hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colchian culture
The Colchian culture is a Bronze and Iron Age archaeological culture centered in western Georgia, which flourished from approximately 2700 BCE to 700 BCE. It developed following environmental shifts that enabled more permanent settlement along the Black Sea coastline and further inland. It is divided into Proto-Colchian and Early Colchian phases, later succeeded by Classical-era Greek colonization. Distinguished by wood-based architecture, marshland adaptations, and varied burial rites, Colchian sites — like Pichori and Ergeta — offer a deep archaeological record. The culture is notable for its bronze and iron metallurgy, ritual drinking vessels, and peculiar ceramics. Strong regional interactions with the Koban culture and others reflect broad cultural networks.

Koban culture
The Koban culture or Kuban culture (c. 1200 to 350 BC), is a late Bronze Age and Iron Age culture of the northern and central Caucasus. It is succeeded by the Colchian culture of the western Caucasus and the Kharachoi culture further east.

It is named after the village of Koban, Northern Ossetia, where in 1869 battle-axes, daggers, decorative items and other objects were discovered in a kurgan. Later, further sites were uncovered in the central Caucasus.
Center (group theory)
In abstract algebra, the center of a group G is the set of elements that commute with every element of G. It is denoted Z(G), from German Zentrum, meaning center. In set-builder notation,

Z(G) = {z ∈ G | ∀g ∈ G, zg = gz}.

The center is a normal subgroup, , and also a characteristic subgroup, but is not necessarily fully characteristic. The quotient group, G / Z(G), is isomorphic to the inner automorphism group, Inn(G).

A group G is abelian if and only if Z(G) = G. At the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if Z(G) is trivial; i.e., consists only of the identity element.

The elements of the center are central elements.

Inner automorphism
In abstract algebra, an inner automorphism is an automorphism of a group, ring, or algebra given by the conjugation action of a fixed element, called the conjugating element. They can be realized via operations from within the group itself, hence the adjective "inner". These inner automorphisms form a subgroup of the automorphism group, and the quotient of the automorphism group by this subgroup is defined as the outer automorphism group.
Dendritic spine
A dendritic spine (or spine) is a small membrane protrusion from a neuron's dendrite that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse. Dendritic spines serve as a storage site for synaptic strength and help transmit electrical signals to the neuron's cell body. Most spines have a bulbous head (the spine head), and a thin neck that connects the head of the spine to the shaft of the dendrite. The dendrites of a single neuron can contain hundreds to thousands of spines. In addition to spines providing an anatomical substrate for memory storage and synaptic transmission, they may also serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons. It has also been suggested that changes in the activity of neurons have a positive effect on spine morphology.

Dendrite
A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched cytoplasmic process that extends from a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. Electrical stimulation is transmitted onto dendrites by upstream neurons (usually via their axons) via synapses which are located at various points throughout the dendritic tree.

Dendrites play a critical role in integrating these synaptic inputs and in determining the extent to which action potentials are produced by the neuron.
Gaunsahar
Gaunshahar (Nepali: गाउँशहर) is a town and market place at Besishahar Municipality in Lamjung District in Gandaki Province of northern-central Nepal. The Besishahar Municipality was formed by merging the existing Village Development Committees i.e. Besishahar, Gaunshahar, Udipur & Chandisthan on May 15, 2014. The temple of Lamjung Kalika & Lamjung Durbar are located here. This place is in the way of Annapurna Conservation Area. The Dumre-Besishahar-Chame highway also goes from this place. Here are different casts and religions.

