hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Switzer
William "Bill" Alexander Switzer (September 21, 1920 – June 30, 1969) was a Canadian politician from Alberta. He served as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War and upon returning to Canada was elected Mayor of Hinton, Alberta, and later a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1965 to 1969 as a member of the opposition in the Liberal caucus. Two years after his death the Government of Alberta named William A. Switzer Provincial Park in his honour.

Hinton, Alberta
Hinton is a town in the foothills of Alberta, Canada, with a population of 9,817. It is in Yellowhead County, 81 km (50 mi) northeast of Jasper and about 284 km (176 mi) west of Alberta's capital city, Edmonton, at the intersection of the Yellowhead and Bighorn Highways. Situated on the south bank of the Athabasca River, Hinton is on Treaty 6 territory.

The Town of Hinton is named after its railway station, which in turn was named after William Hinton, a manager for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at the time it was built, in 1911. The area has been on Indigenous travel routes for thousands of years, and a fur trade route beginning in 1810. Its first homesteads were established at the end of the 19th Century. Aside from a coal boom in the 1930s, the population around the Hinton station remained low until 1956 when Northwest Pulp and Power built a pulp mill. The new town, with a population over 3,500, was incorporated in 1958.
Phul Mata
Phul Mata is a Hindu goddess of disease, one of a group of seven sister goddesses with similar associations. Her sisters were Sitala Mata, Badi Mata, Pansahi Mata, Gusulia Mata, Kankar Mata, and Malbal. Another tradition names the sisters as Sitala Mata, Chamariya mata, Durga Kali, Maha Kali, Bhadra kali and Kalika Bhavani. As a group, they were well known in northern India, and were often represented by balls of clay. Phul Mata was specifically associated with typhoid fever.

Phul Mata is mentioned in epic and Puranic Hindu literature. She may have originally been perceived as a shakti, a personification of divine power, but in Hinduism gradually became associated with evil intent and illness. She was said to inflict sickness on children under seven years of age.

Badi Mata
Badi Mata/Chamariya Mata is a Hindu goddess of disease, one of a group of seven sister goddesses with similar associations. Chamariya Mata/Badi Mata is doubtless allied to Chamars. Badi Mata is worshipped by some tribes in India, such as the Saharia, Chamar and the Kamar. Her worshippers believe that her wrath causes people to suffer from smallpox. The worshippers sacrifice goats to appease her.

Badi Mata's sisters were Sitala Mata, Phul Mata, Pansahi Mata, Gusulia Mata, Kankar Mata, and Malbal. She was also associated with Choti Mata, who is associated with chicken pox, and Sendri Mata who is associated with measles.
Hattori–Stong theorem
In algebraic topology, the Hattori–Stong theorem, proved by Robert Evert Stong (1965) and Akio Hattori (1966),  gives an isomorphism between the stable homotopy of a Thom spectrum and the primitive elements of its K-homology.

Akio Hattori
Akio Hattori (服部 晶夫, Hattori Akio, born in Tokyo in 1929, died on 25 August 2013 due to submandibular gland cancer.) was a Japanese mathematician working in algebraic topology who proved the Hattori–Stong theorem. Hattori was the president of the Mathematical Society of Japan in 1989–1991.

Hattori received a Doctorate in Science from the University of Tokyo in 1959 with Shokichi Iyanaga as his advisor. He then joined the faculty of the University of Tokyo. Between 1966 and 1968 Hattori worked as a visiting scholar at both Johns Hopkins University and Yale University.

After retirement from University of Tokyo, Hattori was invited to teach at Meiji University from 1991 to 1999, when they opened mathematics major in 1989. Professor Hiroko Morimoto invited Drs. Akio Hattori and Hiroshi Fujita from the University of Tokyo, and Dr. Shiro Goto from Nihon University joined to launch a research and educational system for algebra, geometry and analytics.
Partula taeniata nucleola
Partula taeniata nucleola is a subspecies of Partula taeniata endemic to northwestern Moʻorea in French Polynesia. It was estimated that it would go extinct in 1986 or 1987 if no conservation actions were taken. As of 2021, it had one wild population (in Moruu Valley) and was being released as part of a captive-breeding program. Wild individuals from Faatoai Valley have also been genotyped.

