hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ridder Arena
Ridder Arena is an indoor ice rink at the University of Minnesota, and home to the Minnesota Golden Gophers women's ice hockey team. The arena is adjacent to the men's 3M Arena at Mariucci. It was completed in 2002, and includes the connected Baseline Tennis Center for the men's and women's tennis teams. It was the first facility in the United States built specifically for college women's ice hockey, and has hosted the NCAA Women's Frozen Four on four occasions. The arena is named for benefactors Robert Ridder and Kathleen Ridder.

Robert Ridder
Robert Blair Ridder (July 21, 1919 – June 24, 2000) was an American ice hockey administrator, media businessman, and philanthropist. He was the founding president of the Minnesota Amateur Hockey Association, and managed the United States men's national ice hockey team at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics. He was a director in the Knight Ridder media company which controlled several television and radio stations, and newspapers in Minnesota. His wealth allowed him to be a founding owner of the Minnesota North Stars and helped him provide funding for the construction of Ridder Arena at the University of Minnesota. For his work in hockey in the United States, he received the Lester Patrick Trophy, and was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame and the IIHF Hall of Fame.
Workers' Party (France, 2015)
The Workers' Party (PT), named the Independent Democratic Workers' Party (POID) until 2023, is a French far-left political party led in particular by Daniel Gluckstein. It was founded in 2015 following a split with the Independent Workers' Party (POI).

Independent Workers' Party
The Independent Workers' Party (French: Parti ouvrier indépendant, POI) is a French Marxist political party founded in June 2008 after the dissolution of its predecessor, the Workers' Party. It claimed 10,071 members at its founding congress in 2008, and 8,000 members on its second congress in 2012.

Amongst its four General Secretaries are former presidential candidates Gérard Schivardi and Daniel Gluckstein, who were members of a Trotskyist current within the party. Gluckstein was suspended following a leadership dispute in 2015, leading to the faction splitting and founding the Workers' Party.

Jérôme Legavre was elected the party's only Member of Parliament in the 2022 French legislative election.
Amrozi
Ali Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim (Arabic: علي عمرازي بن حجي نورهاشم, romanized: ʿAlī ʿAmrāzī bin Ḥajī Nūr Hāshim, 5 July 1962 – 9 November 2008) was an Indonesian terrorist who was convicted and executed for his role in carrying out the Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings and 2002 Bali bombings. Amrozi was the brother of Ali Ghufron, also known as Muklas, who coordinated the bombing attack. Amrozi was executed together with Muklas and their co-conspirator, Imam Samudra.

Imam Samudra
Imam Samudra (Arabic: الإمام سامودرة, romanized: al-Imām Sāmūdirah, 14 January 1970 – 9 November 2008), also known as Abdul Aziz, Qudama/Kudama, Fatih/Fat, Abu Umar or Heri, was an Indonesian terrorist who was convicted and executed for his role in carrying out the Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings and 2002 Bali bombings. Samudra, together with Ali Ghufron (known as Muklas) and Amrozi bin Nurhasyim (known as Amrozi) were executed together for their part in coordinating and carrying out the Bali bombings.
Pennsylvania Route 158
Pennsylvania Route 158 (PA 158) is an 11.9-mile-long (19.2 km) state highway located in western Pennsylvania, running from PA 18 south of New Wilmington in Lawrence County, to US 62 and PA 258 in Mercer in Mercer County.

Pennsylvania Route 18
Pennsylvania Route 18 (PA 18) is a major north–south highway in Western Pennsylvania whose southern terminus is at the West Virginia state line, where it continues as WV 69, while the northern terminus is at PA 5 in Lake City. At a length of 205 miles (330 km), PA 18 is the only state route in Pennsylvania — north–south or east–west — to traverse the entire state. It also has the distinction of being the longest state route in Pennsylvania.
South Africa Women's Sevens
The South Africa Women's Sevens is an annual women's rugby sevens tournament announced by World Rugby as one of the stops on the world circuit, with the inaugural competition  held in December 2019. The women's event is hosted at Cape Town Stadium as part of an integrated tournament alongside the existing men's event. Most destinations on the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series are geographically paired for travel reasons, with South Africa hosting the second tournament of the season following the series opener at Dubai.

