hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Precursor cell
In cell biology, precursor cells—also called blast cells—are partially differentiated, or intermediate, and are sometimes referred to as progenitor cells. A precursor cell is a stem cell with the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type, meaning they are unipotent stem cells. In embryology, precursor cells are a group of cells that later differentiate into one organ. However, progenitor cells are considered multipotent.

Due to their contribution to the development of various organs and cancers, precursor and progenitor cells have many potential uses in medicine. There is ongoing research on using these cells to build heart valves, blood vessels, and other tissues by using blood and muscle precursor cells.

Cell potency
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.
The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency.
RFA Bayleaf (A109)
RFA Bayleaf (A109) was a Leaf-class support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom, which served with the fleet for 30 years, tasked with providing fuel, food, fresh water, ammunition and other supplies to Royal Navy vessels around the world.

She was involved in the Falklands War in 1982, the Gulf War in 1991, and from January 2003 to April 2003 she was deployed for Operation Telic (Op TELIC), the codename for the United Kingdom's military operations in Iraq. Bayleaf had three Leaf-class sisters Oakleaf, Brambleleaf and Orangeleaf and all four were originally designed as commercial tankers and underwent major conversions to bring them up to RFA standards and equip them for naval support.

She was the third Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel to bear the name.

RFA Orangeleaf (A110)
RFA Orangeleaf was a Leaf-class fleet support tanker of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), the naval auxiliary fleet of the United Kingdom, and which served with the fleet for over 30 years, tasked with providing fuel, food, fresh water, ammunition and other supplies to Royal Navy and allied naval vessels around the world.

She was used by the RFA in the Falklands War in 1982, but she was then known as MV Balder London. From January 2003 to April 2003 Orangeleaf was deployed for Operation Telic, the codename for the United Kingdom's military operations in Iraq. She had three Leaf-class sisters Oakleaf, Brambleleaf and Bayleaf and all four were originally designed as commercial tankers and underwent major conversions to bring them up to RFA standards and equip them for naval support.

She was the third Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel to bear the name.
Backworth
Backworth is a village in the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside in the county of Tyne and Wear, England, about 3+1⁄2 miles (6 km) west of Whitley Bay on the north east coast. It lies 5 miles (8 km) northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne. Other nearby towns include North Shields to the southeast, Wallsend to the south, and Cramlington to the northwest.

Backworth is often recognised to include Backworth Village, Castle Park Estate and Moorside Estate.

The hamlets of West Holywell and East Holywell lie to the northeast of Backworth. Shiremoor lies to the South-East and Earsdon to the East.

Shiremoor
Shiremoor is a village in Tyne and Wear, Northern England. It is in the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside and formerly governed under Northumberland. In the 2011 census, it was included in the Tynemouth area of Tyneside. It is near the North East Green Belt, which surrounds Tyneside, Wearside and Durham. It is located around 3+1⁄2 miles (5.5 kilometres) from Whitley Bay.

It was built for miners of local colliery pits. The village is made up of smaller areas which were built there in the 20th and 21st centuries. The oldest two areas of the village are Bertram Grange and Old Shiremoor. Park Estate, Leeches Estate, and Shiremoor centre were built later as the village expanded. It has a population of 4,782. In the early 2000s, Northumberland Park was built: this area, Backworth and West Allotment are all in Shiremoor.
Constitution of Venezuela (1947)
The Constitution of Venezuela of 1947 was approved on July 5, 1947, by a Constituent Assembly, which repealed the 1936 Constitution reformed in 1945 by the government of Isaías Medina Angarita. It is considered as the first truly democratic constitution of the country, because it established for the first time the direct and universal free election, establishing women's suffrage for the first time in a Venezuelan constitution, the illiterate and all those over 18 years of age.

