hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Glossip v. Chandler
Glossip v. Chandler is a United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma case in which the plaintiffs challenged the State of Oklahoma's execution protocol. The initial lawsuit, Glossip v. Gross, rose to the United States Supreme Court in 2015 at the preliminary injunction stage and involved an earlier version of Oklahoma's lethal injection protocol. The case was reopened in the District Court in 2020 following an end to Oklahoma's moratorium on executions.

Glossip v. Gross
Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. 863 (2015), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held, 5–4, that lethal injections using midazolam to kill prisoners convicted of capital crimes do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  The Court found that condemned prisoners can only challenge their method of execution after providing a known and available alternative method.
Industrial warfare
Industrial warfare is a period in the history of warfare ranging roughly from the early 19th century and the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Atomic Age, which saw the rise of nation-states, capable of creating and equipping large armies, navies, and air forces, through the process of industrialization.

The era featured mass-conscripted armies, rapid transportation (first on railroads, then by sea and air), telegraph and wireless communications, and the concept of total war. In terms of technology, this era saw the rise of rifled breech-loading infantry weapons capable of high rates of fire, high-velocity breech-loading artillery, chemical weapons, armoured warfare, metal warships, submarines, and aircraft.

Total war
Total war is a type of warfare that mobilizes the totality of national resources to sustain war production, blurring the line between military and civilian activities and legitimate attacks on civilian targets as part of a war without restriction as to the combatants, territory or objectives involved.

The term has been defined as "A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded."

In the mid-19th century, scholars identified  what  later became known as total war as a separate class of warfare. In a total war, the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes due to the capacity of opposing sides to consider nearly every human, including non-combatants, as resources that are used in the war effort.
Germany men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
This article lists various water polo records and statistics in relation to the Germany men's national water polo team, the United Team of Germany men's national water polo team, and the West Germany men's national water polo team at the Summer Olympics.

The Germany men's national water polo team, the United Team of Germany men's national water polo team, and the West Germany men's national water polo team have participated in 17 of 27 official men's water polo tournaments.

Germany men's national water polo team
The Germany national water polo team represents Germany in international men's water polo competitions and friendly matches. It is controlled by German Swimming Federation.

Germany has won several medals in international competitions, including one Olympic gold and one World Cup, as well as 1982 World Championship bronze medal. The team was named Germany's Sportsteam of the Year in 1981.
Gerhart Eisler
Gerhart Eisler (20 February 1897 – 21 March 1968) was a German politician, editor and journalist. Along with his sister Ruth Fischer, he was a very early member of the Austrian German Communist Party (KPDÖ) and then a prominent member of the Communist Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic.

Ruth Fischer
Ruth Fischer (11 December 1895 – 13 March 1961) was an Austrian and German Communist, and a co-founder of the Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ) in 1918. Along with her partner Arkadi Maslow, she led the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) through both the May 1924 and December 1924 federal elections. After being removed from the KPD, she became involved with various anti-Stalinist left-wing groups, and would remain a staunch anti-Stalinist activist for the rest of her life.
Fedora Linux
Fedora Linux is a free and open-source Linux distribution developed by the Fedora Project. It was originally developed in 2003 as a continuation of the Red Hat Linux project. It contains software distributed under various free and open-source licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of open-source technologies. It is now the upstream source for CentOS Stream and Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Since the release of Fedora 21 in December 2014, three editions have been made available: personal computer, server and cloud computing. This was expanded to five editions for containerization and Internet of Things (IoT) as of the release of Fedora 37 in November 2022. A new version of Fedora Linux is released every six months.

As of February 2016, Fedora Linux has an estimated 1.2 million users, and is also the distribution used by Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux kernel (as of November 2025).

Red Hat Linux
Red Hat Linux was a widely used commercial open-source Linux distribution created by Red Hat until its discontinuation in 2004.

Early releases of Red Hat Linux were called Red Hat Commercial Linux. Red Hat published the first non-beta release in May 1995. It included the Red Hat Package Manager as its packaging format, and over time RPM has served as the starting point for several other distributions, such as Mandriva Linux and Yellow Dog Linux.

