hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Deacon process
The Deacon process, invented by Henry Deacon, is a process used during the manufacture of alkalis (the initial end product was sodium carbonate) by the Leblanc process.  Hydrogen chloride gas was converted to chlorine gas, which was then used to manufacture a commercially valuable bleaching powder, and at the same time the emission of waste hydrochloric acid was curtailed.  To some extent this technically sophisticated process superseded the earlier manganese dioxide process.

Leblanc process
The Leblanc process was an early industrial process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc.  It involved two stages: making sodium sulfate from sodium chloride, followed by reacting the sodium sulfate with coal and calcium carbonate to make sodium carbonate.  The process gradually became obsolete after the development of the Solvay process.
Numbered routes in South Africa
In South Africa some roads are designated as numbered routes to help with navigation. There is a nationwide numbering scheme consisting of national, provincial and regional routes, and within various urban areas there are schemes of metropolitan route numbering.

Regional routes (South Africa)
Regional routes (also sometimes known as minor regional routes) are the third category of road in the South African route numbering scheme. They are designated with the letter "R" followed by a three-digit number. They serve as feeders connecting smaller towns to the national and provincial routes. Designation as a regional road does not necessarily imply any particular size of road; they range from gravel roads (like the R340 between Plettenberg Bay and Uniondale) to multi-lane freeways (like the R300 near Cape Town).

Although most regional roads are maintained by provincial road authorities, this is not universally the case; in provinces which lack capacity, some may be under the control of the National Roads Agency (SANRAL), and in urban areas they may be ordinary streets under the control of the municipal roads department. Similarly, some national (N) roads and freeways are under the control of provincial or municipal authorities rather than SANRAL.
Abergwili
Abergwili (Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a village and community in Carmarthenshire, Wales, near the confluence of the rivers Towy and Gwili, close to the town of Carmarthen. It is also an electoral ward. Named after the village of Abergwili, the community includes the settlements of Peniel, Llanfihangel-uwch-Gwili and White Mill. The grounds of the former Bishop's Palace are listed on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.

Carmarthen
Carmarthen (UK: /kərˈmɑːrðən/ kər-MAR-dhən, locally /kɑːrˈ-/ kar-; Welsh: Caerfyrddin [kaːɨrˈvərðɪn], 'Merlin's fort' or possibly 'Sea-town fort') is the county town of Carmarthenshire and a community in Wales, lying on the River Towy 8 miles (13 km) north of its estuary in Carmarthen Bay. At the 2021 census the community had a population of 14,636, and the built up area had a population of 16,455. It stands on the site of a Roman town, and has a claim to be the oldest town in Wales. In the middle ages it comprised twin settlements: Old Carmarthen around Carmarthen Priory and New Carmarthen around Carmarthen Castle. The two were merged into one borough in 1546. It was the most populous borough in Wales in the 16th–18th centuries, described by William Camden as "chief citie of the country". It was overtaken in size by the mid-19th century, following the growth of settlements in the South Wales Coalfield.
Quirón Miguel Domínguez Hospital (Pontevedra)
The Quirónsalud Miguel Domínguez Hospital is a private general hospital located in the city of Pontevedra (Spain), managed by the Quirónsalud Hospital Group. It is located in the heart of the city centre.

Ensanche de Pontevedra
The Ensanche of Pontevedra is the neighbourhood that forms the centre of the Spanish city of Pontevedra, made up of several successive extensions to the city outside the old town. The term Ensanche means " widening " in Spanish and refers to the expanding areas of Spanish cities towards the end of the 19th century, when the demographic explosion and the industrial revolution led to the demolition of the old city walls and the construction of new areas outside the old fortified walls.
Postage stamps and postal history of Nepal
Nepal has a long postal history.  The modern form of postal service was started by the Rana Prime minister Ranaudip Singh in 1878. He established the first post office which was named Nepal Hulak Ghar. In 1881, the first postal stamp was issued. As of 2020, about 1367 types of postal stamps have been issued. Currently, the postal service is regulated by the Postal act of Nepal. Nepal Post, locally known as Hulak Sewa (Nepali: हुलाक सेवा विभाग) or Daak Sewa (Nepali: डाँक सेवा) under the Ministry of Information and Communications is responsible for the postal service in Nepal.

Nepal Post
Nepal Post (Nepali: नेपाल सरकार हुलाक सेवा विभाग}, lit. 'Government of Nepal Postal Services Department') is the Postal Services Department of the Nepali Ministry of Information and Communications and the national post office of Nepal. Nepal Post became a member of the Universal Postal Union on 11 October 1956.
European Charter for Researchers
The European Charter for Researchers is a recommendation of good practice for researchers and employers and/or funders of researchers issued by the European Commission Directorate-General for Research. It sketches rights and duties of researchers and their funding institutions. It was published together with the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers which outlines principles for hiring and appointing researchers. The document was compiled relying on extensive advice of researchers and research policy stakeholders. The European Commission described the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers as 'key elements in the European Union's policy to make research an attractive career, which is a vital feature of its strategy to stimulate economic and employment growth'. As of July 2020, 1000 European institutions had formally endorsed the charter, with little evidence for practical implementation.

