hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Länderkammer
The Chamber of States (German: Länderkammer) was the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from its founding in 1949 until 1952, at which time it was largely sidelined, when the five Länder (states) of East Germany ceased to exist and were replaced with smaller administrative regions. The Chamber of States itself was dissolved on 8 December 1958. The lower chamber, which continued in existence until German reunification in 1990, was the Volkskammer (People's Chamber).

In the Federal Republic of Germany the expression Länderkammer is sometimes used to denote the Bundesrat, although it is not classified as a legislative chamber of a bicameral legislature, but one of two unicameral legislative bodies.

Administrative divisions of East Germany
The administrative divisions of the German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to as East Germany) were constituted in two different forms during the country's history. The GDR first retained the traditional German division into federated states called Länder, but in 1952 they were replaced with districts called Bezirke. Immediately before German reunification in 1990, the Länder were restored, but they were not effectively reconstituted until after reunification had completed.
Waikanae railway station
Waikanae railway station in Waikanae on the Kāpiti Coast, New Zealand, is the terminal station on the Kāpiti Line for Metlink's electric multiple unit commuter trains from Wellington. The railway is part of the North Island Main Trunk line that connects Wellington and Auckland.

Kāpiti Line
Metlink's Kāpiti Line is the electrified southern portion of the North Island Main Trunk railway between New Zealand's capital city, Wellington, and Waikanae on the Kāpiti Coast, operated by Transdev Wellington on behalf of Greater Wellington Regional Council. Trains run frequently every day, with stops at 16 stations. Until 20 February 2011 it was known as the Paraparaumu Line.
Congressional Black Caucus
The Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) is made up of Black members of the United States Congress. Representative Yvette Clarke from New York, the current  chairperson, succeeded Steven Horsford from Nevada in 2025. Although most members belong to the Democratic Party, the CBC founders envisioned it as a non-partisan organization, and there have been several instances of bipartisan collaboration with Republicans.

Yvette Clarke
Yvette Diane Clarke (born November 21, 1964) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for New York's 9th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, she first entered Congress in 2007, representing New York's 11th congressional district until redistricting. Clarke represented the 40th district in Brooklyn on the New York City Council from 2002 to 2006.
Diocese of Fresno
The Diocese of Fresno (Latin: Dioecesis Fresnensis) is a diocese of the Latin Church in the Central Valley of California in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. The bishop is Joseph Brennan. Since 1922, the diocesan see has been in the City of Fresno with the cathedra at St. John's Cathedral.

Joseph Vincent Brennan
Joseph Vincent Brennan (born March 20, 1954) is an American Catholic prelate who has served as Bishop of Fresno in California since 2019. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles in California from 2015 to 2019.
Finder (software)
The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems. Described in its "About" window as "The Macintosh Desktop Experience", it is responsible for the launching of other applications, and for the overall user management of files, disks, and network volumes. It was introduced with the Macintosh 128K—the first Macintosh computer—and also exists as part of GS/OS on the Apple IIGS. It was rewritten completely with the release of Mac OS X in 2001.

In a tradition dating back to the Classic Mac OS of the 1980s and 1990s, the Finder icon is the smiling screen of a computer, known as the Happy Mac logo.

File manager
A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.  The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing, playing, editing or printing), renaming, copying, moving, deleting and searching for files, as well as modifying file attributes, properties and file permissions. Folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their directory structure.
PKA (irradiation)
In condensed-matter physics, a primary knock-on atom (PKA) is an atom that is displaced from its lattice site by irradiation; it is, by definition, the first atom that an incident particle encounters in the target. After it is displaced from its initial lattice site, the PKA can induce the subsequent lattice site displacements of other atoms if it possesses sufficient energy (threshold displacement energy), or come to rest in the lattice at an interstitial site if it does not (interstitial defect).

