hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Clarification and stabilization of wine
In winemaking, clarification and stabilization are the processes by which insoluble matter suspended in the wine is removed before bottling. This matter may include dead yeast cells (lees), bacteria, tartrates, proteins, pectins, various tannins and other phenolic compounds, as well as pieces of grape skin, pulp, stems and gums. Clarification and stabilization may involve fining, filtration, centrifugation, flotation, refrigeration, pasteurization, and/or barrel maturation and racking.

Phenolic content in wine
Phenolic compounds—natural phenol and polyphenols—occur naturally in wine.  These include a large group of several hundred chemical compounds that affect the taste, aroma, bouquet, color and mouthfeel of wine. These compounds include phenolic acids, stilbenoids, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins (enocyanin), flavanol monomers (catechins) and flavanol polymers (proanthocyanidins). This large group of natural phenols can be broadly separated into two categories, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of the wine. The non-flavonoids include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic and cinnamic acids.
Frederick Conyers Cotton
Major General Frederick Conyers Cotton CSI (30 July 1807 – 12 October 1901) was a British army officer who was posted in the Madras Presidency. He was among the first to introduce forestry practices into southern India. He collected wild plants in southern India and the genus Cottonia was named after him.

Cottonia
Cottonia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae: the only known species is Cottonia peduncularis. It is native to India and Sri Lanka. The genus was erected by Robert Wight and named after Major Frederick Cotton, an amateur botanist who served in the Madras Engineer Group and collected the species from Tellichery. A coloured illustration of the plant had been sent to Wight by Thomas C. Jerdon.

This epiphytic orchid has a lip shaped like a hairy bee (as in the well-known Ophrys apifera) giving it the name of bee-orchid but, unlike species in the genus Ophrys, no specific bee pollinator has been identified. It was first described as Vanda peduncularis by Lindley.
Peter Firmin
Peter Arthur Firmin (11 December 1928 – 1 July 2018) was an English artist and puppet maker. He was the founder of Smallfilms, along with Oliver Postgate. Between them they created a number of popular children's TV programmes, The Saga of Noggin the Nog,  Ivor the Engine, Clangers, Bagpuss and Pogles' Wood.

Noggin the Nog
Noggin the Nog is a fictional character appearing in a BBC Television animated series (of the same name, originally broadcast 1959–1965 and 1982) and a series of illustrated books (published 1965–1977), created by Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin. The television series is considered a cult classic from the golden age of British children's television. Noggin himself is the simple, kind and unassuming "King of the Northmen" in a roughly Viking Age setting, with various fantastic elements such as dragons, flying machines and talking birds.

Peter Firmin is said to have come up with the name of Noggin after travelling on the London Underground and seeing Neasden tube station, which made him think "Noggin".

Some of the original artwork for the series was on display at the former Rupert Bear Museum in Canterbury. The appearance of the characters was influenced by that of the Lewis chessmen in the British Museum.
Ferlyn Wong
Ferlyn Gilleen Wong Jing Ling, known professionally as Ferlyn G, is a Singaporean actress, singer, dancer, and model. She gained prominence as a member of the K-pop girl group Skarf from 2012 to 2014.

After leaving Skarf, Wong released her debut solo EP, First, on 2 January 2015. She also went into acting, in both feature films such as the 2019 comedy-horror When Ghost Meets Zombie and television dramas, sych as Kin, I Do, Do I? and Emerald Hill - The Little Nyonya Story.

Emerald Hill - The Little Nyonya Story
Emerald Hill - The Little Nyonya Story (Chinese: 小娘惹之翡翠山) is a 2025 Singaporean drama serial on Mediacorp's Channel 8. It stars Tasha Low, Chantalle Ng, Ferlyn Wong, Zhang Zetong, Tyler Ten, Jesseca Liu, Kai Hsiu, Romeo Tan, Dawn Yeoh, Shaun Chen, Jojo Goh and Zoe Tay as the main cast. This series serves as a standalone sequel to Channel 8's 2008 series, The Little Nyonya, with Jeanette Aw reprising her role as Yamamoto Yueniang. It is set in the 1950s to 1970s and centres around an extended Peranakan Chinese family in Emerald Hill, Singapore.

