hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Felixstowe to Nuneaton railway upgrade
The Felixstowe to Nuneaton railway upgrade in the United Kingdom is a series of upgrades being made to both a key strategic freight route and one that carries passengers on many parts. It is one of only two routes between the busiest container port and the Midlands, the other being via London. The route and the upgrade is sometimes abbreviated to F2N (and also F2MN for Midlands and the North). The railway route includes the Birmingham–Peterborough line for a large part. The line links the Port of Felixstowe in Felixstowe, Suffolk, with the Midlands and crosses the East Coast Main Line, the Midland Main Line and the West Coast Main Line and thus the north and Scotland. From Nuneaton, a number of intermodal terminals may be reached. Much infrastructure in the UK is of Victorian origin and thus needed an upgrade; F2N, being a key route, is no exception.

Birmingham–Peterborough line
The Birmingham–Peterborough line is a cross-country railway line in England, linking Birmingham, Leicester and Peterborough, via Nuneaton, Oakham and Stamford

Since the Beeching Axe railway closures in the 1960s, it has been the only direct railway link between the West Midlands and the East of England. The line is important for cross-country passenger services; east of Peterborough, the route gives access from the Midlands to various locations in the East of England, such as Ely, Cambridge and Stansted Airport via the West Anglia lines. It is also strategically important for freight, for it allows container trains from the Port of Felixstowe to travel to the Midlands and beyond.
Aureus
The aureus (pl. aurei, 'golden') was the main gold coin of ancient Rome from the 1st century BC to the early 4th century AD, when it was replaced by the solidus. This type of coin was sporadically issued during the Republic and standardized during the Empire, originally valued at 25 silver denarii and 100 sestertii. It was about the same size as the denarius, but heavier than the denarius since gold is denser than silver.

Denarius
The denarius (Latin: [deːˈnaːriʊs]; pl.: dēnāriī, Latin: [deːˈnaːriiː]) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War c. 211 BC to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the antoninianus. It continued to be minted in very small quantities, likely for ceremonial purposes, until and through the Tetrarchy (293–313).: 87

The word dēnārius is derived from the Latin dēnī "containing ten", as its value was originally of 10 assēs. The word for "money" descends from it in Italian (denaro), Slovene (denar), Portuguese (dinheiro), and Spanish (dinero). Its name also survives in the dinar currency.

Its symbol is represented in Unicode as 𐆖 (U+10196), a numeral monogram that appeared on the obverse in the Republican period, denoting the 10 asses ("X") to 1 denarius ("I") conversion rate.
Palamu Express
The 13347 / 13348 Palamu Express is an express train belonging to East Central Railway zone that runs between Barkakana Junction and Patna Junction in India. It is currently being operated with 13347/13348 train numbers on a daily basis.

Barkakana Junction railway station
Barkakana Junction railway station (station code: BRKA), serves Barkakana and the surrounding coal mining areas in Ramgarh district in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It comes under  Dhanbad Division of East Central Railway zone.
181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)
The 181st Street station (also known as 181st Street–Fort Washington Avenue) is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It is located beneath Fort Washington Avenue in the Hudson Heights section of the Washington Heights neighborhood, between 181st and 184th Streets. The station is served by the A train at all times.

The 181st Street station opened in 1932 and has two tracks and two side platforms. It is located near Bennett Park, the highest natural point in Manhattan. The station has two exits to Fort Washington Avenue: one at 181st Street and another across from Bennett Park. A third entrance is at 184th Street and Overlook Terrace at the bottom of the hill; elevators connect the Bennett Park and Overlook Terrace entrances. The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Fort Washington Avenue
Fort Washington Avenue is a major north-south street in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. It runs from Fort Tryon Park to 159th Street, where it intersects with Broadway. It goes past Bennett Park, the highest natural point in Manhattan. Famous residents of Fort Washington Avenue include Drs. Henry Kissinger and Ruth Westheimer, TV's "Doctor Ruth".
Kim Jun-han
Kim Jun-han (Korean: 김준한; born March 29, 1983) is a South Korean actor, film director, screenwriter, and former musician. Kim embarked on his acting journey with director Jang Kwon-ho's film Navigation (2014). He fully committed himself to an acting career in 2017 where he starred in several movies as supporting roles, including in Kim Seong-hun's Confidential Assignment (2017), Lee Joon-ik's film Anarchist from Colony (2017), Ryoo Seung-wan's historical film The Battleship Island (2017), Min Kyu-dong's Her Story (2018), Lee Joon-ik's Sunset in My Hometown (2018), and Woo Min-ho's The Drug King (2018).

