hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
WTA International tournaments
The WTA International tournaments was a category for tennis tournaments of the Women's Tennis Association from the 2009 WTA Tour until 2020, which replaced the previous Tier III and Tier IV categories. As of 2021, these events have been reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments. The winner of a WTA 250 tournament adds 250 points to her WTA ranking.

For the 2025 season, there were 21 WTA 250, all knock-out tournaments with a prize money for every event at $275,094.

WTA 250 tournaments
WTA 250 is a category of tennis tournaments in the Women's Tennis Association tour, implemented since the reorganization of the schedule in 2021. Earlier these events were classified as WTA International Tournaments.

The ranking points awarded to the winners of these tournaments are 250. This compares to 2,000 points for winning a Grand Slam tournament ("Major"), up to 1,500 points for winning the WTA Finals, 1000 points for winning a WTA 1000 tournament, and 500 for winning a WTA 500 tournament.

At their introduction in 2021, WTA 250 tournaments' prize money was approximately $250,000. As of 2025 season, this has risen to $275,094. All tournaments have a 32 player main draw for singles and a 16 team main draw for doubles.
Sunshine Coast Region
The Sunshine Coast Region is a local government area located in the Sunshine Coast region of South East Queensland, Australia, from which it takes its name.

It was created by the amalgamation in 2008 of the City of Caloundra and the Shires of Maroochy and Noosa. It contains 4,194 kilometres (2,606 mi) of roads, 211 kilometres (131 mi) of coastline and a population of 351,424 in January 2021. The budget for the 2020–2021 financial year totals A$782 million including $243 million for Capital Works.

On 1 January 2014, the Shire of Noosa was re-established independent of the Sunshine Coast Regional Council.

In the 2021 census, the Sunshine Coast Region had a population of 342,541 people.

Shire of Noosa
The Shire of Noosa (/ˈnuːsə/) is a local government area about 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of Brisbane in the Sunshine Coast district of South East Queensland, Australia. The shire covers an area of 870 square kilometres (335.9 sq mi). It existed as a local government entity from 1910 until 2008, when it was amalgamated with the Shire of Maroochy and City of Caloundra to form the Sunshine Coast Region. The shire was re-established on 1 January 2014. In the 2021 census, the shire had a population of 56,298 people.
Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui
The Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (abbreviated SKH, lit. "Hong Kong Holy Catholic Church"), also known as the Hong Kong Anglican Church (Episcopal), is the Anglican church in Hong Kong and Macao. It is the 38th Province of the Anglican Communion. It is also one of the major denominations in Hong Kong and the first in the Anglican Communion to ordain a female priest.

The Province of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui is divided into three dioceses in Hong Kong and one missionary area in Macau. Each diocese is led by a bishop and the missionary area is directly led by the Archbishop.

The primate of Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui holds the title of Archbishop of Hong Kong, and is elected from the diocesan bishops of the province. Andrew Chan is the current Archbishop and Primate and Bishop of Western Kowloon. Timothy Kwok is Bishop of Eastern Kowloon and Matthias Der is Bishop of Hong Kong Island. Peter Douglas Koon is the provincial secretary general. The church has approximately 29,000 members.

Diocese of Western Kowloon
The Diocese of Western Kowloon is one of the three dioceses under the Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui. Its territory covers most of western Kowloon and the western New Territories (excluding the outlying islands of Hong Kong). All Saints' Church was established in 1891, making it one of the oldest Anglican churches in Hong Kong; it was consecrated as a cathedral on 31 October 2010.

Incumbent bishop, Andrew Chan, was elected on 26 June 2011 and consecrated on 25 March 2012 to replace the previous bishop, Thomas Soo.
Kate Ramsay
Kate Ramsay is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Ashleigh Brewer. The actress successfully auditioned for the role and relocated to Melbourne for filming. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 15 May 2009. Kate was introduced along with her siblings Harry (Will Moore) and Sophie (Kaiya Jones) as a new generation of the Ramsay family. Her storylines have included dealing with the death of her mother, becoming the legal guardian of her siblings, her relationships with Declan Napier (James Sorensen) and Mark Brennan (Scott McGregor) and kissing a student. For her portrayal of Kate, Brewer earned a nomination for Most Popular New Female Talent at the 2010 Logie Awards. In November 2013, it was announced Brewer had quit Neighbours and Kate was killed off during the episode broadcast on 8 April 2014.

