hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hans Krueger
Hans Krueger (also spelled Krüger) (1 July 1909 – 8 February 1988) was a German captain of the Gestapo in occupied Poland during World War II, involved in organizing the string of massacres after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa behind the Curzon Line. His murderous rampage in the General Government territory against the ethnic Poles and the Polish Jews began with the massacre of Lwów professors in July 1941, which was followed by the Czarny Las massacre near Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) in August 1941, as well as the notorious Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews: men, women and children in October 1941, leading to the liquidation of the Stanisławów Ghetto a year later. Krueger (also spelled Kreger, Krüger) was known as the right man for the job due to his Nazi fanaticism which earned him the seat of a city commandant in 1941 but also his brutality exhibited through hands-on participation in the killings.

Czarny Las massacre
Czarny Las massacre (Polish: Mord w Czarnym Lesie, English: Black Forest Massacre, Ukrainian: Різанина в Чорному Лісі) was a mass murder of around 250–300 ethnic Poles and Jews during World War II, carried out by the Gestapo on the orders of SS-Hauptsturmführer Hans Krueger (also spelled Krüger) in Czarny Las (Black Forest) near Stanisławów, the night of August 14/15, 1941.
KV35
Tomb KV35 is the burial place of Amenhotep II, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt. Later, it was used as a cache for other royal mummies. It was discovered by Victor Loret in March 1898.

Amenhotep II
Amenhotep II (also called Amenophis II and meaning "Amun is Satisfied") was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He inherited a vast kingdom from his father Thutmose III, and held it by means of a few military campaigns in Syria; however, he fought much less than his father, and his reign saw the effective cessation of hostilities between Egypt and Mitanni, the major kingdoms vying for power in Syria. His reign is usually dated from 1427 to 1401 BC. His consort was Tiaa, who was barred from any prestige until Amenhotep's son, Thutmose IV, came into power.
Rayleigh–Ritz method
The Rayleigh–Ritz method is a direct numerical method of approximating eigenvalues, originated in the context of solving physical boundary value problems and named after Lord Rayleigh and Walther Ritz.

In this method, an infinite-dimensional linear operator is approximated by a finite-dimensional compression, on which we can use an eigenvalue algorithm.

It is used in all applications that involve approximating eigenvalues and eigenvectors, often under different names. In quantum mechanics, where a system of particles is described using a Hamiltonian, the Ritz method uses trial wave functions to approximate the ground state eigenfunction with the lowest energy. In the finite element method context, mathematically the same algorithm is commonly called the Ritz-Galerkin method. The Rayleigh–Ritz method or Ritz method terminology is typical in mechanical and structural engineering to approximate the eigenmodes and resonant frequencies of a structure.

Walther Ritz
Walther Heinrich Wilhelm Ritz (22 February 1878 – 7 July 1909) was a Swiss theoretical physicist. He is most famous for his work with Johannes Rydberg on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle. Ritz is also known for the variational method named after him, the Ritz method.
Dennis Dart
The Dennis Dart is a rear-engined single-decker midibus chassis that was introduced by Dennis of Guildford, England, in 1989, replacing the Dennis Domino. Initially built as a high-floor design, in 1996 the low-floor second generation Dennis Dart SLF was launched. In 2001, production of the Dart SLF passed to TransBus International, during which time it was sold as the TransBus Dart SLF; Alexander Dennis took over production in 2004, renaming the product as the Alexander Dennis Dart SLF.

More than 12,600 Darts were produced in total during a 19-year production run. Most were purchased by United Kingdom operators, although examples were sold in Europe, North America, Australia and Hong Kong. In the United States, the Dart SLF, with Alexander ALX200 bodywork, was built and sold by Thomas Built Buses as the Thomas SLF 200.

The first generation Dart ceased production in 1998. Production of the Dart SLF continued until 2008, when it was replaced by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200.

UVG Urbanstar
The UVG Urbanstar was a step-entrance and low-entry midibus body built by the Universal Vehicles Group in Waterlooville, England on Dennis Dart and Dart SLF chassis. The first examples were delivered to Provincial in Southampton in December 1995.

