hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crockett State School
The Crockett State School (CSS) was a Texas Youth Commission juvenile correctional facility in Crockett, Texas. The students at the state school had committed various crimes, including truancy, property crimes and crimes against persons. The Crockett State School, located on what was a 125-acre (51 ha) farm, is about 115 miles (185 km) north of Houston.

Texas Youth Commission
The Texas Youth Commission (TYC) was a Texas state agency which operated juvenile corrections facilities in the state. The commission was headquartered in the Brown-Heatly Building in Austin. As of 2007, it was the second largest juvenile corrections agency in the United States, after the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. As of December 1, 2011, the agency was replaced by the Texas Juvenile Justice Department.
Honggaitou
A honggaitou (Chinese: 紅蓋頭; pinyin: hónggàitou), also shortened to gaitou (Chinese: 蓋頭; pinyin: gàitou; lit. 'head cover') and referred to as red veil in English,: 37  is a traditional red-coloured bridal veil worn by the Han Chinese brides to cover their faces on their wedding ceremony before their wedding night.: 37  The honggaitou is worn along with a red wedding dress.: 560  Veils have been used in China since the Han dynasty.: 202  The custom of wearing the honggaitou for wedding ceremonies can be traced back to the Song dynasty period.: 202  The custom of wearing the honggaitou, along with the traditional red wedding dress, continues to be practiced in modern-day China. However, under the influence of Western culture and globalization, most Chinese brides nowadays wear white wedding dresses and a white veil, an imitation of Western Christian weddings, instead of the red wedding dresses and honggaitou.

Veil
A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent in different forms in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The practice of veiling is especially associated with women and sacred objects, though in some cultures, it is men, rather than women, who are expected to wear a veil. Besides its enduring religious significance, veiling continues to play a role in some modern secular contexts, such as wedding customs.
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is a light-sensitive receptor protein that triggers visual phototransduction in rod cells. Rhodopsin mediates dim light vision and thus is extremely sensitive to light.  When rhodopsin is exposed to light, it immediately photobleaches. In humans, it is fully regenerated in about 30 minutes, after which the rods are more sensitive. Defects in the rhodopsin gene cause eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and congenital stationary night blindness.

Visual phototransduction
Visual phototransduction is the sensory transduction process of the visual system by which light is detected by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the vertebrate retina. A photon is absorbed by a retinal chromophore (each bound to an opsin), which initiates a signal cascade through several intermediate cells, then through the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) comprising the optic nerve.
Medical diplomacy
Medical diplomacy or public health diplomacy is a form of diplomacy. It is the provision of medical assistance, including vaccines, or aid for the purpose of furthering national goals. It is often considered to be a form of soft power but it has various harder aspects.

Vaccine diplomacy
Vaccine diplomacy, a form of medical diplomacy, is the use of vaccines to improve a country's diplomatic relationship and influence of other countries. Meanwhile, vaccine diplomacy also "means a set of diplomatic measures taken to ensure access to the best practices in the development of potential vaccines, to enhance bilateral and/or multilateral cooperation between countries in conducting joint R&D, and, in the case of the announcement of production, to ensure the signing of a contract for the purchase of the vaccine at the shortest term." Although primary discussed in the context of the supply of COVID-19 vaccines, it also played a part in the distribution of the smallpox vaccine.
Star China Media
Star China Media (Chinese: 星空华文), also known as Star (CM) Holdings, is a Chinese media company owned by China Media Capital. The company operates television channels Xing Kong and Channel V Mainland China, and maintains Fortune Star film library.

Its businesses were previously a part of the original News Corporation's Star TV group of television channels in Hong Kong. China Media Capital took over a percentage of shares in them in 2010, and completed acquisition in 2014.

Channel V
Channel [V] ("V" as in the letter, not the Roman numeral "5") is a Chinese and former Asian pay television musical network originally launched by Star TV Hong Kong (now Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific). It was part of the unit of Disney International Operations, and was launched in September 1991 to replace the first incarnation of MTV's Asian operation before it was shut down on October 1, 2021.

