hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
XYZ inequality
In combinatorial mathematics, the XYZ inequality, also called the Fishburn–Shepp inequality, is an inequality for the number of linear extensions of finite partial orders. The inequality was conjectured by Ivan Rival and Bill Sands in 1981. It was proved by Lawrence Shepp in 
Shepp (1982). An extension was given by Peter Fishburn in Fishburn (1984).

It states that if x, y, and z are incomparable elements of a finite poset, then

,

where P(A) is the probability that a linear order extending the partial order  has the property A.

In other words, the probability that  increases if one adds the condition that .  In the language of conditional probability,

The proof uses the Ahlswede–Daykin inequality.

Lawrence Shepp
Lawrence Alan Shepp (September 9, 1936, in Brooklyn, NY – April 23, 2013, in Tucson, AZ) was an American mathematician, specializing in statistics and computational tomography.

Shepp obtained his PhD from Princeton University in 1961 with a dissertation titled Recurrent Sums of Random Variables.  His advisor was William Feller.  He joined Bell Laboratories in 1962. He joined Rutgers University in 1997.  He joined University of Pennsylvania in 2010.

His work in tomography has had biomedical imaging applications, and he has also worked as professor of radiology at Columbia University (1973–1996), as a mathematician in the radiology service of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital.
Genoa (sail)
A genoa sail is a type of large jib or staysail that extends past the mast and so overlaps the main sail when viewed from the side, sometimes eliminating it.
It was originally called an "overlapping jib" and later a genoa jib. It is used on single-masted sloops and twin-masted boats such as yawls and ketches. Its larger surface area increases the speed of the craft in light to moderate winds; in high wind, a smaller jib is usually substituted, and downwind a spinnaker may be used.

Spinnaker
A spinnaker is a  sail designed specifically for sailing off the wind on courses between a reach (wind at 90° to the course) to downwind (course in the same direction as the wind). Spinnakers are constructed of lightweight fabric, usually nylon, and are often brightly colored. They may be designed to perform best as either a reaching or a running spinnaker, by the shaping of the panels and seams. They are attached at only three points and said to be flown.
Acrocnida
Acrocnida is a genus of brittle stars in the family Amphiuridae. The genus contains three members: Acrocnida brachiata, Acrocnida semisquamata, and Acrocnida spatulispina. There has also been observed hybridization between both Acrocnida brachiata and Acrocnida spatulispina. It is a fairly common genus, usually found along the coasts of Northwestern Europe, but with some species like semisquamata appearing around West Africa. Members of this genus primarily prefer intertidal and subtidal habitats, and they are less likely to be found in intertidal areas by comparison. This genus was not officially classified until 1926, by T. Gislén. One study found that the increased calcification that is caused by Acrocnida brachiata could be a potential source of carbon dioxide for not only the warm, shallow environments they live in, but also for the atmosphere.

Acrocnida brachiata
Acrocnida brachiata, the sand burrowing brittlestar, is a species of brittle star in the family Amphiuridae. It occurs on the seabed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, living semi-buried in the sand with only its arm tips projecting.
Daycroft School
The Daycroft School was a co-educational private boarding school founded in 1928. Initially located at a private home in Darien, Connecticut, it relocated to Stamford in 1935, and in 1963, to the neighboring town of Greenwich, Connecticut. Relocating again in Greenwich, it eventually occupied the Rosemary Hall campus from 1971 until Daycroft's closing in 1991. Smart founded the school for the children of local Christian Scientists.

Greenwich, Connecticut
Greenwich (/ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ GREN-itch) is a town in southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 63,518. It is the largest town on Connecticut's affluent Gold Coast. Greenwich is home to many hedge funds and financial services firms due to its residential setting and proximity to Manhattan.

Greenwich is a principal community of the Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk–Danbury metropolitan statistical area, which comprises all of Fairfield County, and is part of both the greater New York metropolitan area and the Western Connecticut Planning Region. The town is the southwesternmost municipality in both the State of Connecticut and the six-state region of New England. The town is named after Greenwich, a royal borough of London in the United Kingdom.
Armour-piercing ammunition
Armour-piercing ammunition (AP) is a type of projectile designed to penetrate armour protection, most often including naval armour, body armour, and vehicle armour.

