hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dither
Dither or dithering is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error, preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and video data, and is often one of the last stages of mastering audio to a CD.

A common use of dither is converting a grayscale image to black and white, so that the density of black dots in the new image approximates the average gray level in the original.

Quantization (signal processing)
In mathematics and digital signal processing, quantization is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of elements.  Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization processes.  Quantization is involved to some degree in nearly all digital signal processing, as the process of representing a signal in digital form ordinarily involves rounding.  Quantization also forms the core of essentially all lossy compression algorithms.

The difference between an input value and its quantized value (such as round-off error) is referred to as quantization error, noise or distortion.  A device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called a quantizer.  An analog-to-digital converter is an example of a quantizer.
Fall River, Warren and Providence Railroad
The Fall River, Warren and Providence Railroad (also known as the Fall River Branch) was a branch of the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad  that ran through the states of Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts. The 8-mile (12.9 km) railroad branch formerly connected the city of Fall River, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island via Warren, Rhode Island.

The line opened in 1865 and operated electrified regional rail services between 1900 and 1934, making it one of the only electrified heavy-rail lines in Massachusetts outside of the rapid-transit systems of Boston at the time. Most of the line was abandoned in 1937; all rail service ceased on the branch in 1976.

A portion of the former Fall River Branch is now the Warren Bike Path, which is a branch of the East Bay Bike Path.

Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad
The Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad (also known as the Bristol Secondary) was a railroad in the state of Rhode Island that connected the city of Providence with Bristol, Rhode Island. The company was formed in 1854 by merging the Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad Companies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The 14.1-mile line itself was completed on July 12, 1855.

Most of the line south of East Providence was abandoned in 1976; all rail operations ceased on the remainder of the line in 2006. The former right-of-way has since been converted into the East Bay Bike Path.
Reggie Young
Reggie Grimes Young Jr. (December 12, 1936 – January 17, 2019) was an American musician who was lead guitarist in the American Sound Studio house band, The Memphis Boys, and was a leading session musician.

He played on various recordings with artists such as Elvis Presley, Joe Cocker, Dobie Gray, Joe Tex, Merrilee Rush, B.J. Thomas, John Prine, Dusty Springfield, Lynn Anderson, Herbie Mann, J.J. Cale, Jimmy Buffett, Dionne Warwick, Roy Hamilton, Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, the Box Tops, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Merle Haggard, Joey Tempest, George Strait, and The Highwaymen. Young was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019.

JJ Cale
John Weldon "JJ" Cale (December 5, 1938 – July 26, 2013) was an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Though he avoided the limelight, his influence as a musical artist has been acknowledged by figures such as  Neil Young, Mark Knopfler, Waylon Jennings, and Eric Clapton, who described him as one of the most important artists in rock history. He is one of the originators of the Tulsa sound, a loose genre drawing on blues, rockabilly, country, and jazz.

In 2008, Cale and Clapton received a Grammy Award for their album The Road to Escondido.
Australian Capital Territory Rural Fire Service
The ACT Rural Fire Service is the volunteer firefighting branch of the Australian Capital Territory Emergency Services Agency (ESA). It is responsible for the prevention, detection and extinguishment of all bushfires within the ACT, as well as assisting the other branches of ESA.

Australian Capital Territory Emergency Services Agency
The Australian Capital Territory Emergency Services Agency (ACT ESA) was established by the Emergencies Act 2004 (ACT), which came into effect on 1 July 2004. The mission of the ACT ESA is to protect and preserve life, property and the environment in the ACT.

The ACT Emergency Services Agency (ESA) is the ACT Government organisation charged with providing emergency management services to the Canberra community. The ESA Mission is “We work together to care and protect through cohesive operations, collaborative management and a unified executive”.

