hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Catholic People's Party
The Catholic People's Party (Dutch: Katholieke Volkspartij, KVP) was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The party was founded in 1945 as a continuation of the interwar Roman Catholic State Party, which was in turn a successor of the General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations. The party was in government throughout its existence. In 1977, a federation of parties including the Catholic People's Party, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) ran together under the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) banner. The three participating parties formally dissolved to form the CDA in 1980.

Christian Historical Union
The Christian Historical Union (Dutch: Christelijk-Historische Unie, CHU) was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands. The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged in September 1980.
Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio
The Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio is a historic house museum in Abiquiú, New Mexico.  From 1943 until her death, it was the principal residence and studio of artist Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986). It is now part of the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, which has sites in Santa Fe and Abiquiú. Public tours are available March–November, with advance tickets required. The Home and Studio became a National Historic Landmark in 1998, as one of the most important artistic sites in the southwestern United States.

Georgia O'Keeffe Museum
The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum is dedicated to the artistic legacy of Georgia O'Keeffe, her life, American modernism, and public engagement. It opened on July 17, 1997, eleven years after the artist's death. It comprises multiple sites in two locations: Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Abiquiu, New Mexico. In addition to the founding Georgia O'Keeffe Museum (also called the Museum Galleries) in Santa Fe, the O'Keeffe includes: the Library and Archive within its research center at the historic A.M. Bergere house; the Education Annex for youth and public programming; Georgia O'Keeffe's historic Abiquiu Home and Studio; the O'Keeffe Welcome Center in Abiquiu; and Museum Stores in both Santa Fe and Abiquiu. Georgia O'Keeffe's additional home at the Ghost Ranch property is also part of the O'Keeffe Museum's assets, but is not open to the public.
Pseudicius gracilis
Pseudicius gracilis is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that lives in South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2011 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska. The spider is small, with an oval carapace between 1.9 and 2.2 mm (0.075 and 0.087 in) long and an ovoid abdomen that measures between 2.7 and 3.0 mm (0.11 and 0.12 in) long. The male and female are similar in size, shape and colouration. The carapace is dark brown with a black eye field and the abdomen is brown with a pattern of six patches that line the sides and two rounded spots to the back. It is almost indistinguishable from species in the genus Afraflacilla, particularly Afraflacilla elegans, Afraflacilla karinae and Afraflacilla zuluensis. It can be best differentiated by its copulatory organs, particularly the shape of the male tibial apo[apophyses, or appendages and the arrangement of pocket and openings on the female epigyne.

Afraflacilla karinae
Afraflacilla karinae is  a species of jumping spider in the genus Afraflacilla that is found in South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2011 by Charles Haddad and Wanda Wesołowska. They originally placed the species in the genus Pseudicius, but Jerzy Prószyński moved it in 2017 to Afraflacilla on the basis of shape of its copulatory organs. Only the male has been described. The spider is brown and medium-sized, with a carapace typically 2.1 mm (0.083 in) long and an abdomen 2.7 mm (0.11 in) long. The spider has brown legs, with longer and thicker front legs. It stridulates using its legs and carapace. Afraflacilla karinae is superficially similar to many other spiders in both the genera Afraflacilla and Pseudicius. It is most like Afraflacilla zuluensis, particularly in its size, external appearance and distribution. The species is best identified by the short blunt dorsal apophysis, or appendage, on its palpal bulb.
Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region
The government of the Brussels-Capital Region (French: Gouvernement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale [ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃ də la ʁeʒjɔ̃ də bʁysɛl kapital]; Dutch: Brusselse Hoofdstedelijke Regering [ˈbrʏsəlsə ˌɦoːftˈsteːdələkə rəˈɣeːrɪŋ]) is the political administration of the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. An election is held every five years. The government is headed by a Minister-President (currently Rudi Vervoort), four ministers and three state secretaries.

The office of Governor of the Brussels-Capital Region was dissolved in 2014. This governor, appointed by the cabinet had held relatively limited power and enforced laws concerned with public order in the region.

The Brussels capital region is divided into 19 municipalities. Each municipality has its own government, responsible for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders. Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.

Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region
The minister-president of the Brussels-Capital Region (French: Ministre-président de la région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Dutch: Minister-president van het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest) leads the government of the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. The post is appointed for five years along with four ministers and three "state" secretaries. While being the leader of the Brussels Government, the minister-president also is the president of the college of the Common Community Commission.

The minister-president of the Brussels-Capital Region should not be confused with either the Governor of Brussels-Capital nor with the mayor of the City of Brussels, which is one of the 19 municipalities of Brussels.