The series first aired on Netflix and mewatch Prime on 10 March 2025, and every weekday on Channel 8 from 19 March 2025, at 21:00 (SGT). The drama became the first Channel 8 series to top Netflix Singapore's most-watched list after its streaming debut on 10 March 2025. The season finale was broadcast on 21 April 2025 for Netflix and meWatch Prime, and 30 April 2025 for Channel 8.
Beautiful Thing (film)
Beautiful Thing is a 1996 British romantic comedy coming-of-age film directed by Hettie MacDonald and released by Channel 4 Films. The screenplay was written by Jonathan Harvey based on his own original play of the same name. The film stars Linda Henry, Glen Berry, Scott Neal, Tameka Empson and Ben Daniels. The film was the cinema debuts of Harvey, MacDonald, and actors Berry, Neal and Empson.

The film was originally intended for television broadcast only, but it was so well-received that it was subsequently released in UK cinemas on 14 June 1996. The atmosphere of the film is heavily influenced by a soundtrack consisting almost entirely of the music of The Mamas & the Papas and Mama Cass Elliot.

The movie received "generally positive" reviews, and is often ranked as one of the best LGBTQ films. In 2016, British playwright Fin Kennedy, said that twenty years later, the story told is still held in "near-universal affection among audiences."

Cass Elliot
Ellen Naomi Cohen (September 19, 1941 – July 29, 1974), known professionally by the stage name Cass Elliot, was an American singer-songwriter, comedian, actress, and television personality. A member of the singing group The Mamas & the Papas (1965–68), she was also known as "Mama Cass", a name she reportedly disliked. After the group broke up, Elliot released five solo albums. She received the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary (R&R) Performance for "Monday, Monday" (1967). In 1998, she was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for her work with The Mamas & the Papas.
Kay Ivey
Kay Ellen Ivey (/ˈaɪvi/ EYE-vee; born October 15, 1944) is an American politician serving since 2017 as the 54th governor of Alabama. A member of the Republican Party, Ivey served from 2003 to 2011 as the 38th Alabama state treasurer and from 2011 to 2017 as the 30th lieutenant governor of Alabama.

Ivey became Alabama's second female governor upon the resignation of her predecessor, Robert J. Bentley. She won a full term in 2018 and was reelected in 2022. She is the longest-serving female governor in the nation.

2022 Alabama gubernatorial election
The 2022 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on November 8, 2022. Incumbent Governor Kay Ivey, a Republican, took office in 2017 upon the resignation of Robert J. Bentley (R) and won a full term in 2018. In 2022, she won her bid for a second full term in a landslide.

Primary elections in Alabama were held on May 24. Runoff elections for instances where no candidate received 50% plus one vote were scheduled for June 21. A runoff was avoided in the Republican primary, with Ivey winning outright. The Democratic primary advanced to a runoff between Malika Sanders-Fortier and Yolanda Flowers, with Flowers winning the Democratic nomination.

This was the first gubernatorial election in Alabama history in which both major party nominees were women. Flowers was also the first Black female gubernatorial nominee in Alabama history. Governor Ivey was sworn in for her second full term on January 16, 2023.
Howling
Howling is a vocal form of animal communication seen in most canines, particularly wolves, coyotes, foxes, and dogs, as well as cats and some species of monkeys. Howls are lengthy sustained sounds, loud and audible over long distances, often with some variation in pitch over the length of the sound. Howling is generally used by animals that engage in this behavior to signal their positions to one another, to call the pack to assemble, or to note their territory. The behavior is occasionally copied by humans, and has been noted to have varying degrees of significance in human culture.

Bark (sound)
A bark is a sound most often produced by dogs. Other animals that make this noise include, but are not limited to, wolves, coyotes, foxes, seals, frogs and owls. Bark is also a verb that describes the sound of many canids.
John H. Quick
John Henry Quick (June 20, 1870 – September 9, 1922) was a United States Marine who received the Medal of Honor for his actions at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and the Distinguished Service Cross and the Navy Cross during World War I.

