hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Air Component Command
The Air Component Command (Swedish: Flygvapnets taktiska stab, FTS) was a part of the Joint Forces Command of the Swedish Armed Forces. The staff was located at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm. The Air Component Command commanded the operations of the Swedish Air Force.

Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters
59°20′47″N 18°5′14″E﻿ / ﻿59.34639°N 18.08722°E﻿ / 59.34639; 18.08722

The Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters (Swedish: Högkvarteret, HKV) is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces. Established in 1994, its primary task is to command operations, but is also involved in areas such as military strategy, the overall development of the Swedish Armed Forces, and acting as a channel of contact with government. It's located at Lidingövägen 24 at Gärdet in Stockholm.
Greater Western Sydney–Western Bulldogs rivalry
The Greater Western Sydney Giants–Western Bulldogs rivalry is an Australian rules football rivalry between the Greater Western Sydney Giants and the Western Bulldogs in the Australian Football League (AFL).

Prominent moments in the clubs' rivalry included in the 2014 AFL season, when Bulldogs captain Ryan Griffen and Giants number one draft pick Tom Boyd were exchanged in a trade deal, and when the two teams met in the 2016 AFL first preliminary final, regarded the best AFL game of the 2010s by Channel 7.

Greater Western Sydney v Western Bulldogs (2016 AFL preliminary final)
The 2016 AFL First Preliminary Final was an Australian rules football match contested between the Greater Western Sydney Giants and Western Bulldogs at Spotless Stadium on 24 September 2016. It was staged as part of the 2016 AFL finals series to determine which of the two clubs would qualify for that season's Grand Final.

In their fifth season in the AFL, and first finals series, the Giants were attempting to reach their first Grand Final, while the Bulldogs were looking to reach their first Grand Final since 1961. The match was won by the Western Bulldogs, who eventually went on to win their first premiership since 1954.

Given the historical context, stakes and high quality of the match as well as its close finish, it is often considered by many fans to be one of the best AFL matches played in the 2010s.
USS Callaghan (DDG-994)
USS Callaghan (DD/DDG-994) was the second ship of the Kidd class of destroyers operated by the U.S. Navy. Derived from the Spruance class, these vessels were designed for air defense in hot weather. She was named for Rear Admiral Daniel J. Callaghan, who was killed in action aboard his flagship, the heavy cruiser San Francisco, during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal on 13 November 1942.

Originally to be named Daryush, the ship was ordered by the Imperial State of Iran, but was undelivered when the 1979 Iranian Revolution occurred. Subsequent to this, the U.S. Navy elected to commission her and her sister ships for service in the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea, as they were equipped with heavy-duty air conditioning and were also well suited to filtering sand and the NBC warfare contaminants.

Kidd-class destroyer
The Kidd-class destroyers are a series of four guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) based on the Spruance class. In contrast to their predecessor's focus on anti-submarine warfare, the Kidds were designed as more advanced multipurpose ships with the addition of considerably enhanced anti-aircraft capabilities. Originally ordered for the former Imperial Iranian Navy, the contracts were canceled when the 1979 Iranian Revolution began, and the ships were completed for the United States Navy. They were decommissioned in 1999 and sold to Taiwan, where they have served in the Republic of China Navy as the Kee Lung class since 2005.
Fenske equation
The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).

The equation was derived in 1932 by Merrell Fenske, a professor who served as the head of the chemical engineering department at the Pennsylvania State University from 1959 to 1969.

When designing large-scale, continuous industrial distillation towers, it is very useful to first calculate the minimum number of theoretical plates required to obtain the desired overhead product composition.

Theoretical plate
A theoretical plate in many separation processes is a hypothetical zone or stage in which two phases, such as the liquid and vapor phases of a substance, establish an equilibrium with each other. Such equilibrium stages may also be referred to as an equilibrium stage, ideal stage, or a theoretical tray. The performance of many separation processes depends on having series of equilibrium stages and is enhanced by providing more such stages. In other words, having more theoretical plates increases the efficiency of the separation process be it either a distillation, absorption, chromatographic, adsorption or similar process.
Binary image
A binary image is a digital image that consists of pixels that can have one of exactly two colors, usually black and white. Each pixel is stored as a single bit — i.e. either a 0 or 1.

A binary image can be stored in memory as a bitmap: a packed array of bits. A binary image of 640 × 480 pixels has a file size of only 37.5 KiB, and most also compress well with simple run-length compression. A binary image format is often used in contexts where it is important to have a small file size for transmission or storage, or due to color limitations on displays or printers.

It also has technical and artistic applications, for example in digital image processing and pixel art. Binary images can be interpreted as subsets of the two-dimensional integer lattice ⁠⁠⁠; the field of morphological image processing was largely inspired by this view.