The minister-president is not counted in the ratio of French-speaking to Dutch-speaking ministers. In practice, every minister-president has been a francophone, though bilingual.
Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet (Armenian: Հայոց գրեր, romanized: Hayocʼ grer or Հայոց այբուբեն, Hayocʼ aybuben) or, more broadly, the Armenian script, is an alphabetic writing system developed for Armenian and occasionally used to write other languages. It was developed around 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots, an Armenian linguist and ecclesiastical leader. The script originally had 36 letters. Eventually, two more were adopted in the 13th century. In the reformed Armenian orthography (1920s), the ligature և, ev, is also treated as a letter, bringing the total number of letters to 39.

The Armenian word for 'alphabet' is այբուբեն, aybuben, named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet: ⟨Ա⟩ այբ, ayb, and ⟨Բ⟩ բեն, ben. Armenian is written horizontally, left to right.

Armenian orthography reform
The Armenian orthography reform occurred between 1922 and 1924 in Soviet Armenia and was partially revised in 1940. Its main features "were the neutralization of classical, etymological writing and the adjustment of phonetic realization and writing."

The original orthography is now known as the classical orthography (Armenian: դասական ուղղագրութիւն, romanized: dasakan uġġagrut'yun) and is sometimes referred to as Mashtotsian orthography (մաշտոցեան ուղղագրութիւն), after Mesrop Mashtots, who invented the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD.

This reform is not to be confused with the 13th-century alphabet extension introducing letters ⟨օ⟩ and ⟨ֆ⟩.
Laruan
The laruan (Chinese: 拉阮; pinyin: lāruǎn) is a relatively new Chinese string instrument blending the acoustics of the ruan with that of the Western cello. Its larger counterpart is the dalaruan (大拉阮), which corresponds to the double bass. The instrument has a pear-shaped wooden body like ruan, with neck no frets but bowed by horsehair bow

These musical instruments were created in the 20th century to be an alternative to other bowed bass register instruments used in Chinese orchestras, such as dihu, cello/double bass, gehu/diyingehu, damatouqin/dimatouqin, and paqin/dapaqin. The China National Traditional Orchestra of Beijing is one of the few Chinese orchestras using this instrument.

Ruan (instrument)
The ruan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) is a traditional Chinese plucked string instrument. It is a lute with a fretted neck, a circular body, and four strings. Its four strings were formerly made of silk but since the 20th century they have been made of steel (flatwound for the lower strings). The modern ruan has 24 frets with 12 semitones on each string, which has greatly expanded its range from a previous 13 frets. The frets are commonly made of ivory or in recent times of metal mounted on wood. The metal frets produce a brighter tone as compared to the ivory frets. It is sometimes called ruanqin, particularly in Taiwan.
Barlow Park
Barlow Park is a multi-sports facility and stadium in Parramatta Park, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.

The Park is home of the Northern Pride RLFC offices, Cairns District Rugby Union, Cairns and District Athletics Association, Australian Sports Commission Development, Oztag, and formerly Cairns FC and Cairns District Rugby League.

Since 2008 it has been the home ground for the Northern Pride rugby league team who play in the State Competition Queensland Cup.

Cairns FC
Cairns FC, previously known as FNQ FC Heat, was an Australian semi-professional soccer club based in the regional city of Cairns, in the far north of Queensland. Founded in 2012, the club was awarded a licence to compete in the National Premier Leagues Queensland in the 2018 season, with matches played from Barlow Park. The club reached the 2016 NPL Queensland Grand Final but relinquished their licence at the end of the 2018 due to financial issues.
Inferno (2016 film)
Inferno is a 2016 American action mystery thriller film directed by Ron Howard and written by David Koepp. It is loosely based on the 2013 novel by Dan Brown. The sequel to The Da Vinci Code (2006) and Angels & Demons (2009), it is the third and final film in the Robert Langdon film series. It stars Tom Hanks, reprising his role as Robert Langdon, alongside Felicity Jones as Dr. Sienna Brooks, Omar Sy, Sidse Babett Knudsen, Ben Foster, and Irrfan Khan.

Filming began on April 27, 2015, in Venice, Italy, wrapping on July 21 of that year in Budapest. Inferno premiered in Florence (one of its filming locations) on October 8, 2016, and was released in the United States on October 28, ten years after the release of The Da Vinci Code. The film received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $220 million against a $75 million production budget.

Robert Langdon (franchise)
Robert Langdon is a media franchise that consists of American action-adventure mystery-thriller installments, including three theatrical films directed by Ron Howard, and a television series. The films, based on the novel series written by Dan Brown, center on the fictional character of Robert Langdon. Though based on the book series, the films have a different chronological order, consisting of: The Da Vinci Code (2006), Angels & Demons (2009), and Inferno (2016), all starring Tom Hanks as Langdon, alongside different ensemble casts. Despite mixed-to-negative critical reception, the films are considered box office successes, having a combined gross total of $1.5 billion worldwide.