South Africa Sevens
The South Africa Sevens is an annual rugby sevens tournament that is held in South Africa. It is currently hosted in Cape Town and is part of the Sevens World Series run by World Rugby. A South African leg of the World series has been included in every edition of the competition since it began in the 1999-2000 season.

The tournament was first held at Stellenbosch in 1999 before being moved to Durban for the next two seasons. For nine seasons from 2002 until 2010 it was held at George in the Western Cape, before moving to Port Elizabeth for the 2011 edition, and Cape Town in 2015.
Centered pentagonal number
In mathematics, a centered pentagonal number is a centered figurate number that represents a pentagon with a dot in the center and all other dots surrounding the center in successive pentagonal layers. The centered pentagonal number for n is given by the formula

The first few centered pentagonal numbers are

1, 6, 16, 31, 51, 76,
106, 141, 181, 226, 276,
331, 391, 456, 526, 601,
681, 766, 856, 951, 1051, 1156, 1266, 1381, 1501, 1626, 1756, 1891, 2031, 2176, 2326, 2481, 2641, 2806, 2976 (sequence A005891 in the OEIS).

Centered polygonal number
In mathematics, the centered polygonal numbers are a class of series of figurate numbers, each formed by a central dot, surrounded by polygonal layers of dots with a constant number of sides. Each side of a polygonal layer contains one more dot than each side in the previous layer; so starting from the second polygonal layer, each layer of a centered k-gonal number contains k more dots than the previous layer.
Prudential Center
Prudential Center is a multipurpose indoor arena in Newark, New Jersey, United States. Opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL), the New York Sirens of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL), and the men's basketball program of Seton Hall University. By 2023, it was among the top five concert venues worldwide by earnings. The arena is owned by the Newark Housing Authority and operated by Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment (HBSE), owners of the Devils.

Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball
The Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball program is the NCAA Division I intercollegiate men's basketball program of Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey. The team competes in the Big East Conference and plays their home games in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. The Pirates are currently coached by Shaheen Holloway. Seton Hall has appeared 14 times in the NCAA tournament and were national runners-up in 1989.
Penistone Grammar School
Penistone Grammar School (PGS) is a large co-educational secondary school with a sixth form located in Penistone, South Yorkshire, England.

Founded in 1392, it is amongst the oldest extant schools in England, with alumni including Nicholas Saunderson, the probable inventor of Bayes' theorem, in the 18th century. At various times in its history it has been single-sex and mixed, free and fee-paying, selective and comprehensive, boarding and day. It has undergone several moves and extensions, and today houses around 1,700 pupils from age 11 to 18. PGS' Ofsted overall rating is grade 2 ('Good'), following an inspection in February 2023.

Nicholas Saunderson
Nicholas Saunderson FRS (20 January 1682 – 19 April 1739) was a blind English scientist and mathematician. According to one historian of statistics, he may have been the earliest discoverer of Bayes' theorem.   He worked as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University, a post also held by Isaac Newton, Charles Babbage and Stephen Hawking.
Amur Annexation
Between 1858 and 1860, the Russian Empire annexed territories adjoining the Amur River belonging to the Chinese Qing dynasty through the imposition of unequal treaties. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun, signed by the general Nikolay Muravyov representing the Russian Empire and the official Yishan representing Qing China, ceded Priamurye—a territory stretching from the Amur River north to the Stanovoy Mountains, but the Qing government initially refused to recognize the treaty's validity. Two years later, the Second Opium War concluded with the Convention of Peking, which affirmed the previous treaty as well as an additional cession including the entire Pacific coast to the Korean border, as well as the island of Sakhalin to Russia. These two territories roughly correspond to modern-day Amur Oblast and Primorsky Krai, respectively. Collectively, they are often referred to as Outer Manchuria, part of the greater region of Manchuria.

