hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Intonation (linguistics)
In linguistics, intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight or focus an expression, to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow of discourse. For example, the English question "Does Maria speak Spanish or French?" is interpreted as a yes-or-no question when it is uttered with a single rising intonation contour, but is interpreted as an alternative question when uttered with a rising contour on "Spanish" and a falling contour on "French". Although intonation is primarily a matter of pitch variation, its effects almost always work hand-in-hand with other prosodic features. Intonation is distinct from tone, the phenomenon where pitch is used to distinguish words (as in Mandarin) or to mark grammatical features (as in Kinyarwanda).

Focus (linguistics)
In linguistics, focus (abbreviated FOC) is a grammatical category that conveys the part of the sentence that contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. In the English sentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus is expressed prosodically by a pitch accent on "Bill", which identifies him as the only person whom Mary insulted. By contrast, in the sentence "Mary only INSULTED Bill", the verb "insult" is focused and thus expresses that Mary performed no other actions towards Bill. Focus is a cross-linguistic phenomenon and a major field of study in linguistics. Research on focus spans numerous subfields including phonetics, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
American Enterprise Institute
The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a center-right think tank based in Washington, D.C., that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare. AEI is an independent nonprofit organization supported primarily by contributions from foundations, corporations, and individuals.

Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with conservatism. AEI advocates in favor of private enterprise, limited government, and democratic capitalism. It is governed by a 29-member Board of Trustees. Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI. Arthur C. Brooks served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019. He was succeeded by Robert Doar.

Arthur C. Brooks
Arthur Charles Brooks (born May 21, 1964) is an American author and academic.

Since 2019, Brooks has served as the Parker Gilbert Montgomery Professor of the Practice of Nonprofit and Public Leadership at the Harvard Kennedy School and at the Harvard Business School as a Professor of Management Practice and Faculty Fellow. Previously, Brooks served as the 11th President of the American Enterprise Institute. He is the author of thirteen books, including Build the Life You Want: The Art and Science of Getting Happier with co-author Oprah Winfrey (2023), From Strength to Strength: Finding Success, Happiness and Deep Purpose in the Second Half of Life (2022), Love Your Enemies (2019), The Conservative Heart (2015), and The Road to Freedom (2012).  He is a columnist for The Free Press , a CBS News Contributor, and host of the podcast Office Hours with Arthur Brooks.
Scott McNeil
Scott McNeil is an Australian actor based in Canada, known for his live-action work as well as his roles in animation. His voice roles include Ace the Bat-Hound in Krypto the Superdog, Voltar in League of Super Evil, Jetfire, Backstop, Strongarm, Snarl and Omega Surpreme in The Unicron Trilogy, Rattrap, Waspinator, Silverbolt and Dinobot in Beast Wars: Transformers and Beast Machines: Transformers, Hack in ReBoot, Wolverine in X-Men: Evolution, Duo Maxwell in Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, Kōga in Inuyasha, and the Hohenheim of Light in Fullmetal Alchemist.

Ace the Bat-Hound
Ace the Bat-Hound is a superhero dog appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is commonly featured as the canine crime-fighting partner of Batman and as an ally of other animal superheroes, such as Krypto, Streaky, and the Legion of Super-Pets.

The character made his cinematic debut in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets, which was released in the United States on July 29, 2022.
Colt-Burgess rifle
The Colt-Burgess rifle, also known as the 1883 Burgess rifle or simply the Burgess rifle, is a lever-action repeating rifle produced by Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company between 1883 and 1885.  The Burgess rifle was Colt's only entrance into the lever-action rifle market, produced to compete with Winchester Repeating Arms Company's line of popular rifles.  The 1883 Burgess rifle was designed and patented by Andrew Burgess, an American firearms designer and photographer, who sold the design to Colt.

