hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crataegus
Crataegus (/krəˈtiːɡəs/), commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna, known as common hawthorn, whitethorn, one-seed hawthorn, or single-seeded hawthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It grows to about 10 metres (33 feet) tall, producing hermaphrodite flowers in late spring. The berry-like pomes (known as haws) contain a stone-encased seed.

The plant is native to Europe, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. The pome flesh is of little culinary interest due to its dryness, but is used to make jellies. The young leaves and petals are also edible.
1st Somerset Militia
The 1st Somerset Militia was an auxiliary military unit in the county of Somerset in South West England. First organised during the Seven Years' War it served on internal security and home defence duties in all of Britain's major wars. It later became a battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry and supplied thousands of recruits to the fighting battalions during World War I. After 1921 the militia had only a shadowy existence until its final abolition in 1953.

Somerset Light Infantry
The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army, which served under various titles from 1685 to 1959. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry to form the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry which was again amalgamated, in 1968, with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, and the Durham Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry. In 2007, however, The Light Infantry was amalgamated further with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment, and the Royal Green Jackets to form The Rifles.
Fenghuang
Fenghuang (/fʌŋˈwɑːŋ/ fung-HWAHNG) are mythological birds featuring in traditions throughout the Sinosphere. Fenghuang are understood to reign over all other birds: males and females were originally termed feng and huang respectively, but a gender distinction is typically no longer made, and fenghuang are generally considered a feminine entity to be paired with the traditionally masculine Chinese dragon.

In the West, they are commonly called Chinese phoenixes, although mythological similarities with the Western/Persian phoenix are superficial.

Chinese dragon
The Chinese dragon or loong (/lʊŋ/ LUUNG) is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and Chinese culture generally. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms, such as turtles and fish, but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. Academicians have identified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: snakes, Chinese alligators, thunder worship and nature worship. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water and weather.
1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment
The 1st Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, also known as the 30th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, was a regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  It was a part of the famed Pennsylvania Reserve division in the Army of the Potomac for much of the war, and served in the Eastern Theater in a number of important battles, including Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg.

Pennsylvania Reserves
The Pennsylvania Reserves were an infantry division of the Union army during the American Civil War. Noted for its famous commanders and high casualties, it served in the Eastern Theater, and fought in many important battles, including Antietam and Gettysburg.
Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative
The Critical Foreign Dependencies Initiative (CFDI) is a strategy and list, maintained by the United States Department of Homeland Security, of foreign infrastructure which "if attacked or destroyed would critically impact the U.S." A copy of the 2008 list was redacted (removing details of names and locations) and leaked by WikiLeaks on 5 December 2010 as part of the website's leak of US diplomatic cables; no details on the exact location of the assets was included in the list. In September 2011, WikiLeaks published the unredacted copy of the list. The list's release was met with strong criticism from the US and British governments, while media and other countries have reacted less strongly saying that the entries are not secret and easily identified.

United States diplomatic cables leak
An incident, commonly referred to as Cablegate, began on 28 November 2010 when WikiLeaks began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and diplomatic missions around the world. Dated between December 1966 and February 2010, the cables contain diplomatic analysis from world leaders, and the diplomats' assessment of host countries and their officials.

On 30 July 2013, Chelsea Manning was convicted for theft of the cables and violations of the Espionage Act in a court martial proceeding and sentenced to thirty-five years imprisonment. She was released on 17 May 2017, after seven years total confinement, after her sentence had been commuted by President Barack Obama earlier that year.
Mary Mildmay Fane, Countess of Westmorland
Mary Fane, Countess of Westmorland (née Mildmay; c. 1582 – 9 April 1640) continued her mother Grace Mildmay's interest in physic and was a significant author of spiritual guidance and writer of letters.

Grace Mildmay
Grace, Lady Mildmay (née Sharington or Sherington; ca. 1552–1620) was an English noblewoman, memoirist and medical practitioner. Her autobiography is one of the earliest existing autobiographies of an English woman. Originally from Wiltshire, she married Sir Anthony Mildmay in 1567 and moved to Apethorpe Hall, his father's home in Northamptonshire. She practised medicine on her family and others, with an extensive knowledge of medical theory, and a large repertoire of cures. Her writings included memoirs, medical papers and devotional meditations.
Coropina Creek
Coropina Creek (in Dutch: Coropinakreek) is a blackwater river in the Para district of Suriname. The river originates in swamp forests in southern Para, meanders through the district, and eventually merges with the Para River.

