hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation
In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as reaction intermediate. Ketoses may be transformed into 3-ketoses, etcetera. The enediol is also an intermediate for the epimerization of an aldose or ketose.

The reactions are usually base catalyzed, but can also take place under acid or neutral conditions. A typical rearrangement reaction is that between the aldose glyceraldehyde and the ketose dihydroxyacetone in a chemical equilibrium.

The Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation is relevant for the industrial production of certain ketoses and was discovered in 1885 by Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn and Willem Alberda van Ekenstein.

Enol
In organic chemistry, enols are a type of functional group or intermediate in organic chemistry. Formally, enols are derivatives of vinyl alcohol, with a C=C−OH connectivity.  The term enol is an abbreviation of alkenol, a portmanteau deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and "-ol"/"alcohol".

Keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a "keto" form (a carbonyl, named for the common ketone case) and an enol. The tautomeric interconversion involves hydrogen atom movement and the reorganisation of bonding electrons.

Many kinds of enols are known, but very few are stable compounds.  However, deprotonation of organic carbonyls gives enolate anions, which are important in organic reaction strategies as a strong nucleophile.
Lockheed Corporation
The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer. Lockheed was founded in 1926 and merged in 1995 with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin. Its founder, Allan Lockheed, had earlier founded the similarly named but otherwise-unrelated Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was operational from 1912 to 1920.

Allan Lockheed
Allan Haines Lockheed (né Allan Haines Loughead; January 20, 1889 – May 26, 1969) was an American aviation engineer and businessman. He formed the Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company along with his brother, Malcolm Loughead, which became Lockheed Corporation.

Loughead changed his name during 1934 to Allan Lockheed, the phonetic spelling of his family name, to avoid spelling confusion. He went on to begin two other aircraft manufacturing companies in the 1930s. He focused on real estate between the 1940s to 1960s.
Court Square
Court Square is the central plaza and historic district in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is located in the heart of Springfield's urban Metro Center neighborhood. Court Square is the City of Springfield's only topographical constant since its founding in 1636.

It is bounded by Springfield Municipal Group of buildings on Court Street, MassMutual Center on Main Street, MGM Springfield on State Street, East Columbus Avenue, and features Elm Street and a scenic pedestrian-only walkway from the Hampden County Courthouse toward Springfield's historic Old First Church.

Springfield Municipal Group
The Municipal Group of Springfield, Massachusetts, United States is a collection of three prominent municipal buildings in the city's Metro Center district. Consisting of a concert hall, City Hall, and a 300-foot-tall (91 m) clocktower, the Group is a center of government and culture in the city.

The Municipal Complex's architecture is a notable example of the City Beautiful style made popular by Daniel Burnham, an architect from Chicago, Illinois, in the early 20th century.
Raharney
Raharney (Irish: Ráth Fhearna, meaning 'Fearna's ringfort') is a village in east County Westmeath, Ireland. It had a population of 221 according to the 2016 census.

Raharney is on the R156 road about 18 km (11 mi) from Mullingar and about 67 km from Dublin. It is in the parish of Killucan; the village of Killucan is a further 3 km (1.9 mi) west.

Killucan and Rathwire
The villages of Killucan (Irish: Cill Liúcainne, meaning 'church of Lucan') and Rathwire (Irish: Ráth Guaire, meaning 'fort of Guaire') are co-located in the east of County Westmeath, Ireland. As of the 2016 census, they had a combined population of 1,370. Killucan is on the R156 road about 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mullingar and 60 km (37 mi) from Dublin.
Exobasidiomycetes
The Exobasidiomycetes are a class of fungi sometimes associated with the abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues known as galls. The class includes Exobasidium camelliae Shirai, the camellia leaf gall and Exobasidium vaccinii Erikss, the leaf and flower gall.

There are seven orders in the Exobasidiomycetes, including the Ceraceosorales, Doassansiales, Entylomatales, Exobasidiales, Georgefischeriales, Microstromatales and the Tilletiales. Four of the eight orders include smut fungi. The family Ceraceosoraceae was formally validated in 2009 for the order Ceraceosorales. Malasseziales was once considered to be a part of the Exobasidiomycetes class but is now considered to be a part of its own class.