The mainland Chinese version is owned by Star China Media, and is still operational. The Australian channels were owned by Foxtel before their closure.

Channel [V] previously operated either a local feed or a relay of the international version in Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Thailand or localized versions in India, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and Australia.
Qibi tribe
Qibi tribe (Chinese: 契苾 ~ 契弊; Middle Chinese: *kʲiei-pɪ̯et; Saka: Kāribari) was a Turkic tribe and a part of Tiele confederation, then Toquz Oghuz and later Uyghur Khaganate. Most famous member of the tribe was Qibi Heli.

Tiele people
The Tiele (Chinese: 鐵勒; pinyin: Tiělè), also transliterated as Chile (Chinese: 敕勒), Dili (Chinese: 狄歷), Zhile (Chinese: 直勒) and Tele (Chinese: 特勒), who were also known by the Chinese exonym Gaoche (Chinese: 高車) or Gaoju, were a tribal confederation of Turkic ethnic origins living to the north of China proper and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier Dingling.
Berrien County, Georgia
Berrien County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,160. The county seat is Nashville. The county was created February 25, 1856, out of portions of Coffee, Irwin and Lowndes counties by an act of the Georgia General Assembly. It is named after Georgia senator John M. Berrien.

Coffee County, Georgia
Coffee County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,092, up from 42,356	 at the 2010 census. The county seat is Douglas.

Coffee County comprises the Douglas, Georgia micropolitan statistical area.
Ontario Film Review Board
The Ontario Film Review Board (French: Commission de contrôle cinématographique de l’Ontario) was an agency of the government of the Canadian province of Ontario responsible for that province's motion picture rating system. The board reported to the Minister of Consumer Services until October 1, 2015 when the board was overseen by the Ontario Film Authority. The board's activities were based on the Film Classification Act, 2005.

The Ontario Film Authority, as well as the Ontario Film Review Board, were disbanded on October 1, 2019, with responsibility for film classification being transferred to the Ministry of Government and Consumer Services. Films were briefly deemed to have the same classification as those given by the British Columbia Film Classification Office, and adult films will be cleared for screening in Ontario if they have been approved by any jurisdiction in Canada. Ratings are now no longer required for movies to be shown in Ontario.

Film Classification Act, 2005
The Film Classification Act, 2005 (French: Loi de 2005 sur le classement des films) is a statute which governs motion picture and computer game ratings in the province of Ontario, Canada. The law also provides the legal basis for the activities of the Ontario Film Review Board. Prior to this, film censorship and classification in Ontario was mandated first by the Theatres and Cinematographs Act, 1911 then the Theatres Act, 1953.
Hōtoku
Hōtoku (宝徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Bun'an and before Kyōtoku. This period spanned the years from July 1449 through July 1452. The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).

Bun'an
Bun'an (文安) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. "year name") after Kakitsu and before Hotoku.  This period spanned the years from February 1444 through July 1449.  The reigning emperor was Go-Hanazono-tennō (後花園天皇).
Sarah, Crown Princess of Brunei
Sarah binti Salleh Ab. Rahaman (Jawi: سارة; born 9 April 1987) is a member of the royal family Brunei. When she was 17 years old she married Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah and together they have four children.

Al-Muhtadee Billah
Al-Muhtadee Billah ibni Hassanal Bolkiah (Jawi: المهتدي بالله ابن حسن البلقية; born 17 February 1974) is the eldest son of Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and his wife Queen Saleha. He is the Crown Prince of Brunei Darussalam, and is first in the line of succession to the Bruneian throne. He is expected to eventually lead the state and government, and is regarded as the second most significant figure in the political hierarchy.
Fabyan Villa
Fabyan Villa was the home of George and Nelle Fabyan from c. 1908 to 1939.  The house is notable because of its remodelling in 1907 by Frank Lloyd Wright.   It was the centerpiece of the Fabyans country estate, which they named Riverbank.  The Kane County Forest Preserve District of Illinois purchased the majority of the Fabyan estate in 1939, and operated the Fabyans' home as a museum off and on beginning in 1940. In 1995 Preservation Partners of the Fox Valley was enlisted to operate the site and developed the Fabyan Villa Museum into a Fabyan historic home museum, where photographs, the Fabyans' personal artifact collections, and a limited number of original furnishings, as well as the Riverbank story are shared with the public.

