hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Metric differential
In mathematical analysis, a metric differential is a generalization of a derivative for a Lipschitz continuous function defined on a Euclidean space and taking values in an arbitrary metric space. With this definition of a derivative, one can generalize Rademacher's theorem to metric space-valued Lipschitz functions.

Rademacher's theorem
In mathematical analysis, Rademacher's theorem, named after Hans Rademacher, states the following: If U is an open subset of Rn and f: U → Rm is Lipschitz continuous, then f is differentiable almost everywhere in U; that is, the points in U at which f is not differentiable form a set of Lebesgue measure zero. Differentiability here refers to infinitesimal approximability by a linear map, which in particular asserts the existence of the coordinate-wise partial derivatives.
Hoeffding's lemma
In probability theory, Hoeffding's lemma is an inequality that bounds the moment-generating function of any bounded random variable, implying that such variables are subgaussian. It is named after the Finnish–American mathematical statistician Wassily Hoeffding.

The proof of Hoeffding's lemma uses Taylor's theorem and Jensen's inequality.  Hoeffding's lemma is itself used in the proof of Hoeffding's inequality as well as the generalization McDiarmid's inequality.

Hoeffding's inequality
In probability theory, Hoeffding's inequality provides an upper bound on the probability that the sum of bounded independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than a certain amount. Hoeffding's inequality was proven by Wassily Hoeffding in 1963.

Hoeffding's inequality is a special case of the Azuma–Hoeffding inequality and McDiarmid's inequality. It is similar to the Chernoff bound, but tends to be less sharp, in particular when the variance of the random variables is small. It is similar to, but incomparable with, one of Bernstein's inequalities.
Bomb (EP)
Bomb is the third extended play by South Korean girl group Illit. It was released by Belift Lab on June 16, 2025, and contains five tracks including the lead single "Do the Dance". The EP contains elements of synth-pop, Eurodance, chiptune, and lo-fi.

Illit
Illit (/ˈaɪlɪt/; EYE-lit; Korean: 아일릿; RR: Aillit; stylized in all caps) is a South Korean girl group. It was formed by Belift Lab, a sub-label of Hybe, through the 2023 JTBC survival competition show R U Next?. The group consists of five members – Yunah, Minju, Moka, Wonhee, and Iroha. The group debuted on March 25, 2024, with the extended play (EP) Super Real Me.
Ruth Paine Home
The Ruth Paine Home at 2515 W. 5th Street in Irving, Texas, United States, is the location where Ruth Paine housed Lee Harvey Oswald's wife, Marina Oswald, for several months until the day after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. According to official government investigations, including the Warren Commission, it was from the house's garage that Oswald removed the rifle used to shoot Kennedy, having previously concealed it there.

The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in November 2014.

Marina Oswald Porter
Marina Nikolayevna Oswald Porter (née Prusakova; born July 17, 1941) is a Russian-born American woman who was the wife of Lee Harvey Oswald.

Born in the Soviet Union, she immigrated to the United States after marrying Lee Oswald during his temporary defection to the Soviet Bloc. After the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Oswald's murder, Marina testified against Oswald for the Warren Commission and remarried, becoming a naturalized United States citizen. Although Marina initially supported the Warren Commission's findings, she ultimately expressed doubts and advocated for Oswald's innocence. Notably, she expressed belief that Oswald was the unidentified "Prayer Man" filmed on the steps of the Texas School Book Depository by James Darnell and Dave Wiegman as the gunshots were fired at JFK.
China National Highway 101
China National Highway 101 is a major trunk route connecting Beijing to Shenyang, Liaoning. In Beijing it is known as Jingshun Road (Chinese: 京顺路) or Jingmi Road (Chinese: 京密路) for connecting central Beijing to Shunyi District and Miyun District, although the actual road also connects Huairou District within Beijing and goes beyond Beijing as a major throughfare to Northern and Northeastern China.

