hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Acoustic mirror
An acoustic mirror is a passive device used to reflect and focus (concentrate) sound waves. Parabolic acoustic mirrors are widely used in parabolic microphones to pick up sound from great distances, employed in surveillance and reporting of outdoor sporting events.  Pairs of large parabolic acoustic mirrors which function as "whisper galleries" are displayed in science museums to demonstrate sound focusing.

Between the World Wars, before the invention of radar, parabolic sound mirrors were used experimentally as early-warning devices by military air defence forces to detect incoming enemy aircraft by listening for the sound of their engines.

During World War II on the coast of southern England, a network of large concrete acoustic mirrors was in the process of being built when the project was cancelled owing to the development of the Chain Home radar system.  Some of these mirrors are still standing today.

Parabolic microphone
A parabolic microphone is a microphone that uses a parabolic reflector to collect and focus sound waves onto a transducer, in much the same way that a parabolic antenna (e.g. satellite dish) does with radio waves.  Though they lack high fidelity, parabolic microphones have great sensitivity to sounds coming from one direction, along the axis of the dish, and can pick up distant sounds.
Norden Hartman
Norden Hartman (1921–1989) was a South African archivist and herald.

He joined the State Archives in 1948, and rose to the grade of senior archivist.  He transferred to the Bureau of Heraldry when it was established in 1963, and was promoted to State Herald when Dr Coenraad Beyers retired in 1964.  He served as State Herald until his own retirement in 1982.

As State Herald, Hartman established the Bureau as a respected heraldic office, encouraged the development of a distinctive artistic style (strongly influenced by Finnish practice), and innovations such as new lines of partition.  The centenary of the archives service in 1976 gave the Bureau an opportunity to showcase its work.

Bureau of Heraldry
The Bureau of Heraldry is the South African heraldic authority, established in Pretoria on 1 June 1963. It is headed by a State Herald (known unofficially as the National Herald since 2004) and its functions are to register arms, badges, flags and seals (as well as names and uniforms), to keep a public register, to issue registration certificates and, since 1980, to advise the government on heraldic matters. Together with the Heraldry Council, it forms part of the National Archives and Records Service (formerly called the State Archives Service), which is currently under the authority of the Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture.
Southern Pacific 745
Southern Pacific 745 is a preserved Mk-5 class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive that was fabricated at the Southern Pacific Railroad's Algiers Shops at Algiers Point directly across the Mississippi River from New Orleans. With a 2-8-2 wheel configuration, No. 745 was built as a freight engine for the Southern Pacific Railroad Company (SP). The locomotive returned to service in 2004 after a restoration period. It is currently the only operating steam locomotive in Louisiana. After being located in Jefferson, Louisiana, for many years, it is being rebuilt and moved to the Timbermill Museum in nearby Garyville; the move is expected to be completed in 2026.

Southern Pacific 786
Southern Pacific 786 is a preserved 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive, built in August 1916 by the American Locomotive Company's (ALCO) Brooks Works in New York. It was used to pull mainline freight trains by the Texas and New Orleans Railroad (TNO), a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP), until it was removed from service in 1955, and it was donated to the city of Austin, Texas the following year. Beginning in 1989, No. 786 was leased to the Austin Steam Train Association, who restored it to operating condition, and the locomotive was used to pull excursion trains on the Austin Western Railroad (AWRR) until 1999. Since 2000, crews have been performing an extensive rebuild on No. 786 to bring it back to service, and as of 2026, the rebuild continues to progress.
Sengge Rinchen
Sengge Rinchen (24 July 1811 – 18 May 1865) or Senggelinqin (Mongolian: Сэнгэринчен) was a Mongol nobleman and general who served under the Qing dynasty during the reigns of the Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi emperors. He is best known for his role at the Battle of Taku Forts and at the Battle of Baliqiao during the Second Opium War and his contributions in helping the Qing Empire suppress the Taiping and Nian rebellions.

Nian Rebellion
The Nian Rebellion (Chinese: 捻亂; pinyin: Niǎn Luàn) was an insurrection against the Qing dynasty in northern China from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) in southern China. The rebellion was suppressed, but the population and economic losses contributed to the collapse of the empire in the early 20th century.
Black Rock, New Mexico
Black Rock (Navajo: Tsézhįįh Deezlį́) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,190 at the 2020 census, down from 1,323 in 2010.

Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico
Zuni Pueblo (Zuni: Halona Idiwan’a; lit. 'Middle Place') is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 6,176 as of the 2020 Census. It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people.
Michael Westbrook
Michael Deanailo Westbrook (born July 7, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL).  Westbrook played college football for the Colorado Buffaloes, and was recognized as a consensus All-American in 1994.  He was selected in the first round of the 1995 NFL draft, and played professionally for the Washington Redskins and Cincinnati Bengals of the NFL.  After retiring from football, he later competed as a mixed martial arts fighter in the heavyweight division.

Colorado Buffaloes football
The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level, and is a member of the Big 12 Conference.

The team was a charter member of the Big 12 before leaving to join the Pac-12 Conference after the 2010 season. After 13 seasons in the Pac-12, the team returned to the Big 12 in 2024. Before joining the Big 12, they were members of the Big Eight Conference.

The team has played at Folsom Field in Boulder, Colorado since 1924. Their all-time record is 735–556–36 (.577 winning percentage) as of the 2025 season. Colorado won the 1990 National Championship that was shared by Georgia Tech. The team is 27th on the all-time win list and 40th in all-time winning percentage, along with two Heisman Trophy winners, Rashaan Salaam in 1994 and Travis Hunter in 2024.
Pieksänmaa
Pieksänmaa is a former municipality of Finland. It became part of the town of Pieksämäki in 2007.

Pieksänmaa was formed in 2004 when the municipalities of Pieksämäen maalaiskunta, Jäppilä and Virtasalmi were consolidated to a single municipality. Pieksänmaa itself was consolidated to Pieksämäki three years later.

It is located in the former province of Eastern Finland and is part of the South Savo region. The municipality had a population of 8,754 (2003) and covered an area of 1,788.17 km² of which 249.40 km² was water. The population density was 5.7 inhabitants per km².

The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

Pieksämäki
Pieksämäki (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈpie̯ksæˌmæki]) is a town and municipality of Finland. It is located in the South Savo region, about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of Mikkeli, 85 kilometres (53 mi) east of Jyväskylä and 95 kilometres (59 mi) south of Kuopio. The town has a population of 17,243 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 1,836.22 square kilometres (708.97 sq mi) of which 266.76 km2 (103.00 sq mi) is water. The population density is 10.99 inhabitants per square kilometre (28.5/sq mi). Neighbouring municipalities are Hankasalmi, Joroinen, Juva, Kangasniemi, Leppävirta, Mikkeli, Rautalampi and Suonenjoki.
Francis Robert Raines
Francis Robert Raines FSA (22 February 1805 – 17 October 1878) was the Anglican vicar of Milnrow, Lancashire, known as an antiquary. He edited 23 volumes for the Chetham Society publications. He also transcribed 44 volumes of manuscripts.

Chetham Society
The Chetham Society "for the publication of remains historic and literary connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester" is a text publication society and registered charity (No. 700047) established on 23 March 1843.
Hitachi Rail Italy
Hitachi Rail Italy S.p.A. is a multinational rolling stock manufacturer  company based in Pistoia, Italy. Formerly AnsaldoBreda S.p.A., a subsidiary of state-owned Finmeccanica, the company was sold in 2015 to Hitachi Rail of Japan. After the deal was finalized, the current name was adopted in November 2015 to reflect the new ownership.

Società Italiana Ernesto Breda
Società Italiana Ernesto Breda (lit. 'Ernesto Breda Italian Society'), more usually referred to simply as Breda, was an Italian mechanical manufacturing company founded by Ernesto Breda in Milan in 1886.
Kirkwall (Burgh)
Kirkwall was a Parliamentary Burgh that represented Kirkwall, Orkney in two successive District of Burghs, Tain and Wick. It tended to be affected by the same influential landowners who controlled the Orkney and Shetland seat, although as it was one of a number of mainland Burghs, this influence was not always decisive for choosing the MP

Orkney and Shetland (UK Parliament constituency)
Orkney and Shetland (Scottish Gaelic: Arcaibh agus Sealtainn) is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election and has been represented by Alistair Carmichael of the Scottish Liberal Democrats since 2001. In the Scottish Parliament, Orkney and Shetland are separate constituencies.
The constituency was historically known as Orkney and Zetland (an alternative name for Shetland).

