hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
River Bradford
The River Bradford is a river in the Peak District National Park in Derbyshire.  Its source is on Gratton Moor and after passing below Youlgreave it joins the River Lathkill at Alport. A little over 4 miles (7 km) in length, its waters are very clear due to the limestone rock over which it flows, and its course has been widened by a number of weirs which encourage white-throated dippers to breed in the ponds created. The river is owned and managed by the Haddon Estate and is home to brown trout and white-clawed crayfish. The valley is known as Bradford Dale, and the Limestone Way long distance footpath passes through it.

River Lathkill
The River Lathkill is a river in the Peak District National Park in Derbyshire,  England.

First recorded in 1280, the name "Lathkill"  possibly has Scandinavian roots, the old Norse hlada-kill translating as "narrow valley with a barn".
South Bruce Peninsula
South Bruce Peninsula is not to be confused with the Municipality of South Bruce, Ontario

South Bruce Peninsula is a town at the base of the Bruce Peninsula of Ontario, Canada, in Bruce County between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. It was formed on January 1, 1999, when the town of Wiarton, the village of Hepworth, and the townships of Albemarle and Amabel were amalgamated. The new municipality was created to provide necessary political representation, administrative support, and necessary municipal services on behalf of the residents.

Tourism, particularly cottage rental and providing services to visitors, is the major industry in the area. Many cottages are found along Sauble Beach (North and South).

Sauble Beach, Ontario
Sauble Beach is a beach community and unincorporated area in the town of South Bruce Peninsula, Bruce County, in the northern area of southwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Bruce Peninsula, along the eastern shore of Lake Huron, on the north edge of the Saugeen First Nation. The beach takes its name from that given by early French explorers to the sandy Sauble River, originally "La Rivière Au Sable" (sand river) also indicating that the river emptied into Lake Huron at a sandy beach. The river was labelled with the French name on maps until 1881, when it became the Sauble River; in early years, a sawmill was built on the river, and later, a hydro electric plant.
Alternative DNS root
The Internet uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to associate numeric computer IP addresses with human-readable names. The top level of the domain name hierarchy, the DNS root, contains the top-level domains that appear as the suffixes of all Internet domain names. The most widely used (and first) DNS root is administered by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). In addition, several organizations operate alternative DNS roots, often referred to as alt roots. These alternative domain name systems operate their own root name servers and commonly administer their own specific name spaces consisting of custom top-level domains.

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has spoken out strongly against alternative roots in RFC 2826.

Top-level domain
A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.
War of the Quadruple Alliance
The War of the Quadruple Alliance, 1718 to 1720, was a conflict between Spain and a coalition of Austria, Great Britain, France, and Savoy, with the addition of the Dutch Republic in 1719. Military operations focused primarily on Sicily and Spain, with minor engagements in North America. The Spanish-backed Jacobite rising of 1719 in Scotland is considered a related conflict.

Seeking to recover territories ceded under the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Spanish troops landed on Sicily in July 1718. On 2 August, Austria, France, Britain and Savoy formed the Quadruple Alliance, and on 11 August, the Royal Navy defeated a Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Passaro. Austrian land forces retook Sicily in October 1719, and the British sacked Vigo, which forced its leaders to seek peace terms. The Treaty of The Hague (1720) restored the position prior to 1717, with Savoy and Austria exchanging Sardinia and Sicily.

Treaty of The Hague (1720)
The Treaty of The Hague was signed on 17 February 1720 between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance, established by the 1718 Treaty of London. Its members included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic and Austria.

By signing, Spain joined the Alliance, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance and accepting the terms of the Treaty of London. As previously agreed at Utrecht in 1713, Philip V confirmed his renunciation of the French throne and Spanish claims to their former Italian possessions. In exchange, Emperor Charles VI renounced his claim on the Spanish throne and four-year-old Charles of Spain was recognised as heir to the Duchies of Parma and Tuscany.