Most of the displaced atoms resulting from electron irradiation and some other types of irradiation are PKAs, since these are usually below the threshold displacement energy and therefore do not have sufficient energy to displace more atoms. In other cases like fast neutron irradiation, most of the displacements result from higher-energy PKAs colliding with other atoms as they slow down to rest.

Threshold displacement energy
In materials science, the threshold displacement energy (Td) is the minimum kinetic energy that an atom in a solid needs to be permanently displaced from its site in the lattice to a defect position. It is also known as "displacement threshold energy" or just "displacement energy". In a crystal, a separate threshold displacement energy exists for each crystallographic direction. Then one should distinguish between the minimum (Td,min) and average (Td,ave) over all lattice directions' threshold displacement energies. In amorphous solids, it may be possible to define an effective displacement energy to describe some other average quantity of interest. Threshold displacement energies in typical solids are of the order of 10-50 eV.
Missouri Route 291
Missouri Route 291 is a state highway in the western part of the U.S. state of Missouri. Its southern terminus is at I-49/US 71 in Harrisonville; its northern terminus is at I-435 in Kansas City. The route was once designated as US 71 Bypass. Route 291 serves as a main arterial road and commercial strip in Liberty and Independence.

Independence, Missouri
Independence is a city mostly in and one of two county seats of Jackson County, Missouri, United States. It is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is the largest suburb on the Missouri side of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2020, it had a total population of 123,011, making it the fifth-most populous city in Missouri. A small part of the city extends into Clay County.

Independence is known as the "Queen City of the Trails" because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon, and Santa Fe Trails. It is the hometown of U.S. President Harry S. Truman, with the Truman Presidential Library and Museum, and the gravesites of Truman and First Lady Bess Truman. The city is sacred to the Latter Day Saint movement, as the home of Joseph Smith's 1831 Temple Lot, and the headquarters of several Mormon denominations.
May Anderson
May Anderson (June 8, 1864 – June 10, 1946) was the second general president of the children's Primary organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) between 1925 and 1939. Anderson also served as the first counselor to general Primary president Louie B. Felt from 1905 to 1925.

Primary (LDS Church)
The Primary (formerly the Primary Association) is the children's organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It acts as a Sunday school organization for the church's children (ages 3–11).
Early music festivals
Early music festivals are a generic term for musical festivals focused on music before Beethoven, or including historically informed performance of later works. The increase in the number of music festivals specializing in early music is a reflection of the early music revival of the 1970s and 1980s. Many larger festivals, such as the Aix-en-Provence Festival, also include early music sections, as do, inevitably, festivals of sacred music, such as the Festival de Música Sacra do Baixo Alentejo, in Portugal. Although most early music festivals are centered on commercial performance, many also include workshops. This article includes an incomplete list of early music festivals, which may overlap with topics such as the list of Bach festivals, list of maritime music festivals, list of opera festivals, and in some cases, list of folk festivals.

Bach festival
A Bach festival is a music festival held to celebrate the memory of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750). Various locations throughout the world hold festivals dedicated to Bach. A notable example is the Bachfest Leipzig, held each year in the city of Leipzig, where the composer worked as Thomaskantor for the last 27 years of his life.
The Last King
The Last King (Norwegian: Birkebeinerne) is a 2016 Norwegian historical drama, directed by Nils Gaup. The story, inspired by true events, centers on the efforts of the Birkebeiner loyalists to protect the infant, Haakon Haakonsson, the heir to the Norwegian throne after the death of his father, King Haakon Sverresson. The film is set during the civil war era in Norway during the 13th-century.

Birkebeiner
The Birkebeiner, Birkebeinar or Birkebein Party (Old Norse: Birkibeinar; Norwegian: Birkebeinarane (nynorsk) or Birkebeinerne (bokmål)) were a rebel group in the Civil War period in Norway, formed in 1174 around Eystein Meyla, a pretender to the throne. The name has its origins in propaganda from the established party that the rebels were so poor that they wrapped their legs with birch bark. Although originally a pejorative, the opposition adopted the Birkebeiner name for themselves, and continued using it after they came to power in 1184.

