hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Benedicamus Domino
Benedicamus Domino (Latin: "Let us bless the Lord") is a closing salutation that was formerly used in the Latin Mass instead of the Ite, missa est in Masses which lack the Gloria (i.e., Masses of the season during Advent, Septuagesima, Lent, and Passiontide; ferial Masses per annum at which the Mass of the preceding Sunday was repeated, except in Eastertide; most votive Masses). The response, said afterwards, is Deo gratias ("Thanks be to God"). It is also sung as a versicle at the end of all Offices. The Benedicamus Domino continues to be used in the Mass of the Lutheran Churches and in the Divine Office.

Ite, missa est
Ite, missa est (English: "Go, it is the dismissal") are the concluding Latin words addressed to the people in the Mass of the Roman Rite in the Catholic Church, as well as in the Divine Service of the Lutheran Church. Until the reforms of 1962, at Masses without the Gloria, Benedicamus Domino was said instead.

The response of the people (or, in the Tridentine Mass, of the servers at Low Mass, the choir at Solemn Mass) to either of the above is Deo gratias ("thanks be to God").
George Handley Knibbs
Sir George Handley Knibbs CMG FRSN (13 June 1858 – 30 March 1929) was an Australian scientist, the first Commonwealth Statistician and the first director of the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, predecessor to the CSIRO. He was nicknamed "the Knibb".

Australian Statistician
The Australian Statistician is the head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics.

On 18 June 1906, the first Statistician of the Commonwealth of Australia was appointed to carry out the provisions of the Census and Statistics Act 1905. Later in the same year the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was formed (renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975).

Timothy Augustine Coghlan was offered the position in December 1905, but had to decline due to his obligations to the New South Wales government.
Kevin Henderson (rugby league)
Kevin Henderson is a former Scotland international rugby league footballer. Henderson previously played in Australia for the Newcastle Knights and in England for the Leigh Centurions and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. Both of his brothers, Andrew (23 caps) and Ian (8 caps) have also played for Scotland.

Ian Henderson (rugby league)
Ian Henderson (born 23 April 1983) is a former professional rugby league footballer who last played for the Sydney Roosters in the NRL. A Scotland international hooker, his brothers, Andrew Henderson and Kevin, are also international rugby league players.,
Maastricht University
Maastricht University (abbreviated as UM; Dutch: Universiteit Maastricht) is a public research university in Maastricht, Netherlands. Founded in 1976, it is the second youngest of the fourteen Dutch universities.

In 2023, 22,976 students studied at Maastricht University, 59% of whom were students from outside of the Netherlands, with over 4,000 employees. About half of the bachelor's programmes are fully offered in English, while the other half is taught wholly or partly in Dutch. Most of the master's and doctoral programmes are in English. Besides traditional programmes, Maastricht University also has three honours liberal arts colleges: University College Maastricht and the Maastricht Science Programme in the same liberal arts tradition. The satellite University College Venlo opened in 2015.

Maastricht Science Programme
Maastricht Science Programme (abbreviated as MSP) is an English language liberal arts and sciences programme founded in 2010. The program is part of Maastricht University (Dutch: Universiteit Maastricht) in Maastricht, Netherlands, and offers an honors programme.
Thom–Mather stratified space
In topology, a branch of mathematics, an abstract stratified space, or a Thom–Mather stratified space is a topological space X that has been decomposed into pieces called strata; these strata are manifolds and are required to fit together in a certain way. Thom–Mather stratified spaces provide a purely topological setting for the study of singularities analogous to the more differential-geometric theory of Whitney.  They were introduced in 1969 by René Thom, who showed that every Whitney stratified space was also a topologically stratified space, with the same strata. Another proof was given by John Mather in 1970, inspired by Thom's proof.

Basic examples of Thom–Mather stratified spaces include manifolds with boundary (top dimension and codimension 1 boundary) and manifolds with corners (top dimension, codimension 1 boundary, codimension 2 corners), real or complex analytic varieties, or orbit spaces of smooth transformation groups.