Navy Cross
The Navy Cross is the United States naval services' second-highest military decoration awarded for sailors and marines who distinguish themselves for extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force. The medal is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross of the United States Army, the Air Force Cross of the United States Air Force and Space Force, and the Coast Guard Cross of the United States Coast Guard; collectively, these awards are known as the "service crosses".

The Navy Cross is bestowed by the secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services, and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services. The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 65-253) and approved on February 4, 1919.
Upper Deck Company
The Upper Deck Company, LLC (colloquially as Upper Deck and Upper Deck Authenticated, Ltd. in the UK) is a private company primarily known for producing trading cards. It was founded in 1988. Its headquarters are in Carlsbad, California, United States.

The company also produces sports related items such as figurines and die-cast toys on top of having exclusive agreements to produce memorabilia, under the brand name "Upper Deck Authenticated", with athletes including Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods, LeBron James, Wayne Gretzky, Serena Williams, Roberto Luongo, Connor McDavid, and Ben Simmons. Under the Upper Deck Entertainment name, the company also produced card games such as World of Warcraft and Vs. System.

Upper Deck is also the current licensor of the O-Pee-Chee brand since 2007, having released several baseball and ice hockey card collections.

Vs. System
Vs. System (short for Versus System), also written as VS System and abbreviated as VS, is a collectible card game designed by Upper Deck Entertainment (UDE). In the game, players build and play a deck of Vs. System cards in an attempt to win a game against their opponent. It was first published in 2004 and is set in the superhero genre. The game was discontinued by Upper Deck Entertainment in January 2009.

UDE announced at the 2014 Gen Con Indianapolis that they would be letting convention-goers playtest a subset of Marvel Origins reprinted as "Vs. System Living Card Game". UDE then relaunched Vs. System at the 2015 Gen Con Indianapolis in its updated 2PCG format, switching from the traditional, partially-randomized card distribution model of most CCGs to a non-random, fixed-distribution model.
SN 2021agco
SN 2021agco is was a Type Ib supernova event located in the spiral galaxy UGC 3855 at a distance of around ~40 Mpc from Earth. It is the closest ultra-stripped supernova (USSN) known. It is known as an ultra-stripped SN due to the progenitor star of SN 2021agco suffered through violent mass loss with the majority of its outer layer being stripped. It was discovered in the year 2021 by a team of astronomers who were led by Shengyu Yan of the Tsinghua University in Beijing, China.

It produced a total kinetic energy of 9.69×1049 ergs and an injection energy of 8.93×1049 ergs. There was only 0.26 solar masses of supernova ejecta with 2.2×10−2 solar masses of nickel-56.

SN 2021agco exist within an unusual environment for Ultra-stripped Supernovas. The host galaxy (UGC 3855) is around 10.6 billion years old making it and the stellar population is has relatively old. That, with its low rate of star formation, makes SN 2021agco located in an area where USSN's are not often found.

UGC 3855
UGC 3855, also known as PGC 21067 or sometimes as the Modest galaxy, is a spiral galaxy located around 40 Mpc from Earth in the constellation of Lynx. It is a relatively old galaxy with a stellar population around 10.6 billion years old. It also has a low rate of star formation of about 0.2 solar masses per year.

It was the host galaxy to a supernova known as SN 2021agco, the closest ultra-stripped supernova discovered.
Toshiko Mori
Toshiko Mori (born 1951) is a Japanese architect and the founder and principal of New York–based Toshiko Mori Architect, PLLC and Vision Arc. She is also the Robert P. Hubbard Professor in the Practice of Architecture at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. In 1995, she became the first female faculty member to receive tenure at the GSD.

Harvard Graduate School of Design
The Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) is the graduate school of design at Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offers master's and doctoral programs in architecture, landscape architecture, urban planning, urban design, real estate, design engineering, and design studies.

The GSD has over 13,000 alumni and has graduated many famous architects, urban planners, and landscape architects. The school is considered a global academic leader in design fields.