George Fabyan
"Colonel" George Fabyan (March 15, 1867 – May 17, 1936) was an American businessman who founded a private research laboratory. Fabyan's laboratory pioneered modern cryptography and was the forerunner of the NSA. The National Security Agency has recognized Riverbank Laboratories as the birthplace of U.S. cryptology.
21st Infantry Regiment (Thailand)
The 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen Sirikit's Guard (Thai: กรมทหารราบที่ 21 รักษาพระองค์ ในสมเด็จพระนางเจ้าสิริกิติ์ พระบรมราชินีนาถ พระบรมราชชนนีพันปีหลวง) (ร.21 รอ.) is the elite (special operations capable) mechanized infantry Queen's Guard regiment under the 2nd Infantry Division, Queen Sirikit's Guard of the Royal Thai Army (RTA). They are trained like special operations forces. The regiment was created in 1950. It is known as the Queen's Guard or Thahan Suea Rachini (Thai: ทหารเสือราชินี, translated as "Queen's Tiger Soldiers"). It is sometimes referred to as the "Eastern Tigers". The regiment is based in Chonburi.

2nd Infantry Division (Thailand)
The 2nd Infantry Division, King Vajiralongkorn's Guard (Thai: กองพลทหารราบที่ 2 รักษาพระองค์ ในพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว) (พล.๒ รอ.) also known as Mechanized Infantry Division (Thai: กองพลทหารราบยานเกราะ) is the King's Guard Mechanized Infantry Division of the Royal Thai Army (RTA). It is currently part of the First Army Area. The division was founded by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1910. In 1988 the division was designated a King's Guard unit by cabinet order, however, as a mark of distinction the division and all its subsidiary units were put under the patronage of Queen Sirikit and has since been known as the Queen's Guard.

The division is composed of three infantry regiments and three attached units, the 2nd Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard, and the 21st Infantry Regiment, Queen's Guard. The division and its subsidiary units are all based east of Bangkok, headquartered in Prachinburi, with other units in Chonburi and Sa Kaeo.
Exile's Return
Exile's Return is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the third book   in the Conclave of Shadows trilogy, part of The Riftwar Cycle.  It was preceded by King of Foxes and is followed by Flight of the Nighthawks.

King of Foxes
King of Foxes is a fantasy novel by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the second book  in the Conclave of Shadows trilogy, part of The Riftwar Cycle.  It was preceded by Talon of the Silver Hawk and is followed by Exile's Return.
Rancho Los Encinos
Rancho Los Encinos (also Rancho El Encino and Rancho Encino) was a Spanish grazing concession, and later Mexican land granted cattle and sheep rancho and travelers  way-station on the El Camino Real in the San Fernando Valley, in present-day Encino, Los Angeles County, California. The original 19th-century adobe and limestone structures and natural Encino Springs are now within the Los Encinos State Historic Park.

Encino Hot Springs
Encino Hot Springs are historic thermal springs located at the site of Siutcanga village, a settlement of the Tongva-Kizh people of the area now known as Southern California. It was used by several tribes of Indigenous peoples for thousands of years. Later, after settlement, the artesian springs were used as a water source for Rancho Los Encinos in what is now the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California. In the 1880s it was a rest stop on the Butterfield Stagecoach route. The springs are located in the modern-day Los Encinos State Historic Park.
Appleton Roebuck
Appleton Roebuck is a village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. The village is about 9 miles (14 km) south-west of York. The civil parish includes the hamlets of Holme Green and Nun Appleton, and covers an area of around 2,900 acres (1,200 ha).  The parish had a population of 692 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 870 in the 2021 census and including Acaster Selby.