In 1998 the design rights were purchased by Salvador Caetano who continued to build it as the Caetano Compass. It was mainly sold to small provincial operators, although Limebourne purchased 34 for use on London Regional Transport contracted services.

A common feature about the Urbanstar/Compass was that it has a rounded roof dome (more rounded as compared to the Nimbus), a double-curvature windscreen and a separately mounted destination display. It was superseded by the Caetano Nimbus in 1999.
Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens
Visa requirements for South Sudanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of South Sudan.

As of 2025, South Sudanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 42 countries and territories, ranking the South Sudanese passport 96th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.

On April 5, 2025, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced that any entry to the United States on a South Sudanese passport would be prohibited, that no new visas would be issued, and any existing visas would be revoked.

South Sudanese passport
The South Sudanese passport is given to citizens of South Sudan for international travel. The Republic of South Sudan started issuing internationally recognised electronic passports in January 2012. The passports were officially launched by President Salva Kiir Mayardit on 3 January 2012 at a ceremony in the capital city of Juba. The new passport will be valid for five years.
1st Parachute Army (Wehrmacht)
The 1st Parachute Army (German: 1. Fallschirm-Armee) was a combined forces between airborne forces (Fallschirmjäger), armoured, and mechanized infantry unit of German Army, formed in September, 1944, comprising 30,000 men.

II Parachute Corps (Germany)
The II Fallschirmkorps (2nd Parachute Corps) was created in 1943 from Division Meindl, an experienced division on the Eastern Front. In the wake of this new Corps, the 3rd and 5th Fallschirmjägerdivision were raised and attached to the Corps. A year later the Corps was almost completely annihilated while fighting in the Falaise Pocket during the Battle for Normandy. The II Fallschirmkorps was later refitted with replacement troops provided by Fallschirm-Jäger-Ersatz-Battalion 2 and sent to aid the 1st Fallschirm-Armee until their surrender to the Allies in 1945. Under the command of the Werner E. Kranz.
Pumiliotoxin
Pumiliotoxins (PTXs), are one of several toxins found in the skin of poison dart frogs. The frog species, P. bibronii also produces PTXs to deter predators. Closely related, though more toxic, are allopumiliotoxins, (aPTXs). Other toxins found in the skin of poison frogs include decahydroquinolines (DHQs), izidines, coccinellines, and spiropyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pumiliotoxins are poisonous in high concentrations. Pumiliotoxins are much weaker than batrachotoxins, ranging between 100 and 1000 times less poisonous.

Allopumiliotoxin
Allopumiliotoxins are a structural division in the pumiliotoxin-A class of alkaloids.  The compounds of the pumiliotoxin-A class are primarily found in the skins of frogs, toads, and other amphibians and are used as a chemical defense mechanism to ward off predators, microorganisms, and ectoparasites.  The compounds were originally discovered in neotropical dendrobatid frogs, but are also found in the mantellid frogs of Madagascar, myobatrachid frogs of Australia, and bufonid toad of South America.  Frogs possessing this defense mechanism have aposematic coloring.
El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company
Nasr (Arabic: نصر, long form: El Nasr Automotive Manufacturing Company) is Egypt's state owned automobile company. It was founded in 1960 in Helwan, Egypt. Since, the company has produced licensed versions of the Fiat 1100 R, Fiat 1300, Fiat 2300, Fiat 128, Fiat 125, Fiat 133, Fiat 126, series 2 Fiat 127, 1983–92 FSO Polonez and in 1991 introduced a further range of Fiat-designed cars licensed via the Turkish company Tofaş. In the early 2000s Nasr began producing the Florida range under license from Serbian manufacturer Zastava.

FSO Polonez
The FSO Polonez is a motor vehicle that was developed in Poland in collaboration with Fiat and produced by Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych from 1978 to 2002. It was based on the Polski Fiat 125p platform with a new hatchback designed by Zbigniew Wattson, Walter de Silva and Giorgetto Giugiaro. It was available in body styles that included two- and four-door compact-sized cars, station wagons, as well as commercial versions as pickup truck, cargo van, and ambulance. Production totaled more than one million units, excluding the pickup truck and van variants. The Polonez was marketed in other nations and was popular in its domestic market until Poland joined the European Union in 2004.