Ceraceosorales
The Ceraceosorales are an order of smut fungi in the class Exobasidiomycetes. It is a monotypic order, consisting of a single family, the Ceraceosoraceae, which in turn contain a single monotypic genus, Ceraceosorus. C. bombacis is a fungus that infects the tree Bombax ceiba in India. This economically important tree is used as an ornamental tree. Ceraceosorales was circumscribed in 2006; the family Ceraceosoraceae was validated in 2009. C. bombacis was originally described as Dicellomyces bombacis in 1973, but B.K. Bakshi transferred it to the newly described Ceraceosorus three years later.
Welches Dam
Welches Dam is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Manea, in the Fenland district, in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is around 5 miles (8 km) to the north west of Ely. The parish covered an area of 2,355 acres (953 ha). Within the parish boundaries were the hamlet of the same name and the settlement of Purls Bridge. In 1951 the parish had a population of 69. Welches Dam is the site of the visitor centre for the RSPB Ouse Washes reserve.

The parish of Welches Dam was surrounded by those of Coveney, Manea, Mepal, and Witcham.

Manea, Cambridgeshire
Manea /ˈmeɪniː/ is a village and civil parish in the District of Fenland, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.

The population (including Welches Dam) of the civil parish at the 2021 census was 2,810.

Landmarks are Manea railway station and RSPB Welches Dam nature reserve on the Ouse Washes.

The village's brass band, the Manea Silver Band, was formed in 1882; it meets at Manea Royal British Legion. Manea men's football team compete in local leagues and cup competitions.
Ibrahim Njoya
Ibrahim Njoya (c. 1860–1933) was the seventeenth sultan of the Kingdom of Bamum, a monarchy in western Cameroon dating back to the fourteenth century. He succeeded his father Nsangu, and ruled from 1886 or 1887 until his death in 1933, when he was succeeded by his son, Seidou Njimoluh Njoya. He ruled from the ancient walled city of Fumban.

Njoya was a neographer, having invented the Bamum syllabary and Shümom language.

Bamum script
The Bamum scripts are an evolutionary series of six scripts created for the Bamum language by Ibrahim Njoya, King of Bamum (now western Cameroon). They are notable for evolving from a pictographic system to a semi-syllabary in the space of fourteen years, from 1896 to 1910. Bamum type was cast in 1918, but the script fell into disuse around 1931. A project began around 2007 to revive the Bamum script.

The Bamum script is also used to write the Shümom language, also invented by Njoya.
Achelous
Achelous (also Acheloos or Acheloios) (/ˌækɪˈloʊ.əs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀχελώϊος, and later Ἀχελῷος, Akhelôios) was the god in ancient Greek religion and mythology associated with the Achelous River, the largest river in Greece. According to Hesiod, he was the son of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys. He was also said to be the father of the Sirens, several nymphs, and other offspring.

Achelous was able to change his shape, and in the form of a bull, he wrestled Heracles for the right to marry Deianeira, but lost. He was also involved in the legend of the Argive hero Alcmaeon.

Oceanus
In Greek mythology, Oceanus or Okeanos was one of the Titans, the children of Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth), the brother and husband of the Titaness Tethys, and the father of the river gods and the Oceanids, as well as being the great river which encircled the entire world.
Aesculus (Carnea Group) 'Pendula'
Aesculus (Carnea Group) 'Pendula', or Weeping Red Horse Chestnut, is a weeping tree and a cultivar of the Aesculus Carnea Group, the Red Horse Chestnut Group, which is a cultivar group of artificial hybrids between Aesculus pavia and A. hippocastanum. The name first appeared in the 1902 edition of the Hand-list of Trees and Shrubs of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew without description. A few specimens of this cultivar are now known to survive.

Aesculus × carnea
Aesculus × carnea, or red horse-chestnut, is a medium-sized tree, an artificial hybrid between A. pavia (red buckeye) and A. hippocastanum (horse-chestnut). Its origin uncertain, probably appearing in Germany before 1820. It is a popular tree in large gardens and parks; and is even present in Hyde Park, London.

