hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chmod
chmod is a shell command for changing access permissions and special mode flags of files (including special files such as directories). The name is short for change mode where mode refers to the permissions and flags collectively.

The command originated in AT&T Unix version 1 and was exclusive to Unix and Unix-like operating systems until it was ported to other operating systems such as Windows (in UnxUtils) and IBM i.

In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, a system call with the same name as the command, chmod(), provides access to the underlying access control data. The command exposes the capabilities of the system call to a shell user.

As the need for enhanced file-system permissions grew, access-control lists were added to many file systems to augment the modes controlled via chmod.

The implementation of chmod bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering.

File-system permissions
Typically, a file system maintains permission settings for each stored item – commonly files and directories – that either grant or deny the ability to manipulate file system items. Often the settings allow controlling access based on function such as read, change, navigate, and execute and to different users and groups of users.

One well-established technology was developed for Unix and later codified by POSIX. Another common technology is an access-control list (ACL) with multiple variants implemented in file systems and one codified by POSIX. Since POSIX defines both the older Unix-based technology as well as ACLs, the former is called traditional POSIX permissions for clarity even though it is not a well-known term.

A permission-driven user interface tailors the functionality available to the user based on file system item permissions. For example, the interface might hide menu options that are not allowed based on the permissions stored for an item.
Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Alastair Arthur Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (9 August 1914 – 26 April 1943) was a member of the British royal family. He was the only child of Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife. He was a paternal great-grandson and maternal great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria. He was also a descendant of Victoria's paternal uncle and predecessor, William IV, through an illegitimate line.

In January 1942, he became the second Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex when he inherited his grandfather's titles. Fifteen months later, at the age of 28, he died of exposure in Canada.

Prince Arthur of Connaught
Prince Arthur of Connaught  (Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert; 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938) was a British military officer and a grandson of Queen Victoria. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 20 November 1920 to 21 January 1924.
Turbomolecular pump
A turbomolecular pump is a type of vacuum pump, superficially similar to a turbopump, used to obtain and maintain high vacuum. These pumps work on the principle that gas molecules can be given momentum in a desired direction by repeated collision with a moving solid surface. In a turbomolecular pump, a rapidly spinning fan rotor 'hits' gas molecules from the inlet of the pump towards the exhaust in order to create or maintain a vacuum.

Vacuum pump
A vacuum pump is a type of pump device that draws gas particles from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.
Ciudad Jardín (Madrid)
Ciudad Jardín (Garden City) is an administrative neighborhood (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Chamartín. It is located between Calle Príncipe de Vergara, Avenida Ramón y Cajal and Calle López de Hoyos, the latter being one of the longest streets in the city and well known for its great commercial activity.

It has an area of 0.762371 km2 (0.294353 sq mi). As of 1 March 2020, it has a population of 18,973.

Chamartín (Madrid)
Chamartín is an administrative district of Madrid, Spain and consists of the following neighbourhoods: El Viso, La Prosperidad, Ciudad Jardín, Hispanoamérica, Nueva España, and Castilla.
It was originally named Chamartín de la Rosa and remained an independent municipality until it was incorporated to Madrid in 1948.
Rieske protein
Rieske proteins are iron–sulfur protein (ISP) components of cytochrome bc1 complexes and cytochrome b6f complexes and are responsible for electron transfer in some biological systems. John S. Rieske and co-workers first discovered the protein and in 1964 isolated an acetylated form of the bovine mitochondrial protein. In 1979, Trumpower's team isolated the "oxidation factor" from bovine mitochondria and showed it was a reconstitutively-active form of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein.
It is a unique [2Fe-2S] cluster in that one of the two Fe atoms is coordinated by two histidine residues rather than two cysteine residues.  They have since been found in plants, animals, and bacteria with widely ranging electron reduction potentials from -150 to +400 mV.

Cytochrome b6f complex
The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol/plastocyanin reductase or plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase;  EC 7.1.1.6) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin:

plastoquinol + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + 2 H+ [side 1]  plastoquinone + 2 reduced plastocyanin + 4 H+ [side 2].

The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.  During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, and at the same time pumps protons into the thylakoid space, contributing to the generation of an electrochemical (energy) gradient that is later used to synthesize ATP from ADP.
Benglenisky
Benglenisky (Irish: Binn Ghleann Uisce, meaning 'Peak of the Glen of the Water') at 516 metres (1,693 ft), is the 368th–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale.  Benglenisky is the second most southern peak, after neighbouring Benlettery, of the Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland, and is the lowest of the core Twelve Bens.

