hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
German Vanguard
The German Vanguard: German Jewish Followers (German: Der deutsche Vortrupp. Gefolgschaft deutscher Juden) was a German association of pro-Nazi Jewish Germans. It was founded in February 1933 by Hans-Joachim Schoeps and dissolved in December 1935.

Vanguard members were fiercely patriotic Germans who sought recognition as a Jewish political movement within the resurgence of German nationalism. They disdained Eastern European Jews and opposed Marxism, Zionism, and liberalism, while failing to grasp the uncompromising racial nature of Nazi antisemitism.

Some of their members were also part of the larger Association of German National Jews, another group of Jews for Hitler outlawed by the Nazi authorities in 1935. Schoeps went into exile in Sweden at the end of 1938, seven weeks after the Nazi Kristallnacht mobs destroyed most German Jewish businesses and places of worship and just before the organized persecutions of the Jewish people began in earnest.

Association of German National Jews
The Association of German National Jews (German: Verband nationaldeutscher Juden, VnJ) was an 
assimilationist and nationalist German Jewish organization which was formed during the early years of the rule of the Weimar Republic and during the early years of the rule of Nazi Germany, that eventually came out in support of Adolf Hitler.

In 1935, the organization was outlawed, and its founder and leader Max Naumann was briefly imprisoned by the Gestapo at the Columbia concentration camp.
Aro Confederacy
The Aro Confederacy (1640–1902) was a political union orchestrated by the Aro people, an Igbo subgroup, centered in Arochukwu in present-day southeastern Nigeria. The Aro Confederacy was founded after the end of the Aro-Ibibio Wars. Their influence and presence was all over Eastern Nigeria, lower Middle Belt, parts of present-day of Cameroon and Equatorial guinea  during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Arochukwu communities were an economic, political, and an oracular center as they were home to the Ibini Ukpabi oracle, High Priests, the Aro King Eze Aro, and central council (Okpankpo). The Aro Confederacy was a powerful and influential political and economic alliance of various Igbo-speaking communities in southeastern Nigeria. It emerged during the 17th century and played a significant role in the region until the late 19th century.

Arochukwu
Arochukwu Listenⓘ Local Government Area, sometimes referred to as Arochuku or Aro Oke Igbo is the third largest local government area in Abia State (after Aba and Umuahia) in southeastern Nigeria and homeland of the Igbo subgroup, Aro people. Arochukwu is in the Abia North senatorial district of Abia State, Nigeria.

It is composed of five clans namely Abam, Aro, Ihechiowa, Ututu and Isu. Arochukwu is a principal historic town in Igbo land. It was also one of the cities in the Southern protectorate targeted by the British colonial government. Several historic tourist sites exist in the city. The mystic Ibini Ukpabi shrine, the slave routes and other relics of the slave trade era are frequently visited by tourists. It is also in the food belt of Abia state where most of the staple foods are produced.
Giffen good
In microeconomics and consumer theory, a Giffen good is a product that people consume more of as the price rises and vice versa, violating the law of demand.

For ordinary goods, as the price of the good rises, the substitution effect makes consumers purchase less of it, and more of substitute goods; the income effect can either reinforce or weaken this decline in demand, but for an ordinary good never outweighs it. By contrast, a Giffen good is so strongly an inferior good (in higher demand at lower incomes) that the contrary income effect more than offsets the substitution effect, and the net effect of the good's price rise is to increase demand for it. This phenomenon is known as the Giffen paradox.

Ordinary good
An ordinary good is a microeconomic concept used in consumer theory. It is defined as a good which creates an increase in quantity demanded when the price for the good drops or conversely a decrease in quantity demanded if the price for the good increases, ceteris paribus. It is the opposite of a Giffen good.

Since the existence of Giffen goods outside the realm of economic theory is still contested, the pairing of Giffen goods with ordinary goods has gotten less traction in economics textbooks than the pairing normal good/inferior good used to distinguish responses to income changes. The usage of "ordinary good" is still useful since it allows a simple representation of price and income changes. A normal good is always ordinary, while an ordinary good can be a normal good, an inferior good or "sticky". In economics, "stickiness" describes a situation in which a nominal price is slow to adjust or resistant to change.
Rekhetre
Rekhetre (fl. c. 2500 BC) was an ancient Egyptian queen from the late 4th Dynasty or early 5th Dynasty. She was a daughter of King Khafre. Her husband is never mentioned, but Rekhetre would have been the wife of one of Khafre's successors, possibly Menkaure.

Khafre
Khafre or Chephren (died c. 2532 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the fourth king of the Fourth Dynasty, during the earlier half of the Old Kingdom period (c. 2700–2200 BC). He was son of the king Khufu, and succeeded his brother Djedefre to the throne.