It is considered a synonym of Partula nucleola Garrett, 1884, itself a synonym of the accepted name Partula taeniata (Mörch, 1850).

Partula taeniata
Partula taeniata, common name the Moorean viviparous tree snail, is a species of terrestrial gastropod in the Partulidae family. It is endemic to French Polynesia.

This species was considered to be extinct in the wild, but intensive field surveys have recently detected surviving wild populations.
José Joaquín Vélaz de Medrano y Gante, 1st Marquess of Fontellas
José Joaquín Vélaz de Medrano y Gante, 1st Marquess of Fontellas (Pamplona, 2 March 1761 – Fontellas, 10 February 1826) 1st Viscount of Amaláin, 14th Lord of Fontellas, Lieutenant of the Royal Spanish Guards during the reigns of Charles III of Spain and Charles IV of Spain. José was a nobleman, and aristocrat, serving as a  knight of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, a representative to the General Courts for the Military Branch, magistrate of Pamplona and a member of the Cortes of Navarre. Medrano was elevated to 1st Viscount of Amaláin and 1st Marquess of Fontellas by royal decree on 10 April 1793, by Charles IV of Spain. His nephew Fernando Vélaz de Medrano y Alava succeeded him as the II Marquess of Fontellas.

Marquisate of Fontellas
The Marquess of Fontellas (Spanish: Marquesado de Fontellas, English: Marquisate of Fontellas) is a hereditary Spanish noble title granted by King Charles IV, along with the title Viscount of Amaláin, in favor of José Joaquín Vélaz de Medrano y Gante, 14th Lord of Fontellas, by Royal Dispatch on 19 April 1793. Its name refers to the municipality of Fontellas in Navarre, which had been the lordship of the Peralta family from 1438 until the early XVI century when it passed to the Gante lineage, and then was inherited by José Joaquín Vélaz de Medrano y Gante.
Adam Loftus (bishop)
Adam Loftus (c. 1533 – 5 April 1605) was an English Roman Catholic priest from North Yorkshire who conformed to Anglicanism following the ascension to the throne of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Loftus subsequently served as Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh, Archbishop of Dublin, and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1581. Loftus is particularly important to Irish history as the first Provost of Trinity College Dublin and for his central role in the 1584 torture and execution of Archbishop Dermot O'Hurley, who was Beatified by Pope John Paul II as one of the Irish Catholic Martyrs in 1992. Loftus is also notable, through the marriage of his daughter Anne to the son and heir of Sir Henry Colley and their subsequent issue, as the ancestor of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Lord Chancellor of Ireland
The Lord High Chancellor of Ireland, commonly known as the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, was the highest ranking judicial office in Ireland until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. From 1721 until the end of 1800, it was also the highest political office of the Irish Parliament; the Chancellor was Speaker of the Irish House of Lords. The Lord Chancellor was also Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of Ireland. In all three respects, the office mirrored the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
Geometrodynamics
In theoretical physics, geometrodynamics is an attempt to describe spacetime and associated phenomena completely in terms of geometry.  Technically, its goal is to unify the fundamental forces and reformulate general relativity as a configuration space of three-metrics, modulo three-dimensional diffeomorphisms. The origin of this idea can be found in an English mathematician William Kingdon Clifford's works. This theory was enthusiastically promoted by John Wheeler in the 1960s, and work on it continues in the 21st century.

William Kingdon Clifford
William Kingdon Clifford (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was a British mathematician and philosopher. Building on the work of Hermann Grassmann, he introduced what is now termed geometric algebra. This is a special case of what later became known as the Clifford algebra, which was named in his honour. The operations of geometric algebra have the effect of mirroring, rotating, translating, and mapping the geometric objects that are being modelled to new positions. Clifford algebras in general and geometric algebra in particular have been of ever increasing importance to mathematical physics, geometry, and computing. Clifford was the first to suggest that gravitation might be a manifestation of an underlying geometry. In his philosophical writings he coined the expression mind-stuff.
DWET-TV
DWET-TV (channel 5) is a television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of the TV5 network. It is owned and operated by the network's namesake corporate parent; TV5 also provides certain services to RPTV flagship DZKB-TV (channel 9) and One Sports flagship DWNB-TV (channel 41) under an airtime lease agreement with station owners Radio Philippines Network and Nation Broadcasting Corporation, respectively.