In February 2000 much of Appleton Roebuck was designated a Conservation Area under Section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990, and consists of 18th- and 19th-century buildings. There are six listed buildings within the Conservation Area, all Grade II, including two places of worship.

Acaster Selby
Acaster Selby is a village in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is part of the joint civil parish with Appleton Roebuck (where the population is now included). It is situated about 6 miles (9.7 km) south from York, on the west back of the River Ouse; near the opposite bank is the settlement of Stillingfleet, and 1.3 miles (2.1 km) to the north-west is Appleton Roebuck.
Galvanic series
The galvanic series (or electropotential series) determines the nobility of metals and semi-metals. When two metals are submerged in an electrolyte, while also electrically connected by some external conductor, the less noble (base) will experience galvanic corrosion. The rate of corrosion is determined by the electrolyte, the difference in nobility, and the relative areas of the anode and cathode exposed to the electrolyte. The difference can be measured as a difference in voltage potential: the less noble metal is the one with a lower (that is, more negative) electrode potential than the nobler one, and will function as the anode (electron or anion attractor) within the electrolyte device functioning as described above (a galvanic cell). Galvanic reaction is the principle upon which batteries are based.

See the table of  standard electrode potentials for more details.

Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion or dissimilar metal corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, different metal, when both in the presence of an electrolyte. A similar galvanic reaction is exploited in single-use battery cells to generate a useful electrical voltage to power portable devices. This phenomenon is named after Italian physician Luigi Galvani (1737–1798).

A similar type of corrosion caused by the presence of an external electric current is called electrolytic corrosion.
Neukieritzsch–Chemnitz railway
The Neukieritzsch–Chemnitz railway is a line in the German state of Saxony. It branches in Neukieritzsch from the Leipzig–Hof railway and runs via Borna and Geithain to Chemnitz Main station. It is part of a long-distance connection between Leipzig and Chemnitz. The route is electrified between Neukieritzsch and Geithain.

Leipzig–Hof railway
The Leipzig–Hof railway is a two-track main line in the German states of Saxony, Thuringia and Bavaria, originally built and operated by the Saxon-Bavarian Railway Company. It runs from Leipzig through Altenburg, the Werdau wye junction, Reichenbach and Plauen to Hof. The Werdau–Hof section is part of the Saxon-Franconian trunk line (Sachsen-Franken-Magistrale), the line connecting Dresden and Nuremberg. Its first section opened in 1842 and it is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

As a result of the division of Germany after the Second World War, the line lost considerable importance. Even after German reunification in 1989/90, the line has not been able to regain its former importance, especially as government policy gave preference to the extensive upgrade of the parallel Großheringen–Saalfeld railway. The remaining long-distance services ended In 2006.
Download Festival
Download Festival is an open-air rock and metal festival held each June since 2003 at Donington Park in Leicestershire, England. It is the United Kingdom's largest rock festival, with more than 100 bands playing on several stages and 75,000–80,000 attendees in recent years. The site covers around 900 acres (360 ha) and includes a large 'village' area with stalls, bars and entertainment. It surrounds Donington racetrack and is beside East Midlands Airport. Between 2016 and 2022 it was held in multiple locations as well as Donington: this included Paris (France), Madrid (Spain), Hockenheimring (Germany), Sydney and Melbourne (Australia).

Download was created by Andy Copping as a successor to Monsters of Rock, which had been held at Donington until 1996. Download has hosted some of the biggest rock and metal bands. It is similar to the nearby Bloodstock Festival, but Download is much larger and has a broader range of genres as well as more mainstream acts.