The first, major application of armour-piercing projectiles was to defeat the thick armour carried on many warships and cause damage to their lightly armoured interiors. From the 1920s onwards, armour-piercing weapons were required for anti-tank warfare. AP rounds smaller than 20 mm are intended for lightly armoured targets such as body armour, bulletproof glass, and lightly armoured vehicles.

As tank armour improved during World War II, anti-vehicle rounds began to use a smaller but dense penetrating body within a larger shell, firing at a very-high muzzle velocity. Modern penetrators are long rods of dense material like tungsten or depleted uranium (DU) that further improve the terminal ballistics.

Anti-tank warfare
Anti-tank warfare refers to the military strategies, tactics, and weapon systems designed to counter and destroy enemy armored vehicles, particularly tanks. It originated during World War I following the first deployment of tanks in 1916, and has since become a fundamental component of land warfare doctrine. Over time, anti-tank warfare has evolved to include a wide range of systems, from handheld infantry weapons and anti-tank guns to guided missiles and air-delivered munitions.

Anti-tank warfare evolved rapidly during World War II, leading to infantry-portable weapons.

Through the Cold War of 1947–1991, the United States, anti-tank weapons have also been upgraded in number and performance.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1992, new threats to tanks and other armored vehicles have included remotely detonated improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, drones and loitering munitions have attacked and destroyed tanks.
Arnold Ehret
Arnold Ehret (July 29, 1866 –  October 10, 1922) was a German naturopath, alternative health educator and germ theory denialist, best known for developing the Mucusless Diet Healing System. Ehret authored books and articles on dieting, detoxification, fruitarianism, fasting, food combining, health, longevity, naturopathy, physical culture and vitalism.

In opposition to medical science that asserts white blood cells are important components of the immune system, Ehret believed that white blood cells are caused by consuming mucus-forming foods, and as waste materials, poison the blood. His ideas about diet and disease have no scientific basis and have been criticized by medical experts as dangerous.

Fruitarianism
Fruitarianism (/fruːˈtɛəriənɪzəm/) is a diet that consists primarily of consuming fruits and possibly nuts and seeds, but without any animal products. Fruitarian diets are subject to criticism and health concerns.

Fruitarianism may be adopted for different reasons, including ethical, religious, environmental, cultural, economic, and presumed health benefits. A fruitarian diet may increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as reduced intake of vitamin B12, calcium, iron, zinc, omega-3 or protein.
Sean McGrath (philosopher)
Sean Joseph McGrath (born 1966) is a Canadian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Memorial University of Newfoundland. He is known for his published work in the history of philosophy and the philosophy of religion.
Major single-authored works include The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious (2012), Thinking Nature: An Essay in Negative Ecology (2019), The Philosophical Foundations of the Late Schelling: The Turn to the Positive (2021), and Political Eschatology (2023). McGrath was awarded the President's Award for Outstanding Research at Memorial University in 2012. He was inducted into the Royal Society of Canada as Member of the College of New Scholars in 2014. In 2022, in collaboration with the Centre of the Cross, McGrath released a series of podcasts on secular Christianity called Secular Christ.

The Dark Ground of Spirit
The Dark Ground of Spirit: Schelling and the Unconscious is a 2012 book by the philosopher Sean J. McGrath, in which the author examines how the psychoanalytical concept of the unconscious originates in German Idealism, especially the work of the German philosopher, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling.
Ze'ev Revach
Ze'ev (Ze'evik) Nachum Revach (Hebrew: זאב רווח; 15 August 1940 – 18 January 2025) was an Israeli comedian, actor and filmmaker. His prolific acting career included many roles in film, TV, and theater.

Revach was a particularly prominent actor in the Bourekas films genre, and some of those films, such as Hagiga B'Snuker, and Charlie Ve'hetzi, developed a cult following in Israel over the years. In addition to his acting career, Revach also wrote and directed over a dozen films, mostly comedies, in which he also starred.

Revach has won a total of three Ophir Awards – two in the Best Actor category and one in the Lifetime Achievement category. He is considered one of the most influential and important figures in Israeli cinema.

