hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Exotic R4
In mathematics, an exotic  is a differentiable manifold that is homeomorphic (i.e. shape preserving) but not diffeomorphic (i.e. non smooth) to the Euclidean space  The first examples were found in 1982 by Michael Freedman and others, by using the contrast between Freedman's theorems about topological 4-manifolds, and Simon Donaldson's theorems about smooth 4-manifolds. There is a continuum of non-diffeomorphic differentiable structures  as was shown first by Clifford Taubes.

Prior to this construction, non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on spheres – exotic spheres – were already known to exist, although the question of the existence of such structures for the particular case of the 4-sphere remained open (and remains open as of 2024). For any positive integer n other than 4, there are no exotic smooth structures  in other words, if n ≠ 4 then any smooth manifold homeomorphic to  is diffeomorphic to

Michael Freedman
Michael Hartley Freedman (born April 21, 1951) is an American mathematician at Microsoft Station Q, a research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1986, he was awarded a Fields Medal for his work on the 4-dimensional generalized Poincaré conjecture. Freedman and Robion Kirby showed that an exotic R4 manifold exists.
Andy Russell (footballer, born 1987)
Andrew James Russell (Chinese: 羅素; born 21 November 1987) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Hong Kong First Division club Hoi King. Born in England, he played for the Hong Kong national football team from 2016 to 2023.

Hong Kong national football team
The Hong Kong representation football team (Chinese: 香港足球代表隊; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jūkkàuh doihbíu deuih; recognised as Hong Kong, China by FIFA) represents Hong Kong in international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Hong Kong, China, the governing body for football in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong hosted the first AFC Asian Cup in 1956 and won third place, also reaching the semifinals in 1964. Hong Kong did not qualify for another AFC tournament until 2023. They had never qualified for the FIFA World Cup but have qualified for the EAFF E-1 Football Championship five times, in 2003, 2010, 2019, 2022 and 2025.
Jørn Lyseggen
Jørn Lyseggen (born December 1, 1968) is a Norwegian serial entrepreneur, patent inventor and the founder and Executive Chairman of Meltwater and the Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology (MEST).

Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology
The Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology (MEST) is an Africa-wide technology entrepreneur training program, seed fund, and incubator headquartered in Accra, Ghana. The three-phased institution was founded in 2008 to provide training, investment, and mentoring for aspiring technology entrepreneurs with the goal of creating globally successful companies that create wealth and jobs locally in Africa.

Over 80 African tech companies have been launched through MEST Africa including Meqasa, Kudobuzz, Asoriba, Complete Farmer, TroTro Tractor, BezoMoney

Since launching in 2008, MEST backed startups have been acquired by investors, or recognized internationally by organisations such as Techstars, 500 Startups, Y Combinator and at events like the LAUNCH Conference in San Francisco.
Charles Howard, 17th Earl of Suffolk
Charles John Howard, 17th Earl of Suffolk, 10th Earl of Berkshire (7 November 1804 – 14 August 1876), styled Viscount Andover between 1820 and 1851, was a British peer and Whig politician from the Howard family.

Henry Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk
Henry Charles Howard, 18th Earl of Suffolk, 11th Earl of Berkshire (10 September 1833 – 31 March 1898), styled Viscount Andover between 1851 and 1876, was a British peer and Liberal Party politician from the Howard family. A sporting enthusiast, he was a member of the Jockey Club and sportswriter.
The Out Circuit
The Out Circuit is an indie rock/post-hardcore band/project by former Frodus co-frontman Nathan Burke currently signed to Lujo Records. The Out Circuit was originally based in Washington, DC but now resides in Seattle, Washington.

Frodus
Frodus (a.k.a. Frodus Conglomerate International, Frodus Sound Laboratories, FCI, Frodus Escape Plan, Frodus Deposit Insurance Corporation) was an American post-hardcore band formed in 1993 in Washington, D.C. by vocalist/guitarist Shelby Cinca and drummer Jason Hamacher. The band went through numerous bassists over the course of their career. Their mixture of math rock and hardcore punk plus their lyrical themes, frequently dark and dissonant and seen as esoteric for the time, led them to be described by critics as one of the most influential post-hardcore bands of the 1990s.
Enric Masip
Enric Masip Borrás (born September 1, 1969 in Barcelona) is a retired Spanish handball player. He is considered one of the best Spanish handball players ever.