Whitney conditions
In differential topology, a branch of mathematics, the Whitney conditions are conditions on a pair of submanifolds of a manifold introduced by Hassler Whitney in 1965.

A stratification of a topological space is a finite filtration by closed subsets Fi, such that the difference between successive members Fi and Fi −1 of the filtration is either empty or a smooth submanifold of dimension i. The connected components of the difference  Fi − Fi −1 are the strata of dimension i. A stratification is called a Whitney stratification if all pairs of strata satisfy the Whitney conditions A and B, as defined below.
Floor
A floor is the bottom surface of a room or vehicle. Floors vary from simple dirt in a cave to many layered surfaces made with modern technology. Floors may be stone, wood, bamboo, metal, or any other material that can support the expected load.

The levels of a building are often referred to as floors, although sometimes referred to as storeys.

Floors typically consist of a subfloor for support and a floor covering used to give a good walking surface. In modern buildings, the subfloor often has electrical wiring, plumbing, and other services built in. As floors must meet many needs, some essential to safety, floors are built to strict building codes in some regions.

Wood flooring
Wood flooring is any product manufactured from timber that is designed for use as flooring, either structural or aesthetic. Wood is a common choice as a flooring material and can come in various styles, colors, cuts, and species. Bamboo flooring is often considered a form of wood flooring, although it is made from bamboo rather than timber.
Henry Shimer
Henry Shimer (September 21, 1828 – July 28, 1895) was a naturalist and physician in Mount Carroll, Illinois.  He was also a teacher at the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College; he was the husband of the seminary's founder, Frances Shimer.

On July 28, 1895, Shimer committed suicide, either with a revolver or by hanging.  He had amended his will five days previously to leave his entire fortune to his wife, leaving his mother and sister destitute.

Frances Shimer
Frances Shimer (August 21, 1826 – November 10, 1901), born Frances Ann Wood, was an American educator. She was the founder of the Mount Carroll Seminary, which later became Shimer College, in Mount Carroll, Illinois.  She was also the sole proprietor of the school from 1870 to her retirement in 1896.
Bremen-Verden
Bremen-Verden, formally the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (German pronunciation: [ˈfɛɐ̯dən]; German: Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden), were two territories and immediate fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, which emerged and gained imperial immediacy in 1180. By their original constitution they were prince-bishoprics of the Archdiocese of Bremen and Bishopric of Verden.

In 1648, both prince-bishoprics were secularised, meaning that they were transformed into hereditary monarchies by constitution, and from then on both the Duchy of Bremen and the Duchy of Verden were always ruled in personal union, initially by the royal houses of Sweden, the House of Vasa and the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, and later by the House of Hanover.

With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bremen-Verden's status as fiefs of imperial immediacy became void; as they had been in personal union with the neighbouring Kingdom of Hanover, they were incorporated into that state.

Prince-Bishopric of Verden
The Prince-Bishopric of Verden was an ecclesiastical principality or Hochstift of the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Saxony, Germany. Established as a diocese of the Catholic Church in the middle of the 8th century, it was officially dissolved by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, and replaced by the Duchies of Bremen-Verden.
Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)
Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) (ACS(I)) is an independent Methodist secondary school in Dover, Singapore. Founded in 1886 by Reverend William Fitzjames Oldham, it was recognised as an International Baccalaureate World School in 2005, and has since consistently ranked among the top three schools worldwide that offer the IB Diploma Programme.

Keeping in line with its history as a boys' school, ACS(I) provides secondary education for only boys from years 1 to 4. Since 2012, ACS(I) and its affiliated school Methodist Girls' School (MGS) have partnered for an Integrated Programme, which allows ACS(I) and MGS students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and proceed directly to years 5 and 6 at ACS(I) to complete the IB Diploma Programme.