In 2003, Red Hat discontinued the Red Hat Linux line in favor of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) for enterprise environments. Fedora Linux, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat, is a free-of-cost alternative intended for home use. Red Hat Linux 9, the final release, hit its official end-of-life on April 30, 2004, although updates were published for it through 2006 by the Fedora Legacy project until the updates were discontinued in early 2007.
Justin Ishbia
Justin Ryan Ishbia is an American businessman and private equity investor who is a founding partner of Shore Capital Partners. He is a part majority owner of the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association and Phoenix Mercury of the Women's National Basketball Association along with his brother Mat Ishbia. He is also a minority owner of the Nashville SC of Major League Soccer and the Chicago White Sox of Major League Baseball.

Mat Ishbia
Mathew Randall Ishbia (born January 6, 1980) is an American businessman who is CEO and chairman of mortgage lender United Wholesale Mortgage. He is the majority owner of the Phoenix Suns of the NBA and Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA alongside his older brother, Justin.
Stuart Range
The Stuart Range is a mountain range in central Washington, United States. The range lies within the eastern extent of the Cascade Range immediately southwest of Leavenworth and runs east–west.  The western peaks make up a single sharp ridge.  The eastern half of the range splits into two parallel ridges, the northern of which is known as the Enchantment Peaks.  Between these ridges lies the Enchantment Basin, which holds the dozens of tarns known as the Enchantment Lakes. Collectively, the basin and the encircling eastern peaks of the Stuart Range make up The Enchantments, a well-known backpacking destination. The south face of the Stuart Range falls off steeply to Ingalls Creek, beyond which rise the roughly parallel Wenatchee Mountains.

Wenatchee Mountains
The Wenatchee Mountains are a range of mountains in central Washington State in the United States of America. A major subrange of the Cascade Range, extending east 50 miles (80 km) from the Cascade crest, the Wenatchee Mountains separate the drainage basins of the Yakima and the Wenatchee rivers. The crest of the range forms part of the boundary between Chelan and Kittitas counties.
Stephen Hill (broadcaster)
Stephen Hill is an American producer, creator and host of the long-running Hearts of Space radio program, which features "contemporary space music" from a variety of musicians and genres. He has helped popularize the term "space music" during his tenure on the show and is an advocate for contemplative music regardless of source or genre.

Hearts of Space
Hearts of Space is an American weekly syndicated public radio show featuring music of a contemplative nature drawn largely from the ambient, new-age and electronic genres, while also including classical, world, Celtic, experimental, and other music selections. For many years, the show's producer and presenter, Stephen Hill, has applied the term "space music" to the music broadcast on the show, irrespective of genre. It is the longest-running radio program of its type in the world. Each episode ends with Hill gently saying, "Safe journeys, space fans ... wherever you are."
Kurakhove
Kurakhove (Ukrainian: Курахове, pronounced [kʊˈrɑxowe] ⓘ; Russian: Курахово, romanized: Kurakhovo, Russian pronunciation: [kʊˈraxəvə]) is a city in Pokrovsk Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Population: 18,220 (2022 estimate); 21,479 (2001). Kurakhove is home to the Kurakhove Power Station. The city has been under Russian occupation since December 2024, the power station since January 2025.

Kurakhove Power Station
Kurakhove Power Station (Ukrainian: Курахівська ТЕС, romanized: Kurakhivska TES) was a thermal power plant on Volycha river 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Kurakhove in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. By November 2024, it was decommissioned and largely destroyed by Russian forces during the Battle of Kurakhove. By early January 2025, the power plant was captured by Russia.
Pantar
Pantar (Indonesian: Pulau Pantar; Indonesian pronunciation: [ˌpulau̯ ˈpan̪t̪ar]) is the second largest island in the Indonesian Alor Archipelago, after Alor. To the east is the island of Alor and other small islands in the archipelago; to the west is the Alor Strait, which separates it from the Solor Archipelago. To the south is the Ombai Strait, and 72 kilometres (45 mi) away, the island of Timor. To the north is the Banda Sea. Pantar is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north-to-south, and varies from 11 to 29 kilometres (6.8 to 18.0 mi) in east–west width. It has an area of 776.12 square kilometres (299.66 sq mi). The main towns on the island are Baranusa and Kabir. Administratively, the island is part of the Alor Regency.

