hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Giovanni Leone
Giovanni Leone (Italian: [dʒoˈvanni leˈoːne]; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001) was an Italian politician, jurist and university professor who was the president of Italy from 1971 to 1978. A founding member of Christian Democracy (DC), Leone briefly served as Prime Minister of Italy from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968. He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from 1955 to 1963.

Leone was the first Italian president to resign because of a scandal. In 1978, he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed bribery scandals; the allegations were later declared false, and he was rehabilitated.

Lockheed bribery scandals
From the late 1950s to the 1970s, officials of U.S. aerospace company Lockheed paid bribes in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft. The scandal caused considerable political controversy in West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan. In the U.S., the scandal nearly led to Lockheed's downfall, as it was already struggling due to the commercial failure of the L-1011 TriStar airliner.
Miss Grand Bali
Miss Grand Bali is an Indonesian provincial beauty pageant, a preliminary for the Miss Grand Indonesia national contest. It was founded in 2018 by an entrepreneur, Putu Ayu Sita Laksmi.

Bali representatives have not yet won the Miss Grand Indonesia title. The highest placement they obtained was the first runner-up, achieved in 2019 by Cindy Yuliani.

Miss Grand Indonesia
Miss Grand Indonesia was an Indonesian female beauty pageant, held annually since 2018. The winners of the contest represented Indonesia at its parent international stage, Miss Grand International, in which an Indonesian delegate, Ariska Putri Pertiwi, won the title in 2016. Before the establishment of the Miss Grand Indonesia pageant, the Indonesian representatives for the aforementioned international stage were appointed or determined through other national pageants.

The pageant was discontinued in 2021 when the country representative was instead handpicked. In 2023 and 2024, Miss Grand Indonesia titleholders were determined through a newly established Miss Mega Bintang Indonesia.

In addition to winning the main title in 2016, Indonesian delegates also qualified for the top 5 in the Miss Grand International pageant in 2018, 2020, and 2022, as well as obtaining the Best National Costume Award in 2016 and 2017.
Philippine Sports Stadium
The Philippine Sports Stadium, also known as Iglesia ni Cristo Stadium,  is a football and track stadium at Ciudad de Victoria, a 140-hectare (350-acre) tourism enterprise zone in the towns of Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines. The stadium was built right next to the Philippine Arena, the world's largest indoor arena. It is one of the largest football stadiums in the Philippines with a maximum seating capacity of 25,000. Its seating capacity is about twice the seating capacity of the Rizal Memorial Stadium which has a capacity of 12,873.

PWP Landscape Architecture is responsible for the landscaping work on the area around the stadium known as the Stadium Gardens.

Since December 2016, the track and field team of the University of the Philippines Diliman has been a tenant of the stadium.

Philippine Arena
The Philippine Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena located within the Ciudad de Victoria tourism enterprise zone in the towns of Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines. It is located about 30 kilometers (19 mi) north of Manila. With a maximum seating capacity of 55,000, it is the world's largest indoor arena, and one of the centerpieces of the many centennial projects built by the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) for their centennial celebration on July 27, 2014. The arena is legally owned by the New Era University, an educational institution of the INC. The arena was officially recognized by the Guinness World Records as the largest mixed-use indoor theater in the world on July 27, 2014.
Skelmanthorpe
Skelmanthorpe, known locally as Shat, is a village in the Denby Dale civil parish, in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England. It is 9 miles (14 km) from both Huddersfield and Barnsley. According to the 2011 census, the village had a population of 4,549.

The village sits on the south (right) bank of the first river-like flow, from three small headwaters (uniting in the northwest corner of the parish), of the Dearne.

Denby Dale
Denby Dale is a village and civil parish in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It is 8 miles  north-west of Barnsley and 10 miles south-east of Huddersfield.