Udipur
Udipur  (Nepali: उदीपुर) is a town and market place at Besishahar Municipality in Lamjung District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal. The Besishahar Municipality was formed by merging the existing Village Development Committees i.e. Besishahar, Gaunshahar, Udipur & Chandisthan on May 15, 2014. Middle Marshyandi Hydro Electricity is located in this place. The famous temple of Udipur Kalika is located here. This place is in the way of Annapurna Conservation Area. The Dumre-Besishahar-Chame highway also goes from this place. Here are different casts and religions.
Partition matroid
In mathematics, a partition matroid or partitional matroid is a matroid that is a direct sum of uniform matroids. It is defined over a base set in which the elements are partitioned into different categories. For each category, there is a capacity constraint - a maximum number of allowed elements from this category. The independent sets of a partition matroid are exactly the sets in which, for each category, the number of elements from this category is at most the category capacity.

Matroid
In combinatorics, a matroid /ˈmeɪtrɔɪd/ is a structure that abstracts and generalizes the notion of linear independence in vector spaces. There are many equivalent ways to define a matroid axiomatically, the most significant being in terms of: independent sets; bases or circuits; rank functions; closure operators; and closed sets or flats. In the language of partially ordered sets, a finite simple matroid is equivalent to a geometric lattice.

Matroid theory borrows extensively from the terms used in both linear algebra and graph theory, largely because it is the abstraction of various notions of central importance in these fields. Matroids have found applications in geometry, topology, combinatorial optimization, network theory, and coding theory.
Gerry Baker
Gerard Austin Baker (11 April 1938 – 24 August 2013) was an American soccer player. From 1955 until 1970, he played 16 seasons in either the Scottish or English first division. He earned seven caps with the US national team in 1968 and 1969, scoring two goals. His younger brother was the footballer Joe Baker.

Joe Baker
Joseph Henry Baker (17 August 1940 – 6 October 2003) was an England international footballer who played at club level for Hibernian, Torino, Arsenal, Nottingham Forest, Sunderland and Raith Rovers. At the age of 26 he achieved the feat of having scored 100 top division goals in both Scotland and England.

Born to a Scottish mother and English father in Liverpool, Baker spent the first six weeks of his life in England and was then raised in Scotland until he moved to Italy aged 20. Despite self-identifying as Scottish, rules at the time meant his only international football eligibility was for his birth nation. His full England debut in 1959 made him the first professional footballer to represent England while playing for a club outside the English football league system, and the first to have never played for an English club before his full England debut.
Bang Khen district
Bang Khen (Thai: บางเขน, pronounced [bāːŋ kʰěːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bounded by other Bangkok districts (from north clockwise): Sai Mai, Khlong Sam Wa, Khan Na Yao, Bueng Kum, Lat Phrao, Chatuchak, Lak Si, and Don Mueang.

Sai Mai district
Sai Mai (Thai: สายไหม, pronounced [sǎːj mǎj]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. It is bounded by (from north clockwise): Lam Luk Ka district of Pathum Thani province; Khlong Sam Wa, Bang Khen and Don Mueang of Bangkok.
Deva Stadium
Deva Stadium is an association football stadium which is the home of Chester F.C., the effective successor club to the liquidated Chester City.  The stadium straddles the England–Wales border at Sealand, on the outskirts of Chester.

The stadium opened in 1992, two years after the closure of Chester City's Sealand Road stadium; in the intervening two seasons the club had played at Macclesfield Town's Moss Rose stadium.  The name Deva comes from the original Roman name for the fort Deva Victrix, which became the city of Chester.

England–Wales border
The England–Wales border, sometimes referred to as the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, runs for 160 miles (260 km) from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south, separating England and Wales.

It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1972. Whether Monmouthshire was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.
Nunavut at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The Canadian territory of Nunavut, which was created in 1999, was first given representation at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Canada's national women's curling championship in 2015, following a decision to allow each of Canada's three territories to have their own teams. The Nunavut Curling Association declined their spot, but began competing in 2016.

2016 Scotties Tournament of Hearts
The 2016 Scotties Tournament of Hearts was held from February 20 to 28 at Revolution Place in Grande Prairie, Alberta. The winning team represented Canada at the 2016 World Women's Curling Championship held from March 19 to 27 at the Credit Union iPlex in Swift Current, Saskatchewan.
Godavari Maha Pushkaram
Godavari Maha Pushkaram (lit. 'Great Worship of the Godavari River') was a Hindu festival held from 14 July to 25 July 2015. This festival occurs once every 144 years, corresponding to the 12th recurrence of the 12-year Godavari Pushkaram cycle.

