hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diameter (protocol)
Diameter is an authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) protocol for computer networks. It evolved from the earlier RADIUS protocol. It belongs to the application layer protocols in the Internet protocol suite.

Diameter Applications extend the base protocol by adding new commands and/or attributes, such as those for use with the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).

RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service. RADIUS was developed by Livingston Enterprises in 1991 as an access server authentication and accounting protocol. It was later brought into IEEE 802 and IETF standards.

RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer, and can use either TCP or UDP. Network access servers, which control access to a network, usually contain a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server. RADIUS is often the back-end of choice for 802.1X authentication. A RADIUS server is usually a background process running on UNIX or Microsoft Windows.

The Blast-RADIUS attack breaks RADIUS when it is run on an unencrypted transport protocol like UDP.
Downtown San Diego
Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, California, the eighth largest city in the United States. It houses the major local headquarters of the city, county, state, and federal governments. The area comprises seven neighborhoods: Gaslamp Quarter, East Village, Columbia, Marina, Cortez Hill, Little Italy, and Core.

The downtown area is home of the San Diego Convention Center, the city's primary convention center. It is also home of the San Diego Symphony and the San Diego Opera, as well as several performing arts venues, such as Jacobs Music Center, the Rady Shell at Jacobs Park, and the San Diego Civic Theatre.

Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay, which houses the USS Midway Museum and the Maritime Museum of San Diego. Balboa Park is a historic urban cultural park that borders the area. San Diego International Airport is located three miles (4.8 km; 2.6 nmi) northwest of downtown.

East Village, San Diego
East Village is a neighborhood in downtown San Diego, California, United States. It is the largest urban neighborhood in downtown San Diego. It is located east of the Gaslamp Quarter and southeast of the Core district and Cortez Hill in downtown San Diego. East Village encompasses 130 blocks between Seventh Avenue east to 18th Street. It is home to more than 700 businesses.
Umbilical hernia
An umbilical hernia is a health condition where the abdominal wall behind the navel is damaged. It may cause the navel to bulge outwards—the bulge consisting of abdominal fat from the greater omentum or occasionally parts of the small intestine. The bulge can often be pressed back through the hole in the abdominal wall, and may "pop out" when coughing or otherwise acting to increase intra-abdominal pressure. Treatment is surgical, and surgery may be performed for cosmetic as well as health-related reasons.

Navel
The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus; pl.: umbilici or umbilicuses; also known as the belly button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord.
Ruth McVey
Ruth Thomas McVey (born October 22, 1930) is an American scholar of Indonesia and Southeast Asia who has written on communism and the Indonesian Communist Party. In 1966, along with Benedict Anderson, she co-authored the Cornell Paper, which examined the failed September 30 Movement in Indonesia. She has written and edited books about Indonesian and Southeast Asian politics, including The rise of Indonesian communism in 1965 and The Soviet view of the Indonesian revolution in 1969.

Benedict Anderson
Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson  (August 26, 1936 – December 13, 2015) was an Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian who lived and taught in the United States. Anderson is best known for his 1983 book Imagined Communities, which explored the origins of nationalism. A polyglot with an interest in Southeast Asia, he was the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor of International Studies, Government & Asian Studies at Cornell University. His work on the "Cornell Paper" disputed the official story of Indonesia's 30 September Movement and the subsequent anti-Communist purges of 1965–1966 which led to his expulsion from that country. He was the elder brother of historian Perry Anderson.
Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)
The Regionalliga Süd (English: Regional League South) was the fourth tier of the German football league system from 2008 to 2012. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the third tier. It was the highest regional league for the southern part of Germany. It covered the states of Bavaria, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg and was one of three leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Nord and the Regionalliga West.

The league was disbanded at the end of the 2011–12 season, with the Bavarian clubs joining the new Regionalliga Bayern while the others joined the clubs from the southwest of Germany to form the new Regionalliga Südwest.

From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Süd existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but this league is not directly related to the current one.

Regionalliga Nord
The Regionalliga Nord (English: Regional League North) is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Bremen and Hamburg. It is one of five leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Südwest and the Regionalliga West. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the third tier.

From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Nord existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but it is not related to the current Regionalliga.
Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis
Bun-sgoil Ghàidhlig Inbhir Nis or Inverness Gaelic Primary School is a primary school in Inverness, Scotland, which teaches through the medium of Scottish Gaelic, commonly known as Gaelic medium education. It opened in August 2007, as the first purpose-built Gaelic-medium school in Scotland.

Scottish Gaelic-medium education
Scottish Gaelic-medium education (Scottish Gaelic: Foghlam tro Mheadhan na Gàidhlig; FtMG), also known as Gaelic-medium education (GME), is a form of education in Scotland that allows pupils to be taught primarily through the medium of Scottish Gaelic, with English being taught as the secondary language.