The GSD has the world's oldest landscape architecture program (founded in 1893) and North America's oldest urban planning program (founded in 1900). Architecture was first taught at Harvard University in 1874. The Graduate School of Design was officially established in 1936, combining the three fields of landscape architecture, urban planning, and architecture under one graduate school.
Nasdaq Helsinki
Nasdaq Helsinki, formerly known as the Helsinki Stock Exchange (Finnish: Helsingin Pörssi, Swedish: Helsingforsbörsen), is a stock exchange located in Helsinki, Finland. Since 3 September 2003, it has been part of Nasdaq Nordic (previously called OMX). After the OMX merger, it was referred to as OMX Helsinki (OMXH), then after NASDAQ's acquisition of OMX in February 2008, NASDAQ OMX Helsinki, and currently Nasdaq Helsinki.

Nasdaq Stockholm
Nasdaq Stockholm, formerly and colloquially known as the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Swedish: Stockholmsbörsen), is a stock exchange located in Frihamnen, Stockholm, Sweden.  Founded in 1863, it has become the primary securities exchange of the Nordic countries. As of March 2021, a total of 832 companies are listed on Nasdaq Stockholm with 385 companies on the main market and additional 447 listed on secondary markets (Nasdaq First North and Nasdaq First North Premier).
Paul Gilbert
Paul Brandon Gilbert (born November 6, 1966) is an American hard rock and heavy metal guitarist. He is the co-founder of the band Mr. Big, and was also a member of Racer X, with whom he released several albums. In 1996, Gilbert launched a solo career, for which he has released numerous solo albums, and featured in numerous collaborations and guest appearances on other musicians' albums.

Gilbert was voted fourth-best on Guitar One magazine's 2007 "Top 10 Greatest Guitar Shredders of All Time". He was also ranked in Guitar World's 2008 list, "50 Fastest Guitarists of All Time". Gilbert was ranked number one in Loudwire Magazine's list of "10 Stupidly Fast Guitarists in Metal".

Racer X (band)
Racer X was an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1985. The group went through a hiatus and a few lineup changes, with bassist Juan Alderete being the sole constant member. They were signed to Shrapnel Records.
Brianna Brooks
Brianna Brooks (born June 28, 2002) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward for the Vancouver Goldeneyes of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). She played college ice hockey for the New Hampshire Wildcats and the Penn State Nittany Lions.

New Hampshire Wildcats women's ice hockey
The New Hampshire Wildcats represent the University of New Hampshire. They have won five ECAC championships between 1986 and 1996. When the Wildcats joined Hockey East, they won four Hockey East titles from 2006 to 2009. The Wildcats have more wins than any other women's ice hockey program at 668 in its first 32 years. The Wildcats went undefeated in their initial 74 games (73–0–1) spanning the 1978 through 1982 seasons. A UNH goaltender has been declared Hockey East Goaltending Champion in the first six years of the league's existence. From 2007 to 2009, UNH hosted NCAA Tournament Regional home games.
Institute for Nature Study
The Institute for Nature Study (国立科学博物館附属自然教育園, Kokuritsu Kagaku Hakubutsukan fuzoku Shizen Kyōiku-en) is a Japanese nature preserve park associated with the National Museum of Nature and Science, located in the Shirokanedai neighborhood of Minato, Tokyo, extending into the Kamiōsaki neighborhood of Shinagawa, Tokyo.  It is a Natural Monument and a National Historic Site of Japan.

National Museum of Nature and Science
The National Museum of Nature and Science (国立科学博物館, Kokuritsu Kagaku Hakubutsukan) is in the northeast corner of Ueno Park in Tokyo. The museum has exhibitions on pre-Meiji science in Japan. It is the venue of the taxidermied bodies of the legendary dogs Hachikō and Taro and Jiro. A life-size blue whale model and a steam locomotive are also on display outside.
Interphalangeal joints of the hand
The interphalangeal joints of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the fingers that provide flexion towards the palm of the hand.

There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint):

"proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIJ or PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges

"distal interphalangeal joints" (DIJ or DIP), those between the second (intermediate) and third (distal) phalanges

Anatomically, the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints are very similar. There are some minor differences in how the palmar plates are attached proximally and in the segmentation of the flexor tendon sheath, but the major differences are the smaller dimension and reduced mobility of the distal joint.