The village is the main village in the Denby Dale civil parish that also covers Lower Denby, Upper Denby, Upper Cumberworth, Lower Cumberworth, Skelmanthorpe, Emley, Emley Moor and Clayton West.  The parish had a population of 14,982 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 16,365 at the 2011 census.  The parish council gives the electorate of the village itself as 2,143. The River Dearne runs through the village; in the floods of 2007 it burst its banks on two occasions and caused damage to Springfield Mill.
Tulare County, California
Tulare County (/tʊˈlɛəri/ ⓘ tuu-LAIR-ee) is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 473,117. The county seat is Visalia. The county is named for Tulare Lake, once the largest freshwater lake west of the Great Lakes. Drained for agricultural development, the site is now in Kings County, which was created in 1893 from the western portion of the formerly larger Tulare County.

Tulare County comprises the Visalia-Porterville, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is located south of Fresno, spanning from the San Joaquin Valley east to the Sierra Nevada.

Sequoia National Park is located in the county, as is part of Kings Canyon National Park, in its northeast corner (shared with Fresno County), and part of Mount Whitney, on its eastern border (shared with Inyo County). As of the 2020 census, the population was 473,117, up from 442,179 at the 2010 census.

Fresno County, California
Fresno County (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ ⓘ), officially the County of Fresno, is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 1,008,654. The county seat is Fresno, the fifth-most populous city in California. Fresno County comprises the Fresno, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Fresno–Madera, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is located in the Central Valley, south of Stockton and north of Bakersfield. Since 2010, statewide droughts in California have further strained both Fresno County's and the entire Central Valley's water security.
Disney Channel (Germany)
Disney Channel is a German free-to-air television channel owned by The Walt Disney Company Germany. The channel is based in Munich and is for children.

Aimed at all ages, its programming consists of original first-run television series, theatrically released and original made-for-cable movies and select other third-party programming. The original programming is mainly supplied by its American counterpart.

The channel was originally launched on 16 October 1999 as a subscription television channel on the Sky Deutschland platform. However, it was later closed down on 30 November 2013. It was transformed into a free-TV channel on 17 January 2014, replacing Das Vierte.

The network competes with other channels primarily aimed at children, such as Super RTL (50% owned by Disney Television until March 2021), KiKa and Nickelodeon Germany.

Super RTL
Super RTL is a German free-to-air television network owned by SUPER RTL Fernsehen GmbH, a fully owned subsidiary of RTL Deutschland. The channel originally launched in 1995 as a joint venture between RTL Group predecessor company CLT-UFA and Disney's Buena Vista International Television Investments (later Disney International Operations) division, with the venture then-known as RTL Disney Fernsehen GmbH & Co. KG.

The channel airs daily from 5:00am-12:00am under two different programming slots; Toggo (5:00am-8:00pm), which is aimed at children, and RTL Super (8:00pm-12:00am), which is aimed at families and young adults.
Anton Lubowski
Anton Theodor Eberhard August Lubowski (3 February 1952 – 12 September 1989) was a Namibian anti-apartheid activist and advocate. He was a member of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). In 1989 he was assassinated by operatives of South Africa's Civil Cooperation Bureau. In 2015 he was declared a National Hero and his body reburied at the National Heroes' Acre outside Windhoek.

Heroes' Acre (Namibia)
Heroes' Acre is an official war memorial of the Republic of Namibia. Built into the uninhabited hills 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of the city centre of Windhoek, Heroes' Acre opened on 26 August 2002. It was created to "foster a spirit of patriotism and nationalism, and to pass [this] to the future generations of Namibia".
Jeffrey Motts
Jeffrey Brian Motts (May 5, 1975 – May 6, 2011) was an American convicted serial killer, found guilty of murdering three people between 1995 and 2005. Motts first killed his great-aunt Etta Osteen and her brother-in-law Clyde Camby on April 3, 1995, in order to steal money from them to buy drugs. Motts, who was 19 at the time of the murders, was sentenced to life in prison in 1997. Ten years after killing Osteen and Camby, on December 8, 2005, Motts murdered a fellow prisoner Charles "Chuck" Martin while incarcerated at the Perry Correctional Institution, and for this homicide, Motts was sentenced to death and executed on May 6, 2011, after he waived his right to appeal against the death sentence. Motts remained the last person to be executed in South Carolina for 13 years before Freddie Eugene Owens was executed in 2024 for a 1997 robbery-murder case.