Treaty of Aigun
The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858 treaty between the Russian Empire and Yishan, official of the Qing dynasty of China. It established much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and China by ceding much of Manchuria (the ancestral homeland of the Manchu people), now known as Northeast China.  Negotiations began after China was threatened with war on a second front by Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev when China was suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. It reversed the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) by transferring the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 square kilometers (231,660 sq mi) of what became known as Outer Manchuria. While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun were affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking.
Colorado State Highway 340
State Highway 340 (SH 340) is a 13.341 mi (21.470 km) long state highway in the U.S. state of Colorado. The highway's western end is at U.S. Route 6 (US 6) and US 50 in Fruita, and the eastern end is at the junction of US 50 and I-70 Business (I-70 Bus.) in Grand Junction. This highway is mainly used by the residents of Grand Junction's suburb Redlands.

U.S. Route 50 in Colorado
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a part of the U.S. Highway System that travels from West Sacramento, California, to Ocean City, Maryland. In the U.S. state of Colorado, US 50 is a major highway crossing through the lower midsection of the state. It connects the Western Slope with the lower Front Range. The highway serves the areas of Pueblo and Grand Junction as well as many other smaller areas along its corridor. The long-term project to widen the highway from two lanes to a four lane expressway between Grand Junction and Montrose was completed in January 2005. Only about 25% of the remainder of US 50 in Colorado is four lane highway.
Red Rower
Red Rower (foaled 1934) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1945 Cheltenham Gold Cup. He raced during the Second World War when opportunities for National Hunt horses were severely limited. After winning the Lilley Brook Chase in 1940 he finished third to stable companion Poet Prince in his first attempt at the Gold Cup in the following year. In 1942 he won the Grand Annual Chase and started favourite for the Gold Cup but was beaten into second place by Medoc II. On the resumption of National Hunt racing after a two-year break he finally won the Gold Cup at the age of eleven in 1945.

Poet Prince
Poet Prince (foaled 1932) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1941 Cheltenham Gold Cup. He had earlier won the Stanley Chase at Aintree and went on to contest two more Gold Cups. He was unplaced when well-fancied in 1942 and finished fourth in 1945 at the age of thirteen.
Faistos
Faistos (Greek: Φαιστός) is a municipality in Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Moires. It is named after the ancient city Phaistos, located in the municipality. The municipality has an area of 410.810 km2 (158.615 sq mi).

Moires
Moires (Greek: Μοίρες, "Fates") is a town and a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Faistos, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 181.885 km2 (70.226 sq mi) and a population of 11,399 people (about 6,900 for the town itself). The weekly market of the agricultural town of Moires is the largest in the region. In the early Middle Ages it was the home of Christian hermits, who allegedly met only once a year to worship at the chapel of Agios Andonis, built in the 14th or 15th century.
Pioneer Football League (Bangladesh)
Pioneer Football League (Bengali: পাইওনিয়ার ফুটবল লিগ), also known as the Bangladesh Pioneer Football League, is an  age-level league and also the sixth-tier of Bangladeshi football organised by Bangladesh Football Federation. The semi-finalists of the competition are promoted to the Dhaka Third Division Football League. As the tournament is considered to be the lowest level of Bangladeshi football, there is no limit on the number of teams that can participate and any club can apply to join the tournament.

Dhaka Third Division Football League
Dhaka Third Division Football League (Bengali: ঢাকা তৃতীয় বিভাগ ফুটবল লিগ), officially known as Bashundhara Group Third Division (U-17) Football League due to sponsorship reasons and change of format, is the fifth-tier football league in Bangladesh, as well as the third and lowest league division in Dhaka.

It officially began in 1951 as the league below the Second Division while Bangladesh was still part of Pakistan. From the 2022–23 season, the league is being arranged as an under-17 league.