It leaves Beijing at Dongzhimen and heads for Sanyuanqiao, running alongside the Airport Expressway:185 until Beigao, and then continues north while leaning toward the Jingcheng Expressway. Parts of Jingmi Road within Beijing are being renovated as an expressway separate from the national highway.

Dongzhimen
Dongzhimen (simplified Chinese: 东直门; traditional Chinese: 東直門; pinyin: Dōngzhímén; lit. 'East Straight Gate') was a gate in the old Beijing city fortifications. It is now a commercial center and transportation node in Beijing.
Peter Robinson (novelist)
Peter Robinson (17 March 1950 – 4 October 2022) was a British-born Canadian crime writer who was best known for his crime novels set in Yorkshire featuring Inspector Alan Banks. He also published a number of other novels and short stories, as well as some poems and two articles on writing.

Inspector Alan Banks
Detective Superintendent Alan Banks (born 1958) is the fictional protagonist in a series of crime novels by Peter Robinson. From 2010 to 2016 several of the novels were adapted for television, and other original stories were produced, under the series title DCI Banks with Stephen Tompkinson in the lead role.
Boeing Boeing (1985 film)
Boeing Boeing is a 1985 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan. The is based on the 1960 French play of the same name by Marc Camoletti. The plot follows Shyam (Mohanlal) who is dating three flight attendants at the same time, and the scenario gets complicated with the arrival of his friend Anilkumar (Mukesh) along with other obstructions.

The film is regarded as one of the best comedy films in Malayalam cinema. The film was a blockbuster and remains one of the cult classic comic capers in Malayalam cinema.  It was remade in Telugu as Chilakkottudu (1997) and in Kannada as Nee Tata Naa Birla. Priyadarshan remade it in Hindi in 2005 as Garam Masala. The Mohanlal and Mukesh duo became popular after this film.

Chilakkottudu
Chilakkottudu (transl. Parrot's Bite) is a 1997 Indian Telugu-language comedy film, produced by M. Balaji Nagalingam under the Sai Krupa Productions banner and directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana. The film stars Jagapati Babu, Rajendra Prasad, Madhubala, Gautami, Kasthuri, Indraja, with music composed by Koti. The film was a remake of the Malayalam film Boeing Boeing and was a box office success.
Maelgwn Gwynedd
Maelgwn Gwynedd (Latin: Maglocunus; died c. 547) was King of Gwynedd during the early 6th century. Surviving records suggest he held a pre-eminent position among the Brythonic kings in Wales and their allies in the "Old North" along the Scottish coast. Maelgwn was a generous supporter of Christianity, funding the foundation of churches throughout Wales and even far beyond the bounds of his own kingdom. Nonetheless, his principal legacy today is the scathing account of his behavior recorded in De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by Gildas, who considered Maelgwn a usurper and reprobate. The son of Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion and great-grandson of Cunedda, Maelgwn was buried on Ynys Seiriol (now known as Puffin Island in English), off the eastern tip of Anglesey, having died of the "yellow plague", debated among historians as either the delayed arrival of Plague of Justinian, or an extreme variant of Relapsing fever which causes jaundice.

Cunedda
Cunedda ap Edern, also called Cunedda Wledig (reigned c. 450 – c. 460), was an important early Welsh leader, and the progenitor of the royal dynasty of Gwynedd, one of the very oldest of Western Europe.
501(c) organization
A 501(c) organization is a nonprofit organization in the federal law of the United States according to Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)). Such organizations are exempt from some federal income taxes. Sections 503 through 505 set out the requirements for obtaining such exemptions. Many states refer to Section 501(c) for definitions of organizations exempt from state taxation as well. 501(c) organizations can receive unlimited contributions from individuals, corporations, and unions.

For example, a nonprofit organization may be tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) if its primary activities are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.

