hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture
The Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (commonly known as the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT)) is a treaty that supplements to the 1984 United Nations Convention Against Torture. It establishes an international inspection system for places of detention modeled on the system that has existed in Europe since 1987 (the Committee for the Prevention of Torture).

The OPCAT was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in New York on 18 December 2002, and it entered into force on 22 June 2006. As of October 2025, the Protocol has 95 parties and 11 additional signatories.

Committee for the Prevention of Torture
The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment or shortly Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) is the anti-torture committee of the Council of Europe. Founded to enforce the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the CPT visits places of imprisonment in signatory countries and issues reports on violations of the convention.
Nigerian naira
The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; Yoruba: náírà, Hausa: نَيْرَ, romanized: naira, Igbo: naịra, Tyap: nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests.

2023 Nigerian currency crisis
The 2023 Nigerian currency crisis was precipitated by a shortage of cash currency (the naira) and an attempt by the Nigerian government to force citizens to use a newly created government-sponsored central bank digital currency.  This led to extensive street protests in mid-February 2023.

Central Bank governor Godwin Emefiele initially cited Nigerians hoarding notes in their homes as the reason for the currency redesign. However, he later claimed that it would deter counterfeiters and those paying kidnappers' ransoms, and that it was a step towards a cashless society. He also argued that it would help reduce inflation. Some analysts and politicians have said that a motive of the CBDC introduction and deprecation of the old currency was to curb vote buying, by thwarting politicians who had amassed a stockpile of naira in preparation for election day.
TGV Duplex
The TGV Duplex is a French high-speed train of the TGV family, manufactured by Alstom, and operated by the French national railway company SNCF. They were the first TGV trainsets to use bi-level passenger carriages with a seating capacity of 508 passengers, increasing capacity on busy high-speed lines. While the TGV Duplex started as a small component of the TGV fleet, it has become one of the system's workhorses.

A total of 160 Duplex trainsets were built: the original order of 89 first constructed in 1995, an additional 19 Réseau Duplex trainsets created as an extension of the TGV POS project in 2006, and 52 second-generation Dasye trainsets were first delivered in 2007 with revised traction motors and safety systems.

The Duplex design was further refined into the third generation Euroduplex.

Alstom
Alstom SA (French: [alstɔm]) is a French multinational rail transport systems manufacturer. It is active in the fields of passenger transportation, rail services, signalling, and locomotives, producing high-speed, suburban, regional and urban trains along with trams.

The company and its name (originally spelled Alsthom) were formed by a merger between the electric engineering division of Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (Als) and Compagnie Française Thomson-Houston (thom) in 1928. Significant acquisitions later included the Constructions Électriques de France (1932), shipbuilder Chantiers de l'Atlantique (1976), and parts of ACEC (late 1980s).
Siddhidhatri
Siddhidhatri or Siddhidatri (Sanskrit: सिद्धिदात्री, romanized: Siddhidātrī, lit. 'giver of perfection') is a form of the Hindu goddess Mahadevi, venerated as the goddess of siddhi (spiritual attainments and powers). She is the ninth and last of the Navadurga, and is worshipped on the ninth day of Navaratri.

Siddhi
In Indian religions, Siddhis (Sanskrit: सिद्धि siddhi; fulfillment, accomplishment) are material, paranormal, supernatural, or otherwise magical powers, abilities, and attainments that are the products of yogic advancement through sādhanās such as meditation and yoga. The term ṛddhi (Pali: iddhi, "psychic powers") is often used interchangeably in Buddhism.
Battle of Kissingen
The Battle of Kissingen was a battle between Bavarian and Prussian troops on 10 July 1866 during the Austrian-Prussian War in and around the town of Kissingen (today: Bad Kissingen) in Bavaria. It was part of the campaign of the Main and ended with a victory of the Prussians.

Bad Kissingen
Bad Kissingen (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈkɪsɪŋən] ⓘ) is a German spa town in the Bavarian region of Lower Franconia and seat of the district Bad Kissingen. Situated to the south of the Rhön Mountains on the Franconian Saale river, it is one of the health resorts, which became famous as a "Weltbad" in the 19th century.

In 2021 the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe", because of its famous mineral springs and its architecture exemplifying the popularity of spa resorts in Europe during the 18th through 20th centuries.
Ōno, Ōita
Ōno (大野町, Ōno-machi) was a town located in Ōno District, Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,317 and the density of 48.56 persons per km2. The total area was 109.49 km2.

On March 31, 2005, Ōno, along with the towns of Asaji, Inukai, Mie and Ogata, and the villages of Chitose and Kiyokawa (all from Ōno District), was merged to create the city of Bungo-Ōno.

Ōno District, Ōita
Ōno (大野郡, Ōno-gun) was a district located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan.