Formed in the younger categories of BM Granollers, in 1987 begun to play with the first team. After his good matches, in 1990 joined the FC Barcelona, winning 6 European Cups and 7 Leagues.

As a member of the Spanish national handball team, he participated in two Summer Olympics, six World Championships and three European Championships, serving as team captain in 2003. After some years with a lot of back injuries, he retired in 2004.

FC Barcelona Handbol
Futbol Club Barcelona Handbol is a professional Catalan Spanish handball team based in Barcelona, Catalonia. It is a part of the FC Barcelona multi sports club, and was founded on 29 November 1942. The club competes domestically in the Liga ASOBAL and in the European Champions League. It is the most successful handball club in Spain and Europe with a record number of domestic and international titles.
2020 Budapest Formula 3 round
The 2020 Hungaroring FIA Formula 3 round is a motor racing event scheduled to be held on 18 and 19 July 2020 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. It is the third round of the 2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship, and will run in support of the 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix.

2020 Hungarian Grand Prix
The 2020 Hungarian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 Aramco Magyar Nagydíj 2020) was a Formula One motor race held on 19 July 2020 at the Hungaroring in Mogyoród, Hungary. The race was the third round of the 2020 Formula One World Championship, the 36th running of the Hungarian Grand Prix and the 35th time the race had been run as a World Championship event since the inaugural season in 1950. Lewis Hamilton was the defending race winner and the eventual winner of this Grand Prix, Hamilton's second successive win of the 2020 season and his eighth at the Hungaroring.
Thunder Rock (film)
Thunder Rock is a 1942 British drama film directed by Roy Boulting and starring Michael Redgrave and Barbara Mullen, with James Mason and Lilli Palmer in supporting roles. It was based on Robert Ardrey's 1939 play Thunder Rock.

Boulting brothers
John Edward Boulting (21 December 1913 – 17 June 1985) and Roy Alfred Clarence Boulting (21 December 1913 – 5 November 2001), known collectively as the Boulting brothers, were English filmmakers and identical twins who became known for their series of satirical comedies in the 1950s and 1960s. They produced many of their films through their own production company, Charter Film Productions, which they founded in 1937.
Royal Observatory, Edinburgh
The Royal Observatory, Edinburgh (ROE) is an astronomical institution located on Blackford Hill in Edinburgh. The site is owned by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). The ROE comprises the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) of STFC, the Institute for Astronomy of the School of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh, and the ROE Visitor Centre.

The observatory carries out astronomical research and university teaching; design, project management, and construction of instruments and telescopes for astronomical observatories; and teacher training in astronomy and outreach to the public. The ROE Library includes the Crawford Collection of books and manuscripts gifted in 1888 by the 26th Earl of Crawford. Before it moved to the present site in 1896, the Royal Observatory was located on Calton Hill, close to the centre of Edinburgh, at what is now known as the City Observatory.

James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford
James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Balcarres, KT, FRS, FRAS (28 July 1847 – 31 January 1913) was a Scottish astronomer, politician, ornithologist, bibliophile, and philatelist. A member of the Royal Society, Crawford was elected president of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1878. He was a prominent Freemason, having been initiated into Isaac Newton University Lodge at the University of Cambridge in 1866.
Vermont Route 133
Vermont Route 133 (VT 133) is a 22.476-mile-long (36.172 km) north–south state highway in Rutland County, Vermont, United States. It runs from VT 30 in Pawlet in the south to VT 4A in West Rutland in the north.

Rutland County, Vermont
Rutland County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population was 60,572, making it the second-most populous county in Vermont. Its county seat and most populous municipality is the city of Rutland.
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (ISBN 978-0-385-19195-1) is a book by Steven Levy about hacker culture. It was published in 1984 in Garden City, New York by Doubleday. Levy describes the people, the machines, and the events that defined the Hacker culture and the Hacker Ethic, from the early mainframe hackers at MIT, to the self-made hardware hackers and game hackers.

