hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alon–Boppana bound
In spectral graph theory, the Alon–Boppana bound provides a lower bound on the second-largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a -regular graph, meaning a graph in which every vertex has degree . The reason for the interest in the second-largest eigenvalue is that the largest eigenvalue is guaranteed to be  due to -regularity, with the all-ones vector being the associated eigenvector. The graphs that come close to meeting this bound are Ramanujan graphs, which are examples of the best possible expander graphs.

Its discoverers are Noga Alon and Ravi Boppana.

Ramanujan graph
In the mathematical field of spectral graph theory, a Ramanujan graph is a regular graph whose spectral gap is almost as large as possible (see extremal graph theory). Such graphs are excellent spectral expanders. As Murty's survey paper notes, Ramanujan graphs "fuse diverse branches of pure mathematics, namely, number theory, representation theory, and algebraic geometry". 
These graphs are indirectly named after Srinivasa Ramanujan; their name comes from the Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture, which was used in a construction of some of these graphs.
The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
"The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" is an article that the English mathematician Alan Turing wrote in 1952. It describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spirals, can arise naturally from a homogeneous, uniform state. The theory, which can be called a reaction–diffusion theory of morphogenesis, has become a basic model in theoretical biology. Such patterns have come to be known as Turing patterns. For example, it has been postulated that the protein VEGFC can form Turing patterns to govern the formation of lymphatic vessels in the zebrafish embryo.

Turing pattern
The Turing pattern is a concept introduced by English mathematician Alan Turing in a 1952 paper titled "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis", which describes how patterns in nature, such as stripes and spots, can arise naturally and autonomously from a homogeneous, uniform state. The pattern arises due to Turing instability, which in turn arises due to the interplay between differential diffusion of chemical species and chemical reaction. The instability mechanism is surprising because a pure diffusion, such as molecular diffusion, would be expected to have a stabilizing influence on the system (i.e., complete mixing).
Florida State Road 527
State Road 527 (SR 527) is a major arterial road through the Orlando MSA extending 20 miles (32 km) through Orange County. Its southern terminus is at SR 482. Much of the route runs in close proximity to the SunRail commuter railroad line.

Florida State Road 482
State Road 482 (SR 482), named Sand Lake Road and McCoy Road, is an east–west state highway in south Orlando, Florida, United States. It is a surface road providing access to some of Orlando's biggest tourist attractions.
Trois
Trois is a 2000 erotic thriller film directed by Rob Hardy and produced by William Packer. It stars Gary Dourdan, Kenya Moore and Gretchen Palmer. The film was given a limited theatrical release and was one of the year's highest grossing African American-oriented films as well as one of the top fifty highest grossing independent films of 2000. The film was followed by two sequels, Trois 2: Pandora's Box (2002) and Trois: The Escort (2004).

Trois 2: Pandora's Box
Trois 2: Pandora's Box (also known as Pandora's Box) is a 2002 erotic thriller written and directed by Rob Hardy and starring Monica Calhoun, Michael Jai White, and Kristoff St. John.

When first released, the film was known as Pandora's Box. The studio believed that it was similar in some ways to director Rob Hardy's film Trois and branded it as a franchise. Chrystale Wilson reprises her role as Tammy from Trois.
Changning, Hunan
Changning is a county-level city in Hunan Province, China, under the administration of  Hengyang prefecture-level City. Located on the south-central part of the province, the city is bordered to the north by Qidong and Hengnan Counties, to the east by Leiyang City, to the south by Guiyang County, and to the west by Qiyang County. Changning City covers 2,046.6 km2 (790.2 sq mi) with a registered population of 958,988 and resident population of 810,447 (as of the 2010 census). The city has three subdistricts, 14 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction. The government seat is Yiyang Subdistrict (宜阳街道).

