hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Centre for Crime and Justice Studies
The Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (CCJS) is a charity based in the United Kingdom focusing on crime and the criminal justice system. It seeks to bring together people involved in criminal justice through various means, including publications, conferences, and courses.

The centre was established in 1931 and is based in Vauxhall, London. It publishes The British Journal of Criminology and the quarterly magazine Criminal Justice Matters. The centre also runs the annual Una Padel Award scheme in the memory of former director Una Padel. It was hosted by King's College London until 2010, and is now affiliated to the International Centre for Comparative Criminological Research at the Open University.

The British Journal of Criminology
The British Journal of Criminology is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed criminology and law journal focusing on British and international criminology. It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies and its editor-in-chief is Eamonn Carrabine.
F-coalgebra
In mathematics, specifically in category theory, an -coalgebra is a structure defined according to a functor , with specific properties as defined below. For both algebras and coalgebras, a functor is a convenient and general way of organizing a signature.  This has applications in computer science: examples of coalgebras include lazy evaluation, infinite data structures, such as streams, and also transition systems.

-coalgebras are dual to -algebras.  Just as the class of all algebras for a given signature and equational theory form a variety, so does the class of all -coalgebras satisfying a given equational theory form a covariety, where the signature is given by .

Transition system
In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation . It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems.  It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible.

Transition systems coincide mathematically with abstract rewriting systems (as explained further in this article) and directed graphs. They differ from finite-state automata in several ways:

The set of states is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

The set of transitions is not necessarily finite, or even countable.

No "start" state or "final" states are given.

Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs.
Swedish Volunteer Corps
The Swedish Volunteer Corps (Swedish: Svenska frivilligkåren) during the Winter War numbered 9,640 officers and men. Sweden was officially non-belligerent during the war, so the Corps was used by Finland. The Swedish volunteers were in the front lines in the northern Salla area starting from February 28, 1940. Their losses included 33 dead, 10 missing, 50 wounded, and 130 disabled by frostbite. There were also 25 aircraft that served in the Swedish Voluntary Air Force, F19. Swedish volunteers also defended Turku in an anti-aircraft battery.

By the end of the war, the Volunteer Corps was composed of 8,260 Swedes, plus 725 Norwegians, and 600 Danes. They demonstrated a strong Nordic unity that was symbolized in their "four brother hands" insignia which represented Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.

The Volunteer Corps preceded the Swedish Volunteer Battalion and the Swedish Volunteer Company in World War II.

Swedish Volunteer Company
The Swedish Volunteer Company (Swedish: Svenska frivilligkompaniet), or the Svir Company (Svirkompaniet), was a company of Swedish volunteer soldiers in the Finnish Army during the Continuation War fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union in World War II. In January 1942, the company succeeded the Swedish Volunteer Battalion that had been disestablished after the Battle of Hanko in December 1941.

The Swedish Volunteer Company fought on the River Svir Front in Finnish-occupied East Karelia from 1942 to 1944, and in the largest battle in Nordic history, the Battle of Tali–Ihantala on the Karelian Isthmus in 1944. At least 412 Swedes, 18 assigned regular Finnish soldiers, three Danes and an Estonian-Swede belonged to the unit during its existence. The highest simultaneous number of soldiers in the company was 160, and 39 were killed.

The unit was disestablished on 26 September 1944 following the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944.
Río Hato
Río Hato is a corregimiento in Antón District, Coclé Province, Panama. It is home to the Río Hato Airport. It has a land area of 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi) and had a population of 15,701 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 112.1 inhabitants per square kilometre (290/sq mi). Its population as of 1990 was 8,888; its population as of 2000 was 10,886.

It is the site of Scarlett Martínez International Airport, a small international airport primarily used by Canadian leisure airlines.