Mathematical morphology
Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes, solids, and many other spatial structures.

Topological and geometrical continuous-space concepts such as size, shape, convexity, connectivity, and geodesic distance, were introduced by MM on both continuous and discrete spaces. MM is also the foundation of morphological image processing, which consists of a set of operators that transform images according to the above characterizations.

The basic morphological operators are erosion, dilation, opening and closing.

MM was originally developed for binary images, and was later extended to grayscale functions and images. The subsequent generalization to complete lattices is widely accepted today as MM's theoretical foundation.
National Highway 130A (India)
National Highway 130A, commonly referred to as NH 130A is a national highway in  India. It connects Pondi-Mungeli - Bilaspur-Sipat - Pathalgaon. It is a spur road of National Highway 30. NH-130A traverses the state of Chhattisgarh in India.

National Highway 30 (India)
National Highway 30 (NH 30) is a primary national highway in India. NH 30 connects Sitarganj in Uttarakhand with Ibrahimpatnam, Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh. The total length of this highway is 1,984.3 km (1,233.0 mi). It starts at the junction of NH 9 at Sitarganj and ends at the junction of NH 65 at Ibrahimpatnam, Vijayawada. Development of Ibrahimpatnam-Jagadalpur Route is under process. Rajdeep Rohan joint venture is the contract agency for this project. Second bridge was completed on 17 April 2024  at pilgrimage city of Bhadrachalam which is famous for temple of Lord Shri Rama. NH-30 runs through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in India.
Malcolm IV of Scotland
Malcolm IV (Medieval Gaelic: Máel Coluim mac Eanric; Scottish Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig), nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" (between 23 April and 24 May 1141 – 9 December 1165) was King of Scotland from 1153 until his death. He was the eldest son of Henry, Earl of Huntingdon and Northumbria (died 1152) and Ada de Warenne. The original Malcolm Canmore, a name now associated with his great-grandfather Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada), he succeeded his grandfather David I, and shared David's Anglo-Norman tastes.

Called Malcolm the Maiden by later chroniclers, a name which may incorrectly suggest weakness or effeminacy to modern readers, he was noted for his religious zeal and interest in knighthood and warfare. For much of his reign, he was in poor health and died unmarried at the age of twenty-four.

Henry of Scotland
Henry of Scotland (Eanric mac Dabíd, 1114 – 12 June 1152) was heir apparent to the Kingdom of Alba. He was also the 3rd Earl of Northumbria and the 3rd Earl of Huntingdon. He was the son of King David I of Scotland and his wife, Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon.
Aurangabad Industrial City
The Aurangabad Industrial City (abbrev. AURIC or Auric) is a greenfield industrial smart city spread over an area of 10,000 acres (40 km2) near Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It is a part of the Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project (DMIC), which plans to develop an industrial zone spanning across six states between India's capital, Delhi and its financial hub, Mumbai.

The Government of Maharashtra decided to develop the Shendra and Bidkin neighborhoods of Aurangabad as a planned industrial township under DMIC. Equipped with an underground plug and play infrastructure, 60% of the land in AURIC is for industrial usage, mainly focusing on textile, food, defence, engineering and electronics, while the remaining 40% is intended for residential, commercial and other purposes.

On 7 September 2019, the Aurangabad Industrial City was inaugurated as the first industrial integrated smart city of India under the Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

Shendra MIDC
19°52′36.62″N 75°29′27.63″E﻿ / ﻿19.8768389°N 75.4910083°E﻿ / 19.8768389; 75.4910083
After 1960, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) began acquiring land and setting up industrial estates. Land was acquired near Shendra village on Aurangabad - Jalna highway in the 1990s.

As part of its efforts, the MIDC developed the Waluj and Chikalthana Industrial Areas, which were soon snapped up. This success along with additional demand for infrastructure necessitated the development of a third industrial area in the city - Shendra Industrial Area. Total notified area is 902 hectares.
Neutrodyne
The Neutrodyne radio receiver, invented in 1922 by Louis Hazeltine, was a particular type of tuned radio frequency (TRF) receiver, in which the instability-causing inter-electrode capacitance of the triode RF tubes is cancelled out or "neutralized" to prevent parasitic oscillations which caused "squealing" or "howling" noises in the speakers of early radio sets.     In most designs, a small extra winding on each of the RF amplifiers' tuned anode coils was used to generate a small antiphase signal, which could be adjusted by special variable trim capacitors to cancel out the stray signal coupled to the grid via plate-to-grid capacitance.  The Neutrodyne circuit was popular in radio receivers until the 1930s, when it was superseded by the superheterodyne receiver.

Superheterodyne receiver
A superheterodyne receiver, often shortened to superhet, is a type of radio receiver that uses frequency mixing to convert a received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) which can be processed more efficiently and selectively than the original carrier frequency. Edwin Howard Armstrong developed the concept, though Lucien Lévy, Walter Schottky, Henry Round, and John Renshaw Carson explored related ideas. The superheterodyne design is used in most radio receivers today and can be used for many modulation schemes, including amplitude modulation (AM).

According to Nahin, any receiver that shifts the antenna signal frequencies to new locations in the spectrum is a heterodyne receiver. The prefix super is reserved for those receivers that include both a RF input filter for image rejection, and a fixed-frequency, narrow-band intermediate-frequency amplifier for adjacent-channel suppression.
Felix Bloch
Felix Bloch (23 October 1905 – 10 September 1983) was a Swiss-American theoretical physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics with Edward Mills Purcell "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith".

He was the first Stanford University Nobel laureate.

Bloch made fundamental theoretical contributions to the understanding of ferromagnetism and electron behavior in crystal lattices. He is also considered one of the developers of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Edward Mills Purcell
Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared  the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure of pure materials and the composition of mixtures. Friends and colleagues knew him as Ed Purcell.
Kaukab Noorani Okarvi
Kaukab Noorani Okarvi (Urdu: کوکب نورانی اوکاڑوی; born 17 August 1957) is a Pakistani religious scholar and writer of Ahle-Sunnat Wa Jamaa’at Sunni. He is the son of Muhammad Shafee Okarvi, who was the founder of the Jamaat Ahle Sunnat, the main Barelvi organisation of Pakistan.

Shafee Okarvi
Muhammad Shafee Okarvi (Urdu: اردو نام: محمد شفیع  اوکاڑوی; 
2 February 1930 – 24 April 1984), also known by his honorific as Maulana Muhammad Shafee Okarvi, was a Pakistani religious scholar and orator. He was one of the founders of the Jamaa'at-e-Ahle-Sunnat Pakistan and the Gulzaar-e-Habeeb Trust. He has received various honors from the Pakistani government and private institutes including the Sitara-e-Imtiaz. Over a span of thirty-eight years, Okarvi delivered over 18,000 speeches on many religious topics.
Jose Abad Santos Memorial School
The Jose Abad Santos Memorial School, or JASMS, is the basic education institution (Kindergarten to Grade 12) of the Philippine Women's University (PWU). JASMS offers preschool, elementary, and secondary education. The school is an acknowledged pioneer in progressive education developed from and for the Philippine democratic experience based on a unique approach described as learning to be free by its founding director, the late Doreen Barber Gamboa.

Presently, the JASMS system occupies three campuses: the nursery (3-year-olds)-to–Grade 6 levels of PWU JASMS Manila (formerly JASMS Indiana) located on Pilar Hidalgo-Lim Street in Malate, Manila; the PWU JASMS Manila High School (Grade 7 to Grade 12) in the PWU main campus on Taft Avenue in Malate, Manila; and the nursery-to–Grade 12 campus of JASMS Quezon City (QC) on Congressional Avenue in Quezon City.

Philippine Women's University
Philippine Women's University (PWU) is a coeducational tertiary education school which has its main campus in Manila, Philippines. An institution exclusive for girls from its inception until the 1970s, the PWU now admits both women and men as its students.

PWU's basic education department is called the Jose Abad Santos Memorial School (PWU JASMS) and has two campuses in Manila and Quezon City.
HESA Simourgh
HESA Simourgh, sometimes known as Simorgh (Persian: هسا سیمرغ) is an Iranian light transport aircraft unveiled on 19 May 2022. It is a variation of the IrAn-140 turboprop airliner, which evolved from the An-140. It is a general-purpose cargo plane and can carry troops or goods.

Antonov An-140
The Antonov An-140 is a turboprop regional airliner, designed by the Ukrainian Antonov ASTC bureau as a successor to the Antonov An-24, with extended cargo capacity and the ability to use unprepared airstrips.
Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes (1958–1965)
The Chechen-Slav ethnic clashes took place from 1958 to 1965 in the North Caucasus (part of the Soviet Union at the time), upon ethnic tensions between Slavic settlers and local Chechens and Ingushs. The violence began in 1958, upon a conflict between a Russian sailor and an Ingush youngster over a girl, in which the Russian was fatally injured. The incident quickly deteriorated into mass ethnic riots in Grozny and surroundings, as Slavic mobs attacked Chechens and Ingushs and looted property throughout the region for 4 days. Ethnic clashes continued through 1960s, and in 1965 some 16 clashes were reported, taking tall of 185 severe injuries, 19 of them fatal. In the late 1960s, the region calmed down and the Chechen-Russian conflict came to its lowest point until the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the eruption of Chechen Wars in the 1990s.

1958 Grozny riots
The Grozny riots of 1958 occurred between 23 and 27 August that year in Grozny (Soviet Union). Although beginning as a small-scale event, it turned a major event in the history of the city, of Chechnya and of Russo-Chechen relations, starting a series of ethnic riots, to continue until 1965.
Araucanian languages
The Araucanian languages /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniən/ are a small language family of indigenous languages of the Americas spoken in central Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The living representatives of this family are Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn) and Huilliche (ISO 639-3: huh), spoken respectively by the Mapuche and Huilliche people. These are usually considered divergent dialects of a single language isolate.

Huilliche language
Huilliche (which can also be found spelt Williche, Huiliche or Veliche) is a moribund branch of the Araucanian language family. In 1982 it was spoken by about 2,000 ethnic Huilliche people in Chile, but in 2012 it was spoken by only a few elderly speakers. It is spoken in the nation's Los Lagos and Los Ríos regions; and mountain valleys, between the city of Valdivia and south toward the Chiloé Archipelago.
National Highway 310A (India)
National Highway 310A, commonly referred to as NH 310A is a national highway in  India. It is a spur road of National Highway 10. NH-310A traverses the state of Sikkim in East District and North District in India.

National Highway 10 (India)
National Highway 10 (NH 10) (old NH 31A) is a national highway in North East India that connects Indo/Bangladesh border via Siliguri to Gangtok. It passes through the Indian states of West Bengal and Sikkim.The highway is being maintained by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL) from Rangpo to Ranipool (28 Km) in the state of Sikkim.
Second Revolution (Bangladesh)
Second Revolution (Bengali: দ্বিতীয় বিপ্লব, romanized: Dbitīẏô Biplôb) was a political hypothesis presented by then President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. The hypothesis included a series of reforms in the three pillars of a state: administrative, judiciary and legislative systems. The reforms were enacted through the fourth amendment to the constitution of Bangladesh. BaKSAL was formed as the decision making council to carry out the revolution. The 'revolution', as it was called by the Awami League leadership, ended with the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état.

Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
The Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ কৃষক শ্রমিক আওয়ামী লীগ, lit. 'Bangladesh Peasants' Workers' People's League'), abbreviated as BaKSAL, was the sole legal ruling party of Bangladesh from January to August 1975. The party comprised politicians from the Awami League, the Communist Party of Bangladesh, the National Awami Party (Muzaffar), Bangladesh National League, Jatiya Ganamukti Union and Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti. The party advocated for democratic socialism as a part of reforms under the theory of the Second Revolution, which BaKSAL worked to achieve the objectives of.

The party was founded on 25 January 1975 by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman following the Fourth Amendment to the constitution. A presidential order also outlawed all political parties other than BaKSAL, creating a state of emergency and obligating other parties to join the front. After the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, BaKSAL was banned on 30 August 1975.
2011 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
This is a list of the 29 players who earned their 2012 PGA Tour card through Q School in 2011. Note: Roberto Castro and Mark Anderson had already qualified for the PGA Tour by placing in the Top 25 during the 2011 Nationwide Tour season; they did not count among the Top 25 Q school graduates.

Players in yellow were 2012 PGA Tour rookies.

2011 Nationwide Tour graduates
This is a list of players who graduated from the Nationwide Tour in 2011. The top 25 players on the Nationwide Tour's money list in 2011 earned their PGA Tour card for 2012.

*PGA Tour rookie in 2012

Green background indicates the player retained his PGA Tour card for 2013 through a win or finish in the top 125 of the money list.
Yellow background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2013, but retained conditional status (finished between 126 and 150).
Red background indicates the player did not retain his PGA Tour card for 2013 (finished outside the top 150).
South Staffordshire Regiment
The South Staffordshire Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence for only 68 years. The regiment was created in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot and the 80th (Staffordshire Volunteers) Regiment of Foot. The regiment saw service in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II.

Reduced to a single Regular Army battalion after the Second World War, the regiment was amalgamated, in 1959, with the North Staffordshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's) to form the Staffordshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's) which was later, in 2007, amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment and the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment to form the Mercian Regiment.

Staffordshire Regiment
The Staffordshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's) (or simply "Staffords" for short) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, part of the Prince of Wales's Division. The regiment was formed in 1959 by the amalgamation of the South Staffordshire Regiment and the North Staffordshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's), and in 2007 was amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment and the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment to become the 3rd Battalion, Mercian Regiment.

In 2014, the 3rd Battalion, Mercian Regiment was merged with the 1st and 2nd battalions, to create the 1st and 2nd battalions, Mercian Regiment (Cheshires, Worcesters and Sherwood Foresters, and Staffords).

The mascot of the Staffordshire Regiment was a Staffordshire Bull Terrier; each successive mascot took the name Watchman. The current serving mascot is known as Private Watchman VI and he carries out his duties as part of the Staffordshire Regimental Association.