Hengnan County
Hengnan County (Chinese: 衡南县; pinyin: Héngnán Xiàn; lit. 'south of Mount Heng') is a county located in the south of Hengyang prefecture-level city, Hunan province, China. It was established in 1952 and named after the south of Mount Heng. The county has an area of 2,621.1 km2 (1,012.0 sq mi) with a population of 1,069,800 (as of 2015). The county of Hengnan has one township and 21 towns under its jurisdiction, and its seat is the town of Yunji (云集镇).
Gevork Vartanian
Gevork Andreevich Vartanian (Armenian: Գևորգ Վարդանյան, Russian: Гево́рк Андре́евич Вартаня́н; 17 February 1924 – 10 January 2012) was a Soviet intelligence officer.

He was primarily responsible, together with his wife Goar Vartanian, for thwarting Operation Long Jump, concocted by Adolf Hitler, headed by Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and led by Otto Skorzeny, which was an alleged attempt to assassinate Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference in 1943.

Goar Vartanian
Goar Levonovna Vartanian (Armenian: Գոհար Լևոնի Վարդանյան Russian: Гоар Левоновна Вартанян; 25 January 1926 – 25 November 2019) was an Armenian woman who spied for the Soviet Union together with her husband Gevork Vartanian.
Ehime Prefecture
Ehime Prefecture (愛媛県, Ehime-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜ.çi.me, e.çi.meꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Ehime Prefecture has a population of 1,334,841 and a geographic area of 5,676 km2 (2,191 sq mi). Ehime Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the northeast, Tokushima Prefecture to the east, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southeast. Ehime Prefecture also borders Hiroshima Prefecture for 74 metres (243 ft) on Hyōtanjima.

Matsuyama is the capital and largest city of Ehime Prefecture and the largest city on Shikoku, with other major cities including Imabari, Niihama, and Saijō.

Notable past Ehime residents include three Nobel Prize winners: Kenzaburo Oe (1994 Nobel Prize in Literature), Shuji Nakamura (2014 Nobel Prize in Physics), and Syukuro Manabe (2021 Nobel Prize in Physics).

Kōchi Prefecture
Kōchi Prefecture (高知県, Kōchi-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [koꜜː.tɕi, koː.tɕi̥ꜜ.keɴ], locally [koː.tɕi]) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kōchi Prefecture has a population of 669,516 (1 April 2023) and has a geographic area of 7,103 km2 (2,742 sq mi). Kōchi Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the northwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the northeast.

Kōchi is the capital and largest city of Kōchi Prefecture, with other major cities including Nankoku, Shimanto, and Kōnan. Kōchi Prefecture is located on Japan's Pacific coast surrounding a large bay in the south of Shikoku, with the southernmost point of the island located at Cape Ashizuri in Tosashimizu. Kōchi Prefecture is home to Kōchi Castle, considered the most intact Japanese castle, and the Shimanto River, one of the few undammed rivers in Japan.
Chaungtha
Chaungtha (Burmese: ချောင်းသာ [tɕʰáʊɰ̃ ɾ̪θà]) is a town and beach resort located in Shwethaungyan Subtownship, Pathein Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Chaungtha Beach, as it is more commonly known, is about 5 hours' drive away from Yangon, and is a popular resort with Yangonites from October to April. As it is relatively more affordable than the nearby Ngwesaung and Ngapali beaches, Chaungtha is also more crowded and less clean than the two more expensive and better maintained beaches.

Ngwesaung
Ngwesaung (Burmese: ငွေဆောင် [ŋwè zàʊɰ̃]), also spelt Ngwe Hsaung, is a beach resort located 48 km west of Pathein, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. It is the namesake of Ngwesaung Subtownship, Pathein Township. In 2014, the town of Ngwesaung had 10,732 people. The beach is 5 hours drive, with no traffic, away from the principal city of Yangon, and an airport is in the works. Buses leave at 6am & 9:30pm from in front of the Yangon Central Railway Station. Opened in March 2000, Ngwe Hsaung is newer than nearby and more popular Chaung Thar Beach, and is designed to attract people with larger holiday budgets.
General Post Office (Washington, D.C.)
The General Post Office, also known as the Tariff Commission Building, is a historic building at 700 F Street NW in Washington, D.C., United States.  Built in 1839 to a design by Robert Mills and enlarged in 1866 to a design by Thomas U. Walter, it is an example of Greek Revival architecture.  It was designated a US National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its architecture. The building has housed the Hotel Monaco since 2002.