Harry Ramsay
Harry Ramsay is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by William Moore. The character made his first screen appearance on 18 May 2009. Harry departed on 11 June 2010 after accepting a Basketball scholarship in Sydney.

Harry has been portrayed as having a unique persona, being a loner refusing to accept help from others and rebelling against those around him. The character has been involved in storylines including being orphaned, plots involving the Department of Human Services and his subsequent time in foster care. Moore revealed that some viewers became angry at some of the things Harry did during his time on the show.
Cytochrome c
The cytochrome complex, or cyt c, is a small hemeprotein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, where it plays a critical role in cellular respiration. 
It transfers electrons between Complexes III (Coenzyme Q – Cyt c reductase) and IV (Cyt c oxidase). Cytochrome c is highly water-soluble, unlike other cytochromes. It is capable of undergoing oxidation and reduction as its iron atom converts between the ferrous and ferric forms, but does not bind oxygen.  It also plays a major role in cell apoptosis. In humans, cytochrome c is encoded by the CYCS gene.

Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was EC 1.9.3.1, now reclassified as a translocase EC 7.1.1.9) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes.

It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of cells located in the membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c proteins and transfers them to one oxygen molecule and four protons, producing two molecules of water. In addition to binding the four protons from the inner aqueous phase, it transports another four protons across the membrane, increasing the transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential, which the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.
Fred D. Beans
Fred Dale Beans (November 3, 1906 – September 13, 1980) was a decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general, who is most noted as commanding officer of the 3rd Marine Raider Battalion during the Bougainville Campaign. He was the father of James D. Beans, who also served in the marines and rose to the rank of brigadier general.

James D. Beans
James Dale Beans (born December 21, 1934) is a retired officer of the United States Marine Corps with the rank of brigadier general. He is most noted for his service as the assistant chief of staff for Command, Control, Communications, and Computer, Intelligence and Interoperability Department and as director, Intelligence Division, Headquarters Marine Corps. He is the son of Brigadier General Fred D. Beans.
Fletcher Construction
The Fletcher Construction Company Limited is a New Zealand construction company and a subsidiary of Fletcher Building. Together with Higgins Contractors Ltd and Brian Perry Civil it makes up the Construction division of Fletcher Building. Fletcher Construction is widely known in New Zealand, and has delivered various projects including constructing the Auckland Sky Tower.

It has five main business units:

Major Projects

Buildings

South Pacific

Higgins

Brian Perry Civil

Fletcher Building
Fletcher Building Limited is one of the largest listed companies in New Zealand, with a market capitalisation of nearly NZ$4 billion. The company was split from Fletcher Challenge in 2001, formerly New Zealand's largest business and multinational.
I. Robert Lehman
Israel Robert Lehman (born October 5, 1924) is a Lithuanian-born American biochemist. His work primarily focused on the study of DNA replication and repair, as well as the replication of phages and the herpes virus. Notably, he collaborated with Arthur Kornberg in the discovery of DNA polymerase and the reaction responsible for genetic material replication. He also made major contributions in characterizing the process of homologous recombination. He served as the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Stanford University from 1974 to 1979 and again from 1984 to 1986. Lehman was awarded the Merk Prize by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

Arthur Kornberg
Arthur Kornberg (March 3, 1918 – October 26, 2007) was an American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for the discovery of "the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" together with Spanish biochemist and physician Severo Ochoa of New York University. He was also awarded the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society in 1951, an L.H.D. degree from Yeshiva University in 1962, and the National Medal of Science in 1979. In 1991, Kornberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Gairdner Foundation Award in 1995.