The book saw an edition with a new afterword (entitled "Afterword: Ten Years After") by the author in 1994. In 2010, a 25th anniversary edition with updated material was published by O'Reilly.

Hacker ethic
The hacker ethic is a philosophy and set of moral values within hacker culture. Practitioners believe that sharing information and data with others is an ethical imperative. The hacker ethic is related to the concept of freedom of information, as well as the political theories of anti-authoritarianism, anarchism, and libertarianism.

While some tenets of the hacker ethic were described in other texts like Computer Lib/Dream Machines (1974) by Ted Nelson, the term hacker ethic is generally attributed to journalist Steven Levy, who appears to have been the first to document both the philosophy and the founders of the philosophy in his 1984 book titled Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution.
Kei Okami
Kei Okami (岡見 京, Okami Kei; 11 September 1859 – 2 September 1941) was a Japanese physician. She was the first Japanese woman to obtain a degree in Western medicine from a Western university (Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, USA).

Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania
Founded in 1850, The Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP), formally known as The Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, was the first American medical college dedicated to teaching women medicine and allowing them to earn the Doctor of Medicine degree.

In 1867, the college was renamed the Woman's Medical College. The college has trained thousands of women physicians from all over the world, many of whom went on to practice medicine internationally. In 1970, the college became the co-ed Medical College of Pennsylvania. In 1993, the college and hospital merged with Hahnemann Medical School. In 2003, the two colleges were absorbed by Drexel University College of Medicine.
Sounding rocket
A sounding rocket or rocketsonde, sometimes called a research rocket or a suborbital rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The rockets are often used to launch instruments from 50 to 150 km (30 to 90 mi) above the surface of the Earth, the altitude generally between weather balloons and satellites; the maximum altitude for balloons is about 40 km (25 mi), and the minimum for satellites is approximately 120 km (75 mi).

Due to their suborbital flight profile, sounding rockets are often much simpler than their counterparts built for orbital flight. Certain sounding rockets have an apogee between 1,000 and 1,500 km (600 and 900 mi), such as the Black Brant X and XII. Sounding rockets may be flown to altitudes as high as 3,000 km (2,000 mi) to allow observing times of around 40 minutes to provide geophysical observations of the magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and mesosphere.

Black Brant (rocket)
The Black Brant is a family of Canadian-designed sounding rockets originally built by Bristol Aerospace, since absorbed by Magellan Aerospace in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Over 800 Black Brants of various versions have been launched since they were first produced in 1961, and the type remains one of the most popular sounding rockets. They have been repeatedly used by the Canadian Space Agency and NASA.
Sulfoxide
In organic chemistry, a sulfoxide, also called a sulphoxide, is an organosulfur compound containing a sulfinyl (>SO) functional group attached to two carbon atoms. It is a polar functional group.  Sulfoxides are oxidized derivatives of sulfides. Examples of important sulfoxides are alliin, a precursor to the compound that gives freshly crushed garlic its aroma, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a common solvent.

Organic sulfide
In organic chemistry, a sulfide (British English sulphide) or thioether is an organosulfur functional group with the connectivity R−S−R' as shown on right. Like many other sulfur-containing compounds, volatile sulfides have foul odors. A sulfide is similar to an ether except that it contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen. The grouping of oxygen and sulfur in the periodic table suggests that the chemical properties of ethers and sulfides are somewhat similar, though the extent to which this is true in practice varies depending on the application.
Heroes in Hell (book)
Heroes in Hell is an anthology book and the first volume of its namesake series, created by American writer Janet Morris. The book placed eighth in the annual Locus Poll for Best Anthology in 1987. "Newton Sleep" by Gregory Benford, originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, received a Nebula Award nomination in 1986, as well as placing 16th in its category in the Locus Poll.

Janet Morris
Janet Ellen Morris (1946-2024) was an American author of fiction and nonfiction, best known for her fantasy and science fiction and her authorship of a non-lethal weapons concept for the U.S. military.
Fumio Fujimura
Fumio Fujimura (藤村 富美男, Fujimura Fumio; August 14, 1916 – May 28, 1992) was a Japanese baseball infielder and pitcher who played 22 seasons in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) from 1936 to 1958. He began his career as a stellar right-handed pitcher for the Osaka Tigers, but achieved his greatest fame as a hitter.

