hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Massive open online course
A massive open online course (MOOC /muːk/) or an open online course is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the Web. In addition to traditional course materials, such as filmed lectures, readings, and problem sets, many MOOCs provide interactive courses with user forums or social media discussions to support community interactions among students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs), as well as immediate feedback to quick quizzes and assignments. MOOCs are a widely researched development in distance education, first introduced in 2008, that emerged as a popular mode of learning in 2012.

Early MOOCs (cMOOCs: Connectivist MOOCs) often emphasized open-access features, such as open licensing of content, structure and learning goals, to promote the reuse and remixing of resources.  Some later MOOCs (xMOOCs: extended MOOCs) use closed licenses for their course materials while maintaining free access for students.

Small private online course
A Small Private Online Course (SPOC) refers to a version of a MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) used locally with on-campus students. University of California Berkeley Professor Armando Fox coined the word in 2013 to refer to a localized instance of a MOOC course that was in use in a business-to-business context. In this regard SPOCs are focused on certain groups of students, which are qualified to take the course and ready to interact with others throughout the learning process. Even though most institutions do not yet award formal recognition of SPOCs, Robert Lue, who runs HarvardX, the university’s digital arm, says that it is becoming more likely that prestigious universities begin to create SPOCs for course-credits.
Arthur William Savage
Arthur William Savage (May 19, 1857 – September 22, 1938), was a British businessman, inventor, and explorer. He is most famous for inventing the Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle, which remained in production for over 100 years, and founding Savage Arms. However, his most lasting and valuable inventions may be radial tires, and it has been argued, the modern detachable box magazine used in almost all modern military firearms. He also invented an early torpedo and built and raced cars.

Savage Model 99
The Savage Model 99, Model 1899, and their predecessor the Model 1895 are a series of hammerless lever action rifles created by the Savage Arms Company in Utica, New York. The Model 99 family featured a unique rotary magazine, and later added some detachable magazine models.
The rifle was extremely popular with big game hunters and was even issued to the Montreal Home Guard during the First World War.
Broken Rage
Broken Rage is a 2024 Japanese action comedy film, written and directed by Takeshi Kitano, who also leads the cast which features an ensemble cast including Tadanobu Asano, Nao Omori, Hakuryu, and Shidō Nakamura.

It premiered at the 81st Venice International Film Festival.

Nao Ōmori
Nao Ōmori (大森 南朋, Ōmori Nao; born February 19, 1972), sometimes credited as Nao Ohmori or Nao Omori, is a Japanese actor. He was given the Best Supporting Actor award at the 2004 Yokohama Film Festival.
Kira Yoshinaka
Kira Yoshinaka (吉良 義央) (October 5, 1641 – January 30, 1703) was a Japanese kōke (master of ceremonies). His court title was Kōzuke no suke (上野介). He is famous as the adversary of Asano Naganori in the events of the forty-seven rōnin. Although his name (義央) has been long read as "Yoshinaka" especially in dramas and novels, Ekisui Rembeiroku (易水連袂録), written by an anonymous contemporary in 1703, recorded that his name was "Yoshihisa".

Asano Naganori
Asano Naganori (浅野 長矩; September 28, 1667 – April 21, 1701) was the daimyō of the Akō Domain in Japan (1675–1701). His title was Takumi no Kami (内匠頭). He is known as the person who triggered a series of incidents retold in a story known as Chūshingura (involving the forty-seven rōnin), one of the favourite themes of kabuki, jōruri, and Japanese books and films.
Thales Underwater Systems
Thales Underwater Systems or TUS (formerly Thomson Sintra ASM, Thomson CSF DASM and then Thomson Marconi Sonar) is a subsidiary of the French defense electronics specialist Thales Group. It was founded in 2001 and belongs to its naval division. It specializes in the development and manufacturing of sonar systems for submarines, surface warships and aircraft, as well as communications masts and systems for submarines. Its headquarters are located in Sophia Antipolis, France.

