hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diffuse reflection
Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection. An ideal diffuse reflecting surface is said to exhibit Lambertian reflection, meaning that there is equal luminance when viewed from all directions lying in the half-space adjacent to the surface.

A surface built from a non-absorbing powder such as plaster, or from fibers such as paper, or from a polycrystalline material such as white marble, reflects light diffusely with great efficiency. Many common materials exhibit a mixture of specular and diffuse reflection.

The visibility of objects, excluding light-emitting ones, is primarily caused by diffuse reflection of light: it is diffusely-scattered light that forms the image of the object in an observer's eye over a wide range of angles of the observer with respect to the object.

Specular reflection
Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface.

The law of reflection states that a reflected ray of light emerges from the reflecting surface at the same angle to the surface normal as the incident ray, but on the opposing side of the surface normal. The incident and reflected rays lie in a plane known as the plane of incidence. The angles of the two rays to the normal are known as the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.

The earliest known description of this behavior was recorded by Hero of Alexandria (AD c. 10–70). Later, Alhazen gave a complete statement of the law of reflection. He was first to state that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in a same plane perpendicular to reflecting plane.

Specular reflection may be contrasted with diffuse reflection, in which light is scattered away from the surface in a range of directions.
Ilfracombe
Ilfracombe (/ˈɪlfrəkuːm/ IL-frə-koom) is a seaside resort and civil parish on the North Devon coast, England, with a small harbour surrounded by cliffs.

The parish stretches along the coast from the 'Coastguard Cottages' in Hele Bay toward the east and 4 miles (6 km) along the Torrs to Lee Bay toward the west. The resort is hilly and the highest point within the parish boundary is 'Hore Down Gate', 2 miles (3 km) inland and 860 feet (270 m) above sea level.

The landmark of Hillsborough Hill dominates the harbour and the site of an Iron Age fortified settlement. In the built environment, the architectural-award-winning Landmark Theatre has a distinctive double-conical design. The 13th-century parish church, Holy Trinity, and the St Nicholas's Chapel (a lighthouse) on Lantern Hill, have been joined by Damien Hirst's statue of Verity as points of interest.

Hele Bay
Hele Bay is a small village and beach just to the east of the town of Ilfracombe in North Devon, England. It is on the South West Coast Path.

The small village of Hele is inland from the beach.  Hele was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 when the tenant-in-chief was Bishop Geoffrey of Coutances.

There is a Grade II Listed corn mill at Hele Bay that dates back to around 1525.
Kill 'Em All 2
Kill 'Em All 2 is a 2024 direct-to-video action film directed by Valeri Milev and written by James Agnew. It is a direct sequel to Kill 'Em All (2017), and stars Jean-Claude Van Damme, Jacqueline Fernandez, Peter Stormare, and María Conchita Alonso.

Kill 'Em All 2 was released on digital on September 24, 2024.

Kill 'Em All (film)
Kill 'Em All is a 2017 American direct-to-video action film directed by Peter Malota, and starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, Autumn Reeser and Peter Stormare. A sequel titled Kill 'Em All 2 was released direct-to-video on September 24, 2024.
Battle Abbey School
Battle Abbey School is a private coeducational day and boarding school in the small town of Battle, East Sussex, England. The senior school occupies part of the town's ruined abbey complex, and it is from here that the school derives its name. Originally formed as St Etheldreda's, in 1989 Glengorse and Hydneye was merged into the school.

Battle Abbey
Battle Abbey is a partially ruined Benedictine abbey in Battle, East Sussex, England. The abbey was built on the site of the Battle of Hastings and dedicated to St Martin of Tours. It is a Scheduled Monument.

The Grade I listed site is now operated by English Heritage as 1066 Battle of Hastings, Abbey and Battlefield, which includes the abbey buildings and ruins, a visitor centre with a film and exhibition about the battle, audio tours of the battlefield site, and the monks' gatehouse with recovered artefacts. The visitor centre includes a children's discovery room and a café, and there is an outdoor-themed playground.
Gantz
Gantz (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hiroya Oku. It was serialized in Shueisha's seinen manga magazine Weekly Young Jump from June 2000 to June 2013, with its chapters collected in 37 tankōbon volumes. It tells the story of Kei Kurono and Masaru Kato, both of whom died in a train accident and become part of a semi-posthumous "game" in which they and several other recently deceased people are forced to hunt down and kill aliens armed with a handful of futuristic items, equipment, and weaponry.