The ESA workforce profile includes over 2500 full time and volunteer personnel.
Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences
The Georgetown University College of Arts & Sciences (CAS) is a college of Georgetown University, a private Jesuit research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.. It is the oldest and largest undergraduate school at Georgetown, and, until the founding of the School of Medicine in 1850, was the only higher education division of the university. In 1821, it granted its first graduate degrees, though the graduate portion has since been separated as the Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. From 1990 to 2022, it was named Georgetown College.

The college enrolls over 3,500 students in 30 academic majors within 23 departments.

Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
The Graduate School of Arts & Sciences is a graduate school at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Its offices are in the historic Car Barn building on the edge of the campus in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.
Lethal Weapon 3
Lethal Weapon 3 is a 1992 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by Jeffrey Boam and Robert Mark Kamen. The sequel to Lethal Weapon 2 (1989), it is the third installment in the Lethal Weapon film series and stars Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Rene Russo, and Stuart Wilson.

In Lethal Weapon 3, LAPD Sergeants Martin Riggs (Gibson) and Roger Murtaugh (Glover) pursue Jack Travis (Wilson), a former LAPD lieutenant turned ruthless arms dealer, during the six days prior to Murtaugh's retirement. Riggs and Murtaugh are joined by Leo Getz (Pesci) as well as internal affairs Sergeant Lorna Cole (Russo).

The film was a box office success, grossing over $320 million worldwide. It was the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1992 and the highest-grossing installment in the series overall. The film was followed by Lethal Weapon 4 in 1998.

Lethal Weapon 2
Lethal Weapon 2 is a 1989 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Richard Donner, and starring Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Joss Ackland, Derrick O'Connor and Patsy Kensit. It is a sequel to the 1987 film Lethal Weapon and the second installment in the Lethal Weapon film series.

Gibson and Glover respectively reprise their roles as LAPD officers Martin Riggs and Roger Murtaugh, who protect an irritating federal witness (Pesci), while taking on a gang of South African drug smugglers hiding behind diplomatic immunity.

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing (for Robert G. Henderson). The film received mostly positive reviews and earned more than $227 million worldwide. The film is followed by Lethal Weapon 3.
European Cenozoic Rift System
The European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) is a 1,100 km (680 mi) long system of rifts formed in the foreland of the Alps as the lithosphere responded to the effects of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogenies. The system began to form during the Late Eocene and parts (particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens) remain seismically active today and are responsible for most of the larger earthquakes in Europe, north of the Alps.

Upper Rhine Plain
The Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley or Upper Rhine Graben (German: Oberrheinische Tiefebene, Oberrheinisches Tiefland or Oberrheingraben, French: Vallée du Rhin) is a major rift, about 350-kilometre-long (220 mi) and on average 50-kilometre-wide (31 mi), between Basel in the south and the cities of Frankfurt/Wiesbaden in the north. Its southern section straddles the France–Germany border. It forms part of the European Cenozoic Rift System, which extends across Central Europe. The Upper Rhine Graben formed during the Oligocene, as a response to the evolution of the Alps to the south. It remains active to the present day. Today, the Rhine Rift Valley forms a downfaulted trough through which the river Rhine flows.
Dzala language
The Dzala language, also called Dzalakha, Dzalamat, or Yangtsebikha, is an East Bodish language spoken primarily in northeastern Bhutan, in the Lhuntse and Trashiyangtse Districts, and in Tibet. A 2022 study estimated that there are 40,000 speakers of Dzala.

East Bodish languages
The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include:

Dakpa (Tawang Monpa)

Dzala

Nyen, including Mangde and Phobjib

Chali

Bumthang

Kheng

Kurtöp
Los Angeles Stock Exchange
The Los Angeles Oil Exchange was a regional stock exchange in Los Angeles, California. Founded in 1899, in 1900 the name was changed to the Los Angeles Stock Exchange. In 1956, it merged into the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.

Pacific Exchange
The Pacific Exchange was an American regional stock exchange in California, from 1956 to 2006. Its main exchange floor and building were in San Francisco, California, with a branch building in Los Angeles, California.

In 1882, the San Francisco Stock and Bond Exchange was founded; and in 1899 the Los Angeles Oil Exchange was founded. In 1956, these two exchanges merged to create the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange, with trading floors maintained in both cities.

In 1973, it was renamed the Pacific Stock Exchange. The Pacific Exchange was bought by Archipelago Holdings in 2005, which merged with the New York Stock Exchange in 2006. Pacific Exchange equities and options trading now take place exclusively through the NYSE Arca platform.
Counties 3 Dorset & Wilts North
Counties 3 Dorset & Wilts North (formerly Dorset & Wilts 2 North) and Counties 3 Dorset & Wilts Central are English Rugby Union leagues, forming part of the South West Division, for clubs based primarily in Wiltshire, sitting at tier 9 of the English rugby union system. From these leagues teams are promoted to Counties 2 Dorset & Wilts North or occasionally Counties 2 Dorset & Wilts Central. Historically relegation had been to Dorset & Wilts 3 North but following the RFU Adult Competition Review this ceased with teams demoted to their county merit leagues.

Counties 2 Dorset & Wilts North
Counties 2 Dorset & Wilts North (formerly Dorset & Wilts 1 North) is an English rugby union league, forming part of the South West Division, for clubs primarily based in Wiltshire, sitting at tier 8 of the English rugby union system.  Originally consisting of one league, Dorset & Wilts 1 split into North and South regional divisions in 2004. It had even had teams based in Berkshire participating until 2001, at which time they left to join the Buckinghamshire & Oxon leagues.  At the start of the 2022-23 campaign a new Central Division was introduced, before being disbanded ahead of the 2025-26 season.

Promoted teams move up into Counties 1 Southern South while relegated teams tend to drop down into Counties 3 Dorset & Wilts North or Counties 3 Dorset & Wilts Central depending on location.
Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair
N. Sreedharan Nair (11 September 1922 – 19 October 1986), popularly known as  Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair or just Kottarakkara, was an Indian actor, born as the son of Narayana Pillai and Ummini Amma in Kollam district, Kerala. He appeared in Malayalam movies. He is regarded as one of the original actors of all time in Malayalam movies.

Sreedharan Nair won two Kerala state film awards. In 1970, he won the best actor award and in 1969 the second best actor award.

He is best remembered for his role as Chempankunju in the national award winning film Chemmeen directed by Ramu Kariat. Other impressive performances were in the films Veluthampi Dalava (as Veluthampi Dalava), Thommante Makkal (1965) as Thomman, and Pazhassi Raja  (1964) as Pazhassi Raja, Viruthan Shanku (1968) by P. Venu. Sreedharan Nair is also known for playing the role of devil magician in the 1984 fantasy film My Dear Kuttichathan. Popular Malayalam actor Saikumar is his son.

Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)
Sai Kumar, also credited as Saikumar, is an Indian actor who appears in Malayalam films. He is the son of Malayalam actor late Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair. He appears in both positive and negative roles. He notably plays the hero role in Ramji Rao Speaking, and the villain in Makkal Mahatmyam.
Victorian Railways J class (1954)
The Victorian Railways J class is a branch line steam locomotive operated by the Victorian Railways (VR) between 1954 and 1972. A development of the successful Victorian Railways K class 2-8-0, it was the last new class of steam locomotive introduced on the VR. Introduced almost concurrently with the diesel-electric locomotives that ultimately superseded them, the locomotives were only in service for a relatively short time.

Victorian Railways K class
The K class is a branch line steam locomotive that ran on Victorian Railways in Australia from 1922 to 1979.  Although its design was entirely conventional and its specifications unremarkable, the K class was in practice a remarkably versatile and dependable locomotive.  It went on to outlast every other class of steam locomotive in regular service on the VR, and no fewer than 21 examples of the 53 originally built have survived into preservation.
2022–23 CAF Champions League group stage
The 2022–23 CAF Champions League group stage began on 10 February and ended on 1 April 2023. A total of 16 teams competed in the group stage to decide the eight places in the knockout stage of the 2022–23 CAF Champions League.