Alor Island
Alor (Indonesian: Pulau Alor) is the largest island in the Alor Archipelago and is one of the 92 officially listed outlying islands of Indonesia. It is located at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain that runs through southeastern Indonesia, which from the west include such islands as Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, and Flores.

To the east of the island across the Ombai Strait lie the islands of Wetar (in Maluku Province) and Atauro, the latter belonging to East Timor. To the south, across the Strait of Alor, lies the western part of Timor. To the north lies the Banda Sea. To the west lies Pantar and the other islands of the Alor archipelago, and further yet the rest of the Sunda Islands.

Alor Island, as well as the rest of its archipelago, is part of East Nusa Tenggara province.
Paxton Media Group
Paxton Media Group of Paducah, Kentucky, is a privately held media company with holdings that include newspapers and a TV station, WPSD-TV in Paducah. David M. Paxton is president and CEO.

The company owns 32 daily newspapers and numerous weekly newspapers, mostly in the southern United States. Daily circulation totals 350,000. Holdings include The Paducah Sun, the High Point Enterprise in High Point, North Carolina, the Jonesboro Sun in Jonesboro, Arkansas, and the Daily Star in Hammond, Louisiana and The Daily Citizen in Searcy, Arkansas.

The Paducah Sun
The Paducah Sun is a daily newspaper in Paducah, Kentucky, owned by the family-run Paxton Media Group. The paper was formerly known as the Paducah Sun-Democrat. The publisher is Bill Evans. Johnny Blazina is the general manager.

The Sun is the most-read newspaper in Kentucky's Jackson Purchase region. The newspaper's combined online and print subscriptions total 24,768 on weekdays, 23,455 on Saturdays, and 26,833 on Sundays, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulation's last official audit, taken on March 31, 2008.
Neighbourhood system
In topology and related areas of mathematics, the neighbourhood system, complete system of neighbourhoods, or neighbourhood filter  for a point  in a topological space is the collection of all neighbourhoods of

Neighbourhood (mathematics)
In topology and related areas of mathematics, a neighbourhood (or neighborhood) is one of the basic concepts in a topological space. It is closely related to the concepts of open set and interior. Intuitively speaking, a neighbourhood of a point is a set of points containing that point where one can move some amount in any direction away from that point without leaving the set.
Tom Whedon
Thomas Avery Whedon (August 3, 1932 – March 23, 2016) was an American screenwriter and producer from New York known for his work on television programs such as The Golden Girls, Benson, Alice, It's a Living, and The Dick Cavett Show. Whedon began his career as one of the original writers on the 1955 television series Captain Kangaroo. He also collaborated with Jon Stone to produce the 1969 TV film Hey, Cinderella! featuring the Muppets.

In 1973, Whedon won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program for the Jim Henson program The Electric Company, which was shared with the show's writing staff. He received two additional Primetime Emmy Award nominations for The Golden Girls in 1990 and 1991 and two Daytime Emmy Award nominations for The Electric Company and Between the Lions. His father, John Whedon, was also a screenwriter. He had five children, including Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Zack Whedon. Tom Whedon died on March 23, 2016.

Jed Whedon
Jed Tucker Whedon (born July 18, 1975) is an American screenwriter and musician, and the son of screenwriter Tom Whedon, grandson of screenwriter John Whedon, and the brother of screenwriter Zack Whedon and of filmmaker Joss Whedon.
Audiometry
Audiometry (from Latin  audīre 'to hear' and  metria 'to measure') is a branch of audiology and the science of measuring hearing acuity for variations in sound intensity and pitch and for tonal purity, involving thresholds and differing frequencies. Typically, audiometric tests determine a subject's hearing levels with the help of an audiometer, but may also measure ability to discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise. Acoustic reflex and otoacoustic emissions may also be measured. Results of audiometric tests are used to diagnose hearing loss or diseases of the ear, and often make use of an audiogram.

