hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners, 375 U.S. 411 (1964), was a United States Supreme Court decision that refined the procedures for U.S. federal courts to abstain from deciding issues of state law, pursuant to the doctrine set forth in Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941).

Abstention doctrine
An abstention doctrine is any of several doctrines that a United States court may (or in some cases must) apply to refuse to hear a case if hearing the case would potentially intrude upon the powers of another court. Such doctrines are usually invoked where lawsuits involving the same issues are brought in two different court systems at the same time (such as federal and state courts).

The United States has a federal court system with limitations on the cases that it can hear, while each state has its own individual court system. In some instances, the jurisdiction of these courts overlap, so a lawsuit between two parties may be brought in either or both courts. The latter circumstance can lead to confusion, waste resources, as well as cause the appearance that one court is disrespecting the other. Both federal and state courts have developed rules determining when one court will defer to another's jurisdiction over a particular case.
Robert Hallowell Gardiner
Robert Hallowell Gardiner (February 10, 1782 – March 22, 1864) was a prominent, educated land owner in Maine. He represented the union of two great early New England fortunes. He was the grandson of both Dr. Silvester Gardiner, the founder of Gardiner, Maine, and Benjamin Hallowell, the founder of Hallowell, Maine. He was also a trustee for the Gardiner Lyceum school. He was instrumental in the growth of the city of Gardiner.

Gardiner, Maine
Gardiner is a city in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 5,961 at the 2020 census. Popular with tourists, Gardiner is noted for its culture and old architecture. Gardiner is a nationally accredited Main Street America community. It is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan New England City and Town Area.
Autumn Weeks
Autumn Weeks (born October 20, 2001) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for Greek A Division club Odysseas Moschatou. She played college soccer for the IU Indy Jaguars and the Louisville Cardinals.

Louisville Cardinals women's soccer
The Louisville Cardinals women's soccer team represent University of Louisville in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) of NCAA Division I women's college soccer. The team has never won the ACC regular season championship, but has won both the Big East and Conference USA regular season championship once. The team has advanced to the NCAA Women's soccer tournament seven times, with their best finish being the Round of 16 in 2011.
Nestor Sirotenko
Archbishop Nestor (Russian: Архиепископ Нестор, secular name Yevgeny Yuryevich Sirotenko, Russian: Евгений Юрьевич Сиротенко; born 4 September 1974) is a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church, Ex-Archbishop of Madrid and Lisbon and Patriarchal Exarch of Western Europe.

During 2010–2018 he was Bishop of Chersonesus, responsible for the administration parishes of the Moscow Patriarchate in France, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal. He was then appointed as Metropolitan of Korsun and Patriarchal Exarch of Western Europe, position from which he was deposed in November 2025 as an ecclesiastical trial was started against him. Metropolitan Mark of Ryazan and Mikhailov took his position temporarily.

Russian Orthodox Diocese of Chersonesus
The Diocese of Chersonesus (Russian: Корсунская епархия, French: Diocèse de Chersonèse, also called Diocese of Korsun) is a diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church which covers the territory of France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Monaco. This diocese is part of the Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe since December 28, 2018.

The current primate of the Diocese of Chersonesus is Metropolitan Anthony (Sevryuk) since May 30, 2019. The primate of the diocese of Chersonesus is also the primate of the PEWE.
Connie Walker (journalist)
Connie Walker (born 1979) is a Canadian First Nations (Okanese Cree) journalist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting in 2023 for the investigative journalism podcast Stolen: Surviving St. Michael's.

Stolen (podcast)
Stolen is an investigative journalism podcast hosted by Connie Walker and produced by Gimlet Media.

The podcast is hosted by journalist Connie Walker, who previously hosted Missing and Murdered. In 2019, Connie Walker left CBC to work at Gimlet Media.
FrontRunner
FrontRunner (reporting mark UFRC) is a commuter railway operated by the Utah Transit Authority (UTA) that runs along the Wasatch Front in north-central Utah with service from Ogden Central station in central Weber County through Davis County, Salt Lake City, and Salt Lake County to Provo Central station in central Utah County. In 2025, the system had a ridership of 4,128,700, or about 14,900 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025.