Kimpton Hotel Monaco Washington DC
Kimpton Hotel Monaco Washington DC is a 183-room high end boutique hotel at the corner of 7th and F Streets Northwest in the Penn Quarter neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Kimpton Hotel Monaco DC is one of ten Kimpton hotel properties in the Washington Metropolitan Area and is located across the street from the National Portrait Gallery and the Capital One Arena. The hotel opened in the summer of 2002 and was named one of the eighty best new hotels in the world in 2003 by Condé Nast Traveler. In September 2010, Pebblebrook Hotel Trust acquired the Monaco Washington DC hotel for $74.0 million.
Marcellin Marbot
Jean-Baptiste Antoine Marcelin Marbot (/mɑːrˈboʊ/ mar-BOH, French: [ʒɑ̃ batist ɑ̃twan maʁsəlɛ̃ maʁbo]; 18 August 1782 – 16 November 1854), known as Marcellin Marbot, was a French general, famous for his memoirs depicting the Napoleonic age of warfare. He belongs to a family that has distinguished itself particularly in the career of arms, giving three generals to France in less than 50 years. His elder brother, Adolphe Marbot, was also a general.

Adolphe Marbot
Antoine Adolphe Marcelin Marbot (/mɑːrˈboʊ/ mar-BOH, French: [ɑ̃twan adɔlf maʁsəlɛ̃ maʁbo]; 22 March 1781 – 2 June 1844), known as Adolphe Marbot, was a French general. He belongs to a family that has distinguished itself particularly in the career of arms, giving three generals to France in less than 50 years. His younger brother, Marcellin Marbot, was also a general.
Whitechapel and St George's
Whitechapel and St George's was a parliamentary constituency in east London, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

It was created for the 1918 general election, largely replacing the old Stepney constituency. It was abolished for the 1950 general election.

Stepney (UK Parliament constituency)
Stepney was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Stepney district of the East End of London.  It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post system.
People Party (South Korea, 2016)
The People Party (PP; Korean: 국민의당; lit. Party of Nationals) was a centrist political party from 2016 to 2018 in South Korea. The political party was established on 2 February 2016 by Ahn Cheol-soo. The party had a strong support base in the Honam region. The party dissolved on 13 February 2018.

A later party of the same name was also founded by Ahn and was active from 2020 to 2022.

People Party (South Korea, 2020)
The People Party (PP; Korean: 국민의당, lit. 'Party of Nationals') was a political party in South Korea. The party was founded by Ahn Cheol-soo in February 2020, after leaving the Bareunmirae Party. It has the same name as the People Party, which was also founded by Ahn and existed from 2016 to 2018.

In the 2020 South Korean legislative election, the party won three representatives for the National Assembly.

The People Party dissolved in April 2022 after merging with the conservative People Power Party.
Jock D. Mackinlay
Jock D. Mackinlay (born August 16, 1952) is an American information visualization expert and Vice President of Research and Design at Tableau Software.  With Stuart Card, George G. Robertson and others he invented a number of information visualization techniques.

Stuart Card
Stuart K. Card (born December 21, 1943) is an American researcher and retired senior research fellow at Xerox PARC. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of applying human factors in human–computer interaction. With Jock D. Mackinlay, George G. Robertson and others he invented a number of information visualization techniques.  He holds numerous patents in user interfaces and visual analysis.
CFD Mountain View
Canadian Forces Detachment Mountain View, also CFD Mountain View, is a Canadian Forces airfield (Trenton/Mountain View Airport) located in Prince Edward County, Ontario, south of Belleville. It is geographically close to CFB Trenton, which has administrative responsibility for the facilities.

CFB Trenton
Canadian Forces Base Trenton (IATA: YTR, ICAO: CYTR) (also CFB Trenton), formerly RCAF Station Trenton, is a Canadian Forces base located within the city of Quinte West, Ontario, about 175 km (109 miles) east of Toronto. It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and is the hub for air transport operations in Canada and abroad. Its primary RCAF lodger unit is 8 Wing, commonly referred to as 8 Wing Trenton.  CFB Trenton is Canada's largest Air Force base and most southerly air base.