Bloodstock Open Air
Bloodstock Open Air is a yearly heavy metal festival held each August since 2005 at Catton Hall in Derbyshire, England. It is described as the United Kingdom's largest independent metal festival, with more than 100 bands playing on several stages and around 20,000 attendees. It is similar to the nearby Download Festival, but Bloodstock is smaller, focuses on heavy metal, and includes underground bands as well as mainstream ones. Bloodstock also has a New Blood stage, reserved for at least thirty new and unsigned bands; these are chosen through 'Metal to the Masses', regional battle of the bands contests held throughout the UK, Ireland and parts of mainland Europe.

Bloodstock began in 2001 as an indoor event at the Derby Assembly Rooms, gradually growing in size and becoming an outdoor festival in 2005. Its main stages are named after Ronnie James Dio and Sophie Lancaster. Bloodstock also hosts a bust that holds the ashes of Lemmy from Motörhead.
Florence Lathrop Field Page
Florence Lathrop Field Page (October 29, 1858 – June 6, 1921) was an American socialite and philanthropist. Born into the esteemed Barbour family, Page became a notable society figure and philanthropist. Page was considered a member of America's urban elite. She was twice married, first to Henry Field (the brother of Marshall Field), and later to Thomas Nelson Page. In addition to being a member of the Barbour family by birth, through her second marriage she became a member of two additional noted Virginia families: the Nelson and Page families.

Henry Field (1841–1890)
Henry Field (1841 – December 22, 1890) was an American businessman and philanthropist. A millionaire, Field was involved in the business ventures of his brother Marshall Field, and many other commercial ventures.

Through his marriage to Florence Lathrop in 1878, Field became a member of the prestigious Barbour family.
Yahoo Query Language
Yahoo! Query Language (YQL) is an SQL-like query language created by Yahoo! as part of their Developer Network. YQL is designed to retrieve and manipulate data from APIs through a single Web interface, thus allowing mashups that enable developers to create their own applications using Yahoo! Pipes online tool.

Initially launched in October 2008 with access to Yahoo APIs, February 2009 saw the addition of open data tables from third parties such as Google Reader, the Guardian, and The New York Times. Some of these APIs still require an API key to access them. On April 29 of 2009, Yahoo introduced the capability to execute the tables of data built through YQL using JavaScript run on the company's servers for free. On January 3, 2019, Yahoo retired the YQL API service.

Yahoo Pipes
Yahoo! Pipes was a web application from Yahoo! that provided a graphical user interface for building data mashups that aggregate web feeds, web pages, and other services; creating Web-based apps from various sources; and publishing those apps. The application worked by enabling users to "pipe" information from different sources and then set up rules for how that content should be modified (for example, filtering). In addition to the pipe editing page, the website had a documentation page and a discussion page. The documentation page contained information about pipes including guides for the pipe editor and troubleshooting. The discussion page enabled users to discuss the pipes with other users.
Amshuverma
Amshuverma or Amshu Verma (Nepali: अंशुवर्मा) was a king of Nepal from around 605–621 CE. Initially a feudal lord, he rose to the position of Mahasamanta (equivalent to prime minister) in about 598 CE when Shivadeva I of the Licchavi dynasty was the ruling monarch and by 604, Shivadeva was reduced to a mere figurehead. He is considered to have died in 621 AD and was succeeded by Udaydeva, the son of Shivadeva I.

Udaydeva
Udaydeva (Nepali: उदय देव) was the son of Shivadeva I and a Lichchhavi king of Nepal. He succeeded Amshuverma in 621 CE but was soon ousted by Jishnu Gupta, and his brother Dhruvadeva. He is believed to be the father of Bhrikuti.
Intelligent driver model
The intelligent driver model (IDM) is a time-continuous car-following traffic flow model for the simulation of freeway and urban traffic. It was developed by Treiber, Hennecke, and Helbing in 2000 to improve upon the results of other "intelligent" driver models, such as Gipps' model.

Microscopic traffic flow model
Microscopic traffic flow models are a class of scientific models of vehicular traffic dynamics.

In contrast, to macroscopic models, microscopic traffic flow models simulate single vehicle-driver units, so the dynamic variables of the models represent microscopic properties like the position and velocity of single vehicles.