Wasatch Front
The Wasatch Front /ˈwɑːsætʃ/ is a major metropolitan region in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Utah. It consists of a chain of contiguous cities and towns stretched along the western side of the Wasatch Range from Santaquin in the south to Pleasant View in the north, and containing the major cities of Salt Lake City, Provo, Orem, Bountiful, Layton, and Ogden along with many smaller communities. The Wasatch Front is contrasted with the Wasatch Back region on the east side of the mountain range.
Aurifeuillean factorization
In number theory, an aurifeuillean factorization, named after Léon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille, is factorization of certain integer values of the  cyclotomic polynomials. Because cyclotomic polynomials are irreducible polynomials over the integers, such a factorization cannot come from an algebraic factorization of the polynomial. Nevertheless, certain families of integers coming from cyclotomic polynomials have factorizations given by formulas applying to the whole family, as in the examples below.

Léon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille
Léon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille (1822–1882) was a French mathematician after whom Aurifeuillean factorizations are named.

He was the author of three books: Cours de géométrie élémentaire (with C. Richaud, Paris: Bachelier, 1847),
Traité de géométrie élémentaire (with C. Dumont, 2nd ed., Toulouse: Bonnal & Gibrac, 1860), and Traité d'arithmétique (with C. Dumont, 2nd ed., Toulouse: Bonnal & Gibrac, 1859).

Under the pseudonym Alfred de Caston, he also wrote several other books, including Les Tricheurs, scènes de jeu (Paris: E. Dentu, 1863) and Les marchands de miracles; histoire de la superstition humaine (Paris: E. Dentu, 1864).
International recognition of Israel
As of February 2026, the State of Israel is recognized as a sovereign state by 163 of the other 192 member states of the United Nations, or approximately 85% of all UN members. The State of Israel was formally established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948, and was admitted to the United Nations (UN) as a full member state on 11 May 1949. It also maintains bilateral ties with all of the UNSC Permanent Five. 29 member states have either never formally recognized Israel or have withdrawn their recognition; others have severed diplomatic relations without explicitly withdrawing their recognition. Additionally, many non-recognizing countries have challenged Israel's existence—predominantly those in the Muslim world—due to significant animosity stemming from the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the Arab–Israeli conflict.

Israeli Declaration of Independence
The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (Hebrew: הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the civil war phase and beginning of the Arab–Israeli War of the 1948 Palestine war, by David Ben-Gurion, the executive head of the World Zionist Organization and chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.

It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine (or the Land of Israel in the Jewish tradition), to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day. While celebrated in Israel as Independence Day, a national holiday on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar, Palestinians view the day as the start of Nakba, or "catastrophe", marking the mass displacements of Palestinians and the loss of homes and lands, and commemorate it annually on 15 May as Nakba Day.
The Mule (Foundation)
The Mule is a fictional character in the Foundation series by Isaac Asimov. First appearing in the 1945 novella "The Mule", he is a mutant and telepath who seizes control of the galaxy as a dictator after the fall of the Galactic Empire. Though he conquers the Foundation, his obsession with destroying the Second Foundation proves to be his undoing in the 1948 novella "Now You See It...".

The Mule is voiced by Wolfe Morris in the 1973 BBC Radio 4 adaptation The Foundation Trilogy. He is portrayed by Mikael Persbrandt in season two of the 2021 Apple TV+ television series adaptation Foundation, and is played by Pilou Asbæk in season three.

Foundation universe
The Foundation universe describes a future history of humanity's colonization of the galaxy, spanning nearly 25,000 years, created through the gradual fusion of the Robot, Galactic Empire, and Foundation book series written by American author Isaac Asimov.
Fleet Hargate
Fleet Hargate is a village in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 2 miles (3.2 km) east from Holbeach, and just south from the A17 road. It falls within the wider civil parish of Fleet, which stretches from Gedney to Holbeach with a total estimated population in 2011 of 2,136.