Benlettery
Benlettery (Irish: Binn Leitrí, meaning 'Peak of the Wet Hillsides') at 557 metres (1,827 ft), is the 259th–highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale.  Benlettery is in the southernmost peak of the Twelve Bens mountain range in the Connemara National Park in County Galway, Ireland, and is the 11th-tallest of the core Twelve Bens.  The Ben Lettery An Oige youth hostel is on the southern slopes of Benlettery, off the N59 road to Clifden.
Midway Arcade Origins
Midway Arcade Origins is a 2012 video game compilation developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. A successor to the Midway Arcade Treasures series, it compiles several arcade games that were owned or published by Midway Games from 1981 to 1992. The compilation was published after Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment had acquired the rights to the games following Midway's bankruptcy. The game was later for the Xbox One via the backwards compatibility program.

Midway Arcade Treasures
Midway Arcade Treasures is a 2003 video game compilation of 24 arcade games, emulated from the original PCBs. The compilation was developed by Digital Eclipse and issued by Midway for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Microsoft Windows. The game could not function on the Xbox 360's backwards compatibility feature, but did on PlayStation 3 and Wii.

Midway followed up Arcade Treasures with two compilations of additional games: Midway Arcade Treasures 2 in 2004 and Midway Arcade Treasures 3 in 2005. A mixture of titles from these compilations was released for PlayStation Portable in 2005 as Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play, and a Windows-exclusive combination of volumes 2 and 3 released in 2006 as Midway Arcade Treasures Deluxe Edition.

The original compilation was later re-released as Midway Arcade Treasures 1, with the title and packaging updated to match the succeeding volumes, but the lineup of games remained the same.
Moore machine
In the theory of computation, a Moore machine is a finite-state machine whose current output values are determined only by its current state. This is in contrast to a Mealy machine, whose output values are determined both by its current state and by the values of its inputs. Like other finite state machines, in Moore machines, the input typically influences the next state. Thus the input may indirectly influence subsequent outputs, but not the current or immediate output. The Moore machine is named after Edward F. Moore, who presented the concept in a 1956 paper, “Gedanken-experiments on Sequential Machines.”

Mealy machine
In the theory of computation, a Mealy machine is a finite-state machine whose output values are determined both by its current state and the current inputs. This is in contrast to a Moore machine, whose output values are determined solely by its current state. A Mealy machine is a deterministic finite-state transducer: for each state and input, at most one transition is possible.
Theobald Smith
Theobald Smith FRS(For) HFRSE (July 31, 1859 – December 10, 1934) was a pioneering epidemiologist, bacteriologist, pathologist and professor. Smith is widely considered to be America's first internationally-significant medical research scientist.

Smith's research work included the study of babesiosis (originally known as Texas cattle fever) and the more-general epidemiology of cattle diseases caused by tick borne diseases. He also described the bacterium Salmonella enterica (formerly called Salmonella choleraesuis), a species of Salmonella, named for the Bureau of Animal Industry chief Daniel E. Salmon. Additional work in studying the phenomena of anaphylaxis led to it being referred to as the Theobald Smith phenomenon.

Smith taught at Columbian University (now George Washington University) and established the school's department of bacteriology, the first at a medical school in the United States. He later worked at Harvard University and the Rockefeller Institute.

Daniel Elmer Salmon
Daniel Elmer Salmon (July 23, 1850 – August 30, 1914) was an American veterinarian. He earned the first D.V.M. degree awarded in the United States, and spent his career studying animal diseases for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The bacterial genus Salmonella, which was discovered by his assistant Theobald Smith, was named in his honor.
Bhaskar Oru Rascal
Bhaskar Oru Rascal (transl. Bhaskar is a rascal) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed and co-written by Siddique. A remake of his own Malayalam film Bhaskar the Rascal (2015), the film stars Arvind Swamy, Amala Paul, Master Raghavan, and Baby Nainika, while  Nikesha Patel, Aftab Shivdasani, Soori, Robo Shankar and Nassar play supporting roles. This marks Bollywood actor Aftab Shivdasani's Tamil cinema debut. Production began in February 2017.

Bhaskar the Rascal
Bhaskar The Rascal is a 2015 Malayalam action comedy film written and directed by Siddique. It stars Mammootty and Nayanthara with a supporting cast of J. D. Chakravarthy, Sanoop Santhosh, Anikha Surendran, Janardhanan, Kalabhavan Shajon, Harisree Ashokan, and Saju Navodaya. The music was composed by Deepak Dev with cinematography by Vijay Ulaganath and editing by K. R. Gowri Shanker.

The film was released on 15 April 2015. The movie completed 100 days at theatres. The film was remade in Tamil as Bhaskar Oru Rascal starring Aravind Swamy and Amala Paul reprising the roles played  by Mammootty and Nayanthara.
Thomas John Claggett
Thomas John Claggett (October 2, 1743 – August 2, 1816) was the first bishop of the newly formed American Episcopal Church to be consecrated on American soil and the first bishop of the recently established (1780) Diocese of Maryland.