The festival starts from the Ashadha (June/July in the Gregorian calendar) month on the Chaturdashi thithi (14th day), when planet Jupiter enters the zodiac sign Leo. The festival is "theoretically" observed throughout the twelve months that the planet remains in that sign, but the first 12 days are considered most sacred. The first 12 days of the Godavari Pushkaram are known as "Aadhi Pushkaram" and the last 12 days are titled "Anthya Pushkaralu". The next Maha Pushkaram will be celebrated in 2159.

At least 27 pilgrims, 13 of them women, died and 20 others were injured in a stampede at a major bathing spot on the banks of the Godavari river where a huge crowd of devotees had gathered on the opening day of 'Pushkaram' festival.

Pushkaram
Pushkaram is an Indian festival dedicated to worshiping of rivers. It is also known as Pushkaralu (in Telugu), Pushkara (in Kannada) or Pushkar.

It is celebrated at shrines along the banks of 12 major sacred rivers in India, in the form of ancestor worship, spiritual discourses, devotional music and cultural programmes. The celebration happens annually, once in 12 years along each river. Each river is associated with a zodiac sign, and the river for each year's festival is based on which sign Jupiter is in at the time. Due to regional variations, some of the zodiac signs are associated with multiple rivers.
Alan Jevons
Alan Neil Jevons (b 1956) is a Church in Wales priest: he has been Archdeacon of Brecon since 2013.

He was born in Bournemouth and educated at the University of Exeter and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. He was made deacon at Petertide 1981 (28 June) and ordained priest the following Petertide (27 June 1982) — both times by Philip Goodrich, Bishop of Worcester, at Worcester Cathedral. After curacies in Halesowen and Heywood he was Team Vicar of Hereford from 1987 to 1993. He was at Much Birch from 1993 until 2002; and Tenbury Wells from 2002 until 2007. He was Vicar of Llyn Syfaddan  from 2007 until 2015; and Social Responsibility Officer for the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon from 2007 until his appointment as Archdeacon. He was collated Archdeacon of Brecon at Brecon Cathedral on 17 February 2013.

Archdeacon of Brecon
The Archdeacon of Brecon is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Church in Wales Diocese of Swansea and Brecon. The archdeacon is the senior priest with responsibility over the area of the archdeaconry of Brecon, which comprises the five rural deaneries of Brecon, Builth, Crickhowell, Hay and Maelienydd.
(R)-69
(R)-69 (3IQ) is a drug of the tetrahydropyridinylpyrrolopyridine family related to the psychedelic tryptamines which acts as a 5-HT2A receptor agonist, with 4.6-fold selectivity over 5-HT2B and 49-fold selectivity over 5-HT2C. It has a 5-HT2A Ki of 680 nM and an EC50 of 41 nM. (R)-69 is a biased agonist selective for activation of the Gq coupled signalling pathway, with much weaker activation of the β-arrestin 2 coupled pathway. In animal studies it produces antidepressant-like activity but without producing the head-twitch response associated with psychedelic effects. The drug was identified along with its close analogue (R)-70 via an ultra-large-scale docking campaign against the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and was first described by Bryan L. Roth and colleagues in 2022. A number of related derivatives have also been developed.