Para Creek
Para Creek (Dutch: Parakreek also Para River) is a blackwater creek in the Wanica & Para District of Suriname. It is a tributary of the Suriname River, and was home to many plantations. The area around the creek has been cultivated since the English period. The Para District has been named after the creek in 1966.
A Fox's Tale
A Fox's Tale is a 2008 animated film. The film's original Hungarian title is Kis Vuk ("Little Vuk"). It is the sequel to the 1981 film The Little Fox (Hungarian title: "Vuk").

It was theatrically released in Hungary on April 17, 2008 and in the United States in late 2009.

For ten years, the English dub of the film was never officially released to the general public as it was unavailable, with the only publicly released media to feature the English dub being the international trailer. Until it was uploaded on YouTube on March 9, 2017 by its director György Gát particularly due to the mass popularity of one of its actresses Sienna Miller had following her critically acclaimed roles in Foxcatcher, American Sniper and High-Rise.

The Little Fox
The Little Fox, known in Hungary as Vuk, is a 1981 Hungarian animated film produced by Pannónia Filmstúdió, based on the novel Vuk by István Fekete. The film is directed by Attila Dargay and written by Attila Dargay, István Imre, and Ede Tarbay, and was released in December 1981.

A computer-animated sequel, A Fox's Tale, was released in 2008 to negative reception.
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial
The Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial began on 3 May 2000, more than 11 years after the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 on 21 December 1988. The 36-week bench trial took place at a specially convened Scottish Court in the Netherlands set up under Scots law and held at a disused United States Air Force base called Camp Zeist near Utrecht.

Scottish Court in the Netherlands
The Scottish court in the Netherlands was a special sitting of the High Court of Justiciary set up under Scots law in a former United States Air Force base, Camp Zeist near Utrecht, in the Netherlands, for the trial of two Libyans charged with 270 counts of murder in connection with the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, on 21 December 1988. A school on the former base was converted into a judicial court for the trial.
Noumenon
In philosophy, a noumenon (/ˈnuːmənɒn/, /ˈnaʊ-/; from Ancient Greek: νοούμενoν; pl.: noumena) is knowledge posited as an object that exists independently of human sense. The term noumenon is generally used in contrast with, or in relation to, the term phenomenon, which refers to any object of the senses. Immanuel Kant first developed the notion of the noumenon as part of his transcendental idealism, suggesting that while we know the noumenal world to exist because human sensibility is merely receptive, it is not itself sensible and must therefore remain otherwise unknowable to us. In Kantian philosophy, the noumenon is often associated with the unknowable "thing-in-itself" (German: Ding an sich). However, the nature of the relationship between the two is not made explicit in Kant's work, and remains a subject of debate among Kant scholars as a result.

Thing-in-itself
In Kantian philosophy, the thing-in-itself (German: Ding an sich) is the status of objects as they are, independent of representation and observation. The concept of the thing-in-itself was introduced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, and over the following centuries was met with controversy among later philosophers. It is closely related to Kant's concept of noumena or the objects of inquiry, as opposed to phenomena, its manifestations.
Zayed National Museum
Zayed National Museum (Arabic: مَتْحَف زَايِد ٱلْوَطَنِي, romanized: Matḥaf Zāyid Al-Waṭanī) is a museum in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It is designed as a memorial to the late Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founding father and first president of the UAE. The museum is the centrepiece of the Saadiyat Island Cultural District, and showcases the history, culture, and economic transformation of the Emirates. Zayed National Museum, the national museum of the United Arab Emirates located in the heart of Saadiyat Cultural District, was opened to the public on 3 December 2025, costed AED 2.5 billion or US$ 680 million to be built. Entrance Ticket is around AED 70 per person. It is 123 m high.

Saadiyat Island
Saadiyat Island (Arabic: جزيرة السعديات; jazīrat as-saʿdiyyāt, for "Island of Happiness") is a natural island and a tourism-cultural environmentally friendly project for Emirati heritage and culture that is located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The project is located in a large, low-lying island, 500 metres (1,600 ft) off the coast of Abu Dhabi island. A mixed commercial, residential, and leisure project is currently under construction on the island. When completed, Saadiyat Island is expected to become Abu Dhabi's cultural centre, mostly for the Island's Cultural District that is expected to include eight museums.

The island is five-minute drive away from downtown Abu Dhabi, 20 minutes from Abu Dhabi International Airport, and one hour from Dubai.
2025 New York City borough president elections
Elections for New York City's borough presidents were held on November 4, 2025. All five incumbent borough presidents were eligible to run for reelection, however, Manhattan borough president Mark Levine opted not to seek reelection and instead successfully ran for New York City Comptroller in the 2025 New York City Comptroller election. The other four borough presidents were all reelected to their second consecutive four-year term.