Thales Underwater Systems is made up of three branches: TUS SAS in France with sites in Brest and Aubagne; TUS Ltd. in the United Kingdom with sites in Cheadle Heath and Templecombe; and finally TUS Pty in Australia. It nonetheless operates as a single company.

The company generated €400 million in revenue in 2006 and employed around 2,100 people.

Thales Group
Thales S.A., trading as Thales Group (French pronunciation: [talɛs]), is a French multinational aerospace and defence corporation specialising in electronics.

It designs, develops and manufactures a wide variety of aerospace and military systems, devices and equipment but also operates in the cybersecurity and formerly civil ground transportation sectors. The company is headquartered in Paris' business district, La Défense, and its stock is listed on Euronext Paris.

Founded as Thomson-CSF in 1968, the group was rebranded Thales in 2000 due to the company's desire to simplify and improve the group's brand.

Thales is partially owned by the French state and operates in more than 68 countries. In 2023, the company generated €18,42 billion in revenue and was the 17th largest defence contractor in the world, with 53% of its total revenue generated from its military activities.
Caldwell H. Colt (pilot boat)
The Caldwell H. Colt was a 19th-century Sandy Hook pilot boat, built in 1887, at the  Samuel H. Pine's shipyard in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, for a group of New York Pilots. She was one of the pilot-boats that was in the Great Blizzard of 1888, that was one of the most severe blizzards in American history. In 1903, she was sold to a group of Pensacola, Florida pilots.

Samuel H. Pine
Samuel Havre Pine (November 1827 – June 3, 1904), was a 19th-century American ship designer and builder located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. He built the racing yacht Enchantress as well as many sailing schooners and yachts; steam yachts; and steamships.
FX Fighter
FX Fighter is a 3D fighting game for MS-DOS. It was developed by Argonaut Software and published by GTE Entertainment in June 1995. It is an early realtime 3D fighter, originally meant for Super NES using the Super FX chip, on which Argonaut was collaborating together with Nintendo. OEM versions have support for 3D acceleration, bundled with 3D graphics accelerator cards such as the Diamond Monster 3D. A sequel, FX Fighter Turbo, was released in 1996.

This game has no relation to Hudson Soft's cancelled FX Fighter for PC-FX, which was conceived around the same time.

Super FX
The Super FX is a coprocessor on the Graphics Support Unit (GSU) added to select Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) video game cartridges, primarily to facilitate advanced 2D and 3D graphics. The Super FX chip was designed by Argonaut Games, who also co-developed the 3D space rail shooter video game Star Fox with Nintendo to demonstrate the additional polygon rendering capabilities that the chip had introduced to the SNES.
Lax̱g̱altsʼap
Lax̱g̱altsʼap /læxˈɑːldzæp/ (also Laxqaltsʼap, and formerly Lachkaltsap) is a Nisg̱a’a village of approximately 248, in the Nass River valley of British Columbia, Canada.
It is one of the four main villages in the Nisg̱a’a Lisims, the formal name for their territory, and is situated on the north side of the Nass River between Gitwinksihlkw to the east and Ging̱olx to the west. It is approximately 24 km from where the Nass empties into the Pacific Ocean at Nass Bay. Road access is via the Nisga'a Highway.

Nisga'a
The Nisga’a (English: /ˈnɪsɡɑː/; Nisga'a: Nisg̱a’a [nisqaʔa]), formerly spelled Nishga or Niska, are an Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada. They reside in the Nass River valley of northwestern British Columbia. The origin of the term Niska is uncertain. The spelling Nishga is used by the Nishga Tribal Council, and some scholars claim that the term means 'people of the Nass River'. The name is a reduced form of [naːsqaʔ], which is a loan word from Tongass Tlingit, where it means 'people of the Nass River'.

The official languages of Nisg̱a’a are the Nisg̱a’a language and English.
Via dei Georgofili bombing
The via dei Georgofili bombing (Italian: Strage di via dei Georgofili) was a terrorist attack carried out by the Sicilian Mafia on 27 May 1993 outside the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy in retaliation for the arrest of Mafia boss Salvatore Riina.