Scarlett Martínez International Airport
Scarlett Martínez International Airport (IATA: RIH, ICAO: MPSM), also known as Río Hato Airport, is an international airport serving Río Hato,  a town in the Coclé Province of Panama. The airport is 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Río Hato.
Nicobar pigeon
The Nicobar pigeon or Nicobar dove (Caloenas nicobarica, Car: ma-kūö-kö) is a bird found on small islands and in coastal regions from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, east through the Indonesian Archipelago, to the Solomons and Palau. It is the only living member of the genus Caloenas alongside the extinct spotted green pigeon and Kanaka pigeon, and is the closest living relative of the extinct dodo and Rodrigues solitaire.

Kanaka pigeon
The Kanaka pigeon (Caloenas canacorum), also known as the great green pigeon or greater maned pigeon, is an extinct species of pigeon. It was probably hunted to extinction by the early settlers of New Caledonia and Tonga around 2,500 years ago. It was described from subfossil remains found at the Pindai Caves of New Caledonia. The specific epithet is a Latinisation of kanaka, the name of the native Melanesian people of New Caledonia.  It was about 25% larger than its closest living relative, the Nicobar pigeon.
DREF friction spinning
Friction spinning or DREF spinning is a textile technology that is suitable for spinning coarse counts of yarns and technical core-wrapped yarns. DREF yarns are bulky with low tensile strength, making them suitable for blankets and mop yarns. They can be spun from asbestos, carbon fibres and are capable of being made into filters for water systems. Yarns such as Rayon and Kevlar can be spun using this method.  The technology was developed around 1975 by Dr. Ernst Fehrer.

Ring spinning
Ring spinning is a spindle-based method of spinning fibres, such as cotton, flax or wool, to make a yarn. The ring frame developed from the throstle frame, which in its turn was a descendant of Arkwright's water frame. Ring spinning is a continuous process, unlike mule spinning which uses an intermittent action. In ring spinning, the roving is first attenuated by using drawing rollers, then spun and wound around a rotating spindle which in its turn is contained within an independently rotating ring flyer. Traditionally ring frames could only be used for the coarser counts, but they could be attended by semi-skilled labour.
Il divo (film)
Il divo (Italian pronunciation: [il ˈdiːvo], The Celebrity or more literally The Divine, from Latin divus, "god") is a 2008 Italian biographical drama film directed by Paolo Sorrentino. It is based on the figure of former Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti. It competed at the Cannes Film Festival in 2008, where it was awarded the Jury Prize. The film also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and was nominated for the Oscar for Best Makeup at the 82nd Academy Awards in 2010.

2008 Cannes Film Festival
The 61st Annual Cannes Film Festival took place from 14 to 25 May 2008. American actor and filmmaker Sean Penn served as jury president for the main competition. French filmmaker Laurent Cantet won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top prize, for the drama film The Class.

The festival opened with Blindness by Fernando Meirelles and closed with What Just Happened by Barry Levinson. Édouard Baer was the master of ceremonies.

The British press reported the list of films in competition this year was notable for its absence of British films for the second successive year.
Kailen Sheridan
Kailen Mary Iacovoni Sheridan (born July 16, 1995) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for the North Carolina Courage of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the Canada national team.

Sheridan played college soccer for the Clemson Tigers and was drafted by Sky Blue FC (later NJ/NY Gotham FC) in the third round of the 2017 NWSL College Draft. After five seasons there, she was traded to expansion club San Diego Wave, winning NWSL Goalkeeper of the Year in their debut season in 2022 and the NWSL Shield in 2023.

Sheridan made her senior debut for Canada in 2016, since making over 60 appearances. She won gold with the national team at the 2020 Olympics and was also part of the squads at the 2019 and 2023 FIFA Women's World Cups and the 2024 Olympics.

Gotham FC
Gotham Football Club is an American professional soccer team based in the New York metropolitan area that competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Founded in 2006 as Jersey Sky Blue, the team was known as Sky Blue FC from 2008 until 2020, and as NJ/NY Gotham FC from 2021 to 2024. A founding member of the NWSL in 2013, Sky Blue FC also played in Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) from 2009 to 2011. They won the NWSL Championship in 2023 and 2025.
David Grubbs
David Grubbs (born September 21, 1967) is an American composer, guitarist, pianist, and vocalist. He was a founding member of Squirrel Bait, Bastro, and Gastr del Sol. He has also played in Codeine, The Red Krayola, Bitch Magnet and The Wingdale Community Singers.