A superstitious player, Fujimura never hurt insects or shaved before games. He was also hot-tempered, as he was once suspended for physically abusing an umpire. In 1950, Fujimura set the single-season record with 191 base hits. This record remained unbroken for 44 years, until Ichiro Suzuki surpassed it in 1994. Fujimura was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974. His number "10" has been retired by the Hanshin Tigers.

Hanshin Tigers
The Hanshin Tigers (阪神タイガース, Hanshin Taigāsu) are a Nippon Professional Baseball team playing in the Central League. The team is based in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, next to their main stadium, Hanshin Koshien Stadium.

The Tigers are owned by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings Inc.

The Hanshin Tigers are one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan. They played their first season in 1936 as the Osaka Tigers and assumed their current team name in 1961.
Ahh... The Name Is Bootsy, Baby!
Ahh... The Name Is Bootsy, Baby! is a funk album by Bootsy's Rubber Band, released on January 15, 1977. It reached number one on Billboard's Top R&B/Soul albums chart, the first P-Funk release to achieve this goal. The album was produced by George Clinton and William "Bootsy" Collins and arranged by Bootsy and Casper (names William Collins uses to refer to his various roles ).

Bootsy Collins
William Earl "Bootsy" Collins (born October 26, 1951) is an American bass guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Rising to prominence with James Brown in the early 1970s before joining the Parliament-Funkadelic collective, Collins established himself as one of the leading names and innovators in funk with his driving basslines and humorous vocals.  He later formed his own P-Funk side project known as 'Bootsy's Rubber Band'.   He was a frequent collaborator with other musicians from a variety of genres, including dance music (Deee-Lite's "Groove Is in the Heart"), electronic big beat (Fatboy Slim's "Weapon of Choice" and "The Joker"), and alternative metal (Praxis), among others. He is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. In 2020, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Collins number 4 in its list of the 50 greatest bassists of all time.
St. Boniface Cathedral
The Basilica of Saint Boniface (French: Cathédrale Saint-Boniface) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in St. Boniface, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is an important building in Winnipeg, and is the principal church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Boniface, serving the eastern part of Manitoba province as well as the local Franco-Manitoban community. The church sits in the centre of the city at 190 avenue de la Cathédrale. Before the fire on July 22, 1968, which destroyed the previous building on site, the church was a minor basilica.

Pope Pius XII raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica via his decree Centum Amplius Abhinc on 10 June 1949. The decree was signed and notarized by Cardinal Carlo Grano.

The cathedral faces the Red River. In Verendrye Park is a statue of Pierre La Vérendrye by Joseph-Émile Brunet. Across the river is The Forks in Downtown Winnipeg.

Archdiocese of Saint Boniface
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint-Boniface (Latin: Archidioecesis Sancti Bonifacii) is a Latin archdiocese in part of the civil Province of Manitoba in Canada. Despite having no suffragan dioceses, the archdiocese is nominally metropolitan and is an ecclesiastical province by itself.  It is currently led by Archbishop Albert LeGatt.

The cathedral of the archdiocese is a minor basilica, Saint Boniface Cathedral, Winnipeg.
Quercus vaseyana
Quercus vaseyana is a species of tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is native to northern Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas. The specific epithet vaseyana honors the American botanist George Vasey. The species is commonly called the Vasey oak.

George Vasey (botanist)
George Vasey (February 28, 1822 – March 4, 1893) was an English-born American physician, botanist, and agrostologist. He practiced medicine in Illinois for nearly two decades before being appointed Chief Botanist at the United States Department of Agriculture in 1872, a position he held for the remainder of his life. In 1889 the Smithsonian Institution named him Honorary Curator of the United States National Herbarium, the crowning achievement of his career.