In another clause, Savoy and Austria exchanged Sicily for Sardinia.
Croat-Serb Coalition
The Croat-Serb Coalition (Serbo-Croatian: Hrvatsko-srpska koalicija/Хрватско-српска коалиција) was a major political alliance in Austria-Hungary during the early 20th century that governed the Croatian lands, the crownlands of Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia. It represented the political idea of a cooperation of Croats and Serbs in Austria-Hungary for mutual benefit. Its main leaders were, at first Frano Supilo and Svetozar Pribićević, then Pribićević alone.

This coalition governed the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia from 1903 until the dissolution of the Austria-Hungary and the Yugoslav unification in 1918, when it was by and large integrated into the liberal Yugoslav Democratic Party.

Frano Supilo
Frano Supilo (30 November 1870 – 25 September 1917) was a Croatian politician and journalist. He opposed the Austro-Hungarian domination of Europe prior to World War I. He participated in the debates leading to the formation of Yugoslavia as a member of the Yugoslav Committee. The author, R. A. Stradling, calls him "one of the most capable Croatian politicians ever."
Queen's Own West Kent Yeomanry
The Queen's Own West Kent Yeomanry was a British Army regiment formed in 1794. It served in the Second Boer War and the First World War. It amalgamated with the Royal East Kent (The Duke of Connaught's Own) Yeomanry (Mounted Rifles) to form the Kent Yeomanry in 1920.

Kent Yeomanry
The Kent Yeomanry was an artillery regiment of the Territorial Army (TA) formed in 1920 by the amalgamation of the Royal East Kent (The Duke of Connaught's Own) Yeomanry (Mounted Rifles) and West Kent Yeomanry (Queen's Own).  For the Second World War it was expanded to form two field artillery regiments – 97 (Kent Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery and 143 (Kent Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery – which saw active service in North Africa, Italy and North-West Europe, both with the BEF in 1940 and on the Second Front in 1944–45.  Post war it was reconstituted as 297 (Kent Yeomanry) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery before being amalgamated in 1961 with the 3rd/4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters) to form the Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry.
CD Mirandés B
Club Deportivo Mirandés B is a Spanish football team based in Miranda de Ebro, Province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded in 1967, it plays in Tercera Federación – Group 8 and is the reserve team of CD Mirandés, holding home matches at Estadio Municipal de Anduva.

CD Mirandés
Club Deportivo Mirandés is a Spanish football team based in Miranda de Ebro, Province of Burgos, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. Founded on 3 May 1927, the club competes in the Segunda División and holds its home matches at Estadio Municipal de Anduva. They have never played in La Liga.
Ilse Paulis
Ilse Paulis (born 30 July 1993) is a Dutch representative rower. She is a world champion, a dual Olympian, an Olympic gold medallist and has set three world's best times, two of which are standing world records as of 2021. She is racing the lightweight women's double scull with Marieke Keijser at Tokyo 2021.

Marieke Keijser
Marieke Keijser (born 21 January 1997) is a Dutch representative rower. She is an Olympian and won the silver medal in the lightweight single sculls at the 2017 World Rowing Championships and the gold medal at the 2018 European Rowing Championships. She is racing the Dutch lightweight women's double scull with Ilse Paulis at Tokyo 2021.
Magnificient Style
Magnificient Style (foaled 21 March 1993) is an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse. She only raced as a three-year-old, winning two of her four races, including the Musidora Stakes. Since retiring from racing she has become a successful broodmare, with her progeny including Playful Act, Nathaniel and Great Heavens. She was trained by Henry Cecil and owned by Buckram Oak Holdings.

Playful Act
Playful Act (foaled April 12, 2002 in Ireland) is a Thoroughbred racehorse and the world's most expensive broodmare. Owned and bred by prominent British owner/breeder Robert Sangster, she was sired by the Champion Sire Sadler's Wells, out of the mare Magnificient Style, a granddaughter of the 1972 Epsom Derby winner, Roberto.