Kornberg's primary research interests were in biochemistry, especially enzyme chemistry, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (DNA replication) and studying the nucleic acids which control heredity in animals, plants, bacteria and viruses.
Henry Carnegie Phipps
Henry Carnegie Phipps (May 11, 1879 – March 21, 1953) was an American sportsman and financier, the owner of Wheatley Stable along with his wife Gladys Mills Phipps, and a member of the wealthy Phipps family.

Gladys Mills Phipps
Gladys Mills Phipps (June 19, 1883 – October 19, 1970) was an American socialite, sportsperson, and a thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder who began the Phipps family dynasty in American horse racing. She was known as the "first lady of the turf".
Violetta Thurstan
Violetta Thurstan, MM (4 February 1879 – 13 April 1978) was an English nurse, author, weaver, and administrator whose work included help for refugees and prisoners of war. She knew several languages, travelled frequently and wrote a number of books. The first was about her experiences of nursing in dangerous troublespots during the First World War. She was honoured by three countries for her courage while nursing in the war, and was awarded the Military Medal.

Military Medal
The Military Medal (MM) was a military decoration awarded to personnel of the British Army and other arms of the armed forces, and to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for bravery in battle on land. The award was established in 1916, with retrospective application to 1914, and was awarded to other ranks for "acts of gallantry and devotion to duty under fire". The award was discontinued in 1993, when it was replaced by the Military Cross, which was extended to all ranks, while other Commonwealth nations instituted their own award systems in the post war period.
Aluminium recycling
Aluminium recycling is the process in which secondary commercial aluminium is created from scrap or other forms of end-of-life or otherwise unusable aluminium. It involves re-melting the metal, which is cheaper and more energy-efficient than the production of virgin aluminium by electrolysis of alumina (Al2O3) refined from raw bauxite by use of the Bayer and Hall–Héroult processes.

Recycling scrap aluminium requires only 5% of the energy used to make new aluminium from the raw ore. In 2022, the United States produced 3.86 metric tons of secondary aluminium for every metric ton of primary aluminium produced. Over the same time period, secondary aluminium accounted for 34% of the total new supply of aluminium including imports. Used beverage containers are the largest component of processed aluminium scrap, and most of it is manufactured back into aluminium cans.

Hall–Héroult process
The Hall–Héroult process is the major industrial process for smelting aluminium. It involves dissolving aluminium oxide (alumina) (obtained most often from bauxite, aluminium's chief ore, through the Bayer process) in molten cryolite and electrolyzing the molten salt bath, typically in a purpose-built cell. The process, conducted at an industrial scale, happens at 940–980 °C (1700–1800 °F) and produces aluminium with a purity of 99.5–99.8%. Recycling aluminum, which does not require electrolysis, is thus not treated using this method.

The Hall–Héroult process consumes substantial electrical energy, and its electrolysis stage can produce significant amounts of carbon dioxide if the electricity is generated from high-emission sources. Furthermore, the process generates fluorocarbon compounds as byproducts, contributing to both air pollution and climate change.
Berry-Shoalhaven Heads Magpies
The Berry-Shoalhaven Heads Magpies are an Australian rugby league football team based in Berry, a country town of the South Coast region. The Magpies are a foundation club of the Group 7 Rugby League and are members of Country Rugby League.

Group 7 Rugby League
South Coast Group 7 Rugby League (or Group 7 Rugby League for simplicity) is the divisional boundary drawn from the Southern Illawarra and South Coast regions (from the suburb of Warilla south to Ulladulla) of New South Wales, Australia and is governed by the NSWCRL. The main semi-professional competition comprises ten (10) teams from across the region. Group 7 Rugby League also administers reserve grade, third grade, and under-18s competitions, Ladies League Tag, as well as looking over many junior competitions.
Patrick K. Kroupa
Patrick Karel Kroupa (born January 20, 1969), known colloquially as Lord Digital, is an American writer, hacker, and activist. Kroupa was a member of the Legion of Doom and Cult of the Dead Cow hacker groups and co-founded MindVox in 1991 with Bruce Fancher.