In the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, 65.4% of the constituency's electors voted for Scotland to stay part of the United Kingdom.
Nizam-e-Islam Party
The Nizam-e-Islam Party (Bengali: নেজামে ইসলাম পার্টি, lit. 'Order of Islam Party'), officially the Bangladesh Nizam-e-Islam Party, is an Islamist political party in Bangladesh. The party was founded in the city of Kishoreganj in 1952, by the Islamic scholars of erstwhile East Bengal, Pakistan as an offshoot of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Pakistan. It was one of the four political parties belonging to the United Front alliance which defeated the Muslim League in the 1954 legislative assembly election.

1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election
Legislative elections were held in East Bengal between 8 and 12 March 1954, the first since Pakistan became an independent country in 1947. The opposition United Front, led by the All-Pakistan Awami League and Krishak Sramik Party, won a landslide victory with 223 of the 309 seats. The Muslim League Chief Minister of East Pakistan, Nurul Amin, was defeated in his own constituency by Khaleque Nawaz Khan by over 7,000 votes, with all the Muslim League ministers losing their seats.
Mihr (Armenian deity)
Mihr (Armenian: Միհր) is the Armenian deity of fire, regarded as the son of the supreme god Aramazd. Mihr can be identified with the Greek God of blacksmiths, craftsmen, and fire, Hephaestus. The seventh month in Armenian calendar has been dedicated to either Mihr or Mithra, and called by Armenians, Mehekan.

Aramazd
Aramazd was the chief and creator god in the Armenian version of Zoroastrianism. The deity and his name were derived from the deity Ahura Mazda after the Median conquest of Armenia in the 6th century BC. Aramazd was regarded as a generous god of fertility, rain, and abundance, as well as the father of the other gods, including Anahit, Mihr, and Nane. Like Ahura Mazda, Aramazd was seen as the father of the other gods, rarely with a wife, though sometimes husband to Anahit or Spandaramet. Aramazd was the Parthian form of Ahura Mazda.
Alexander Osmerkin
Alexander Alexandrovich Osmerkin (Russian: Александр Александрович Осмеркин; 8 December [O.S. 26 November] 1892 – 25 June 1953) was a Russian painter, graphic artist, stage designer, and art teacher. He was a member of the Knave of Diamonds avant-garde group, AKhRR, and Society of Moscow Artists (OMKh) groups. Since 1932 he was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists.

Lev Orekhov
Lev Nikolaevich Orekhov (Russian: Ле́в Никола́евич Оре́хов; November 8, 1913 – November 6, 1992) was a Russian Soviet painter, who lived and worked in Leningrad. He was regarded as one of the representatives of the Leningrad school of painting.
Pittsburg Coal Diggers
The Pittsburg Coal Diggers were a minor league baseball team based in Pittsburg, Kansas. From 1903 to 1906, Pittsburg teams played as a member of the Missouri Valley League from 1903 to 1905 before joining the 1906 Kansas State League. The Pittsburg "Miners" won the 1905 Missouri State League championship in the final season of league, before adopting the Pittsburg "Champs" nickname for the 1906 Kansas State League season.

The Pittsburg teams hosted minor league home games at League Park, which no longer exists.

Iola Gasbags
The Iola Gasbags were a minor league baseball team based in Iola, Kansas. Between 1902 and 1906, Iola teams played as a member of the Missouri Valley League from 1902 to 1904 and the 1906 Kansas State League. The Iola Gasbags won the 1904 Missouri State League championship, before adopting the Iola "Grays" nickname for the 1906 Kansas State League season. The Iola teams hosted home minor league games at Riverside Park.
Erik Gundersen
Erik Gundersen (born 8 October 1959 in Esbjerg, Denmark) is a former motorcycle speedway rider. Gundersen is one of the most successful speedway riders of all time, having won the Speedway World Champion on three occasions, the Long Track World Championship twice and the World Pairs Championship five times. He is also a seven-time World Team Cup winner with Denmark, and earned 91 international caps for the country.