The three stations, alongside flagship radio station True FM 105.9, share studios at the TV5 Media Center, Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., Brgy. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong. DWET-TV maintains its alternate studios and hybrid analog/digital transmitting facilities at the TV5 Complex, 762 Quirino Highway, Brgy. San Bartolome, Novaliches, Quezon City; while its alternate digital transmitting facility is located at the NBC Compound, Block 3, Emerald Hills, Sumulong Highway, Antipolo, Rizal.

DWLA-FM
DWLA (105.9 FM), branded as True FM, is a radio station owned by Bright Star Broadcasting Network Corporation, and operated under an airtime lease agreement by TV5 Network, Inc. It serves as the flagship station of True Network, one of the assets of News5. Its studios are located at the TV5 Media Center, Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., Brgy. Highway Hills, Mandaluyong; its transmitter is located at 125 St. Peter Street, Nuestra Señora de la Paz Subdivision, Brgy. Santa Cruz, Antipolo. Bright Star's sales office is located in Southland Estates, Las Piñas.
Émile Marcus
Émile Marcus P.S.S. (born 29 June 1930) is a French Roman Catholic prelate, who served as Archbishop of Toulouse from 1996 until his retirement in 2006. He previously served as Auxiliary Bishop of Paris and as Bishop of Nantes.

Archdiocese of Paris
The Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France. It is one of twenty-three archdioceses in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on October 20, 1622. Before that date the bishops were suffragan to the archbishops of Sens.
Apamea, Syria
Apamea  (Greek: Ἀπάμεια, Apameia; Arabic: أفامية, romanized: afāmiyah), on the right bank of the Orontes River, was an ancient Greek and Roman city. It was the capital of Apamene under the Macedonians, became the capital and Metropolitan Archbishopric of late Roman province Syria Secunda, again in the crusader period.

Amongst the impressive ancient remains, the site includes the Great Colonnade which ran for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) making it among the longest in the Roman world and the Roman Theatre, one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman Empire with an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000.

The site lies on the edge of the modern town of Qalaat al-Madiq, about 55 km (34 mi) to the northwest of Hama, Syria, overlooking the Ghab valley.

Orontes River
The Orontes (/ɔːˈrɒntiːz/; from Ancient Greek Ὀρόντης, Oróntēs) or Nahr al-ʿĀṣī, or simply Asi (Arabic: العاصي, romanized: al-‘Āṣī, IPA: [alˈʕaːsˤiː]; Turkish: Asi) is a 571 kilometres (355 mi) long river in West Asia that begins in Lebanon, flowing northwards through Syria before entering the Mediterranean Sea near Samandağ in Hatay Province, Turkey.

As the chief river of the northern Levant, the Orontes has been the site of many major battles including the Battle of Kadesh (13th century BCE), and water distribution remains a controversial issue between the countries in the region. Among the most important cities on the river are Homs, Hama, Jisr al-Shughur, and Antakya (the ancient Antioch, which was also known as "Antioch on the Orontes").
Leamington Flyers
The Leamington Flyers are a junior ice hockey team based in Leamington, Ontario, Canada.  They play in the Ontario Junior Hockey League. Prior to 2023 they played in the Western division of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League. They are an affiliate of the Ontario Hockey League's Flint Firebirds.

Greater Ontario Hockey League
The Greater Ontario Hockey League (GOHL) is a Canadian junior ice hockey league based in Southern Ontario, Canada. The league is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), Ontario Hockey Federation, and Hockey Canada. The league is considered Junior B by the OHA despite several attempts to be promoted to Junior A.