A success in racing at age two, Playful Act had notable wins in the 2004 Fillies' Mile and May Hill Stakes. She raced at age three with her best result a win in the Group 2 Lancashire Oaks and a second-place finish to Shawanda in the Irish Oaks.

Retired to broodmare duty, Playful Act was put up for sale in November 2007 and was purchased by Sheikh Mohammed's Darley Stud operation at the Keeneland breeding stock sale for a world record auction price for a broodmare at US$10.5 million.
Neo-Mudéjar
Neo-Mudéjar is a type of Moorish Revival architecture practised in the Iberian Peninsula and to a far lesser extent in Ibero-America. This architectural movement emerged as a revival of Mudéjar style. It was an architectural trend of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that began in Madrid and Barcelona and quickly spread to other regions in Spain and Portugal. It used Mudéjar style elements such as the horseshoe arch, arabesque tiling, and abstract shaped brick ornamentations for the façades of modern buildings.

Moorish Revival architecture
Moorish Revival or Neo-Moorish is one of the exotic revival architectural styles that were adopted by architects of Europe and the Americas in the wake of Romanticist Orientalism. It reached the height of its popularity after the mid-19th century, part of a widening vocabulary of articulated decorative ornament drawn from historical sources beyond familiar classical and Gothic modes. Neo-Moorish architecture drew on elements from classic Moorish architecture and, as a result, from the wider Islamic architecture.
One-at coin
The at coin (also spelled att; Thai: อัฐ) was a low-denomination coin used in the traditional pre-decimal currency system of Siam (modern-day Thailand). The at represented the unit known as the att or at, valued at 1⁄8 of a fuang or 1⁄64 of a baht. At coins were commonly issued during the Rattanakosin period and circulated widely as part of everyday small transactions. Early coins were cast in the characteristic pod-shaped "bullet money" (podduang) style, while later issues were struck as flat round coins as Siam modernized its currency system. The at, along with other non-decimal subunits, was discontinued when Thailand adopted the decimal baht–satang system in the early 20th century.

Evolution of at

1862

1876

1888

One-fuang coin
The 1 fuang coin (Thai: เฟื้อง) piece, or the eight at coin was a mid-range denomination used in the traditional, pre-decimal currency system of Siam (modern-day Thailand). The fuang (เฟื้อง) represented a value of 1⁄8 of a baht, sitting between the larger salung and smaller denominations such as the sik and siao. As an important everyday unit, the 1 fuang coin circulated widely throughout the Rattanakosin period.

Evolution of fuang

1856-trial coin

1856-trial coin

1862

1869

1876

1901
Palacio de la Diputación de Pontevedra
The Palace of the Deputation of Pontevedra (Spanish: Palacio de la Diputación de Pontevedra, Galician: Pazo da Deputación de Pontevedra), in Pontevedra, Spain, is the seat of the Provincial Deputation of Pontevedra, the provincial government of the province of Pontevedra. It is located between the Alameda de Pontevedra and the Palm Trees Park.

Palm Trees Park
The Palm Trees Park, also known simply as Las Palmeras or As Palmeiras, is a public park in the heart of Pontevedra in Spain. It is the most representative and emblematic green area in the city centre, together with the Alameda de Pontevedra.
Erich Gimpel
Erich Gimpel (25 March 1910 – 3 September 2010) was a German spy during World War II. Together with William Colepaugh, he took part in Operation Elster ("Magpie"), an espionage mission to the United States in 1944, but was subsequently captured by the FBI in New York City.

William Colepaugh
William Curtis Colepaugh (March 25, 1918 – March 16, 2005) was an American who defected to Nazi Germany in 1944 following his 1943 discharge from the U.S. Naval Reserve. He was a crewman on a repatriation ship that stopped off in Lisbon, at which time he defected at the German consulate. Colepaugh had attended Admiral Farragut Academy in Pine Beach, New Jersey.
Ernst of Schaumburg
Ernst of Schaumburg (24 September 1569 – 17 January 1622) was the first Count of Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg to earn the title of Prince in 1619.  However, he died in 1622 without an heir.  Schauenburg-Pinneberg had been a Lutheran region since his father Otto IV of Schaumburg had been won over to Martin Luther's teachings.  After Ernst's death, a Catholic Count, Jobst Hermann, received a portion of Schauenburg but he also died without children, and Otto V, who was a Calvinist, succeeded Ernst.