Gaelic-medium education is increasingly popular throughout Scotland, and the number of pupils who are in Gaelic-medium education has risen from 24 in 1985 (its first year) to 5,066 in 2021. As of 2017, the current figure is the highest number of Gaelic-medium education pupils in Scotland since the 2005 passage of the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act by the Scottish Parliament. Not included in this figure are university students at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Lews Castle College, or Ionad Chaluim Chille Ìle who are taking their degrees through the medium of Gaelic.
Puurs
Puurs (Dutch pronunciation: [pyːrs]) is a former municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. It is located in the Flemish Region. The municipality comprised the towns of Breendonk, Liezele, Kalfort, Ruisbroek (old spelling: Ruysbroeck) and Puurs proper. There is also the hamlet of Kalfort. In 2021, Puurs had a total population of 17,684. The total area is 33.41 km2 (12+7⁄8 sq mi).

Puurs sits about 5 meters above mean sea level. Its geography shows only minor elevation differences. Puurs is mainly rural, with some low intensity industry development in the North alongside the N16 expressway. However, because of its proximity to the cities of Antwerp and Brussels (both within a 25 km or 15+1⁄2 mi radius) and its excellent accessibility, Puurs is developing increasingly into a residential town.

Effective 1 January 2019, Puurs and Sint-Amands were merged into the new municipality of Puurs-Sint-Amands.

Sint-Amands
Sint-Amands (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌsɪnt ɑˈmɑnts]) is a town and a former municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp, Belgium. The municipality comprises the towns of Lippelo, Oppuurs and Sint-Amands proper. In 2021, Sint-Amands had a total population of 8,524. The total area is 15.58 km2. Sint-Amands is located at the right bank of the Scheldt river.

Effective 1 January 2019, Puurs and Sint-Amands were merged into the new municipality of Puurs-Sint-Amands.
TV Verdes Mares
TV Verdes Mares (channel 10) is a television station licensed to Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, affiliated with TV Globo, serving as the flagship broadcasting property of locally based Sistema Verdes Mares, a company of the Grupo Edson Queiroz, alongside independent station TV Diário (channel 22). TV Verdes Mares's studios and transmitter are located on Desembargador Moreira Avenue, in the Dionísio Torres district of Fortaleza.

TV Diário
TV Diário (Daily TV) is a Brazilian television station based in the city of Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. It belongs to the Sistema Verdes Mares, one of the main media conglomerates in the country, which also includes TV Verdes Mares, FM 93 and Verdes Mares radios and the newspaper Diário do Nordeste. The station is known for producing entirely local programming focused on the customs of the Northeast Region of Brazil.
Desert Center, California
Desert Center is a census-designated place in the Colorado Desert in Riverside County, California. It is in southern California, between the cities of Indio and Blythe at the junction of Interstate 10 and State Route 177, about halfway between Phoenix and Los Angeles.  The ZIP Code is 92239, and the community is in telephone area codes 442 and 760. The elevation is 656 feet (200 m). The population was 256 at the 2020 census.

Blythe, California
Blythe (/blaɪθ/) is a city in eastern Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Palo Verde Valley of the Lower Colorado River Valley region, an agricultural area and part of the Colorado Desert along the Colorado River, approximately 224 miles (360 km) east of Los Angeles and 150 miles (240 km) west of Phoenix. Blythe was named after Thomas Henry Blythe, a San Francisco financier, who established primary water rights to the Colorado River in the region in 1877. The city was incorporated on July 21, 1916. The population was 18,317 at the 2020 census.
Rheinische Zeitung
The Rheinische Zeitung ("Rhenish Newspaper") was a 19th-century German newspaper, edited most famously by Karl Marx. The paper was launched in January 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843. The paper was eventually succeeded by a daily newspaper launched by Marx on behalf of the Communist League in June 1848, called the Neue Rheinische Zeitung ("New Rhenish Newspaper").

Neue Rheinische Zeitung
The Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie ("New Rhenish Newspaper: Organ of Democracy") was a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849. It is recognised by historians as one of the most important dailies of the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany. The paper was regarded by its editors and readers as the successor of an earlier Cologne newspaper, the Rheinische Zeitung ("Rhenish Newspaper"), also edited for a time by Marx, which had been suppressed by state censorship over five years earlier.
Change machine
A change machine is a type of vending machine that accepts banknotes, also referred to as paper currency, and returns an equal amount of currency in smaller bills or coins. These machines are used to provide coins in exchange for paper currency, in which case they are also known as bill changers.

In the United States, these devices are typically seen in the vicinity of machines that will not accept paper currency. This can be in a parking facility that has parking meters, in laundromats, or near vending machines that lack bill validators and do not accept paper currency.