As of January 1, 2005, the district had 6 towns and 2 villages:

Asaji

Chitose

Inukai

Kiyokawa

Mie

Notsu

Ogata

Ōno

On January 1, 2005, the town of Notsu was merged into the expanded city of Usuki.

On March 31, 2005, the towns of Asaji, Inukai, Mie, Ogata and Ōno, and the villages of Chitose and Kiyokawa were merged to create the city of Bungo-ōno. Therefore, Ōno District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
Follo FK
Follo Fotballklubb is a football club from Ski, Akershus, Norway.

Follo play in light blue, and their home ground is Ski stadion. It was founded in September 2000 and their biggest achievement was playing in the 2010 Norwegian Football Cup final.

2010 Norwegian Football Cup final
The 2010 Norwegian Football Cup final was the final match of the 2010 Norwegian Football Cup, the 105th season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF). The match was played on 14 November 2010 at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and was contested between the First Division side Follo and the Tippeligaen side Strømsgodset. Strømsgodset defeated Follo 2–0 to claim the Norwegian Cup for a fifth time in their history.
Tĩnh Hải quân
Tĩnh Hải quân or Jinghai Prefecture was an administrative division of the Tang dynasty of China administered by Chinese governors, which then later became a quasi-independent regime ruled by successive local Vietnamese warlords and monarchs. It was centered around what is now northern Vietnam from 866 to 967 during the late Tang period and lasted until the late Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period when Đinh Bộ Lĩnh established the Đinh dynasty.

Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)
At the Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 938 near Hạ Long Bay in northern Vietnam, the military force of the Viet-ruled domain of Tĩnh Hải quân, led by Ngô Quyền, a Viet lord, defeated the invading forces of the Chinese state of Southern Han and put an end to the Third Era of Northern Domination (Chinese ruled Vietnam). It was considered the turning point in Vietnamese history.
Vasily I of Moscow
Vasily I Dmitriyevich (Russian: Василий I Дмитриевич; 30 December 1371 – 27 February 1425) was Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow from 1389. He was the heir of Dmitry Donskoy, who reigned from 1359 to 1389.

He entered an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1392 and married Sophia, the only daughter of Vytautas, though the alliance turned out to be fragile, and they waged war against each other in 1406–1408.

The raid on the Volga region in 1395 by the Turco-Mongol emir Timur resulted in a state of anarchy for the Golden Horde and the independence of Moscow. In 1412, Vasily resumed submission to the Horde.

Vytautas the Great
Vytautas the Great (/vɪˈtaʊtəs/; c. 1350 – 27 October 1430) was a ruler of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, first as regent for his cousin Jogaila (1392–1401) and then as the Grand Duke alongside him (1401–1430). He was also the prince of Grodno (1370–1382) and the prince of Lutsk (1387–1389), as well claimant to the titles of King of the Hussites and King of Lithuania.

In modern Lithuania, Vytautas is revered as a national hero and was an important figure in the national rebirth in the 19th century. Vytautas is a popular male given name in Lithuania. In commemoration of the 500-year anniversary of his death, Vytautas Magnus University was named after him. Monuments in his honour were built in many towns in independent Lithuania during the interwar period from 1918 to 1939. Vytautas knew and spoke the Lithuanian language with his cousin Jogaila.
Friis formulas for noise
Friis formula or Friis's formula (sometimes Friis' formula), named after Danish-American electrical engineer Harald T. Friis, is either of two formulas used in telecommunications engineering to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio of a multistage amplifier. One relates to noise factor while the other relates to noise temperature.

Noise temperature
In electronics, noise temperature is one way of expressing the level of available noise power introduced by a component or source. The power spectral density of the noise is expressed in terms of the temperature (in kelvins) that would produce that level of Johnson–Nyquist noise, thus:

where:

is the noise power (in W, watts)

is the total bandwidth (Hz, hertz) over which that noise power is measured

is the Boltzmann constant (1.381×10−23 J/K, joules per kelvin)

is the noise temperature (K, kelvin)

Thus the noise temperature is proportional to the power spectral density of the noise,  . That is the power that would be absorbed from the component or source by a matched load. Noise temperature is generally a function of frequency, unlike that of an ideal resistor which is simply equal to the actual temperature of the resistor at all frequencies.
Rhodia (company)
Rhodia was a group founded in 1988 that specialized in fine chemistry, synthetic fibers, and polymers.

The company was acquired by the Belgian Solvay group in September 2011 in a deal valued at €3.4 billion. The company served the consumer goods, automotive, energy, manufacturing, and processes and electronics markets, and had 65 production sites worldwide, four research centers, and four joint laboratories.

Solvay S.A.
Solvay is a Belgian-French multinational chemical company established in 1863, with its headquarters located in Neder-Over-Heembeek, Brussels, Belgium. Since the end of 2023, following its demerger with the creation of the new Syensqo entity, Solvay has specialized in essential chemistry and employs over 9,000 people in 40 countries.

In 2023, Solvay reached €4,880 million in revenues and €1,246 million of underlying EBITDA.

Solvay is listed on Euronext Brussels.
The Architects Collaborative
The Architects Collaborative (TAC) was an American architectural firm formed by eight architects that operated between 1945 and 1995 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The founding members were Norman C. Fletcher (1917–2007), Jean B. Fletcher (1915–1965), John C. Harkness (1916–2016), Sarah P. Harkness (1914–2013), Robert S. McMillan (1916–2001), Louis A. McMillen (1916–1998), Benjamin C. Thompson (1918–2002), and Walter Gropius (1883–1969). TAC created many successful projects, and was well respected for its broad range of designs, being considered one of the most notable firms in post-war modernism.

Louis A. McMillen
Louis Albert McMillen (October 24, 1916 – May 4, 1998) was an American architect who was one of the original founding partners of The Architects Collaborative with Walter Gropius and six other architects. McMillen was part of TAC from its founding in 1945 until its demise in 1995.
Torricelli languages
The Torricelli languages are a family of about fifty languages of the northern Papua New Guinea coast, spoken by about 80,000 people. They are named after the Torricelli Mountains. The most populous and best known Torricelli language is Arapesh, with about 30,000 speakers.

They are not clearly related to other Papuan language families; however, attempts have been made to establish external links. The most promising external relationship for the Torricelli family is the Sepik languages. (In reconstructions of both families, the pronouns have a plural suffix *-m and a dual suffix *-p.)

C.L. Voorhoeve (1987) has proposed that they are related to the North Halmahera languages and most of the languages of the Bird’s Head Peninsula, thus forming the easternmost extension of the postulated West Papuan family.

Arapesh languages
The Arapesh languages are several closely related Torricelli languages of the 32,000 Arapesh people of Papua New Guinea. They are spoken in eastern Sandaun Province and northern East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

The Arapesh languages are among the better-studied of Papuan languages and are most distinctive in their gender systems, which contain up to thirteen genders (noun classes) with noun-phrase concordance. Mufian, for example, has 17 noun classes for count nouns plus two extra noun classes, i.e. proper names and place names. (See that article for examples.)
Wayne, New York
Wayne is a town located in the northeast corner of Steuben County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 1,006. The town was named after the Revolutionary War general, Anthony Wayne.

The Town of Wayne is northeast of Bath.

Steuben County, New York
Steuben County (/ˈstjuːbən/ STEW-bən or /stjuːˈbɛn/ stew-BEN) is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, its population was 93,584. Its county seat is Bath. Its name is in honor of Baron von Steuben, a Prussian general who fought on the American side in the American Revolutionary War, though it is not pronounced the same (German: [fɔn ˈʃtɔʏbn̩]). The county is part of the Southern Tier region of the state.

Steuben County comprises the Corning, NY micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Elmira-Corning, NY combined statistical area.
International Narcotics Control Board
The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is an independent treaty body, one of the four treaty-mandated bodies under international drug control law (alongside the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, UNODC on behalf of the Secretary-General, and the WHO).

The INCB is responsible for monitoring the control of substances pursuant to the three United Nations drug control conventions and for assisting Member States in their efforts to implement those conventions. It plays an important role in monitoring the production and trade of narcotics and psychotropics, as well as their availability for medical and scientific purposes, and in deciding which precursors should be regulated.

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of  1988 is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force. It provides additional legal mechanisms for enforcing the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Convention entered into force on November 11, 1990. As of June 2020, there are 191 Parties to the convention. These include 186 out of 193 United Nations member states (not Equatorial Guinea, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, or Tuvalu) and the Holy See, the European Union, the Cook Islands, Niue, and the State of Palestine.
João Goulart
João Belchior Marques Goulart (/ˈʒwaʊn/ ZHWOWN; Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒuˈɐ̃w bewkiˈɔʁ ˈmaʁkiz ɡuˈlaʁ]; 1 March 1919 – 6 December 1976), commonly known as Jango, was a Brazilian politician who served as the president of Brazil from 1961 until a military coup d'état deposed him in 1964. He was considered the last left-wing president of Brazil until Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in 2003.

Maria Thereza Goulart
Maria Thereza Fontella Goulart (born August 23, 1936) is the widow of the 24th president of Brazil, João Goulart, and served as First Lady during his presidency from 1961 until 1964, when he was deposed by a military-led coup d'état.
Black-capped woodland warbler
The black-capped woodland warbler (Phylloscopus herberti) is a leaf warbler species in the family Phylloscopidae; it was formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage.