Colt Lightning rifle
The Colt Lightning Carbine or Colt Lightning Rifle was a slide-action (pump-action) rifle manufactured by Colt from 1884 until 1904 and was originally chambered in .44-40 caliber.  Colt eventually made the Lightning Rifle in three different frame sizes, to accommodate a wide range of cartridges, from .22 Short caliber and .38-40 to .50-95 Express. Its profile resembles the pump-action rimfire rifles made by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company and Remington Arms.  The Lightning saw use as a sporting arm in America and was adopted for use by the San Francisco Police Department, but was never as popular or as reliable as the various lever-action rifles of its day. It is however reported to have been used by American forces in the Spanish-American War, most likely as privately purchased weapons.
Trans World Express
Trans World Express (TWE) was the fully owned and certified regional carrier for Trans World Airlines (TWA) and an airline trademark name for TWA's corporation.

Trans World Express - The formerly independent regional airline known as Ransome Airlines previously owned by Pan Am (PA) before its purchase by the Trans World Corporation for TWA.

TWE - the outsourced carriers flying as Trans World Express:
Air Midwest
Alpha Air
Trans States Airlines
Metro Air Northeast

When American Airlines bought TWA, the regional airlines functioning under the Trans World Express "banner" became affiliated with American Airlines under the name and new banner air carrier branding AmericanConnection. Trans World Express service at that time was being provided by Trans States Airlines, Chautauqua Airlines, and Corporate Airlines (later RegionsAir).

Trans States Airlines
Trans States Airlines was a regional airline in the United States that operated from 1982 until 2020, when it shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  It was owned by Trans States Holdings and headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. At the time of its closing, the airline operated flights for United Airlines under the United Express brand. Trans States Airlines ceased all operations on April 1, 2020.
Krasavino, Veliky Ustyug, Vologda Oblast
Krasavino (Russian: Краса́вино) is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Veliky Ustyug in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Northern Dvina River, 648 kilometers (403 mi) northeast of Vologda, the administrative center of the oblast, and 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of Veliky Ustyug proper. Population:  7,003 (2010 Census); 8,211 (2002 Census); 9,535 (1989 Soviet census).

Veliky Ustyug
Veliky Ustyug (Russian: Вели́кий У́стюг) is a town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 31,665.

Veliky Ustyug has a great historical significance and was one of the major cities of the Russian North. It preserved some of the past urban structure and many of the architectural monuments. It has lost its former leading role and is nowadays mostly known for tourism.
Palestinian People's Party
The Palestinian People's Party (PPP; Arabic: حزب الشعب الفلسطيني Hizb ash-Sha'b al-Filastini), founded in 1982 as the Palestinian Communist Party, is a socialist political party in Palestine and among the Palestinian diaspora.

Palestinian Democratic Union
The Palestinian Democratic Union (Arabic: الاتحاد الديمقراطي الفلسطيني Al-Ittihad al-Dimuqrati al-Filastini), generally known as FIDA (Arabic: فدا) is a small Palestinian political party active in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
St Nicholas Church, Whiston
St Nicholas Church is in Windy Arbour Road, Whiston, Merseyside, England.  It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Liverpool.  The church was built in 1864–68 and designed by G. E. Street in Early English style.  Its tower was never completed because of a fear of subsidence.  The stained glass in the church includes windows designed by William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones.  The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.

Anglican Diocese of Liverpool
The diocese of Liverpool is a diocese of the Church of England in North West England. The diocese covers Merseyside north of the River Mersey, south-west Lancashire, western Greater Manchester, and part of northern Cheshire. Liverpool Cathedral is the seat of the bishop of Liverpool, currently John Perumbalath, and the diocesan offices are also located in Liverpool. The bishop is assisted by one suffragan bishop, the bishop of Warrington.

What is now the diocese of Liverpool was historically part of the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield, and became part of the newly created diocese of Chester in 1541. The diocese of Liverpool was established on 9 April 1880.
475th Air Base Wing
The 475th Air Base Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit.   Its last duty station was at Yokota Air Base, Japan, where it was inactivated on 1 April 1992.