An anime television series adaptation, directed by Ichiro Itano and animated by Gonzo, was broadcast for 26 episodes, divided into two seasons, in 2004. A series of two live-action films based on the manga were produced and released in January and April 2011. A CGI anime film, Gantz: O, was released in 2016.

Gantz: O
Gantz: O (styled as GANTZ:O) is a 2016 adult Japanese animated science fiction action film directed by Yasushi Kawamura and Keiichi Sato (chief), written by Tsutomu Kuroiwa, animated by Digital Frontier, and based on the manga series Gantz, which was written and illustrated by Hiroya Oku. It was released in Japan by Toho on October 14, 2016.
New York State Route 133
New York State Route 133 (NY 133) is an 8.71-mile (14.02 km) long state highway in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It begins at U.S. Route 9 (US 9) in the village of Ossining, goes through several hamlets in the town of New Castle (Millwood and Tompkins Corners), and ends at NY 117 in the village of Mount Kisco.

NY 133 between Ossining and the junction with NY 100 in New Castle was part of the Croton Turnpike, which connected Ossining to the hamlet of Somers, established in 1807. Dissolved by the state in 1849, the turnpike become a public road, and the section was added to the state highway system between 1903 and 1917. The portion of NY 133 from NY 100 to Mount Kisco became a state highway in 1908, after construction by William McCabe, a local general contractor. The alignment was designated as NY 133 in the 1930 state highway renumbering.

New York State Route 100
New York State Route 100 (NY 100) is a major north–south state highway in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It begins parallel to Interstate 87 (I-87) at a junction with the Cross County Parkway in the city of Yonkers and runs through most of the length of the county up to U.S. Route 202 (US 202) in the town of Somers. NY 100 was designated as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. Prior to becoming a state road, various sections of NY 100 were part of several important early roads in the county.
Gopi Chand Bhargava
Gopi Chand Bhargava (8 March 1889 – 26 December 1966) was the first  Chief Minister of Punjab from 15 August 1947 to  13 April 1949, and again between 18 October 1949, to 20 June 1951, and for the third time as interim Chief Minister between 21 June 1964, and 6 July 1964. He was a member of the Congress.

Chief Minister of Punjab, India
The chief minister of Punjab is the head of the government of Punjab. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Punjab is the state's head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Punjab Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
LSU Strength and Conditioning facility
The LSU Strength and Conditioning facility or LSU North Stadium weight room, is a strength training and conditioning facility at Louisiana State University. Built in 1997, it is located adjacent to Tiger Stadium. Measuring 10,000 square feet (930 m2) with a flat surface, it has 28 multi-purpose power stations, 36 assorted selectorized machines and 10 dumbbell stations along with a plyometric specific area, medicine balls, hurdles, plyometric boxes and assorted speed and agility equipment. It also features 2 treadmills, 4 stationary bikes, 2 elliptical cross trainers, a stepper and stepmill.

The facility was originally constructed to house all of LSU's sports teams, but is now home to the men's and women's basketball, gymnastics, softball, men's and women's swimming and diving, men's and women's tennis teams.

LSU Lady Tigers swimming and diving
The LSU Lady Tigers swimming and diving team represents Louisiana State University (LSU) in the Southeastern Conference in NCAA women's swimming and diving. The team competes at the LSU Natatorium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Rick Bishop is the head coach of the women's swim team. Drew Livingston is the head coach of the women's diving team.
Kate Leigh
Kathleen Mary Josephine Leigh (née Beahan; 10 March 1881 – 4 February 1964) (other names included Kathleen Barry, and Kathleen Ryan) was an Australian underworld figure who rose to prominence as a madam, illegal trader of alcohol and cocaine, and for running betting/gambling syndicates from her home in Surry Hills, Sydney, Australia during the first half of the twentieth century. Leigh, known as the 'Queen of Surry Hills’, was a sly groger and fence for stolen property. She was also known as the 'Snow Queen' due to her being the largest supplier of cocaine in Sydney.