2025 New York City Comptroller election
The 2025 New York City Comptroller election was held on November 4, 2025, to elect the New York City Comptroller. Incumbent Comptroller Brad Lander was eligible to run for a second term, but retired to run for Mayor of New York City. Democratic nominee Mark Levine won the election in a landslide victory.
Piano Concerto No. 1 (Chopin)
The Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor, Op. 11, is a piano concerto written by Frédéric Chopin in 1830, when he was twenty years old. It was first performed on 12 October of that year, at the Teatr Narodowy (the National Theatre) in Warsaw, Poland, with the composer as soloist, during one of his "farewell" concerts before leaving Poland.

It was the first of Chopin's two piano concertos to be published, and was therefore given the designation of Piano Concerto "No. 1" at the time of publication, even though it was actually written immediately after the premiere of what was later published as Piano Concerto No. 2.

The concerto is scored for solo piano, pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, bass trombone, timpani and strings. A typical performance lasts about 40 minutes.

Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)
The Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21, is a piano concerto composed by Frédéric Chopin in fall 1829.  Chopin composed the piece before he had finished his formal education, at around 20 years of age.  It was first performed on 17 March 1830, in Warsaw, Poland, with the composer as soloist.  It was the second of his piano concertos to be published (after the Piano Concerto No. 1), and so was designated as "No. 2", even though it was written first.

From May 2024, a score from the collection of the National Library of Poland, where a piano part is in Chopin’s own hand, is presented at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth.
Hearthstone Castle
Hearthstone Castle in Danbury, Connecticut, was built between 1895 and 1899. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It has also been known as Parks' Castle and as The Castle. The property includes four contributing buildings and three other contributing structures. Today, the castle is owned by the City of Danbury and is located in Tarrywile Park. Hearthstone Castle is slated to be renovated into an observation deck.

Tarrywile Park
Tarrywile Park is a large municipal park in the city of Danbury, Connecticut.  The park consists of 722 acres (292 ha) of rolling hills with woodlands, fields, and ponds.  It also includes the Tarrywile Mansion, probably the finest Shingle Style house in the city.  The house and its 11-acre (4.5 ha) property, including a gatehouse, carriagehouse, and greenhouse, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.  The park also includes Hearthstone Castle, an 1895 castle-like summer house that is in poor condition.

The park has a variety of trails, and is open for hiking, picnicking, and other outdoor activities.  The mansion can be toured by appointment, and is rentable for private functions.
Salter Report
The Salter Report was named after Arthur Salter, who chaired an influential conference of road and rail experts in 1932 which reported in 1933. The report directed British government policy for transport funding for decades to follow.

Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom
Motoring taxation in the United Kingdom consists primarily of vehicle excise duty (commonly known as VED, vehicle tax, car tax, and road tax), which is levied on vehicles registered in the UK, and hydrocarbon oil duty (normally referred to as fuel tax), which is levied on the fuel used by motor vehicles.

VED and fuel tax raised approximately £32 billion in the 2023/2024 fiscal year, with some further money raised from the value added tax on fuel purchases. Fuel duties and VED representing over 3% of total UK taxation. This was 7% in the 2011/2012 fiscal year.

Road pricing, in the form of congestion charges, is in place in London and Durham. However these are generally viewed as usage charges rather than as tax for legal purposes although this interpretation is disputed by the US and some other embassies in relation to the London congestion charge.
Na'od
Na'od (Ge'ez: ናዖድ) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1494 to 31 July 1507, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. His regnal name was Anbasa Bazar. His reign was marked by internal tension between territories with the assistance of Queen Eleni. He began construct an extravagant church in Amhara province, called Mekane Selassie. The church was completed by his successor Dawit II in 1530.

Dawit II
Dawit II (Ge'ez: ዳዊት; c. 1496 – 2 September 1540), better known by his birth name of Lebna Dengel, and also known by the macaronic name Wanag Segad, was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1508 to 1540, whose political center and palace was in Shewa.

A male line descendant of the medieval Amhara kings, and thus a member of the House of Solomon, he was the son of Emperor Na'od and Empress Na'od Mogesa. The important victory over the Adal's Emir Mahfuz may have given Dawit the appellation "Wanag Segad," which is a combination of Geʽez and the Harari terms.
Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt
VEB Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt was an important manufacturer of active electronic components in East Germany. It should not be confused with the more well-known VEB Kombinat Robotron Dresden which used integrated circuits from Kombinat Mikroelektronik in its computers.

Their products often carried the trademark RFT, but this was used on most electronic products from East Germany from otherwise unrelated companies.