Prince Ernst built the Stadthagen Mausoleum for himself and his family. Today, this building is estimated as a cultural monument of European rank.

On 11 September 1597 he married Hedwig of Hesse-Kassel at Wilhelmsburg Castle in Schmalkalden. The marriage remained childless.

Otto IV of Schaumburg
Otto IV of Schaumburg (1517 – 21 December 1576) was a German nobleman. He was a ruling Count of Schauenburg and of Holstein-Pinneberg. He was a son of Jobst I and his wife Mary of Nassau-Siegen, a daughter of Count John V of Nassau-Siegen.

He adopted the teachings of Martin Luther. However, with respect to his elder brothers Cologne's Archbishop-Electors Adolphus III (reg. 1547–1556) and Anthony I (reg. 1557–1558) he refrained from open confrontation. In 1559 he officially began the Reformation in Schauenburg and Holstein-Pinneberg. These areas remained Lutheran throughout the Counter-Reformation and into modern times.
AstroSat
AstroSat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space telescope. It was launched on a PSLV-XL on 28 September 2015. With the success of this satellite, ISRO has proposed launching AstroSat-2 as a successor for AstroSat.

AstroSat-2
AstroSat-2 is India's second dedicated multi-wavelength space telescope, proposed by ISRO as the successor of the current AstroSat observatory, which had a five-year operational time yet still is functioning.

ISRO launched an 'Announcement of Opportunity' in February 2018 requesting proposals from Indian scientists for ideas and the development of instruments for astronomy and astrophysics.
Nicholas B. Suntzeff
Nicholas Boris Suntzeff (born November 22, 1952, San Francisco)  is an American astronomer and cosmologist. He is a university distinguished professor and holds the Mitchell/Heep/Munnerlyn Chair of Observational Astronomy in the Department of Physics & Astronomy at Texas A&M University where he is director of the Astronomy Program. He is an observational astronomer specializing in cosmology, supernovae, stellar populations, and astronomical instrumentation. With Brian Schmidt he founded the High-z Supernova Search Team, which was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2011 to Schmidt and Adam Riess.

Brian Schmidt
Brian Paul Schmidt (born 24 February 1967) is an American Australian astrophysicist at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He was the Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University (ANU) from January 2016 to January 2024. He is known for his research in using supernovae as cosmological probes. He previously held a Federation Fellowship and a Laureate Fellowship from the Australian Research Council, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2012. Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
Chhota Katra
Chhota Katra (Bengali: ছোট কাটারা; Small Katra) is one of two Katras built during Mughal's regime in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was constructed in 1663 by Subahdar Shaista Khan. It is on Hakim Habibur Rahman lane on the bank of the Buriganga River. It was built to accommodate officials and Shaista Khan's expanding family. Chhota Katra is slightly smaller than Bara Katra, but similar in plan and about 185 metres east of it.

Bara Katra
Bara Katra (Bengali: বড় কাটরা; lit. 'Great Caravanserai') is one of the oldest historical and architectural monuments in Dhaka. The word Katra may have originated from Arabic word Katara which means colonnaded building. 'Katra/ katara' in Arabic and Persian means 'Caravan (Karwan) Sarai' or simply a 'Sarai'. It is a palatial building dating to the reign of the Mughal dynasty in the Bengal region. It is situated to the south of Chowk Bazaar close to the north bank of the river Buriganga. It was partially demolished in 2022.
Wayne Valley High School
Wayne Valley High School is a comprehensive four-year public high school, in Wayne, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The school serves students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of the two secondary schools of the Wayne Public Schools, the other being Wayne Hills High School. The school is also accredited by the New Jersey Department of Education and has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1954. Wayne Valley's school colors are blue and white.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,235 students and 118.7 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.4:1. There were 88 students (7.1% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 22 (1.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