The car's name comes from the Polish dance, the polonaise, and was chosen through a readers' poll conducted by the newspaper Życie Warszawy.

In 2021, about 33,000 vehicles were still registered in Poland.
AATSR
The Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) is one of the Announcement of Opportunity (AO) instruments on board the European Space Agency (ESA)'s Envisat satellite.

This instrument is a multi-channel imaging radiometer with the principal objective of providing data concerning global Sea Surface Temperature (SST) to the high levels of accuracy and stability required for monitoring and carrying out research into the behaviour of the Earth's climate.

AATSR can measure Earth's surface temperature to a precision of 0.3 K (0.5 °F), for climate research. Among the secondary objectives of AATSR is the observation of environmental parameters such as aerosols, clouds, fires, gas flares, water content, biomass, and vegetal health and growth.
AATSR is the successor of ATSR-1 and ATSR-2, payloads of ERS-1 and ERS-2.

European Remote-Sensing Satellite
European Remote Sensing satellite (ERS) was the European Space Agency's first Earth-observing satellite programme using a polar orbit. It consisted of two satellites, ERS-1 and ERS-2, with ERS-1 being launched in 1991.
Eugene V. Thaw
Eugene Victor Thaw (October 27, 1927 – January 3, 2018) was an American art dealer and collector. He was the owner of an art gallery on Madison Avenue in Manhattan, and a past president of the Art Dealers Association of America. With his wife, Clare, he donated over 1,000 works of art to the Fenimore Art Museum and the Morgan Library & Museum.

Fenimore Art Museum
The Fenimore Art Museum (formerly known as New York State Historical Association) is a museum located in Cooperstown, New York on the west side of Otsego Lake. Collection strengths include the Eugene and Clare Thaw Collection of American Indian Art, American fine and folk art, 19th and early 20th century photography, as well as rare books and manuscripts. The museum's mission is to connect its audience to American and New York State cultural heritage by organizing exhibits and public programs that "engage, delight and inspire."

The house organ was titled Heritage.

The Fenimore Art Museum is closely associated with The Fenimore Farm & Country Village, also in Cooperstown.
Mike Fries
Mike Fries is Chief Executive Officer and Vice Chairman of Liberty Global, an international television and broadband company. He was a founding member of the management team that launched the Company’s international expansion.

Liberty Global
Liberty Global Ltd. is a British-Dutch-American multinational telecommunications company domiciled in Bermuda, with headquarters in London, Amsterdam and Denver. Its respective legal names are Liberty Global Holdings Limited (UK), Liberty Global B.V. (Netherlands) and Liberty Global, Inc. (United States), with the first of these being publicly traded. It was formed in 2005 by the merger of the international arm of Liberty Media (in turn, a spin-off of American cable-television group TCI) and UnitedGlobalCom (UGC).

Liberty Global had an annual revenue of $11.5 billion in 2019, with operations in six countries and 20,600 employees. It has 10.8 million cable service subscribers, or 25.3 million revenue generation units (RGU), combining video, internet, and voice customers.
Anders Gravers Pedersen
Anders Gravers Pedersen (born 13 May 1960) is a Danish anti-Islam activist. He is the chairman and founder of Stop Islamisation of Denmark (SIAD), and leader of Stop Islamisation of Europe (SIOE). He also established transatlantic connections with Stop Islamization of America (SIOA) and Stop Islamization of Nations (SION).

Stop Islamisation of Europe
Stop Islamisation of Europe (SIOE) is a pan-European counter-jihad organisation with the stated goal of "preventing Islam from becoming a dominant political force in Europe". It is a political interest group which has been active in Denmark and has conducted anti-Islamic protests in the United Kingdom. The group originated out of the joining of the Danish group Stop Islamisation of Denmark with English anti-Islam activists.

