hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand Columbus
Ferdinand Columbus (Spanish: Fernando or Hernando Colón; Portuguese: Fernando Colombo; Italian: Fernando Colombo; 15 August 1488 – 12 July 1539) was a Spanish bibliographer and cosmographer, the second son of Christopher Columbus. His mother was Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, whom his father never married.

Beatriz Enríquez de Arana
Beatriz Enríquez de Arana (1465–1521?) was the mother of Ferdinand Columbus, Christopher Columbus's younger son. The nature of her relationship to Christopher Columbus has been a subject of dispute amongst historians. Some evidence suggests that she was the second wife to Columbus. Other evidence suggests that Beatriz was the mistress of Columbus. Columbus himself referred to Beatriz as his wife, and social conventions at the time would likely have prevented Ferdinand Columbus from receiving his royal appointment to the court of Spain if he were illegitimate. The Columbus family tree lists Ferdinand and Diego Columbus, Columbus's son from his first marriage, on the same branch, whereas illegitimate children are found to be separated in other parts of the tree.
Mutulu Shakur
Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950 – July 7, 2023) was an American activist, and a member of the Black Liberation Army who was sentenced to sixty years in prison for his involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guard and two police officers were murdered.

Shakur was politically active as a teen with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later the black separatist movement the Republic of New Afrika. He was the stepfather of rapper Tupac Shakur.

Shakur was paroled on ill-health compassionate grounds in December 2022, after serving nearly 37 years of imprisonment, and died about eight months later.

Black Liberation Army
The Black Liberation Army (BLA) was an underground Marxist–Leninist, black-nationalist militant organization that operated in the United States from 1970 to 1981. Composed of former Black Panthers (BPP) and Republic of New Afrika (RNA) members who served above ground before going underground, the organization's program was one of war against the United States government, and its stated goal was to "take up arms for the liberation and self-determination of black people in the United States." The BLA carried out bombings, killings of police officers, robberies (which participants termed "expropriations"), and prison breaks.
El-Kanemi Warriors F.C.
El-Kanemi Warriors Football Club is a football team based in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Their play ground is the El-Kanemi Stadium, Maiduguri. The club is on a positive rebound having gained promotion to the Nigeria Premier Football League in 2024 and doubling  as the winners of the Federation Cup in the same year.

El-Kanemi Stadium
El-Kanemi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Maiduguri, Nigeria.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of El-Kanemi Warriors.  The 10,000-seater stadium was named after the Kanem-Borno Empire ruler, Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi.
Alp (folklore)
An alp (German: [alp]; plural alpe or alpen) is a supernatural being in German folklore.

Alp is sometimes likened to a vampire, but its behavior is more akin to that of the incubus. It is distinct from both of these creatures in that it wears a magic cloak called a Tarnkappe, from which it draws its powers. The word Alp is the German form of the word that comes into English as elf, both descended from Common Germanic. It is also known by the following names: trud, mar, mart, mahr, schrat, and walrider. Many variations of the creature exist in surrounding European areas, such as the drude or, in the British Isles, the Old Hag, related to now commonly recognized sleep paralysis.

Schrat
The Schrat (German: [ʃʁaːt]) or Schratt, also Schraz or Waldschrat (forest Schrat), is a rather diverse German and Slavic legendary creature with aspects of either a wood sprite, domestic sprite and/or a nightmare demon. In other languages it is further known as Skrat.
Laurent Boudouani
Laurent Boudouani (born 29 December 1966 in Sallanches) is a French former professional boxer who competed from 1989 to 1999. He held the WBA light middleweight title from 1996 to 1999 and the European light middleweight title from 1992 to 1993. As an amateur, he won a silver medal in the welterweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He holds wins over five world champions such as Terry Norris, Carl Daniels, Julio Cesar Vasquez, Javier Castillejo and Guillermo Jones.

Carl Daniels
Carl Bryant Daniels (born August 26, 1970 in St. Louis, Missouri), is an American former  professional boxer who competed from 1988 to 2009. He held the World Boxing Association (WBA) light middleweight title in 1995.
Drishya
Drishya (transl. Visual) is a 2014 Indian Kannada-language crime thriller film directed by P. Vasu and produced by E4 Entertainment. It is a remake of the 2013 Malayalam film Drishyam and stars V. Ravichandran, Navya Nair, Aarohi Narayan, Unnathi, Asha Sharath, Prabhu, and Achyuth Kumar, The film's music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. A sequel titled Drishya 2 was released in 2021.

The film released on 20 June 2014 to widespread critical acclaim, with the performances of Ravichandran, Nair, and Sharath, and the screenplay being praised. It was a commercial success and completed a 100-day run in theatres.

