hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nilradical of a ring
In algebra, the nilradical of a  commutative ring is the ideal consisting of the nilpotent elements:

It is thus the radical of the zero ideal and is also denoted  or . If the nilradical is the zero ideal, the ring is called a reduced ring. The nilradical of a commutative ring is the intersection of all prime ideals.

In the non-commutative ring case the same definition does not always work. This has resulted in several radicals generalizing the commutative case in distinct ways; see the article Radical of a ring for more on this.

For Lie algebras there is a similar definition of nilradical.

Nilpotent
In mathematics, an element  of a ring  is called nilpotent if there exists some positive integer  such that . The smallest such  is called the index of nilpotency or the degree of nilpotency of .

The term, along with its sister idempotent, was introduced by Benjamin Peirce in the context of his work on the classification of algebras.
Han Yuan
Han Yuan (Chinese: 韓瑗; 606 – 659), courtesy name Boyu (伯玉), formally Duke of Yingchuan (潁川公), was an official of the Tang dynasty of China, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. He drew the ire of Emperor Gaozong by opposing the removal of Emperor Gaozong's first wife Empress Wang and replacement by his favorite concubine, Consort Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) and was exiled. He died in 659, just in advance of a wave of reprisals initiated by the new Empress Wu and her allies that would have resulted in his execution had he not died.

Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
The chancellor, also known by its Chinese name as the zaixiang, was a semi-formal designation for a number of high-level officials during China's Tang dynasty. This list also includes chancellors of the short-lived Zhou dynasty of the empress Wu Zetian within the Tang.
Ranastongi
Ranastongi is a mountain on the border of Vang Municipality in Innlandet county and Hemsedal Municipality in Buskerud county, Norway. The 1,900-metre (6,200 ft) tall mountain is located about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the village of Vang i Valdres and about 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of the village of Trøym. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Rankonøse and Klanten to the north, Storebottegge to the northwest, Veslebotnskarvet to the southeast, and Blåkampen to the east.

Blåkampen
Blåkampen is a mountain in Vang Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 1,662-metre (5,453 ft) tall mountain is located in the Filefjell mountain area, about 17 kilometres (11 mi) southeast of the village of Vang i Valdres. The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Gilafjellet to the north, Veslebotnskarvet and Skogshorn to the south, and Ranastongi and Klanten to the northwest. The lower elevations of the eastern side of the mountain extend into the neighboring Vestre Slidre Municipality.
Murder of Bridget Cleary
Bridget Cleary (née Boland; Irish: Bríd Uí Chléirigh; 19 February 1869 – 15 March 1895) was an Irish woman who was murdered by her husband in 1895. She was either immolated or her body was set on fire immediately after her death. The husband's stated motive was his belief that she had been abducted by fairies and replaced with a changeling, which he then killed. The gruesome nature of the case prompted extensive press coverage, and the trial was closely followed by newspapers across Ireland.

Changeling
A changeling, also historically referred to as an auf or oaf, is a human-like creature found throughout much of European folklore. According to folklore, a changeling was a substitute left by a supernatural being when kidnapping a human being. Although sometimes it was a "stock" (a piece of wood made magically to resemble the kidnapped human), more often the changeling was a supernatural being made magically to look like the kidnapped human.

Supernatural beings blamed for stealing children included fairies, demons, trolls, nereids and many others. Usually, the kidnapped human was a child; but there were cases, particularly in Scandinavia and Ireland, where adults were taken.

Some modern scholars have argued these stories of replaced children originated as folklore explanations for autism or other developmental conditions.
Val Cenis Vanoise
Val Cenis is a ski  and mountain resort situated in the Haute-Maurienne region of the French Alps, close to the Italian border. It is composed of five villages; Lanslebourg, Lanslevillard, Termignon, Sollières-Sardières and Bramans. The villages sit between 1200m and 1500m, respectively, and lifts climb to a maximum altitude of 2740m. The resort is not very well known due to its location at the end of a valley and difficulty of access and attracts a mainly French, Italian, Belgian and Dutch contingent each winter. It is a lot quieter than larger ski resorts in the French Alps and does not normally suffer from long lift queues. It is ideally located in the Maurienne region with good transport links in and out of Modane, Lyon, Geneva and Chambery.

