financial markets, causing stocks to move together.

Low-volatility investing
Low-volatility investing is an investment style that buys stocks or securities with low volatility and avoids those with high volatility. This investment style exploits the low-volatility anomaly. According to financial theory risk and return should be positively related, however in practice this is not true. Low-volatility investors aim to achieve market-like returns, but with lower risk. This investment style is also referred to as minimum volatility, minimum variance, managed volatility, smart beta, defensive and conservative investing.
Lat Phrao district
Lat Phrao (Thai: ลาดพร้าว, RTGS: Lat Phrao, pronounced [lâːt pʰráːw]) is one of the 50 districts (khets) of Bangkok, Thailand. The district is bound by six other districts (from north clockwise): Bang Khen, Bueng Kum, Bang Kapi, Wang Thonglang, and Chatuchak.

Despite its name, the district is not crossed by Lat Phrao Road, but is situated in immediate proximity to it.

Bang Khen district
Bang Khen (Thai: บางเขน, pronounced [bāːŋ kʰěːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bounded by other Bangkok districts (from north clockwise): Sai Mai, Khlong Sam Wa, Khan Na Yao, Bueng Kum, Lat Phrao, Chatuchak, Lak Si, and Don Mueang.
Sphaerocarpaceae
Sphaerocarpaceae is a family of liverworts known as bottle liverworts.  Approximately ten species are included in this family, most of them in the genus Sphaerocarpos, but one additional species in the genus Geothallus.

Geothallus
Geothallus is a monotypic genus of liverwort in the family Sphaerocarpaceae. Its sole species, Geothallus tuberosus, is a critically endangered species endemic to California in the United States. Described in 1896 by American botanist Douglas Houghton Campbell, it is commonly known as Campbell's liverwort.
Hirata, Gifu
Hirata (平田町, Hirata-chō) was a town located in Kaizu District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 8,383 and a density of 514.61 persons per km2. The total area was 16.29 km2.

On March 28, 2005, Hirata was merged with the towns of Kaizu (former) and Nannō (all from Kaizu District), to create the city of Kaizu.

Kaizu
Kaizu (海津市, Kaizu-shi) is a city located in Gifu, Japan. As of 1 April 2018, the city had an estimated population of 34,960, and a population density of 310 persons per km2, in 12,167 households. The total area of the city was 112.03 square kilometres (43.26 sq mi). Most of the city is located at sea level and is well known for levees surrounding the area.
Hermitage of Barranco
The Hermitage of Barranco (Spanish: Ermita de Barranco), formerly known as the Templo de la Santísima Cruz and later as Santísima Cruz de Barranco, is a Catholic church building in Barranco District, Lima, Peru. It is located in the district's historic centre and once served as the district's capital and cathedral, next to the Bridge of Sighs, and has been closed since 1974 due to the damages caused by that year's earthquake.

The Plazuela Chabuca Granda, named after the Peruvian singer who dedicated a song to the bridge, serves as the main public area outside the church and features two statues by sculptor Fausto Jaulis dedicated to Granda and José Antonio de Lavalle y García, the subject of another song of hers. It was inaugurated on October 24, 1992.

Bridge of Sighs (Lima)
The Bridge of Sighs (Spanish: Puente de los Suspiros) is a wooden pedestrian overpass located between the Hermitage of Barranco and the Paseo Chabuca Granda (also known by its former name of Pasaje Zepita) in Barranco District, in Lima, Peru. It is one of the most visited tourist places in the historic district, and a meeting point for couples in love.
Cost of poor quality
Cost of poor quality (COPQ), poor quality costs (PQC), cost of nonquality, Cost of Quality (QOQ), Cost of Current Quality (COCQ) are costs that would disappear if systems, processes, and products were perfect.

COPQ was popularized by IBM quality expert H. James Harrington in his 1987  book Poor-Quality Cost.
COPQ is a refinement of the concept of quality costs.  In the 1960s, IBM undertook an effort to study its own quality costs and tailored the concept for its own use.  While Feigenbaum's term "quality costs" is technically accurate, it's easy for the uninitiated to jump to the conclusion that better quality products cost more to produce.  Harrington adopted the name "poor quality costs" to emphasize the belief that investment in detection and prevention of product failures is more than offset by the savings in reductions in product failures.