Hagiga B'Snuker
Hagiga Ba'Snuker (Hebrew: חגיגה בסנוקר, lit. Party at the Snooker; originally simply Snooker) is a 1975 classic Israeli Bourekas film, achieving a cult following among its fans. The movie was directed by Boaz Davidson and stars Israeli comedians Ze'ev Revach, Yehuda Barkan and Yosef Shiloah.
Italian Democratic Socialists
The Italian Democratic Socialists (Italian: Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI) was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Socialist Party. The Italian Democratic Socialist Party, the other long-time Italian social-democratic party, was merged into it along with other minor parties. The party's long-time leader was Enrico Boselli, a former president of Emilia-Romagna (1990–1993). In 2007, the SDI were merged with other descendants of the PSI to form the modern-day Italian Socialist Party.

The Olive Tree (Italy)
The Olive Tree (Italian: L'Ulivo) was a denomination used for several successive centre-left political and electoral alliances of  Italian political parties from 1995 to 2007.

The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995. For the 2006 general election The Olive Tree was largely supplanted by a wider Prodi-led alliance  called The Union, while The Olive Tree remained a smaller federation of parties which merged to form the Democratic Party in October 2007, which continues to be the lead party of an unnamed centre-left coalition.
General Magic
General Magic was an American software and electronics company co-founded by Bill Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld, and Marc Porat. Based in Mountain View, California, the company developed precursors to USB, software modems, small touchscreens, touchscreen controller Integrated circuits, ASICs, multimedia email, networked games, streaming TV, and early e-commerce notions.

The company's main product was Magic Cap, the operating system used in 1994 by Sony's Magic Link and the Motorola Envoy PDAs. It also introduced the programming language Telescript. After announcing it would cease operations in 2002, it was liquidated in 2004 with Paul Allen purchasing most of its patents.

Magic Link
The Magic Link was a Personal Intelligent Communicator marketed by Sony from 1994, based on General Magic's Magic Cap operating system. The Magic Link PIC-1000 was brought to market by Jerry Fiala Sr at Sony.  The "Link" part of the name refers to the device's ability to send and receive data over a modem.

A competing product to the Magic Link was the Motorola Envoy. In 1995, the Magic Link won the PC World World Class Award. Magic Link PIC-2000 was released in 1996.
Perry Deane Young
Perry Deane Young (March 27, 1941 – January 1, 2019) was a journalist, author, playwright, historian, and professional gardener. He was the author of Two of the Missing, about fellow journalists Sean Flynn and Dana Stone, who went missing during the Vietnam War and whose fates remain unknown, and the co-author of The David Kopay Story, a biography of 1970's professional football player David Kopay, who revealed in 1975 that he was gay.

Sean Flynn (photojournalist)
Sean Leslie Flynn (May 31, 1941 – disappeared April 6, 1970; declared legally dead in 1984) was an American actor and freelance photojournalist best known for his coverage of the Vietnam War.

Flynn was the only child of Australian-American actor Errol Flynn and his first wife, French-American actress Lili Damita. After studying briefly at Duke University, he embarked on an acting career. He retired by the mid-1960s to become a freelance photojournalist under contract to Time magazine.

In search of exceptional images, Flynn traveled with U.S. Army Special Forces units and irregulars operating in remote areas. While on assignment in Cambodia in April 1970, Flynn and fellow photojournalist Dana Stone were captured by communist guerrillas. Neither man was seen or heard from again. In 1984, Flynn's mother had him declared dead in absentia.
Walter Scott Jr.
Walter Scott Jr. (May 21, 1931 – September 25, 2021) was an American billionaire businessman, civil engineer, philanthropist, and CEO of Kiewit Corporation. At the time of his death, his net worth was estimated at US$4.2 billion.

Kiewit Corporation
Kiewit Corporation is an American construction company based in Omaha, Nebraska, and founded in 1884. In 2021, it was ranked 247th on the Fortune 500 list in 2025. Privately held, it is one of the largest construction and engineering organizations in North America. It is an employee-owned company.
Armada Portrait
The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I of England is the name of any of three surviving versions of an allegorical panel painting depicting the Tudor queen surrounded by symbols of royal majesty against a backdrop representing the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Portraiture of Elizabeth I
The portraiture of Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) spans the evolution of English royal portraits in the early modern period (1400/1500–1800), from the earliest representations of simple likenesses to the later complex imagery used to convey the power and aspirations of the state, as well as of the monarch at its head.