A non-flying wing, the wing's mission at Yokota was to perform host unit missions.  The wing had no numbered flying squadrons, although it did operate a few T-39 Sabreliner aircraft and UH-1 Huey helicopters.  It was absorbed by the 374th Airlift Wing under the "one base-one wing" organizational concept.

374th Airlift Wing
The 374th Airlift Wing is a unit of the United States Air Force assigned to Fifth Air Force. It is stationed at Yokota Air Base, Japan. It is part of Pacific Air Forces.  The 374th Airlift Wing is the only airlift wing in PACAF and provides airlift support to all Department of Defense agencies in the Pacific theater of operation. It also provides transport for people and equipment throughout the Kantō Plain and the Tokyo metropolitan area.

The Wing participates in operations involving air, land and airdrop of troops, equipment, supplies, and support or augment special operations forces, when appropriate. It fields a provisional airlift wing or group headquarters (when required) to command airlift resources as units in support of contingencies or exercises. It also supports assigned, attached, and associate units on Yokota Air Base and satellite installations according to higher headquarters' direction.

The 374th Airlift Wing has never been stationed in the United States.
Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district
Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district is located in the east central part of the state and encompasses all of Bradford, Columbia, Lebanon, Montour, Northumberland, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna, and Wyoming counties, as well as parts of Berks, Luzerne, and Lycoming counties.

Much of the district includes Pennsylvania's Anthracite Coal Region. Republican Dan Meuser represents the district, serving since 2019.

Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
Schuylkill County (/ˈskuːlkɪl/, locally /-kəl/; Pennsylvania Dutch: Schulkill Kaundi) is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 143,049. The county seat is Pottsville. The county is part of the Northeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

The county is part of the Pottsville micropolitan statistical area, and borders eight  counties: Berks and Lebanon counties to its south, Dauphin and Northumberland counties to its west, Columbia and Luzerne counties to its north, and Carbon and Lehigh counties to its east. The county is approximately 47 miles (76 km) west of Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and 97 miles (156 km) northwest of Philadelphia, the state's largest city.

The county was created on March 1, 1811, from parts of Berks and Northampton counties and named for the Schuylkill River, which originates in the county. On March 3, 1818, additional territory in its northeast was added from Columbia and Luzerne counties.
Gary Freeman (rugby league)
Gary Ross Freeman MNZM (born 4 December 1962) is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s and 1990s, and coached in the 2000s, who both captained and coached the New Zealand national team. He was arguably one of New Zealand's greatest Test halfbacks and at the time of his retirement he was the most-capped New Zealand test player and also held the record for most consecutive tests for New Zealand with 37.

Freeman played his club football in New Zealand for Auckland's Northcote club, in the UK for England's Kent Invicta and Castleford clubs, and in Australia for Sydney's Balmain (with whom he reached the 1988 and 1989 Grand Finals), Eastern Suburbs (with whom he won the 1992 Dally M Medal), Penrith and Parramatta clubs.

Northcote Tigers
The Northcote Tigers are a rugby league club based in Northcote, New Zealand. The club was founded in 1910 as the Northcote Warriors though they became known as the Northcote Ramblers shortly afterwards.

The Tigers compete in the Fox Memorial competition run by the Auckland Rugby League. Between 2000 and 2002 the Northcote Tigers competed in the national Bartercard Cup before being replaced by the North Harbour Tigers for three seasons. In 1994–1996 the North Harbour Sea Eagles in the Lion Red Cup were also based at the Birkenhead War Memorial. 1 1
David Bolduc
David Bolduc (1945–2010) was an abstract artist who used colour and central imagery in his paintings, inspired by artists such as Jack Bush. Critics suggest that he and artists such as Daniel Solomon formed a bridge between the second and third generations of Toronto modernists or even form part of the third generation of Toronto abstract painters which includes artists such as Alex Cameron and Paul Sloggett.