Constitution of Venezuela (1936)
The Constitution of Venezuela of 1936 was approved on July 16, 1936, during the presidency of Eleazar López Contreras. Its importance is centered on being the first political constitution of the State after the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez. Although it put an end to the personalist character of its predecessors, at the beginning it had more restrictive characteristics than the seven Gómez constitutions. This changed on April 23, 1945, when President Isaías Medina Angarita promoted a reform, deepening the democratization process that had begun in 1936. On October 18, 1945, a coup d'état planned by the military sector and supported by Democratic Action overthrew Medina. The new Revolutionary Government Junta called for constituent elections in 1946. This led to the approval of the 1947 Constitution, which repealed the 1936 Constitution.
Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe
Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe (or, informally,  Commando Cody) is a 1953 twelve-chapter movie serial from Republic Pictures, which began life as a proposed syndicated television series. It consists of twelve 25-minute sequential episodes directed by Harry Keller, Franklin Adreon, and Fred C. Brannon. It stars Judd Holdren, Aline Towne, Gregory Gaye, William Schallert, Richard Crane, and Craig Kelly.

Originally intended to be broadcast on television as a 12-episode weekly series, Sky Marshal was first released theatrically in 1953 as a 12-chapter weekly serial; it was syndicated to television on NBC in 1955. The Commando Cody character was first introduced in Republic's earlier serial Radar Men from the Moon (1952), with actor George Wallace in the title role. Judd Holdren was to play the Commando Cody character in Zombies of the Stratosphere (also 1952), but his character was renamed "Larry Martin" for that serial.

Radar Men from the Moon
Radar Men from the Moon is  a 1952 Republic Pictures' 12-chapter movie serial, the first Commando Cody serial starring newcomer George Wallace as Cody, Aline Towne as his sidekick Joan Gilbert, and serial veteran Roy Barcroft as the evil Retik, the Ruler of the Moon. The director was Fred C. Brannon, with a screenplay by Ronald Davidson, and special effects by the Lydecker brothers. This serial recycles the flying sequences from Republic's earlier 1949 serial King of the Rocket Men. It was later released by Republic in 1966 as the 100-minute television film Retik the Moon Menace.

The odd naming choice of the serial's main hero, "Commando Cody," was possibly an attempt by Republic to make young audiences think they were seeing another adventure of Commander Corry, the hero of the popular ABC TV and radio series Space Patrol (1950–1955). However, there is no surviving evidence that this was a consideration by anyone at Republic.
Roger Y. Tsien
Roger Yonchien Tsien (Chinese: 錢永健; February 1, 1952 – August 24, 2016) was an American biochemist. He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, in collaboration with organic chemist Osamu Shimomura and neurobiologist Martin Chalfie. Tsien was also a pioneer of calcium imaging.

Martin Chalfie
Martin Lee Chalfie (born January 15, 1947) is an American scientist.  He is University Professor at Columbia University. He shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP". He holds a PhD in neurobiology from Harvard University.
Sunrise Mall (Brownsville, Texas)
Sunrise Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Brownsville, Texas, United States. It was opened in March 5 1979, only five years after the town's other mall, Amigoland Mall. Sunrise Mall features more than 100 stores, including three anchor stores Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, and JCPenney, as well as a food court and a Cinemark movie theater. The mall is managed by CBL & Associates.

Brownsville ITEC Center
Brownsville ITEC Center is a tech center in Brownsville, Texas. The building was previously an enclosed shopping mall called Amigoland Mall.

The 647,000-square-foot (60,100 m2) mall, developed by Melvin Simon & Associates (now Simon Property Group), opened in downtown Brownsville in 1974, with Montgomery Ward, JCPenney (which also featured a JCPenney Supermarket), and Dillard's as anchors. Other early tenants included McCrory Stores, Walgreens, and a two-screen movie theater. It later gained Bealls as an additional anchor.

In 1999, both JCPenney and Dillard's relocated to nearby Sunrise Mall. The loss of these stores caused declining traffic at Amigoland. The bankruptcy of Montgomery Ward in 2000 left the older mall devoid of anchors and shortly afterward, the mall was shuttered.