Herstory (film)
Herstory (Korean: 허스토리; RR: Heoseutori) is a 2018 South Korean drama film directed by Min Kyu-dong. It stars Kim Hee-ae and Kim Hae-sook, alongside Ye Soo-jung, Moon Sook, Lee Yong-nyeo, Kim Sun-young, Kim Jun-han, and Lee Yoo-young. Based on the real-life story of the trials that took place in Shimonoseki in the 1990s, the film follows a group of Busan-based women who engaged in a court case against the Japanese government to highlight the ordeals of Korean women
who were forced into sexual slavery as comfort women by the Japanese military during World War II. It was released in theaters in South Korea on June 27, 2018.
Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport
Chelyabinsk Shagol (Russian: Челябинск Шагол) is a military airfield of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.

The base is home to the 108th Training Aviation Regiment which flies the Antonov An-26, Antonov An-72, Mil Mi-8 under the Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky and Iu.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy and the 2nd Guards Composite Aviation Regiment which flies the Sukhoi Su-24MR and the Sukhoi Su-34 under the 21st Composite Aviation Division.

Sukhoi Su-24
The Sukhoi Su-24 (NATO reporting name: Fencer) is a supersonic, all-weather tactical bomber developed in the Soviet Union. The aircraft has a variable-sweep wing, twin engines and a side-by-side seating arrangement for its crew of two. It was the first of the USSR's aircraft to carry an integrated digital navigation/attack system.

The Su-24 started development in the early 1960s and first flew in 1967. It entered service in 1974 and production ceased in 1993. It remains in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces, Iranian Air Force, Ukrainian Air Force, Algerian Air Force and various other air forces to which it was exported.
Kyle Whittingham
Kyle David Whittingham (born November 21, 1959) is an American college football coach and former player who is the head football coach at the University of Michigan. He previously served as the head coach at the University of Utah from 2005 until 2025, and is the all-time leader in wins for the program. Whittingham served as defensive coordinator of the Utes for ten seasons prior, having spent 32 consecutive seasons with the program. He won AFCA Coach of the Year and the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award after leading the 2008 Utah team to an undefeated 13-0 season.

Fred Whittingham
Fred George "Mad Dog" Whittingham (February 4, 1939 – October 27, 2003) was an American professional football player and coach.  He played as a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Los Angeles Rams, Philadelphia Eagles, New Orleans Saints, and Dallas Cowboys. Whittingham played college football at Brigham Young University (BYU) and California Polytechnic State University. He coached in the NFL and at the college level from 1973 to 2000.
Sammamish River Trail
The Sammamish River Trail is a 10.1-mile (16.3 km) recreational pedestrian and bike path rail trail in King County, Washington that runs along the Sammamish River from Blyth Park in Bothell to Marymoor Park in Redmond as part of the “Locks to Lakes Corridor.” It connects to the Burke-Gilman Trail at its northwestern end, and to the Redmond Central Connector at its southeastern end.

Burke–Gilman Trail
The Burke–Gilman Trail is a rail trail in King County, Washington. The 20-mile (32 km) multi-use recreational trail is part of the King County Regional Trail System and occupies an abandoned Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway (SLS&E) corridor.

A portion of the Burke–Gilman trail is managed by the City of Seattle. The trail begins at 11th Avenue NW in Ballard and follows along the Lake Washington Ship Canal and north along Lake Washington, designated as ending in Bothell.
Tarn-et-Garonne
Tarn-et-Garonne (French: [taʁn e ɡaʁɔn] ⓘ; Occitan: Tarn e Garona [ˈtaɾ e ɣaˈɾunɔ]) is a department in the Occitania region in Southern France. It is traversed by the rivers Tarn and Garonne, from which it takes its name. The area was originally part of the former provinces of Quercy and Languedoc. The department was created in 1808 under Napoleon, with territory taken from the neighbouring Lot, Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, Gers and Aveyron departments.

