hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Field of fractions
In abstract algebra, the field of fractions of an integral domain is the smallest field in which it can be embedded. The construction of the field of fractions is modeled on the relationship between the integral domain of integers and the field of rational numbers. Intuitively, it consists of ratios between integral domain elements.

The field of fractions of an integral domain  is sometimes denoted by  or , and the construction is sometimes also called the fraction field, field of quotients, or quotient field of .  All four are in common usage, but are not to be confused with the quotient of a ring by an ideal, which is a quite different concept. For a commutative ring that is not an integral domain, the analogous construction is called the localization or ring of quotients.

Commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not specific to commutative rings. This distinction results from the high number of fundamental properties of commutative rings that do not extend to noncommutative rings.

Commutative rings appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Chatham Waterfront bus station
Chatham Waterfront Bus Station is the main bus terminus located within Chatham Waterfront serving the town of Chatham, in the Medway area of South East England. Opened in October 2011, the bus station replaced the former Pentagon Bus Station, which had operated since the 1970s.

Chatham Waterfront
Chatham Waterfront is a regenerated area situated along the River Medway in Chatham, Kent, England. The site has significant historical connections to Chatham Dockyard and the British maritime industry, having undergone extensive redevelopment in recent decades. This regeneration has prioritized improvements to transport infrastructure, creation of residential developments, establishment of commercial spaces, and enhancement of public amenities.
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny, KG, KB, PC, FRS (18 May 1701 – 8 August 1750), of Goodwood Park near Chichester in Sussex, was a British nobleman and politician. He was the only son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox, the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King Charles II.

The Duke was the most important of the early patrons of the game of cricket and did much to help its evolution from village cricket to cricket.

Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond
General Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, 4th Duke of Lennox, 4th Duke of Aubigny, KG, PC (9 December 1764 – 28 August 1819), was a British Army officer, member of the House of Lords and Governor General of British North America.
Laha language
Laha (Chinese: 拉哈; Vietnamese: La Ha) is a Kra language spoken by approximately 1,400 people out of a total population of 5,686 Laha. It is spoken in Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces, Vietnam. Laha dialects had been documented in 1986 by Russian linguists and in 1996 by American linguist Jerold A. Edmondson. Many Laha can also converse in the Khmu language, and Laha-speaking areas also have significant Black Thai (Tai Dam), Kháng, Ksongmul (Ksingmul, Xinh-mun), and Hmong populations.

Ostapirat (2000) considers the Laha dialects to form a subgroup of their own (Southern Kra) within the Kra branch.

Laha people
The La Ha (Vietnamese: người La Ha) are an ethnic group of Vietnam. Most La Ha live in  the Yên Bái and Sơn La provinces, and numbered 10,157 people in 2019. They speak the Laha language, which is part of the Tai–Kadai language family.

The La Ha celebrate the Pang A Nụn Ban Festival to show deep gratitude to their doctors. They offer them bitter bamboo and Mạ Rệ flower, both of which are popular drugs.
Ultra-leftism
In Marxism, ultra-leftism encompasses a broad spectrum of revolutionary Marxist currents. Ultra-leftism distinguishes itself from other left-wing currents through its rejection of electoralism, trade unionism, and national liberation. The term is sometimes used as a synonym of Italian left communism. "Ultra-left" is also commonly used as a pejorative by Marxist–Leninists and Trotskyists to refer to extreme or uncompromising Marxist sects.

Amadeo Bordiga
Amadeo Bordiga (13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian Marxist theorist. A revolutionary socialist, Bordiga was the founder of the Communist Party of Italy (PCdI), a member of the Communist International (Comintern), and later a leading figure of the Internationalist Communist Party (PCInt). He was originally associated with the PCdI but was expelled in 1930 after being accused of Trotskyism. Bordiga is viewed as one of the most notable representatives of left communism in Europe.
Buzdar (tribe)
Buzdar (Balochi: بزدار) is a clan of Baloch tribe of Rind, living in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan.
They mostly live in the mountainous areas of Koh Suleiman.The estimated population of the tribe is 300,000 people. The word, literally meaning one who keeps or tends the goats, a shepherd, is a reference to the traditional occupation of Buzdars. Usman Buzdar is current Tumandar of the tribe.

