hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surface wave
In physics, a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media.  A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves.  Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities.  Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves.  Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as "surface waves" in that they can be guided along with a refractive index gradient or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a guided wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth.

Rayleigh wave
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface acoustic wave that travel along the surface of solids. They can be produced in materials in many ways, such as by a localized impact or by piezo-electric transduction, and are frequently used in non-destructive testing for detecting defects. Rayleigh waves are part of the seismic waves that are produced on the Earth by earthquakes. When guided in layers they are referred to as Lamb waves, Rayleigh–Lamb waves, or generalized Rayleigh waves.
Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
The Gorlice–Tarnów offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia. The continued series of actions lasted the majority of the campaigning season for 1915, starting in early May and only ending due to bad weather in October.

Mackensen viewed securing a breakthrough as the first phase of an operation, which would then lead to a Russian retreat from the Dukla Pass, and their positions north of the Vistula.: 201

Battle of Dunajetz
The Battle of Dunajetz occurred in the May 1–10, 1915 as part of the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive during World War I. The German 11th Army led by General August von Mackensen, with the support on the flanks by the Austro-Hungarian 3rd and 4th Armies, defeated the Russian 3rd Army. For the first time in the history of the First World War a heavily fortified and long-term defensive position was broken through during the Gorliсе offensive.
Little Sisters of Jesus
The Little Sisters of Jesus are a community of Catholic religious sisters. Inspired by the life and writings of Charles de Foucauld, they were founded by Little Sister Magdeleine of Jesus (Madeleine Hutin).

Little Sister Magdeleine of Jesus
Madeleine Hutin, taking the name Little Sister Magdeleine of Jesus  (26 April 1898 – 6 November 1989), founded a Roman Catholic community of religious sisters, the Little Sisters of Jesus, on 8 September 1939 in Touggourt, French Algeria. She was inspired by the life and writings of Charles de Foucauld (also known as Father de Foucauld or Brother Charles of Jesus).

Little Sister Magdeleine began by sharing the life of semi-nomads on the outskirts of a Saharan oasis.

Pope Francis named her as Venerable on 13 October 2021.

In 2017, Little Sisters of Jesus lived in sixty-three countries throughout the world. In late 2024, there were 900 sisters living in 45 countries, with their Generalate (Mother House) in Tre Fontane, Rome, Italy.
Sadie Hawkins Day
Sadie Hawkins Day is an American folk event and pseudo-holiday originated by Al Capp's hillbilly comic strip Li'l Abner (1934–1977). The annual comic strip storyline inspired real-world Sadie Hawkins events, the premise of which is that women ask men for a date or dancing. "Sadie Hawkins Day" was introduced in the comic strip on November 15, 1937; the storyline ran until the beginning of December. The storyline was revisited the following October/November, and inspired a fad on college campuses. By 1939, Life reported that 201 colleges in 188 cities held a Sadie Hawkins Day event.

Sadie Hawkins dance
A Sadie Hawkins dance or turnabout is a usually informal dance sponsored by a high school, middle school or college, to which the ladies invite the gentlemen to be their dates. This is a gender role reversal, contrary to the custom of the gentlemen typically inviting the ladies to be their dates to school dances such as prom in the spring and homecoming in the fall.  These dances are primarily an American tradition.
Göteborg-class corvette
The Göteborg class is a class of corvettes in the Swedish Navy, built between 1986 and 1993. The class was originally designed to destroy Soviet submarines and surface vessels, and is armed with eight RBS-15 anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, one 57 mm cannon, and one 40 mm cannon.

The Swedish Navy originally planned to acquire six Göteborg-class corvettes, but following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the final two were cancelled.

Two of the four corvettes built remained in service as of 2021. Modified in 2019, the two vessels form the subclass Gävle class. Both vessels, HSwMS Gävle and HSwMS Sundsvall, took part in a United Nations operation off the coast of Lebanon in 2006 and 2007, following the 2006 Lebanon War.

HSwMS Sundsvall (K24)
HSwMS Sundsvall (K24) is a Swedish Navy Göteborg-class corvette, named after the northern Swedish coastal city of Sundsvall. The ship was launched in 1991 and entered naval service in 1993.

Together with its sister ship HSwMS Gävle, HSwMS Sundsvall took part in the United Nations operation off the coast of Lebanon following the 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah.

The ship was modified between 2018 and 2022 and returned to active service in December 2022; the class was renamed the Gävle class. The modification included new modern sensors, and a new command bridge. The aft 40mm canon was removed and replaced by a new deckhouse.
Oak Park, California
Oak Park is an unincorporated community in southeastern Ventura County, California, United States. When developed in the Simi Hills in the late 1960s, a single road provided the only access to the community from Agoura Hills, California, in neighboring Los Angeles County. As of the 2020 census, Oak Park had a population of 13,898, up from 13,811 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Oak Park as a census-designated place (CDP). The census definition of the area may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name.