The department is mostly rural with fertile agricultural land in the broad river valley, but there are hilly areas to the south, east and north. The departmental prefecture is Montauban; the sole subprefecture is Castelsarrasin. In 2019, it had a population of 260,669.

Gers
Gers (French pronunciation: [ʒɛʁ(s)]; Occitan: Gers or Gerç, [dʒɛɾs]) is a department in the region of Occitania, Southwestern France. Gers is bordered by the departments of Hautes-Pyrénées and Pyrénées-Atlantiques to the south, Haute-Garonne and Tarn-et-Garonne to the east, Lot-et-Garonne to the north and Landes to the west. Named after the Gers River, its inhabitants are called the Gersois and Gersoises in French. In 2019, it had a population of 191,377.
Vallakottai
Vallakottai is a town near Chennai, India. It is situated on the highway between Sriperumbudur and Singaperumalkoil near Chengalpattu.

The Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple is in Vallakottai. The Subramaniya Swamy idol in this temple is the tallest Lord Muruga statue in India. People from various places visit this temple during festival days.

Frequent bus facility is available to the village from Tambaram and Sriperumbudur.

Sriperumbudur
Sriperumbudur, also known as Thiruperumbudur, is a Municipality and the headquarters of Sriperumbudur taluk located in  Kanchipuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located 40 kilometers southwest of the capital city of Chennai on the National Highway 4, it falls under the Chennai Metropolitan Area. Since 2000, Sriperumbudur has seen rapid industrialisation. It is known for being the birthplace of Sri Ramanuja, one of the most prominent Hindu Vaishnava saints. The former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated here in 1991.
Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies
Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought is a 1995 book by Douglas Hofstadter and other members of the Fluid Analogies Research Group exploring the mechanisms of intelligence through computer modeling. It contends that the notions of analogy and fluidity are fundamental to explain how the human mind solves problems and to create computer programs that show intelligent behavior. It analyzes several computer programs that members of the group have created over the years to solve problems that require intelligence.

It was the first book ever sold by Amazon.com.

Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born 15 February 1945) is an American cognitive and computer scientist whose research includes concepts such as the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, strange loops, ambigrams, artificial intelligence, and discovery in mathematics and physics. His 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid won the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction, and a National Book Award (at that time called The American Book Award) for Science. His 2007 book I Am a Strange Loop won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology.
Reggae
Reggae (/ˈrɛɡeɪ/ ⓘ) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also refers to the modern popular music of Jamaica and its diaspora. The 1968 single by Toots and the Maytals titled "Do the Reggay" was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre and introducing it to a global audience.

Toots and the Maytals
The Maytals, known from 1972 to 2020 as Toots and the Maytals, are a Jamaican musical group, one of the best known ska and rocksteady vocal groups. The Maytals were formed in the early 1960s and were key figures in popularizing reggae music.

Frontman Toots Hibbert, who died in 2020, was considered a reggae pioneer on par with Bob Marley. His soulful vocal style was compared to Otis Redding, and led him to be named by Rolling Stone as one of the 100 Greatest Singers.  After Hibbert's death, the Maytals indicated that they would continue as a working group.

Their 1968 single "Do the Reggay" was the first song to use the word "reggae", coining the name of the genre and introducing it to a global audience. The Oxford English Dictionary credits Toots and the Maytals in the etymology of the word "Reggae". According to Island Records founder Chris Blackwell, "The Maytals were unlike anything else ... sensational, raw, and dynamic."
Jado
Shoji Akiyoshi (秋吉 昭二, Akiyoshi Shōji) (born September 28, 1968) is a Japanese professional wrestler, manager and booker better known by the ring name Jado (邪道, Jadō). He is best known for his work in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as part of a tag team with his partner Gedo. Jado and Gedo's careers have largely paralleled each other, except for a brief period Jado spent in Universal Lucha Libre in 1993, a stint in Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) in 1997 where they were on opposing sides, and Jado not having emulated Gedo's tour of North America with World Championship Wrestling. The World Class Tag team has held numerous championships in wrestling, including NJPW's IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, the Universal Wrestling Association's UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Title, and Dragon Gate's International Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, as well as having won NJPW's Super J Tag League once. Jado and Gedo are co-head bookers of NJPW.

IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship
The IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (IWGPジュニアタッグ王座, IWGP juniataggu ōza) is a professional wrestling tag team championship owned by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. "IWGP" is the acronym of NJPW's governing body, the International Wrestling Grand Prix (インターナショナル・レスリング・グラン・プリ, intānashonaru resuringu guran puri). The title was introduced on August 8, 1998, at an NJPW live event. The IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship is one of two tag team titles contested for in NJPW; the IWGP Tag Team Championship is also sanctioned by NJPW. According to NJPW's official website, the Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship is listed as the "IWGP Jr. Tag Class", while the IWGP Tag Team Championship is considered the "IWGP Heavyweight Class". The title is contested for by junior heavyweight wrestlers; the weight-limit for the title is 100 kg (220 lb) per partner.
One Hour by the Concrete Lake
One Hour by the Concrete Lake is Pain of Salvation's second studio album. It is a concept album focusing on the issues of nuclear power and waste, displacement of indigenous peoples, the firearm industry, and human discovery.

Pain of Salvation
Pain of Salvation is a Swedish progressive metal band led by Daniel Gildenlöw, who is the band's main songwriter, lyricist, guitarist, and vocalist. Pain of Salvation's sound is characterised by riff-oriented guitar work, a broad vocal range, oscillation between heavy and calm passages, complex vocal harmonies and the structures of their albums, syncopation, and polyrhythms. Thus far, every album released by the band has been a concept album. Lyrically, the band tends to address contemporary issues, such as sexuality, war, the environment, and the nature of God, humanity, and existence.
Troilite
Troilite (/ˈtrɔɪlaɪt/) is a rare iron sulfide mineral with the simple formula of FeS. It is the iron-rich endmember of the pyrrhotite group. Pyrrhotite has the formula Fe(1−x)S (x = 0 to 0.2) which is iron deficient. As troilite lacks the iron deficiency which gives pyrrhotite its characteristic magnetism, troilite is non-magnetic.

Troilite can be found as a native mineral on Earth but is more abundant in meteorites, in particular, those originating from the Moon and Mars. It is among the minerals found in samples of the meteorite that struck Russia in Chelyabinsk on February 15th, 2013. Uniform presence of troilite on the Moon and possibly on Mars has been confirmed by the Apollo, Viking and Phobos space probes. The relative intensities of isotopes of sulfur are rather constant in meteorites as compared to the Earth minerals, and therefore troilite from Canyon Diablo meteorite is chosen as the international sulfur isotope ratio standard, the Canyon Diablo Troilite (CDT).

Pyrrhotite
Pyrrhotite (pyrrhos in Greek meaning "flame-coloured") is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe(1−x)S (x = 0 to 0.125).  It is an iron-deficient nonstoichiometric variant of FeS, the mineral known as troilite.
Pyrrhotite is also called magnetic pyrite, because the color is similar to pyrite and it is weakly magnetic. The magnetism decreases as the iron content increases, and troilite is non-magnetic. Pyrrhotite is generally tabular and brassy/bronze in color with a metallic luster. The mineral occurs with mafic igneous rocks like norites, and may form from pyrite during metamorphic processes. Pyrrhotite is associated and mined with other sulfide minerals like pentlandite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite, and has been found globally.
North–South Expressway Southern Route
The North–South Expressway Southern Route (Malay: Lebuhraya Utara–Selatan Jajaran Selatan) is an interstate controlled-access highway running parallel to the southwestern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The expressway forms the south section of the North–South Expressway, connecting the states of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johor. It begins at Seri Kembangan, near the state/territory boundary between Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, and travels southwards to end at Pandan-Tebrau in Johor.

The expressway is the third longest in Peninsular Malaysia, after its northern counterpart and the East Coast Expressway.