The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency. The use of the airport for civilian aircraft is permitted for emergencies or MEDEVACs only and the CBSA officers can only handle general aviation aircraft with up to 15 passengers.
DR Class 99.77-79
The steam locomotives of DR Class 99.77–79 were ordered by the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany after the Second World War. They were narrow gauge locomotives with a 750 mm rail gauge and were built for the narrow gauge lines in Saxony. The locomotives were largely identical to the DRG Class 99.73–76 standard locomotives (Einheitslokomotiven) built in the 1930s. To differentiate them from their predecessors they were described as Neubaulokomotiven or newly designed engines.

Neubaulokomotive
The German term Neubaulokomotive (German pronunciation: [ˈnɔʏbaʊlokomoˌtiːvə]) refers specifically to steam locomotives which were newly designed and built either for the Deutsche Bundesbahn in West Germany or the Deutsche Reichsbahn in East Germany after the Second World War.
Aṇḍa
In Kaśmir Śaivism the world is described as being composed of four spheres (aṇḍa) that contain a series of phenomenal elements (tattva). The four aṇḍa are described to appear by the means of the internal abundance of Śiva's divine powers. Outside the four aṇḍa is Śiva tattva which is the substrate and essential nature of all the other tattvas.

Tattva (Shaivism)
The tattvas in Indian philosophy are elements or principles of reality. Tattvas are the basic concepts to understand the nature of absolute, the souls and the universe in Samkhya and Shaivite philosophies. Samkhya philosophy lists 25 tattvas while later Shaivite philosophies extend the number to 36.

Tattvas are used to explain the structure and origin of the Universe. They are usually divided into three groups: śuddha (pure tattvas); śuddhāśuddha (pure-impure tattvas); and aśuddha (impure tattvas). The pure tattvas describe internal aspects of the Absolute; the pure-impure tattvas describe the soul and its limitations; while the impure tattvas include the universe and living beings that assist the existence of soul.
Pyala Lake
Pyala Lake (transl. Bowl Lake) is a small natural lake in Jalkhand, Kaghan Valley, Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Located 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Naran, the lake's circular shape gives it its name.

Kaghan Valley
The Kaghan Valley (Hindko, Urdu: وادی کاغان) is an alpine valley in Mansehra District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The valley stretches 154 kilometres (96 mi) across the mountaineous northern Pakistan, rising from its lowest elevation of 650 m (2,134 ft) to its highest point at the Babusar Pass around 4,170 m (13,690 ft). Landslides triggered by the devastating 2005 Kashmir earthquake destroyed many passes leading into the valley, though roads have since been rebuilt. Kaghan is a popular tourist attraction in Pakistan.
Sergei Yefimovich Zakharov
Sergei Yefimovich Zakharov (Russian: Серге́й Ефи́мович Заха́ров; November 26, 1900, in the town of Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Sakalin Province, Russian Empire – January 24, 1993, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation) was a Russian Soviet painter, watercolorist, graphic artist, and interior designer.He lived and worked in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg). He was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists, and regarded as one of the brightest representatives of the Leningrad school of painting and graphics, most famous for his watercolors of fruits and flowers.

Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Union of Artists of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский Союз художников) was established on August 2, 1932, as a creative union of the Leningrad artists and arts critics. Prior to 1959, it was called "Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists". From 1959 (when it joined the Union of Artists of the RSFSR), it was called as Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. After the renaming of the city in 1991, it became known as the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists.
East Germany–West Germany football rivalry
The rivalry between football teams from East Germany and West Germany lasted from 1949 to 1990.

Clubs from the two countries met at official level in both national team and club competitions like the FIFA World Cup and European Cup. While the West Germany national team received strong support in East Germany, with supporters from the East often travelling to away matches of the West German team in Eastern Europe, encounters between teams from the East and West in European Cup competitions were often hard-fought.

East Germany's 1–0 victory over West Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup was the only game between the two national teams. Bayer 05 Uerdingen's 1986 victory over Dynamo Dresden was dubbed the Miracle of the Grotenburg.