A17 road (England)
The A17 road is a mostly single carriageway road linking Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, England, to King's Lynn in Norfolk. It stretches for a distance of 62 miles travelling across the flat fen landscapes of southern Lincolnshire and western Norfolk and links the East Midlands with East Anglia. The road is notable for its numerous roundabouts and notoriously dangerous staggered junctions and also for its most famous landmark, the Cross Keys Bridge at Sutton Bridge close to the Lincolnshire/Cambridgeshire/Norfolk borders which carries the road over the River Nene.
British Legions
The British Legion (Spanish: Legión británica) or British Legions were foreign volunteer units which fought under Simón Bolívar against Spain for the independence of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador, and under José de San Martín for the independence of Peru, in the Spanish American wars of independence.: 217–220  Venezuelans generally called them the Albion Legion. They were composed of over seven thousand volunteers, mainly Napoleonic War veterans from Great Britain and Ireland, as well as some German veterans and some locals recruited after arriving in South America. Volunteers in the British Legion were motivated by a combination of both genuine political conviction and mercenary motives.

Their greatest achievements were at the Boyacá (1819), Carabobo (1821), Pichincha (1822) and Battle of Ayacucho (1824) which secured independence for Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru from Spanish rule respectively.

Battle of Pichincha
The Battle of Pichincha took place on 24 May 1822, on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, 3,500 meters above sea-level, right next to the city of Quito, in modern Ecuador.

The encounter, fought in the context of the Spanish American wars of independence, pitted a Patriot army under General Antonio José de Sucre against a Royalist army commanded by Field Marshal Melchor Aymerich. The defeat of the Royalist forces loyal to Spain brought about the liberation of Quito, and secured the independence of the provinces belonging to the Real Audiencia de Quito, or Presidencia de Quito, the Spanish colonial administrative jurisdiction from which the Republic of Ecuador would eventually emerge.
Tulare Lake
Tulare Lake (/tʊˈlɛəri/ ⓘ) or Tache Lake (Yokuts: Pah-áh-su, Pah-áh-sē) is an ephemeral freshwater lake in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, United States. Historically, Tulare Lake was once the largest freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River in surface area. For thousands of years, from the Paleolithic onward, Tulare Lake was a uniquely rich area, which supported perhaps the largest population of Native Americans north of present-day Mexico.

In the second half of the 19th century, Tulare Lake was dried up by diverting its tributaries for irrigation and municipal water uses. In modern times, it is usually a dry lake with residual wetlands and marshes. The lake reappears during unusually high levels of rainfall or snowmelt as it did in 1942, 1969, 1983, 1997, 1998, and 2023.

San Joaquin Valley
The San Joaquin Valley (/ˌsæn hwɑːˈkiːn/ ⓘ SAN whah-KEEN; Spanish: Valle de San Joaquín) is the southern half of California's Central Valley. Famed as a major breadbasket, the San Joaquin Valley is an important source of food, producing a significant part of California's agricultural output.

San Joaquin Valley draws from nine counties of Northern and Central California, including all of San Joaquin and Kings counties, most of Stanislaus, Merced, and Fresno counties, and parts of Madera and Tulare counties, along with a majority of Kern County. Although the valley is predominantly rural, it has four densely populated urban centers:  Stockton/Modesto, Fresno, Porterville/Visalia, and Bakersfield.
Wanyan Yungong
Wanyan Yungong (Chinese: 完顏允恭; 1146－1185), Jurchen name Hutuwa (Chinese: 胡土瓦), was an imperial prince of China's Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the son of the Emperor Shizong an Empress Mingde. He was the father of the Emperor Zhangzong and Emperor Xuanzong.

In May 1162, he became the Crown Prince. In the first month of the eighth year of Emperor Shizong's reign, his title was changed back. In June of the 25th year of Shizong, the prince died of illness in Chenghua Hall. After hearing the news, Shizong was very sad and accorded him the posthumous name Crown Prince Xuanxiao (宣孝太子).