Gundersen won the World Pairs Championship a record five years in succession from 1985 to 1989, and won the World Team Cup a record six years in succession from 1983 to 1988. His 17 World Championship wins see him sit second for the most World Championships won behind fellow Dane and Gundersen's long time Danish teammate and rival Hans Nielsen.

Speedway World Championship
The World Championship of Speedway is an international competition between the highest-ranked motorcycle speedway riders of the world, run under the auspices of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). The first official championships were held in 1936.

Today, the championship is organised as a series of Speedway Grand Prix events, where points are awarded according to performance in the event and tallied up at the end of each season. However, up to 1994, it was usually run as a single-night event after qualifying rounds during the season, leading up to a final consisting of 20 heats, where points were awarded according to riders' heat placings and then tallied up at the end.

Before the World Championship received its formal recognition from the ACU and the FIM in 1936, other unofficial Speedway World Championships were staged between 1931 and 1935, in Europe, South America and Australasia, such as the Star Riders' Championship.
Howard Kremer
Howard Michael Kremer (born February 3, 1968), also known by his stage name Dragon Boy Suede and his nicknames H. Michael Kre and Howie Michael Motorcycle, is an American comedian and comedic rapper. Howard Kremer is the host of the Who Charted? podcast, available on the Earwolf podcasting empire and formerly co-hosted with Kulap Vilaysack. He also co-hosts the podcast Grifthorse with writer, comedian and actor Megan Koester.

Earwolf
Earwolf is an American comedy podcasting network founded by Scott Aukerman and Jeff Ullrich in August 2010. Initially built around the Comedy Death-Ray Radio podcast, the network has since grown to include many podcasts on diverse subjects. The Earwolf studios are in Los Angeles, California, United States.

In November 2014, Earwolf launched a sister network, Wolfpop, led by Paul Scheer. In March 2016, most of Wolfpop's programs were merged into Earwolf.

Howl was a podcasting app launched in 2015 by Midroll Media, whose premium version featured the entire back catalogue of Earwolf podcasts, along with several comedy specials and many limited-run podcasts. Howl was discontinued in 2019, with its programming made available on Stitcher Premium.
Leo (singer)
Jung Taek-woon (Korean: 정택운; born on November 10, 1990), known professionally as Leo (Korean: 레오), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and musical theatre actor, formerly signed under Jellyfish Entertainment. Leo debuted as a member of the South Korean boy group VIXX in May 2012, and began his acting career in 2014 in the musical Full House as Lee Young-jae. In 2015 he began his songwriting career, and with VIXX member Ravi formed the group's first official sub-unit VIXX LR.

VIXX LR
VIXX LR (Korean: 빅스 LR) was the first official sub-unit of South Korean boy band VIXX formed by Jellyfish Entertainment. Established in August 2015, VIXX LR consists of VIXX vocalist Leo and rapper Ravi. The duo debuted with their first mini album, Beautiful Liar, on August 17, 2015.
Poorna: Courage Has No Limit
Poorna is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language biographical adventure film directed by Rahul Bose. The film stars himself with Aditi Inamdar as Malavath Poorna, the youngest girl to climb Mount Everest. The film was released in India on 31 March 2017 to positive reviews. The film was screened at the 2017 Palm Springs International Film Festival where it was nominated on the festival's list of "30 Best Feature Films."

Malavath Purna
Malavath Poorna (born 10 June 2000) is an Indian mountaineer. On 25 May 2014, Poorna climbed Mount Everest, aged 13 years and 11 months, the youngest female to have reached the summit. Poorna climbed Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe on 27 July 2017. After reaching the summit of Elbrus, Poorna unfurled a 50 ft long Indian Tricolor and sang the Indian National Anthem. She completed the Seven Summits on 5 June 2022 climbing Denali, along with father-daughter duo Ajeet Bajaj and Deeya Bajaj.