Oak Park is the biggest unincorporated community in Ventura County. Residents of the community have through votes declined to set up an independent city, and also declined to be annexed into neighboring Thousand Oaks.

Agoura Hills, California
Agoura Hills (/əˈɡɔːrə ˈhɪlz/ ⓘ) is a city situated in the Santa Monica Mountains region of Los Angeles County, California, United States. With a population of 20,330 as of the 2010 census, which decreased to 20,299 in 2020. A suburb of Los Angeles, Agoura Hills lies in the eastern Conejo Valley, nestled between the Simi Hills and the Santa Monica Mountains. Located 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles and less than 10 miles (16 km) west of the Los Angeles city limits at Woodland Hills, Agoura Hills is bordered by Bell Canyon and Ventura County. Neighboring communities include Calabasas, Oak Park, and Westlake Village, while the unincorporated area of Agoura sits adjacent.
Bristol Aquila
The Aquila was a nine-cylinder single-row radial aircraft engine designed by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1934. A sleeve valve engine, its basic design was developed from the Bristol Perseus. The Aquila was never used in production, but further developments led to the Bristol Hercules, Bristol Taurus, and Bristol Centaurus.

Bristol Perseus
The Bristol Perseus was a British nine-cylinder, single-row, air-cooled radial aircraft engine produced by the Bristol Engine Company starting in 1932. It was the first production sleeve valve aero engine.
Alice Milligan
Alice Letitia Milligan  [pseud. Iris Olkyrn] (4 September 1865 – 13 April 1953) was an Irish writer and activist in Ireland's Celtic Revival; an advocate for the political and cultural participation of women; and a Protestant-unionist convert to the cause of Irish independence. She was at the height of her renown at the turn of the 20th century when in Belfast, with Anna Johnston, she produced the political and literary monthly The Shan Van Vocht (1896–1899), and when in Dublin the Irish Literary Theatre's performed "The Last Feast of the Fianna” (1900), Milligan's interpretation of Celtic legend as national drama.

Ethna Carbery
Ethna Carbery, born Anna Bella Johnston, (3 December 1864 – 2 April 1902) was an Irish journalist, writer and poet. She is best known for writing the poem and song "Roddy McCorley", and the "Song of Ciabhán"; the latter was set to music by Ivor Gurney. In Belfast in the late 1890s, with Alice Milligan she produced The Shan Van Vocht, a nationalist monthly of literature, history and comment that gained a wide circulation in Ireland and in the Irish diaspora. Her poetry was collected and published after her death under the pen name Ethna Carberry, adopted following her marriage to the poet Seumas MacManus in 1901.
Capital Express (India)
The 13247 / 13248 Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express and 13245/13246 New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express  are the set of Capital express train belonging to East Central Railway zone that runs between Kamakhya Junction, New Jalpaiguri Junction and Ara Junction in India.

New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express
The 13245 / 13246 New Jalpaiguri 
-Ara Junction Capital Express is the Capital express set of train belonging to East Central Railway zone that runs between New Jalpaiguri railway station Siliguri, West Bengal and Ara Junction, Bihar in India. It is operated with 13245/46 train numbers on three days each week.
Malindi Museum
Malindi Museum is a museum located in Malindi, Kenya. It has control over four main heritage sites:  The Vasco da Gama Pillar, The Portuguese Chapel, The House of Columns and The Heritage Complex museum.

Malindi Museum Heritage Complex
The Malindi Museum Heritage Complex consists of a group of buildings occupied by Malindi Museum in Kenya.  The main building on the site is a historic building used for public displays that focus on the cultures of the past and present people of the coastal region. The rooms on the ground floor contain exhibitions dedicated to Swahili culture, as well as underwater cultural heritage. Upstairs are exhibitions on the Mijikenda and Taita / Dawida people.
Diocese of Exeter
The Diocese of Exeter is a Church of England diocese covering the county of Devon. It is one of the largest dioceses in England.  The Cathedral Church of St Peter in Exeter is the seat of the diocesan Bishop of Exeter. It is part of the Province of Canterbury. The diocesan bishop (Mike Harrison) is assisted by two suffragan bishops, the Bishop of Crediton and the Bishop of Plymouth. The See of Crediton was created in 1897 and the See of Plymouth in 1923.