Methodist Girls' School, Singapore
Methodist Girls' School (MGS) is an independent Methodist girls' school in Bukit Timah, Singapore, founded in 1887 by Australian missionary Sophia Blackmore. It offers a six-year primary education in its primary school section and a four-year secondary education in its secondary school section. Since 2012, it has partnered with its affiliated school Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) (ACS(I)) for a six-year Integrated Programme, which allows its secondary school students to proceed to ACS(I) for Years 5 and 6 to complete the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.
Gunn High School
Henry M. Gunn Senior High School is one of two public high schools in Palo Alto, California, the other being Palo Alto High School.

Established in 1964 (1964), Gunn High School was named after Henry Martin Gunn, who served as the Palo Alto superintendent from 1950 to 1961. In 1964, the Palo Alto Unified School District announced that it would name the district's third high school after him. The Class of 1966 was the first class to graduate from Gunn High School.
In 1992, the school was honored as a California Distinguished School.

1,713 students attended the school in the 2023–2024 school year.

Palo Alto High School
Palo Alto Senior High School (commonly referred to locally as "Paly") is a comprehensive public high school in Palo Alto, California. Operated by the Palo Alto Unified School District, the school is one of two high schools in the district, the other being across town: Gunn High School, with which Paly has a rivalry.

Palo Alto High School was originally established as a private school in 1894. The school was later established as a public school four years later, and a new campus was built in 1918. The school's property is adjacent to Stanford University, who provided the land for the school.

The school admits roughly 500 students each year and features various extracurriculars, including a variety of student-led publications, glassblowing, robotics, and a theater program. It is a two-time National Blue Ribbon School.
Karol Anders
Karol Anders (8 September 1893 – 4 July 1971) was a Lieutenant colonel in the cavalry of the Polish Army, brother of Lt. General Władysław Anders and Colonel Tadeusz Anders, and double recipient of Poland's Virtuti Militari – IV and V Class.

Tadeusz Anders
Tadeusz Konstanty Anders served as a captain artillery officer in the Polish Army during the Interbellum Period, and as a podpułkownik (lt. col) in the Polish Armed Forces during World War II. He was awarded the Virtuti Militari V Class, Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war.
2019 OFC Champions League qualifying stage
The 2019 OFC Champions League qualifying stage was played from 26 January to 1 February 2019. A total of four teams competed in the qualifying stage to decide two of the 16 places in the group stage of the 2019 OFC Champions League.

2019 OFC Champions League group stage
The 2019 OFC Champions League group stage was played from 10 February to 2 March 2019. A total of 16 teams competed in the group stage to decide the eight places in the knockout stage of the 2019 OFC Champions League.
Suzuki T20
The Suzuki T20 is a motorcycle with a 247 cc (15.1 cu in), two-stroke, twin-cylinder engine, and six speed gearbox. It was first manufactured in 1965 (but introduced as a 1966 model) and was produced until the end of the 1968 model year. Production peaked at more than 5000 units per month. It was superseded by an updated version which was designated the T250-1. In the United States, the bike was sold as the Hustler, a name also used by Suzuki for the Suzuki Hustler kei car since 2014.

Suzuki T250
The Suzuki T250, also known as the Suzuki Hustler is a 247 cc (15.1 cu in), two-stroke, twin-cylinder motorcycle produced by the Japanese Suzuki company between 1969 and 1972. The model was developed from the earlier T20 and was one of the models that contributed to Suzuki's success in the early 1970s.
Balraj Sahni
Balraj Sahni (born Yudhishthir Sahni; 1 May 1913 – 13 April 1973) was an Indian film and stage actor, who is best known for Dharti Ke Lal (1946), Hum Log (1951), Do Bigha Zameen (1953), Chhoti Bahen (1959), Kabuliwala (1961), Waqt (1965) and Garm Hava (1973). He was the brother of Bhisham Sahni, the Hindi writer, playwright, and actor. He won a Filmfare Special Award for outstanding contribution to Indian films in 1970.