2022–23 CAF Champions League knockout stage
The 2022–23 CAF Champions League knockout stage started on 21 April with the quarter-finals and ended on 11 June 2023 with the final to decide the champions of the 2022–23 CAF Champions League. A total of eight teams competed in the knockout stage.

Times were local.
Aliquot sum
In number theory, the aliquot sum s(n) of a positive integer n is the sum of all proper divisors of n, that is, all divisors of n other than n itself.
That is,

It can be used to characterize the prime numbers, perfect numbers, sociable numbers, deficient numbers, abundant numbers, and untouchable numbers, and to define the aliquot sequence of a number.

Deficient number
In number theory, a deficient number or defective number is a positive integer n for which the sum of divisors of n is less than 2n.  Equivalently, it is a number for which the sum of proper divisors (or aliquot sum) is less than n.  For example, the proper divisors of 8 are 1, 2, and 4, and their sum is less than 8, so 8 is deficient.

Denoting by σ(n) the sum of divisors, the value 2n − σ(n) is called the number's deficiency.  In terms of the aliquot sum s(n), the deficiency is n − s(n).
St Michael's College, Dublin
St Michael's College (Irish: Coláiste Naomh Mícheál) is a voluntary Catholic boys' school, with an associated primary school, located on Ailesbury Road in Dublin 4, Ireland. Founded in 1944 by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (The Spiritans) as a second feeder school along with Willow Park, it was initially a primary school to Blackrock College. The first eight pupils were transferred from Willow Park. The next September, 58 boys were enrolled. In 1952 the first secondary school pupils were admitted. Following expansion in the 1960s and 1970s, the school developed both a primary and secondary school. It has been extensively expanded, including the opening of a cafeteria, a sports pavilion, as well as new classrooms and a new gym.

Blackrock College
Blackrock College (Irish: Coláiste na Carraige Duibhe) is a voluntary day and boarding Catholic secondary school for boys aged 13–18, in Williamstown, Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland. It was founded by French missionary Jules Leman in 1860 as a school and later became also a civil service training centre.

The college, 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) from Dublin city centre, is just in from the sea, and is self-contained, with boarding and teaching facilities in 56 acres of parkland. It accommodates approximately 1,000 day and boarding students. As of 2023, Blackrock is run by the Congregation of the Holy Spirit, in close co-operation with a dedicated group of lay personnel.
Mitsubishi Space Star
The Mitsubishi Space Star is a car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi Motors from mid-1998 until the end of 2005. Described as a hatchback, a compact people carrier, or a micro MPV, it was built at the NedCar factory in the Netherlands and was primarily sold in the European markets. In 2013, Mitsubishi began selling the sixth generation Mirage supermini under the Space Star name in parts of Europe, owing to legal rights relating to the use of the Mirage nameplate.

Mitsubishi Mirage
The Mitsubishi Mirage is a range of cars produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi from 1978 until 2003 and again since 2012. The hatchback models produced between 1978 and 2003 were classified as subcompact cars, while the sedan and station wagon models, marketed prominently as the Mitsubishi Lancer, were the compact offerings. The liftback introduced in 1988 complemented the sedan as an additional compact offering, and the coupé of 1991 fitted in with the subcompact range. The current Mirage model is a subcompact hatchback and sedan and it replaces the Mitsubishi Colt sold between 2002 and 2012.
Passiflora maliformis
Passiflora maliformis, the sweet calabash, conch apple, wild purple passionfruit, or sweet cup, is a smallish (5 cm or 2 in) passionfruit with purple, yellow or green skin and a greyed-yellow to orange pulp that is aromatically scented and flavoured. It is a fast-growing vine, growing best in somewhat cooler-than-tropical climates. The rind is particularly hard and tougher than most passionfruits. It is usually eaten fresh or used to flavour drinks. It is a native to the Caribbean, Central America and Northern South America.