Today, the Birkebeiner are popularly celebrated for two of them having skiied with the one-year-old Haakon Haakonsson, an heir to the Norwegian throne, from Lillehammer through Østerdalen to Trondheim, a long and perilous journey through treacherous mountains and forests. In Norway, their feat is commemorated through the Birkebeinerrennet cross-country ski race, the Birkebeinerrittet mountain bike race, and the Birkebeinerløpet cross-country run.
Quillen determinant line bundle
In mathematics, the Quillen determinant line bundle is a line bundle over the space of Cauchy–Riemann operators of a vector bundle over a Riemann surface, introduced by Quillen (1985). Quillen proved the existence of the Quillen metric on the determinant line bundle, a Hermitian metric defined using the analytic torsion of a family of differential operators.

Daniel Quillen
Daniel Gray Quillen (June 22, 1940 – April 30, 2011) was an American mathematician. He is known for being the "prime architect" of higher algebraic K-theory, for which he was awarded the Cole Prize in 1975 and the Fields Medal in 1978.

From 1984 to 2006, he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Saphan Khwai
Saphan Khwai (Thai: สะพานควาย, pronounced [sā.pʰāːn kʰwāːj]) is an intersection and neighbourhood in the overlapping areas of Phaya Thai and Sam Sen Nai subdistricts in Phaya Thai District, Bangkok, Thailand.

The surrounding neighbourhood is studded with many apartments and is best known for its many shops and markets. It is served by the BTS skytrain service at Saphan Khwai Station. From the 1960s, as the urban zone of Bangkok grew, the land which once had been countryside, mostly rice farms, became urbanized with more residential and commercial areas.

Phaya Thai district
Phaya Thai (Thai: พญาไท, pronounced [pʰā.jāː tʰāj]) is a district in central Bangkok, Thailand. From the north clockwise, its neighbouring districts are: Bang Sue, Chatuchak, Din Daeng, Ratchathewi, and Dusit. Despite sharing a name, due to boundary changes, Phaya Thai Road and Phaya Thai BTS Station are in the adjoining Ratchathewi District.
Karin Miyamoto
Karin Miyamoto (宮本佳林, Miyamoto Karin, born December 1, 1998 in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese singer. She is a former member of Juice=Juice, an all-female pop group within Hello! Project. In 2025, she is set to her theatrical debut as Kaori Miyazono in the musical Your Lie in April.

Juice=Juice
Juice=Juice, pronounced "Juice Juice", is an eleven-member Japanese idol girl group formed in 2013. The group originally consisted of six trainee members of Hello! Project. They have released three studio albums and seventeen singles.

Juice=Juice was nominated for the 2013 TBS Japan Record Award in the category of "Best Newcomer" and won a "New Artist" Award. In February 2016, Juice=Juice starred as a fictionalized version of the group in a Japanese drama called Budokan.
Takachiho, Miyazaki
Takachiho (高千穂町, Takachiho-chō) is a town in Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2023, the town has an estimated population of 11,065 in 4865 households, and a  population density of 47 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 237.54 square kilometres (91.71 sq mi).

Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki
Nishiusuki (西臼杵郡, Nishiusuki-gun) is a district located in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.

As of October 2020, the district has an estimated population of 18,749 and the density of 27.29 persons per km2. The total area is 686.94 km2.
Marsaxlokk F.C.
Marsaxlokk Football Club is a Maltese professional football club from the town of Marsaxlokk, which currently plays in the BOV Premier League. The club was founded in 1949. Marsaxlokk won the Maltese Premier League title for the first time in their history, after finishing as league champions for the 2006–07 season. Marsaxlokk has its headquarters at Triq il-Kavalleriza, Mxlokk redoubt.

