hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chiaravalle (district of Milan)
Chiaravalle (Lombard: Ceravall [tʃeraˈʋal]) is a district (quartiere) of Milan, Italy, part of the Zone 5 administrative division of the city. It is located in the periphery south of the city centre, within the Parco Agricolo Sud Milano nature reserve.

Before 1923, Chiaravalle was an autonomous comune, named Chiaravalle Milanese.

Despite being annexed to Milan, Chiaravalle has maintained the character of an autonomous town. The park that embraces the district also separates it from the urban agglomeration of the city. This isolation is reinforced by the scarceness of public transportation to the centre, which mostly consists of a single bus line connecting Chiaravalle to Porta Romana. As this bus line has a stop at the Milan Metro station of Corvetto, this is the subway station that serves Chiaravalle, despite that of Rogoredo being closer.

The main landmark of the Chiaravalle district is eponymous abbey, a Gothic-Romanesque 12th century monastic complex.

Chiaravalle Abbey
45°25′02″N 9°14′28″E﻿ / ﻿45.4171°N 9.24098°E﻿ / 45.4171; 9.24098

The Abbey of Santa Maria di Rovegnano (Latin: Sanctæ Mariæ Clarævallis Mediolanensis) is a Cistercian monastic complex in the comune of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy. The borgo that has developed round the abbey was once an independent commune called Chiaravalle Milanese, now included in Milan and referred to as the Chiaravalle district.

The abbey was founded on 22 January 1135 as a daughter house of Clairvaux; it is one of the first examples of Gothic architecture in Italy, although maintaining some late Romanesque influences.
Castle Howard railway station
Castle Howard railway station was a minor railway station serving the village of Welburn and the stately home at Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, England. On the York to Scarborough Line it was opened on 5 July 1845 by the York and North Midland Railway. The architect was George Townsend Andrews. It closed to passenger traffic on 22 September 1930 but continued to be staffed until the 1950s for small volumes of freight and parcels.

The station was often used by the aristocracy, notably Queen Victoria when she visited Castle Howard, with Prince Albert, as a guest of the Earl of Carlisle in August 1850. The station is now a private residence.

Castle Howard station was featured in the British TV documentary The Architecture the Railways Built presented by historian Tim Dunn on Yesterday in 2020.

Castle Howard
Castle Howard is an English country house in Henderskelfe, North Yorkshire, 15 miles (24 km) north of York. A private residence, it has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard has been used as a filming location in several films and television shows, including in Granada Television's 1981 television adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited and in a 2008 film adaptation.
Teodoro Asedillo
Teodoro B. Asedillo (July 1883 – (1935-12-31)31 December 1935) was a Filipino labor leader and revolutionary. A former schoolteacher and police officer in Longos, he became the head of the labor federation Katipunan ng mga Anak-Pawis sa Pilipinas in his province of Laguna. He was also a member of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930.

Asedillo is most famous for leading an armed insurrection against the American colonial government in 1935. Following the failure of a strike in the La Minerva cigarette factory in Tondo, Asedillo returned to Longos and organized armed peasants against what they saw as socio-economic injustice. He became famous as a Robin Hood figure in the area, while colonial officials described him as an outlaw and a bandit leader.

Asedillo was eventually killed in Sampaloc, Quezon, following a manhunt in November 1935. His body was crucified and put on display to discourage supporters.

The Asedillo Falls in Sampaloc are named after him.

Sampaloc, Quezon
Sampaloc, officially the Municipality of Sampaloc (Tagalog: Bayan ng Sampaloc),  is a municipality in the province of Quezon, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 13,331 people.
Christian left
The Christian left is a range of Christian political and social movements that largely embrace social justice principles and uphold a social doctrine or social gospel based on their interpretation of the teachings of Christianity. Given the inherent diversity in international political thought, the term Christian left can have different meanings and applications in different countries. While there is much overlap, the Christian left is distinct from liberal Christianity, meaning not all Christian leftists are liberal Christians and vice versa.

In the United States, the Christian left usually aligns with modern liberalism and progressivism, using the social gospel to achieve better social and economic equality. Christian anarchism, Christian communism, and Christian socialism are subsets of the socialist Christian left. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, authors of the Communist Manifesto, both had Christian upbringings; however, neither were devout Christians.

Christianity and politics
The relationship between Christianity and politics is a historically complex subject and a frequent source of disagreement throughout the history of Christianity, as well as in modern politics between the Christian right and Christian left. There have been a wide variety of ways in which thinkers have conceived of this relationship, with many arguing that Christianity directly supports a particular political ideology or philosophy. Along these lines, various thinkers have argued for Christian communism, Christian socialism, Christian nationalism, Christian anarchism, Christian libertarianism, Christian democracy, Christian fascism, the divine right of kings, or tsarist autocracy. Particularly in the United States, Christian interest groups play a role in pushing for Christian values. However, others believe that Christians should have little interest or participation in politics or government, or none at all.
New London, Connecticut
New London is a seaport city and a port of entry on the northeast coast of the United States, located at the outlet of the Thames River in New London County, Connecticut, which empties into Long Island Sound. The city is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region.