Khafre's enormous pyramid at Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre, is surpassed only by his father's (the Great Pyramid). The Great Sphinx of Giza was also built for him, according to some egyptologists, although this remains unconfirmed. Little is known about Khafre aside from the reports of Herodotus, a Greek historian who wrote 2,000 years later.
Dudleya virens subsp. extima
Dudleya virens subsp. extima is a subspecies of succulent plant in the family Crassulaceae commonly known as the Guadalupe green liveforever. It is a rosette-forming leaf succulent, with both green and white waxy foliage. It has white flowers with spreading petals that bloom from May to June. It is a somewhat small plant, continuing a southward trend of decreasing size relative to other Dudleya virens subspecies. This plant is endemic to Guadalupe Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which is 241 kilometers off of the Baja California coast. It is very rare, with this plant only surviving on sheer cliff faces and canyons, out of the reach of the former feral goat population rampant on the island. It closely resembles a miniature version of Dudleya virens subsp. virens, but it may be more nearly related to the local Dudleya guadalupensis.

Dudleya guadalupensis
Dudleya guadalupensis is a very rare species of succulent perennial plant in the family Crassulaceae commonly known as the Guadalupe liveforever. It is a rosette-forming leaf succulent, with foliage that is variously colored light green, green, and a waxy white. It is characterized by dense leaves that fold over the center in dormancy, a curving, sinuous flower stalk, and white, cup-shaped flowers. It is endemic to the rocks and islets off of Guadalupe Island, an isolated volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean located 241 kilometers off of the coast of Baja California.
Kyohei Yamashita
Kyohei Yamashita (山下 恭平, Yamashita Kyōhei; born 12 October 1998) is a Japanese badminton player who competes in doubles events. He is a former member of the Japanese national team and plays for the NTT East team.

Yamashita won a bronze medal in mixed doubles at the 2021 World Championships with partner Naru Shinoya. After Shinoya retired in 2024, Yamashita shifted his focus to men's doubles, partnering Hiroki Midorikawa. The pair finished as runners-up at the 2026 India Open (Super 750) and won four International Challenge/Series titles between 2019 and 2024. Yamashita also represented Japan in team competitions, winning bronze medals at the 2022 Asian Games and the Sudirman Cup in 2023 and 2025.

Hiroki Midorikawa
Hiroki Midorikawa (緑川 大輝, Midorikawa Hiroki; born 17 May 2000) is a Japanese badminton player who competes in doubles. He plays for the NTT East team and is a member of the Japanese national team. He primarily competes in mixed doubles with Natsu Saito, reaching a career-high world ranking of No. 7. The pair won two World Tour Super 500 titles – the 2023 Canada Open and the 2025 Indonesia Masters  – and were silver medalists at the 2025 Asian Championships. In men's doubles, he partners with Kyohei Yamashita, achieving a career-high world ranking of 25.
Parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses. They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations". Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of footnote citations or the numbered Vancouver system.

Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two citation styles:

Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing): primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, espoused by systems such as APA style;

Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, such as in the MLA Handbook.

Both the author–date and author–title systems are also available in style guides such as the Chicago Manual of Style.

Vancouver system
The Vancouver system (or author–number system) is a citation format that uses numbers within the text that refer to entries in a reference list. It is popular in the physical sciences and is one of two referencing systems normally used in medicine, the other being parenthetical referencing (name–year, also known as author–date). The most common implementations of the Vancouver system are Citing Medicine, AMA Manual of Style, and The CSE Manual. Outside the physical sciences, it is used on Wikipedia.
David Marks (architect)
David Joseph Marks MBE (15 December 1952 – 6 October 2017) was a British architect. In partnership with his wife Julia Barfield, he designed the London Eye, the British Airways i360 observation tower in Brighton, and the Treetop Walkway at Kew Gardens, London.

David Marks was born on 15 December 1952 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Gunilla (née Lovén) and Melville Marks, a journalist and film producer. Marks, who is Jewish, grew up in Geneva, where he attended the International School of Geneva. He moved to London in 1972, at first to study at the Kingston Polytechnic before moving to Architectural Association School of Architecture.

Marks was married to fellow architect Julia Barfield and they formed the architecture firm Marks Barfield.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours "for services to the British Airways London Eye."

Julia Barfield
Julia Barfield, MBE RIBA FSA, (born 1952) is a British architect and director of Marks Barfield Architects, established in 1989. Barfield created the London Eye together with husband and partner David Marks. Barfield has interest in vernacular architecture, geometry and in the way nature "designs and organizes itself so efficiently". She was influenced by Buckminster Fuller and his beliefs on how architects have a social and environmental responsibility. Barfield remains involved in a diverse array of projects within architecture, including the categories of culture, education, transportation, sports, leisure, and master planning.
Macy's 4th of July Fireworks
The Macy's 4th of July Fireworks is an annual Independence Day fireworks display held in New York City. The fireworks show, usually held over the East River or Hudson River, has been sponsored by Macy's, Inc. each year since 1976, with the exception of 1986 when that year's fireworks display was held as part of Liberty Weekend, marking the restoration and centenary of the Statue of Liberty. In recent years, the fireworks have been preceded by live entertainment.