The group says that its aim is to oppose Islamic extremism; they have the motto "Racism is the lowest form of human stupidity, but Islamophobia is the height of common sense".
Centro Shopping America Trust
Centro Shopping America Trust (formally Galileo Shopping America Trust) is an investment product part of Centro Properties Group that acquires shopping centers all around the United States. It was acquired by Centro Properties Group in May 2007 from Galileo Property Trust Group (ASX: CSF). In October 2007, Centro Shopping America Trust successfully merged with Centro Retail Trust (CER) and was subsequently delisted from the Australian Securities Exchange. Centro Retail Trust is an Australian Securities Exchange (“ASX”) Listed Property Trust managed by Centro Properties Group (“Centro”). Listed in August 2005, CER offers investors an income return with exposure to quality Australian, New Zealand and United States of America shopping centres. Centro Retail Trusts's portfolio is valued at approximately $8.31 billion (2007). Centro Retail's investment philosophy is to provide investors with access to pure retail property ownership.

Vicinity Centres
Vicinity Centres ASX: VCX, previously known as Federation Centres and Centro Properties Group, is an Australian Real Estate Investment Trust specialising in the ownership and management of Australian shopping centres. As at December 2021, it had stakes in 60 shopping centres. It is headquartered at Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne.
John Moore Lester
John Moore Lester (4 September 1851 – 24 December 1919) was a British priest who served as Rector of Litchborough and Rural Dean of Lichfield. He was the son of Frederick Lester. Lester was a clergyman and academic and grandfather of James Shaw, Baron Kilbrandon, Philippa Lester, the second wife of Cecil Davidge, and biological grandfather of Katherine DeMille.

Cecil Davidge
Cecil Vere Davidge of Little Houghton House DL (14 February 1901 – 27 January 1981) was a British lawyer and academic, who served as a Fellow and bursar of Keble College, Oxford, and as High Sheriff of Northamptonshire.
Plan of Veracruz (1822)
In the history of Mexico, the Plan of Veracruz was a call to revolt against Emperor of Mexico Augustín de Iturbide, proclaimed by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the port of Mexico on December 2, 1822. It was ratified on December 6.

Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu (Spanish pronunciation: [aɣusˈtin de ituɾˈbiðe] ⓘ; 27 September 1783 – 19 July 1824), commonly known as Agustín de Iturbide and later by his regnal name Agustín I, was the first Emperor of Mexico from 1822 until his abdication in 1823. An officer in the royal Spanish army, during the Mexican War of Independence he initially fought insurgent forces rebelling against the Spanish crown before changing sides in 1820 and leading a coalition of former royalists and long-time insurgents under his Plan of Iguala. The combined forces under Iturbide brought about Mexican independence in September 1821.  After securing the secession of Mexico from Spain, Iturbide was proclaimed president of the Regency in 1821; a year later, he was proclaimed Emperor, reigning from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, when he abdicated. In May 1823 he went into exile in Europe. When he returned to Mexico in July 1824, he was arrested and executed.
Subscapular artery
The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises from the third part of the axillary artery at the lower border of the subscapularis muscle, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries, and with the descending branch of the dorsal scapular artery (a.k.a. deep branch of the transverse cervical artery if it arises from the cervical trunk), and ends in the neighboring muscles.

About 4 cm from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery.

From the thoracodorsal artery, it supplies latissimus dorsi, while the scapular circumflex artery participates in the scapular anastamosis. It terminates in an anastomosis with the dorsal scapular artery.

Thoracodorsal artery
The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It passes inferior-ward upon the surface of the serratus anterior muscle (which it supplies posteroinferiorly to the lateral thoracic artery). It is accompanied by the thoracodorsal nerve along its source. It also supplies the latissimus dorsi.

It forms anastomoses with intercostal arteries.
Angela Robinson (actress)
Angela Robinson is an American actress and singer. Best known for playing the role of Veronica Harrington in the OWN primetime soap opera The Haves and the Have Nots, winning the Gracie Award for Outstanding Female Actress. During her career she acted on Broadway and Off-Broadway productions, working under the direction of Sheldon Epps, Tina Landau, Kathleen Marshall, Gary Griffin.

Notable Robinson stage roles were as Shug Avery on The Color Purple's U.S. National Tour and as Deena Jones on Dreamgirls' U.S. National Tour.

The Color Purple (musical)
The Color Purple is a musical with music and lyrics by Brenda Russell, Allee Willis, and Stephen Bray, and book by Marsha Norman. Based on the 1982 novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and its 1985 film adaptation, the musical follows the journey of Celie, an African American woman in the American South from the early to mid-20th century.