Freddie Eugene Owens
Freddie Eugene Owens (March 18, 1978 – September 20, 2024), alias Khalil Divine Black Sun Allah, was an American man convicted and executed in South Carolina for the 1997 killing of Irene Grainger Graves, a convenience store clerk. Owens was 19 when he and an 18-year-old accomplice killed Graves during a robbery in November 1997.

While the accomplice pleaded guilty and was later jailed for voluntary manslaughter, Owens was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1999. The death sentence was overturned twice before re-sentencing trials restored the death penalty for Owens, which was subsequently upheld by the higher courts. Owens was also charged with murdering Christopher Bryan Lee, a fellow prisoner, in 1999.

Owens was executed on September 20, 2024. He was the first person in South Carolina to be executed after the state's 13-year moratorium on executions.
Farnham railway station
Farnham railway station serves the town of Farnham in Surrey, England. It is a stop on the Alton line, with services between Alton, Aldershot, Woking, Clapham Junction and London Waterloo; two branch lines also provide services to Ascot and Guildford. South Western Railway manages the station and operates all services. Immediately to the north of the station, the railway crosses Station Hill, the B3001, via a level crossing, one of the most misused crossings in the Network Rail Wessex Region.

Alton railway station
Alton railway station serves the market town of Alton, in the English county of Hampshire. The station is the terminus for two railway lines: the Alton Line, which runs to Brookwood and on to London Waterloo, and the Mid Hants Watercress Railway which runs to Alresford. The latter once ran through to Winchester, but was closed to passengers in February 1973; it reopened as a heritage line in 1985. Two other routes, both now closed, also served the station: the Meon Valley line to Fareham and the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway.

Services operate along the Alton Line to Brookwood and join the South West Main Line towards London Waterloo. The line was single-tracked as far as Farnham by British Rail in the early 1980s.
2C-B-3PIP-NBOMe
2C-B-3PIP-NBOMe is a serotonin receptor modulator of the phenethylamine, 2C, 3-phenylpiperidine (3PIP), and NBOMe families. It is a cyclized phenethylamine and along with 2C-B-3PIP-POMe is an NBOMe derivative of 2C-B-3PIP. The drug shows very weak affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors (Ki = 2,150 nM and 5,880 nM, respectively), with its affinities being profoundly reduced relative to those of 2C-B. The chemical synthesis of 2C-B-3PIP-NBOMe has been described. 2C-B-3PIP-NBOMe was first described in the scientific literature by Martin Hansen in 2010.

3-Phenylpiperidine
3-Phenylpiperidine is a chemical compound and cyclized phenethylamine. It can be thought of as β-phenethylamine with a propyl group connecting the amine and the β position.

According to Daniel Trachsel and colleagues in 2013, the pharmacology of 3-phenylpiperidine itself has not been reported, only its chemical synthesis has been described. 3-Phenylpiperidine was first described in the scientific literature by 1933.
Catskill and Tannersville Railway
The Catskill and Tannersville Railway was a historic 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge railroad operating in New York.

Also known as "The Huckleberry", the C&T operated tracks that were laid to a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge. The railroad commenced at the Otis Summit station in Kaaterskill at the top of the Wall of Manitou, which was the terminus of the Otis Elevating Railway, and ended 5.2 miles (8.4 km) away at its headquarters in Tannersville. The C&T faced competition from the parallel Stony Clove and Kaaterskill branch of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad.

Otis Elevating Railway
The Otis Elevating Railway was a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge cable funicular railroad leading to the Catskill Mountain House in Palenville, New York. For the first 64 years of its existence, the Catskill Mountain House was accessible only by a long stagecoach from Catskill Landing on the Hudson.
Aizu Railway
Aizu Railway Co., Ltd. (会津鉄道株式会社, Aizu tetsudō kabushiki-gaisha), is a third-sector Japanese railway company whose major shareholders include the Fukushima prefectural and Aizuwakamatsu city governments. It owns and operates Aizu Line as its sole railway line.