The event has been televised as a special since 1983 (currently billed as the Macy's 4th of July Fireworks Spectacular), originally airing on WPIX, and being syndicated nationally beginning in 1991. In 2000, the special moved to NBC, where it has been broadcast ever since; NBC's current contract runs through 2035, and is bundled with its rights to the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.

Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the world's largest parade, is an annual parade in New York City presented by the American department store chain Macy's. While not the first such event held in the United States, the Macy's Parade has become a traditional event watched by many millions of television viewers and in-person spectators each year. The parade was first held in 1924,: 9  tying it for the second-oldest Thanksgiving parade in the United States with America's Thanksgiving Parade in Detroit (with both parades being four years younger than Philadelphia's Thanksgiving Day Parade). The three-hour parade is held in Manhattan, ending outside Macy's Herald Square, and takes place from 8:30 a.m. to noon Eastern Standard Time on Thanksgiving Day, and has been televised nationally on NBC since 1953.

The 100th anniversary of the first parade was 2024. Since the parade was canceled during World War II (1942–1944), the 100th parade will take place in 2026.
Helmholtz pitch notation
Helmholtz pitch notation is a system for naming musical notes of the Western chromatic scale. Fully described and normalized by the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz, it uses a combination of upper and lower case letters (A to G), and the sub- and super-prime symbols ( ͵  ′   or  ⸜ ⸝) to denote each individual note of the scale. It is one of two formal systems for naming notes in a particular octave, the other being scientific pitch notation.

Scientific pitch notation
Scientific pitch notation (SPN), also known as American standard pitch notation (ASPN) and international pitch notation (IPN), is a method of specifying musical pitch by combining a musical note name (with accidental if needed) and a number identifying the pitch's octave.

Although scientific pitch notation was originally designed as a companion to scientific pitch (see below), the two are not synonymous. Scientific pitch is a pitch standard—a system that defines the specific frequencies of particular pitches (see below). Scientific pitch notation concerns only how pitch names are notated, that is, how they are designated in printed and written text, and does not inherently specify actual frequencies. Thus, the use of scientific pitch notation to distinguish octaves does not depend on the pitch standard used.
WarpOS
WarpOS is a multitasking kernel for the PowerPC (PPC) architecture central processing unit (CPU) developed by Haage & Partner for the Amiga computer platform in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It runs on PowerUP accelerator boards developed by phase5 which contains both a Motorola 68000 series CPU and a PowerPC CPU with shared address space. WarpOS runs alongside the 68k-based AmigaOS, which can use the PowerPC as a coprocessor. Despite its name, it is not an operating system (OS), but a kernel; it supplies a limited set of functions similar to those in AmigaOS for using the PowerPC. When released, its original name was WarpUP, but was changed to reflect its greater feature set, and possibly to avoid comparison with its competitor, PowerUP.

It was developed by Sam Jordan using 680x0 and PowerPC assembly language.[8] It was distributed free of charge.

PowerUP (accelerator)
PowerUP boards were dual-processor accelerator boards designed by Phase5 Digital Products for Amiga computers. They had two different processors, a Motorola 68000 series (68k) and a PowerPC, working in parallel, sharing the complete address space of the Amiga computer system.
Ames Monument
The Ames Monument is a large pyramid in Albany County, Wyoming, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson and dedicated to brothers Oakes Ames and Oliver Ames Jr., Union Pacific Railroad financiers. It marked the highest point on the first transcontinental railroad, at 8,247 feet (2,514 m).

Richardson designed the monument midway into his career. His work was largely unknown to the public until around 1870, when he helped design Trinity Church and the Buffalo State Asylum for the Insane.

The town of Sherman rose up around it, but then Union Pacific moved its tracks to the south, leaving Sherman to become a ghost town.

Oliver served as president of the Union Pacific Railroad from 1866 to 1871, while Oakes, a U.S. representative from Massachusetts, asserted near-total control of its construction.  In 1873, investigators implicated Oakes in fraud associated with financing of the railroad. Congress subsequently censured Oakes, who resigned in 1873 and died soon thereafter.

Henry Hobson Richardson
Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style derived from Romanesque Revival that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture."
Poissy
Poissy (French: [pwasi] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 23.8 km (14.8 mi) from the centre of Paris. Inhabitants are called Pisciacais in French.

Poissy is one of the oldest royal cities of Île-de-France, birthplace of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France, before being supplanted from the 15th century by Saint-Germain-en-Laye. In 1561, it was the site of a fruitless Catholic–Huguenot conference, the Colloquy of Poissy.