The league is the lowest division of semi-professional football in the country and the two top-finishing teams are automatically promoted to the Dhaka Second Division Football League. While the bottom two teams are relegated to the country's amateur age-level football league, the Bangladesh Pioneer Football League.
Type C4 ship
The Type C4 ships were the largest cargo ships built by the United States Maritime Commission (MARCOM) during World War II. The design was originally developed for the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company in 1941, but in late 1941 the plans were taken over by the MARCOM.

Eighty-one ships were built as cargo or troopships in four shipyards: Kaiser Richmond, California (35 ships); Kaiser Vancouver, Washington (20 ships); Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock in Chester, Pennsylvania (20 ships); and Bethlehem Steel Sparrows Point, Maryland (6 ships). All ships were capable of 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph), driven by a single screw steam turbine generating 9,900 shaft horsepower (7,400 kW).  Many were completed for the War Shipping Administration.

Among the variations of the design were the Haven-class hospital ship.

They were followed post-war by thirty-seven of the larger C4-S-1 class, also known as the Mariner class.

Haven-class hospital ship
The Haven class of hospital ships were built for the United States Navy (USN) during World War II. Haven-class ships also served in the Korean War and the Vietnam War. They were among the first ships to be able to receive casualties directly by helicopter and were the first fully air conditioned ships in the USN. The first ship was laid down in July 1943, while the last was launched in August 1944. In that span the United States produced six Haven-class hospital ships. The last Haven-class ship was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1989. One ship sank in a collision in 1950; the five others were scrapped.  Haven-class hospital ships were replaced with the Mercy-class hospital ships.
Nellis Air Force Base
Nellis Air Force Base ("Nellis" colloq.) is a United States Air Force installation in southern Nevada. Nellis hosts air combat exercises such as Exercise Red Flag and close air support exercises such as Green Flag-West flown in "Military Operations Area (MOA) airspace", associated with the nearby Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR).  The base also has the Combined Air and Space Operations Center-Nellis.

Nevada Test and Training Range
The Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) is one of two military training areas at the Nellis Air Force Base Complex in Nevada and used by the United States Air Force Warfare Center at Nellis Air Force Base. The NTTR land area includes a "simulated Integrated Air Defense System", several individual ranges with 1200 targets, and 4 remote communication sites. The current NTTR area and the range's former areas have been used for aerial gunnery and bombing, for nuclear tests, as a proving ground and flight test area, for aircraft control and warning, and for Blue Flag, Green Flag, and Red Flag exercises.
Just Say Anything
Just Say Anything was Sire Records' Volume 5 of Just Say Yes and was originally released on July 23, 1991  as a CD sampler.  It contained remixes and non-album tracks of artists on the label, most of which were considered new wave or modern rock (all would eventually fall under the genre alternative rock). This album carried the Parental Advisory labeling—this was noted in the album's opening track, "Warning Parental Advisory".

Just Say Yes (compilation album)
Released on November 4, 1987, Just Say Yes is the first volume of Sire Records' Just Say Yes promotional CD sampler series. It contains "both hard-to-find numbers by the label's established artists and tempting introductions to its promising new artists."
Snohomish United
Snohomish United is an American soccer club based in Snohomish, Washington, in the Seattle metropolitan area. Their semi-professional men's team in the Northwest Division of USL League Two began play in 2025.

Snohomish, Washington
Snohomish (/snoʊˈhoʊmɪʃ/) is a city in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,126 at the 2020 census. It is located on the Snohomish River, southeast of Everett and northwest of Monroe. Snohomish lies at the intersection of U.S. Route 2 and State Route 9. The city's airport, Harvey Airfield, is located south of downtown and used primarily for general aviation.