The television series, a contemporary-prequel titled The Lost Symbol (2021), starring Ashley Zukerman as Langdon, explores the early years of Langdon's career.
Causation in English law
Causation in English law concerns the legal tests of remoteness, causation and foreseeability in the tort of negligence. It is also relevant for English criminal law and English contract law.

In the English law of negligence, causation proves a direct link between the defendant’s negligence and the claimant’s loss and damage. For these purposes, liability in negligence is established when there is a breach of the duty of care owed by the defendant to the claimant that causes loss and damage, and it is reasonable that the defendant should compensate the claimant for that loss and damage.

Remoteness in English law
In English law, remoteness between a cause of action and the loss or damage sustained as a result is addressed through a set of rules in both tort and contract, which limit the amount of compensatory damages available for a wrong.

In negligence, the test of causation not only requires that the defendant was the cause in fact, but also requires that the loss or damage sustained by the claimant was not too remote. As with the policy issues in establishing that there was a duty of care and that that duty was breached, remoteness is designed as a further limit on a cause of action to ensure that the liability to pay damages placed on the defendant is done fairly.
The Crow Garden
The Crow Garden is a historical fantasy and horror novel by English writer Alison Littlewood. It was first published in the United Kingdom in October 2017 by Jo Fletcher Books. Set in Victorian England, the book is about an alienist who becomes infatuated with an enigmatic patient of his at a lunatic asylum in Yorkshire.

The Crow Garden generally received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The book was nominated for the 2018 British Fantasy Society August Derleth Award for Best Horror Novel.

Alison Littlewood
Alison Littlewood is a British author of horror novels and short stories. She also writes under the name Alison J. Littlewood and the pen name A. J. Elwood.

Littlewood grew up in Penistone, South Yorkshire. She attended Northumbria University where she studied English and history. She began a career in marketing, but later switched to writing fiction. Littlewood currently lives in Doncaster, South Yorkshire with her partner.
Jimmy Mulville
James Thomas Mulville (born 5 January 1955) is an English actor, comedian, comedy writer, producer and television presenter. He is best known for co-founding (in 1986) the British independent television production company Hat Trick Productions with Denise O'Donoghue and Rory McGrath (who left in 1992). In 2003, Mulville and O'Donoghue, as co-founders of Hat Trick, were listed in The Observer as two of the 50 funniest people in Britain.

Rory McGrath
Patrick Rory McGrath (born 17 March 1956) is a British comedian, television personality, and writer. He came to prominence in the comedy show Who Dares Wins and was a regular panellist on the game show They Think It's All Over for many years. He acted in the sitcom Chelmsford 123 and appeared in the ITV reality show Sugar Free Farm.
Daffadar
Daffadar (Hindustani: दफ़ादार (Devanagari); دفعدار (Nastaliq)) is the equivalent rank to sergeant in the Indian and Pakistani cavalry, as it was formerly in the British Indian Army. The rank below is lance daffadar. The equivalent in infantry and other units is havildar. Like a British sergeant, a daffadar wears three rank chevrons.

The etymology of the word is unclear. The -dar suffix, found in havildar and other words, means "holder". Thus the word means "holder of dafa' ". The intended meaning of dafa' is, however, unclear. In Arabic it means "pay" or "push", while in Persian, the more obvious source of the word, it means repulsion. It is unclear what role, if any, the word daffadar indicated in the Mughal Empire before it was used as a British Raj rank.

Havildar
Havildar or havaldar (Hindustani: हविलदार or हवलदार (Devanagari), حوالدار (Perso-Arabic)) is a rank in the Indian and Pakistani armies, equivalent to sergeant. It is not used in cavalry and armoured units, where the equivalent is daffadar.

Like a British sergeant, a havildar wears three rank chevrons.
Contra Costa Community College District
The Contra Costa Community College District is a community college district that encompasses three community colleges in Contra Costa County, California - Contra Costa College, Diablo Valley College and Los Medanos College. The headquarters is in the George R. Gordon Education Center in Martinez, California.

Diablo Valley College
Diablo Valley College (DVC) is a public community college with campuses in Pleasant Hill and San Ramon in Contra Costa County, California. DVC is one of three public community colleges in the Contra Costa Community College District (along with Contra Costa College and Los Medanos College). It opened in 1949. DVC has more than 22,000 students and 300 full-time and 370 part-time instructors.
Jamba Juice
Jamba, formerly known as Jamba Juice, is an American quick-service restaurant and juice bar chain that sells blended fruit and vegetable juices, smoothies, and other food products. The first Jamba location, originally named Juice Club, opened in 1990 in San Luis Obispo, California. Jamba is owned by GoTo Foods, an affiliate of private equity firm Roark Capital Group, which completed its acquisition in 2019. The company has more than 850 locations operating in 36 states in the United States, and also has locations in Australia, Japan, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong.