Harrington breaks down COPQ into the following elements:

Quality costs
In process improvement efforts, quality costs or cost of quality (sometimes abbreviated CoQ or COQ) is a means to quantify the total cost of quality-related efforts and deficiencies.  It was first described by Armand V. Feigenbaum in a 1956 Harvard Business Review article.

Prior to its introduction, the general perception was that higher quality requires higher costs, either by buying better materials or machines or by hiring more labor.  Furthermore, while cost accounting had evolved to categorize financial transactions into revenues, expenses, and changes in shareholder equity, it had not attempted to categorize costs relevant to quality, which is especially important given that most people involved in manufacturing never set hands on the product.  By classifying quality-related entries from a company's general ledger, management and quality practitioners can evaluate investments in quality based on cost improvement and profit enhancement.
Ballet Memphis
Ballet Memphis is an American ballet company based in Memphis, Tennessee. It was founded as Memphis Concert Ballet in 1986 by Dorothy Gunther Pugh. Ballet Memphis regularly performs at their Midtown home, at Playhouse on the Square, Crosstown Theater and the Orpheum Theatre.

Ballet Memphis presents classical and mixed-repertory contemporary choreography.

Orpheum Theatre (Memphis)
The Orpheum Theatre, a 2,308-seat venue listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located in downtown Memphis, Tennessee, on the southwest corner of the intersection of South Main and Beale streets. The Orpheum, along with the Halloran Centre for Performing Arts & Education, compose the Orpheum Theatre Group, a community-supported nonprofit corporation that operates and maintains the venues and presents education programs.
Vermont Bucks
The Vermont Bucks were an indoor football team based in Vermont. They started as a charter member of the professional Can-Am Indoor Football League (Can-Am), playing home games at Gutterson Fieldhouse in Burlington in the 2017 season. The Can-Am then announced it was merging into the American Arena League with the Bucks one of the inaugural members for the 2018 season. By January 31, 2018, the original Vermont Bucks folded after an ownership change. Another ownership group then acquired the brand and launched a semi-professional team in 2019, but did not have a home arena. They joined the Southern Steam's Elite Indoor Football for the 2020 season with home games at Collins-Perley Sports Complex in St. Albans, Vermont, but did not play due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

American Arena League
The American Arena League (AAL) is a professional indoor football league that began playing in 2018. The league was initiated by a merger between Arena Pro Football (APF) and the Can-Am Indoor Football League (Can-Am), although the AAL only claimed the APF history after the former Can-Am founder left the league. Teams from both leagues, new teams, and later teams from Supreme Indoor Football and National Arena League constituted the new league for its inaugural season. Since 2023, the league has operated as American Arena League 2 (AAL2), which was originally conceived as the AAL's minor league but has since effectively taken its parent league's place. In 2025, the parent league was announced to resume for the 2026 season onward.
Cherry Hill High School East
Cherry Hill High School East (also known as Cherry Hill East or CHE) is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades in Cherry Hill, in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Cherry Hill Public Schools. Cherry Hill East is one of three high schools in the district; the others are Cherry Hill High School West and the Coles High School Program.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 2,120 students and 143.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 14.8:1. There were 329 students (15.5% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 62 (2.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Cherry Hill High School West
Cherry Hill High School West (also known as Cherry Hill West or CHW) is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving ninth through twelfth grade in Cherry Hill, Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It operates as part of the Cherry Hill Public Schools. Cherry Hill West is one of three high schools in the district; the others are Cherry Hill High School East and Cherry Hill Alternative High School.

As of the 2024–25 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,287 students and 106.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. There were 375 students (29.1% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 67 (5.2% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Taddeo Barberini
Taddeo Barberini (1603–1647) was an Italian nobleman of the House of Barberini who became Prince of Palestrina and Gonfalonier of the Church; commander of the Papal Army. He was a nephew of Pope Urban VIII and brother of Cardinals Francesco Barberini and Antonio Barberini. Thanks to their uncle's famous nepotism, the brothers shaped 17th-century Italian politics, religion, art, music and architecture.