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
The Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, and responsible for the European Union's research and innovation policy and coordination of research and innovation activities. Since September 2023, it is headed by Commissioner Ekaterina Zaharieva and Director-General Marc Lemaître.
Peyton Randolph House
The Peyton Randolph House, also known as the Randolph-Peachy House, is a historic house museum in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia.  Its oldest portion dating to about 1715, it is one of the museum's oldest surviving buildings.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 as the home of Founding Father Peyton Randolph (1721–1775), the first and third President of the Continental Congress.

Peyton Randolph
Peyton Randolph (September 10, 1721 – October 22, 1775) was an American politician and planter who was a Founding Father of the United States. Born into Virginia's wealthiest and most powerful family, Randolph served as speaker of Virginia's House of Burgesses, president of the first two Virginia Conventions, and president of the First Continental Congress. He also served briefly as the first president of the Second Continental Congress.

In 1774, Randolph signed the Continental Association, a trade boycott adopted by the First Continental Congress in response to the British Parliament's Intolerable Acts. Randolph was a first cousin once removed of Thomas Jefferson and was also related to John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, and Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate States Army in the American Civil War.
Noah Anderson
Noah Anderson (born 17 February 2001) is a professional Australian rules footballer who plays for, and captains, the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (AFL).

The son of two-time premiership player Dean Anderson, he was recruited to the Suns with the second pick in the 2019 national draft. He made his debut in the opening round of the 2020 season and finished runner-up in the Rising Star. He was appointed captain of the Suns before the 2025 season and led them to their inaugural finals series.

Matt Rowell
Matthew  Rowell (born 1 July 2001) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (AFL). Rowell was recruited by Gold Coast with the first selection in the 2019 AFL draft and was nominated for the 2020 AFL Rising Star award in round 2 of the 2020 season. Rowell won the Marcus Ashcroft Medal in the second QClash of the 2025 season and went on to win the 2025 Brownlow Medal and selection in the 2025 All-Australian team, along with the Gold Coast Suns Club Champion award.
Independent Community & Health Concern
Independent Community & Health Concern (formerly Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern), abbr.  ICHC, was a political party based in Kidderminster, United Kingdom. The party was founded in 2000, having grown out of the campaign to restore the casualty unit at Kidderminster Hospital. Since 2015 it has successfully contested local elections within the Wyre Forest local government area, which includes Kidderminster. The party was deregistered on 9 November 2023.

Kidderminster
Kidderminster is a market town and civil parish in Worcestershire, England, 18 miles (29 km) south-west of Birmingham and 15 miles (24 km) north of Worcester. Located north of the River Stour and east of the River Severn, in the 2021 census, it had a population of 57,400. The town is twinned with Husum, Germany.

Situated in the far north of Worcestershire (and with its northern suburbs only 3 and 4 miles from the Staffordshire and Shropshire borders respectively), the town is the main administration centre for the wider Wyre Forest District, which includes the towns of Stourport-on-Severn and Bewdley, along with other outlying settlements.
Alabama State Route 32
State Route 32 (SR 32) is a 3.594 miles (5.784 km) state highway in southwestern Pickens County, in the U.S. state of Alabama. The highway enters the state as a continuation of Mississippi Highway 14 (MS 14), and continues east to an intersection with SR 17 at Cochrane, a small, unincorporated community southwest of Aliceville. MS 14, SR 32, and SR 17 serve as the connecting routes between Macon, Mississippi and Aliceville.

Mississippi Highway 14
Mississippi Highway 14 (MS 14) is a 145.4-mile-long (234.0 km) state highway that runs from west to east in the U.S. State of Mississippi. MS 14 serves the counties of Issaquena, Sharkey, Humphreys, Holmes, Attala, Winston, and Noxubee. MS 14 exists in two sections. The first section runs from west to east, beginning at Levee Road in Mayersville and ending at a junction with MS 149 near Louise. The second section begins at Ebenezer Coxburg Road / Ebenezer Road in Ebenezer and runs eastward to the Mississippi/Alabama state line near Macon where it continues as Alabama State Route 32 (SR 32).
Goan cuisine
Goan cuisine consists of regional foods popular in Goa, India. Rice, seafood, coconut, vegetables, meat, bread, pork and local spices are staples of  Goan cuisine. Use of kokum and vinegar is another distinct feature. Goan food is considered incomplete without fish.