VEB Robotron
VEB Kombinat Robotron (German: [vaʊ eː beː kɔmbɪnaːt ʁobotʁɔn]) (or simply Robotron) was the largest East German electronics manufacturer. It was headquartered in Dresden and employed 68,000 people in 1989. Its products included personal computers, SM EVM minicomputers, the ESER mainframe computers, various computer peripherals as well as microcomputers, radios, television sets and other items including cookie press Kleingebäckpresse Typ 102.
Sriranga II
Sriranga II (died February 1615), also known as Sriranga Chika Raya, was nominated in 1614 by Emperor Venkata II to succeed him as the Emperor of Vijayanagara. Sriranga was supported by a faction headed by Yachama Nayaka of Recherla Velama dynasty, one of the Venkata II's loyal viceroys and commanders and Nayak of Venkatagiri, but was not favored by a set of nobles headed by Gobburi Jagga Raya, brother (or father) of Venkata II's favourite consort, Empress Bayamma.

Venkatapati Raya
Venkatapati Raya (c. 1547 – October 1614), also known as Venkata II, was the third Emperor of Vijayanagara from the Aravidu Dynasty. He succeeded his older brother, the Emperor Sriranga Deva Raya as the ruler of Vijayanagara Empire with bases in Penukonda, Chandragiri and Vellore. His reign of nearly three decades saw a revival in the strength and prosperity of the empire. He successfully dealt with the Turko-Persian Deccan sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda, the internal disorders, promoting economic revival in the realm. He subdued the rebelling Nayakas of Tamil Nadu and parts of present-day Andhra Pradesh.
Duke Xian of Qi
Duke Xian of Qi (Chinese: 齊獻公; pinyin: Qí Xiàn Gōng), personal name Lü Shan, was from 859 BC to 851 BC the duke of the Qi state. Duke Xian was a younger son of Duke Gui.

During the reign of his older brother, Duke Hu, the capital of Qi was relocated from Yingqiu (Linzi) to Bogu. The move was resented by the people of Yingqiu, who rebelled under the leadership of Duke Xian, who then took the throne. During his reign, Duke Xian expelled the sons of Duke Hu, and moved the capital back to Linzi. He reigned for 9 years and died in 851 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Duke Wu.

Duke Wu of Qi
Duke Wu of Qi (Chinese: 齊武公; pinyin: Qí Wǔ Gōng), personal name Lü Shou, was from 850 BC to 825 BC the duke of the Qi state.

Duke Wu succeeded his father, Duke Xian, as ruler of Qi. He reigned for 26 years and died in 825 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Duke Li.
Iron(II,III) oxide
Iron(II,III) oxide, or black iron oxide, is the chemical compound with formula Fe3O4. It occurs in nature as the mineral magnetite. It is one of a number of iron oxides, the others being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare, and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) which also occurs naturally as the mineral hematite. It contains both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions and is sometimes formulated as FeO·Fe2O3. This iron oxide is encountered in the laboratory as a black powder. It exhibits permanent magnetism and is ferrimagnetic, but is sometimes incorrectly described as ferromagnetic. Its most extensive use is as a black pigment (see: Mars Black). For this purpose, it is synthesized rather than being extracted from the naturally occurring mineral as the particle size and shape can be varied by the method of production.

Iron(II) oxide
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.  Its mineral form is known as wüstite. One of several iron oxides, it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust, the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide). Iron(II) oxide also refers to a family of related non-stoichiometric compounds, which are typically iron deficient with compositions ranging from Fe0.84O to Fe0.95O.
Diocese of Larantuka
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Larantuka (Latin: Dioecesis Larantukana) is a suffragan Latin diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan of Ende in Indonesia's Lesser Sunda Islands.

Its cathedral episcopal see is Katedral Reinha Rosari (dedicated to Mary as Queen of the Rosary) in the city of Larantuka, in Nusa Tenggara Timur.

Archdiocese of Ende
The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ende (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Endehena) is a Latin metropolitan archdiocese in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia.

Its cathedral is the Christ the King Cathedral in the city of Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur.
Carol W. Greider
Carolyn Widney Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist and Nobel laureate. She is a Distinguished Professor of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Greider discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, while she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.

Jack W. Szostak
Jack William Szostak FRS (born November 9, 1952) is a Canadian American biologist of Polish British descent, Nobel Prize laureate, university professor at the University of Chicago, former professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, and Alexander Rich Distinguished Investigator at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

Szostak has made significant contributions to the field of genetics. His achievement helped scientists to map the location of genes in mammals and to develop techniques for manipulating genes.

His research findings in this area are also instrumental to the Human Genome Project. He was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol W. Greider, for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres.