hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Red belt (martial arts)
A red belt is one of several colored belts used in some martial arts to either denote rank or differentiate opponents in a competition. Like the more commonly known black belt, its use varies between arts, with most using it for the style founder, grandmaster or other high rank, while others use it as the rank immediately prior to a black belt or even to denote a beginner who holds no rank. In some schools, especially those with lineage related to Kodokan judo, a red belt signifies ninth or tenth degree dan rank, the highest ranks attainable.

Black belt
In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is associated with expertise, but may indicate only competence, depending on the martial art. The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s.
Alivardi Khan
Alivardi Khan (1676 – 9 April 1756) was the fourth Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756. He toppled the Nasiri dynasty of Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Khan in 1740 and assumed power himself.

During much of his reign Alivardi encountered frequent Maratha raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, culminating in the surrender of the province of Orissa in a peace settlement in 1751. He also faced separatist rebellions in Bihar as well as a revolt from his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were suppressed.

Alivardi spent the latter part of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron of the arts and resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He maintained a politically neutral stance with the European powers in the subcontinent and prevented any infighting amongst them in his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Siraj-ud-Daulah
Mir Syed Jafar Ali Khan Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah (1733 – 2 July 1757), commonly known as Siraj-ud-Daulah or Siraj ud-Daula, was the last independent Nawab of the Bengal Subah. The end of his reign marked the start of the rule of the East India Company over Bengal and later almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23. Betrayed by Mir Jafar, the commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. The forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive invaded and the administration of Bengal fell into the hands of the company.
WDMK
WDMK (105.9 FM, "105.9 Kiss-FM") is a commercial radio station licensed to Detroit, Michigan, United States. Owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, it broadcasts an urban adult contemporary format. The studios and offices are on Radio Plaza in Ferndale.

The station's transmitter is on Greenfield Road south of 10 Mile Road in the Detroit suburb of Oak Park. WDMK broadcasts in HD Radio: the HD-2 digital subchannel has an urban gospel format known as "The Detroit Praise Network" which is relayed over two FM translators: W252BX (98.3 FM) and W260CB (99.9 FM), both in Detroit.

W260CB
W260CB (99.9 FM, "The Detroit Praise Network") is a radio translator in Detroit, Michigan. Owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, it relays an urban gospel format broadcast by WDMK-HD2, which, along with the 99.9 FM signal of W260CB is also simulcast on W252BX 98.3 FM. The stations are collectively branded as The Detroit Praise Network.
Paraguay River
The Paraguay River (Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Río Paraguay in Spanish) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil and Paraguay and forming parts of the Paraguay-Argentina, Brazil-Bolivia, and Brazil-Paraguay borders. It flows about 2,621 kilometres (1,629 mi) from its headwaters in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to its confluence with the Paraná River north of Corrientes and Resistencia.

Paraná River
The Paraná River (Portuguese: Rio Paraná [ˈʁi.u paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Spanish: Río Paraná [ˈri.o paɾaˈna] ⓘ; Guarani: Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some 4,880 kilometres (3,030 mi). Among South American rivers, it is second in length only to the Amazon River. It merges with the Paraguay River and then farther downstream with the Uruguay River to form the Río de la Plata and empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

The first European to go up the Paraná River was the Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot, in 1526, while working for Spain.

A drought hit the river in 2021, causing a 77-year low.
Lands of Brownmuir
The lands of Brownmuir, Brown Muir (1832) or Brimmer (1821) in Scots were located in the Parish of Beith, at the western boundary between East Renfrewshire and North Ayrshire, Scotland. The settlements of Brownmuir and Rakerfield were part of the old Brownmuir Estate. Brownmuir or Brimmer Hill at  feet is a prominent eminence in the parish and it overlooks the area with Lochlands Hill and Cuff Hill relatively nearby. The old estate of Threepwood lay to the east.

Lands of Threepwood
The lands of Threepwood were located in the Parish of Beith, at the eastern boundary between East Renfrewshire and North Ayrshire, Scotland. The settlements of Midtown, Townhead and Townend were part of the old Threepwood Estate. Cuffhill at 675 feet is the highest eminence in the parish and it overlooks the area with Little Hill and Cuff Hill and Little Hill plantations nearby, now situated next to the entirely artificial Cuffhill Reservoir.
Gosnold, Massachusetts
Gosnold is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. At the 2020 census, the town population was 70, making it the least populous town in Massachusetts. Gosnold encompasses the Elizabeth Islands and most residents live in the island-village of Cuttyhunk. Most of Gosnold is privately owned by the Forbes family, except for the islands of Cuttyhunk and Penikese.

Penikese Island
Penikese Island is a 75-acre (0.117 mi2) island off the coast of Massachusetts, United States, in Buzzards Bay. It is one of the Elizabeth Islands, which make up the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts.  Penikese is located near the west end of the Elizabeth island chain.
131st Regiment (XPCC)
The 131st Regiment of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (新疆生产建设兵团第131团), also known as the 131th Regiment of the XPCC (兵团131团), together with its reclamation area, commonly known as the 131st Regiment Farm (兵团131团场), is an economic and paramilitary formed unit that is part of the 7th Division (兵团第七师). The Regiment is headquartered at Junggar Road (准噶尔路) in Kuytun City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is composed of 21 agriculture construction companies. As of 2010 census, its population was 24,154.

The 131th Regiment is located in the territories of Kuytun and Wusu cities. It is bordered by Kuytun River to the west, and to the south by the southwestern edge of Jungger Basin on the northern side of Tianshan. The regiment has plain farming areas and mountain pastures. It has an area of 779.846 square kilometers, of which 644.5767 square kilometers are in Kuytun and 129.2687 square kilometers in Wusu.

Kuytun
Kuytun (Uyghur: كۈيتۇن) or Kuitun (Chinese: 奎屯) is a county-level city with about 285,000 residents (2000 census) in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. Kuitun is located between Wusu and Shihezi on the railway from Ürümqi to Kazakhstan, close to a desert.

Kuytun has historically been associated with the 7th Xinjiang Agriculture Construction Division (兵团第七师), which ran the city until 1975 but still administers its Tianbei New Area.

Local industries include food processing and textile industries, as well as Kuitun Power Plant.
B. V. Nagarathna
Bangalore Venkataramiah Nagarathna (née Engalaguppe, born 30 October 1962) is an Indian jurist who has served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India since 2021. She served as a judge of the Karnataka High Court from 2008 to 2021. Her father, Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah, was the Chief Justice of India in 1989.

She gained public attention in 2009 after being forcibly detained within the Karnataka High Court premises by a group of protesting lawyers. She has delivered a number of significant judgments relating to commercial and constitutional law in Karnataka.

She will be the first woman CJI in 2027. However, her tenure will only span 36 days.

E. S. Venkataramiah
Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah (18 December 1924 – 24 September 1997) was the 19th Chief Justice of India, serving from 19 June 1989 until his retirement on 17 December 1989. He began his legal career in 1946, and was appointed as a judge of Karnataka High Court in November 1970.

On 8  March 1979, he was appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in June 1989. He was the first judge from Karnataka to become the Chief Justice of India. Over the course of his Supreme Court tenure, Venkataramiah authored 256 judgments and sat on 720 benches. He died of a heart attack on 24 September 1997.

He also served as Advocate General for the Mysore State (now Karnataka) from March to June 1970.

His daughter B. V. Nagarathna is a sitting judge in the Supreme Court & set to become CJI in Oct. 2027.
Serpentiles
Serpentiles is the name coined by Kurt N. Van Ness for the hexagonal tiles used in various edge-matching puzzle connection abstract strategy games, such as Psyche-Paths, Kaliko, and Tantrix. For each tile, one to three colors are used to draw paths linking the six sides together in various configurations. Each side is connected to another side by a specific path route and color. Gameplay generally proceeds so that players take turns laying down tiles. During each turn, a tile is laid adjacent to existing tiles so that colored paths are contiguous across tile edges.

Serpentiles is also the name of a single-player puzzle connection game developed by Brett J. Gilbert and published by ThinkFun in 2008. The Serpentiles (2008) game includes square (1×1) and rectangular (2×1) tiles and challenge cards which provide a list of tiles that should be arranged to make a contiguous path.

Connection game
A connection game is a type of abstract strategy game in which players attempt to complete a specific type of connection with their pieces. This could involve forming a path between two or more endpoints, completing a closed loop, or connecting all of one's pieces so they are adjacent to each other. Connection games typically have simple rules, but complex strategies. They have minimal components and may be played as board games, computer games, or even paper-and-pencil games.

In many connection games, the goal is to connect two opposite sides of the board. In these games, players take turns placing or moving pieces until one player has a continuous line of pieces connecting their two sides of the playing area. Hex, TwixT, and PÜNCT are typical examples of this type of game.
Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana
The Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana is a four-volume etymological dictionary of Spanish compiled by the Catalan philologist Joan Corominas (1905-1997), and first published by Francke Verlag in Bern, Switzerland, in 1954.

Its publication was followed in 1961 by that of a single-volume abridged version (Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana), and in the 1980s by a six-volume revised and expanded version (retitled Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico).

This dictionary was praised for its ambitious approach, its exhaustive coverage of the material, its meticulous documentation, and its unprecedented candor about the unknown. As Josep Pla said: "... I have the feeling that is one of the hardest works in the country, done with a safe, rhythmic and continuous effort.. The Critical & etymological Dictionary is what it has been left behind a lonely, restless lifetime of effort...".

Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana
Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana (in English, Brief etymological dictionary of the Spanish language) is an etymological dictionary compiled by the Catalan philologist Joan Corominas (1905–1997), and first published in 1961—with revised editions in 1967, 1973, 1993, and 2008—by Gredos in Madrid.

This work has received high marks from critics in the field of Romance philology, and its author has been recognized with the highest honors of Spanish civil society, such as the Premio Nacional de las Letras Españolas, in 1989, which was for the entirety of his work, including both Spanish and Catalan dictionaries.
Kris Murray
Kristopher James Murray (born August 19, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Iowa Hawkeyes of the Big Ten Conference from 2020 to 2023. He was first-team All-Big Ten in his final year with the Hawkeyes. He is the twin brother of basketball player Keegan Murray, who plays for the Sacramento Kings.

Keegan Murray
Keegan Mitchell Murray (born August 19, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Iowa Hawkeyes before he was selected fourth overall by the Sacramento Kings in the 2022 NBA draft. He is the twin brother of Kris Murray.
Japananus
Japananus is a genus of leafhoppers of the subfamily Deltocephalinae. Six species are currently placed in the genus, all native to Asia and typically feeding on Acer species. One species, J. hyalinus, has spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Australia with the trade in cultivated maples.

Japananus hyalinus
Japananus hyalinus, the Japanese maple leafhopper, is a species of leafhopper of the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Opsiini (formerly placed in tribe Scaphytopiini). Believed to be native to eastern Asia, it has been carried with the trade in cultivated maples and is now widely found in Europe, North America and Australia.
Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine
Dorothea of Denmark and Norway (10 November 1520 – 31 May 1580) was a Danish, Norwegian and Swedish princess and an electress of the Palatinate as the wife of Elector Frederick II of the Palatinate. She was a claimant to the Danish, Norwegian and Swedish thrones and titular monarch in 1559–1561.

Frederick II, Elector Palatine
Frederick II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (9 December 1482 – 26 February 1556), also Frederick the Wise, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Prince-elector of the Palatinate from 1544 to 1556, and pretender to the Norwegian Throne from 1535 to 1556.

The Kurfürst-Friedrich-Gymnasium in Heidelberg is named after him.
Wars of Castro
The Wars of Castro were a series of conflicts during the mid-17th century revolving around the ancient city of Castro (located in present-day Lazio, Italy), which eventually resulted in the city's destruction on 2 September 1649.  The conflict was a result of a power struggle between the papacy – represented by members of two deeply entrenched Roman families and their popes, the Barberini and Pope Urban VIII and the Pamphili and Pope Innocent X – and the Farnese dukes of Parma, who controlled Castro and its surrounding territories as the Duchy of Castro.

Pamphili family
The House of Pamphili (often with the final long i orthography, Pamphilj) was one of the papal families deeply entrenched in Catholic Church, Roman and Italian politics of the 16th and 17th centuries.

Later, the Pamphili family line merged with the Doria and Landi family lines to form the Doria-Pamphili-Landi family line.
Tom Mitford
Major Thomas David Freeman-Mitford (2 January 1909 – 30 March 1945) was a British Army officer best known for being the only son of the 2nd Baron Redesdale and only brother of the Mitford sisters.

During the Second World War, Mitford joined the British Army, and was initially deployed to Italy and North Africa. A Nazi sympathizer, Mitford was sent to fight in the Pacific after saying he did not want to fight against Germany. He was killed in action in 1945.

David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale
David Bertram Ogilvy Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (13 March 1878 – 17 March 1958), was a British peer, soldier, and landowner. He was the father of the Mitford sisters, in whose various novels and memoirs he is depicted.
Diocese of Luiza
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Luiza (Latin: Ludovican(us)) is a diocese located in the territory of Luiza in the ecclesiastical province of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

On January 3, 2014, Pope Francis accepted the resignation of Luiza's bishop, Léonard Kasanda Lumembu and appointed as his successor Félicien Mwanama Galumbulula, a former university professor who was second secretary of the Episcopal Conference of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (CENCO) from 2008 to 2014. He was installed on March 23, 2014.

Archdiocese of Kananga
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kananga (Latin: Archidioecesis Kanangana) is the Metropolitan See for the ecclesiastical province of Kananga in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The episcopal cathedral is the Cathédrale Saint Joseph Mikalayi in Kazumba. The Pro-cathédrale Saint Clément is in Kananga.
2012 WSA World Series
The WSA World Series 2012 is a series of women's squash tournaments which are part of the Women's Squash Association (WSA) World Tour for the 2012 squash season. The WSA World Series tournaments are some of the most prestigious events on the women's tour. The best-performing players in the World Series events qualify for the annual 2012 WSA World Series Finals tournament. Nicol David won her second WSA World Series Squash Finals trophy, beating Laura Massaro in the final.