She was a leading figure in the notorious Sydney razor gang wars. She was known for her continuing feud with fellow vice-regal underworld figure Tilly Devine, a madam based at Woolloomooloo, as well as her acts of generosity for the unemployed during a repressive era, and her wartime patriotism.

Tilly Devine
Matilda Mary Devine (née Twiss, 8 September 1900 – 24 November 1970), also known as Tilly Devine,  was an English Australian organised crime boss. She was involved in a wide range of activities, including sly-grog, razor gangs, and prostitution, and became a famous folk figure in Sydney during the interwar years.
International Herald Tribune
The International Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers. It published under the name International Herald Tribune starting in 1967, but its origins as an international newspaper trace back to 1887. Sold in over 160 countries, the International Herald Tribune produced a large amount of content until it became the second incarnation of The International New York Times in 2013, 10 years after The New York Times Company became its sole owner.

The New York Times International Edition
The New York Times International Edition is an English-language daily newspaper distributed internationally by the New York Times Company. It has been published in two separate periods, one from 1943 to 1967 and one from 2013 to the present.
Oppidum de Roque de Viou
43°47′59″N 4°13′34″E﻿ / ﻿43.7998°N 4.2261°E﻿ / 43.7998; 4.2261

The Oppidum de Roque de Viou is on a hilltop overlooking the valley called the Vaunage, above the village of Nages-et-Solorgues, in Gard, between Nîmes et Sommières, in Occitanie, France. It is in the commune of Saint-Dionizy and is one of six Iron Age oppida in the Vaunage; about 200m from the Oppidum de Nages or Oppidum des Castels. It was occupied in three periods between 700 BCE and 600 BCE and between 350 BCE and 300 BCE and around 50 BCE. It has been listed since 1980 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

Oppidum de Nages
The Oppidum de Nages or Oppidum des Castels is on a hilltop overlooking the valley called the Vaunage, above the village of Nages-et-Solorgues, in Gard, between Nîmes et Sommières, in Occitanie, France. It is one of six iron-age oppida in the Vaunage, occupied between 800 BCE and 50 BCE. It has been listed since 1980 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.
Anna Dalassene
Anna Dalassene (Greek: Ἄννα Δαλασσηνή; ca. 1025/30 – 1 November 1100/02) was an important Byzantine noblewoman who played a significant role in the rise to power of the Komnenoi  in the eleventh century. She exercised great influence over her son, the Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, who gave her the title of empress. She also administered the empire as regent during his many absences from Constantinople on long military campaigns during the early part of his reign. As empress-mother, she exerted more influence and power than the empress-consort, Irene Doukaina, a woman whom she hated because of past intrigues with the Doukai.

Irene Doukaina
Irene Doukaina or Ducaena (Greek: Εἰρήνη Δούκαινα, Eirēnē Doúkaina; c. 1066 – 19 February 1138) was a Byzantine empress by marriage to the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos. She was the mother of Emperor John II Komnenos and the historian Anna Komnene. She was initially heavily overshadowed and humiliated in influence and power by her mother-in-law Anna Dalassene, but after her retirement and death, Irene was able to exert increasing influence over her husband Alexios I Komnenos, and became powerful towards the end of his reign. But even so, she could not arrange his successor according to her wishes, which favoured her daughter Anna Komnene over her son John II Komnenos.
Pulpit (horse)
Pulpit (February 15, 1994 – December 6, 2012) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Fountain of Youth Stakes and Blue Grass Stakes and came fourth in the 1997 Kentucky Derby. Injured after that race, he retired to stud at Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky where he became a successful sire. His descendants include leading sire in North America Tapit and multiple American Classic winners such as Tonalist and California Chrome.

Tonalist
Tonalist (born in February 11, 2011) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2014 Belmont Stakes, beating the favored California Chrome, who was attempting to win the Triple Crown. Tonalist won the Peter Pan Stakes in May 2014. He is the first horse since A.P. Indy in 1992 to win the Peter Pan/Belmont double. Later in the year he defeated older horses to win the Jockey Club Gold Cup.
Top Gear Pocket 2
Top Gear Pocket 2, known in Europe as Top Gear Rally 2, is a racing video game developed by Kemco and released for the Game Boy Color handheld console, released on December 17, 1999 in Japan and in 2000 across other regions. It is a sequel to Top Gear Pocket.