Established as the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League (GOJHL) in 2007, it was created through merging the Western Ontario Hockey League, Mid-Western Junior Hockey League, and Golden Horseshoe Junior Hockey League, to dissuade perceived player raiding from teams in the then-Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The twenty-three teams of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League come from Southwestern Ontario and the Golden Horseshoe.

In September 2025, the GOJHL became the development league for the Ontario Hockey League, and was renamed to the Greater Ontario Hockey League.
Jean Rhys: Letters 1931–1966
Jean Rhys: Letters 1931–1966 is a posthumous compilation of author Jean Rhys's letters, first published in 1984 by André Deutsch and from 1985 by Penguin Books.

The letters were selected and edited by Diana Melly (wife of George Melly and close friend of Jean Rhys) with Francis Wyndham, who had helped revive Rhys's writing career late in her life. Presented in chronological order, they span the period from 1931, where Rhys's Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography ends, to 1966, when she completed her last novel Wide Sargasso Sea.

Besides detailing events and relationships, the letters reveal Rhys's process of literary creation, as she discusses with correspondents various works in progress.

Jean Rhys
Jean Rhys CBE (/riːs/ REESS; born Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams; 24 August 1890 – 14 May 1979) was a novelist who was born and grew up in the Caribbean island of Dominica. From the age of 16, she resided mainly in England, where she was sent for her education. She is best known for her novel Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), written as a prequel to Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. In 1978, she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her writing.
ADMIXTOOLS
ADMIXTOOLS (or AdmixTools) is a software package that is primarily used for analyzing admixture in population genetics. The original version was developed as a set of standalone C programs by Nick Patterson and colleagues and published in 2012. A reimplemented version, ADMIXTOOLS 2, was developed as an R package by Robert Maier and colleagues and published in 2023.

Most ADMIXTOOLS programs are based on fitting demographic models to f-statistics, which are calculated from population allele frequencies.

Nick Patterson (scientist)
Nicholas James Patterson (born 9 June 1947)
is a mathematician working as a staff scientist at the Broad Institute with notable contributions to the area of computational genomics.
His work has appeared in scientific journals such as Nature, Science and Nature Genetics.
His research has brought a better understanding of early human migrations.
He is among the group of scientists who have sequenced the Neanderthal genome in 2010.
This was followed by the sequencing of a much higher quality Neanderthal genome, where the subject was from the Altai Mountains, in 2014.
These studies have uncovered some unexpected facts about the interbreeding between archaic and modern humans.
One Day (musical)
One Day is an upcoming musical with music and lyrics by Amanda Sudano and Abner Ramirez (with additional lyrics by Freya Catrin Smith) and a book by David Greig, based on the 2009 novel of the same name. Directed by Max Webster, the world premiere production of One Day is expected to open in Edinburgh at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in March 2026.

One Day (novel)
One Day is a novel by David Nicholls, published in 2009.  A couple spend the night together on 15 July 1988, knowing they must go their separate ways the next day. The novel then visits their lives on 15 July every year for the next 20 years. The novel attracted generally positive reviews and was named 2010 Galaxy Book of the Year. Nicholls adapted his book into a screenplay for a feature film, which was released in 2011. A television series was produced by Netflix in 2024.
Godfrey Huggins
Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern CH KCMG PC KStJ FRCS (6 July 1883 – 8 May 1971), was a Rhodesian politician and physician. He served as the fourth Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia from 1933 to 1953 and remained in office as the first prime minister of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland until October 1956, becoming the longest serving prime minister in British Commonwealth history, until 1961.

Prime Minister of Rhodesia
The prime minister of Rhodesia (Southern Rhodesia before 1964) was the head of government of Rhodesia. Rhodesia, which had become a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom in 1923, unilaterally declared independence on 11 November 1965, and was thereafter an unrecognized state until 1979. In December 1979, the country came under temporary British control, and in April 1980 the country gained recognized independence as Zimbabwe.