Aesculus × carnea's features are typically intermediate between the parent species, but it inherits the red flower color from A. pavia. Its showy flowers are borne in plumes on branch ends, blooming in spring and producing leathery fruit capsules in fall. It grows up to 40 feet (12 m) tall and 30 feet (9 m) wide, with a round head that casts dense shade when mature. Its leaves are dark green, palmately compound, and deciduous, each leaf divided into five large, toothed leaflets.
Saara Aalto
Saara Sofia Aalto (born 2 May 1987) is a Finnish singer, songwriter and voice actress. In 2012, she came second in the first season of The Voice of Finland.

In 2016, Aalto finished as the runner-up in the thirteenth series of The X Factor UK, which gained her international recognition.

In 2018, she represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, in which she qualified for the grand final and finished in 25th place. Aalto became a judge on X Factor Suomi during the same year. In 2019, she participated on Dancing on Ice and finished in third place.

X Factor (Finnish TV series)
X Factor is the Finnish version of X Factor, a show originating from the United Kingdom. It is a television music talent show contested by aspiring pop singers drawn from public auditions. The first season concluded in May 2010. On 13 June 2017, it was revealed that the show would be revived for a second season which began airing in 2018.
Dominator (roller coaster)
Dominator is a floorless roller coaster located at Kings Dominion amusement park in Doswell, Virginia. Built by Bolliger & Mabillard, it originally opened in 2000 as Batman: Knight Flight at Six Flags Ohio (later renamed to Six Flags Worlds of Adventure in 2001), in Aurora, Ohio. It was given its current name when Cedar Fair purchased the Ohio park in 2004. However, following Six Flags Ohio (renamed back to Geauga Lake by Cedar Fair)’s eventual permanent closure in 2007, the coaster was relocated to Kings Dominion, where it reopened on May 24, 2008. Dominator is located fairly close to the park’s main entry plaza, in the area known as International Street.

Dominator is the world's longest floorless coaster, at 4,210 feet (1,280 m), and it has one of the tallest vertical loops in the world at 135 ft (41 m).

Floorless Coaster
A Floorless Coaster is a type of steel roller coaster manufactured by Bolliger & Mabillard where riders sit with no floor underneath them, allowing their feet to swing freely just above the track. Development of the Floorless Coaster model began between 1995 and 1996 with Medusa at Six Flags Great Adventure, which opened on April 2, 1999, as world's first Floorless Coaster. Floorless Coasters typically feature between three and seven inversions in the layout of the coaster.

Since 2007, Bolliger & Mabillard have used floorless trains on their Dive Coasters, such as Griffon and SheiKra. Though they contain floorless trains, the coasters are still not considered Floorless Coasters, as the company classifies them as another model. Maurer Söhne has designed their own version of the Floorless Coaster, a variant of their X-Car model called X-Car Floorless, but currently do not have any installations.
Dead reckoning
In navigation, dead reckoning is the process of calculating the current position of a moving object by using a previously determined position, or fix, and incorporating estimates of speed, heading (or direction or course), and elapsed time. The corresponding term in biology, to describe the processes by which animals update their estimates of position or heading, is path integration.

Advances in navigational aids that give accurate information on position, in particular satellite navigation using the Global Positioning System, have made simple dead reckoning by humans obsolete for most purposes. However, inertial navigation systems, which provide very accurate directional information, use dead reckoning and are very widely applied.

Inertial navigation system
An inertial navigation system (INS; also inertial guidance system, inertial instrument) is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Often the inertial sensors are supplemented by a barometric altimeter and sometimes by magnetic sensors (magnetometers) and/or speed measuring devices. INSs are used on mobile robots and on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. Older INS systems generally used an inertial platform as their mounting point to the vehicle and the terms are sometimes considered synonymous.
East Patchogue, New York
East Patchogue (/ˈpætʃɒɡ/, PATCH-awg) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 21,580 at the time of the 2020 census.

The CDP is a proximate representation of the East Patchogue hamlet used for statistical purposes of the United States Census Bureau.