At the top of the mountain lays Lac du Mont Cenis; in the summer or the winter this is a delightful sight. In the winter the lake freezes and allows for beautiful pictures from the Canopée des Cîmes, a suspended boat shaped platform.

Maurienne
Maurienne (French pronunciation: [mɔʁjɛn]; Arpitan: Môrièna; Italian: Moriana) is one of the provinces of Savoy, corresponding to the arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in France. It is also the original name of the capital of the province, now Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne.
Kazuki Yazawa
Kazuki Yazawa (矢澤 一輝, Yazawa Kazuki; born 4 March 1989 in Iida, Nagano) is a Japanese slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2006.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, he was eliminated in the qualifying round of the K1 event finishing in 18th place. Four years later at the London games he was able to qualify for the final of the K1 event where he finished in 9th place.

Kazuki Yazawa also qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro where it was reported that in addition to being an Olympian, he is also a Buddhist priest. He finished the K1 event in 11th place.

His sister Aki Yazawa is also an Olympic slalom canoeist.

Aki Yazawa
Aki Yazawa (矢澤 亜希, Yazawa Aki; born November 5, 1991) is a Japanese slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2006.

Yazawa participed in three Olympic Games. She finished in 20th place in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She represented the host nation at the delayed 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo where she finished 19th in the K1 event after being eliminated in the semifinal. She also competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics, finishing 17th in the K1 event and 36th in kayak cross.

Her brother Kazuki Yazawa is also an Olympic slalom canoeist.
Patrick Palmer (British Army officer)
General Sir Charles Patrick Ralph Palmer, KCVO, KBE (29 April 1933 – 23 November 1999) was a senior British Army officer. He served as Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Northern Europe from 1989 to 1992 and Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle from 1992 to 1999.

Allied Forces Northern Europe
Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) was the northern Major Subordinate Command of NATO's Allied Command Europe (ACE), located at Kolsås outside Oslo. In the case of war with the Soviet Union, AFNORTH would assume supreme command of all Allied forces in northern Europe (Norway and Denmark) and West Germany north of Elbe/Hamburg and adjacent sea territory.
François Daniël Changuion
Jonkheer François Daniël Changuion (Demerara, 16 February 1766 - Offenbach am Main, Germany, 15 June 1850), commonly known as Daniël Changuion, was a Dutch administrator and diplomat. In November 1813 he served as secretary of the Provisional Government of the Netherlands, commonly known as the Triumvirate, and is regarded in historiography as one of the founders of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Some of his descendants settled in South Africa in the nineteenth century.

Antoine Changuion
Jonkheer Antoine Nicolas Ernest Changuion (15 December 1803 in The Hague – 14 October 1881 in Lörrach, Switzerland) was a Dutch educator, writer, politician, orator, journalist, and main leader of the Dutch movement in South Africa.
Sylvia Rivera
Sylvia Rivera (July 2, 1951 – February 19, 2002) was an American gay liberation and transgender rights activist who was also a noted community worker in New York. Rivera, who identified as a drag queen for most of her life and later as a transgender person, participated in demonstrations with the Gay Liberation Front.

With close friend Marsha P. Johnson, Rivera co-founded the Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR), a group dedicated to helping homeless young drag queens, gay youth, and trans women.

Gay Liberation Front
Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was the name of several gay liberation groups, the first of which was formed in New York City in 1969, immediately after the Stonewall riots. Similar organizations also formed in the UK, Australia and Canada. The GLF provided a voice for the newly-out and newly radicalized gay community, and a meeting place for a number of activists who would go on to form other groups, such as the Gay Activists Alliance, Gay Youth New York, and Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) in the US. In the UK and Canada, activists also developed a platform for gay liberation and demonstrated for gay rights. Activists from both the US and UK groups would later go on to found or be active in groups including ACT UP, the Lesbian Avengers, Queer Nation, Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, and Stonewall.
Proteaceae
The Proteaceae /ˌproʊtiˈeɪsiː/ form a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentrations of diversity. Together with the Platanaceae (plane trees), Nelumbonaceae (the sacred lotus) and in the recent APG IV system the Sabiaceae, they make up the order Proteales. Well-known Proteaceae genera include Protea, Banksia, Embothrium, Grevillea, Hakea, and Macadamia. Species such as the New South Wales waratah (Telopea speciosissima), king protea (Protea cynaroides), and various species of Banksia, Grevillea, and Leucadendron are popular cut flowers. The nuts of Macadamia integrifolia are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of Gevuina avellana on a smaller scale.