Usman Buzdar
Sardar Usman Ahmad Khan Buzdar (born 1 May 1969) is a Pakistani politician who served as the 16th chief minister of Punjab from 2018 to 2022. He was a member of the Punjab Assembly from August 2018 to January 2023, representing the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).

Belonging from a Baloch family, he is a minor feudal and the Tumandar of the Baloch tribe Buzdar, since April 2019. He served as Tehsil Nazim of Tehsil Tribal Area from 2001 to 2008.
Patria AMV
The Patria AMV (Armoured Modular Vehicle) is an 8×8 multi-role military vehicle produced by the Finnish defence industry company Patria.

The main feature of the AMV is its modular design, which allows the incorporation of different turrets, weapons, sensors, or communications systems on the same carriage. Designs exist for different APC (armoured personnel carrier) vehicles and IFV (infantry fighting vehicle) versions, communications versions, ambulances and different fire-support versions, armed with large-caliber mortar and gun systems.

The vehicle has a very good level of mine protection and can withstand explosions of up to 10 kilograms (22 lb) TNT. The AMV has protection levels up to 30 mm APFSDS frontal arc. Another important feature is the very good mobility, combining speed, agility, and crew comfort in rough terrain, enabled by the sophisticated but rugged hydropneumatic suspension adjusting each wheel individually.

Amphibious Combat Vehicle
The Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) is a program initiated by Marine Corps Systems Command to procure an amphibious assault vehicle for the United States Marine Corps to supplement and ultimately replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV). The program replaces the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle (EFV) program canceled in 2011. Originally a plan to develop a high-water-speed vehicle, the program has expanded into a multi-phased approach to procure and develop several types of amphibious-capable vehicles to address near and long-term requirements.

The competition for the project ended in 2018 with the birth of an eight-wheel drive armored fighting vehicle, based on the Italian Iveco SuperAV. Production by BAE Systems and Iveco started in 2020 with 36 units, and 80 vehicles per year from 2021, for five years.
Daniella Weiss
Daniella Weiss (Hebrew: דניאלה וייס; born 30 August 1945) is an Israeli far-right Orthodox Zionist, founder of Nachala, an Israeli settler organization, and a former mayor of Kedumim, an Israeli settlement in the West Bank. She was first elected mayor of Kedumim in September 1996, and was re-elected for a second term in November 2001 through 2007. Weiss' organization, Nachala, has been involved in at least one killing. She was sanctioned by Canada in June 2024 for violence against civilians in the West Bank and by the United Kingdom in May 2025.

Nachala (organisation)
Nachala (Hebrew: נחלה) is a radical Israeli settler organization that aids younger settlers and builds new illegal Israeli outposts in the West Bank. Their ambition is for Israel to annex both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. It was established in 2005 by Gush Emunim leaders, Rabbi Moshe Levinger and Daniella Weiss.
Low Fell (Lake District)
Low Fell is a fell in the English Lake District. It overlooks the lake of Loweswater to the south and to the north is bordered by its neighbour Fellbarrow. It is usually climbed from the villages of Loweswater or Thackthwaite. The fell is largely occupied by grassed enclosures, although there are some rocky outcrops near the top. Low Fell has fairly steep slopes to the south and east.

Thackthwaite
Thackthwaite is a village in Cumbria, England, from which hikers can climb Low Fell and Fellbarrow.

The place-name contains thwaite ("clearing").

A second place called Thackthwaite is located just to the north of Little Mell Fell, at 54°37′17″N 2°53′31″W﻿ / ﻿54.62139°N 2.89194°W﻿ / 54.62139; -2.89194.
Griswold, Connecticut
Griswold is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 11,402 at the 2020 census. Griswold contains the borough of Jewett City and the villages of Doaneville, Kaalmanville, Rixtown, Glasgo, Hopeville, Nathanieltown, and Pachaug.

Jewett City, Connecticut
Jewett City is a borough in New London County, Connecticut, United States, in the town of Griswold. The borough is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 3,328 at the 2020 census, down from 3,487 in 2010. The borough was named for Eliezer Jewett, who founded a settlement there in 1771.
Nick McCave
Ian Nicholas McCave (born 3 February 1941) is a British geologist, who was the Woodwardian Professor of Geology at the University of Cambridge Department of Earth Sciences from 1985 to 2008 and a fellow of St John's College from 1986 to present. He is a marine sedimentologist.

Woodwardian Professor of Geology
The Woodwardian Professor of Geology is a professorship held in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. It was founded by John Woodward in 1728 under the title of Professor of Fossils. Woodward's will left to the University a large collection of fossils and also dictated that the professor should be elected by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Ely, the President of the Royal Society, the President of the Royal College of Physicians, the Member of Parliament for the University of Cambridge, and the University Senate.
2021 Campeonato Nacional Primera División
The 2021 Chilean Primera División, known as Campeonato PlanVital 2021 for sponsorship purposes, was the 91st season of the Chilean Primera División, Chile's top-flight football league. The season began on 27 March and ended on 5 December 2021. Universidad Católica were the defending champions, and won their fourth straight title in the competition, and sixteenth overall, after a 3–0 away win over Everton on 4 December 2021, the last matchday of the season.

2021 Campeonato Nacional Primera B
The 2021 Primera B de Chile, also known as Campeonato Ascenso Betsson 2021 for sponsorship purposes, was the 67th season of the Primera B de Chile, Chile's second-tier football league. The season started on 3 April 2021.

Coquimbo Unido were the champions, winning their fourth title in the competition as well as clinching promotion to Primera División with a 2–1 victory over Fernandez Vial on 13 November, the last matchday of the regular season.
1976 Venezuelan Air Force C-130 crash
On 3 September 1976, a Lockheed C-130H Hercules aircraft of the Venezuelan Air Force crashed on a hill just outside the runway of Lajes Field on Terceira Island in the Azores Archipelago while carrying out approach maneuvers under heavy rain associated with Hurricane Emmy, killing all 68 people on board. The Hercules was transporting members of the University Choir of the Central University of Venezuela to Barcelona, Spain to participate in a choral event. The crash is also known as the Tragedy of the Azores or the Tragedy of the University Orfeón.
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Lajes Field
Lajes Field or Lajes Air Base (pronounced [ˈlaʒɨʃ]; Portuguese: Base Aérea das Lajes), officially designated Air Base No. 4 (Base Aérea n.º 4, BA4) (IATA: TER, ICAO: LPLA), is a multi-use airfield near Lajes and 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Angra do Heroísmo on Terceira Island in the Azores, Portugal. It is home to the Portuguese Air Force Base Aérea n.º 4 and Azores Air Zone Command (Portuguese: Comando da Zona Aérea dos Açores), a United States Air Force detachment unit (operated by the 65th Air Base Group of United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa), and a regional air passenger terminal. Located about 3,680 km (2,290 mi) east of New York City and about 1,600 km (990 mi) west of Lisbon, Portugal; the base sits in a strategic location midway between North America and Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean.
BYU Cougars football
The BYU Cougars football team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922, and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984.

The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history, from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2022, they competed as an FBS Independent.  On September 10, 2021, the Big 12 Conference unanimously accepted BYU's application to the conference. BYU officially joined the Big 12 on July 1, 2023.

The team plays home games at the 62,073 seat LaVell Edwards Stadium, named after head coach LaVell Edwards who won 19 conference championships, seven bowl games, and one national championship (1984) while coaching at BYU.

LaVell Edwards Stadium
LaVell Edwards Stadium is an outdoor athletic stadium in the Western United States, on the campus of Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. Primarily used for college football, it is the home field of the BYU Cougars, a member of the Big 12 Conference in the Football Bowl Subdivision. Opened as "Cougar Stadium" in 1964, its seating capacity is 62,073. It is the largest football stadium in the Big 12 by capacity.

The natural grass playing field is conventionally aligned north–south at an elevation of 4,649 feet (1,417 m) above sea level, with the press box along the west sideline.
Lanark
Lanark (/ˈlænərk/ LAN-ərk; Scottish Gaelic: Lannraig [ˈl̪ˠaun̪ˠɾɪkʲ]; Scots: Lanrik) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, located 20 kilometres to the south-east of Hamilton. The town lies on the River Clyde, at its confluence with Mouse Water. In 2020, the town had a population of 8,880.

Lanark was a royal burgh from 1140 to 1975, and was historically the county town of Lanarkshire, though in modern times this title belongs to Hamilton. Notable landmarks nearby include New Lanark, the Corra Linn and the site of Lanark Castle.

Lanark railway station and bus interchange have frequent services to Glasgow. There is little industry in Lanark and some residents commute to work in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Its shops serve the local agricultural community and surrounding villages. There is a large modern livestock auction market on the outskirts of the town.

Lanark Castle
Lanark Castle was the origin and heart of what later became the royal burgh of Lanark, Scotland. The town grew up outside the castle walls. Long since demolished, the castle lay high on the east bank of the River Clyde, near the confluence with the Mouse Water. The site is designated a scheduled monument.

As a key strategic high point over the Clyde Valley, the Romans built a fortification on what is still known as Castle Hill, south west of the modern town centre. Other fortifications were built on the site after the Romans' brief occupation of southern Scotland came to an end.

The castle was used as a royal residence by David I and William the Lion.
Space Center Houston
Space Center Houston is a science museum that serves as the official visitor center of NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. It was designated a Smithsonian Affiliate museum in 2014. The organization is not owned by NASA and does not receive federal funds -- it is the cornerstone project of the nonprofit Manned Space Flight Education Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization. The center does have a strong partnership with NASA Johnson Space Center, the home of Mission Control and astronaut training, which affords the center access to tour the grounds and some buildings with the general public.

The center opened in 1992 replacing the former Visitor Center in Johnson Space Center Building 2. The museum is 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) and displays over 400 space artifacts, including the Mercury 9, Gemini 5, and Apollo 17 flown space capsules and the only space shuttle visitors can walk inside.

Mercury-Atlas 9
Mercury-Atlas 9 was the final crewed space mission of the U.S. Mercury program, launched on May 15, 1963, from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The spacecraft, named Faith 7, completed 22 Earth orbits before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean, piloted by astronaut Gordon Cooper, then a United States Air Force major. The Atlas rocket was No. 130-D, and the Mercury spacecraft was No. 20. As of January 2026, this mission marks the last time an American was launched alone to conduct an entirely solo orbital mission.
Bookmark manager
A bookmark manager is any software program or feature designed to store, organize, and display web bookmarks. The bookmarks feature included in each major web browser is a rudimentary bookmark manager. More capable bookmark managers are available online as web apps, mobile apps, or browser extensions. These often include features such as cloud synchronization, tagging, full-text search, or collaboration (e.g. Raindrop.io, Pinboard, Linkinize, Reminde). Social bookmarking websites are bookmark managers.

Social bookmarking
Social bookmarking is an online service which allows users to add, annotate, edit, and share bookmarks of web documents. Many online bookmark management services have launched since 1996; Delicious, founded in 2003, popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging". Tagging is a significant feature of social bookmarking systems, allowing users to organize their bookmarks and develop shared vocabularies known as folksonomies.
Eskelabad Rural District
Eskelabad Rural District (Persian: دهستان اسكل آباد) is in the Central District of Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Eskelabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Deh-e Pabid.

Deh-e Pabid
Deh-e Pabid (Persian: ده پابيد) is a village in, and the former capital of, Eskelabad Rural District in the Central District of Taftan County, Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the district. The capital of the rural district has been transferred to the village of Eskelabad.
Karl E. Weick
Karl Emmanuel Weick (born October 31, 1936) is an American organizational theorist who introduced the concepts of "loose coupling", "mindfulness", and "sensemaking" into organizational studies.  He is the Rensis Likert Distinguished University Professor at the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan.

Sensemaking
Sensemaking or sense-making is the process by which people give meaning to their collective experiences. It has been defined as "the ongoing retrospective development of plausible images that rationalize what people are doing" (Weick, Sutcliffe, & Obstfeld, 2005, p. 409). The concept was introduced to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick in the late 1960's and has affected both theory and practice. Weick intended to encourage a shift away from the traditional focus of organization theorists on decision-making and towards the processes that constitute the meaning of the decisions that are enacted in behavior.
76th Fighter Squadron
The 76th Fighter Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve unit.   It is assigned to the 476th Fighter Group and stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. The squadron is equipped with the Fairchild Republic A-10C Thunderbolt II attack fighter.

During World War II, the 76th Fighter Squadron was one of the three original squadrons (74th, 75th, 76th) of the 23d Fighter Group.

23rd Fighter Group
The 23rd Fighter Group is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 23rd Wing and stationed at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia.

The group was established in World War II as the 23rd Pursuit Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Redesignated the 23rd Fighter Group before its activation, the group was formed in China on 4 July 1942, as a component of the China Air Task Force and received a small cadre of volunteer personnel from the simultaneously disbanded 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) – the "Flying Tigers" of the Chinese Air Force.

To carry on the traditions and commemorate the history of the AVG, aircraft of the USAF 23rd Fighter Group carry the same "Shark Teeth" nose art of the AVG's Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, along with the "FT" (Flying Tiger) tail code. The 23rd Fighter Group's aircraft are the only United States Air Force aircraft currently authorized to carry this distinctive and historical aircraft marking.
Oura Church
The Oura Church (大浦天主堂, Ōura Tenshudō) or Oura Cathedral, officially the Basilica of the Twenty-Six Holy Martyrs of Japan (日本二十六聖殉教者聖堂), is a Catholic minor basilica and co-cathedral in Nagasaki, Japan, built soon after the end of the Japanese government's Seclusion Policy in 1853. It is named after the 26 Japanese Martyrs. For many years it was the only Western-style building declared a national treasure, and is said to be the oldest Christian church in Japan.

Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region
Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region (Japanese: 長崎と天草地方の潜伏キリシタン関連遺産) is a group of twelve sites in Nagasaki Prefecture and Kumamoto Prefecture relating to the history of Christianity in Japan. The Nagasaki churches are unique in the sense that each tells a story about the revival of Christianity after a long period of official suppression.

Proposed jointly in 2007 for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List under criteria ii, iii, iv, v, and vi, the submission named at the time Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki on the Tentative List, was recognized on January 30, 2018, as a World Heritage Site.

The initial nomination included 26 sites; however, after reconsideration the Nagasaki Prefecture reduced the monuments to 13 sites. Twelve sites were recognized. Concerns over the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been widely discussed in the academic literature.
Central Asian Military District
The Red Banner Central Asian Military District was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces,  which existed in 1926–1945 and 1969–1989, with its headquarters at Tashkent (1926–1945) and Almaty (1969–1989). By USSR Order No.304 of 4 June 1926, the Turkestan Front was renamed the Central Asian Military District.

Turkestan Military District
The Turkestan Military District (Russian: Туркестанский военный округ (ТуркВО), Turkestansky voyenyi okrug (TurkVO)) was a military district of both the Imperial Russian Army and the Soviet Armed Forces, with its headquarters at Tashkent. The District was first created during the 1874 Russian military reform when by order of Minister Dmitry Milyutin the territory of Russia was divided into fourteen military districts. Its first commander was Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann, who was also Governor-General of Russian Turkestan at the time.