The attack was carried out with a Fiat Fiorino packed with 227 kilograms of explosives, parked near the Torre dei Pulci, between the Uffizi museum and the Arno River. The tower was the seat of the Accademia dei Georgofili. The large explosion caused the death of five people and forty-eight other people were injured by the blast. The tower and other buildings were destroyed and others damaged, including the Uffizi Gallery and the Vasari Corridor, where several paintings were heavily damaged or destroyed.

Accademia dei Georgofili
43°46′06.7″N 11°15′18.2″E﻿ / ﻿43.768528°N 11.255056°E﻿ / 43.768528; 11.255056

The Accademia dei Georgofili (Academy of Georgofili) is an educational institution in Florence, Italy.  It was established in 1753. The academy has been a historic institution for over 250 years, and is best known for promoting, amongst scholars and landowners, the studying of agronomy, forestry, economy, geography and agriculture.
Gmina Dąbrowice
Gmina Dąbrowice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dąbrowice, which lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) north-west of Kutno and 65 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź.

The gmina covers an area of 45.94 square kilometres (17.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population was 2,094.

Dąbrowice, Kutno County
Dąbrowice [dɔmbrɔˈvit͡sɛ] is a town in Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Dąbrowice. It lies approximately 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Kutno and 65 km (40 mi) north-west of the regional capital Łódź. It is located within the historic Łęczyca Land.
Sasiga
Sasiga is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia and a part of the Misraq (East) Welega Zone. Sasiga is bordered on the south by Diga Leka, on the west by the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, on the northwest by Limmu, on the north by an exclave of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region and on the east by Guto Wayu. The administrative center of this woreda is Galo.  Other towns in Sasiga include Handhura Balo, Bareda, Angar, Arb Gebeya, Ehud Gebeya, Gute and Tsige .

Diga Leka
Diga was one of the 180 woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It was separated from Leka Dulecha woredas. Part of the Misraq Welega Zone, Diga Leka was bordered on the south by an exclave of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, on the west by the Didessa River which separates it from the Illubabor Zone on the southwest and the Mirab Welega Zone on the west, on the north by Sasiga, on the northeast by Guto Wayu and on the southeast by Leka Dulacha. The administrative center of the woreda was Diga; towns in Diga Woreda are Arjo Gudetu and Diga. Diga woreda is 12 km away from capital city of East Wollega, Nekemt town.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB, p-DCB, or para-dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a strong odor. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two chlorine atoms (replacing hydrogen atoms) on opposing sites of the ring.

It is used as a disinfectant, pesticide, and deodorant, most familiarly in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional naphthalene because of naphthalene's greater flammability (though both chemicals have the same NFPA 704 rating).  It is also used as a precursor in the production of the chemically and thermally resistant polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide).

Mothball
Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant, sometimes used when storing clothing and other materials susceptible to damage from silverfish, mold or moth larvae (especially clothes moths like Tineola bisselliella).
Salah Choheili
Rishama Salah Choheili (Persian: صلاح چحیلی; also known as Ganzibra Ṣalah Jabbar Ṭawus Choheili; Arabic: صلاح الكحيلي Salah Al-Kuhaili; born 1952, Ahvaz, Iran) is an Iranian Mandaean priest in Australia.: xxvii–xxxii  He is the head priest of Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi in Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia, as well as Wallacia Mandi in Wallacia, New South Wales.

Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi
Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi (officially registered as Mandi Genzvra Dakhil) is a Mandaean temple (mandi) in Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia. It is named after Rishama Dakhil Aidan, who was the head priest of the Mandaean community in Iraq from 1917 to 1964.
Westland Whirlwind (fighter)
The Westland Whirlwind was a British twin-engined fighter developed by Westland Aircraft. A contemporary of the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane, it was the first single-seat, twin-engined, cannon-armed fighter of the Royal Air Force.

When it first flew in 1938, the Whirlwind was one of the fastest combat aircraft in the world and, with four 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 autocannon in its nose, the most heavily armed. Protracted development problems with its Rolls-Royce Peregrine engines delayed the project and only 114 Whirlwinds were built. During the Second World War, only three RAF squadrons were equipped with the aircraft and, despite its success as a fighter and ground attack aircraft, it was withdrawn from service in 1943.