(R)-70
(R)-70, or R-70, is a non-hallucinogenic selective serotonin 5-HT2 receptor moderate-efficacy partial agonist of the tetrahydropyridinylpyrrolopyridine family related to the psychedelic tryptamines. It shows preference for activation of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor of about 6.4-fold relative to the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor and of about 30-fold  relative to the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor. The drug is a biased agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, activating Gq protein signaling more readily than β-arrestin2 signaling. It did not significantly produce the head-twitch response in mice, but did produce antidepressant-like effects. (R)-70, along with its close analogue (R)-69, was first described in the scientific literature by Bryan L. Roth and colleagues in 2022. It was identified via an ultra-large-scale docking campaign for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor.
Lear Fan
Lear Fan (2 February 1981 – 7 July 2008) was an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. One of an exceptionally strong generation of European racehorses he was one of the leading two-year-olds when he was unbeaten in three races including the Champagne Stakes. In the following year he defeated Rainbow Quest in the Craven Stakes before finishing third to El Gran Senor and Chief Singer in the 2000 Guineas. He recorded his most valuable success later that year when defeating Palace Music in the Prix Jacques Le Marois. At the end of his three-year-old season he was retired to stud in Kentucky where he proved to be a successful sire of winners. He was retired from stud duty in 2004 and died four years later.

Chief Singer
Chief Singer (19 March 1981 – 2000) was an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In a racing career which lasted from June 1983 until September 1984 he ran nine times and won four races. The colt won the Group Three Coventry Stakes at Royal Ascot on his racecourse debut but ran disappointingly in his only other race as a two-year-old. As a three-year-old he finished second to El Gran Senor in the 2000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse and then completed a rare hat-trick of wins by taking the St. James's Palace Stakes at Ascot, the July Cup at Newmarket and the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood. At the end of that season he retired to stud where he had limited success as a sire of winners.
Star polygon
In geometry, a star polygon is a type of non-convex polygon. Regular star polygons have been studied in depth; while star polygons in general appear not to have been formally defined, certain notable ones can arise through truncation operations on regular simple or star polygons.

Branko Grünbaum identified two primary usages of this terminology by Johannes Kepler, one corresponding to the regular star polygons with intersecting edges that do not generate new vertices, and the other one to the isotoxal concave simple polygons.

Polygrams include polygons like the pentagram, but also compound figures like the hexagram.

One definition of a star polygon, used in turtle graphics, is a polygon having q ≥ 2 turns (q is called the turning number or density), like in spirolaterals.

Polygram (geometry)
In geometry, a generalized polygon can be called a polygram, and named specifically by its number of sides. All polygons are polygrams, but they can also include disconnected sets of edges, called a compound polygon. For example, a regular pentagram, {5/2}, has 5 sides, and the regular hexagram, {6/2} or 2{3}, has 6 sides divided into two triangles.

A regular polygram {p/q} can either be in a set of regular star polygons (for gcd(p,q) = 1, q > 1) or in a set of regular polygon compounds (if gcd(p,q) > 1).
Chrysodeixis eriosoma
Chrysodeixis eriosoma, the green garden looper, known in New Zealand as the Silver Y, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. Mostly cosmopolitan in distribution, it is a pest in Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka,  the Malay Peninsula and Australasia. It is present in Hawaii and recorded as an incursion in mainland North America and Russia. It is morphologically identical to Chrysodeixis chalcites and the two may be sibling species.

Chrysodeixis chalcites
Chrysodeixis chalcites, the tomato looper or golden twin-spot moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae, subfamily Plusiinae. It mainly lives in southern Europe, the Levant and tropical Africa, but can be seen migrating across much of Europe. In 2013, it was spotted in Canada. It is an important horticultural pest in New Zealand.

The length of the forewings is 15–18 mm. The moth flies from June to October.

The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, such as Echium vulgare, Apium, Rubus, tomato, Fragaria and tobacco which is why it is perceived as a pest.

Chrysodeixis chalcites and Chrysodeixis eriosoma moths cannot be separated morphologically and they may be sibling species. They are distinguished by DNA, pheromones and geographic origin, as C. chalcites is found in the palearctic and C. eriosoma in the tropics and subtropics. The literature referring to C. chalcites in southern and eastern Asia or Oceania may actually refer to C. eriosoma.