Even the earliest portraits of Elizabeth I contain symbolic objects such as roses and prayer books that would have carried meaning to viewers of her day. Later portraits of Elizabeth layer the iconography of empire—globes, crowns, swords and columns—and representations of virginity and purity, such as moons and pearls, with classical allusions, to present a complex "story" that conveyed to Elizabethan era viewers the majesty and significance of the 'Virgin Queen'.
Mladen Vojičić Tifa
Mladen Vojičić (Cyrillic: Младен Војичић; born 17 October 1960), better known by his nickname Tifa (Cyrillic: Тифа), is a Bosnian rock vocalist. He gained acclaim throughout former Yugoslavia for his brief stint as the lead singer of Bijelo Dugme in the mid-1980s.

Apart from Bijelo dugme, Tifa sang in numerous bands with varying degrees of prominence (most notable being Teška Industrija, Vatreni Poljubac and Divlje Jagode). Undisputedly a singer with great vocal capabilities and a distinct vocal range, his impulsive personality and irrational character have often garnered controversy region-wide.

Nowadays, Tifa maintains a relatively successful solo career. He lives in his hometown of Sarajevo.

Željko Bebek
Želimir "Željko" Bebek (born 16 December 1945) is a Bosnian and Croatian vocalist and musician most notable for being the lead singer of the Yugoslav rock band Bijelo Dugme from 1974 until 1984. He has since maintained a successful folk-pop solo career.
Jota Sport
Jota Sport is a British sports car racing team. Founded as Team Jota by Sam Hignett and John Stack, Jota Sport is part of the Jota Group which is owned by Sam Hignett and David Clark. The team is based in Tunbridge Wells in England. Jota Sport has finished on the overall podium of 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans with two Oreca in an alliance with Jackie Chan DC Racing.
In 2018/2019 Jota competed, in partnership with Arden International, RP Motorsport, Jackie Chan DC Racing and Aston Martin in the FIA World Endurance Championship with two ORECA 07 LMP2 and in the GT World Challenge Europe with Mclaren 720S GT3 cars. In 2024 Jota announced a partnership with Cadillac Racing to run two Cadillac V-Series.R cars in the FIA World Endurance Championship, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans, from 2025 onwards.

Cadillac V-Series.R
The Cadillac V-Series.R, originally named the Cadillac V-LMDh, is a sports prototype racing car designed by Cadillac and built by Dallara. It is designed to the Le Mans Daytona h regulations, and debuted in the IMSA SportsCar Championship at the season opening 24 Hours of Daytona. The car is also contesting the FIA World Endurance Championship from 2023 onwards. The V-Series.R uses one of the largest engines in its category, running a naturally aspirated V8 with a 5.5-liter engine displacement.

As of November 2025, the V-Series.R has seven wins to its name and achieved 13 podium finishes. It took the Teams', Drivers' and Manufacturers' Championships of the 2023 IMSA SportsCar Championship season, the first of those completed with Action Express Racing.
Kelly Thompson
Kelly Thompson is an American writer of novels and comic books. She is best known for the Jem and the Holograms comic with co-creator and artist Sophie Campbell, a modern re-imagining of the 1980s series of the same name; the Eisner-nominated Marvel comic Hawkeye with artist Leonardo Romero, which stars Kate Bishop; and Captain Marvel featuring Carol Danvers with artist Carmen Carnero and colorist Tamra Bonvillain. Her other works include the novel The Girl Who Would Be King and comic series A-Force (vol. 2), West Coast Avengers (vol. 3), Jessica Jones (vol. 2), Mr. & Mrs. X (vol. 1), and Black Widow (vol. 8).

She is also the co-creator of the character Jeff the Land Shark and writer of his digital Infinity Comics series It's Jeff!.

Thompson has won three Eisner Awards – Best New Series for Black Widow (vol. 8) in 2021, Best Humor Publication for It's Jeff: The Jeff-Verse in 2024, and Best New Series for Absolute Wonder Woman in 2025.

Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)
Hawkeye (Katherine Elizabeth Bishop) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Allan Heinberg and artist Jim Cheung, Bishop first appeared in Young Avengers #1 (April 2005). She is the third character and first female to take the Hawkeye name, after Clint Barton of the Avengers and Wyatt McDonald of the Squadron Supreme. Her costume appearance is patterned on the first Hawkeye and Mockingbird. After forming the third iteration of the West Coast Avengers with Gwen Poole, Kate and Gwen adopt a land-shark named Jeff, who they raise in his solo series It's Jeff!.

Hailee Steinfeld portrays Kate Bishop in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
Procmail
procmail is an email server software component — specifically, a message delivery agent (MDA).  It was one of the earliest mail filter programs.  It is typically used in Unix-like mail systems, using the mbox and Maildir storage formats.

procmail was first developed in 1990, by Stephen R. van den Berg.  Philip Guenther took over maintainership for a number of years, but relinquished the role in 2014.  The software remained unmaintained for several years, and was believed to be defunct.  In 2020 May, Stephen van den Berg resumed maintenance again.  The program has since seen multiple releases and bug-fixes.

Message delivery agent
A message delivery agent (MDA) or mail delivery agent is a computer software component that is responsible for the delivery of email messages to a local recipient's mailbox. It is also called a local delivery agent (LDA).

Within the Internet mail architecture, local message delivery is achieved through a process of handling messages from the message transfer agent, and storing mail into the recipient's environment (typically a mailbox).

Spam filtering usually occurs at the MDA under modern email architectures.
Nili Gold
Nili Rachel Scharf Gold (Hebrew: נילי רחל שרף גולד; born 1948) is an Israeli-American professor of modern Hebrew language and literature in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Pennsylvania.  Taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of modern Hebrew literature, she draws in her research on approaches from psychoanalysis, urban history, diaspora and migration studies, and studies of collective and individual memory.  She has published prize-winning books on the Israeli Hebrew poet, Yehuda Amichai, and on the cultural, social, and architectural aspects of the city of Haifa.  She has promoted an awareness of modern Hebrew culture in the United States by sponsoring conferences about, and public readings and lectures by, a range of Israeli writers and filmmakers.

Yehuda Amichai
Yehuda Amichai (Hebrew: יהודה עמיחי; born Ludwig Pfeuffer ‎3 May 1924 – 22 September 2000) was an Israeli poet and author, one of the first to write in colloquial Hebrew in modern times. Yehuda Amichai, the poet of everyday life, love, and death, is the most internationally renowned Israeli poet. His 17 books have been translated into more than 20 languages, including Chinese and Japanese. He was a people's poet who believed that his poetry should reflect ordinary life. As he once said, "I am also living among the dead." He changed his last name to "Amichai," meaning "My nation lives."

Amichai was awarded the 1957 Shlonsky Prize, the 1969 Brenner Prize, 1976 Bialik Prize, and 1982 Israel Prize. He also won international poetry prizes, and was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Japanese submarine I-176
The Japanese submarine I-176 (I-76, until 20 May 1942) was a "Kaidai" type of cruiser submarine active in World War II. A KD7 sub-class boat, I-176 was built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the early 1940s.

The most successful submarine of her class, she severely damaged the heavy cruiser USS Chester in October 1942 and sank the submarine USS Corvina in November 1943, the only Japanese submarine to sink one of her American counterparts. I-176 was sunk in May 1944 in the western Pacific by the American destroyers Franks, Haggard and Johnston.

USS Haggard
USS Haggard (DD-555) was a Fletcher-class destroyer of the United States Navy named for Captain Haggard of the Louisa, who fought in the Quasi-War.

Haggard was launched by Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Co., Seattle, Wash., 9 February 1943, sponsored by Mrs. E. B. McKinney; and commissioned 31 August 1943.

Haggard departed for shakedown training off California 29 September and after completing it departed Seattle 24 November for Pearl Harbor. The ship arrived 30 November 1943 and spent the next 2 months in tactical exercises with other destroyers in Hawaiian waters. Her first combat operation was to be the forthcoming invasion of the Marshall Islands, next step on the island road to Japan.