Proteales
Proteales is an order of flowering plants consisting of three (or four) families. The Proteales have been recognized by almost all taxonomists.

The representatives of the Proteales can be very different from each other due to their very early divergence. They possess seeds with little or no endosperm. The ovules are often atropic.

The oldest fossils of Proteales are of the nelumbonaceous genus Notocyamus from the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous of Brazil, 126–121 Ma (million years ago). According to molecular clock calculations, the lineage that led to Proteales split from other plants about 128 Ma or 125 Ma.
Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park
Tweedsmuir South Provincial Park is a provincial park covering parts of the eastern Kitimat Ranges, northern Pacific Ranges, and the Rainbow Range in British Columbia, Canada. It was established on May 21, 1938 in the western interior of the province, to protect its important natural features. The park hosts a variety of recreation activities for visitors. This park encompasses a range of diverse species in this park including bears, moose, and various fish. There are also a few at risk species in this park.

Rainbow Range (Chilcotin Plateau)
The Rainbow Range, formerly gazetted as the Rainbow Mountains, is a mountain range in British Columbia, Canada, located 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Anahim Lake. Located on the western edge of the Chilcotin Plateau, the range adjoins the Coast Mountains Pacific Ranges to the south, and the Kitimat Ranges to the north. In some classification systems it is considered part of the Coast Mountains. It lies north of the Bella Coola and Atnarko Rivers and south and west of the Dean River, which curves around its north flank, and is relatively drier in climate and easier of terrain than more mountainous areas immediately west.

Once called Tsitsutl, meaning "rainbow mountains" in the Ulkatcho dialect of the Carrier language, that name is now the name of the range's highest peak.
Albrecht von Goertz
Count Albrecht von Goertz, also known as Albrecht Goertz (German: Albrecht Graf von Schlitz genannt von Goertz und von Wrisberg; 12 January 1914 – 27 October 2006), was a German industrial designer who designed cars for BMW, including the BMW 503 and BMW 507.  He also was an early contributor to the design of the legendary Toyota 2000GT and the first generation Nissan Silvia.

BMW 503
The BMW 503 is a two-door 2+2 gran turismo manufactured by German automaker BMW from 1956 until 1959. The company developed the 503, built in coupé and cabriolet body styles, alongside the 507 roadster. The 503 and 507 cost about twice their projected price and did not recover their development costs. During production from May 1956 to March 1959, 413 units of the 503 were built, 139 of which were Cabriolets.
Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 7
Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 7 is the ninth remix album by Japanese singer-songwriter Koda Kumi. The album was released April 5, 2017. It debuted in the top ten on the Oricon Albums Charts at number 9.

Keeping instep with her prior Driving Hit's albums, the remixes were performed in drum and bass and house style. The album also became her first remix album to not have a "Sunset in Ibiza" remix for a song, whereas House Nation did not take part in the album's production.

The album was released a month after her studio album W Face, and harbored remixes of some of the songs from W Face ~outside~. Remixes on the album also included "Cutie Honey", "Koi no Tsubomi" and "Ai no Uta", among others.