New London is home to the United States Coast Guard Academy, Connecticut College, Mitchell College, and The Williams School. The Coast Guard Station New London and New London Harbor is home port to both the Coast Guard's cutter Coho and their tall ship Eagle. The city had a population of 27,367 at the 2020 census. The Norwich–New London metropolitan area includes 21 towns and 274,055 people.

Thames River (Connecticut)
The Thames River (/θeɪmz/ THAYMZ) is a short river and tidal estuary in the state of Connecticut. It flows south for 15 miles (24 km) through eastern Connecticut from the junction of the Yantic River and Shetucket River at Norwich, Connecticut, to New London and Groton, Connecticut, which flank its mouth at Long Island Sound. The Thames River watershed includes a number of smaller basins and the 80-mile (130 km) long Quinebaug River, which rises in southern Massachusetts and joins the Shetucket River about four miles northeast of Norwich.
Walter Cup
The Walter Cup (French: La coupe Walter) is a trophy awarded to the winner of the PWHL Finals, an annual best-of-five series that determines the champion of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). It is named in honor of PWHL co-founder Mark Walter and his wife Kimbra. The only team to have won the Cup since its establishment is the Minnesota Frost, with victories in both 2024 and 2025.

Mark Walter
Mark Richard Walter (born May 22, 1960) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and the chief executive officer of Guggenheim Partners, a privately held global financial services firm with more than $345 billion in assets under management. He is also the CEO and co-chairman of TWG Global, an American multinational holding company.

Walter is best known for his investments in professional sports. He is the owner and chairman of Major League Baseball's Los Angeles Dodgers, the National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Lakers, the Women's National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Sparks, the motorsports organization Andretti Global, and the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). In addition, he owns 12.7% of BlueCo, a holding company that controls Premier League club Chelsea, Ligue 1 club Strasbourg, and part of the Billie Jean King Cup.
Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham
Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (20 February 1608 – 9 March 1649), of Hadham Hall and Cassiobury House, Watford, both in Hertfordshire, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 until 1641 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Capell. He supported the Royalist cause in the Civil War and was executed on the orders of parliament in 1649.

Cassiobury House
Cassiobury House was a country house in Cassiobury Park, Watford, England. It was the ancestral seat of the Earls of Essex. Originally a Tudor building, dating from 1546 for Sir Richard Morrison, it was substantially remodelled in the 17th and 19th centuries and ultimately demolished in 1927. The surrounding Cassiobury Park was turned into the main public open space for Watford.
Stout Scarab
The Stout Scarab is a streamlined car, designed by William Bushnell Stout and manufactured by Stout Engineering Laboratories and later by Stout Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan.

The Stout Scarab is credited by some as the world's first production minivan, and a 1946 experimental prototype of the Scarab became the world's first car with a fiberglass bodyshell and air suspension.

William Bushnell Stout
William Bushnell Stout (March 16, 1880 – March 20, 1956) was a pioneering American inventor, engineer, developer and designer whose works in the automotive and aviation fields were groundbreaking. Known by the nickname "Bill", Stout designed an aircraft that eventually became the Ford Trimotor and was an executive at the Ford Motor Company.
Map algebra
Map algebra is an algebra for manipulating geographic data, primarily  fields. Developed by Dr. Dana Tomlin and others in the late 1970s, it is a set of primitive operations in a geographic information system (GIS) which allows one or more raster layers ("maps") of similar dimensions to produce a new raster layer (map) using mathematical or other operations such as addition, subtraction etc.

Dana Tomlin
Charles Dana Tomlin is an author, professor, and originator of Map Algebra, a vocabulary and conceptual framework for classifying ways to combine map data to produce new maps. Tomlin's teaching and research focus on the development and application of geographic information systems (GIS). He is currently a professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Design and an adjunct professor at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, having also taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and the Ohio State University School of Natural Resources. His coursework in Landscape Architecture has extensively included GIS and cartographic modeling applications.
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). It does so using molecular oxygen (O2), as well as iron (Fe2+) and tetrahydrobiopterin as cofactors. L-DOPA is a precursor for dopamine, which, in turn, is a precursor for the important neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines. In humans, tyrosine hydroxylase is encoded by the TH gene, and the enzyme is present in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase together make up the family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAHs).

Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) (EC 1.14.16.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side-chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine. PAH is one of three members of the biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, a class of monooxygenase that uses tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, a pteridine cofactor) and a non-heme iron for catalysis. During the reaction, molecular oxygen is heterolytically cleaved with sequential incorporation of one oxygen atom into BH4 and phenylalanine substrate. In humans, mutations in its encoding gene, PAH, can lead to the metabolic disorder phenylketonuria.
Máire Gill
Máire ‘Mollie’ Gill (Máire Ní Ghiolla) (1891–1977) was a political activist who became third and longest-serving president of the Camogie Association and captained a Dublin team to an All Ireland championship while serving as president of the association.

All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
The All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship is a competition for inter-county teams in the women's field sport of game of camogie played in Ireland. The series of games are organised by the Camogie Association and are played during the summer months with the All-Ireland Camogie Final being played in Croke Park, Dublin. The prize for the winning team is the O'Duffy Cup.

The men's equivalent tournament is the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship.
Sailors' superstitions
Sailors' superstitions are superstitions particular to sailors or mariners, and which traditionally have been common around the world.  Some of these beliefs are popular superstitions, while others are better described as traditions, stories, folklore, tropes, myths, or legends. The origins of many of these superstitions are based in the inherent risks of sailing, and luck, either good or bad, as well as portents and omens that would be given associative meaning in relation to the life of a mariner, sailor, fisherman, or a crew in general. Even in the 21st century, "fishers and related fishing workers" in the U.S. have the second-most dangerous occupation, trailing only loggers.

Davy Jones's locker
Davy Jones' locker is a metaphor for the oceanic abyss, the final resting place of drowned sailors and travellers. It is a euphemism for drowning or shipwrecks in which the sailors' and ships' remains are consigned to the depths of the ocean (to be sent to Davy Jones' Locker).

First used in print in 1726, the name Davy Jones' origins are unclear, with a 19th-century dictionary tracing Davy Jones to a "ghost of Jonah". Other explanations of this nautical superstition have been put forth, including an incompetent sailor or a pub owner who kidnapped sailors.
Augustine (actor)
Kunnumpurath Mathew Augustine (30 July 1955 – 14 November 2013), known mononymously as Augustine, was an Indian actor who worked in Malayalam cinema. He acted in more than 150 films, mainly in comedy, character and negative roles. Actress Ann Augustine is his daughter.

Ann Augustine
Anate "Ann" Augustine (born 30 July 1989) is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam films. The daughter of actor Augustine, she made her acting debut in Elsamma Enna Aankutty (2010). Ann is best known for her performance in Artist (2013), which won her the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress and Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam.
Crown Airways
Crown Airways was a regional airline operating for USAir Express (Then US Airways Express) with its headquarters on the grounds of DuBois Regional Airport in Washington Township, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, near Falls Creek. Allegheny Commuter was the brand name for the regional affiliate of Allegheny Airlines, under which a number of individually owned commuter air carriers operate short and medium haul routes. The airline is often credited as the first code-share agreement between a major airline and smaller commuters.

Allegheny Airlines
Allegheny Airlines was a local service carrier, a scheduled airline that operated out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, from 1953 to 1979, with routes primarily located in the Eastern United States. It was the direct predecessor of USAir, which was subsequently renamed US Airways, which itself merged with American Airlines. Its headquarters were at Washington National Airport in Arlington County, Virginia.
Endel Tulving
Endel Tulving OC FRSC (May 26, 1927 – September 11, 2023) was an Estonian-born Canadian experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist. In his research on human memory he proposed the distinction between semantic and episodic memory. Tulving was a professor at the University of Toronto. He joined the Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Health Sciences in 1992 as the first Anne and Max Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience and remained there until his retirement in 2010. In 2006, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC), Canada's highest civilian honour.

Semantic memory
Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge (word meanings, concepts, facts, and ideas) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. New concepts are learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.

Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory—the memory of experiences and specific events that occur in one's life that can be recreated at any given point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of stroking a particular cat.

Semantic memory and episodic memory are both types of explicit memory (or declarative memory), or memory of facts or events that can be consciously recalled and "declared". The counterpart to declarative or explicit memory is implicit memory (also known as nondeclarative memory).
Statue of Kazimierz Deyna
The statue of Kazimierz Deyna (Polish: Pomnik Kazimierza Deyny) is a bronze statue in Warsaw, Poland. It is located in the neighbourhood of Ujazdów in the Downtown district, at Łazienkowska Street in front of the Polish Army Stadium. The sculpture, commemorating Kazimierz Deyna, a 20th-century association football player, was designed by Tomasz Radziewicz, and unveiled on 6 June 2012, shortly prior to the inauguration of the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament.