Maltese Premier League
The Maltese Premier League, known as Yo Health Malta Premier for sponsorship reasons with Yo Health (colloquially known as Il-Kampjonat Premjer), is the highest level of professional football in Malta. Managed by the Malta Football Association, the Premier League is contested by 12 teams and operates on a promotion and relegation system with the Challenge League. As of June 2022, the Premier League ranks 46th out of 55 members in the UEFA coefficient.

The league was first contested in 1909 as the First Division, before switching to its current name in 1980; the First Division in turn replaced the Second Division. Sliema Wanderers and Floriana have won the title a record 26 times. The current champions are Ħamrun Spartans who won their 11th title in the 2024-25 season.
Topological abelian group
In mathematics, a topological abelian group, or TAG, is a topological group that is also an abelian group.
That is, a TAG is both a group and a topological space, the group operations are continuous, and the group's binary operation is commutative.

The theory of topological groups applies also to TAGs, but more can be done with TAGs. Locally compact TAGs, in particular, are used heavily in harmonic analysis.

Topological group
In mathematics, topological groups are the combination of groups and topological spaces, i.e. they are groups and topological spaces at the same time, such that the continuity condition for the group operations connects these two structures together and consequently they are not independent from each other.

Topological groups were studied extensively in the period of 1925 to 1940. Haar and Weil (respectively in 1933 and 1940) showed that the integrals and Fourier series are special cases of a construct that can be defined on a very wide class of topological groups.

Topological groups, along with continuous group actions, are used to study continuous symmetries, which have many applications, for example, in physics. In functional analysis, every topological vector space is an additive topological group with the additional property that scalar multiplication is continuous; consequently, many results from the theory of topological groups can be applied to functional analysis.
Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award
The Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award, instituted in 2011 for the 2008–09 Karnataka State Film Awards is an award given by the government of Karnataka to long-serving film personalities in Kannada cinema. The award, previously called Lifetime Contribution to Kannada Cinema Award, was named Dr. Vishnuvardhan Award in honour of Kannada film industry actor Vishnuvardhan after his demise in 2009. The award carries a purse of ₹200,000 and a gold-plated plaque.

Karnataka State Film Awards
Karnataka State Film Awards are the most notable and prestigious film awards given for Kannada film industry in Karnataka, India. These are considered the highest awards for Kannada language films. They are given annually by the Government of Karnataka to honor the best talent and to provide encouragement and incentive to the Kannada film industry.

The awards are decided by a committee, headed by a panel of judges. The jury usually consists of eminent film personalities. The awards intend to promote films with artistic value and encourage artists, technicians and producers. The awards are declared by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

On 14 November 2016,Chief Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah declared that the State Government will present the Karnataka State Film Awards on 24 April, the birthday of thespian Dr. Rajkumar, every year henceforth.
Central Etobicoke High School
Central Etobicoke High School (or Central Etobicoke, CEHS); formerly Westway High School is a secondary school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 10 Denfield Street, bordered by Widdicombe Hill Blvd to the South and Clement Rd to the North, in the Richview neighbourhood of the former suburb of Etobicoke. It is operated by the Toronto District School Board since being transferred from the Etobicoke Board of Education in 1997.

Etobicoke Board of Education
The Etobicoke Board of Education (EBE commonly known as School District 12), officially known as the Board of Education for the City of Etobicoke is the former public-secular school board administering the schools of Etobicoke, Ontario, headquartered in the Etobicoke Civic Centre. In 1998, it was merged into the Toronto District School Board. The former EBE offices remain in use today by the TDSB as the West Education Office.
Allan Hawco
Allan Hawco is a Canadian writer, actor, and producer from Bell Island, Newfoundland. He is best known for his roles in the series Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan, Republic of Doyle, and The Book of Negroes, and the television limited series Caught.

Jack Ryan (TV series)
Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan (also known simply as Jack Ryan) is an American political action thriller television series based on characters from the fictional Ryanverse created by author Tom Clancy. Featuring modern-day interpretations of the original characters, it stars John Krasinski as CIA analyst Jack Ryan. The series was created by Carlton Cuse and Graham Roland. Cuse, Roland, and Krasinski serve as executive producers, alongside Michael Bay, Morten Tyldum, and Brad Fuller, among others.