Daniel Solomon
Daniel Solomon (born 1945) is an abstract painter who uses intense, vibrant colour in his work, combined with complex, pictorial space, inspired by artists such as Jack Bush and is a painter and professor in Drawing and Painting at OCAD University.

Critics such as Roald Nasgaard  suggest that Solomon and David Bolduc formed a bridge between the second and third generations of Toronto modernists or even form part of the third generation of Toronto abstract painters which includes artists such as Alex Cameron and Paul Sloggett.
Norrin M. Ripsman
Norrin M. Ripsman is a Canadian political scientist whose research mainly examines security, regional peacemaking, and neoclassical realism. Before 2016, he taught at Concordia University, Quebec, Canada. Since 2016, he has been Monroe J. Rathbone Professor in the International Relations Department at Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, US.

Neoclassical realism
Neoclassical realism is a theory of international relations and an approach to foreign policy analysis. Initially coined by Gideon Rose in a 1998 World Politics review article, it is a combination of classical realist and neorealist – particularly defensive realist – theories.

Neoclassical realism holds that the actions of a state in the international system can be explained by intervening systemic variables, such as the distribution of power capabilities among states; cognitive variables, such as the perception and misperception of systemic pressures, other states' intentions, or threats; and domestic variables, such as state institutions, elites, and societal actors that affect the power and freedom of action of the foreign policy decision-makers.
A Rose by Any Name
"A Rose by Any Name" is a 2013 song by the American new wave band Blondie. It was the lead single from the band's tenth studio album Ghosts of Download, released as a digital download in Europe on June 21, 2013 (eleven months ahead of its parent album), though it was never released in the U.S. The song features The Gossip's frontwoman Beth Ditto on lead vocals with Debbie Harry.

Blondie 4(0) Ever
Blondie 4(0) Ever is a double album by American rock band Blondie. It was released on May 12, 2014, by Noble ID in celebration of the band's 40th anniversary. The two-disc package consists of Greatest Hits Deluxe Redux, a collection of re-recordings of Blondie's past singles, and the band's tenth studio album, Ghosts of Download. The latter spawned three singles: "A Rose by Any Name", "Sugar on the Side", and "I Want to Drag You Around".
Geissenklösterle
Geissenklösterle (German: Geißenklösterle) is an archaeological site of significance for the central European Upper Paleolithic, located near the town of Blaubeuren in the Swabian Jura in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. First explored in 1963, the cave contains traces of early prehistoric art from between 43,000 and 30,000 years ago, including some of the oldest-known musical instruments and several animal figurines. Because of the historical and cultural importance of these findings, in 2017 the site became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura.

Vogelherd Cave
The Vogelherd Cave (German: Vogelherdhöhle , or simply Vogelherd) is located in the eastern Swabian Jura, south-western Germany. This limestone karst cave came to scientific and public attention after the 1931 discovery of the Upper Palaeolithic Vogelherd figurines, attributed to paleo-humans of the Aurignacian culture. These miniature sculptures made of mammoth ivory rank among the oldest uncontested works of art of mankind. Because of the cultural importance of these sculptures and the cave's testimony to the development of Paleolithic art and culture, in 2017 the site became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura.
Algoma School District
The Algoma School District is a school district serving the area around the city of Algoma in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.  It covers approximately 68 square miles in the northeasternmost section of the county.

The school district consists of two schools:  Algoma High School and Algoma Elementary School.

The school mascot is the Wolf and its colors are Gold and Black.

Algoma, Wisconsin
Algoma (/ælˈɡoʊmə/ al-GOH-mə) is a city in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 3,243 at the 2020 census. It is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Ahnapee River, 30 miles (48 km) east of Green Bay.
Eyre Coote (British Army officer, born 1762)
General Eyre Coote (20 May 1762 – 10 December 1823) was a British Army officer, politician and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Jamaica from 1806 to 1808. He attained the rank of general in the British army and was created a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath before being stripped of his rank and honours in 1816 after conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.

Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)
Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote, KB (c. 1726 – 28 April 1783) was a British army officer and politician who represented Leicester and Poole in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1768 to 1780. He is best known for his many years of service with the Bengal Army in India, where his victory at the Battle of Wandiwash was considered a turning point in the struggle for control over the region between Britain and France. Coote was known by his sepoy troops as Coote Bahadur (Coote the Brave).
Barauni–Gwalior Mail
The 11123/11124 Barauni–Gwalior Mail is a mail/express train of the Indian Railways connecting Gwalior Junction in Madhya Pradesh and Barauni Junction of Bihar. Inaugurated  in 1889, it is one of the oldest running trains of Indian Railways.

Gwalior Junction railway station
Gwalior Junction Railway Station (station code: GWL) is a major railway Junction of Gwalior City in the northern part of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Gwalior Junction is the busiest and an important commercial junction of Bundelkhand region that connects different remote parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh also known as the crown of Bundelkhand, and it comes under the administrative control of North Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. It lies on the main Delhi–Chennai and one of the Delhi–Mumbai lines.
Frédéric Fauthoux
Frédéric Fauthoux (born 6 December 1972) is a French professional basketball coach and former point guard. He is the head coach of JL Bourg Basket in LNB Élite and, since September 2024, the head coach of the French national team.

France men's national basketball team
The France men's national basketball team (French: Équipe de France de basketball) represents France in international basketball and is administered by the French Federation of Basketball. France is currently ranked fourth in the FIBA World Ranking.

France has been a regular at the EuroBasket, making 40 appearances all-time. Their best finish came in 2013, winning the gold medal. They have also come away with three silver (1949, 2011, 2022) and six bronze medals (1937, 1951, 1953, 1959, 2005, 2015). France has also won two bronze medals at the FIBA World Cup in 2014 and 2019. While at the Summer Olympics, France has won four silver medals (1948, 2000, 2020, 2024).
Quasi-Newton method
In numerical analysis, a quasi-Newton method is an iterative numerical method used either to find zeroes or to find local maxima and minima of functions via an iterative recurrence formula much like the one for Newton's method, except using approximations of the derivatives of the functions in place of exact derivatives. Newton's method requires the Jacobian matrix of all partial derivatives of a multivariate function when used to search for zeros or the Hessian matrix when used for finding extrema. Quasi-Newton methods, on the other hand, can be used when the Jacobian matrices or Hessian matrices are unavailable or are impractical to compute at every iteration.

Some iterative methods that reduce to Newton's method, such as sequential quadratic programming, may also be considered quasi-Newton methods.

Newton's method in optimization
In calculus, Newton's method (also called Newton–Raphson) is an iterative method for finding the roots of a differentiable function , which are solutions to the equation . However, to optimize a twice-differentiable , our goal is to find the roots of . We can therefore use Newton's method on its derivative  to find solutions to , also known as the critical points of . These solutions may be minima, maxima, or saddle points; see section "Several variables" in Critical point (mathematics) and also section "Geometric interpretation" in this article. This is relevant in optimization, which aims to find (global) minima of the function .
Hazara Division
Hazara Division, located along the Indus River in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, serves as an  administrative region of the province, encompassing nine districts: Abbottabad, Allai District, Battagram, Haripur, Kolai-Palas, Lower Kohistan, Mansehra, Torghar, and Upper Kohistan.

Torghar District
Torghar District (Pashto: تور غر ولسوالۍ, Urdu: ضلع تورغر) formerly known as Kala Dhaka (Hindko: کالا ڈهاکہ, English: Black Mountain) is a district in the Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It was officially separated from Mansehra District in 2011 under Article 246 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Primarily, Pashtuns dominate this area. The main Pashtun tribe of Torghar is Swati, which constitutes more than half of the district population.