hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clapham Common
Clapham Common is a large triangular urban park in Clapham, south London, England. Originally common land for the parishes of Battersea and Clapham, it was converted to parkland under the terms of the Metropolitan Commons Act 1878. It is 220 acres (89 hectares) of green space, with three ponds and a Victorian bandstand. It is overlooked by large Georgian and Victorian mansions and nearby Clapham Old Town.

Holy Trinity Clapham, an 18th-century Georgian church overlooking the park, is important in the history of the evangelical Clapham Sect. Half of the park is within the London Borough of Wandsworth, and the other half is within the London Borough of Lambeth.

Holy Trinity Church, Clapham
The Holy Trinity Church is an Anglican church located in Clapham, London. Completed in 1776, it was the base for the so-called Clapham Sect who worshipped there. It is located on the north side of Clapham Common and is a Grade II* listed building.
Hermann Bondi
Sir Hermann Bondi KCB FRS (1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005) was an Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist.

He is best known for developing the steady state model of the universe with Fred Hoyle and Thomas Gold as an alternative to the Big Bang theory. He contributed to the theory of general relativity, and was the first to analyze the inertial and gravitational interaction of negative mass and the first to explicate correctly the nature of gravitational waves.  In his 1990 autobiography, Bondi regarded the 1962 work on gravitational waves as his "best scientific work".: 79

Steady-state model
In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady-state theory was an alternative to the Big Bang theory. In the steady-state model, the density of matter in the expanding universe remains unchanged due to a continuous creation of matter,  thus adhering to the perfect cosmological principle, a principle that says that the observable universe is always the same at any time and any place. A static universe, where space is not expanding, also obeys the perfect cosmological principle, but it cannot explain astronomical observations consistent with expansion of space.

From the 1940s to the 1960s, the astrophysical community was divided between supporters of the Big Bang theory and supporters of the steady-state theory. The steady-state model is now rejected by most cosmologists, astrophysicists, and astronomers.
The observational evidence points to a hot Big Bang cosmology with a finite age of the universe, which the steady-state model does not predict.
14th Street (Hoboken)
14th Street is a county highway in Hudson County, New Jersey, designated County Route 670. It begins at an intersection with Manhattan Avenue in Union City, also known as the South Wing Viaduct, and proceeds east over the 14th Street Viaduct to terminate at Sinatra Drive on the banks of the Hudson River in Hoboken. It is located at the northern end of Hoboken's street grid, and one of the only east–west streets in the city that allows for two-way traffic. It is located two blocks south of Weehawken Cove.

Paterson Plank Road
Paterson Plank Road is a road that runs through Passaic, Bergen and Hudson Counties in northeastern New Jersey. The route, originally laid in the colonial era, connects the city of Paterson and the Hudson River waterfront. It has largely been superseded by Route 3, but in the many towns it passes it has remained an important local thoroughfare, and in some cases been renamed.
Robert Taft, 2nd
Robert Taft Jr. (c. 1674 – April 29, 1748), also known as Robert Taft II, was a Massachusetts politician. He was born in Braintree, Massachusetts Bay Colony. He died at age 74 at Uxbridge, Worcester County, Massachusetts.

Israel Taft
Israel Taft  (April 26, 1699 – September 19, 1753) was the grandson of the U.S. Taft family founder Robert Taft and father of Revolutionary War soldier Samuel Taft. He was born in Mendon, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, and died at age 53.
Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum
The Red Terror Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa was established in 2010 as a memorial to those who died during the Red Terror under the Derg government. The museum has displays of torture instruments, skulls and bones, coffins, bloody clothes and photographs of victims. In free tours of the museum, guides describes the history leading up to the Red Terror (starting from Haile Selassie's 80th birthday celebration), the actions taken toward citizens who opposed the Derg, how the prisoners were treated and how they secretly communicated among each other.

The museum also features pictorial history of the Red Terror.