East Germany v West Germany (1974 FIFA World Cup)
On 22 June 1974, East Germany played West Germany in Hamburg as part of the first group stage of the 1974 FIFA World Cup. East Germany won the match 1–0, in what is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in FIFA World Cup history. The match is also notable for being the only time East and West Germany ever played each other in top-level senior international competition.
Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad
The Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad was an American railway company in New Jersey. It was incorporated in 1859 to build a rail line between Camden and Mount Holly, New Jersey. It was consolidated with the Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company in 1866 to form the Camden and Burlington County Railroad, which ultimately constructed the line from Camden to Mount Holly. Its lines eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system and are mostly abandoned.

Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company
The Burlington and Mount Holly Railroad and Transportation Company was a railway company in the United States. It was incorporated in 1848 and opened its first line in 1849. It was consolidated with the Camden, Moorestown, Hainesport and Mount Holly Horse Car Railroad in 1866 to form the Camden and Burlington County Railroad. Its lines eventually became part of the Pennsylvania Railroad system and are mostly abandoned.
Hector Ó hEochagáin
Shane Ó hEochagáin (pronounced [oː ˈhoːxəɡaːnʲ] oh-HOE-khu-gawn; (of the tribe of Uí Néill) born 17 August 1969), known mononymously as Hector, is an Irish television and radio presenter born in Drogheda, County Louth, and raised in Navan, County Meath. He is best known for travel shows on TG4, the Irish language television station in Ireland. He previously presented The Tommy, Hector and Laurita Podcast from September 2020 to April 2024, Breakfast with Hector on weekday mornings on RTÉ 2fm from October 2010 to December 2013 and The Sunday Sitting Room on Today FM.

Tommy Tiernan
Tommy Tiernan (/ˈtɪərnən/; born 16 June 1969) is an Irish comedian, actor, and writer. He is best known for his stand-up career, hosting The Tommy Tiernan Show (2017–present) and playing Gerry in the sitcom Derry Girls (2018–2022).
Whirlwind (comics)
Whirlwind (David Cannon) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Tales To Astonish #50 (December 1963). David Cannon belongs to the subspecies of humans called mutants, who are born with superhuman abilities. He is a recurring antagonist of the superheroes Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne. He has also been known as the Human Top at various points in his history.

Wasp (character)
The Wasp (Janet van Dyne) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee, Ernie Hart, and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Tales to Astonish #44 (June 1963).

Janet van Dyne is usually depicted as having the ability to shrink to a height of several centimeters, fly by means of insectoid wings, and fire bioelectric energy blasts. She is a founding member of the Avengers and the one who gave them their name as well as a longtime leader of the team. She is also the ex-wife of Hank Pym and the stepmother of Nadia van Dyne. The Wasp has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes.

Michelle Pfeiffer portrayed Janet van Dyne in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films while Evangeline Lilly portrayed an original MCU version, Hope van Dyne (based on Hope Pym), in the films Ant-Man (2015), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023).
Higan
Higan (彼岸; lit. "distant shore") is a Buddhist holiday exclusively celebrated by Japanese sects for seven days; three days before and after both the Spring equinox (shunbun) and Autumnal equinox (shūbun). It is observed by nearly every Buddhist school in Japan. The tradition extends from mild weather that occurs during the time of equinoxes, though the origin of the holiday dates from Emperor Shōmu in the 8th century. People who normally worked in the fields had more leisure time to evaluate their own practices, and to make a renewed effort to follow Buddhism. The seasons beginning to change is a symbol that Buddhists should change their lives in order to reach enlightenment. Today, special services are usually observed in Japanese Buddhist temples, and Japanese temples abroad, based on the particular Buddhist tradition or sect.

September equinox
The September equinox (or southward equinox) is the moment when the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading southward. Because of differences between the calendar year and the tropical year, the September equinox may occur from September 21 to 24.

At the equinox, the Sun as viewed from the equator rises due east and sets due west. Before the Southward equinox, the Sun rises and sets more northerly, and afterwards, it rises and sets more southerly.

The equinox may be taken to mark the end of astronomical summer and the beginning of astronomical autumn (autumnal equinox) in the Northern Hemisphere, while marking the end of astronomical winter and the start of astronomical spring (vernal equinox) in the Southern Hemisphere.