The cuisine of Goa originated from its Konkani roots, and was influenced by the 451 years of Portuguese rule and the Sultanate rule that preceded the Portuguese. Many Catholic dishes are either similar to or variants of their Portuguese counterparts in both naming or their use of ingredients.

Vinegar
Vinegar (from Old French  vyn egre 'sour wine') is an odorous aqueous solution of diluted acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings or naturally occurring organic compounds. Vinegar typically contains from 4% to 18% acetic acid by volume.

Usually, the acetic acid is produced by a double fermentation—converting simple sugars to ethanol using yeast, and then converting ethanol to acetic acid using acetic acid bacteria. Many types of vinegar are made, depending on source materials.

The product is now mainly used in the culinary arts as a flavorful, acidic cooking ingredient, salad dressing, or pickling agent. Various types are used as condiments or garnishes, including balsamic vinegar and malt vinegar.

As an easily manufactured mild acid, it has a wide variety of industrial and domestic uses, including functioning as a household cleaner.
Catherine Victoria Hall
Catherine Victoria Hall (10 June 1838 – 14 September 1924) was an English animal welfare activist. She was a co-founder and the first treasurer of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. She was also a supporter of the Women's Police Service and a pioneer of the Homes of Rest for Horses and Dogs at Battersea (now Battersea Dogs & Cats Home).

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland. It was founded in 1889. It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns, petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

In 2023/24 the RSPB had revenue of £169 million, 2,517 employees, 13,500 volunteers and 1.1 million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it one of the world's largest wildlife conservation organisations. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 222 nature reserves.
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTC or MRTCG) was a religious movement founded by Credonia Mwerinde and Joseph Kibweteere in southwestern Uganda, notorious for the mass death of several hundred members of the group in a mass suicide or mass murder in the year 2000. It was formed in 1989 after Mwerinde and Kibweteere claimed that they had seen visions of the Virgin Mary.

On 17 March 2000, followers of the religious movement died in a fire and a series of poisonings and killings, which were initially considered a mass suicide. That initial suspicion was revised to mass murder when hundreds of other bodies were discovered in pits at sites related to the movement that had died at least weeks prior to the event; the official conclusion was a mass murder, though this has been disputed by other commentators who argue that it was actually a mass suicide. Over 300 people died in the fire, while over 400 were discovered in the pits.

Credonia Mwerinde
Credonia Mwerinde (also spelled Ceredonia Mwerinde; born 30 July 1952–disappeared or died 17 March 2000) is the former high priestess and co-founder of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God (MRTC), a sect that splintered from the Roman Catholic Church in Uganda. Before founding the movement, she was a shopkeeper, brewer, and a prostitute. She and two other group members approached Joseph Kibweteere in 1989 and said that the Virgin Mary had instructed him to take them in; together, Mwerinde and Kibweteere would found the MRTC in 1989.
Zambia National League
The Zambian National League (formerly the Zambian National Division One) is the second highest football division for men in Zambia and was introduced for the 2019/20 season with 18 teams. The league is administered by Zambian Premier League and is because of sponsorship reasons called Eden University National Division One League, as Eden University and FAZ signed a five year's agreement prior the inaugural season. The league operates on a system of promotion and relegation with Zambia Super League and Zambian Division One, and is played over 34 games.

On October 8, 2024, the Zambian National Division One was rebranded as the Zambian National League.

Zambian Division One
The Zambian Division One, commonly referred to as Division One, was formerly the second tier of the football league system under the Football Association of Zambia (FAZ). It consisted of sixty-four teams, geographically split into four regional zones as follows:

Zone One covering Lusaka and Eastern Provinces

Zone Two covering Copperbelt, North-Western and Luapula Provinces

Zone Three covering Muchinga, Central and Northern Provinces

Zone Four covering Southern and Western Provinces

Before the 2019–20 season, the national league system was restructured and the FAZ adopted the CAF season calendar, aligning the competition schedule with that used across African club competitions. Following this reform, Division One was replaced as the second tier by the newly created Zambia National League.
Fossa navicularis magna
Fossa navicularis magna (also known as pharyngeal fossa or phyaryngeal fovela) is a variant bony depression found at the midline of the occipital part of clivus. This fossa was first described by Tourtual. Its prevalence ranges from 0.9 to 5.3%.

Clivus (anatomy)
The clivus (/ˈklaɪvəs/, Latin for "slope") or Blumenbach clivus is a part of the occipital bone at the base of the skull, extending anteriorly from the foramen magnum. It is related to the pons and the abducens nerve (CN VI).