Objects in the museum

Exhibit in the museum

Entrance to the museum

Red Terror (Ethiopia)
The Ethiopian Red Terror, also known as the Qey Shibir (Amharic: ቀይ ሽብር, romanized: ḳäy shəbbər), was a violent political repression campaign of the Derg against other competing Marxist-Leninist groups in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1976 to 1978. The Qey Shibir was an attempt to consolidate Derg rule during the political instability after their overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974 and the subsequent Ethiopian Civil War. The Qey Shibir was based on the Red Terror of the Russian Civil War, and most visibly took place after Mengistu Haile Mariam became chairman of the Derg on 3 February 1977. It is estimated that 10,000 to 980,000 people were killed over the course of the Qey Shibir.

In 2006, Mengistu was convicted of genocide in absentia by Ethiopia for his role in the Qey Shibir while leader of the Derg.
Lustleigh Cleave
The Lustleigh Cleave is a steep sided valley above the River Bovey in the parish of Lustleigh on Dartmoor. The cleave has been noted for its beauty since the 1800s, and features extensively in guidebooks.

River Bovey
The River Bovey rises on the eastern side of Dartmoor in Devon, England, and is the largest tributary to the River Teign. The river has two main source streams, both rising within a mile of each other, either side of the B3212 road between Moretonhampstead and Postbridge, before joining at Jurston.

The river flows for about two miles northwards from source before turning to a generally south easterly direction. It passes the village of North Bovey, flows through the Lustleigh Cleave between the villages of Manaton and Lustleigh, and then through the town of Bovey Tracey. It joins the River Teign on the boundary between the parishes of Teigngrace and Kingsteignton, about a mile south of the village of Chudleigh Knighton.
Anne Mackintosh
Anne Mackintosh (1723–1787) was a Scottish Jacobite leader, who was daughter to the Chief of Clan Farquharson and the wife of Angus Mackintosh, Chief of the Clan Mackintosh. She was one of very few (apparent) female military leaders during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and the first female to hold the rank of colonel in Scotland.

Clan Farquharson
Clan Farquharson (/ˈfɑːrkərsən/ ⓘ) (Scottish Gaelic: Clann Fhearchair [ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠ ˈfɛɾɛxɪɾʲ]) is a Highland Scottish clan based at Invercauld and Braemar, Aberdeenshire, and is a member of the Chattan Confederation.
Victoria Sporting Club
Victoria Sporting Club (Bengali: ভিক্টোরিয়া স্পোর্টিং ক্লাব), commonly known as Victoria SC, is a football club based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Founded in 1903, the club competes in the Dhaka Second Division League, the fourth tier of football in Bangladesh. They were relegated from the Bangladesh Championship League and Dhaka Senior Division League in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Football in Bangladesh
Football is one of the most popular sports in Bangladesh, introduced during the late 19th century under British rule, with Dhaka playing a central role in its development. The Bangladesh Football Federation was founded in 1972, a year after the country’s independence. The national team made its official debut at the 1973 Merdeka Cup in Malaysia. Domestic football resumed the same year with the Dhaka First Division League, which had existed since before the partition of India and attracted internationally renowned players like Nasser Hejazi and Emeka Ezeugo. Professional football was introduced in 2007 with the Bangladesh Football League, known formerly as the B.League.
Copperhead Strike
Copperhead Strike is a double launched roller coaster at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina. Manufactured by Mack Rides, the ride debuted to the public on March 23, 2019. It opened as the headlining attraction of a new themed area, Blue Ridge Junction, which is located on the South Carolina side of the park. The ride is the first multi-launched roller coaster to open at the park, and the second launched coaster after White Lightnin' (now Golden Loop at Gold Reef City). Carowinds held a private event for media and special guests on March 21, 2019.

Carowinds
Carowinds is a 407-acre (165 ha) amusement park primarily located in Charlotte, North Carolina. The park is owned and operated by Six Flags. Carowinds straddles the state line between North and South Carolina, adjacent to Interstate 77, with a portion of the park located in Fort Mill, South Carolina. The park has a sign telling guests where the state line lies.