After his eldest son (Emperor Zhangzong) became emperor, he was honored with the temple name Xianzong (顯宗) and the posthumous name Emperor Tidao Hongren Yingwen Ruide Guangxiao (體道弘仁英文睿德光孝皇帝).

Emperor Xuanzong of Jin
Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (18 April 1163 – 14 January 1224), personal name Wudubu, sinicized names Wanyan Xun and Wanyan Congjia, was the eighth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second Jin emperor to be defeated by the Mongol Empire, and the first after they crossed the Great Wall in 1211 during the Jin campaign.
Auckland (Countess of Ranfurly's Own) and Northland Regiment
The 3rd Battalion, Auckland (Countess of Ranfurly's Own) and Northland Regiment was a Territorial Force Battalion of the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment, with headquarters in Arch Hill Auckland Army Centre. The unit consists of company-sized units which have their headquarters in Auckland and Whangārei. The unit was part of Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) headquartered at Waiouru (see Structure of the New Zealand Army).

Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment
The Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment is the parent administrative regiment and corps of regular and reserve infantry battalions  in the New Zealand Army. It was originally formed in 1947 with a singular Regular regiment and multiple reserve regiments. Over time, the regiments were turned into battalions, the reserve units amalgamated and more regular units raised and disbanded. Currently, the Regiment currently consists of two regular and three reserve battalions. Throughout its existence, units raised in this regiment have served and deployed on operations in Malaya, Vietnam, Borneo and various United Nations peacekeeping operations.
Miss Missouri
The Miss Missouri competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the U.S. state of Missouri in the Miss America pageant.

Courtney Rowe of Kansas City was crowned Miss Missouri 2025 on June 14, 2025, at Missouri Military Academy in Mexico, Missouri. She competed for the title of Miss America 2026.

Mexico, Missouri
Mexico, formerly known as New Mexico, is a city in and the county seat of Audrain County, Missouri, United States. It is home to the Missouri Military Academy and annually hosts the Miss Missouri Pageant. The city's population was 11,469 at the 2020 census. The micropolitan statistical area consists of Audrain County. It is a part of the Columbia, Missouri metropolitan area.
Kamehameha III
Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854.  His full Hawaiian name was Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweʻula Kīwalaʻō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kalani Waiakua Kalanikau Iokikilo Kīwalaʻō i ke kapu Kamehameha when he ascended the throne.

Under his reign, Hawaii evolved from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with the signing of both the 1840 Constitution, which was the first Hawaiian Language Constitution, and the 1852 Constitution.  He was the longest reigning monarch in the history of the Kingdom, ruling for 29 years and 192 days, although in the early part of his reign he was under a regency by Queen Kaʻahumanu and later by Kaʻahumanu II.
His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways while keeping his nation intact.

Kamehameha IV
Kamehameha IV (Alekanetero ʻIolani Kalanikualiholiho Maka o ʻIouli Kūnuiākea o Kūkāʻilimoku; anglicized as Alexander Liholiho) (February 9, 1834 – November 30, 1863), reigned as the fourth monarch of Hawaii under the title Ke Aliʻi o ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻAina of the Kingdom of Hawaii from January 11, 1855, to November 30, 1863.
Andrew Dismukes
Andrew Vincent Dismukes (/dɪzˈmjuːks/; born June 21, 1995) is an American comedian, actor, and writer. Dismukes was hired as a writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live in 2017, ahead of its 43rd season. He was then hired to join the cast as a featured player in 2020 for its 46th season and became a repertory player during its 48th season in 2022.