In 2002, the vacant mall was converted to classrooms and a tech center for Texas Southmost College.
Cornelio Sozzini
Cornelio Sozzini (died c. 1586) was an Italian humanist and early Unitarian. He was one of the sons of the law professor Lelio Sozzini.

Cornelio was raised mostly in Padua where his father Marcantonio Sozzini, or Mariano Sozzini, was a law professor. With his brother Lelio Sozzini he spent most of his adult life in Bologna, eventually leaving since "heretics" were safer in Switzerland.

Lelio Sozzini
Lelio Francesco Maria Sozzini (Italian: [ˈlɛːljo franˈtʃesko maˈriːa sotˈtsiːni]; 29 January 1525 – 4 May 1562), often known in English by his Latinized name Laelius Socinus (/ˈliːliəs soʊˈsaɪnəs/ LEE-lee-əs soh-SY-nəs), was an Italian Renaissance humanist and theologian, and, alongside his nephew Fausto Sozzini, founder of the Nontrinitarian Christian belief system known as Socinianism. His doctrine was developed among the Polish Brethren in the Polish Reformed Church between the 16th and 17th centuries, and embraced by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania during the same period.
Clarksville, Tennessee
Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, United States, its county seat, and only incorporated municipality. The city had a population of 166,722 as of the 2020 census, making it the fifth-most populous city in Tennessee. It is the principal city of the Clarksville metropolitan area, which consists of Montgomery and Stewart counties in Tennessee and Christian and Trigg counties in Kentucky.

The city was founded in 1785 and incorporated in 1807, and named for General George Rogers Clark, frontier fighter and Revolutionary War hero, and brother of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Clarksville is the home of Austin Peay State University; The Leaf-Chronicle, the oldest newspaper in Tennessee; and neighbor to the Fort Campbell, United States Army post. The site of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell is located about 10 miles (16 km) from downtown Clarksville and straddles the Tennessee-Kentucky state line.

Clarksville metropolitan area
The Clarksville Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined by the United States Census Bureau as an area consisting of four counties – two (Montgomery and Stewart) in Tennessee and two (Christian and Trigg) in Kentucky – anchored by the city of Clarksville, Tennessee. The 2021 estimate placed the population at 329,864. As of 2020, the Clarksville Metropolitan Statistical Area was the 159th largest MSA in the United States.

Prior to 2003, the area was officially known as the Clarksville-Hopkinsville Metropolitan Statistical Area and included only Montgomery and Christian counties.  In 2003, Hopkinsville was removed from the official name as it was no longer considered a principal city. That year, Stewart and Trigg counties were also added to the MSA.
Otta, Norway
Ottaⓘ is a town in Sel Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The town is also the administrative centre of the municipality. The town is located at the confluence of the Gudbrandsdalslågen and Otta rivers. The European route E6 highway runs through the town. The Dovrebanen railway line also passes through the town, stopping at the Otta Station. The 2.17-square-kilometre (540-acre) town has a population (2024) of 2,322 and a population density of 1,070 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,800/sq mi).

The town is named after the Otta river. The first three tiers of Norwegian education are covered by its primary and secondary schools and the high school, Otta vidaregående skule. Otta also has a regional medical clinic. Otta is one of the few towns in Norway without a church in the town centre. The Sel Church is located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of the town centre, just outside the town proper.

Sel Municipality
Sel is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Otta. The municipality also includes several notable villages including Bjølstadmo, Dale, Høvringen, Nord-Sel, Sandbumoen, Sjoa, and Skogbygda.

The 905-square-kilometre (349 sq mi) municipality is the 130th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sel Municipality is the 171st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,623. The municipality's population density is 6.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (16/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Diocese of Pyay
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Pyay (Lat: Diocesis Pyayensis) is a suffragan diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in Burma, in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yangon (Rangoon), but like that depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Its Cathedral episcopal see is St. Paul’s Cathedral, in Pyay, Bago Region.

Archdiocese of Yangon
The Archdiocese of Yangon (Latin: Archidioecesis Yangonensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Myanmar. Charles Bo, SDB was appointed Archbishop of Yangon by Pope John Paul II on May 24, 2003.
New York State Route 156
New York State Route 156 (NY 156) is a state highway in Albany County, New York. NY 156 begins at a junction with NY 443 in the town of Berne. Serving the hamlet of Knox and the village of Altamont, NY 156 soon reaches the town of Voorheesville and ends at a junction with NY 85A.

New York State Route 443
New York State Route 443 (NY 443) is an east–west state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. The route begins at an intersection with NY 30 in the town of Schoharie and ends 33.44 miles (53.82 km) later at a junction with U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) and US 20 in the city of Albany. It ascends the Helderberg Escarpment in the towns of Berne and New Scotland. Within the town of Bethlehem and the city of Albany, NY 443 is known as Delaware Avenue.

NY 443 was originally designated as the Albany County portion of NY 43 in the 1920s, but the NY 43 designation was truncated to Rensselaer in the early 1970s. The portion of NY 43 west of Madison Avenue in Albany was then redesignated as NY 443. Many of the reference markers along NY 443 bear the number "43" instead.
Point Defiance–Tahlequah ferry
The Point Defiance–Tahlequah ferry is a ferry route across Puget Sound between the Point Defiance ferry terminal in Tacoma and Tahlequah, Washington, on the southern tip of Vashon Island.  Since 1951 the only ferries employed on the route have belonged to the Washington state ferry system, currently the largest ferry system in the United States.  Point Defiance-Tahlequah is the shortest route in the system.

Point Defiance Park
Point Defiance Park in Tacoma, Washington, United States, is a large urban park. The 760-acre (3.1 km2) park includes Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, the Rose Garden, Rhododendron Garden, beaches, trails, a boardwalk, a boathouse, a Washington State Ferries ferry dock for the Point Defiance-Tahlequah route to Vashon Island, Fort Nisqually, an off-leash dog park, and most notably about 400 acres of old-growth forest. It receives more than three million visitors every year. Point Defiance Park is maintained and operated by Metro Parks Tacoma.
Enfield Island Village
Enfield Island Village is a modern housing development in the Enfield Lock area of Enfield, north London. It was built between 1997 and 2003 on land previously occupied by the Royal Small Arms Factory.

The land formed part of Waltham Abbey until 1 April 1994, when it was transferred from the Epping Forest District of Essex to the London Borough of Enfield in Greater London.

Royal Small Arms Factory
The Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF), also known by the metonym Enfield, was a UK government-owned rifle factory in Enfield, adjoining the Lee Navigation in the Lea Valley. Some parts were in Waltham Abbey. The factory produced British military rifles, muskets and swords from 1816. It closed in 1988, but some of its work was transferred to other sites.

The factory designed and manufactured many famous British Army weapons including the Lee–Enfield rifles which were standard equipment during both World Wars.
Tommy Wiseau
Thomas Pierre Wiseau (/wɪˈzoʊ/ wiz-OH or /ˈwaɪzoʊ/ WY-zoh; born Tomasz Wieczorkiewicz; born October 3, 1955) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is best-known for writing, producing, directing, and starring in the 2003 film The Room, which has been described by many critics as one of the worst films ever made and has gained cult status. He also co-directed the 2004 documentary Homeless in America and created the 2015 sitcom The Neighbors.

Many details about Wiseau's personal life (including his age, source of wealth, and background) remain unknown to the general public, with conflicting details leading to fan speculation and various conflicting reports. The 2013 non-fiction book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero, as well as its 2017 film adaptation, chronicles the making of The Room, intertwined with Wiseau's life behind the scenes.

Greg Sestero
Greg Sestero (born July 15, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, model and author. He is best known for his role as Mark in the 2003 cult film The Room, as well as for his well-received memoir The Disaster Artist, detailing his experiences making The Room, which was itself later adapted into a 2017 film.
Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
In mathematical physics, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold, also called a semi-Riemannian manifold, is a differentiable manifold with a metric tensor that is everywhere nondegenerate.  This is a generalization of a Riemannian manifold in which the requirement of positive-definiteness is relaxed.

Every tangent space of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a pseudo-Euclidean vector space.

A special case used in general relativity is a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold for modeling spacetime, where tangent vectors can be classified as timelike, null, and spacelike.

Pseudo-Euclidean space
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a pseudo-Euclidean space of signature (k, n − k) is a finite-dimensional real n-space together with a non-degenerate quadratic form q. Such a quadratic form can, given a suitable choice of basis (e1, ..., en), be applied to a vector x = x1e1 + ⋯ + xnen, giving
 which is called the scalar square of the vector x.: 3

For Euclidean spaces, k = n, implying that the quadratic form is positive-definite. When 0 < k < n, q is an isotropic quadratic form. Note that if 1 ≤ i ≤ k < j ≤ n, then q(ei + ej) = 0, so that ei + ej is a null vector. In a pseudo-Euclidean space with k < n, unlike in a Euclidean space, there exist vectors with negative scalar square.

As with the term Euclidean space, the term pseudo-Euclidean space may be used to refer to an affine space or a vector space depending on the author, with the latter alternatively being referred to as a pseudo-Euclidean vector space (see Point–vector distinction).
Bell Cottage ruin
The Bell Cottage ruin is a State Register of Heritage Places-listed ruined Victorian Georgian style cottage in East Rockingham, Western Australia. The ruin is on one of the earliest land grants in the Rockingham area and is one of the oldest structures in the area. It is associated with the Bell family, especially James and Jane Bell, early pioneers in the region. Jane Bell gained public attention in 1840 after the death of her child, conceived after being raped; she was incarcerated for two years on Rottnest Island. In 1876 James Bell was an eyewitness to the Fenian escape from Fremantle Gaol and raised the alarm.

The cottage is part of the East Rockingham Heritage Precinct, which also includes other State Register of Heritage Places, such as the Chesterfield Inn, Hymus House and Day Cottage.

Hymus House
Hymus House is a State Register of Heritage Places-listed Victorian bungalow style house in East Rockingham, Western Australia.

The building is part of the East Rockingham Heritage Precinct, which also includes other State Register of Heritage Places, such as the Chesterfield Inn, Day Cottage and the Bell Cottage ruin.
Harris Academy Chafford Hundred
Harris Academy Chafford Hundred (formerly Chafford Hundred Campus Business and Enterprise College) is a secondary school and sixth form with academy status located in Chafford Hundred in the borough of Thurrock within the commuter belt of London, England, United Kingdom.  The building was designed by Nicholas Hare Architects. Previously a comprehensive school, it became an academy on 1 October 2011.

Harris Academy Chafford Hundred is closely linked to Harris Primary Chafford Hundred, Harris Mayflower, and the newer Harris Academy Riverside and Harris Academy Ockendon, sharing executive principals and teaching staff. Before the Riverside building was completed in 2019, Chafford Hundred hosted the establishing school.

Harris Academy Riverside
Harris Academy Riverside is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Purfleet in the Thurrock unitary authority, Essex, England. Purfleet is bordered by the A13 road to the north and the River Thames to the south and is within the easternmost part of the M25 motorway but just outside the Greater London boundary. As its name suggests, the school is on the riverside, but separated from the water by a railway line.

The school was established in 2017 but moved into a new dedicated building in 2019.
Benjamin Tasker Jr.
Colonel Benjamin Tasker Jr. (February 14, 1720–21 – October 17, 1760) was a politician and slave trader in colonial Maryland, and Mayor of Annapolis from 1754 to 1755. He was the son of Benjamin Tasker Sr., Provincial Governor of Maryland from 1752 to 1753.

Benjamin Tasker Sr.
Benjamin Tasker Sr. (c. 1690 – June 19, 1768) was the 21st Proprietary Governor of Maryland from 1752 to 1753.
He also occupied a number of other significant colonial offices, including, on various occasions, being elected Mayor of Annapolis.