Episcopal Diocese of Maryland
The Episcopal Diocese of Maryland forms part of Province 3 of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. Having been divided twice, it no longer includes all of Maryland and now consists of the central, northern, and western Maryland counties of Allegany, Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Calvert, Carroll, Frederick, Garrett, Harford, Howard, and Washington, as well as the independent city of Baltimore.

The diocese reported 36,479 members in 2017 and 25,905 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 97 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $23,105,051. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 6,160 persons.
Lord Athol Layton
Allan Layton (20 August 1919 – 18 January 1984) known by his ring name Lord Athol Layton, was an English-Australian professional wrestler, amateur boxer, and professional wrestling commentator, best remembered as being a major wrestling attraction in the 1950s and 1960s as both a tag-team and singles wrestler. As a tag team performer, he formed a memorable team with Lord James Blears, with whom he won various championships throughout the United States and Canada. As a singles wrestler, he drew large crowds particularly in Toronto against Billy Watson and The Sheik and in Detroit against Dick the Bruiser. He also appeared as a longtime color commentator for wrestling television shows in the Ontario, New York, Ohio and Michigan territories.

Lord James Blears
Lord James "Tally-Ho" Blears (born James Ranicar Blears, 13 August 1923 – 3 March 2016) was a British-American professional wrestler, ring announcer, promoter, actor, mariner, and surfing personality. While serving in the  British Merchant Navy in 1940, Blears narrowly escaped being summarily executed by Japanese during a WWII incident out at sea. Blears became a US citizen and became something of a celebrity in Hawaii where he lived until his death in a nursing home.
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay technique. She was the second woman (after Gerty Cori), and the first American-born woman, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Roger Guillemin
Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (French pronunciation: [ʁɔʒe ʃaʁl lwi ɡijmɛ̃]; January 11, 1924 – February 21, 2024) was a French-American neuroscientist. He received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year with Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.
Royal East African Navy
The Royal East African Navy was a unified naval force of the former British colonies of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, and Zanzibar. It was the colonial forerunner of the Kenyan Navy and Tanzanian Navy. Formed in 1953, it was disbanded on 30 June 1962.

Kenya Navy
The Kenya Navy is the naval branch of the Kenya Defence Forces. It is headquartered in Mombasa.

Kenya Navy has two major bases for its fleet with it being headquartered in Mtongwe Naval Base, Mombasa and Manda Bay (part of Lamu Archipelago) being the second naval base. The navy also operates naval stations in Shimoni, Msambweni, Malindi and Kilifi. The Kenya Navy fleet is organized into two fighting squadrons and a logistical support squadron, namely the pioneer 66 Squadron, the 76 Squadron and the 86 Squadron all supported by a Special Operations Squadron, the Fleet Maintenance Unit and a newly formed elite Marine Ranger Regiment.
Catalan Wikipedia
The Catalan Wikipedia (Catalan: Viquipèdia en català) is the Catalan-language edition of the Wikipedia free online encyclopedia. It was created on 16 March 2001, just a few minutes after the first non-English Wikipedia, the German edition. For two months it was the only active one to have articles in a language other than English, while the German version remained dormant.

With 788,068 articles, it is the 21st-largest Wikipedia and the fifth-largest Wikipedia in a Romance language. In April 2016, the project had 582 active editors who made at least five edits in that month.

German Wikipedia
The German Wikipedia (German: Deutschsprachige Wikipedia) is the German-language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia.

Founded on 16 March 2001, it is the second-oldest Wikipedia edition (after the English Wikipedia). It has 3,089,259 articles, making it the third-largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles as of 2024, behind the English Wikipedia and the mostly bot-generated Cebuano Wikipedia. It has the second-largest number of edits and of active users behind the English Wikipedia. On 7 November 2011, the German Wikipedia became the second edition of Wikipedia, after the English edition, to exceed 100 million page edits.
The Young Elites
The Young Elites is a fantasy novel by novelist Marie Lu released on October 7, 2014. It is the first novel in the trilogy. The second book is called The Rose Society and was released on October 13, 2015. The third book, The Midnight Star, was released October 11, 2016.

The Rose Society
The Rose Society is a fantasy novel by American author Marie Lu released on October 13, 2015. It is the second book in The Young Elites trilogy, being preceded by The Young Elites. The story follows Adelina Amouteru as she embraces her notorious newfound identity as the "White Wolf" and undertakes to form a new 'society' to rival the Dagger Society, whose remaining members expelled her, and the anti-malfetto government.
Great Dark Spot
The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89, for Great Dark Spot, 1989) was one of a series of dark spots on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. In 1989, GDS-89 was the first Great Dark Spot on Neptune to be observed by NASA's Voyager 2 space probe. Like Jupiter's spot, the Great Dark Spots are anticyclonic storms. However, their interiors are relatively cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be shorter, forming and dissipating once every few years or so. Based on observations taken with Voyager 2 and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend somewhat more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot. Little is known about the origins, movement, and disappearance of the dark spots observed on the planet since 1989.