GoTo Foods
GoTo Foods (formerly Focus Brands) is an American company that currently owns the Schlotzsky's, Carvel, Cinnabon, Moe's Southwest Grill, McAlister's Deli, Auntie Anne's and Jamba brands. It is located in Sandy Springs, Georgia, and operates over 6,700 stores globally.
Frank Ponta
Francis Ettore Ponta (8 November 1935 – 1 June 2011) was an Australian Paralympic competitor and coach.  He competed in several sports including basketball, pentathlon, swimming and fencing.  A paraplegic, he lost the use of both his legs after a tumour was removed from his spinal column when he was a teenager. Ponta was a member of Australia's first national wheelchair basketball team, and is credited with expanding the sport of wheelchair basketball in Western Australia. At the end of his competitive career, he became a coach, working with athletes such as Louise Sauvage, Priya Cooper, Madison de Rozario, Bruce Wallrodt and Bryan Stitfall. He died on 1 June 2011 at the age of 75 after a long illness.

Priya Cooper
Priya Naree Cooper, OAM (born 2 October 1974) is an Australian world champion disabled swimmer, winning nine Paralympic gold medals as well as world records and world championships. She competed in the Australian swimming team at the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Paralympics with an S8 classification. She was twice the co-captain of the Australian Paralympic team, including at the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney, and carried the Australian flag at the closing ceremonies for the 1992 and 1996 Summer Paralympics. Cooper has cerebral palsy and spends much of her time in a wheelchair. She attended university, working on a course in health management. After she ended her competitive Paralympic career, she became a commentator, and covered the swimming events at the 2002 Commonwealth Games.
Euler method
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta method. The Euler method is named after Leonhard Euler, who first proposed it in his book Institutionum calculi integralis (published 1768–1770).

The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error (error per step) is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error (error at a given time) is proportional to the step size.
The Euler method often serves as the basis to construct more complex methods, e.g., predictor–corrector method.

Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals.

Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation. An alternative method is to use techniques from calculus to obtain a series expansion of the solution.

Ordinary differential equations occur in many scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and economics. In addition, some methods in numerical partial differential equations convert the partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation, which must then be solved.
Amble Lifeboat Station
Amble Lifeboat Station is located at Radcliffe Quay, Warkworth Harbour, in the town of Amble, at the mouth of the River Coquet, in the county of Northumberland.

A lifeboat was first stationed at Amble in 1843, by the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS). The Amble station was deemed to have closed in 1852, when a lifeboat was placed at Hauxley in 1852, considered a more suitable location for the "Warkworth Harbour lifeboat".

The station at Amble was re-established by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1939, following the deployment of a new motor-powered lifeboat, unsuitable for the Hauxley station, which was closed.

The station currently operates a Shannon-class All-weather lifeboat, 13-16 Elizabeth and Leonard (ON 1323), on station since 2016, and a D-class (IB1) Inshore lifeboat Alf and Dora Whiting (D-867), on station since 2022.

Hauxley Lifeboat Station
Hauxley Lifeboat Station was located in Low Hauxley, a village near Amble, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Alnwick, in the county of Northumberland.

The Warkworth Harbour lifeboat was first stationed at Hauxley by the Newcastle Shipwreck Association (NSA) in 1852. Management of the station was transferred to the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) in 1853, which became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1854.

Hauxley lifeboat station was closed, when a motor-powered lifeboat was placed at Amble in 1939.
George W. Casey Sr.
George William Casey Sr. (March 9, 1922 – July 7, 1970) was a United States Army major general who was killed in a helicopter crash in July 1970, in South Vietnam. General Casey, who had served in the Korean War, was in command of the US 1st Cavalry Division at the time of his death. His son George W. Casey Jr. served as the 36th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from April 2007 to April 2011.

George W. Casey Jr.
George William Casey Jr. (born 22 July 1948) is a retired four-star general who was the 36th Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 10 April 2007 to 10 April 2011. He was Commanding General, Multi-National Force – Iraq from June 2004 to 8 February 2007, and was in the army for his entire adult working life. He now resides in Arlington, Virginia.
Marietta Hannon Rousseau
Marietta Hannon Rousseau, also known as Mariette Rousseau (1850–1926), was a Belgian mycologist and taxonomist specializing in cryptogamic plants and fungi. She published several works on fungi from 1879 to 1905 with Elisa Caroline Bommer, focusing primarily on Belgium.

Elise Caroline Bommer
Elise Caroline Bommer (calling name: Elisa), née Destrée (20 January 1832 in Laeken – 17 January 1910 in Brussels), was a Belgian botanist specialising in mycology, and was the wife of pteridologist and collector Jean-Édouard Bommer (1829–1895), who was professor of botany at University of Brussels in 1872. The standard author abbreviation E.Bommer is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.