Patchogue, New York
Patchogue (/ˈpætʃɒɡ/ PATCH-og) is a village located within the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 12,408 at the time of the 2020 census.

The Incorporated Village of Patchogue is located approximately 60 miles (100 km) east of Manhattan, along the shore of Patchogue Bay – itself part of the Great South Bay.
Fineness
The fineness of a precious metal object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of fine metal therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes alloying base metals and any impurities. Alloy metals are added to increase hardness and durability of coins and jewelry, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement. For example, copper is added to the precious metal silver to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making silver coins in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% copper, by mass. Sterling silver contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% of other metals, usually copper, by mass.

Various ways of expressing fineness have been used and two remain in common use: millesimal fineness expressed in units of parts per 1,000 and karats or carats used only for gold. Karats measure the parts per 24, so that 18 karat = 18⁄24 = 75% gold and 24 karat gold is considered 100% gold.

Nines (notation)
Nines are an informal logarithmic notation for proportions very near to one or, equivalently, percentages very near 100%. Put simply, "nines" are the number of consecutive nines in a percentage such as 99% (two nines) or a decimal fraction such as 0.999 (three nines). Their common uses include grading the purity of materials – especially precious metals and industrial gases – or measuring the availability of a service.
Godfrey Evans
Thomas Godfrey Evans  CBE (18 August 1920 – 3 May 1999) was an English cricketer who played for Kent and England. Described by Wisden as 'arguably the best wicket-keeper the game has ever seen', Evans collected 219 dismissals in 91 Test match appearances between 1946 and 1959 and a total of 1066 in all first-class matches. En route he was the first wicket keeper to reach 200 Test dismissals and the first Englishman to reach both 1000 runs and 100 dismissals and 2000 runs and 200 dismissals in Test cricket. He was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1951.

Frank Tyson
Frank Holmes Tyson (6 June 1930 – 27 September 2015) was an England international cricketer of the 1950s, who also worked as a schoolmaster, journalist, cricket coach and cricket commentator after emigrating to Australia in 1960. Nicknamed "Typhoon Tyson" by the press, he was regarded by many commentators as one of the fastest bowlers ever seen in cricket and took 76 wickets at an average of 18.56 in 17 Test matches.

In 2007, a panel of judges declared Tyson Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for 1955 due to his outstanding tour of Australia in 1954–55 where his 28 wickets (20.82) was instrumental in retaining the Ashes. Tyson coached Victoria to two Sheffield Shield victories and later coached the Sri Lankan national cricket team. He was a cricket commentator for 26 years on ABC and Channel Nine.
SolvV
SolvV is short for Solvabilitätsverordnung which means solvability directive in German, i.e. the delegated legislation of §§ 10 ff of the Kreditwesengesetz and in effect since 2006. The long name in German is Verordnung über die angemessene Eigenmittelausstattung von Instituten, Institutsgruppen und Finanzholding-Gruppen, literally "directive on the appropriate setting of equity for (financial) institutes, groups of institutes and financial holding groups". There is an analogous directive with the same name in Austria.

Kreditwesengesetz
The German Banking Act Kreditwesengesetz (KWG), literally meaning law of the banking system, is the primary legally implementation of the Basel Accords. It is binding for banks and other institutes providing financial services (German: de:Kreditinstitute und de:Finanzdienstleistungsinstitute) in Germany and effective since January 1935, but updated in 1962.
Grays Ferry Bridge
Grays Ferry Bridge (previously spelled as Gray's Ferry Bridge) has been the formal or informal name of several floating bridges and four permanent ones that have carried highway and rail traffic over the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. The bridge today is a four-lane divided highway bridge, built in 1976, that carries Grays Ferry Avenue from the Grays Ferry neighborhood on the east bank, over the river and the Northeast Corridor railroad tracks, to the Southwest Philadelphia neighborhood of Kingsessing.

In 1902, rail traffic was shifted to the adjacent Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad Bridge No. 1, which was demolished in 2018. Its pilings support an under-construction bridge for use by cyclists and pedestrians traveling the Schuylkill River Trail.