Acoustic reflex
The acoustic reflex (also known as the stapedius reflex, stapedial reflex, auditory reflex, middle-ear-muscle reflex (MEM reflex, MEMR), attenuation reflex, cochleostapedial reflex or intra-aural reflex) is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear in response to loud sound stimuli or when the person starts to vocalize.

When presented with an intense sound stimulus, the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles of the ossicles contract. The stapedius stiffens the ossicular chain by pulling the stapes (stirrup) of the middle ear away from the oval window of the cochlea and the tensor tympani muscle stiffens the ossicular chain by loading the tympanic membrane when it pulls the malleus (hammer) in toward the middle ear. The reflex decreases the transmission of vibrational energy to the cochlea, where it is converted into electrical impulses to be processed by the brain.
Don't Lose Your Head
Don't Lose Your Head is a 1967 British swashbuckling comedy film, the 13th in the series of 31 Carry On films (1958–1992). It features regular team members Sid James, Kenneth Williams, Jim Dale, Charles Hawtrey, and Joan Sims. Set in France and England in 1789 during the French Revolution, it is a parody of Baroness Orczy's The Scarlet Pimpernel.

The first Carry On to be produced by the Rank Organisation, Don't Lose Your Head was not conceived as a part of the series and was first released without the Carry On prefix. However, the ongoing popularity of the series persuaded Rank to add the prefix to the titles of this and the following film, Follow That Camel, when they were re-released.

French actress Dany Robin makes here her only Carry On appearance. 
The film was followed by Carry On Follow That Camel (1967).

Follow That Camel
Follow That Camel is a 1967 British comedy film directed by Gerald Thomas. It is the 14th in the series of 31 Carry On films (1958–1992). Like its predecessor Don't Lose Your Head, it does not have the words "Carry On" in its original title (though outside the United Kingdom it was known as Carry On In The Legion, and it is alternatively titled Carry On... Follow That Camel). It parodies the much-filmed 1924 book Beau Geste, by PC Wren, and other French Foreign Legion films.

This film was producer Peter Rogers's attempt to break into the American market; Phil Silvers (in his only Carry On) is heavily featured in a Sergeant Bilko-esque role. He appears alongside Carry On regulars Kenneth Williams, Jim Dale, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims, Peter Butterworth and Bernard Bresslaw. Angela Douglas makes the third of her four Carry On appearances, and Anita Harris makes the first of her two appearances. The film was followed by Carry On Doctor in 1967.
Connacht Junior Hurling Championship
The Connacht Junior Hurling Championship is a junior "knockout" competition in the game of Hurling played in the province of Connacht in Ireland. The series of games are organised by the Connacht Council.

The winners of the Connacht Junior Hurling Championship each year progress to play the other provincial champions for a chance to win the All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship. The championship was first played for in 1925.

All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship
The All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship was a hurling competition organized by the Gaelic Athletic Association in Ireland. The competition was originally contested by the second teams of the strong counties, and the first teams of the weaker counties. In the years from 1961 to 1973 and from 1997 until now, the strong counties have competed for the All-Ireland Intermediate Hurling Championship instead. The competition was then restricted to the weaker counties. The competition was discontinued after 2004 as these counties now compete for the Nicky Rackard Cup instead.

From 1974 to 1982, the original format of the competition was abandoned, and the competition was incorporated in Division 3 of the National Hurling League. The original format, including the strong hurling counties was re-introduced in 1983.
Ed Stankiewicz
Edward George "Stanky" Stankiewicz (November 30, 1929 – September 12, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played six games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings between 1954 and 1955. He spent the rest of his career, from 1951 to 1965, in the minor leagues. He was the brother of Myron Stankiewicz, a pro hockey left winger who also played in the NHL.