The term is also used for the clivus ocularis, an unrelated feature of the retina.
Dharmapuri district
Dharmapuri district is one of the 38 districts in the state of Tamil-Nadu, India. It is the first district created in Tamil Nadu after the independence of India by splitting it from then-Salem district on 2 October 1965. Dharmapuri District is one of the major producers of mango in the state, fine quality granite is found in the district. It is also one of the main sericulture belts in the state. Around 30 percent of the district's area is under forest cover. Kaveri enters Tamil Nadu through this district. Dharmapuri district had the lowest literacy rate of 74.23% in Tamilnadu during the 2011 census.

Salem district
Salem district is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The district is now divided into Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri, Namakkal as individual districts. Salem is the district headquarters and other major towns in the district include Mettur, Tharamangalam, Thammampatti, Attur, Omalur, Sangagiri and Edappadi. That Salem dates to at least two thousand years ago is evident from the discovery of silver coins from the Roman Emperor Nero (37–68 CE) found by Koneripatti of Salem in 1987. It was ruled by Mazhavar King Kolli Mazhavan and kings Adhiyaman and Valvil Ori of Sangam age. It is part of Mazhanadu, a vast region that dates to the second century BCE. Salem was the largest district of Tamil Nadu. It was bifurcated into Salem and Dharmapuri districts in 1965 and Namakkal district in 1997. Now Salem has been developed a lot by building many bridges and is considered to be the Smart city. Salem is famous for cultivating mangoes.
Kevin W. Techau
Kevin Wayne Techau (born December 6, 1958) is an American attorney and retired military officer who served as the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Iowa from 2014 to 2017. He previously held senior roles in Iowa state government and served as a colonel in the United States Air Force.

United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa
The United States District Court for the Northern District of Iowa (in case citations, N.D. Iowa) has jurisdiction over fifty-two of Iowa's ninety-nine counties. It is subject to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The United States District Court for the District of Iowa, established on March 3, 1845, by 5 Stat. 789, was subdivided into the current Northern and Southern Districts on July 20, 1882, by 22 Stat. 172.

Presently, the court has two district judges, Chief Judge Leonard T. Strand and Judge C. J. Williams, one senior judge, Linda R. Reade, and two magistrate judges, Kelly Mahoney and Mark A. Roberts.

The court is headquartered in Cedar Rapids, with a satellite courthouse in Sioux City.
Navy Occupation Service Medal
The Navy Occupation Service Medal was a military award of the United States Navy which was "Awarded to commemorate the services of Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard personnel in the occupation of certain territories of the enemies of the United States during World War II" and recognized those personnel who participated in the European and Asian occupation forces during, and following World War II. The medal was also bestowed to personnel who performed duty in West Berlin between 1945 and 1990.

No more than one Navy Occupation Service Medal may be awarded to an individual. The Army of Occupation Medal is the equivalent of the Navy Occupation Service Medal. No person could receive both the Army and Navy occupation medals.

Army of Occupation Medal
The Army of Occupation Medal was a military award of the United States military which was established by the United States War Department on 5 April 1946. The medal was created in the aftermath of the Second World War to recognize those who had performed occupation service in either Germany, Italy, Austria, Japan or Korea. The original Army of Occupation Medal was intended only for members of the United States Army, but was expanded in 1948 to encompass the United States Air Force shortly after that service's creation.  The Navy and Marine equivalent of the Army of Occupation Medal is the Navy Occupation Service Medal, which features the same ribbon with its own medallion and clasps.
Jerry Prosser
Jerry Prosser is an American comic book writer and editor, best known for his work with Dark Horse Comics.

Prosser was part of Dark Horse Comics from its early days, and was one of five creators, who as Team CGW created the Comics' Greatest World line for Dark Horse Comics. Since then, he has written for many Dark Horse titles, and moved into editorial duties, most notably on Frank Miller's Sin City: A Dame to Kill For, and various licensed Aliens and Predator comics.

He also penciled part of Godzilla No. 5, one of Dark Horse's earliest licensed properties, in December 1988.

In addition to his work with Dark Horse, Prosser wrote the final ten issues (#80–89) of the Grant Morrison-launched DC/Vertigo series Animal Man in 1995, and has written comics set in the world of Magic: the Gathering for Armada/Acclaim Comics.

Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line)
Aliens is a line of several comic books set in the fictional universe of the Alien films published by Dark Horse Comics from 1988 forward. The stories often feature the company Weyland-Yutani and the United States Colonial Marines. Originally intended as a sequel to James Cameron's 1986 film Aliens, the first mini-series features the characters of Rebecca "Newt" Jorden and Corporal Dwayne Hicks. Later series also included the further adventures of Ellen Ripley, with other stories being unique to the Alien universe and are often used to explore other aspects of the species, such as their sociology and biology, and also tying into Dark Horse Comics' Predator and Aliens vs. Predator lines. The novels by Titan Books also crossed over with the comics leading to some shared continuity.