MindVox
MindVox was an early Internet service provider in New York City. The service was referred to as "the Hells Angels of Cyberspace".

The service was founded in 1991 by Bruce Fancher (Dead Lord) and Patrick Kroupa (Lord Digital), two former members of the Legion of Doom hacker group. It was initially launched in March 1992 as an invite-only offering, and eventually made generally available to the public in November that same year.

MindVox was the second Internet Service Provider in New York City, and the first test message posted to Usenet via the service was created by the infamous hacker Phiber Optik, in 1992, while waiting for a Manhattan grand jury indictment for hacking activities. At this time, customers of the only other service provider had already posted nearly 6,000 messages.

MindVox’s domain phantom.com was registered on 14 February 1992.
Manx Utilities Authority
The Manx Utilities Authority (Manx: bun shirveishyn vannin) is a Statutory Board of the Isle of Man Government which provides utilities for the Isle of Man. It was created in 2014 by the merging of the Manx Electricity Authority with the Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority.

Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority
The Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority (Manx: Lught-reill Ushtey as Sornaigys Ellan Vannin) was the statutory board responsible for water supply and sewage disposal in the Isle of Man. It was formed in 1972 as the 'Isle of Man Water Authority' by the merger of the Isle of Man Water Board and the Water Department of Douglas Corporation. In 1974 it took over the gas production and distribution functions of the Isle of Man Gas Authority, and was renamed the 'Isle of Man Water and Gas Authority'.  In 1985 the gas undertaking was privatised, and the authority reverted to its original title.  It was renamed the 'Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority' in 2010, taking over the sewerage responsibilities of the former Department of Transport.

In 2014 it became part of the Manx Utilities Authority when it was merged with the Manx Electricity Authority.
Robert Tarjan
Robert Endre Tarjan (born April 30, 1948) is an American computer scientist and mathematician.  He is the discoverer of several graph theory algorithms, including his strongly connected components algorithm, and co-inventor of both splay trees and Fibonacci heaps. Tarjan is currently the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Computer Science at Princeton University. He and John Hopcroft won the 1986 ACM Turing Award.

John Hopcroft
John Edward Hopcroft (born October 7, 1939) is an American theoretical computer scientist. His textbooks on theory of computation (also known as the Cinderella book) and data structures are regarded as standards in their fields. He is a professor emeritus at Cornell University, co-director of the Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies at Peking University, the director of the John Hopcroft Center for Computer Science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Hopcroft Center on Computer Science at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. He and Robert Tarjan won the 1986 ACM Turing Award.
Eighth Ministry of Machine Building
Eighth Ministry of Machine-Building of the PRC (中华人民共和国第八机械工业部), one of the central offices in the People's Republic of China, established in 1964, which inter alia oversaw the defense industry.

In November 1970 merged with the First Ministry of Machine-Building, and partly with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

Again, the Ministry appointed 13 September 1979, while on September 10, 1981, was absorbed by the Seventh Ministry of Machine-Building.

Seventh Ministry of Machine Building
The Seventh Ministry of Machine Building (第七机械工业部), originally the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, was a government ministry of the People's Republic of China, established November 23, 1964 by the State Council to oversee the space industry.

In 1960, Qian Xuesen founded the Combat Research Department at the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defence.: 119  It was China's first military operations research centre.: 119

In April 1988 the Ministry merged with the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and adopted the name of the Ministry of Aviation and Space Industry.
CITIC Trust
CITIC Trust Co., Ltd. is a Chinese-owned investment management company, with license to create private equity fund (as trust). The company was a subsidiary of CITIC Group. However, after a reverse takeover, CITIC Limited (SEHK: 267) became the parent company for 100% stake (via CITIC Corporation Limited and CITIC Industrial Investment Group Corporation Limited).

CITIC Limited
CITIC Limited (Chinese: 中國中信股份有限公司) is a conglomerate headquartered in Hong Kong. Its shares are listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, and it is a constituent of the Hang Seng Index. 58% of its issued shares are owned by the Chinese state-owned CITIC Group.