Saturday Night Live season 48
The forty-eighth season of the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live premiered on October 1, 2022, during the 2022–23 television season with host Miles Teller and musical guest Kendrick Lamar, and concluded on April 15, 2023, with host Ana de Armas and musical guest Karol G. The season was originally scheduled to air 21 episodes and conclude on May 20, 2023. However, due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike, the last three planned episodes were cancelled.
Chapel of the Shepherds' Field
The Shepherds' Field Chapel (Arabic: كنيسة حقل الرعاة; Hebrew: כנסיית שדה הרועים), or the Sanctuary of Gloria in excelsis Deo, is a Roman Catholic religious building in Beit Sahour, southeast of Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine. The chapel commemorates the annunciation of Jesus' birth to the shepherds, said to have taken place in Beit Sahour. It is distinct from the traditional pilgrimage site and ancient church dedicated to the same event and located not far from it, within the Greek Orthodox Monastery of the Shepherds (Arabic: Deir el-Rawat).

Beit Sahour
Beit Sahour or Beit Sahur (Arabic: بيت ساحور, romanized: Bayt Sāḥūrⓘ; Palestine grid 170/123) is a Palestinian town east of Bethlehem, in the Bethlehem Governorate of the West Bank in the State of Palestine. The city is under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority. The population was 13,281 in 2017, consisting of approximately 80% Christians (most of them Greek Orthodox) and 20% Muslims.

Christian tradition holds Beit Sahour to be the site of the Annunciation to the Shepherds. There are two enclosures in the eastern part of Beit Sahour that are claimed by different Christian denominations to be the actual 'Shepherds Field': one belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church, and the other, the Catholic site, belonging to the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land.

The mainly Christian Palestinian inhabitants are being pressured by encroaching Israeli settlements, with one housing development threatened with demolition.
Pierre de Coubertin
Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin (French: [ʃaʁl pjɛʁ də fʁedi baʁɔ̃ də kubɛʁtɛ̃]; born Pierre de Frédy; 1 January 1863 – 2 September 1937), also known as Pierre de Coubertin and Baron de Coubertin, was a French educator and historian, co-founder of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and its second president. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games. He was particularly active in promoting the introduction of sport in French schools.

Born into a French aristocratic family, Coubertin became an academic and studied a broad range of topics, most notably education and history. He graduated with a degree in law and public affairs from the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po). It was at the Paris Institute of Political Studies that he came up with the idea of reviving the Olympic Games.

The Pierre de Coubertin World Trophy and the Pierre de Coubertin Medal are named in his honour.

International Fair Play Committee
The International Fair Play Committee (French: Comité international pour le Fair-Play), abbreviated as the CIFP or the IFPC, is a not for profit international non-governmental organisation which serves to foster sportsmanship in international competition. It presents awards annually at the World Fair Play Awards to recognise acts of fair play carried out by sportspeople or teams. The awards ceremony is held in various locations and has been broadcast on television in Europe.
Spherical polyhedron
In geometry, a spherical polyhedron or spherical tiling is a tiling of the sphere in which the surface is divided or partitioned by great arcs into bounded regions called spherical polygons. A polyhedron whose vertices are equidistant from its center can be conveniently studied by projecting its edges onto the sphere to obtain a corresponding spherical polyhedron.

The most familiar spherical polyhedron is the soccer ball, thought of as a spherical truncated icosahedron. The next most popular spherical polyhedron is the beach ball, thought of as a hosohedron.

Some "improper" polyhedra, such as hosohedra and their duals, dihedra, exist as spherical polyhedra, but their flat-faced analogs are degenerate. The example hexagonal beach ball, {2, 6}, is a hosohedron, and {6, 2}  is its dual dihedron.

Spherical trigonometry
Spherical trigonometry is the branch of spherical geometry that deals with the metrical relationships between the sides and angles of spherical triangles, traditionally expressed using trigonometric functions. On the sphere, geodesics are great circles. Spherical trigonometry is of great importance for calculations in astronomy, geodesy, and navigation.

The origins of spherical trigonometry in Greek mathematics and the major developments in Islamic mathematics are discussed fully in History of trigonometry and Mathematics in medieval Islam. The subject came to fruition in Early Modern times with important developments by John Napier, Delambre and others, and attained an essentially complete form by the end of the nineteenth century with the publication of Isaac Todhunter's textbook Spherical trigonometry for the use of colleges and Schools.
Since then, significant developments have been the application of vector methods, quaternion methods, and the use of numerical methods.