Before the advent of coinless slot machines, casinos would sometimes have change machines that would accept paper currency and return coins or tokens that could be used in the machines. A similar arrangement has often been found at video arcades.

In some cases, a machine may subtract a small amount (e.g. 5 cents) as a surcharge for the transaction.

Vending machine
A vending machine is an automated machine that dispenses items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes, and lottery tickets to consumers after cash, a credit card, or other forms of payment are inserted into the machine or payment is otherwise made. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries and, in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created.
Jindo (island)
Jindo (Korean: 진도) is the third largest island in South Korea. Together with a group of much smaller islands, it forms Jindo County.

It is located in South Jeolla province, just off the southwest corner of the Korean peninsula. The island is separated from the mainland by the Myeongnyang Strait; however, this strait is now spanned by South Korea's longest cable-stayed bridge spanning 484 meters. Here in 1597 admiral Yi Sun-sin won the Battle of Myeongnyang, defeating a vastly superior Japanese fleet.

Every year, on a variable day in the spring or summer, a narrow land pass (about 2.9 km long and up to 40 meters wide) opens for about an hour between the main Jindo Island and small Modo island as a result of tidal activity. This event attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists and is accompanied by local festivals.

Jindo County
Jindo County (Jindo-gun) is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea.  It consists of the island of Jindo and several smaller nearby islands. Jindo Bridge connects Jindo county with Haenam county.

Together with Jindo Island, Jindo County contains an archipelago of about 230 small islands, of which only 45 are inhabited by 4,855 people. Women made up 50.4% of the total county population of 29,538 in 2015. Most of the land is covered by forests (60%) and cultivated fields (30%). The county tree is Malchilus thunbergii, the flower camellia and the bird the swan. The local food specialties are wolfberry, which is used for liquor, tea and paste; cheongju red-colored rice wine, brown seaweed and black rice.
Wiswell
Wiswell is a small village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley, Lancashire, England, close to Whalley and Clitheroe at the foot of Wiswell Moor.

At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 967.

The parish adjoins the other Ribble Valley parishes of Pendleton, Sabden, Whalley and Barrow. Higher areas of the parish, east of the village, are part of the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Whalley, Lancashire
Whalley /ˈhwɔːli/ is a village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley on the banks of the River Calder in Lancashire, England. It is overlooked by Whalley Nab, a large wooded hill over the river from the village. The population of the civil parish was 2,645 at the census of 2001, and increased to 3,629 at the census of 2011.

The main road through Whalley is King Street, which leads through to Clitheroe Road. Neighbouring Whalley are the small villages of Wiswell, Billington, Barrow, and Read. Close by is Downham village and Pendle Hill which was made famous in William Harrison Ainsworth's book The Lancashire Witches.
Jagaddeva (Chahamana dynasty)
Jagaddeva (r. c. 1150) was an Indian king belonging to the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India. He ascended the throne after killing his father Arnoraja, and ruled briefly before being dethroned by his brother Vigraharaja IV.

Vigraharaja IV
Vigraharāja IV (r. c. 1150–1164 CE), also known as Visala-deva, was a king of Shakambhari from the  Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari. He defeated and subdued the Naddula Chauhans and Tomaras. He also repulsed the Raids of Ghaznavids.

Vigraharaja's kingdom included major parts of present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, and Delhi; and possibly some parts of Punjab. Vigraharaja commissioned several buildings in his capital Ajayameru (modern Ajmer), most of which were destroyed or converted into Muslim structures after the Muslim conquest of Ajmer. These included a Sanskrit centre of learning that was later converted into the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque. Harakeli Nataka, a Sanskrit-language drama written by him, is inscribed on inscriptions discovered at the mosque site.
Stumped
Stumped is a method of dismissing a batter in cricket, in which the wicket-keeper puts down the wicket of the striker while the striker is out of their ground. It is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of Cricket.

Being "out of their ground" means no part of the batter's body, equipment or bat is touching the ground behind the crease.

Stumped is a special case of run out, but a stumping can only be affected by the wicket-keeper without the intervention of another fielder, when the striker is not attempting a run, and the ball must not be a no-ball. If the criteria for both stumped and run out are met, then the dismissal will be recorded as a stumping and credited to the bowler and wicket-keeper.

As always in cricket, one of the fielding team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpires. It is the striker's end umpire who adjudicates all stumpings, and all run-out appeals at the striker's end.

Glossary of cricket terms
This is a general glossary of the terminology used in the sport of cricket. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics. Certain aspects of cricket terminology are explained in more detail in cricket statistics and the naming of fielding positions is explained at fielding (cricket).

Cricket is known for its rich terminology. Some terms are often thought to be arcane and humorous by those not familiar with the game.
Arkansas Highway 236
Arkansas Highway 236 (AR 236 and Hwy. 236) is an east–west state highway in Lonoke County. The route of 12.51 miles (20.13 km) connects Highway 89 and Highway 13 including a concurrency with Highway 31.