The alias George S. Vasey is often used to avoid confusion with his son George Richard Vasey. However, the father never used a middle initial in the 19th century. On letters and publications, he signed his name as George Vasey, Geo. Vasey, or Dr. Geo. Vasey. Most of his herbarium specimens are labeled with the name G. Vasey or one of the previous names. The source of the middle initial is unknown.
George Burgess (rugby league)
George Burgess (born 21 April 1992) is an English former professional rugby league footballer who last played as a prop for the Cairns Brothers in the Cairns District Rugby League.

He previously played for the South Sydney Rabbitohs with whom he won the 2014 NRL Grand Final, St. George Illawarra Dragons, Wigan Warriors in the Super League and for the England Knights and England at international level.

Cairns District Rugby League
The Cairns District Rugby League is the administrative body for the game of rugby league football in Cairns, Queensland. Formed on 5 August 1918, the CDRL runs senior, junior and women's club competitions and has its headquarters at Barlow Park. The competition changed its name to Far North Queensland Rugby League in 2023.
Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea
Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea and 3rd Earl of Nottingham, KG, PC (24 May 1689 – 2 August 1769), of Burley House near Oakham in Rutland and of Eastwell Park near Ashford in Kent, was a British peer and politician.

Edward Finch (diplomat)
Hon. Edward Finch-Hatton MP (c. 1697 – 16 May 1771) of Kirby Hall, near Rockingham, Northamptonshire, was a British diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons for 41 years from 1727 to 1768. The youngest son of the 7th Earl of Winchilsea
Alex García (racing driver, born 2003)
Alejandro García González (born 17 July 2003) is a Mexican racing driver who last competed in the LMP2 category of the 2024 European Le Mans Series for Cool Racing. He was the 2023 European Le Mans Series champion in the LMP3 category.

García previously competed in the 2023 FIA Formula 3 Championship for Jenzer Motorsport, and previously raced in the Euroformula Open Championship.

2024 European Le Mans Series
The 2024 European Le Mans Series was the twenty-first season of the Automobile Club de l'Ouest's (ACO) European Le Mans Series. The six-event season began at Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 14 April and concluded at Algarve International Circuit on 19 October.

The series was open to Le Mans Prototypes, divided into the LMP2 and LMP3 classes, and grand tourer-style racing cars in the new LMGT3 class. The season was the first for the LMGT3 class, replacing LMGTE.
Portage Lakes Hockey Club
The Portage Lakes Hockey Club was one of the first professional ice hockey clubs. Based in Houghton, Michigan, the club played at the Amphidrome from 1904 until 1907, and later appeared in amateur circuits as well. While members of the International Professional Hockey League, the team won the league championship twice. A second coming of the team is playing in the Great Lakes Hockey League.

The club was founded in 1900–01 around Berlin, Ontario native defenceman and future Hockey Hall of Fame inductee Dr. Jack Gibson, who had arrived in Houghton to practice dentistry.

From 1920–1922 the team played two seasons in the western Group 3 of the United States Amateur Hockey Association.

Jack Gibson (ice hockey, born 1880)
John Liddell MacDonald "Jack" Gibson (September 10, 1880 – November 4, 1954) was a Canadian-born ice hockey player and executive. Known as the "father of professional hockey", Gibson founded the International Professional Hockey League in 1904, the first fully professional hockey league in history. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder in 1976.
Alan Wilder
Alan Charles Wilder (born 1 June 1959) is an English musician, composer, arranger, and record producer. A classically trained musician, Wilder was a member of the English electronic band Depeche Mode from 1982 to 1995. After his departure from Depeche Mode, the musical project Recoil--which began as a side project in 1986--became Wilder's primary musical enterprise. Wilder has also provided production and remixing services to the bands Nitzer Ebb and Curve. In 2020, Wilder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Depeche Mode.

Nitzer Ebb
Nitzer Ebb (/ˈnaɪtsər ɛb, ˈnɪt-/) is an English EBM group formed in 1982 by Essex school friends Vaughan "Bon" Harris (programming, synthesizers, drums, vocals), Douglas McCarthy (vocals), and David Gooday (drums). The band were originally named La Comédie De La Mort but soon discarded that and chose the name Nitzer Ebb by cutting up words and letters and arranging them randomly to create something Germanic without using actual German words.