A film based on Poorna's life story was released in 2017 named Poorna: Courage Has No Limit directed by Rahul Bose.
Vairocanavajra
Vairocanavajra (also known as Vairocana and Vairocanaraksita) was a 12th-century Indian Buddhist master and alchemist who studied at the monastery of Nalanda. He is known in particular for his work in the translations of the Charyapadas which have been described as "having a lasting effect on the literary history of Tibetan Buddhism."

Charyapada
The Charyapada is a collection of mystical poems, songs of realization in the Vajrayāna tradition of Buddhism from the tāntric tradition in Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

It was compiled between the 8th and 12th centuries in late Apabhraṃśa or various Abahaṭ‌ṭha dialects, representing the formative stage of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages. It was written during a period when the northeastern Prākrit languages had not yet differentiated into later forms, or they were just getting differentiated.   Scholars of many eastern Indo-Aryan languages, such as Assamese, Bengali, Maithili, and Odia find features of these languages in the language of this work. A palm-leaf manuscript of the Charyāpada was rediscovered in the early 20th century by Haraprasād Shāstrī at the Nepal Royal Court Library. The Charyāpada was also preserved in the Tibetan Buddhist canon.
Continental Basketball Association
The Continental Basketball Association (CBA), originally known as the Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League, and later as the Eastern Professional Basketball League and the Eastern Basketball Association, was a men's professional basketball minor league in the United States from 1946 to 2009.

International Basketball League (1999–2001)
The International Basketball League (IBL) was a short-lived professional men's basketball league in the United States. The IBL was headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland. The league started in 1999 and ended in 2001.
Australovenator
Australovenator (meaning "southern hunter") is a genus of megaraptoran theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Winton Formation (Cenomanian, 95 million years ago) of Australia. Some specimens from the Albian-aged Eumeralla Formation and the Wonthaggi Formation may belong to Australovenator. It is known from partial cranial and postcranial remains, which were described in 2009 by Scott Hocknull and colleagues, although additional descriptions and analyses continue to be published. It is the most complete predatory dinosaur discovered in Australia. It has been suggested that Australovenator is a sister taxon to Fukuiraptor, although some phylogenetic analyses find it to be a more derived member of the Megaraptora, possibly being part of the main Megaraptoridae family itself.

Diamantinasaurus
Diamantinasaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod from Australia that lived during the early Late Cretaceous, about 94 million years ago. The type species of the genus is D. matildae, first described and named in 2009 by Scott Hocknull and colleagues based on fossil finds in the Winton Formation. Meaning "Diamantina lizard", the name is derived from the location of the nearby Diamantina River and the Greek word sauros, "lizard". The specific epithet is from the Australian song Waltzing Matilda, also the locality of the holotype and paratype. The known skeleton includes most of the forelimb, shoulder girdle, pelvis, hindlimb and ribs of the holotype, and one shoulder bone, a radius and some vertebrae of the paratype.
Dwight James Baum
Dwight James Baum (June 24, 1886 – December 14, 1939) was an American architect most active in New York and in Sarasota, Florida. His work includes Cà d'Zan, the Sarasota Times Building (1925), Sarasota County Courthouse (1926), early residences in Temple Terrace, Florida, Sarasota County Courthouse (1927),  Pinecroft, West Side YMCA on 63rd Street between Central Park and Columbus Avenue, Columbus Circle (Syracuse, NY) (1934) and Hendricks Memorial Chapel.

Hendricks Chapel
Hendricks Chapel is a multi-faith religious, spiritual and cultural chapel located on the campus of Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York. It is located on the Shaw Quadrangle, and serves as the spiritual center of Syracuse University by hosting over ten chaplaincies. The Chapel was funded by a bequest from Francis Hendricks, a former Syracuse mayor, long-time trustee of the university, and the chapel's namesake, in honor of his wife, Eliza Jane Hendricks. The Octagonal, domed brick chapel is built in Georgian Colonial style and is characterized by classical portico supported by columns.

Hendricks Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Comstock Tract buildings in 1980. The Chapel continues to be a notable center of spiritual and cultural diversity and serves as a place where people can gather for religious, social, cultural, and intellectual purposes, while maintaining its ambiance of sanctuary and its lack of specific religious symbols.