The original Broadway production ran from 2005 to 2008, earning eleven Tony Award nominations in 2006. An enthusiastically acclaimed Broadway revival opened in late 2015 and ran through early 2017, winning two 2016 Tony Awards—including Best Revival of a Musical.

A film adaptation of the musical was released on December 25, 2023.
Robert Nutting
Robert Nutting (born March 29, 1962, colloquially known as 'Bob') is an American businessman and sports team owner. Since 2007, he has been the principal owner and chairman of the board of the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball. His other business activities include serving as president & CEO of Ogden Newspapers Inc. He is also the former chairman of Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Hidden Valley Resort, and Laurel Mountain Ski Area, which he sold to Vail Resorts in December 2021 in a $118 million deal.

Ogden Newspapers
Ogden Newspapers Inc. is a Wheeling, West Virginia based publisher of daily and weekly newspapers, magazines, telephone directories, and shoppers guides. It has operations in California, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia and West Virginia, serving mostly small markets, such as Cape Coral, Florida, Fort Wayne, Indiana and Lawrence, Kansas.
Umar al-Zaydani
Umar al-Zaydani (died 1706) was the paramount sheikh of the Zayadina, an Arab tribal family influential in the Galilee throughout the 18th century, and the multazim (tax farmer) of the Safed area from c. 1700 until his death. The paramount emir of the Druze, Bashir Shihab I, granted Umar the tax farm due to his and the Zayadina's well-established influence in the Galilee and their shared factional affiliation with the Shihabs. Umar's eldest son Sa'd al-Umar succeeded him as head of the family, but his youngest son, Daher al-Umar eventually superseded him and brought the Zayadina to the peak of their power as the strongman of northern Palestine between the 1730s/1740s and 1775.

Zayadina
The Zayadina (also transliterated Ziyadina or Ziyadneh; singular Zaydani or Zidany), or the Banu Zaydan, were an Arab tribal family based in the Galilee whose members served as local multazims (tax farmers) during the Ottoman period. Their best known sheikh, Daher al-Umar, became the strongman of northern Palestine and surrounding areas through economic monopolies, popular support, and military strength in the mid-18th century.
Ikiru
Ikiru (生きる; "To Live") is a 1952 Japanese drama film directed by Akira Kurosawa from a screenplay co-written with Shinobu Hashimoto and Hideo Oguni. The film examines the struggles of a terminally ill Tokyo bureaucrat (played by Takashi Shimura) and his final quest for meaning. The screenplay was partly inspired by Leo Tolstoy's 1886 novella The Death of Ivan Ilyich.

The film's major themes include learning how to live, the inefficiency of bureaucracy, and decaying family life in Japan, which have been the subject of analysis by academics and critics. It won awards for Best Film at the Kinema Junpo and Mainichi Film Awards and is widely considered one of the greatest films of all time. Ikiru is regarded by some as Kurosawa's masterpiece alongside Seven Samurai.

Shinobu Hashimoto
Shinobu Hashimoto (Japanese: 橋本 忍, Hashimoto Shinobu; 18 April 1918 – 19 July 2018) was a Japanese screenwriter, director and producer. A frequent collaborator of Akira Kurosawa, he wrote the scripts for critically acclaimed films such as Rashomon and Seven Samurai, as well as the Samurai films Harakiri (1962) and Hitokiri (released in the US as Tenchu!) (1969).
Alan Lloyd
Alan Richard Lloyd (22 February 1927 – 12 April 2018) was an English writer.  He is most famous for his Kine Saga fantasy books for teenagers.  He also wrote adult fiction and non-fiction, most notably on the history of the British monarchy.  His adult work is published under the name Alan Lloyd whilst children's work is published under A.R. Lloyd

The Kine Saga
The Kine Saga is a heroic fantasy trilogy written by British author A. R. Lloyd (Alan Richard Lloyd). It comprises Kine (also published as Marshworld), Witchwood and Dragon Pond (first published as Dragonpond), and chronicles the life of a wild least weasel named Kine. The name "Kine" comes from an Old English word for the weasel.