Palmar plate
In the human hand, palmar or volar plates (also referred to as palmar or volar ligaments) are found in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal (IP) joints, where they reinforce the joint capsules, enhance joint stability, and limit hyperextension.  The plates of the MCP and IP joints are structurally and functionally similar, except that in the MCP joints they are interconnected by a deep transverse ligament.  In the MCP joints, they also indirectly provide stability to the longitudinal palmar arches of the hand.

The volar plate of the thumb MCP joint has a transverse longitudinal rectangular shape, shorter than those in the fingers.
I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus (film)
I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus is a 2001 made-for-TV family film, based on the classic holiday song of the same name. The movie's tagline was "Christmas is coming, and Santa's a dirty rat."

The film was directed by Craig Clyde, who had a cameo appearance as Major Titanium, and stars Corbin Bernsen and Connie Selleca. I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus first aired December 9, 2001, on the PAX Network where it aired until 2007. As of 2008, it is shown in the 25 Days of Christmas programming block on Freeform.

The film is one of Sellecca's final performances before her retirement from acting. She didn't act again until The Wild Stallion in 2009.

Connie Sellecca
Connie Sellecca (born Concetta Sellecchia; May 25, 1955) is an American actress, producer, and former model, best known for her roles on the television series Flying High, The Greatest American Hero, and Hotel, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 1987.
People (The Burning Hell album)
People is the sixth full-length album by the Canadian indie rock band The Burning Hell, released in April 2013 in Canada, May 2013 in Europe and April 2014 in the UK. The album was recorded in Berlin by Norman Nitzsche and Ramin Bijan. They followed up the recording with doing 10 shows across Europe within a 24 hour period.

The Burning Hell (band)
The Burning Hell is a Canadian band fronted by songwriter Mathias Kom and artist and multi-instrumentalist Ariel Sharratt, particularly known for their literate songwriting, DIY ethos, and dynamic live performances. Kom holds a PhD in ethnomusicology at Memorial University of Newfoundland, where he studied the political economy of DIY music.
Kirrule-type ferry
The Kirrule-type ferries (or Kubu-class) - Kiandra, Kirrule and Kubu - were three identical K-class ferries that operated on Sydney Harbour by Sydney Ferries Limited.

The three steam ferries were built in 1910, 1911 and 1912 at the height of the boom in ferry traffic across Sydney Harbour prior to the opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.  They were the second largest type of inner harbour vessels and built for the rapidly increasing North Shore demand.

Sydney Ferries Limited generally choose Australian Aboriginal names for the early twentieth "K-class" steamers. "Kiandra" is a corruption of Aboriginal 'Gianderra' for 'sharp stones for knives' and a town in NSW. Kirrule is thought to mean 'aroused', and 'Kubu' "oak tree".

Sydney Ferries Limited
Sydney Ferries Limited operated ferry services on Sydney Harbour from 1900 until June 1951.

The company grew out of the North Shore Steam Ferry Company and took over smaller ferry operators to become the largest ferry operator in Sydney's history. Without a physical connection across the harbour, demand for ferry services to developing areas on the North Shore rose dramatically and Sydney Ferries commissioned 27 large ferries in its own right between 1900 and 1922. The company named its vessels with Australian Aboriginal words beginning with "K".

The 1932 opening of the Sydney Harbour Bridge saw the companies annual patronage drop from 40 million to 15 million.
Alberto Morales
Alberto Morales Moraga was the 16th Mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, office which he held between March and May 1935, under President Arturo Alessandri Palma. He was succeeded by Serafín López Lizana, who died in office in September 1935.

José Serafín López
José Serafín López Lizana (died 4 October 1935) was the 17th mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, an office which he held from May 1935 until his death in October of that year. He was succeeded by Humberto Llanos Martínez.
Zilshausen
Zilshausen is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kastellaun.

Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis is a district (German: Kreis) in the middle of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The neighbouring districts are (from north clockwise) Mayen-Koblenz, Rhein-Lahn, Mainz-Bingen, Bad Kreuznach, Birkenfeld, Bernkastel-Wittlich, Cochem-Zell.