Myron Stankiewicz
Myron "Mike" Joseph Stankiewicz (December 4, 1935 – September 11, 2024) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 35 games in the National Hockey League with the St. Louis Blues and Philadelphia Flyers during the 1968–69 season. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1955 to 1969, was spent in the minor leagues. He announced his retirement on September 14, 1970, after missing the entire 1969–70 season due to injury. Despite his brief NHL career, Stankiewicz was a top goal scorer in the American Hockey League, breaking the 20-goal mark six times in seven seasons with the Hershey Bears. He is the brother of Ed Stankiewicz, a pro hockey left winger who played 6 games in the NHL. Myron Stankiewicz died in London, Ontario on September 11, 2024, at the age of 88.
Codonanthe
Codonanthe is a genus of mainly epiphytic plants in the family Gesneriaceae, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The botanical name comes from the Ancient Greek for 'bellflower'. They have white or pale pink flowers and somewhat fleshy leaves. In 2013, the genus was reduced in size when more than half of the species were transferred to Codonanthopsis. They can be grown as houseplants, particularly in hanging baskets. Artificial crosses with Nematanthus hybrids have produced the hybrid genus × Codonatanthus.

Nematanthus
Nematanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae.  All of its species are endemic to Brazil. Compared to other gesneriads, Nematanthus has leaves that are small, succulent, and hard-surfaced.  The plant has a trailing, branching, and spreading habit; it is generally an epiphyte in nature and a hanging-basket plant in cultivation. The flower has fused petals. In some species, the flower has a "pouch" at the bottom. The fancied resemblance of such flowers to a goldfish gives these plants the common name goldfish plant or guppy plant.

Hummingbirds will often feed from the nectar-filled "goldfish" flowers.
Intel Graphics Technology
Intel Graphics Technology (GT) is a series of integrated graphics processors (IGP) designed by Intel and manufactured by Intel and under contract by TSMC. These GPUs are built into the same chip as the central processing unit (CPU) and are included in most Intel-based desktops and laptops. The series was introduced in 2010 as Intel HD Graphics, later renamed Intel UHD Graphics in 2017. It succeeded the earlier Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) series.

Intel also offers higher-performance variants under the Iris, Iris Pro, and Iris Plus brands, introduced beginning in 2013. These versions include features such as increased execution units and, in some models, embedded memory (eDRAM).

Intel Graphics Technology is sold alongside Intel Arc, the company’s line of discrete graphics cards aimed at gaming and high-performance applications.

Intel Arc
Intel Arc is a brand of graphics processing units (GPUs) developed by Intel, representing the company's line of discrete GPUs for gaming, content creation, and professional applications. Arc GPUs are designed by Intel and manufactured under contract by TSMC. The brand also includes supporting graphics software and driver technologies, and is sold alongside Intel Graphics Technology, the company's line of integrated graphics processors, found in most of its processors.

Intel Arc competes with Nvidia's GeForce and AMD's Radeon products. The first generation, the Arc A-series, launched in 2022 with laptop GPUs debuting in March and desktop models such as the A750 and A770 following later that year.

The Arc Pro series for workstation use was introduced in August 2022, followed by the second-generation Battlemage (B-series) GPUs, announced in December 2024. The first model, the B580, was released later that month.
Provincial Highway 16 (Taiwan)
Provincial Highway 16 (Chinese: 台16線) is an East-West highway from Mingjian to Xinyi in Nantou County, Taiwan. The total length of the highway is 41.349 km.
A plan to extend the highway for another 96.2 km which will pass through the Central Range was abandoned due to environmental issues and difficulty of construction.

Highway system in Taiwan
Highways in Taiwan are classified into five types:

The system does not apply to other parts of Taiwan, namely Kinmen and Lienchiang counties, and islands in the South China Sea.

Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have urban roads 
and intra-city expressways (as opposed to Highway system) status, although some are built and maintained by cities.