Westland Welkin
The Westland Welkin was a British twin-engine heavy fighter from the Westland Aircraft Company, designed to fight at extremely high altitudes, in the stratosphere; the word welkin meaning "the vault of heaven" or the upper atmosphere. First conceived in 1940, the plane was built in response to the arrival of modified Junkers Ju 86P bombers flying reconnaissance missions, which suggested the Luftwaffe might attempt to re-open the bombing of Britain from high altitude. Construction was from 1942 to 1943. The threat never materialised; consequently, Westland produced only a small number of Welkins and few of these flew.
Farah Ali Jama
Farah Ali Jama also known as Farah Ali Shire (Somali: Faarax Cali Jaamac, Arabic: فرح علي جامع) is a Puntland economist and politician. During Presidency of Abdirahman Farole from January 2009 to January 2014, he served as the Puntland Minister of Finance.

Ministry of Finance (Puntland)
The Ministry of Finance of the Government of the Puntland MoFGoP (Somali: Wasaaradda Maaliyadda ee Dawladda Puntland; Arabic: وزارة المالية في بونتلاند) is the government body responsible for regulating the fiscal affairs of the Government of Puntland, including managing, controlling and monitoring public revenues and expenditures. The first minister was Said Mohamed Mohamoud 'Adur' and current minister is Mohamed Farah Mohamoud.
Social control
Social control is the regulations, sanctions, mechanisms, and systems that restrict the behaviour of individuals in accordance with social norms and orders. Through both informal and formal means, individuals and groups exercise social control both internally and externally. As an area of social science, social control is studied by researchers of various fields, including anthropology, criminology, law, political science, and sociology.

Social control is considered one of the foundations of social order. Sociologists identify two basic forms of social control. Informal means of control refer to the internalization of norms and values through socialization. Formal means comprise external sanctions enforced by government to prevent the establishment of chaos or anomie in society. Some theorists, such as Émile Durkheim, refer to formal control as regulation.

Regulation
Regulation is the management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends. In systems theory, these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society, but the term has slightly different meanings according to context. For example:

in government, typically regulation (or its plural) refers to the delegated legislation which is adopted to enforce primary legislation; including land-use regulation

in economy: regulatory economics

in finance: financial regulation

in business, industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set and enforce rules with less government involvement; and,

in biology, gene regulation and metabolic regulation allow living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis;

in psychology, self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals.
.327 Federal Magnum
The .327 Federal Magnum is a cartridge introduced by Federal Premium Ammunition and also sold by Sturm, Ruger & Co. It is intended to provide the power of a .357 Magnum in six-shot, compact revolvers, whose cylinders would otherwise only hold five rounds. The .327 has also been used in full-sized revolvers with a capacity of seven rounds or more. The .327 Federal Mag is an example of a "super magnum", because it is a magnum of a magnum, the .32 H&R Magnum.

Federal Premium Ammunition
Federal Premium Ammunition is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Czechoslovak Group, located in Anoka, Minnesota.  With a workforce of nearly 1,500, Federal manufactures shotshell, centerfire, and rimfire ammunition and components.
Jeffrey Bostic
Jeffrey Davidson Bostic (born 27 October 1960), popularly known by his nickname The Colonel, is a Barbadian politician and former army officer who has served as the second president of Barbados since 2025. He was a cabinet minister in the cabinet of Mia Mottley. Bostic was the Minister of Health and Wellness of Barbados and a Member of the House of Assembly of Barbados. On 7 October 2025, Bostic was elected by the Parliament of Barbados to become the country's second president and first male president, taking office on 30 November 2025.