Grays Ferry, Philadelphia
Grays Ferry, also known as Gray's Ferry, is a neighborhood in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, bounded (roughly) by 25th Street on the east, the Schuylkill River on the west, Vare Avenue on the south, and Grays Ferry Avenue on the north.  The section of this neighborhood west of 34th Street is also known as Forgotten Bottom.

Grays Ferry shares borders with Southwest Center City to the north, Point Breeze to the east, and Girard Estate to the south. Grays Ferry is across from where Mill Creek debouches at about 43rd street.

Grays Ferry was historically one of the largest enclaves of Irish Americans in the city, and while there are still many Irish left, it is now home to a majority African American population.
Claude-Max Lochu
Claude-Max Lochu (born 1951) is a French artist, painter and designer.

Lochu was born in Delle in Territoire de Belfort, Franche-Comté and completed his degree at the École des Beaux-Arts of Besançon. Lochu was exhibited in the Museum of Fine Arts, Dole, and is now exhibited permanently in Faure Museum as well as in 2 galleries in Paris and Lyon.

Faure Museum (Aix-les-Bains)
45°41′31″N 5°54′57″E﻿ / ﻿45.69194°N 5.91583°E﻿ / 45.69194; 5.91583

The Faure Museum is an art museum situated at Aix-les-Bains in France in the department of Savoie. It is a museum of France, according to the law  n°2002-5 of January 4, 2002. It was founded in 1949 and comprised initially artworks from the private collection of Doctor Jean Faure (1862–1942), bequeathed to the city. The Faure Museum possesses the second collection in France of works by Rodin and the second collection of Impressionist paintings of France.
Ada Apa Dengan Cinta? the Series
Ada Apa Dengan Cinta? the Series  (English: "What's Up with Love? the Series" or "What's Up with Cinta? the Series") is an Indonesian soap opera produced by SinemArt that premiered December 7, 2003, to July 10, 2005, on RCTI based on the movie of the same name. It was directed by Indrayanto Kurniawan and starred Ririn Dwi Ariyanti.

What's Up with Love?
What's Up with Love? (Indonesian: Ada Apa dengan Cinta?) is a 2002 Indonesian coming-of-age romance film directed by Rudy Soedjarwo, starring Dian Sastrowardoyo and Nicholas Saputra. It was the most-watched Indonesian movie of all time at the time of its release, peaking at 2.7 million sold tickets. The movie is considered as one of the best Indonesian movies of all time according to critics in a 2007 survey by Tabloid Bintang.
Mark Riley (Australian rules coach)
Mark Riley (born 10 October 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer, most notably as the caretaker senior coach of the Melbourne Football Club in the 2007 season, after senior coach Neale Daniher resigned. Riley was not retained as Melbourne Football Club senior coach at the end of the 2007 season, due to the appointment of Dean Bailey as Melbourne Football Club senior coach. Riley also was an assistant coach with the Fremantle Football Club, Carlton Football Club and the Gold Coast Suns.

Dean Bailey
Dean Bailey (18 January 1967 – 11 March 2014) was an Australian rules football player and coach. He played for the Essendon Football Club and was the senior coach of the Melbourne Football Club, as well as an assistant coach at Essendon and Port Adelaide and the Strategy & Innovation Coach at the Adelaide Football Club (Adelaide Crows). Bailey died of lung cancer on 11 March 2014.
The Concept of Mind
The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that "mind" is "a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from René Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have become habitual."

The work has been cited as having "put the final nail in the coffin of Cartesian dualism," and has been seen as a founding document in the philosophy of mind, which received professional recognition as a distinct and important branch of philosophy only after 1950.

In 2002, it was republished with an introduction by Daniel Dennett.

Category mistake
A category mistake (or category error, categorical mistake, or mistake of category) is a semantic or ontological error in which things belonging to a particular category are presented as if they belong to a different category, or, alternatively, a property is ascribed to a thing that could not possibly have that property. An example is a person learning that the game of cricket involves team spirit, and after being given a demonstration of each player's role, asking which player performs the "team spirit".