The park was constructed at a cost of $70 million following a four-year planning period led by Charlotte businessman Earl Patterson Hall. Carowinds first opened to the public on March 31, 1973. The park features Carolina Harbor, a 27-acre (11 ha) water park that is included with park admission. Annual events include the Halloween-themed SCarowinds and the Christmas-themed WinterFest.
Haus des Meeres
The Haus des Meeres (HdM, English: House of the Sea) is a public aquarium in Vienna, Austria. It is located in Esterhazy Park in the centre of Mariahilf district, one block south of the busy Mariahilfer Straße. The Haus des Meeres houses over ten thousand aquatic beings on an area of around 4,000 square meters (43,000 sq ft) inside a tall concrete flak tower built during World War II. In 2012 the Haus des Meeres attracted a record high of 650,000 visitors. The Haus des Meeres is managed by Aqua Terra Zoo, a private non-profit organization which, according to its web site, receives only marginal financial support from municipal authorities. However, the maintenance costs for the former flak tower are paid by the taxpayer.

Flak tower
Flak towers (German: Flaktürme) were large, above-ground, anti-aircraft gun blockhouse towers constructed by Nazi Germany. "Flak" is short for anti-aircraft gun in German: Flugabwehrkanone. There were eight flak tower complexes in the cities of Berlin (three), Hamburg (two), and Vienna (three) from 1940. Other cities that used flak towers included Stuttgart and Frankfurt. Smaller single-purpose flak towers were built at outlying German strongpoints, such as at Angers in France and Heligoland in Germany.

The towers were operated by the Luftwaffe to defend against Allied strategic air raids against these cities during World War II. They also served as air-raid shelters for tens of thousands of local civilians.
Colin Burgess (author)
Colin Burgess (born March 1947) is an Australian author and historian, specializing in space flight and military history.  He is a former customer service manager for Qantas Airways, and a regular contributor to the collectSPACE online community. He lives in New South Wales.

Two of Burgess's co-authored 2007 books, Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965 and In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969 were named as finalists for the 2007 Eugene M. Emme Award given by the American Astronautical Society.

In the Shadow of the Moon was also named as "2009 Outstanding Academic Title" by Choice Magazine.

Into That Silent Sea
Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era 1961–1965 is a 2007 non-fiction book by space historians Francis French and Colin Burgess.  Drawing on a number of original personal interviews with astronauts, cosmonauts and those who worked closely with them, the book chronicles the American and Russian programs from 1961 onwards, from the first human spaceflight of Yuri Gagarin through the Mercury, Vostok and Voskhod flights, up to the first spacewalk by Alexei Leonov.

The book is the first volume in the Outward Odyssey spaceflight history series by the University of Nebraska Press. The space program history continues chronologically in the follow-on book In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969. Into That Silent Sea was named as a finalist for the 2007 Eugene M. Emme Award given by the American Astronautical Society.
Single-rope technique
The single-rope techniques (SRT) are a set of methods used to descend and ascend on the same single rope. Single-rope techniques are used in caving, potholing, rock climbing, canyoning, roped access for building maintenance, and by arborists for tree climbing, although to avoid confusion in the tree climbing community, many have taken to calling them "stationary" rope techniques.

Single-rope techniques are used in contrast to double-rope techniques (DRT), also known as the moving-rope techniques.

Tree climbing
Tree climbing is a recreational or functional activity consisting of ascending and moving around in the crowns of trees.

A rope, helmet, and harness can be used to increase the safety of the climber. Other equipment can also be used, depending on the experience and skill of the tree climber. Some tree climbers take special hammocks called "Treeboats" and Portaledges with them into canopies where they can have a picnic or sleep.

Some tree climbers employ a mixture of techniques and gear derived from rock climbing and caving. These techniques are also used to climb trees for other purposes: tree care (arborists), animal rescue, research, and activism.
Sasanian Egypt
Sasanian Egypt (known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus) refers to the brief rule of Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire, following the Sasanian conquest of Egypt. It lasted from 618 to 628, until the Sasanian general Shahrbaraz made an alliance with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to have control over Egypt returned to him.