Łazienki Street
The Łazienki Street or Łazienkowska Street (Polish: Ulica Łazienkowska) is a street in the Warsaw's Śródmieście district, running from Czerniakowska Street to Stanisław Sedlaczek roundabout and Rozbrat Street.
Lietuvininkų prietelis
Lietuvininkų prietelis (original spelling: Lietuwininku Prietelis; transl. Friend of Lietuvininkai) was a short-lived Lithuanian-language political newspaper published in Memel (now Klaipėda) by Lutheran priest Rudolf Andreas Zippel (Rudolfas Endrius Cipelis) in 1849. It was published for less than a year, but it is considered the first "true" Lithuanian periodical (earlier Nusidavimai Dievo karalystėje contained mostly translated religious texts). It was also the first Lithuanian periodical published in the territory of present-day Lithuania.

Rudolf Andreas Zippel
Rudolf Andreas Zippel (Lithuanian: Rudolfas Andrius Cipelis; 1813–1894) was a Lutheran priest from East Prussia. He is best remembered as the editor of the first "true" Lithuanian periodical Lietuvininkų prietelis published in 1849.
I.O.I
I.O.I (Korean: 아이오아이; also known as IOI or Ideal of Idol) is a South Korean girl group formed by CJ E&M through the 2016 reality show Produce 101 on Mnet. The group was composed of eleven members chosen from a pool of 101 trainees from various entertainment companies: Jeon So-mi, Kim Se-jeong, Choi Yoo-jung, Kim Chung-ha, Kim So-hye, Zhou Jieqiong, Jung Chae-yeon, Kim Do-yeon, Kang Mi-na, Lim Na-young, and Yoo Yeon-jung. They debuted on May 4, 2016, with the EP Chrysalis and actively promoted as a whole and as a sub-unit for less than a year.

The group's concert titled Time Slip – I.O.I, which was held on January 20 to 22, 2017, marked their last group activity on stage. They officially disbanded at the end of January 2017 and returned to their respective agencies. After nine years, I.O.I is set to return with a new album in 2026 in commemoration of its 10th anniversary.

Jung Chae-yeon
Jung Chae-yeon (Korean: 정채연; born December 1, 1997), known mononymously as Chaeyeon, is a South Korean actress and singer. She is a member of the girl group DIA and former member of a project girl group I.O.I, having finished 7th in the survival show Produce 101. She is currently active as an actress, best known for her lead roles in the television series To. Jenny (2018), My First First Love (2019), The King's Affection (2021), The Golden Spoon (2022), and Family by Choice (2024).
Odette Quesada
Odellavania Quesada Flewelling is a Filipino singer and songwriter known for her contributions to OPM, notably hits such as "Till I Met You", "Give Me a Chance", and "Friend of Mine", which have become karaoke staples in the Philippines.

Among her early hits, "Till I Met You" won the grand prize in the professional category at the 6th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival in 1983. She went on to release six albums. In January 2024, she received the Parangal Levi Celerio Lifetime Achievement Award at the 15th PMPC Star Awards for Music

She was previously married to fellow OPM singer-songwriter Bodjie Dasig, who died in 2012.

PMPC Star Awards for Music
PMPC Star Awards for Music is an annual award ceremony recognizing outstanding music industries in the Philippines. It is organized by the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC), an organization of tabloid reporters founded in 2009.
The Blue Cross (short story)
"The Blue Cross" is a short story by G. K. Chesterton. It was the first Father Brown short story and also introduces the characters Hercule Flambeau and Aristide Valentin. It is unique among the Father Brown mysteries in that it does not follow the actions of the Father himself, but rather those of Valentin. It was first published on 23 July 1910, under the title "Valentin Follows a Curious Trail", in the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia. Re-titled as "The Blue Cross", publication in London followed, in  The Story-Teller magazine of September 1910.

Father Brown
Father Brown is a fictional Roman Catholic priest and amateur detective. He is featured in 53 short stories by English author G. K. Chesterton, published between 1910 and 1936. Father Brown solves mysteries and crimes using his intuition and keen understanding of human nature. Chesterton loosely based him on the Rt Rev. Msgr John O'Connor (1870–1952), a parish priest in Bradford, who was involved in Chesterton's conversion to Catholicism in 1922. Since 2013, the character has been portrayed by Mark Williams in the ongoing BBC television series Father Brown.
Upshur County, West Virginia
Upshur County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,816. Its county seat is Buckhannon. The county was formed in 1851 from Randolph, Barbour, and Lewis counties and named for Abel Parker Upshur, a distinguished statesman and jurist of Virginia. Upshur served as United States Secretary of State and Secretary of the Navy under President John Tyler.

Randolph County, West Virginia
Randolph County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 27,932. Its county seat is Elkins. The county was founded in 1787 and is named for Edmund Jennings Randolph.

Randolph County comprises the Elkins, West Virginia, Micropolitan Statistical Area.