Passiflora
Passiflora, known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, and the type genus of the family Passifloraceae.

Passiflora species are widely cultivated for their striking flowers, flavorful fruits, traditional medicinal uses, and roles in dietary supplements and ayahuasca analogs, with several ornamental hybrids earning Royal Horticultural Society awards.
Song of the Trees
Song of the Trees is a 1975 story by author Mildred Taylor and illustrator Jerry Pinkney. It was the first of her highly acclaimed series of books about the Logan family. The novella follows the time Mr. Anderson tried to cut down the trees on the Logan family's land. The story revolves around Cassie Logan who tries to save the trees on her Big Ma's land. Even though Cassie's family needed some money, something told Cassie the trees were just as valuable.

Song of the Trees is followed by three sequels: Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (1976), Let the Circle Be Unbroken (1981), The Road to Memphis (1990), and a prequel, The Land (2001).

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry is a 1977 Newbery Medal awarded novel by Mildred D. Taylor. It is a part of her Logan family series, a sequel to her 1975 novella Song of the Trees.

The novel is the first book in the Logan family saga, which includes four sequels (Let the Circle Be Unbroken (1981), The Road to Memphis (1992), The Gold Cadillac (1987), and All the Days Past, All the Days to Come (2020)) and three prequels (The Land (2001), The Well: David's Story (1995), and Song of the Trees (1975), as well as two novellas (Mississippi Bridge (1990) and The Friendship (1987)). In the book, Taylor explores the struggles of African Americans in 1930s Mississippi through the perspective of nine-year-old Cassie Logan. The novel contains several themes, including Jim Crow segregation, Black landownership, sharecropping, the Great Depression, and lynching.
United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
The United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) is a proposed parliamentary body within the United Nations (UN) system.

The Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (CUNPA) was launched in 2007 by Democracy Without Borders (formerly Committee for a Democratic UN). As of December 2025, the campaign has received the support of over 1,800 members of parliament from 138 countries.

Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
The Campaign for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (CUNPA) is a global network of more than 300 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and 1,800 current and former parliamentarians from around 150 countries devoted to establishing a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.
WWHB-CD
WWHB-CD (channel 48) is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to Stuart, Florida, United States, serving as the West Palm Beach area's outlet for the digital multicast network Roar. It is owned and operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside CBS affiliate WPEC (channel 12), CW affiliate WTVX (channel 34), and Class A MyNetworkTV affiliate WTCN-CD (channel 43). The stations share studios on Fairfield Drive in Mangonia Park; WWHB-CD's transmitter is located southwest of Hobe Sound, Florida.

WWHB-CD is the ATSC 3.0 (Next Gen TV) transmitter for West Palm Beach, hosting its main subchannel and the four major network stations. In exchange, its subchannels are broadcast on four full-power stations in the market.

WTCN-CD
WTCN-CD (channel 43, cable 15) is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to Palm Beach, Florida, United States, serving the West Palm Beach area as an affiliate of MyNetworkTV. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside CBS affiliate WPEC (channel 12), CW affiliate WTVX (channel 34), and Class A Roar owned-and-operated station WWHB-CD (channel 48). The stations share studios on Fairfield Drive in Mangonia Park (with a West Palm Beach postal address); WTCN-CD's transmitter is located southwest of Hobe Sound, Florida.

Due to WTCN's low-power status, the station's directional antenna pattern prevents it from reaching Vero Beach (to the north) and Boca Raton (to the south). In order to expand the broadcasting radius, WTCN is simulcast in standard definition on WTVX's third digital subchannel (34.3) from a transmitter southwest of Palm City.

WTCN-CD brands as My 15 after the cable channel position on most West Palm Beach area cable providers.