The series premiered on August 31, 2018, on Amazon Prime Video. Ahead of the third season, Amazon renewed the series for a fourth season and in May 2022, it was confirmed the series would end after its fourth season, which premiered on June 29, 2023, and concluded on July 14. A spin-off starring Michael Peña as Ding Chavez and a sequel film are in development. The film was announced to be in production on February 19, 2025.
Electoral district of Belfast
The electoral district of Belfast was an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in the British colony of Victoria. It was one of the original lower house seats in the first Parliament of Victoria in 1856. Belfast was renamed in 1889 to Port Fairy after the town of Belfast was also renamed.

Electoral district of Port Fairy
38°22′S 142°14′E﻿ / ﻿38.367°S 142.233°E﻿ / -38.367; 142.233
Port Fairy was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria from 1889 to 1927. 
It was created when the Electoral district of Belfast was renamed. Bryan O'Loghlen was the last member for Belfast, serving 1888–1889.

It centred on the coastal town of Port Fairy in western Victoria. It was replaced in 1927 by the Electoral district of Port Fairy and Glenelg.

In 2002, Port Fairy was incorporated into the South-West Coast electorate.  Denis Napthine has been the sitting member since 2002.
Meng Yi
Meng Yi (died c.August or September 210 BC) was a Chinese military general and politician. As an official of the Qin dynasty, he served in the court of Qin Shi Huang. He was a younger brother of the general Meng Tian. After Qin Shi Huang's death, Meng Yi and his brother were executed by Qin Er Shi on the urging of Zhao Gao.

Qin Er Shi
Qin Er Shi (229 – 207 BC), given name Huhai, was the second emperor of the Chinese Qin dynasty, reigning from 210 to 207 BC. The son of Qin Shi Huang, he was put on the throne by Li Si and Zhao Gao, circumventing his brother Fusu, who had been the designated heir. Upon Huhai's ascension, both Fusu and the popular general Meng Tian were killed on the orders of Li and Zhao, with Qin Er Shi's role in the assassinations remaining uncertain and controversial. A weak ruler, Qin Er Shi's reign was completely dominated by Zhao Gao, who eventually forced him to commit suicide. By the time of his death, the Qin Empire's power had lessened so much that his successor Ziying ruled as a king, not emperor.
Terazije
Terazije (Serbian Cyrillic: Теразије) is the central town square and the surrounding neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in the municipality of Stari Grad.

Today, Terazije has primarily function of the main transit square, surrounded by the important public buildings, cultural institutions, hotels, public monuments and parks. Though not classically shaped square, Terazije was historically important as the gathering spot and the former business and commercial center of Belgrade. With the Knez Mihailova Street, which extends to the northeast connecting directly Terazije and Belgrade Fortress, the square is one of the oldest and most recognizable ambience units of Belgrade. Due to its historical and cultural importance, Terazije was declared a protected spatial cultural-historical unit in January 2020.

Belgrade Fortress
The Belgrade Fortress (Serbian: Београдска тврђава, Beogradska tvrđava, Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár), consists of the old citadel (Upper and Lower Town) and Kalemegdan Park (Large and Little Kalemegdan) on the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, in an urban area of modern Belgrade, Serbia. Located in Belgrade's municipality of Stari Grad, the fortress constitutes the specific historical core of the city. As one of the most important representatives of Belgrade's cultural heritage, it was originally protected right after World War II, among the first officially declared cultural monuments in Serbia. The fortress was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and is protected by the Republic of Serbia. It is the most visited tourist attraction in Belgrade, with Skadarlija being the second. Since the admission is free, it is estimated that the total number of visitors (foreign, domestic, citizens of Belgrade) is over 2 million yearly.