Palestrina
Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; Ancient Greek: Πραίνεστος, Praínestos) is a modern Italian city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about 35 kilometres (22 miles) east of Rome. It is connected to the latter by the Via Prenestina. It is built upon the ruins of the ancient city of Praeneste.

Palestrina is the birthplace of composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
Wolseley, Winnipeg
Wolseley is a neighbourhood located within the West End of Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is named for field marshal Sir Garnet Wolseley, a British Army officer who came to Manitoba in 1870 to suppress the Red River Rebellion. It is affectionately known as "The Granola Belt" of Winnipeg.

West End, Winnipeg
The West End is a mainly residential area of Downtown Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It includes the neighbourhood of Armstrong's Point, Colony, Daniel McIntyre, Minto, Sargent Park, Spence, St. Matthews, West Broadway, and Wolseley.

The area is bordered by Route 62 (Osborne, Memorial, Colony and Balmoral Streets) to the east, St. James Street to the west, the Assiniboine River to the south and Notre Dame Avenue to the north.
2 Kings 19
2 Kings 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BC, with a supplement added in the sixth century BC. This chapter records the invasion of Assyrian to Judah during the reign of Hezekiah, the king of Judah, a part of the section comprising 2 Kings 18:1 to 20:21, with a parallel version in Isaiah 36–39.

2 Kings 20
2 Kings 20 is the twentieth chapter of the second part of the  Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the Second Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter records the events during the reign of Hezekiah and Manasseh, the kings of Judah.
Andrew Lau
Andrew Lau Wai-keung (Chinese: 劉偉強, born 4 April 1960) is a Hong Kong filmmaker. Lau began his career in the 1980s and 1990s, serving as a cinematographer to filmmakers such as Ringo Lam, Wong Jing and Wong Kar-wai.  In the 1990s, Lau decided to have more creative freedom as a cinematographer by becoming a film director and producer. Apart from making films in his native Hong Kong, Lau has also made films in China, Korea and the United States.

A highly prolific filmmaker, Lau has made films in a variety of genres, and is most notable for his action and crime films which include the Young and Dangerous film series and the Infernal Affairs trilogy (co-directed with Alan Mak).

Alan Mak (director)
Alan Mak Siu-fai (Chinese: 麥兆輝; born 1 January 1965), is a Hong Kong writer, director, actor and producer. He is best known for collaborating with director Andrew Lau and screenwriter Felix Chong on the Infernal Affairs film series (2002–2003).
Azimullah Khan
Azimullah Khan Yusufzai (17 September 1830 — 18 March 1859) also known as Dewan Azimullah Khan and Krantidoot, was the ideological leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was initially appointed Secretary, and later Prime Minister (hence the prefix Dewan) to Maratha Peshwa Nana Saheb II.

Azimullah Khan was involved in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, primarily ideologically, influencing important nobles such as Nana Saheb.

Nana Saheb Peshwa II
Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – after 1857), born Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, was an Indian aristocrat and fighter who led the Siege of Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the East India Company. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed he was entitled to a pension from the Company. However, after being denied recognition under Lord Dalhousie's doctrine of lapse, he joined the 1857 rebellion and took charge of the rebels in Kanpur. He forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender and subsequently ordered the killing of the survivors, briefly gaining control of the city. After the British recaptured Kanpur, Nana Saheb disappeared, and conflicting accounts surround his later life and death.
Zubin Muncherji
Zubin Percy Muncherji is a Singapore runner. In 2018, he set the 400 metres national record with a time of 47.02s at the Big Ten Championships in Indiana. In June 2014, at the age of 17, Muncherji broke a 40-year-old Singapore national record when he ran 47.29 seconds in the 400m at the Asian Junior Championships in Taipei, Taiwan.

At the 2025 SEA Games, Zubin, together with Calvin Quek, Reuben Rainer Lee, and Thiruben Thana Rajan, won the bronze in the 4 x 400.