President of Barbados
The president of Barbados is the head of state of Barbados and the commander-in-chief of the Barbados Defence Force. The office was established when the country became a parliamentary republic on 30 November 2021. Prior to that date, the head of state was Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados, who was represented on the island by a governor-general. The final person to hold that position, Dame Sandra Mason, served as Barbados' first president from 2021 to 2025, and was then succeeded by the current president, Jeffrey Bostic.
Titusville, Florida
Titusville is a city in and the county seat of Brevard County, Florida, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 48,789, up from 43,761 at the 2010 census.  Titusville is located along the Indian River, west of Merritt Island and the Kennedy Space Center, and south-southwest of the Canaveral National Seashore. It is a principal city of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

A secondary, de facto county seat was established beginning in 1989, at Viera, Florida, in the geographic center of the county, to better serve the more populous southern portion of the county.

Merritt Island, Florida
Merritt Island is a peninsula in Brevard County, Florida, United States, located on the eastern Florida coast, along the Atlantic Ocean.  It is also the name of an unincorporated town in the central and southern parts of the island and a census-designated place (CDP).

The population was 34,518 at the 2020 census, down from 34,743 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center is located on Merritt Island to the north of the town, and Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge is located north of the space center.

The central part of Merritt Island, previously known as Merritt City, is home to the majority of the population and includes the local high school, library, and shopping district.  The southern area is heavily residential, with centralized light commercial and light industrial areas.
Txus Vidorreta
Jesus "Txus" Gómez Vidorreta (born 20 June 1966) is a Spanish professional basketball coach, currently managing Lenovo Tenerife of the Spanish Liga ACB and the FIBA Champions League. Vidorreta, born in Bilbao, has coached several teams in Spain.

He has been most successful as the head coach of Canarias, he has won two Basketball Champions League titles, in 2017 and 2022, as well as two FIBA Intercontinental Cup titles, in 2020 and 2023.

CB Canarias
Club Cantera Base 1939 Canarias S.A.D., commonly known as CB Canarias and known as La Laguna Tenerife for sponsorship reasons, is a professional basketball team that is based in La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Domestically, the team plays in the top-level league in Spain, the Liga ACB and in European-wide competitions, the team plays in FIBA's Champions League (BCL). Their home arena is the Santiago Martín.

Canarias became a prominent club on the domestic scene during the 2010s, after securing promotion to the Liga ACB in 2014. Under the FIBA system, Canarias won two BCL championships (in 2017 and 2023) as well as three Intercontinental Cups (2017, 2020, 2023).
Emily Dickinson Museum
The Emily Dickinson Museum is a historic house museum consisting of two houses: the Dickinson Homestead (also known as Emily Dickinson Home or Emily Dickinson House) and the Evergreens.  The Dickinson Homestead was the birthplace and home from 1855 to 1886 of 19th-century American poet Emily Dickinson (1830–1886), whose poems were discovered in her bedroom there after her death.  The house next door, called the Evergreens, was built by the poet's father, Edward Dickinson, in 1856 as a wedding present for her brother Austin.  Located in Amherst, Massachusetts, the houses are preserved as a single museum and are open to the public on guided tours.

The Emily Dickinson Home is a US National Historic Landmark, and properties contribute to the Dickinson Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Edward Dickinson
Edward Dickinson (January 1, 1803 – June 16, 1874) was an American politician from Massachusetts. He is also known as the father of the poet Emily Dickinson; their family home in Amherst, the Emily Dickinson Museum, is a museum dedicated to her.
2024 Budapest Formula 3 round
The 2024 Budapest Formula 3 round was a motor racing event held between 19 and 21 July at the Hungaroring, Mogyoród, Hungary. It was the eighth round of the 2024 FIA Formula 3 Championship and was held in support of the 2024 Hungarian Grand Prix.

2024 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2024 Hungarian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Hungarian Grand Prix 2024) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 21 July 2024 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. It was the thirteenth round of the 2024 Formula One World Championship.

The McLarens of Lando Norris and Oscar Piastri locked out the front row, their first since the 2012 Brazilian Grand Prix. Piastri won the race for McLaren, marking his maiden victory in Formula One. Teammate Norris finished second, marking McLaren’s first 1–2 finish since the 2021 Italian Grand Prix. Mercedes driver Lewis Hamilton finished third, becoming the first driver to record 200 career podiums.