Top Gear Pocket
Top Gear Pocket, known in Europe as Top Gear Rally, is a racing video game developed by Kemco and released for the Game Boy Color handheld console in 1999. A sequel, Top Gear Pocket 2, was released in 2000.
Pegz
Tirren Staaf, otherwise known as Pegz (or Pegasus), is an Australian hip hop artist and producer hailing from Melbourne, Victoria.  He was the CEO of Obese Records —the record label responsible for artists such as Hilltop Hoods, Downsyde, and Bias B.

Obese Records
Obese Records was an Australian hip-hop record label based in Melbourne, Victoria. It was the largest independent hip-hop label in Australia and was home to acts such as Pegz, Hilltop Hoods, Thundamentals, Reason, Andy Struksha, and Dialectrix. Obese Records also operated two retail stores in the suburbs of Prahran and Frankston, a distribution company for non-Australian music, Zoo Records, a soul label, Plethora Records, and their own management and touring company, Obese Records Artist Management.
Aluminium powder
Aluminium powder is powdered aluminium.

This was originally produced by mechanical means using a stamp mill to create flakes. Subsequently, a process of spraying molten aluminium to create a powder of droplets was developed by E. J. Hall in the 1920s. The resulting powder might then be processed further in a ball mill to flatten it into flakes for use as a coating or pigment. Aluminium powder features low density with high conductivity.

Metal powder
Metal powder is a metal that has been broken down into a powder form. Metals that can be found in powder form include aluminium powder, nickel powder, iron powder and many more. There are four different ways metals can be broken down into this powder form:

Direct reduction

Gas atomization

Ultrasonic atomization

Liquid atomization

Centrifugal atomization
Chechens
The Chechens (/ˈtʃɛtʃɛnz, tʃəˈtʃɛnz/ CHETCH-enz, chə-CHENZ; Chechen: Нохчий, Noxçiy, Old Chechen: Нахчой, Naxçoy), historically also known as Kisti and Durdzuks, are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus. They are the largest ethnic group in the region and refer to themselves as Nokhchiy (pronounced [no̞xtʃʼiː]; singular Nokhchi, Nokhcho, Nakhchuo or Nakhche). The vast majority of Chechens are Muslims and live in Chechnya, an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation.

The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character.

Chechen society is largely egalitarian and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called teips, informally organized into loose confederations called tukkhums.

Teip
A teip (/teɪp/ "tape"; Chechen and Ingush: тайпа, romanized: taypa, pronounced [ˈtəɪpə]; lit. 'family, kin, clan, tribe') is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor or geographic location. It is a sub-unit of the tukkhum and shahar. There are about 150 Chechen and 120 Ingush teips. Teips played an important role in the socioeconomic life of the Chechen and Ingush peoples before and during the Middle Ages, and continue to be an important cultural part to this day.
1997 Indian vice presidential election
The 1997 Indian vice presidential election was held on 16 August 1997 to elect the vice president of India. Krishan Kant defeated Surjit Singh Barnala to become tenth vice president of India. At the time of the election, VP office was vacant since the incumbent, K. R. Narayanan, had already inaugurated as President following his victory in the presidential election.

1997 Indian presidential election
The 11th presidential election of India was held on 17 July 1997. With 956,290 votes, K. R. Narayanan overcame his nearest rival T. N. Seshan who received 50,631 votes. Narayanan was the first Dalit to be elected President of India.
Zuerst!
Zuerst! (German: First!) is a monthly German news magazine published in Selent, Germany. The magazine has a far-right-wing political stance.

As the successor to one of the most important theoretical journals of the post-war German fascist and right-wing extremist "Nation and Europe" founded in 1951, the magazine lost importance with the rise of the right-wing populist "Alternative Media."

Nation Europa
Nation Europa (also called Nation und Europa) was a far-right monthly magazine, published in Germany. It was founded in 1951 and was based in Coburg until its closure in 2009. It is also the name of the publishing house that developed the magazine, Nation Europa Verlag.
José Gaos
José Gaos (26 December 1900, Gijón, Spain – 10 June 1969, Mexico City) was a Spanish philosopher who obtained political asylum in Mexico during the Spanish Civil War and became one of the most important Mexican philosophers of the 20th century. He was a member of the Madrid School.

José Ortega y Gasset
José Ortega y Gasset (/ɔːrˈteɪɡə/ or-TAY-gə, Spanish: [xoˈse oɾˈteɣa j ɣaˈset]; 9 May 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher and essayist. He worked during the first half of the 20th century while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism and dictatorship. His philosophy has been characterized as a "philosophy of life" that "comprised a long-hidden beginning in a pragmatist metaphysics inspired by William James and with a general method from a realist phenomenology imitating Edmund Husserl, which served both his proto-existentialism (prior to Martin Heidegger's) and his realist historicism, which has been compared to both Wilhelm Dilthey and Benedetto Croce."
Prasanthi Nilayam
Prasanthi Nilayam (14°9.91′N 77°48.70′E﻿ / ﻿14.16517°N 77.81167°E﻿ / 14.16517; 77.81167, 800 meters (2,600 feet) above sea level) is the main ashram and Samadhi Mandir of Sathya Sai Baba located in the town of Puttaparthi in, Sri Sathya Sai district Andhra Pradesh, India. Sathya Sai Baba was born in Puttaparthi. "Prasanthi Nilayam" means literally "Abode of the Highest Peace." Sathya Sai Baba gave daily darshan to his devotees in this ashram. Sathya Sai Baba was usually present in Prasanthi Nilayam from early June to the middle of March.

Puttaparthi
Puttaparthi (IAST: Puṭṭaparthy) is a municipality and district headquarters of Sri Sathya Sai district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Puttaparthi mandal of Puttaparthi revenue division. The original name of Puttaparthi was Gollapalli. The town is located on the banks of Chitravathi River which is a tributary of Penna River, and is surrounded by undulating hills. It is widely known for the birthplace and deathplace of the Indian spiritual leader and guru Sathya Sai Baba and his ashram, Prasanthi Nilayam.
Addilal
Addilal is a tabia or municipality in the Dogu'a Tembien district of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The tabia centre is in Addilal village, located approximately 19 km (12 mi) to the east of the woreda town Hagere Selam.

Dogu'a Tembien
Dogu'a Tembien (Tigrinya: ደጉዓ ተምቤን, "Upper Tembien", sometimes transliterated as Degua Tembien or Dägʿa Tämben) is a woreda in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. It is named in part after the former province of Tembien. Nowadays, the mountainous district is part of the Southeastern Tigray Zone. The administrative centre of this woreda is Hagere Selam.
Mexican Federal Highway 40D
Federal Highway 40D is the designation for toll highways paralleling Mexican Federal Highway 40. Highway 40D connects Mazatlán, Sinaloa to Reynosa, Tamaulipas. It forms most of the highway corridor between Mazatlán and Matamoros, Tamaulipas, one of 14 major highway corridors in the country.

Mexican Federal Highway 40
Federal Highway 40, (Carretera Federal, Fed. 40) also called the Carretera Interoceánica (Interoceanic Highway), is a road beginning at Reynosa, Tamaulipas, just west of the Port of Brownsville, Texas, and ending at Fed. 15 in Villa Unión, Sinaloa, near Mazatlán and the Pacific coast. It is called Interoceanic as, after its opening, the cities of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on the Gulf of Mexico and Mazatlán on the Pacific Ocean have been linked.

It passes through Monterrey, Nuevo León; Saltillo, Coahuila; Torreón; Gómez Palacio and Durango City. The Monterrey to Durango City section is a four-lane divided highway. The rest of the road is a two-lane undivided road. Parallel to this highway, in some sections, runs Fed. 40D, a four-lane restricted-access toll road.

The Cadereyta Jiménez massacre occurred on 13 May 2012 along the road outside the city of Monterrey.
Šandor Alexander
Šandor Alexander pl. Sesvetski (April 5, 1866 – December 17, 1929) was a Croatian nobleman, industrialist, philanthropist, younger brother of Samuel David Alexander and member of the Zagreb prominent Alexander family.

Samuel David Alexander
Samuel "Sami" David Alexander (13 July 1862 – 8 March 1943) was a Croatian Jewish industrialist, doyen of Croatian industrialists, a philanthropist and a member of the Zagreb prominent Alexander family.