The names of the company and the line are from the Aizu area of Fukushima Prefecture that the line serves.

Aizu Line
The Aizu Railway Aizu Line (会津鉄道会津線, Aizu Tetsudō Aizu-sen) is a 57.4 km (35.7 mi) long railway line from Nishi-Wakamatsu Station in Aizuwakamatsu to Aizukōgen-Ozeguchi Station in Minamiaizu, Fukushima, Japan. It is owned and operated by Aizu Railway.
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio
Muscle Shoals Sound Studio is an American recording studio in Sheffield, Alabama, formed in 1969 by four session musicians known as the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section. They had left nearby FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals to create their own recording facility.

They attracted noted artists from across the United States and Great Britain. Over the years, artists who recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio included Wilson Pickett, Aretha Franklin, Etta James, Percy Sledge, the Rolling Stones, Duane Allman, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Joe Cocker, Levon Helm, Paul Simon, Bob Seger, Rod Stewart, Cat Stevens,  Bob Dylan, Jimmy Cliff, Cher, George Michael, and the Black Keys.

FAME Studios
FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises) Studios is a recording studio located at 603 East Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, United States, an area of northern Alabama known as the Shoals. Though small and distant from the main recording locations of the American music industry, FAME has produced many hit records and was instrumental in what came to be known as the Muscle Shoals sound. It was started in the 1950s by Rick Hall, known as the Founder of Muscle Shoals Music. The studio, owned by Linda Hall since 2018, is still actively operating. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on December 15, 1997, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. The 2013 award-winning documentary Muscle Shoals features Rick Hall, the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section (also called The Swampers), and the Muscle Shoals sound originally popularized by FAME.
Clever Gretel
"Clever Gretel" (German: Das kluge Gretel) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm, KHM 195. It is Aarne-Thompson type 1741 – Trickster Wives and Maids and was first published in the second edition of Grimms' Fairy Tales in 1819.

Grimms' Fairy Tales
Grimms' Fairy Tales (German: Grimms Märchen), originally known as the Children's and Household Tales (German: Kinder- und Hausmärchen, pronounced [ˌkɪndɐ ʔʊnt ˈhaʊsmɛːɐ̯çən], commonly abbreviated as KHM), is a German collection of fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, first published on 20 December 1812. Vol. 1 of the first edition contained 86 stories, which were followed by 70 more tales, numbered consecutively, in the 1st edition, Vol. 2, in 1815. By the seventh edition in 1857, the corpus of tales had expanded to 200 tales and 10 "Children's Legends". It is considered the seminal work of Western children's literature and is listed by UNESCO in its Memory of the World Register.
Klila
In Mandaeism, the klila (Classical Mandaic: ࡊࡋࡉࡋࡀ, Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [kəˈlilæ]) is a small myrtle (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡎࡀ, romanized: asa) wreath or ring (translated as "circlet" by E. S. Drower) used during Mandaean religious rituals. The klila is a female symbol that complements the taga, a white crown which always takes on masculine symbolism.

The klila is used to adorn the drabsha, a wooden cross covered with a white cloth that is the main symbol of Mandaeism.

Taga (Mandaeism)
In Mandaeism, the taga (Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡀࡂࡀ; sometimes also spelled taqa ࡕࡀࡒࡀ) is a white crown traditionally made of silk that is used during Mandaean religious rituals. The taga is a white crown which always takes on masculine symbolism, while the klila (myrtle wreath) is a feminine symbol that complements the taga.
Constitution of the Western Cape
The Constitution of the Western Cape is, subject to the Constitution of South Africa, the highest law regulating the structure and powers of the government of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It was enacted by the Western Cape Provincial Legislature in terms of Chapter 6 of the national constitution, and came into force on 16 January 1998. The Western Cape is the only South African province to have adopted a constitution.