Larva
Angia (garment)
Angia (also angi, angiya, or anggiya) is an obsolete form of bodice or breast-cloth of Indian origin dating from the 19th century, covering the entire upper body from bust to waist and tied at the back.
Very short sleeves, if any, and a high waist characterized the angia, which was made of fine cotton material such as muslin. Women in India wore it beneath dresses such as the peshwaj.

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton and Philip Meadows Taylor assert that stitched garments of this kind did not exist prior to the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent.

Peshwaj
Peshwaj (peshwaz, paswaj, tilluck, dress) was a ladies outfit similar to a gown or jama coat with front open, tied around the waist, having full sleeves, and the length was full neck to heels. Peshwaj was one of the magnificent costumes of the mughal court ladies. The material was used to be sheer and fine muslins with decorated borders of zari and lacework.
DSL modem
A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem is a device used to connect a computer or router to a telephone line which provides the digital subscriber line (DSL) service for connection to the Internet, which is often called DSL broadband. The modem connects to a single computer or router, through an Ethernet port, USB port, or is installed in a computer PCI slot.

The more common DSL router is a standalone device that combines the function of a DSL modem and a router, and can connect multiple computers through multiple Ethernet ports or an integral wireless access point. Also called a residential gateway, a DSL router usually manages the connection and sharing of the DSL service in a home or small office network.

Different DSL routers and modems support different DSL technology variants: VDSL, SDSL, and ADSL.

ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). In ADSL, bandwidth and bit rate are said to be asymmetric, meaning greater toward the customer premises (downstream) than the reverse (upstream). Providers usually market ADSL as an Internet access service primarily for downloading content from the Internet, but not for serving content accessed by others.
Arkansas Highway 228
Highway 228 (AR 228, Ark. 228, and Hwy. 228) is a designation for two state highways in Northeast Arkansas. One route of 4.50 miles (7.24 km) begins at County Road 534 (CR 534) at Clover Bend and runs east to Highway 367 in Minturn. A second route of 15.84 miles (25.49 km) begins at Highway 91 and runs northeast to US Highway 412 (US 412) at Light. Both routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Arkansas Highway 91
Highway 91 (AR 91, Ark. 91, and Hwy. 91) is a north–south state highway in the Upper Arkansas Delta. The route of 31.91 miles (51.35 km) begins at US Highway 49 (US 49) and Highway 1 at Jonesboro and runs north to US 412B in Walnut Ridge. The route is maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Dragonfly 44
Dragonfly 44 is an ultra diffuse galaxy in the Coma Cluster. This galaxy is well-known because observations of the velocity dispersion in 2016 suggested a mass of about one trillion solar masses, about the same as the Milky Way. This mass was consistent with a count of about 90 and 70 globular clusters observed around Dragonfly 44 in two different studies.

Later, spatially resolved kinematics measured a mass of about 160 billion solar masses, six times less than early mass measurements and one order of magnitude less than the Milky Way's mass. The most recent work found 20 globular clusters around the galaxy, which is consistent with the current mass measurement.  The lack of X-ray emission from the galaxy and its surroundings also shows that the number of globular clusters cannot be as many as was claimed before.

The galaxy emits only 1% of the light emitted by the Milky Way. The galaxy was discovered with the Dragonfly Telephoto Array.

Ultra diffuse galaxy
An ultra diffuse galaxy (UDG), or dark galaxy, is an extremely low luminosity galaxy, the first example of which was discovered in the nearby Virgo Cluster by Allan Sandage and Bruno Binggeli in 1984. These galaxies have been studied for many years prior to their renaming in 2015.  Their lack of luminosity is due to the lack of star-forming gas, which results in these galaxies being reservoirs of very old stellar populations. These galaxies with lower luminosity are more likely to be found in clusters, such as the Coma Cluster, than in groups. Ultra diffuse galaxies have a similar size to the Milky Way, but they have masses more akin to dwarf galaxies. The formation of ultra diffuse galaxies is still debated, however they're thought to have formed from the earliest of galaxies or tidal forces.