Reuben Rainer Lee
Reuben Rainer Lee Siong En is a sprinter from Singapore. He represented Singapore in the 2021 Southeast Asian Games and 2025 Southeast Asian Games. At the 2021 games, he broke the national record for the 200m with a time of 21.07s and also won a silver in the 4 × 400 m relay. At the 2025 games, he won a bronze in the 4 x 400m with Calvin Quek, Thiruben Thana Rajan, and Zubin Muncherji.
MPEG LA
MPEG LA was an American company based in Denver, Colorado that licensed patent pools covering essential patents required for use of the MPEG-2, MPEG-4, IEEE 1394, VC-1, ATSC, MVC, MPEG-2 Systems, AVC/H.264 and HEVC standards.

Via Licensing Corp acquired MPEG LA in April 2023 and formed a new patent pool administration company called Via Licensing Alliance.

High Efficiency Video Coding
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2, is a proprietary video compression standard designed as part of the MPEG-H project as a successor to the widely used Advanced Video Coding (AVC, H.264, or MPEG-4 Part 10). The standard was published in 2013. In comparison to AVC, HEVC offers from 25% to 50% better data compression at the same level of video quality, or substantially improved video quality at the same bit rate. It supports resolutions up to 8192×4320, including 8K UHD, and unlike the primarily eight-bit AVC, HEVC's higher-fidelity Main 10 profile has been incorporated into nearly all supporting hardware. The High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF) is a container format whose default codec is HEVC.

While AVC uses the integer discrete cosine transform (DCT) with 4×4 and 8×8 block sizes, HEVC uses both integer DCT and discrete sine transform (DST) with varied block sizes between 4×4 and 32×32.
Aztec Mountain
Aztec Mountain is a small pyramidal mountain over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, just southwest of Maya Mountain and west of Beacon Valley in Victoria Land. It was so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1958–59) because its shape resembles the pyramidal ceremonial platforms used by the Aztec and Maya civilizations.

Maya Mountain
Maya Mountain (77°47′S 160°36′E﻿ / ﻿77.783°S 160.600°E﻿ / -77.783; 160.600) is a small pyramidal mountain, about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high, between Aztec Mountain and Pyramid Mountain, just south of Taylor Glacier in Victoria Land, Antarctica. It was so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (1958–59) because its shape resembles the pyramidal ceremonial platforms used by the Maya civilization.
The Pyramid (Antarctica)
The Pyramid (78°21′S 163°30′E﻿ / ﻿78.350°S 163.500°E﻿ / -78.350; 163.500﻿ (The Pyramid)) is a small but distinctive peak in Antarctica just south of Pyramid Trough, at the west side of the Koettlitz Glacier. 
The descriptive name appears to have been first used by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13 (BrAE).

Koettlitz Glacier
Koettlitz Glacier (78°15′S 164°15′E﻿ / ﻿78.250°S 164.250°E﻿ / -78.250; 164.250) is a large Antarctic glacier lying west of Mount Morning and Mount Discovery in the Royal Society Range, flowing from the vicinity of Mount Cocks northeastward between Brown Peninsula and the mainland into the ice shelf of McMurdo Sound.
Nine Mile Run (New Jersey)
Nine Mile Run, known as Ninemile Run according to the USGS GNIS, is a moderately large tributary of the Six Mile Run, one of the branches of the Millstone River, in central New Jersey in the United States.

Six Mile Run (New Jersey)
Six Mile Run is a tributary of the Millstone River that drains a large area in central Franklin Township in Somerset County and as well western portions of North Brunswick and South Brunswick Townships in Middlesex County, New Jersey in the United States.
Otisfield, Maine
Otisfield is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. Otisfield is included in the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area. The population was 1,853 at the 2020 census. Otisfield is a summer recreation area and home to Seeds of Peace Camp and Camp Arcadia.

Seeds of Peace
Seeds of Peace is a peacebuilding and leadership development non-profit organization headquartered in New York City. It was founded in 1993. As its main program, the organization brings youth and educators from areas of conflict to its summer camp. It also provides local programming to support Seeds of Peace graduates, known as Seeds, once they return home. It is a non-political organization that teaches youth peace-making skills.