Arkansas Highway 31
Arkansas Highway 31 (AR 31) is a north–south state highway in Central Arkansas. The route runs 77.53 miles (124.77 km) from U.S. Route 79B (US 79B) north of Pine Bluff north to Highway 5 west of Romance.
SkyTeam
SkyTeam is one of the world's three major airline alliances. Founded in June 2000, SkyTeam was the last of the three alliances to be formed, after Star Alliance and Oneworld. Its annual passenger count is 624 million customers (2024), the second largest of the three major alliances. As of May 2025, SkyTeam consists of 18 active carriers; it also operates a cargo alliance named SkyTeam Cargo, which partners with seven carriers, all SkyTeam members. Its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, is based in Amstelveen, Netherlands.

Airline alliance
An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries. This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft.

In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs)/revenue passenger miles (RPMs), followed by SkyTeam with 20.4% and Oneworld with 17.8%, leaving 38.8% for others. In 2019, by number of passengers, Star Alliance was leading 762 million, followed by SkyTeam (630 million) and Oneworld (535 million).
Faunis assama
Faunis assama, the Assam faun, is a butterfly found in South Asia that belongs to the Morphinae subfamily of the brush-footed butterfly family.

This butterfly was earlier considered to be a subspecies of the large faun (Faunis eumeus (Drury, 1773)).

Faunis eumeus
Faunis eumeus, the large faun, is a butterfly found in South and South East Asia that belongs to the Morphinae subfamily of the brush-footed butterfly family.

The assama subspecies of the large faun is now considered to be a separate species, Faunis assama (Westwood, 1858).
Liubov Ilyushechkina
Liubov Ivanovna Ilyushechkina (Russian: Любовь Ивановна Илюшечкина, born 5 November 1991) is a Russian-born Canadian pair skater.

Ilyushechkina began competing for Canada with Dylan Moscovitch in 2014, and they were the 2017 Four Continents bronze medalists, two-time bronze medalists on the Grand Prix series, and three-time Canadian national medalists (silver in 2015 and 2017, bronze in 2016).  Their partnership ended with Moscovitch's retirement in 2018. With former partner, Charlie Bilodeau, she is the 2020 Canadian Bronze medalist.

Ilyushechkina formerly represented Russia with Nodari Maisuradze. Together, they won the 2010 Skate Canada International, 2011 Winter Universiade, and 2009 World Junior Championships.

Nodari Maisuradze
Nodari Otarievich Maisuradze (Russian: Нодари Отариевич Маисурадзе, born 18 February 1988) is a Russian pair skater. With Julia Antipova, he is the 2014 Bavarian Open champion and placed eighth at the 2014 World Championships.

With former partner Lubov Iliushechkina, Maisuradze is the 2010 Skate Canada champion, 2011 Winter Universiade champion, 2009 World Junior champion, 2008 World Junior silver medalist, and 2009 Russian national bronze medalist.
56-bit encryption
In computing, 56-bit encryption refers to a key size of fifty-six bits, or seven bytes, for symmetric encryption.  While stronger than 40-bit encryption, this still represents a relatively low level of security in the context of a brute force attack.

40-bit encryption
40-bit encryption refers to a (now broken) key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of 240 possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a trillion), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a brute-force attack, i.e., trying out each possible key in turn.
Marcus Mariota
Marcus Ardel Taulauniu Mariota (born October 30, 1993) is an American professional football quarterback for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon Ducks. In 2014, Mariota became the first player at the school and the first Hawaii-born athlete to win the Heisman Trophy.

Mariota was selected second overall by the Tennessee Titans in the 2015 NFL draft and led the team to three consecutive winning seasons from 2016 to 2018. He was replaced as starting quarterback by Ryan Tannehill after six games in the 2019 season. In 2020, Mariota signed with the Las Vegas Raiders, where he was a backup for two seasons before signing with the Atlanta Falcons in 2022, where he started for most of the season. Mariota spent the 2023 season as a backup for the Philadelphia Eagles before joining the Commanders in 2024.

Ryan Tannehill
Ryan Timothy Tannehill III (born July 27, 1988) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons with the Miami Dolphins and Tennessee Titans. He played college football for the Texas A&M Aggies and was selected eighth overall by the Dolphins in the 2012 NFL draft.

In his first seven seasons, Tannehill served as the Dolphins' primary starter. He was traded to the Titans in 2019, becoming the starter midway through the season and leading the team to the AFC Championship Game. Tannehill was also named NFL Comeback Player of the Year and received Pro Bowl honors. During his next two seasons, Tannehill helped the Titans clinch consecutive division titles.