Rhodesia's political system was modelled on the Westminster system, and the role of the prime minister was similar to that of countries with similar constitutional histories – for example, Australia and Canada.
Edmund Thomas Parris
Edmund Thomas Parris (3 June 1793 – 27 November 1873) was an English history, portrait, subject, and panorama painter, book illustrator, designer and art restorer. He was appointed history painter to Queen Adelaide, Queen Consort of William IV, and painted Queen Victoria's coronation in 1838 and the Duke of Wellington's funeral in 1852. He supervised the painting of the huge panorama in the London Colosseum in Regent's Park, London, and was the inventor of "Parris's medium".

London Colosseum
The London Colosseum was a building to the east of Regent's Park, London. It was built in 1827 to exhibit Thomas Hornor's "Panoramic view of London", the largest painting ever created.

The design of the Colosseum was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome. It was demolished in 1875.
Industrial action
Industrial action (British English) or job action (American English) is a temporary show of dissatisfaction by employees—especially a strike or slowdown or working to rule—to protest against bad working conditions or low pay and to increase bargaining power with the employer and intended to force the employer to improve them by reducing productivity in a workplace. Industrial action is usually organized by trade unions or other organised labour, most commonly when employees are forced out of work due to contract termination and without reaching an agreement with the employer. Quite often it is used and interpreted as a euphemism for strike or mass strike, but the scope is much wider. Industrial action may take place in the context of a labour dispute or may be meant to effect political or social change. This form of communication tends to be their only means to voice their concerns about safety and benefits.

Slowdown
A slowdown (UK: go-slow) is an industrial action in which employees perform their duties but seek to reduce productivity or efficiency in their performance of these duties. A slowdown may be used as either a prelude or an alternative to a strike, as it is seen as less disruptive as well as less risky and costly for workers and their union. Striking workers usually go unpaid and risk being replaced, so a slowdown is seen as a way to put pressure on management while avoiding these outcomes. Other times slowdowns are accompanied by acts of sabotage on the part of workers to provide further disruption.

Nonetheless, workers participating in a slowdown are often punished, sometimes by firing and other times by law.
BBC Soundcrew
BBC Soundcrew is a Canadian DJ group from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Created in 2000 by Johney Brar (DJ JoN-E) and Gurjit Bolina (MC LoudMouTH) BBC Soundcrew was created to advance the South-Asian music scene across North America.

BBC Soundcrew has made their mark with their own ventures including the Top South-Asian DJ Website in Canada (BBCsoundcrew.com), nightclub residency, BBC Soundcrew Gear, mix CDs and remix albums and a weekly prime-time urban South-Asian radio program (Desi Live on 105.5 FM Hosted By DJ JoN-E) which was the first South-Asian radio program that gained national distribution in the United States as of December 2008. As of 2018, BBC Soundcrew & Entertainment is now a division of Sixcity Media Group.

DJ JoN-E
Johney Brar (born July 25 in Toronto, Ontario), also known as DJ JoN-E or "Johnny No Best", is a Canadian DJ, producer, writer and radio host. He was the host and executive producer of the primetime Desi Live Radio Program which first aired on CHRY 105.5FM then was nationally distributed in the United States on HD Radio in New York/New Jersey WRKS 98.7FM HD2, Washington WTOP 103.5FM HD2, Chicago WKQX 101.1FM HD2, San Jose/Bay Area KIOI 101.3FM HD2 and Los Angeles KPWR 105.9FM HD2.
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (/ˌmoʊpɛərˈtwiː/; French: [mopɛʁtɥi]; 1698 – 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters. He became the director of the Académie des Sciences and the first president of the Prussian Academy of Science, at the invitation of Frederick the Great.

Maupertuis made an expedition to Lapland to determine the shape of the Earth. He is often credited with having discovered the principle of least action – a version of which is known as Maupertuis's principle – which he expressed as an integral equation that describes the path followed by a physical system. His work in natural history is interesting in relation to modern science since he touched on aspects of heredity and the struggle for life.

Prussian Academy of Sciences
The Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences  (German: Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften) was an academy established in Berlin, Germany on 11 July 1700, four years after the Prussian Academy of Arts, or "Arts Academy," to which "Berlin Academy" may also refer.  In the 18th century, when French was the language of science and culture, it was a French-language institution.