Wayne Hills High School
Wayne Hills High School is a four-year comprehensive community public high school, in Wayne, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, in the New York metropolitan area. The school serves students in ninth through twelfth grades as one of the two secondary schools that are part of the Wayne Public Schools, the other being Wayne Valley High School.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,181 students and 119.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.9:1. There were 64 students (5.4% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 24 (2.0% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
Cranbrook and Tenterden Light Railway
The Cranbrook and Tenterden Light Railway was a railway line which was to have linked the Hawkhurst Branch Line with the Rother Valley Railway in Kent. Although it received authorisation for its construction, only a short section of it was ever built. This section is open today as part of the Kent and East Sussex Railway.

Hawkhurst branch line
The Hawkhurst branch line was a short railway line in Kent that connected Hawkhurst, Cranbrook, Goudhurst and Horsmonden with the town of Paddock Wood and the South Eastern and Medway Valley lines, a distance of 11 miles 24 chains (11.30 mi; 18.19 km).

The line was promoted by the Cranbrook and Paddock Wood Railway (C&PWR), which was incorporated in 1877, but took until 1892 to open the first section of the line to Hope Mill. Services were worked by the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR). The line was extended to Hawkhurst in 1893. In 1900, the SECR absorbed the C&PWR. Sunday services ceased in 1917. In 1923, the SECR was absorbed into the Southern Railway at the Grouping. The line became part of British Railways at nationalisation on 1 January 1948. The line was closed in June 1961, before the Beeching Report was published.
Burning plasma
In plasma physics, a burning plasma is a plasma that is heated primarily by fusion reactions involving thermal plasma ions. The Sun and similar stars are a burning plasma, and in 2020 the National Ignition Facility achieved a burning plasma in the laboratory. A closely related concept is that of an ignited plasma, in which all of the heating comes from fusion reactions.

Fusion ignition
Fusion ignition is the point at which a nuclear fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining. This occurs when the energy being given off by the reaction heats the fuel mass more rapidly than it cools. In other words, fusion ignition is the point at which the increasing self-heating of the nuclear fusion removes the need for external heating.
This is quantified by the Lawson criterion.
Ignition can also be defined by the fusion energy gain factor.

In the laboratory, fusion ignition defined by the Lawson criterion was first achieved in August 2021,
and ignition defined by the energy gain factor was achieved in December 2022,
both by the U.S. National Ignition Facility.
Godwin-Austen Glacier
The Godwin-Austen Glacier is a glacier in the Karakoram range and is close to K2, the second highest mountain peak in the world, situated in Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Its confluence with the Baltoro Glacier is called Concordia and is a popular trekking destination as it provides views of four of the five eight-thousanders in the region.

The Godwin-Austen Glacier, located in the Central Karakoram, forms part of the Upper Indus Basin.

The glacier can be approached via the Balti town of Skardu. It receives its name from Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, an early explorer of this region. K2 was also once proposed to be named Mount Godwin-Austen in his honour, but was rejected.

Baltoro Glacier
The Baltoro Glacier (Balti: བལྟོརོ་གངས།, romanized: Baltoro gangs, lit. 'Bone breaker';Urdu:  بالتورو گلیشیر) is a glacier located in the Shigar District of the Gilgit-Baltistan, a region in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.

The glacier lies in the Karakoram range, and is surrounded by some of the world's highest peaks, including K2 (8,611 metres (28,251 ft)), the second highest mountain on Earth, as well as three other summits above 8,000 meters within a 20-kilometre radius.

Scientific observations between 2001 and 2011 recorded visible changes in the Baltoro, especially near Concordia, where it meets the Godwin-Austen Glacier at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft). Although reductions in snow and ice cover were noted, research indicates that the glacier is not retreating but experiencing surges, shifting and flowing into neighbouring glaciers.