Bastro
Bastro was an American post-hardcore band which was active in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The band's main line-up consisted of David Grubbs on guitar, Clark Johnson on bass guitar, and John McEntire on drums. The band also experimented with use of piano, organ and musique concrète compositions, foreshadowing McEntire's and Grubbs' subsequent musical projects.
Peggy Cass
Mary Margaret "Peggy" Cass (May 21, 1924 – March 8, 1999) was an American actress, comedian, game show panelist, and announcer.

As an actress, Cass is best known for originating the role of Agnes Gooch in the 1956 stage and 1958 film versions of Auntie Mame, for which she won a Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. As a television personality, Cass is best known as one of the resident panelists on To Tell the Truth from 1962 to 1968 when hosted by Bud Collyer, 1969 to 1978 when hosted by Garry Moore and his successors Bill Cullen and Joe Garagiola, and 1990 when hosted by Gordon Elliott.

Auntie Mame (play)
Auntie Mame is a comedic stage play written by American playwrights Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee. The play was adapted from the novel of the same name first published in 1955 by Patrick Dennis. The play was a critical and commercial success,  and was nominated for five Tony Awards, running for 639 performances.
Ciner Media Group
Ciner Media Group (Ciner Medya Grubu) is a Turkish media conglomerate established in 2007, part of the Ciner Holding conglomerate. Among other properties, it owns the Habertürk newspaper, Habertürk TV and Habertürk Radyo, and the television stations Kanal 1, Show TV and 7/24 Spor. It co-owns the television station Bloomberg HT. It also publishes a range of magazines, including Turkish editions of international magazines such as FHM.

From 2005 to 2007 it owned Sabah; the newspaper was seized by the government's TMSF. From 2005 to 2007 it owned the ATV television station. It had previously operated both under license from Dinç Bilgin's Medya Group.

Ciner acquired the Habertürk properties in 2007 and Show TV in 2013.

Habertürk TV
Habertürk TV is a Turkish nationwide TV channel established in 2001 by  journalist Ufuk Güldemir. Since 2007, it has been owned by the Ciner Media Group. In 2009, Ciner created the Habertürk newspaper, drawing on Habertürk TV's brand.

In June 2013, Habertürk TV's relative lack of coverage of the 2013–14 protests in Turkey saw hundreds of protestors gather in front of its head office in Istanbul.

On 11 September 2025, the channel was seized by the state and placed under the control of the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey as part of an investigation into fraud, tax evasion and money laundering into Can Holding.
Laukpya
Laukpya (Burmese: လောက်ဖျား or လောက်ဖြား, Burmese pronunciation: [laʊ̯ʔ pʰjá]) was the ruler of the Bassein province of the Martaban–Hanthawaddy Kingdom from 1364 to 1390. He came to power by helping his brother Byattaba stage a coup against King Binnya U. He was also a key figure who started the Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1385–1391) between the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy Pegu and the Burmese-speaking Ava.

Byattaba
Byattaba (Burmese: ဗြတ်ထဗ; Burmese pronunciation: [bjaʔ tʰə ba̰]; also Byat-Hta-Ba) was the ruler of the Martaban province of the Martaban–Hanthawaddy Kingdom from 1364 to 1388. He came to power by staging a coup against King Binnya U with the help of his brothers. Their rebellion led to the relocation of the Mon-speaking kingdom's capital to Pegu (Bago) in 1369.

In 1364, Byattaba, then a senior official, seized the Martaban province south of Donwun while his brother Laukpya seized the entire Bassein province. In 1371/72, the rebel brothers and the king signed a treaty that allowed the brothers to be his nominal vassals. In 1384, the brothers refused to extend the same recognition to Binnya U's son and successor Razadarit. Unlike Laukpya, Byattaba did not help Ava in the northern kingdom's two invasions against Pegu in 1385–1387. Nonetheless, he was driven out of Martaban in 1388 by Razadarit. He fled abroad, never to be heard from again.
Alicia Aylies
Alicia Aylies (born 21 April 1998) is a French singer, model, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss France 2017. Aylies had previously won Miss French Guiana 2016, becoming the first representative from French Guiana to win Miss France. She later represented France at Miss Universe 2017.

After completing her reign as Miss France, Aylies began a music career. She released her debut single "Mojo" with Scorpio Music in December 2021.

Miss French Guiana
Miss French Guiana (French: Miss Guyane) is a French beauty pageant which selects a representative for the Miss France national competition from the overseas region of French Guiana. The first Miss French Guiana was crowned in 1960, while the first Miss French Guiana to compete in Miss France was crowned in 1987. The regional competition has been held regularly since 1998.

The current Miss French Guiana is Alicia Mertosetiko, who was crowned Miss French Guiana 2025 on 12 July 2025. One woman from French Guiana has been crowned Miss France:

Alicia Aylies, who was crowned Miss France 2017
Mātsarya
Mātsarya (Sanskrit; Pali: macchariya; Tibetan phonetic: serna) is a Buddhist/Hindu term translated as "stinginess" or "miserliness". It is defined as being incapable of enjoying one’s own possessions and other material objects, clinging to them and being unwilling to part with them or share them with others.

It is identified as:

One of the twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors within the Mahayana Abhidharma teachings.

One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings.

One of the ten fetters in the Theravada tradition (according to the Dhammasangani)

Mental factors
Mental factors (Sanskrit: चैतसिक, romanized: caitasika or chitta samskara चित्त संस्कार; Pali: cetasika; Tibetan: སེམས་བྱུང sems byung), in Buddhism, are identified within the teachings of the Abhidhamma (Buddhist psychology). They are defined as aspects of the mind that apprehend the quality of an object, and that have the ability to color the mind. Within the Abhidhamma, the mental factors are categorized as formations (Sanskrit: samskara) concurrent with mind (Sanskrit: citta). Alternate translations for mental factors include "mental states", "mental events", and "concomitants of consciousness".
Rowland G. Hazard
Rowland Gibson Hazard (October 9, 1801–June 24, 1888) was an American industrialist, politician, textile merchant, and social reformer. He was a descendant of the prominent settler Thomas Hazard, progenitor of the American Hazard Family, who migrated from England during the Great Puritan Migration of 1630 and settled Rhode Island in the 1600s. While he had links to southern slaveholding states, he is noted for his public stand against slavery.

Hazard family
Members of the Hazard family were among the first settlers of the State of Rhode Island. Thomas Hazard (c.1610–c.1677) was one of the nine founding settlers of Newport on Aquidneck Island in Rhode Island. Descendants have been known for military achievement, business and political success,  philanthropy, and broad social activism spanning such causes as abolition of slavery, treatment of the insane and alcoholics, family planning, and innovative employee programs.

The family fortune was initially generated through large-scale farming across multiple land holdings in Narragansett Country, Rhode Island. This work was primarily done with the unpaid labor of dozens of enslaved black people. Eventually, the business interests evolved and the family wealth largely came from its textile manufacturing business at Peace Dale, Rhode Island, mining, railroad, and chemical interests, including the Solvay Process Company and the Hazard Powder Company.
Andrew Dalby
Andrew Dalby, FCIL (born 1947) is an English linguist, translator and historian who has written articles and several books on a wide range of topics including food history, language, and Classical texts.

Chartered Institute of Linguists
Founded as the Institute of Linguists in 1910, the Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) received its royal charter in 2005 and is the UK's not-for-profit royal charter body for languages and linguists.

CIOL supports linguists in their careers and lives and promotes proficiency in languages worldwide.

Professional grades of membership are: Associate (ACIL), Member (MCIL) and Fellow (FCIL) and there are also several Affiliate grades of membership.

CIOL also hosts the IoL Educational Trust (IoLET), a charitable company limited by guarantee and an accredited awarding organisation. IoLET's purpose is to promote the teaching and study of modern languages.

The patron of CIOL is HRH Prince Michael of Kent.

It has a magazine, The Linguist.
Logan River
The Logan River (Yugambeh: Dugulumba) is a perennial river in the Scenic Rim, Logan and Gold Coast local government areas of the South East region of Queensland, Australia.  The 184-kilometre (114 mi)-long river is one of the dominant waterways in South East Queensland that drains the southern ranges of the Scenic Rim and empties into Moreton Bay after navigating the City of Logan, a major suburban centre located south of Brisbane. The catchment is dominated by urban and agricultural land use. Near the river mouth are mangrove forests and a number of aquaculture farms.

Scenic Rim Region
The Scenic Rim Region is a local government area (LGA) in the West Moreton region of South East Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, it was preceded by several previous local government areas with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond. The main town of the region is Beaudesert.

It has an estimated operating budget of A$33 million.

In the 2021 census, the Scenic Rim Region had a population of 42,984 people.
Oralia Garza de Cortes
Oralia Garza de Cortes is a librarian, advocate, bibliographer, and scholar. She has been honored by REFORMA with the Lifetime Achievement Award which recognizes excellence in librarianship over a career for one who has made significant and lasting contributions to Latino and Spanish-speaking communities.

She served as the president of REFORMA from 2000 to 2001. She is also a cofounder with Sandra Rios Balderrama  of the Pura Belpré Award, named after New York Public Library's first Latina librarian, which honors outstanding Latino authors and illustrators who create works for children. She holds a Master's of Library and Information Science from the University of Texas at Austin, obtained in 1988.

REFORMA
REFORMA: The National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking, more commonly known as REFORMA, is an affiliate of the American Library Association formed in 1971 to promote library services to Latinos and the Spanish-speaking. It is registered in Washington, D.C. as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Damien Yzerbyt
Damien Yzerbyt (10 December 1963 - 19 January 2014) was a Belgian politician (cdH) and a member of the Parliament of Wallonia. He was also active in the Parliament of the French Community and briefly served in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. A long-serving alderman and municipal councillor in Mouscron, Yzerbyt played a key role in local governance for nearly two decades, overseeing areas such as planning, housing, and public works. Originally trained as a philologist and theologian, he began his professional life as a teacher before moving into politics in the 1990s. Known for his dedication to public service, he remained politically active until his death in 2014.

Jean-Pierre Detremmerie
Jean-Pierre Detremmerie (10 October 1940 – 20/21 February 2016) was a Belgian politician and long serving former mayor of Mouscron.   He was active within the francophone Christian Democratic Party (cdH) for many years, and a Member of Parliament between 1981 and 2003.

He was known to colleagues, informally, as "Detrem".

On the morning of 21 February 2016 his body was found by his wife.   It was determined that he had committed suicide by hanging, having suffered from depression for several years.   Since December 2011 he had been facing criminal charges in connection with the allegedly opaque financial arrangements of his local football club, which he formerly chaired.
Cycloid gear
A cycloidal gear is a toothed gear with a cycloidal profile. Such gears are used in mechanical clocks and watches, rather than the involute gear form used for most other gears.  Cycloidal gears have advantages over involute gears in such applications in being able to be produced flat (making them easier to polish, and thereby reduce friction), and having fewer points of contact (both reducing friction and wear).

Their gear tooth profile is based on the epicycloid and hypocycloid curves, which are the curves generated by a circle rolling around the outside and inside of another circle, respectively.

Involute gear
The involute gear profile is the most commonly used system for gearing today, with cycloid gearing still used for some specialties such as clocks.  In an involute gear, the profiles of the teeth are involutes of a circle. The involute of a circle is the spiraling curve traced by the end of an imaginary taut string unwinding itself from that stationary circle called the base circle, or (equivalently) a triangle wave projected on the circumference of a circle.