Shahrbaraz
Shahrbaraz (also spelled Shahrvaraz or Shahrwaraz; New Persian: شهربراز) was shah (king) of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630. He usurped the throne from Ardashir III, and was killed by Iranian nobles after forty days. Before usurping the Sasanian throne he was a spahbed (general) under Khosrow II (590–628). He is furthermore noted for his important role during the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, and the events that followed afterwards.
Larvacean
Larvaceans, copelates or appendicularians, class Appendicularia, are solitary, free-swimming tunicates found throughout the world's oceans. While larvaceans are filter feeders like most other tunicates, they keep their tadpole-like shape as adults, with the notochord running through the tail. They can be found in the pelagic zone, specifically in the photic zone, or sometimes deeper. They are transparent planktonic animals, usually ranging from 2 mm (0.079 in) to 8 mm (0.31 in) in body length including the tail, although giant larvaceans can reach up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in length.

Larvaceans are known for the large houses they build around their bodies to assist in filter-feeding. Secreted from mucus and cellulose, these structures often comprise several layers of filters and can reach up to ten times their body length. In some genera like Oikopleura, houses are built and discarded every few hours, with sinking houses playing a key role in the oceanic carbon cycle.

Bathochordaeus
Bathochordaeus, the giant larvaceans, is a genus of larvacean tunicates in the family Oikopleuridae. They are free-swimming filter-feeding marine animals that build mucus bubbles. They eat tiny particles of dead or drifting organic material that float through the water column, which contribute to the oceanic carbon cycle and the accelerated transfer of carbon to the deep sea.
Elisa Colberg
Elisa Colberg (March 13, 1905 – 1986) was the founder of the Puerto Rican Girl Scouts, the first troop of which formed in 1926 in Cabo Rojo, aptly named Hijas de Betances. She continued as head of the Girl Scout organisation in Puerto Rico for 27 years. Camp Elisa Colberg, near El Yunque National Forest, is named in her memory.

Baptised as Elisa Esther Colberg Ramirez, Colberg was the fifth child of Rodolfo Colberg Pabón and Castora Ramirez Colberg, born in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico. She attended a series of schools, including Carbonell, Curry and Salvador Brau, graduated from the University of Puerto Rico in 1925. A year later, after founded a leadership course with twenty enrollees which went on to become the Girl Scout organisation of Puerto Rico. Becoming a qualified teacher in 1928, Colberg retired in 1971, at which time the Scouting organisation had grown to 14,000 children in 654 troops.

Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico
Cabo Rojo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaβo ˈroxo], locally [ˈkaβo ˈχoho]) is a city and municipality situated on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico and forms part of the San Germán–Cabo Rojo metropolitan area as well as the larger Mayagüez–San Germán–Cabo Rojo Combined Statistical Area.
Erin Routliffe
Erin Hope Routliffe (born 11 April 1995) is a professional tennis player from New Zealand who specializes in doubles and previously represented Canada. She has won two major doubles titles at the 2023 and 2025 US Open, partnering with Gabriela Dabrowski, thus becoming the second Kiwi woman to win a major in the Open Era, after 1979 Australian Open women's doubles champion, Judy Connor.

Routliffe is a former world No. 1 in doubles, first achieving the feat on 15 July 2024. She and Dabrowski won the doubles title at the 2024 WTA Finals. Routliffe has won 12 WTA Tour doubles titles and represented New Zealand in the BJK Cup and at the 2024 Summer Olympics.

2023 US Open – Women's doubles
Gabriela Dabrowski and Erin Routliffe defeated Laura Siegemund and Vera Zvonareva in the final, 7–6(11–9), 6–3 to win the women's doubles tennis title at the 2023 US Open. Dabrowski became the first Canadian to win a women's doubles major title and Routliffe became the first New Zealander to win a US Open title.

Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková were the defending champions, but lost in the second round to Barbora Strýcová and Markéta Vondroušová.
Strýcová, a former doubles world No. 1, was playing in her final tournament; she and Vondroušová withdrew from the tournament before their third round match against Dabrowski and Routliffe.

Coco Gauff and Jessica Pegula jointly attained the WTA No. 1 doubles ranking after Hsieh Su-wei lost in the semifinals. Siniaková, Elise Mertens, Taylor Townsend, and Desirae Krawczyk were also in contention for the top ranking at the beginning of the tournament.
Hermes Project
Hermes2D (Higher-order modular finite element system) is a C++/Python library of algorithms for rapid development of adaptive hp-FEM solvers. hp-FEM is a modern version of the finite element method (FEM) that is capable of extremely fast, exponential convergence.

Hp-FEM
hp-FEM is a generalization of the finite element method (FEM) for solving partial differential equations numerically based on piecewise-polynomial approximations. hp-FEM originates from the discovery by Barna A. Szabó and Ivo Babuška that the finite element method converges exponentially fast when the mesh is refined using a suitable combination of h-refinements (dividing elements into smaller ones) and p-refinements (increasing their polynomial degree). The exponential convergence of hp-FEM has been observed by numerous independent researchers.
Wanda Warska
Wanda Małolepsza (28 April 1930 – 6 July 2019), known professionally as Wanda Warska, was a Polish jazz singer and composer who worked with her husband Andrzej Kurylewicz and was nicknamed the "First Lady of Polish Jazz".

Andrzej Kurylewicz
Andrzej Roman Kurylewicz (Polish pronunciation: [ˈand͡ʐɛj kurɨˈlɛvit͡ʂ]; 24 November 1932 – 12 April 2007), was a Polish composer, pianist, trombonist, trumpet player and conductor. His works range from classical music, including both chamber and orchestral music, to theatrical, film, ballet, and jazz. He was shaped in the tradition of classical music and pioneered Polish jazz, pursuing a parallel career. He gained nationwide popularity by writing music for Janusz Morgenstern's 1976 TV series Polskie drogi.
Francesco Maria Bovio
Francesco Maria Bovio (c. 1750 - 1830) was an Italian lawyer, judge and professor. He is best known for being the grandfather of Italian philosopher Giovanni Bovio (1837-1903). He also fought for the Parthenopean Republic (1799) during the Altamuran Revolution (1799).

Giovanni Bovio
Giovanni Bovio (6 February 1837 – 15 April 1903) was an Italian philosopher and a politician of the Italian Republican Party.

Bovio was born in Trani. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy. He wrote a philosophical work in 1864 called Il Verbo Novello.

He was involved in setting up the radical movement "Fascio della democrazia"  in 1883. In 1895, he founded the Italian Republican Party.

A plaque on the house on Piazza Giovanni Bovio number 38 recalls his death in that house:

In this house died, poor and uncontaminated Giovanni Bovio, who by meditating with free spirit the infinite and consecrating the reasons of the peoples in adamantine pages, revived with great splendor Italian thought and was a prescient seer of the new age. U Buccini 1905

Bovio was a Freemason initiated to the 33rd degree of the Scottish Rite, after having joined the lodge Caprera of Trani in 1863.
His grandfather Francesco Bovio was also a Freemason.
Mr. Fuji
Harry Masayoshi Fujiwara (Japanese: 藤原 正義, Hepburn: Fujiwara Masayoshi; 4 May 1934 – 28 August 2016) was an American professional wrestler, actor and manager, known professionally by his ring name Mr. Fuji (or Master Fuji to his protégés). He was famous for often throwing salt in the eyes of fan favorite wrestlers. Notable wrestlers and tag teams managed by him include Don Muraco, Yokozuna and Demolition.

Chief Jay Strongbow
Luke Joseph Scarpa (October 4, 1928 – April 3, 2012) was an American professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer who was best known by the ring name Chief Jay Strongbow. He portrayed a Native American wrestler who wore a war bonnet to the ring and would "go on the warpath" when the fans started cheering him against an opponent. In reality, Scarpa was an Italian-American who portrayed an Indian to stand out. His best accomplishments are in WWF where he was a four-time World Tag-Team Champion.
Daizee Haze
Emily Sharp (born May 11, 1983) is an American former professional wrestler known under the ring name Daizee Haze. She is best known for her time on the independent circuit, where she performed for numerous promotions such as Chikara, Ring of Honor and Shimmer Women Athletes, where she was a one-time Shimmer Tag Team Champion.

Cheerleader Melissa
Melissa Anderson (born August 17, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, better known by her ring name Cheerleader Melissa. She is best known for her work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where she worked as Alissa Flash and Raisha Saeed. She is currently performing on the independent circuit for promotions such as Shimmer Women Athletes, where she is a former two-time Shimmer Champion. In 2013, Anderson was ranked number 1 in Pro Wrestling Illustrated's annual Top 50 Females list.