It is principally engaged in financial services, resources and energy, manufacturing, engineering contracting, real estate and other businesses.
Alabama State Route 141
State Route 141 (SR 141) is a 14.430-mile (23.223 km) state highway in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The highway travels from SR 189 southeast of Elba north to U.S. Route 331 (US 331) and SR 9 south of Brantley.

Alabama State Route 189
State Route 189 (SR 189) is a 32.857-mile (52.878 km) state highway in Coffee and Crenshaw counties, in Alabama, United States, that serves as a connection between Kinston, Elba and Brantley. SR 189 intersects SR 52 at its southern terminus and US 331 at its northern terminus.
Mitsui
Mitsui Group (三井グループ, Mitsui Gurūpu)  is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies.

The major companies of the group include Mitsui & Co. (general trading company), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Nippon Paper Industries, Pokka Sapporo Holdings, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan.

Mitsui Chemicals
Mitsui Chemicals (三井化学株式会社, Mitsui-Kagaku Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese chemicals company listed on the Nikkei with business interests in Japan, Europe, China, Southeast Asia and the USA. It is one of the leading chemical companies in Japan and is part of the Mitsui conglomerate. The company mainly deals in performance materials, petrochemicals and basic chemicals and functional polymeric materials.
Beaver Falls Cutlery Company
Beaver Falls Cutlery Company manufactured steel cutlery, razors, and pocketknives from 1866 to 1886 in Pennsylvania.

The company was founded as Binns & Mason by skilled cutlers from Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, as a small enterprise making pocketknives in Rochester, Pennsylvania. It briefly became The Pittsburgh Cutlery Company, then was purchased in 1867 by the Harmony Society and moved to Beaver Falls. It was outfitted mass production, employing 300 people on a two-acre site. In 1872, owners and workers had a labor dispute that was resolved by the employment of up to 225 Chinese workers. In 1876, it produced the "largest knife and fork in the world", for display at the Centennial Exposition. The company closed in 1886.

Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
Beaver Falls is a city in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 9,005 at the 2020 census. The city lies along the Beaver River 6 miles (9.7 km) north of its confluence with the Ohio River. It is 31 miles (50 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
Plasmonics
Plasmonics or nanoplasmonics refers to the generation, detection, and manipulation of signals at optical frequencies along metal-dielectric interfaces in the nanometer scale. Inspired by photonics, plasmonics follows the trend of miniaturizing optical devices (see also nanophotonics), and finds applications in sensing, microscopy, optical communications, and bio-photonics.

Nanophotonics
Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a  branch of optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology. It often involves dielectric structures such as nanoantennas, or metallic components, which can transport and focus light via surface plasmon polaritons.

The term "nano-optics", just like the term "optics", usually refers to situations involving ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light (free-space wavelengths from 300 to 1200 nanometers).
Scleralcyonacea
Scleralcyonacea is an order of the class Octocorallia.

It combines the traditional taxa Calcaxonia (except the genus Isis), Pennatulacea and Helioporacea, as well as a part of Scleraxonia and a part of Stolonifera, and the genera Ideogorgia and Parasphaerasclera. See below for a more detailed description.

Calcaxonia
Calcaxonia (1981 - 1999 known only under the informal name restricted Holaxonia) was, in some systems, an Octocorallian suborder of the order Gorgonacea, or alternatively of the broadly conceived order Alcyonacea. Before its formal erection in 1999, it was usually included inside the suborder Holaxonia.

According to a 2022 revision of Octocorallia, former Calcaxonia is part of the newly created order Scleralcyonacea, with the exception of the Calcaxonian genus Isis which is included in the order Malacalcyonacea. Within Scleralcyonacea, almost all former Calcaxonia taxa form together one unnamed clade, only Ellisellidae and Dendrobrachiidae (and possibly also Chelidonisididae) are parts of other clades of Scleralcyonacea.