Great Red Spot
22°S 55°W﻿ / ﻿22°S 55°W﻿ / -22; -55

The Great Red Spot is a persistent, high-pressure region in the atmosphere of the planet Jupiter, producing the largest anticyclonic storm in the Solar System. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22 degrees south of Jupiter's equator, it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). It was first observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began. A similar spot was observed from 1665 to 1713; if this is the same storm, it has existed for at least 361 years, but a study from 2024 suggests this is not the case.
Dragons (women's cricket)
Dragons are an Irish women's cricket team that compete in the Women's Super Series. They first competed in the Super Series from its inception in 2015 until 2019, after which the tournament was reduced to two teams during the COVID-19 pandemic, with Dragons missing out. In 2022 the team returned to the Super Series and, after initially having no geographical base, would return with a "Northern Irish focus".  They have won three Super Series titles: in 2016, 2018 and 2019.

2016 Women's Super 3s
The 2016 Women's Super 3s, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2016 Toyota Super 3s, was the second Women's Super 3s competition that took place in Ireland. It ran from May to July, with 3 teams taking part made up of the best players in Ireland. The teams played 6 matches each, four 50 over matches and two Twenty20s. Dragons won the competition, winning their first title.
Yaoundé Airport
Yaoundé Airport (French: Aéroport de Yaoundé-Ville, IATA: YAO, ICAO: FKKY) is an airport in Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon and a city in the Centre Province. It is also known as Yaoundé Ville Airport. It should not be confused with Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport

Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport
Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport (French: Aéroport international de Yaoundé-Nsimalen) (IATA: NSI, ICAO: FKYS) is the second busiest and largest public airport in Cameroon. The airport is located 27 km (16 miles) south of the capital, Yaoundé, near Nsimalen in Cameroon's Centre Region.
Saitō Makoto
Viscount Saitō Makoto (斎藤 実; 27 October 1858 – 26 February 1936) was a Japanese admiral and politician who was prime minister of Japan from 1932 to 1934. Upon distinguishing himself during his command of two cruisers in the First Sino-Japanese War, Saitō rose rapidly to the rank of rear admiral by 1900. He was promoted to vice admiral during the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. After serving as Minister of the Navy from 1906 to 1914, Saitō held the position of Governor-General of Korea from 1919 to 1927 and again from 1929 to 1931. When Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated in May 1932, he took his place as prime minister and served one term in office. Saitō returned to public service as Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal in February 1935 but was assassinated only a year later during the February 26 Incident. Saitō along with Takahashi Korekiyo were the last former prime ministers of Japan to be assassinated until 2022, with the assassination of Shinzo Abe.

Governor-General of Chōsen
The Governor-General of Chōsen (Japanese: 朝鮮総督, romanized: Chōsen Sōtoku; Korean: 조선총독, romanized: Joseon Chongdok) was the chief administrator of the Government-General of Chōsen, a part of an administrative organ established by the Imperial government of Japan. The position existed from 1910 to 1945.

The governor-general of Chōsen was established shortly after the Korean Empire was formally annexed by the Empire of Japan in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 to replace the title of Resident-General. The governor-general of Chōsen was appointed from Tokyo and accountable to the emperor of Japan. The governor-general of Chōsen was responsible for the administrate ministry of the Chōsen regionin, including infrastructure, culture, justice, censorship, and the suppression of the Korean independence movement.

The governor-general of Chōsen was seated in the General Government Building in Keijō after its completion in 1926. Pending its completion, the governor-general resided at Namsan.
Finn Guttormsen
Finn Guttormsen (born 16 July 1968 in Mosjøen, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz musician (upright bass), known for his dedicated contributions to the Farmers Market and recently to the Silje Nergaard Band, and musicians like Trygve Seim, Øyvind Brække, Per Oddvar Johansen, Håkon Storm-Mathisen, Jarle Vespestad, Hans Mathisen, Arve Henriksen.

Håkon Storm-Mathisen
Håkon Storm (born Håkon Storm-Mathisen 13 March 1967 in Oslo, Norway) is a Norwegian jazz musician (guitar), the son of professor of medicine Jon Storm-Mathisen (b. 1941), and known from his own band projects in addition playing within the "Prime Time Orchestra", and collaborations with Tore Brunborg, Finn Guttormsen, Jarle Vespestad, Jacob Young and Beate S. Lech.