Bhisham Sahni
Bhisham Sahni (8 August 1915 – 11 July 2003) was an Indian writer, playwright in Hindi and an actor, most famous for his novel Tamas ("Darkness"/'Ignorance") and the television screenplay adaptation of the same name, a powerful and passionate account of the partition of India. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan for literature in 1998, and Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 2002. He was the younger brother of the noted Hindi film actor, Balraj Sahni.
Ali Mahmoud Abbas
Lieutenant General Ali Mahmoud Abbas (Arabic: علي محمود عباس; born 2 November 1964) is a Syrian senior military officer and politician who served as the 18th Minister of Defense of Syria, succeeding Ali Abdullah Ayyoub. He is a Sunni Muslim.

Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
Lieutenant General Ali Abdullah Ayyoub (Arabic: علي عبد الله أيوب, romanized: ʿAlī ʿAbd Allāh Ayyūb; born 28 April 1952) is a Syrian former military officer and politician. He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Syria from 2020 to 2022, and was the Minister of Defense and was personally appointed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad on 1 January 2018. Ayyoub has a long experience in commanding manoeuvre formations and is also recognized as a specialist in land warfare.
Totteridge & Whetstone tube station
Totteridge & Whetstone (/ˈtɒtərɪdʒ ənd ˈwɛtstoʊn/) is a London Underground station. It is located in both Totteridge and Whetstone in the London Borough of Barnet, North London. The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line, between High Barnet and Woodside Park stations. It is in London fare zone 4. It was first built in 1872.

The station is on the north side of Totteridge Lane (A5109), to the east of the Dollis Brook, the traditional boundary between Totteridge and Whetstone, so narrowly in the latter.

High Barnet tube station
High Barnet is a London Underground station, and former railway station, located in Chipping Barnet, North London. It is the northern terminus of its branch of the Northern line and the next station towards south is Totteridge & Whetstone. The station is situated 10.2 miles (16.4 km) north north-west of Charing Cross and is in London fare zone 5.
Radio Poland
Radio Poland (until January 2007 as Radio Polonia, later "Polish Radio External Service" (Polish: Polskie Radio dla Zagranicy, in Polish legislation also named as Polskie Radio Program V)) is the official international broadcasting station of the Republic of Poland and is a part of Poland’s public radio network, Polish Radio.

Its aim is to broadcast programs on developments in Poland, Polish foreign policy, the economy, business and foreign investments. Polish Radio External Service provides objective and impartial information about Poland and its stance on international affairs. It shows Polish society, its daily life as well as scientific and cultural achievements.

Polish Radio External Service ended their English language shortwave broadcasts in 2012 and announced that they would be ceasing all shortwave transmissions on 27 October 2013, from which point they will only be broadcasting over the internet and through partnerships such as the World Radio Network.

Polskie Radio
The Polish Radio (PR; Polish: Polskie Radio, PR) is a national public-service radio broadcasting organization of Poland, founded in 1925. It is owned by the State Treasury of Poland. On 27 December 2023, the Minister of Culture and National Heritage, due to the President's veto on the financing of the company, placed it in liquidation.
Isabella Clara Eugenia
Isabella Clara Eugenia (Spanish: Isabel Clara Eugenia; 12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), sometimes referred to as Clara Isabella Eugenia, was sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands, and the Free County of Burgundy, from 1598 to 1621, ruling jointly with her husband Archduke Albert VII of Austria. After Albert's death, those regions were returned to the Spanish Habsburgs, and she continued to rule as governess of the Spanish Netherlands until her death.

Their reign is considered the Golden Age of the Habsburg Netherlands, which saw a revival of its economy and arts after a peace was concluded with the break-away Dutch Republic. Isabella was one of the most powerful women in 16th- and 17th-century Europe.