2012 WSA World Tour
The WSA World Tour 2012 is the international squash tour and organized circuit, organized by the Women's Squash Association (WSA) for the 2012 squash season. The most important tournament in the series is the World Open held in Cayman Island. The tour features three categories of regular events, the World Series, which features the highest prize money and the best fields, Gold and Silver tournaments. The Tour is concluded by the WSA World Series Finals, the end of season championship for the top 8 rated players.
Tahmasp II's campaign of 1731
The campaign of 1731 was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus which ended in a disastrous defeat with all of Nader's gains during the previous year being lost. The result of this particular military catastrophe was still overturned with Nader's return from the east but would have much more significant impact on the Safavid dynasty itself as Tahmasp II sealed his own fate by initiating this ill fated expedition.

Western Iran campaign of 1730
Nader's Western Iran campaign of 1730 was his first against perhaps his most formidable of adversaries, namely the Ottomans, where he proved triumphant in conquest. The great successes of his expedition, however, were rendered null when Shah Tahmasp II decided to take personal command of the theatre in Nader's absence, forcing a furious Nader to return and rectify the situation after forcing Tahmasp's abdication in favour of his infant son Abbas III.
Edict of Amboise (1560)
The Edict of Amboise (1560) was a decree that created the framework to separate heresy from sedition, promulgated by the young king Francis II on the advice of his council and mother Catherine de' Medici. The edict was the first promulgated in France that lessened the persecution of Huguenots through the provision of amnesty for past religious crimes on the condition the offender returned to the Catholic fold. The edict was published during the Amboise conspiracy whilst the royal court was resident in the Château d'Amboise and their authority over France was shaken. It would be superseded first by the Edict of Romorantin in May of the same year, then the Edict of July and finally the Edict of Saint-Germain.

Edict of July
The Edict of July, also known as the first Edict of Saint-Germain was a decree of limited tolerance promulgated by the regent of France, Catherine de' Medici, in July 1561. Whilst it emphasised a continued commitment to banning Huguenot worship in France, it granted pardon for all religious offenses since the reign of Henry II, who had died two years earlier, which was a victory for the Protestant community. A further Protestant victory was in the reaffirmation of the removal of the death penalty for heresy cases. The edict would be overtaken by events, and ultimately left unenforced as France moved first to the landmark Edict of Saint-Germain and then into the Wars of Religion.
Henry Dymsha
Heinrich Kleofasovich Dymsha (Russian: Ге́нрих Клеофа́сович Ды́мша; 1856 Rushoni Kapinsky volost Vitebsk Governorate – September 1918) was a Polish landowner and deputy of the State Duma of the II convocation from Vitebsk Governorate.

He was the brother of Lubomir Dymsha, a deputy of the State Duma from Sedletskaya guberniya.

Lubomir Dymsha
Lyubomir Kleofasovich (Petrovich) Dymsha (Russian: Любоми́р Клеофа́сович (Петро́вич) Ды́мша  1860–1915) – a lawyer, a member of the State Duma of the Russian Empire from Siedlce Governorate. Pole, Roman Catholic faith, hereditary nobleman of the Kovno Governorate, State Counselor.
DNS over HTTPS
DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is a protocol for performing remote Domain Name System (DNS) resolution via the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle attacks by using the HTTPS protocol to encrypt the data between the DoH client and the DoH-based DNS resolver. By March 2018,  Google and the Mozilla Foundation had started testing versions of DNS over HTTPS. In February 2020, Firefox switched to DNS over HTTPS by default for users in the United States. In May 2020, Chrome switched to DNS over HTTPS by default.

An alternative to DoH is the DNS over TLS (DoT) protocol, a similar standard for encrypting DNS queries, differing only in the methods used for encryption and delivery. Based on privacy and security, whether either protocol is superior is a matter of debate, while others argue that the merits of either depend on the specific use case.

DNS over TLS
DNS over TLS (DoT) is a network security protocol for encrypting and wrapping Domain Name System (DNS) queries and answers via the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. The goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data via man-in-the-middle attacks. The well-known port number for DoT is 853.

While DNS over TLS is applicable to any DNS transaction, it was first standardized for use between stub or forwarding resolvers and recursive resolvers, in RFC 7858 in May of 2016. Subsequent IETF efforts specify the use of DoT between recursive and authoritative servers ("Authoritative DNS over TLS" or "ADoT") and a related implementation between authoritative servers (Zone Transfer-over-TLS or "xfr-over-TLS").