Bishop of Crediton
The Bishop of Crediton is an episcopal title which takes its name from the town of Crediton in Devon, England. Since 1897, it has been used by the Church of England as the title of a suffragan bishop who, along with the Bishop of Plymouth, assists the diocesan Bishop of Exeter in overseeing the Diocese of Exeter.

The title was originally used by the Anglo-Saxons in the 10th and 11th centuries for a diocese covering Devon and Cornwall.
Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu
Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu (transl. May You Be Fortunate: *Terms and Conditions Apply) is an Indian Hindi-language television series produced by Bombay Show Studios LLP. It is a sequel of the 2011 series to the same name and stars Karanvir Bohra, Dheeraj Dhoopar and Amandeep Sidhu. The series premiered on 26 September 2023 on Star Bharat.

Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?
Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava? (transl. Heartfelt Prayers... May You Be Fortunate?) is an Indian Hindi-language psychological thriller television series. Produced by UTV Software Communications and Trishula Productions, it aired on Life OK (later rebranded as Star Bharat) from December 2011 to January 2013. It starred Sriti Jha, Harshad Chopda and Karanvir Bohra. The series was inspired from 1991 American film, Sleeping with the Enemy.
Bruckner Interchange
The Bruckner Interchange is a complex interchange in the New York City borough of The Bronx in the United States. The junction connects four highways: the Bruckner, Cross Bronx, and Hutchinson River Expressways, and the Hutchinson River Parkway. It was constructed in the 1960s; however, elements of the junction date as far back as the 1940s.  The interchange includes connections to several interstate routes, including I-278, I-678, I-295 and I-95.

Bruckner Expressway
The Bruckner Expressway is a freeway in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It carries Interstate 278 and Interstate 95 from the Triborough Bridge to the south end of the New England Thruway at the Pelham Parkway interchange. The highway follows a mostly northeast–southwest alignment through the southern portion of the borough, loosely paralleling the course of the East River. It connects to several major freeways including the Bronx River Parkway, the Cross Bronx Expressway, Interstate 678, and the Hutchinson River Parkway.
Stamford House, Singapore
Stamford House is a historic building located at the corner of the junction of Stamford Road and Hill Street, in the Downtown Core of Singapore. Originally known as Oranje Building (sometimes spelled Oranjie), it formerly housed a shopping mall. The building had since redeveloped along with adjoined Capitol Building and both were reopened as a hotel The Capitol Kempinski Hotel Singapore in October 2018.

Capitol Building, Singapore
Capitol Building, formerly Shaws Building and Namazie Mansions, is a historic building at the junction of North Bridge Road and Stamford Road in the Downtown Core of Singapore. The building had since redeveloped along with adjoined Stamford House and both were reopened as a hotel The Capitol Kempinski Hotel Singapore in October 2018.
Kashi railway station
Kashi railway station is one of the railway stations in Varanasi district. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) east of Varanasi Junction railway station, 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) North-West of Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station and 26 kilometres (16 mi) South-East of Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport. Kashi railway station serves the Eastern suburbs of Varanasi district and serves as major secondary railway station to Varanasi and Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway stations.

Varanasi Junction railway station
Varanasi Junction railway station (station code: BSB) is the main railway station serving the city of Varanasi. The other key railway stations in the Varanasi Metro area are Banaras, Varanasi City, Kashi and Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction. The junction station is sandwiched between the cantonment region and Chetganj region of the city. The station is partially controlled by the Lucknow Division of the Northern Railway Zone and the Varanasi Division of the North Eastern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways. Varanasi Junction railway station nearly reaches the frequency of 300 trains daily. Almost, 29 trains originate and terminate at the station. Premium trains of Indian Railways also originate from the Varanasi Junction, such as Vande Bharat Express, Mahamana Express Rajdhani Express
Sebastian Pether
Sebastian Pether (24 November 1793 – 14 March 1844) was an English landscape-painter who specialised in painting moonlight, sunset, and firelight. His father Abraham Pether and brother Henry Pether also specialised in moonlit paintings, the three were known as the "Moonlight Pethers". Sebastian's work tended to have greenish tones. The bulk of his work was managed through art dealers who helped him sell his paintings, but resulted in little income to support his large family of eleven. Pether died at the age of 51, leaving his family reliant on subscriptions raised after his death.

Abraham Pether
Abraham Pether (8 October 1752 – 13 April 1812) was an English landscape painter, recognised for his skill in depicting moonlit scenes. He was also a talented musician, inventor, mathematician and philosopher.
Central vacuum cleaner
A central vacuum cleaner (also known as built-in or ducted) is a type of vacuum cleaner appliance installed into a building as a semi-permanent fixture. Central vacuum systems are designed to remove dirt and debris from homes and buildings by sending dirt particles through piping installed inside the walls to a collection container inside a remote utility space. The power unit is a permanent fixture, usually installed in a basement, garage, or storage room, along with the collection container. Inlets are installed in walls throughout the building that attach to power hoses and other central vacuum accessories to remove dust, particles, and small debris from interior rooms. Most power hoses have a power switch located on the handle.