The Kilometre Zero of the entire expressway is located at the Pandan Interchange with the Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway.

North–South Expressway Central Link
The E6 North–South Expressway Central Link also known as ELITE, is a 63-kilometre (39-mile) controlled-access highway in Malaysia, running between Shah Alam in Selangor and Nilai in Negeri Sembilan. The expressway joins the separated northern and southern sections of the North–South Expressway, allowing interstate traffic to bypass Kuala Lumpur. The expressway also serves as a primary access route to Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
May Thirtieth Movement
The May Thirtieth Movement (simplified Chinese: 五卅运动; traditional Chinese: 五卅運動; pinyin: Wǔsà Yùndòng) was a major labor and anti-imperialist movement during the middle-period of the Republic of China era. It began when the Shanghai Municipal Police opened fire on Chinese protesters in Shanghai's International Settlement on 30 May 1925. The shootings sparked international censure and nationwide anti-foreign demonstrations and riots such as the Hands Off China protests in the United Kingdom.

Shanghai Municipal Police
The Shanghai Municipal Police (SMP; Chinese: 上海公共租界工部局警務處) was the police force of the Shanghai Municipal Council which governed the Shanghai International Settlement between 1854 and 1943, when the settlement was retroceded to Chinese control.

Initially composed of Europeans, most of them Britons, the force included Chinese after 1864, and was expanded over the next 90 years to include a Sikh Branch (established 1884), a Japanese contingent (from 1916) and a volunteer part-time special police (from 1918). In 1941, it acquired a Russian Auxiliary Detachment (formerly the Russian Regiment of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps).
Battle of Auldearn
The Battle of Auldearn was an engagement of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It took place on 9 May 1645, in and around the village of Auldearn in Nairnshire. It resulted in a victory for the royalists, led by the Marquess of Montrose and Alasdair MacColla, over Sir John Urry and an army raised by the Covenanter-dominated Scottish government.

The pibroch Blár Allt Earrann commemorates the battle. The battlefield has been included in the Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland and is protected by Historic Scotland under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.

John Urry (soldier)
Sir John Urry, also known as Hurry,  was a Scottish professional soldier who at various times during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms fought for Scots Covenanters, Engagers and Royalists, as well as both English Parliamentarians and Royalists. Captured at Carbisdale in April 1650, he was executed in Edinburgh on 29 May 1650.
Commentaries on Aristotle
A great mass of literature has been produced to explain and clarify the works of Aristotle, especially during the ancient and medieval eras. The pupils of Aristotle (384‍–‍322 BC) were the first to comment on his writings, a tradition which was continued by the Peripatetic school throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The Neoplatonists of the Later Roman Empire wrote many commentaries on Aristotle, attempting to incorporate him into their philosophy. Although Ancient Greek commentaries are considered the most useful, commentaries continued to be written by the Christian scholars of the Byzantine Empire and by the many Islamic philosophers and Western scholastics who had inherited his texts.

Peripatetic school
The Peripatetic school (Ancient Greek: Περίπατος lit. 'walkway') was a philosophical school founded in 335 BC by Aristotle in the Lyceum in ancient Athens. It was an informal institution whose members conducted philosophical and scientific inquiries. The school fell into decline after the middle of the 3rd century BC, but had a revival in the Roman Empire.
Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914
The Mitragliatrice FIAT Modello 1914, often referred to as FIAT-Revelli mod. 1914 was an Italian water-cooled heavy machine gun produced from 1914 to 1919. It was the standard machine-gun of the Italian Army in World War I, and was used in limited numbers into World War II.

Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935
The Fiat Modello 1935 or Fiat Modello 14/35, frequently shortened in Fiat Mod.35 or just Fiat 35, was an Italian machine gun, a modified version of the Fiat Mod.1914, which had equipped the Italian Army of World War I. It was a vast improvement on the early model: offering superior penetration power due to the adoption of belt fed 8mm (8×59) rounds, a quick-change barrel and the removal of the water jacket and water pump. During the service life the gun was still found to be relatively prone to jamming and dust. Despite its faults the Mod.35 saw extensive action during World War II.