Western Cape Provincial Parliament
The Western Cape Provincial Parliament (WCPP) is the legislature of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located at 7 Wale Street in Cape Town.

The Provincial Parliament, along with the other provincial legislatures of South Africa, exists by virtue of Chapter 6 of the Constitution of South Africa and Chapter 3 of the Constitution of the Western Cape. It is unicameral, and consists of 42 members elected by a system of party-list proportional representation.

The Western Cape is unique amongst the provinces of South Africa in calling its legislature the "Provincial Parliament" and the members Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). The other provinces use the terms "Provincial Legislature" and "Members of the Provincial Legislature".

The Seventh Provincial Parliament was elected on 29 May 2024 in South Africa's 2024 general elections. A majority of the members belong to the Democratic Alliance.
Vellum
Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin, rather than the skin of other animals or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared for writing and printing on single pages, scrolls, and codices.

Vellum is generally smooth and durable, but there can be great variations in texture due to the way it is made and the quality of the skin used. The making of vellum involves the cleaning, bleaching, stretching on a frame, and scraping of the skin with a lunellum.

Modern paper vellum is made of plant cellulose fibers and gets its name from having a similar use to actual vellum, as well as its high quality.

Calfskin
Calfskin or calf leather is a leather or membrane produced from the hide of a calf, or juvenile domestic cattle. Calfskin is particularly valuable because of its softness and fine grain, as well as durability. It is commonly used for high-quality clothing, shoes, wallets, and similar products, as well as traditional leather bookbindings. In these contexts, just "calf" is commonly used.  Fine calfskin is one of the skins used for vellum and parchment manuscripts.

In Spanish, the word is Ternera/Novillo, referring to leather from animals less than three years old. Chickenskin, despite its name, is a form of calfskin made using the skin of unborn calves.

In fashion, soft finished calfskin is sometimes described as veau velours (French for "velvet calf").
Unix time
Unix time is a date and time representation widely used in computing. It measures time by the number of non-leap seconds that have elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970, the Unix epoch. For example, at midnight on 1 January 2010, Unix time was 1262304000.

Unix time originated as the system time of Unix operating systems. It has come to be widely used in other computer operating systems, file systems, programming languages, and databases. In modern computing, values are sometimes stored with higher granularity, such as microseconds or nanoseconds.

Epoch (computing)
In computing, an epoch is a fixed date and time used as a reference from which a computer measures system time. Most computer systems determine time as a number representing the seconds removed from a particular arbitrary date and time. For instance, Unix and POSIX measure time as the number of seconds that have passed since Thursday 1 January 1970 00:00:00 UT, a point in time known as the Unix epoch. The C# programming language and Windows NT systems up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022 measure time as the number of 100-nanosecond intervals that have passed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January in the years AD 1 and AD 1601, respectively, making those points in time the epochs for those systems.
Computing epochs are almost always specified as midnight Universal Time on some particular date.
Mary Reynolds Babcock
Mary Reynolds Babcock (August 8, 1908 – July 17, 1953) was an American philanthropist. As the daughter of R.J Reynolds and Katharine Smith Reynolds, she therefore inherited considerable wealth from her father's company, the nationally prominent R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. She was a founder for both the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation. She and her husband Charles Babcock gifted Wake Forest University 350 acres, and the university moved to Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

R. J. Reynolds
Richard Joshua Reynolds (July 20, 1850 – July 29, 1918) was an American businessman and founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.

The son of a tobacco farmer and major enslaver, he worked for his father and attended Emory & Henry College from 1868 to 1870, eventually graduating from Bryant & Stratton Business College in Baltimore. He sold his share of the family business in 1874 and moved south to Winston (now Winston-Salem), North Carolina, to start his own tobacco company. Reynolds was a savvy businessman and a hard worker, and he quickly became one of the wealthiest citizens of Winston-Salem; eventually, he was the wealthiest person in the state of North Carolina. He died in 1918 of pancreatic cancer.