It is native to the Western High Plateau, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

Leaf warbler
Leaf warblers are small insectivorous passerine birds belonging to the genus Phylloscopus.

Leaf warblers were formerly included in the Old World warbler family but are now considered to belong to the family Phylloscopidae, introduced in 2006. The family originally included the genus Seicercus, but all species have been moved to Phylloscopus in the most recent classification. Leaf warblers are active, constantly moving, often flicking their wings as they glean the foliage for insects along the branches of trees and bushes. They forage at various levels within forests, from the top canopy to the understorey. Most of the species are markedly territorial both in their summer and winter quarters. Most are greenish or brownish above and off-white or yellowish below. Compared to some other "warblers", their songs are very simple. Species breeding in temperate regions are usually strongly migratory.
Zilwaukee Township, Michigan
Zilwaukee Township is a civil township of Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 62 at the 2020 census, which ranks the township the fourth-least populated municipality in the state of Michigan after Pointe Aux Barques Township, Grand Island Township, and West Branch Township.

The city of Zilwaukee is southwest of the township, but the two are administered separately.  The township is home to the Crow Island State Game Area, which covers a large portion of the township's area.

Zilwaukee, Michigan
Zilwaukee is a city in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2020 census places the population at 1,534. The city is adjacent to and was created from Zilwaukee Township. It is the home of the Zilwaukee Bridge.
Sonamarg Tunnel
The Sonamarg Tunnel (Hindi: सोनमर्ग सुरंग)  is a 6.5-kilometre-long (4.0 mi) road tunnel connecting Gagangir and Sonamarg in Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It carries two lanes of National Highway 1. It bypasses a Z-shaped stretch of road, which used to be avalanche-prone and get blocked during the winter months due to heavy snowfall. However, now the tunnel provides all-weather connectivity to Sonamarg. It takes only 15 minutes to travel the 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi) long tunnel compared to hours over the previous zig-zag road.

Together with the adjacent Zoji-La Tunnel, this geostrategically important tunnel provides year-round all-weather connectivity to Baltal (Amarnath cave), Kargil and other places in Ladakh, enhances Indian military logistics and boosts tourism and local economy. It is one of 31 road tunnels, 20 in J&K and 11 in Ladakh, constructed at a combined cost of ₹1.4 lakh crore (~US$17.5 billion).

Ganderbal district
Ganderbal district, is an Indian-administered district in Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It was formed in 2007 and has 6 subdistricts (tehsils): Kangan, Ganderbal, Tullamulla, Wakura, Lar, and Gund.
Paul Needham (librarian)
Paul Needham (born 1943) is an American academic librarian. From 1998 to 2020, he worked at the Scheide Library at Princeton University. A Guggenheim Fellow and Bibliographical Society Gold Medallist, Needham has delivered the Sandars Readership in Bibliography at the University of Cambridge, the A. S. W. Rosenbach Lectures in Bibliography at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Lyell Lectures at the University of Oxford. His focus is on incunabula, the earliest printed books in Europe.

In his role as an expert on incunabula, Needham has assisted investigations into forgeries, including tracking down a stolen letter by Christopher Columbus and assisting Nick Wilding in exposing the forged early edition of Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius. Needham is also noted for his outspoken stance against the preservation and maintenance of anthropodermic books, or books bound in human skin, and is one of the most prominent voices in the rare book world against their upkeep.

Lyell Lectures
The Lyell Readership in Bibliography is an endowed annual lecture series given at the University of Oxford. Instituted in 1952 by a bequest from the solicitor, book collector and bibliographer, James Patrick Ronaldson Lyell. After Lyell's death, Keeper of the Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, Richard William Hunt, writing of the Lyell bequest noted, "he was a self-taught bibliophile and scholar of extraordinary enthusiasm and discrimination, and one who deserves to be remembered not only by Oxford but by the whole bibliographical world."

The series has continued down to the present day.

Together with the Panizzi Lectures at the British Library and the Sandars Lectures at Cambridge University, it is considered one of the major British bibliographical lecture series.
Manasella Neene
Manasella Neene (transl. You are all over my heart) is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language romance film directed by Mugur Sundar, a choreographer marking his debut in film direction. The film stars his youngest son Nagendra Prasad and Gayathri Raguram (in her Kannada debut) with Ananth Nag and Srinath in supporting roles. This film is the remake of the Telugu film Manasantha Nuvve (2001).

Gayathri Raguram
Gayathri Raguram (born 22 April 1984) is an Indian politician and deputy secretary of the AIADMK women's wing. She is also a retired choreographer and actress who has worked in the South Indian film industry.