The city was founded in 1859 and named Cadyville after pioneer settler Edson T. Cady and renamed to Snohomish in 1871. It served as county seat of Snohomish County from 1861 to 1897, when the county government was relocated to Everett. Snohomish has a downtown district that is renowned for its collection of antique shops and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
War of Liberation (1989–1990)
The War of Liberation (Arabic: حرب التحرير) was a sub-conflict within the final phase of the Lebanese Civil War between 1989 and 1990, in which the Lebanese Army loyal to General and Prime Minister Michel Aoun, appointed by previous President Amine Gemayel and headquartered in eastern Beirut, fought against the western Beirut-based Syrian Armed Forces and the Lebanese Army loyal to President Elias Hrawi and Prime Minister Salim el-Hoss, appointed by the Taif Agreement. Aoun launched several offensives against the Lebanese Forces in an attempt to establish his authority over East Beirut. The conflict culminated on 13 October 1990, when the Syrian Army stormed Baabda Palace and other strongholds of Aoun, killing hundreds of Lebanese soldiers and civilians and ousting Aoun, marking the end of the Lebanese Civil War. Aoun survived and moved to France to live in exile.

Taif Agreement
The 1989 Taif Agreement (Arabic: اتفاق الطائف, French: Accord de Taëf), officially known as the National Reconciliation Accord (وثيقة الوفاق الوطني), was reached to provide "the basis for the ending of the civil war and the return to political normalcy in Lebanon". Negotiated in Taif, Saudi Arabia, it was designed to end the 15 year-long Lebanese Civil War, and reassert the Lebanese government's authority in southern Lebanon, which was controlled at the time by the Christian-separatist South Lebanon Army under the occupational hegemony of Israel. Though the agreement set a time frame for withdrawal of Syrian military forces from Lebanon, stipulating that the Syrian occupation end within two years, Syria did not withdraw its forces from the country until 2005. It was signed on 22 October 1989 and ratified by the Lebanese parliament on 5 November, 1989.
Einstein–Hilbert action
The Einstein–Hilbert action in general relativity yields the Einstein field equations through the principle of stationary action. With the  metric signature, the gravitational part of the action is given as

where  is the determinant of the metric tensor matrix,  is the Ricci scalar, and  is the Einstein gravitational constant,  is the gravitational constant and  is the speed of light in vacuum. If it converges, the integral is taken over the whole spacetime. If it does not converge,  is no longer well-defined, but a modified definition where one integrates over arbitrarily large, relatively compact domains, still yields the Einstein equation as the Euler–Lagrange equation of the Einstein–Hilbert action. The action was proposed by David Hilbert in 1915 as part of his application of the variational principle to a combination of gravity and electromagnetism.: 119

David Hilbert
David Hilbert  (/ˈhɪlbərt/; German: [ˈdaːvɪt ˈhɪlbɐt]; 23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician and philosopher of mathematics and one of the most influential mathematicians of his time.

Hilbert discovered and developed a broad range of fundamental ideas including invariant theory, the calculus of variations, commutative algebra, algebraic number theory, the foundations of geometry, spectral theory of operators and its application to integral equations, mathematical physics, and the foundations of mathematics (particularly proof theory). He adopted and defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers. In 1900, he presented a collection of problems that set a course for mathematical research of the 20th century.

Hilbert and his students contributed to establishing rigor and developed important tools used in modern mathematical physics. He was a co-founder of proof theory and mathematical logic.
Chess problem
A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle created by the composer using chess pieces on a chessboard, which presents the solver with a particular task. For instance, a position may be given with the instruction that White is to move first, and checkmate Black in two moves against any possible defence. A chess problem fundamentally differs from over-the-board play in that the latter involves a struggle between Black and White, whereas the former involves a competition between the composer and the solver. Most positions which occur in a chess problem are unrealistic in the sense that they are very unlikely to occur in over-the-board play. There is a substantial amount of specialized jargon used in connection with chess problems.

Glossary of chess problems
This glossary of chess problems explains commonly used terms in chess problems, in alphabetical order.

For a list of:

unorthodox pieces used in chess problems, see Fairy chess piece;

terms used in chess is general, see Glossary of chess;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants.