hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ulpian
Ulpian (/ˈʌlpiən/; Latin: Gnaeus Domitius Annius Ulpianus; c. 170 – 223 or 228) was a Roman jurist born in Tyre in Roman Syria (modern Lebanon). He moved to Rome and rose to become considered one of the great legal authorities of his time. He was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III, and supplied the Justinian Digest about a third of its contents.

Digest (Roman law)
The Digest (Latin: Digesta), also known as the Pandects (Pandectae; Ancient Greek: Πανδέκται, Pandéktai, "All-Containing"), was a compendium or digest of juristic writings on Roman law compiled by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 530–533 AD. It is divided into 50 books.

The Digest was part of a reduction and codification of all Roman laws up to that time, which later came to be known as the Corpus Juris Civilis (lit. 'Body of Civil Law'). The other two parts were a collection of statutes, the Codex (Code), which survives in a second edition, and an introductory textbook, the Institutes; all three parts were given force of law. The set was intended to be complete, but Justinian passed further legislation, which was later collected separately as the Novellae Constitutiones (New Laws or, conventionally, the "Novels").
Damon Elliott
Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American record producer, songwriter and composer. Throughout his career he has worked with various artists spanning across hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He also produced the Academy Award-nominated song "Applause" from the 2022 film Tell It Like a Woman. Elliott is the son of Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott.

William Elliott (actor, born 1934)
William David Elliott (June 4, 1934 – September 30, 1983) was an American actor and jazz musician. He had a recurring role in Bridget Loves Bernie as Otis Foster and a recurring role as Officer Gus Grant in Adam-12. He also appeared in Elvis Presley's 1969 film Change of Habit.
Metoděj Jílek
Metoděj Jílek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈmɛtoɟɛj ˈjiːlɛk]; born 11 June 2006) is a Czech speed skater and inline speed skater. On ice, he is a gold medalist in 2026 Olympic 10,000 meter speed skating, a silver medalist in 2026 Olympic 5000 meter speed skating, bronze medalist at the 10,000 meter race of the 2025 World Championships and 2025 World Junior Champion at the Mass Start and 5000 meter races. Inline, he is 2024 World Junior Champion at five events.

Speed skating at the 2026 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres
The men's 5000 m competition in speed skating  at the 2026 Winter Olympics was held on 8 February, at the Milano Speed Skating Stadium in Milan. Sander Eitrem of Norway won the event, setting a new Olympic record. Metoděj Jílek of the Czech Republick, skating in the pair with Eitrem, won silver, and Riccardo Lorello of Italy bronze. All of them became the first-time Olympic medalists.
Sir John Lauder, 1st Baronet
Sir John Lauder, 1st Baronet, of Newington and Fountainhall (1595 – 2 April 1692) was a notable Scottish baillie and Treasurer of the City of Edinburgh Council, who was raised to a Nova Scotia baronetcy in 1688.

Bailie
A bailie or baillie is a civic officer in the local government of Scotland. The position arose in the burghs, where bailies formerly held a post similar to that of an alderman or magistrate (see bailiff). Baillies appointed the high constables in Edinburgh, Leith and Perth. Modern bailies exist in Scottish local councils, and the position being a courtesy title, appointees are often requested to provide support to the lord provost or provost - the ceremonial and civic head of the council - in their various engagements.
Al-Dhubi
Al-Dhubi, Al-Dubi (Arabic: الضُبي Dhubī), or the Dhubi Sheikhdom (Arabic: مشيخة الضُبي Mashyakhat ad-Dhubī), was a small state in the British Aden Protectorate. Dhubi was located between Mawsata in the southwest, Hadrami in the northeast, Lower Yafa in the south and Upper Yafa in the north.

Its last sheikh was deposed in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and the area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.

Aden Protectorate
The Aden Protectorate (Arabic: محمية عدن Maḥmiyyat ‘Adan) was a British protectorate in southern Arabia. The protectorate evolved in the hinterland of the port of Aden and in the Hadhramaut after the conquest of Aden by the Bombay Presidency of British India in January 1839, and which continued until the 1960s. In 1940, it was divided for administrative purposes into the Western Protectorate and the Eastern Protectorate. The territory now forms part of the Republic of Yemen.

The rulers of the Aden Protectorate, as generally with the other British protectorates and protected states, retained a large degree of autonomy: their flags still flew over their government buildings, government was still performed by them or in their names, and their states maintained a distinct 'international personality' in terms of international law, in contrast to states possessed directly by the British Empire, such as Colony of Aden, where the British monarch was the sovereign.
Breitling Orbiter
Breitling Orbiter was the name of three different Rozière balloons made by the Bristol-based balloon manufacturer Cameron Balloons to circumnavigate the globe, named after the Swiss watchmakers Breitling. The third was successful in March 1999 of making the first nonstop flight around the world by balloon. It was piloted by Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones.

Rozière balloon
A Rozière balloon (or simply Rozière) is a hybrid balloon that has separate chambers for a non-heated lifting gas (such as hydrogen or helium) as well as for a heated lifting gas (as used in a hot air balloon, or Montgolfière). The design was created by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1754–1785).

A Rozière-type balloon has the advantage of partial control of buoyancy with much less use of fuel than a typical hot air balloon. This reduction of fuel consumption has allowed Rozière balloons and their crews to achieve very long flight times, as much as several days or even weeks.
Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew
Patrick Alexander Vans Agnew (22 April 1822 – 21 April 1848) was a British civil servant of the East India Company, whose murder in April 1848 during the Siege of Multan by the retainers of Dewan Mulraj led to the Second Sikh War and to the British annexation of the Punjab region.

Mulraj Chopra
Mulraj‌ Chopra‌ (1814 – 11 August 1851) was a Sikh Empire-era‌ administrator who served as the governor (‌Diwan) of Multan from 1844 to 1849. He is known for being the leader of a Sikh rebellion against the British which led to the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
Flag of South Carolina
The flag of South Carolina is a symbol of the U.S. state of South Carolina consisting of a blue field with a white palmetto tree and a white crescent. Roots of this design have existed in some form since 1775, being based on one of the first American Revolutionary War flags. While keeping most of its design intact since its adoption, it has varied over the years.

Crescent
A crescent shape (/ˈkrɛsənt/, UK also /ˈkrɛzənt/) is a symbol or emblem used to represent the lunar phase (as it appears in the northern hemisphere) in the first quarter (the "sickle moon"), or by extension a symbol representing the Moon itself.

In Hindu iconography, Shiva is often shown wearing a crescent moon on his head, symbolising his control over time, as well as his attributes of both creation and destruction.

It is used as the astrological symbol for the Moon, and hence as the alchemical symbol for silver. It was also the emblem of Diana/Artemis, and hence represented virginity. In veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church, it is associated with Mary, mother of Jesus.

From its use as roof finial in Ottoman mosques, it has also become associated with Islam, and the crescent was introduced as chaplain badge for Muslim United States military chaplains in 1993.
Pokuttia
Pokuttia, also known as  Pokuttya or Pokutia, (Ukrainian: Покуття; Polish: Pokucie; Romanian: Pocuția) is a historical area of East-Central Europe, situated between the Dniester and Cheremosh rivers and the Carpathian Mountains, in the southwestern part of modern Ukraine. Although the historic heart of the area was Kolomyia, the name Pokuttia (literally 'around the corner') is derived from the town of Kuty, which literally means 'angles' or 'corners'. The region is now inhabited mainly by Ukrainians.

Kolomyia
Kolomyia (Ukrainian: Коломия, IPA: [koloˈmɪjɐ] ⓘ; Polish: Kołomyja), formerly known as Kolomea, is a city located on the Prut River in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in the west of Ukraine. It serves as the administrative centre of Kolomyia Raion, hosting the administration of Kolomyia urban hromada. The population is 60,821 (2022 estimate).

The city rests approximately halfway between Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi, in the centre of the historical region of Pokuttia, with which it shares much of its history. Kolomyia is a notable railroad hub, as well as an industrial centre (textiles, shoes, metallurgical plant, machine works, wood and paper industry). It is a centre of Hutsul culture. Until 1925 the town was the most populous town in the region. Before the Holocaust about half the town’s population was Jewish.
Skybus Metro
The Skybus Metro was a prototype suspended railway system by Indian technologist B. Rajaram with the BEML and Konkan Railway which is patented by the Indian Railways. The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below, similar to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn or H-Bahn systems in Germany.

A 1.6 km (1 mi) test track in Margao, Goa started trials in 2004, but on 25 September, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident, ending the trial. The test track was supposed to be extended to 10.5 km, but no progress was made after the accident. In 2013, the Konkan Railway dismantled the line.

Konkan Railway zone
The Konkan Railway (abbreviated KR) is one of the 19 railway zones in India with its headquarters at CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Konkan Railway line from Roha to Thokur is operated and maintained by Konkan Railway corporation (KRCL).  The first passenger train ran on Konkan railway tracks on 20 March 1993, between Udupi and Mangalore. During its initial years of operation in the mountainous Konkan region, a number of accidents prompted Konkan Railway to implement new technology. Anti-collision devices, the Sky Bus and roll-on/roll-off are several of the railway's innovations.  The 756.25 km (469.91 mi) long railway line connects the states of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. The first train on the completed track was sent off on 26 January 1998.
Paris Cité University
Paris Cité University (French: Université Paris Cité) is a public research university located in Paris, France. It was created by decree on 20 March 2019, resulting from the merger of Paris Descartes (Paris V) and Paris Diderot (Paris VII) universities, established following the division of the University of Paris in 1970. It was originally established as the University of Paris (French: Université de Paris), but was renamed by decree in March 2022 to its current name.

The university headquarters is located in the École de Médecine building, in the 6th arrondissement at boulevard Saint-Germain. It has 15 teaching hospitals and 28,800 medical students. It is the main successor to the University of Paris Faculty of Medicine, founded around 1200, along with Sorbonne University.

École de Médecine (building)
The École de Médecine (French pronunciation: [ekɔl də medəsin], "School of Medicine"), or formerly the École de Chirurgie ([-ʃiʁyʁʒi], "Academy of Surgery"), is an academic and historic building of the Paris Cité University, located on the Latin Quarter campus, at 10–12 rue de l'École-de-Médecine in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. The building was the headquarters and main campus of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris from 1795 to 1971. Today it is the head office of the Paris Cité University.

The building gave its name to the current rue de l'École-de-Médecine, formerly rue des Cordeliers.
Tribune (Australian newspaper)
Tribune was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of Australia. It was published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Australia from 1939 to 1991. Initially it was subtitled as Tribune: The People's Paper. It was also published as the Qld Guardian, Guardian (Melbourne), Forward (Sydney). It had previously been published as The Australian Communist, (1920-1921) The Communist, (1921-1923) and the Workers' Weekly (1923-1939).

The Tribune for the years 1939–1991 has been digitised, as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.

The Australian Communist
The Australian Communist was a weekly newspaper published from Sydney, Australia between 24 December 1920 and 29 April 1921. The newspaper was the official organ of the Communist Party of Australia. In total, 19 issues of The Australian Communist were published. Tom Glynn served as the editor of The Australian Communist until 25 March 1921. For the last issues C.W. Baker served as the editor.
Zlatko Saračević
Zlatan "Zlatko" Saračević (5 July 1961 – 21 February 2021) was a Croatian professional handball player and coach who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia and in the 1996 Summer Olympics for Croatia.

From the 2015 to 2017 World Championship he was a commentator on RTL Televizija together with Filip Brkić.

Following the domestic league match between RK Podravka, of which he was coach, and RK Lokomotiva, Saračević suffered a cardiac arrest and died in Koprivnica on 21 February 2021. He was 59.

Croatia men's national handball team
The Croatia national handball team (Croatian: Hrvatska rukometna reprezentacija) represents Croatia at international handball competitions and is governed by the Croatian Handball Federation (HRS). Since their Independence in 1991 Croatia has won 16 medals at main international competitions, the biggest being winning the gold medal at the Olympic Games twice and one World Championship title, and played in the final of the European Championship three times. The Croatian national team's victory at the 1996 Olympics is often credited as one of the biggest upsets in the history of handball. The Croatian national team have also won a so-called "international double", winning the gold medal at the World Championship (2003) and the Olympics (2004).
2006 Ohio's 2nd congressional district election
The 2006 Ohio's 2nd congressional district election was an election for the United States House of Representatives that took place on November 7, 2006. Incumbent Jean Schmidt, who won the seat in a special election in 2005, ran for reelection.  She faced Democrat Victoria Wells Wulsin, a doctor from Indian Hill, in the general election. Results showed that Schmidt won reelection by 1.26%, and Wulsin conceded the race.

Jean Schmidt
Jeannette Mary Schmidt (née Hoffman; born November 29, 1951) is an American politician who is a state representative in Ohio's 62nd district. She was a U.S. Representative for Ohio's 2nd congressional district, serving from 2005 to 2013. She is a member of the Republican Party.
Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra
Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra, also known simply as Silver Mt. Zion, and abbreviated to SMZ, are a Canadian post-rock band that formed in 1999, originating from Montreal, Quebec. The group was founded by Godspeed You! Black Emperor co-founder Efrim Menuck, who was joined by fellow Godspeed members Sophie Trudeau and Thierry Amar. Aside from these core members, Silver Mt. Zion has undergone almost yearly personnel changes, evolving by stages from a mostly instrumental trio at the time of its first recordings into an eight-piece group, and then in 2008 into a strongly vocal quintet.

Silver Mt. Zion's music has been described as post-rock, though singer and guitarist Efrim Menuck identifies with the punk rock ethos and aesthetic. The band has released seven studio albums and three EPs, on the record label Constellation.

Hangedup
Hangedup was an experimental rock duo from Montreal, Quebec, Canada, featuring Genevieve Heistek on viola and Eric Craven on drums and percussion. They combined viola with strong percussion, sometimes using self-made instruments, to create intense experimental post-rock music.
Clarence Gilbert Taylor
Clarence Gilbert Taylor (September 8, 1898 – March 29, 1988) was an early American aviation entrepreneur and co-founder of the Taylor Brothers Aircraft Corporation (later named the Piper Aircraft Corporation) in Rochester, New York. He was the designer of the Taylor Cub aircraft, which led to the creation of the Piper Cub, one of the most popular airplanes in history.

Piper Aircraft
Piper Aircraft, Inc. is a manufacturer of general aviation aircraft, located at the Vero Beach Regional Airport in Vero Beach, Florida, United States and owned since 2009 by the Government of Brunei. Throughout much of the mid-to-late 20th century, it was considered to be one of the "Big Three" in the field of general aviation manufacturing, along with Beechcraft and Cessna.

Between its founding in 1927 and the end of 2009, the company produced 144,000 aircraft in 160 certified models, of which 90,000 are still flying.
Arnold Denker
Arnold Sheldon Denker (February 21, 1914 – January 2, 2005) was an American chess player and author. He was U.S. champion in 1944 and 1946. In later years he served in various chess organizations, receiving recognition from the United States Chess Federation, including in 2004 the highest honor, "Dean of American Chess".

United States Chess Federation
The United States Chess Federation (also known as US Chess or USCF) is the governing body for chess competition in the United States and represents the U.S. in The World Chess Federation (FIDE). USCF administers the official national rating system, awards national titles, sanctions over twenty national championships annually, and publishes two magazines: Chess Life and Chess Life Kids. The USCF was founded and incorporated in Illinois in 1939, from the merger of two older chess organizations.  It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Its membership as of 2024 was 112,000.
National Tsing Hua University
National Tsing Hua University (NTHU) is a national public research university in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Founded in Peking in 1911, it was re-established in Taiwan in 1956 following the Chinese Civil War.

The university is organized into twelve colleges, 26 departments, and 31 research institutes which collectively enroll more than 9,000 undergraduates and 9,000 graduate students. Its suburban campus neighbors the Hsinchu Science Park, a leading technology hub. As a member of the University System of Taiwan, it is affiliated with National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, National Central University and National Chengchi University.

The university's alumni include Nobel Prize laureates Yang Chen-Ning, Tsung-Dao Lee, and Yuan T. Lee.

Yang Chen-Ning
Yang Chen-Ning (simplified Chinese: 杨振宁; traditional Chinese: 楊振寧; pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng; October 1, 1922 – October 18, 2025) also known as C.N. Yang and Franklin Yang, was a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, integrable systems, gauge theory, particle physics and condensed matter physics.

Yang is known for his collaboration with Robert Mills in 1954 in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the Yang–Mills theory, which describes the nuclear forces in the Standard Model of particle physics.

Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on parity non-conservation of the weak interaction, which was confirmed by the Wu experiment in 1956. The two proposed that the conservation of parity, a physical law observed to hold in all other physical processes, is violated in weak nuclear reactions – those nuclear processes that result in the emission of beta or alpha particles.
Wisconsin Highway 32
State Trunk Highway 32 (often called Highway 32, STH-32 or WIS 32) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Wisconsin that runs north–south in the eastern part of the state. It runs from the Illinois border (at Illinois Route 137) north to the Michigan border (concurrent with U.S. Highway 45). It is named the 32nd Division Memorial Highway  after the U.S. 32nd Infantry Division, and the highway shields have red arrows—the division's logo—on either side of the number 32. The route of WIS 32 and the Red Arrow marking is set in state statute by the Wisconsin Legislature.

Illinois Route 137
Illinois Route 137 (IL 137) is a 23.49-mile-long (37.80 km) state highway in northeast Illinois. It runs from the Wisconsin state line north of Winthrop Harbor south to North Chicago, west to Libertyville, and then back northwest to Grayslake, terminating at IL 83 just south of IL 120.

The eastern portion of IL 137 carries part of the Amstutz Expressway, a short freeway between downtown Waukegan and Lake Michigan.
Society for Financial Studies
The Society for Financial Studies (SFS) is a nonprofit, academic society in the field of finance. It owns and runs three academic journals: (1) the Review of Financial Studies, (2) the Review of Asset Pricing Studies, and (3) the Review of Corporate Finance Studies. It organizes the SFS Cavalcade North America and the SFS Cavalcade Asia-Pacific, which are annual academic conferences. It financially supports and co-sponsors many independent finance academic conferences. Its governing board is the SFS Council.

The Review of Financial Studies
The Review of Financial Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of finance. It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies. It was established following discussions at the 1986 Western Finance Association meetings, and the first issue was published in 1988. The current editor-in-chief is Tarun Ramadorai. It is considered to be one of the premier finance journals. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 5.814, ranking it 5/110 in the category "BUSINESS, FINANCE".
Battle of Mišar
The Battle of Mišar (Serbian: Бој на Мишару, romanized: Boj na Mišaru) was fought between Serbian revolutionaries and an Ottoman army, it took place from 13 to 15 August 1806 during the First Serbian Uprising.

After repulsing an Ottoman force at Ivankovac, the year before, the Serbian insurgents under Karađorđe took strong position, entrenched in sconces on the field of Mišar Hill, near Šabac west of Belgrade. For two consecutive days they faced costly assault by an Ottoman Army and its Bosnian allies. On the third day, the Serbian cavalry attacked and defeated the Ottomans, the insurgents then conquered the citadels of Šabac and Belgrade.

Sconce (fortification)
A sconce is a small protective fortification, such as an earthwork, often placed on a mound as a defensive work for artillery. It was used primarily in Northern Europe from the late Middle Ages until the 19th century. This type of fortification was common during the English Civil War, and the remains of one such structure can be seen on Fort Royal Hill in Worcester, England.

During the Eighty Years' War for Dutch independence, the sconces (schans in Dutch) were often used to defend strategic places, but were used also during sieges and in circumvallations. Several more or less intact sconces remain in the Netherlands.

The Zaanse Schans, one of the top tourist locations in the Netherlands, derived its name from its original function as a sconce. Sconces played a major part in the Serbian Revolution, countering the numerical superiority of the Turkish army. Most notable cases are the battles at Mišar, Deligrad and Čegar.