Albert VII, Archduke of Austria
Albert VII (German: Albrecht VII; 13 November 1559 – 13 July 1621) was the ruling Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and, jointly with his wife, Isabella Clara Eugenia, sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands between 1598 and 1621. Prior to this, he had been a cardinal, Archbishop of Toledo, viceroy of Portugal and  Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands. He succeeded his brother Matthias as reigning archduke of Lower and Upper Austria, but abdicated in favor of Ferdinand II the same year, making it the shortest (and often ignored) reign in Austrian history.
Melvin R. Laird Sr.
Melvin Robert Laird Sr. (August 7, 1878 – March 19, 1946) was an American businessman, Presbyterian minister, and Republican politician from Wood County, Wisconsin.  He served five years as a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing Wisconsin's 24th Senate district from 1941 until his death in 1946.  He was succeeded by his son, Melvin R. Laird Jr., who went on to become United States Secretary of Defense and Domestic Policy Advisor to President Richard Nixon.

Melvin Laird
Melvin Robert Laird Jr. (September 1, 1922 – November 16, 2016) was an American politician, writer and statesman. A member of the Republican Party, he served a member of the United States House of Representatives from Wisconsin from 1953 to 1969 representing Wisconsin's 7th congressional district before serving as United States Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard Nixon. Laird was instrumental in forming the administration's policy of withdrawing U.S. soldiers from the Vietnam War; he coined the expression "Vietnamization," referring to the process of transferring more responsibility for combat to the South Vietnamese forces. First elected in 1952, Laird was the last living former U.S. representative elected to the 83rd Congress at the time of his death and the last living representative to have served during the presidency of Harry Truman.
Morgan County, West Virginia
Morgan County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,063. Its county seat is Berkeley Springs. The county was formed in 1820 from parts of Hampshire and Berkeley Counties and named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, prominent soldier of the American Revolutionary War. The county and Town of Bath are considered excellent jumping-off points for exploring the Potomac and Cacapon Rivers just to the north and west, respectively. Also, the county is a tourist destination hosting numerous local artists, mineral water spas, and a large amount of outdoor recreation that includes fishing, boating, wildlife, hunting, and mountain scenery. The region is known for the famed Apple Butter Festival, which is annually held in October. Morgan County is also the home of an important silica mine, part of U.S. Silica.

Hampshire County, West Virginia
Hampshire County is a county in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,093. Its county seat is Romney, West Virginia's oldest town (1762). The county was created by the Virginia General Assembly in 1754, from parts of Frederick and Augusta Counties (Virginia) and is the state's oldest county. The county lies in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands region.

Hampshire County is part of the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Edict of Romorantin
The Edict of Romorantin, was a decree designed to alter the prosecution of heretics, promulgated by the King of France, François II, in May 1560. The decree came in the wake of the Amboise conspiracy in which many Protestant Huguenots had participated. Conscious that the previous policy of persecution embodied in the edicts of Châteaubriant and Compiègne had thus failed, the crown and the chancellor altered their strategy by distinguishing for the first time between heretics and rebels. The edict would transfer the prosecution of heretics who had committed no other offence to the ecclesiastical courts, which lacked the power to give death sentences. The edict would be confirmed in January 1561 then superseded, first by the Edict of July, which maintained its provision concerning ecclesiastical courts, and by the more radical Edict of Saint-Germain.

Edict of July
The Edict of July, also known as the first Edict of Saint-Germain was a decree of limited tolerance promulgated by the regent of France, Catherine de' Medici, in July 1561. Whilst it emphasised a continued commitment to banning Huguenot worship in France, it granted pardon for all religious offenses since the reign of Henry II, who had died two years earlier, which was a victory for the Protestant community. A further Protestant victory was in the reaffirmation of the removal of the death penalty for heresy cases. The edict would be overtaken by events, and ultimately left unenforced as France moved first to the landmark Edict of Saint-Germain and then into the Wars of Religion.