Drishya 2
Drishya 2 is a 2021 Indian Kannada-language crime thriller film directed by P. Vasu and produced by E4 Entertainment. The film stars Ravichandran, Navya Nair, Aarohi Narayan, Unnathi, Asha Sharath, Pramod Shetty, Prabhu, and Anant Nag. It is a remake of the 2021 Malayalam film Drishyam 2 (2021) and a sequel to Drishya (2014).

The film was released on 10 December 2021, and received positive reviews from critics.
Roman Rota
The Roman Rota, formally the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota (Latin: Tribunal Apostolicum Rotae Romanae), and anciently the Apostolic Court of Audience, is the highest appellate tribunal of the Catholic Church, with respect to both Latin Church members and the Eastern Catholic members and is the highest ecclesiastical court constituted by the Holy See related to judicial trials conducted in the Catholic Church. An appeal may be had to the pope himself, who is the supreme ecclesiastical judge. The Catholic Church has a complete legal system, which is the oldest in the West still in use. The court is named Rota (wheel) because the judges, called auditors, originally met in a round room to hear cases.  The Rota emerged from the Apostolic Chancery starting in the 12th century.

Ecclesiastical court
In organized Christianity, an ecclesiastical court, also called court Christian or court spiritual, is any of certain non-adversarial courts conducted by church-approved officials having jurisdiction mainly in spiritual or religious matters. Historically, they interpret or apply canon law. One of its primary bases was the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, which is also considered the source of the civil law legal tradition.

In the United Kingdom, secular courts that took over the functions of the ecclesiastic courts, e.g. in family law, are still known as courts ecclesiastical as distinct from courts temporal.
Kue
Kue are bite-sized snacks or desserts originally from what is now Indonesia but have since spread throughout Southeast Asia. Kue is a fairly broad term in Indonesian to describe a wide variety of snacks including cakes, cookies, fritters, pies, scones, and patisserie. Kue are made from a variety of ingredients in various forms; some are steamed, fried or baked. They are popular snacks in Indonesia, which has the largest variety of kue. Because of the countries' historical colonial ties, Koeé (kue) is also popular in the Netherlands.

Indonesian kue demonstrate local native delicacies, Chinese and Indian influences, as well as European cake and pastry influences. For example, wajik, kue bugis, klepon, nagasari, getuk, and lupis are of native origin; while bakpia and kue ku are of Chinese Peranakan origin, kue putu is derived from Indian puttu; on the other hand, lapis legit, kue cubit, kastengel, risoles and pastel are European influenced.

Lapis legit
Lapis legit, also known as spekkoek (Dutch: [ˈspɛkuk] ⓘ; Indonesian: kue lapis legit or spekuk), is a type of Indonesian layer cake. It was developed during colonial times in the Dutch East Indies. The firm-textured cake is a Dutch-Indonesian version of kue lapis, the multi-layered steamed rice cake common in Southeast Asia, but using Dutch ingredients like flour and butter. It contains a mix of Indonesian spices, such as cardamom, cinnamon, clove, mace and anise. The cake is made of flour and yolk and is rich in butter or margarine.

Lapis legit is popular in Indonesia and is served as a holiday treat, especially for natal, imlek, and lebaran. It is also served or given as gifts during many local festivities such as at birthday parties and weddings. In the Netherlands, the sliced cake can be found in most grocery stores and Asian markets (tokos). It is traditionally served for dessert in rijsttafel. It is also a well-known dessert in Hadhramout.
M-24 (Michigan highway)
M-24 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan that extends 75.691 miles (121.813 km) through Southeast Michigan and The Thumb, from northeast Auburn Hills to Unionville. It starts at an interchange with Interstate 75 (I-75) and ends where it merges with M-25.  While the M-24 designation is similar to that of US Highway 24 (US 24) which has a northern terminus located only a few miles from the southern terminus of M-24, M-24 was never part of US 24.

The first M-24 in Michigan was replaced by M-20 when US 10 replaced the original M-20 in 1926. A 1936 bypass of downtown Pontiac resulted in the creation of M-24A which later became BUS M-24 in 1940. An extension in 1997 moved the northern end of M-24 northward from Caro to Unionville, replacing a section of M-138 in the process.

M-138 (Michigan highway)
M-138 is a 20-mile-long (32 km) east–west state trunkline highway in The Thumb region of the US state of Michigan. The highway runs from a junction with M-15 west of the unincorporated community of Munger in Bay County to the intersection with M-24 east of Akron in Tuscola County. The trunkline runs through rural agricultural areas outside of the villages and communities it serves. It was designated in the 1930s and extended in the 1940s. M-138 was truncated in the 1990s as well.
Quarter glass
Quarter glass (or quarter light) on automobiles and closed carriages may be a side window in the front door or located on each side of the car just forward of the rear-facing rear window of the vehicle. Only some cars have them. In some cases, the fixed quarter glass may set in the corner or "C-pillar" of the vehicle. Quarter glass is also sometimes called a valence window.

This window may be set on hinges and is then also known as a vent window, wing window, wing vent window, or a fly window.  Most often found on older vehicles on the front doors, it is a small roughly triangular glass in front of and separate from the main window that rotates inward (see top right image) for ventilation.

Pillar (car)
The pillars on a car with permanent roof body style (such as four-door sedans) are the vertical or nearly vertical supports of its window area or greenhouse—designated respectively as the A, B, C and (in larger cars such as 4-door station wagons and sport utility vehicles) D-pillar, moving from front to rear, in profile view.
Minority attack
In chess, a minority attack is the advancement of one's pawns on the side of the board where one has fewer pawns than their opponent, intending to use their minority to strategically provoke a weakness (i.e, an isolated or backward pawn) in the opponent's pawn structure. The minority attack is a common middlegame plan that can be played in many pawn structures. The name might be misleading, as the "attack" does not involve tactics planned to produce checkmate or significant material gain, but rather a strategical and structural advantage for the attacking player.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Maeslantkering
51°57′19″N 4°9′50″E﻿ / ﻿51.95528°N 4.16389°E﻿ / 51.95528; 4.16389

The Maeslantkering ("Maeslant barrier" in Dutch) is a storm surge barrier on the Nieuwe Waterweg, in South Holland, Netherlands. It was constructed from 1991 to 1997. As part of the Delta Works, the barrier responds to water level predictions calculated by a centralized computer system called BOS. It automatically closes when Rotterdam (especially the Port of Rotterdam) is threatened by floods.

Maeslantkering has two 210-metre long barrier gates, with two 237-metre long steel trusses holding each. When closed, the barrier will protect the entire width (360 metres) of the Nieuwe Waterweg, the main waterway of Port of Rotterdam. It is one of the largest moving structures on Earth, rivalling the Green Bank Telescope in the United States and the Bagger 288 excavator in Germany.

Delta Works
The Delta Works (Dutch: Deltawerken) is a series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta from the sea. Constructed between 1954 and 1997, the works consist of dams, sluices, locks, dykes, levees, and storm surge barriers located in the provinces of South Holland and Zeeland.

The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised. Along with the Zuiderzee Works, the Delta Works have been declared one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Information Technology Rules, 2021
The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 is secondary or subordinate legislation that suppresses India's Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011. The 2021 rules have stemmed from section 87 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and are a combination of the draft Intermediaries Rules, 2018 and the OTT Regulation and Code of Ethics for Digital Media.

The Central Government of India along with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) have coordinated in the development of the rules.

Intermediaries had until 25 May 2021 to comply with the rules.

Information Technology Act, 2000
The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000, or the IT Act) is an Act of the Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.

Secondary or subordinate legislation to the IT Act includes the Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011 and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.
Golomb–Dickman constant
In mathematics, the Golomb–Dickman constant, named after Solomon W. Golomb and Karl Dickman, is a mathematical constant, which arises in the theory of random permutations and in number theory. Its value is

(sequence A084945 in the OEIS)

It is not known whether this constant is rational or irrational.

Its simple continued fraction is given by , which appears to have an unusually large number of 1s.

Random permutation
A random permutation is a sequence where any order of its items is equally likely at random, that is, it is a permutation-valued random variable of a set of objects. The use of random permutations is common in games of chance and in randomized algorithms in coding theory, cryptography, and simulation. A good example of a random permutation is the fair shuffling of a standard deck of cards:  this is ideally a random permutation of the 52 cards.
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) was a method of measuring antioxidant capacities in biological samples in vitro. Because no physiological proof in vivo existed in support of the free-radical theory or that ORAC provided information relevant to biological antioxidant potential, it was withdrawn in 2012.

Various foods were tested using this method, with certain spices, berries and legumes rated highly in extensive tables once published by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Alternative measurements include the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay.

Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox. Most commonly, antioxidant capacity is measured using the ABTS Decolorization Assay. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays. The TEAC assay is often used to measure the antioxidant capacity of foods, beverages and nutritional supplements.
NOS (operating system)
NOS (Network Operating System) is a discontinued operating system with time-sharing capabilities, written by Control Data Corporation in 1975.

NOS ran on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series of mainframe computers and their successors. NOS replaced the earlier CDC Kronos operating system of the 1970s. NOS was intended to be the sole operating system for all CDC machines, a fact CDC promoted heavily. NOS was replaced with NOS/VE on the 64-bit Cyber-180 systems in the mid-1980s.

Version 1 of NOS continued to be updated until about 1981; NOS version 2 was released early 1982.

CDC Kronos
Kronos is an operating system with time-sharing capabilities, written by Control Data Corporation in 1971.  Kronos ran on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series mainframe computers and their successors.  CDC replaced Kronos with the NOS operating system in the late 1970s, which were succeeded by the NOS/VE operating system in the mid-1980s.

The MACE operating system and APEX were forerunners to KRONOS.  It was written by Control Data systems programmer Greg Mansfield, Dave Cahlander, Bob Tate and three others.
California's 34th congressional district
California's 34th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. Located in Los Angeles County, the district is represented by Democrat Jimmy Gomez. Its previous U.S. representative, Democrat Xavier Becerra of Los Angeles, resigned January 24, 2017, to become attorney general of California. Representative Gomez won a special election on June 6, 2017, beating fellow Democrat Robert Lee Ahn to replace Becerra. He was later sworn in as the district's U.S. representative on July 11, 2017.

The district is almost entirely within the City of Los Angeles and includes the following neighborhoods in Central, East, and Northeast Los Angeles: Boyle Heights, Chinatown, City Terrace, Cypress Park, Downtown Los Angeles, Eagle Rock, El Sereno, Garvanza, Glassell Park, Highland Park, Koreatown, Little Bangladesh, Little Tokyo, Lincoln Heights, Montecito Heights, Monterey Hills, Mount Washington, and Westlake.

East Los Angeles, California
East Los Angeles (Spanish: Este de Los Ángeles), or East L.A., is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) situated within Los Angeles County, California, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, East Los Angeles is designated as a census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes. The most recent data from the 2020 census reports a population of 118,786, reflecting a 6.1% decrease compared to the 2010 population of 126,496.

The concentration of Hispanic/Latino Americans is 95.16 percent, the highest of any large city or census-designated place in the United States outside of Puerto Rico.
Arkansas Highway 160
Highway 160 (AR 160, Ark. 160, and Hwy. 160) is a designation for four state highways in South Arkansas. The northernmost segment of 51.55 miles (82.96 km) runs from Farm to Market Road 249 at the Texas state line near Bloomburg, Texas east to Highway 19 at Macedonia. A second segment of 14.73 miles (23.71 km) runs east from Highway 57 east to Highway 7 Business in Smackover. In southern Calhoun County, Highway 160 begins at US Route 278 (US 278) and runs east to US 425 in Fountain Hill. A fourth segment begins at US 82 at Mater and runs 22.73 miles (36.58 km) east to US 65 at Chicot Junction.

Arkansas Highway 57
Highway 57 (AR 57, Ark. 57, and Hwy. 57) is a north–south state highway in Southwest Arkansas. The route of 39.38 miles (63.38 km) begins at US Highway 82 (US 82) at Marysville and runs north to Highway 24 in Chidester. The route is maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD).
Kid Ramos
Kid Ramos (born January 13, 1959) is an American electric blues and blues rock guitarist, singer and songwriter. Ramos has released four solo albums since 1995 on Black Top and Evidence Records.  He has worked with James Harman, Roomful of Blues, the Big Rhythm Combo, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, The Mannish Boys, Bobby Jones and Los Fabulocos.

James Harman
James Gary Harman (June 8, 1946 – May 23, 2021) was an American blues harmonica player, singer, and songwriter. The music journalist Tony Russell described Harman as an "amusing songwriter and an excellent, unfussy blues harp player".
Submarine Alert
Submarine Alert is a 1943 American film directed by Frank McDonald, produced by Pine-Thomas Productions and released by Paramount Pictures. The film stars Richard Arlen, Wendy Barrie, Nils Asther, Roger Pryor, Marc Lawrence and Ralph Sanford.

Pine-Thomas Productions
Pine-Thomas Productions was a prolific B-picture unit of Paramount Pictures from 1940 to 1957, producing 81 films.  Co-producers William H. Pine (February 15, 1896 – April 29, 1955) and William C. Thomas (August 11, 1903 – April 2, 1984) were known as the "Dollar Bills" because none of their economically made films ever lost money. "We don't want to make million dollar pictures," they said. "We just want to make a million dollars."
Karoo thrush
The Karoo thrush (Turdus smithi), also known as Smith's thrush, is a member of the thrush family in Africa. It has traditionally been considered a subspecies of the olive thrush (with which it is known to hybridize), but is increasingly treated as a separate species. The specific name honours the Scottish military surgeon and zoologist Sir Andrew Smith.

Olive thrush
The olive thrush (Turdus olivaceus) is, in its range, one of the most common members of the thrush family (Turdidae). It occurs in  African highlands from the montane regions in Eastern and Central Africa in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south. It is a bird of forest and woodland, but has locally adapted to parks and large gardens in suburban areas.