The area is known for hosting the Automobiles Gregoire successively, Matford, Ford SAF, Simca, Chrysler, Talbot factories and now hosts one of France's largest Peugeot factories. The "Simca Poissy engine" was made there.

Poissy is the 165th most populated city in Metropolitan France.

Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɑ̃ lɛ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 19.1 km (11.9 mi) from the centre of Paris.

Inhabitants are called Saint-Germanois or Saint-Germinois. With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see the Golden Triangle of the Yvelines).

Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. Because it includes the National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, it covers approximately 48 km2 (19 sq mi), making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the Seine. Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of Line A of the RER.
Bank of New South Wales
The Bank of New South Wales (BNSW), also known as The Wales, was the first bank in Australia. It was established in 1817 in Sydney. During the 19th century, the bank opened branches throughout Australia and New Zealand, expanding into Oceania in the 20th century. Throughout it history it merged with and purchased many other financial institutions. In 1981 it merged with the Commercial Bank of Australia and was renamed Westpac on 4 May 1982.

Commercial Bank of Australia
The Commercial Bank of Australia Limited (CBA) was an Australian and New Zealand retail bank which operated from 1866 until it merged with the Bank of New South Wales, which was established in 1817, to form the Westpac Banking Corporation in 1982.
Methoclocinnamox
Methoclocinnamox (MCCAM; developmental code name NIH-10420) is a selective pseudo-irreversible partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). It shows a mixture of opioid agonist- and antagonist-like effects. The drug has long-lasting effects and is insurmountable by other MOR ligands.

MCCAM was derived from clocinnamox (CCAM), was first described by 1995, and was of interest in the potential treatment of opioid dependence. However, it was not further developed and was never marketed. A close analogue of MCCAM, methocinnamox (MCAM), which in contrast to MCCAM acts as a MOR pseudo-irreversible antagonist, was first described in 2000 and is under development for the treatment of opioid use disorder and opioid overdose as of 2023.

Clocinnamox
Clocinnamox (CCAM or C-CAM; developmental code name NIH-10443) is a selective and irreversible antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor. Closely related compounds include methocinnamox (MCAM) and methoclocinnamox (MCCAM). They were derived via structural modification of buprenorphine. Clocinnamox was first described in the scientific literature by 1992.
Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War III
Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War III is a 2017 real-time strategy game with multiplayer online battle arena influences, developed by Relic Entertainment and published by Sega. It is the third mainline entry in the Dawn of War series, and the first new release in the series since Dawn of War II: Retribution in 2011. It was released for Windows on April 27, 2017. Feral Interactive released macOS and Linux versions on June 8 the same year. A successor, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War IV, developed by King Art Games, is set to be released in 2026.

Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War IV
Warhammer 40,000: Dawn Of War IV is an upcoming real-time strategy video game developed by King Art Games and published by Deep Silver. The fourth installment in the Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War series, the game is set to be released for Windows PC in 2026.
95th Rifle Division
The 95th Rifle Division (Russian: 95-я стрелковая дивизия 95-y strelkovaya diviziya) was a Red Army Rifle Division during World War II, formed three times. The division was first formed in November 1923 with the 6th Rifle Corps. It fought in the Winter War and the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. After Operation Barbarossa, the division fought in the retreat from Moldova and fought in the siege of Odessa and the siege of Sevastopol. It was destroyed during the siege of Sevastopol and was disbanded in late July 1942. The division was reformed in August 1942 from the 13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD and fought at the Battle of Stalingrad. For its actions during the battle, the division became the 75th Guards Rifle Division in March 1943.  In April 1943, the division was formed a third time at Kaluga from the 121st Rifle Brigade. It fought in Operation Bagration.

13th Motor Rifle Division NKVD
The 13th Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD Internal Troops (Russian: 13-я мотострелковая дивизия внутренних войск НКВД СССР  13-y motostrelkovaya diviziya vnutrenikh voisk NKVD SSSR) was formed as a division of the NKVD, but was used as a division of the Red Army Rifle Division during short period of World War II.

The Division was formed in Voronezh region in May 1942, using the management and part of the forces of 8th Motorized Rifle Division of the NKVD internal troops as the basis.
Rubens mare
The Rubens mare (foaled 1819) was an unnamed British Thoroughbred racehorse. In her only race she finished second in The Oaks in 1822. Later she became a top broodmare, foaling Ascot Gold Cup winner Camarine, 1000 Guineas winners May-day and Firebrand and Epsom Derby winner Phosphorus.

May-day
May-day (1831 – 30 May 1834) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who won the classic 1000 Guineas at Newmarket Racecourse in 1834. On her only subsequent start she was fatally injured in the Oaks Stakes at Epsom.