Vacuum cleaner
A vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum (or a hoover in the UK), is a device that uses suction, and often agitation, in order to remove dirt and other debris from carpets, hard floors, and other surfaces.

The dirt is collected into a dust bag or a plastic bin. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in commercial settings, exist in a variety of sizes and types, including stick vacuums, handheld vacuums, upright vacuums, and canister vacuums. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to clean both solid debris and liquids.
Science studies
Science studies  is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It uses various methods to analyze the production, representation and reception of scientific knowledge and its epistemic and semiotic role.

Similarly to cultural studies, science studies are defined by the subject of their research and encompass a large range of different theoretical and methodological perspectives and practices. The interdisciplinary approach may include and borrow methods from the humanities, natural and formal sciences, from scientometrics to ethnomethodology or cognitive science.

Science studies have a certain importance for evaluation and science policy. Overlapping with the field of science, technology and society, practitioners study the relationship between science and technology, and the interaction of expert and lay knowledge in the public realm.

Science and technology studies
Science and technology studies (STS) or science, technology, and society is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.
Ronin (Marvel Comics)
Ronin is an alias used by multiple characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It was first adopted by Maya Lopez in New Avengers #11 (November 2005) by Brian Michael Bendis and Joe Quesada. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as Clint Barton, Alexei Shostakov, Eric Brooks, and Bullseye.

Two incarnations of the character appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The first incarnation, Clint Barton, portrayed by Jeremy Renner, appears in the film Avengers: Endgame (2019), and the Disney+ series Hawkeye (2021) and Echo (2024). The second incarnation, Maya Lopez, portrayed by Alaqua Cox also appears in Hawkeye and Echo.

Hawkeye (Clint Barton)
Hawkeye (Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, the character first appeared as a supervillain in Tales of Suspense #57 (September 1964) and later joined the Avengers as a superhero in The Avengers #16 (May 1965). He has since been a prominent member of several Avengers teams, founding the West Coast Avengers, briefly marrying and subsequently divorcing Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird, adopting the Ronin alias after his death and resurrection before mentoring Kate Bishop as his successor as Hawkeye. He was also ranked at #44 on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes list.

Jeremy Renner plays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), the animated series What If...? (2021), and the television miniseries Hawkeye (2021).
Welch v. United States
Welch v. United States, 578 U.S. 120 (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the decision in Johnson v. United States announced a substantive rule change and is therefore retroactive.

Johnson v. United States (2015)
Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled the Residual Clause of the Armed Career Criminal Act was unconstitutionally vague and in violation of due process.
Volkswagen Polo Playa
The Volkswagen Polo Playa is a supermini produced and sold in South Africa. From 1996 until 2002, it was a rebadged version of the SEAT Ibiza Mk2 five-door hatchback.  A separate model, the Polo Mk3, was sold in most markets during this period - this model shared its mechanical components with the Ibiza and Playa, but in hatchback form, the body panels were all different. The Polo Playa and its sedan equivalent, the Polo Classic, were the first generation of the Polo to be sold in South Africa. The South African Polo Classic was likewise based on the SEAT Córdoba Mk1 four-door sedan. In 2002, it was replaced by the Polo Mk4, although the Polo Playa name was still used in South Africa for the Polo hatchback until 2006. There were three models, 1.4i, 1.6i and 1.8i, all of which were available with a 5-speed manual gearbox only.

The name "playa" means beach in Spanish, which alludes to the fact that it's based on the Spanish SEAT Ibiza.

Volkswagen Polo Mk3
The Volkswagen Polo Mk3 (Typ 6N/6KV) is the third generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini car and was produced from 1994 until 2002, with a facelift at the end of 1999. It was available in hatchback, sedan and wagon body styles. Although the Polo Mk3 hatchback did not share the same platform as the Seat Ibiza, saloon and estate models were rebadged as Seat Córdoba.

The hatchback underwent a major facelift for the 2000 model year, while the saloon and the estate received only minor refinements. It now had a more different exterior and interior design than the also facelifted Seat Ibiza. At the end of 2001, it was discontinued and replaced by its successor, the Volkswagen Polo Mk4, but it continued production in Argentina, where the saloon was facelifted in 2004, receiving the exterior design applied to the facelifted Seat Córdoba and the interior of the facelifted Volkswagen Polo.