Ai no Uta (Koda Kumi song)
Ai no Uta (愛のうた / Song of Love) is the 37th single released by Japanese pop singer-songwriter Kumi Koda. The single was released in CD and CD+DVD, with limited editions carrying the "Urban Kiss Version" of Ai no Uta. The single was released on September 12, 2007, and followed the theme of Yume no Uta/Futari de... as an autumn/winter-time love ballad. It charted at No. 2 on Oricon and stayed on the charts for twenty-two weeks.
Afsar (2018 film)
Afsar (transl. Officer) is a 2018 Indian Punjabi film directed by Gulshan Singh, starring Tarsem Jassar, Nimrat Khaira, Gurpreet Ghuggi and Karamjit Anmol. The film is based on the concept that Kanungo is a higher post than Patwari, but higher respect is given to the Patwari rather than Kanungo. The film is produced by Amiek Virk & Manpreet Johal. it is the debut film for director Gulshan Singh and the debut in a lead role for Nimrat Khaira.

Released theatrically on 5 October 2018, the romantic comedy received good reviews from the public but mixed reviews from critics. Commercially, the film opened well and earned ₹5.72 crore in its opening weekend worldwide.

Nimrat Khaira
Nimrat Khaira (born 8 August 1992) is an Indian singer, and actress known for her work in Punjabi- language music and films. She started her singing career with song "Rabb Karke" and "SP De Rank Wargi" whereas her acting debut was in 2017 with Lahoriye.
Ralph McT. Pennell
Ralph McT. Pennell (August 18, 1882 – May 17, 1973) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of World War I and World War II, he attained the rank of major general, and was a recipient of the Legion of Merit and two awards of the Army Distinguished Service Medal. His career spanned 1906 to 1946, and included command of the: 34th Field Artillery Regiment; 1st Field Artillery Regiment; 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment; 15th Field Artillery Regiment; 52nd Field Artillery Brigade; 27th Infantry Division; Hawaii District; Field Artillery Replacement Training Center at Fort Sill; and United States Army Field Artillery School.

15th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)
The 15th Field Artillery Regiment (FAR) is a field artillery regiment of the United States Army first formed in 1916. A parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, the 15th FAR currently has two active battalions: the 1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment, is assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division, while the 2nd Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment, is assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division.
Loop (band)
Loop are an English rock band, formed in 1986 by Robert Hampson in Croydon. The group topped the UK independent charts with their albums Fade Out (1989) and A Gilded Eternity (1990). Their dissonant "trance-rock" sound drew on the work of artists like the Stooges and Can, and helped to resurrect the concept of space rock in the late 1980s.

The group split in 1991, with Hampson going on to form the experimental project Main with guitarist Scott Dawson, and Mackay and Wills forming The Hair and Skin Trading Company. In 2013, the 1989–90 line-up of Hampson, Dawson, John Wills, and Neil Mackay briefly reformed for a series of gigs, and the following year Hampson unveiled a new line-up of the band with himself as the sole original member.

Fade Out (album)
Fade Out is the second album by British alternative rock band Loop. This album was more commercially successful than its predecessor, reaching #1 on the UK Indie Charts and peaking at #51 on the official UK album charts.
S. J. Perelman
Sidney Joseph Perelman (February 1, 1904 – October 17, 1979) was an American humorist and screenwriter. He is best known for his humorous short pieces written over many years for The New Yorker. He also wrote for several other magazines, including Judge, as well as books, scripts, and screenplays. Perelman received an Academy Award for screenwriting in 1956.

Quentin Reynolds
Quentin James Reynolds (April 11, 1902 – March 17, 1965) was an American journalist and World War II war correspondent. He also played American football for one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Brooklyn Lions.
Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers
The Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers (Norwegian: Norsk Jern- og Metallarbeiderforbund, NJMF) was a trade union representing workers in the metal industry, workshops, and shipbuilding in Norway.

The union was founded in 1891, and in 1905 it joined the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.  In 1907, it came to the country's first collective agreement, with the National Association of Mechanical Workshops.  In 1960, the union absorbed the Norwegian Union of Foundry Workers, followed in 1985 by the Norwegian Union of Gold Workers.  By 1987, it had 97,998 members.

In 1988, the union merged with the Garment Workers' Union, the Norwegian Union of Building Industry Workers, the Norwegian Union of Paper Industry Workers and the Norwegian Union of Forestry and Land Workers to form the United Federation of Trade Unions.

Norwegian Union of Forestry and Land Workers
The Norwegian Union of Forestry and Land Workers (Norwegian: Norsk Skog- og Landarbeiderforbund, NSLF) was a trade union in Norway, organized under the national Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions.

It was founded in 1927 after the Julussa Conflict, and experienced the Randsfjord Conflict from 1930 to 1935. In addition to forestry and farm workers, it organized timber rafters, market gardeners and other rural workers.  By 1963, the union had 20,369 members.

In 1988, the union merged with the Garment Workers' Union, the Norwegian Union of Iron and Metalworkers, the Norwegian Union of Building Industry Workers and the Norwegian Union of Paper Industry Workers, to form the United Federation of Trade Unions. It had about 7,200 members before the merger.
San Marco Marine Brigade
The "San Marco" Marine Brigade (Italian: Brigata Marina "San Marco") is an amphibious formation of the Italian Navy, has been brigade since 2013 but the amphibious corps existed since 1915, reorganizing the Navy Landing Force. It has its command in Brindisi. They are the marines of the Italian Navy.

It is a joint formation, framed within the amphibious projection force, whose commander is the same admiral who serves as commander of the San Marco Brigade.

Italian Navy
The Italian Navy (Italian: Marina Militare, lit. 'Military Navy'; abbreviated as MM) is one of the four branches of Italian Armed Forces and was formed in 1946 from what remained of the Regia Marina (Royal Navy) after World War II. The Italian Navy has a strength of approximately 29,300 active personnel, with 184 vessels and 70 aircraft in service. It is considered a multiregional and a blue-water navy.
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory is a Dutch Antarctic research facility on Adelaide Island near Rothera Research Station. It is operated by the Netherlands Polar Programme of the Dutch Research Council and British Antarctic Survey and was opened on 27 January 2013.

Rothera Research Station
The Rothera Research Station is a British Antarctic Survey (BAS) base on the Antarctic Peninsula, located at Rothera Point, Adelaide Island. Rothera also serves as the capital of the British Antarctic Territory, a British Overseas Territory.
Bill Buckley (radio presenter)
William Anthony Buckley (born 8 January 1959) is a radio and television presenter and former actor. For three years, he was a co-presenter of BBC Television's consumer affairs programme That's Life!. His career on BBC Radio finished at BBC Radio Berkshire. He has presented shows on BBC Radio Berkshire, BBC Radio Solent, BBC Southern Counties Radio, BBC Radio Devon, BBC Radio Oxford, London talk radio station LBC 97.3, BBC London 94.9 and other radio stations.

That's Life!
That's Life! is a satirical consumer affairs programme on the BBC, at its height regularly reaching audiences of fifteen to twenty million, and receiving between 10,000 and 15,000 letters a week. The series was broadcast on BBC1 for 21 years, from 26 May 1973 until 19 June 1994.
Janbaaz
Janbaaz (lit. 'Daredevil') is a 1986 Indian action drama film, produced and directed by Feroz Khan, it stars Khan, Anil Kapoor and Dimple Kapadia. It is inspired by King Vidor's Duel in the Sun (1946; which is based on the 1944 novel of the same name by Niven Busch).

Sridevi appears in a special appearance opposite Khan. Capitalising on her stardom, Khan featured her in the song "Har Kisi Ko" which became a chart-topper. The film was a box office success. Kapadia's performance, with her chemistry and sex scene with co-star Anil Kapoor, became much discussed.

Har Kisi Ko
Har Kisi Ko (transl. For everyone) is a Hindi song from the 2013 Hindi film, Boss. Re-created  by Chirantan Bhatt, the song is sung by Nikhil D'Souza, with lyrics by Manoj Yadav. The music video of this solo track features actors Shiv Panditt and Aditi Rao Hydari. A duet version of the same song was released as part of the film soundtrack, which was rendered by Arijit Singh and Neeti Mohan. This version is picturised on Akshay Kumar and Sonakshi Sinha. The song was originally composed by Kalyanji–Anandji, with lyrics by Indeevar and sung by Manhar Udhas and Sadhana Sargam for 1986 Bollywood film Janbaaz. The original version is picturised on Feroz Khan and Sridevi.