Unrelated Business Income Tax
Unrelated Business Income Tax (UBIT) in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code is the tax on unrelated business income, which comes from an activity engaged in by a tax-exempt 26 U.S.C. 501 organization that is not related to the tax-exempt purpose of that organization.
Teerachai Sithmorseng
Tewa Kiram (Thai: เทวา กิรัมย์; born 21 March 1992) also known as Teerachai Sithmorseng (ถิรชัย ศิษย์หมอเส็ง), Teerachai Kratingdaenggym (ถิรชัย กระทิงแดงยิม) or Teerachai Or.Aekkarin (ถิรชัย อ.เอกรินทร์), is a professional welterweight boxer. Kiram peaked  ranked in World Boxing Association (WBA) as of January 2017.

Sirimongkol Singmanasak
Sirimongkol Singmanasak (Thai: ศิริมงคล สิงห์มนัสศักดิ์; born 2 June 1977) is a Thai professional boxer, bare-knuckle boxer and kickboxer. He is a world champion in two weight classes, having held the World Boxing Council (WBC) bantamweight title in 1997, and the WBC super-featherweight title from 2002 to 2003. His other names were Sirimongkol Nakhon Thong Park View (ศิริมงคล นครทองปาร์ควิว), Sirimongkol Singwancha (ศิริมงคล สิงห์วังชา), Sirimongkol Nakornloung (ศิริมงคล นครหลวงโปรโมชั่น), and Sirimongkhon Iamthuam (ศิริมงคล เอี่ยมท้วม).
EA Play
EA Play (formerly EA Access and Origin Access) is a subscription-based video game service from Electronic Arts for the Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Microsoft Windows platforms, offering access to selected games published by Electronic Arts along with additional incentives.

As launched, EA Play was pitched to both Microsoft for the Xbox One and Sony for the PlayStation 4, although Sony initially declined to participate as they did not believe it provided value to their customers. EA Play launched first to Xbox One on August 11, 2014, it later arrived to PlayStation 4 on July 24, 2019 and then to Steam on August 31, 2020. EA Play is also bundled with Xbox Game Pass Ultimate and PC for no additional cost.

EA App
The EA App is a digital distribution platform for Microsoft Windows and macOS, developed by Electronic Arts for downloading, and later purchasing and playing video games.

The EA App contains social features such as profile management, networking with friends with chat and direct game joining along with an in-game overlay, streaming via Twitch and sharing of game library and community integration with networking sites like Apple ID, Amazon, Facebook, Google, Discord, Steam, Twitch, Xbox network, and PlayStation Network. In 2011, Electronic Arts stated that it wanted their service to match Valve's Steam service, a primary competitor, by adding cloud game saves, auto-patching, achievements, and cross-platform releases. By 2013, the service had over 50 million registered users.
Georgia State Route 57
State Route 57 (SR 57) is a 178.5-mile-long (287.3 km) state highway that travels northwest-to-southeast through portions of Bibb, Jones, Twiggs, Wilkinson, Washington, Johnson, Emanuel, Candler, Tattnall, Long, and McIntosh counties in the central and southeastern parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. The route connects the eastern part of the Macon area to the Eulonia area, via Swainsboro, Reidsville, & Glennville.

The portion from US 80/SR 19 in East Macon to former SR 243 southwest of Gordon is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbus and Augusta. It may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of Interstate 14 (I-14), which is currently entirely within Central Texas and may eventually be extended into Augusta.

Wilkinson County, Georgia
Wilkinson County is a county located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,877. The county seat is Irwinton. The county was created on May 11, 1803, and named for General James Wilkinson (1757–1825).
Tulancingo
Tulancingo (officially Tulancingo de Bravo, for Nicolás Bravo; Otomi: Ngu̱hmu) is the second-largest city in the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the southeastern part of the state and also forms one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, as well as the Archdiocese of Tulancingo. Located 93 km from Mexico City, this area is the most important wool textile producer in the country and was home to El Santo, Mexico's most famous lucha libre wrestler, and to Gabriel Vargas (cartoonist), author of the popular cartoon La Familia Burrón. It is also home to the Huapalcalco archeological site, which was the forerunner to the Teotihuacan civilization. The name derives from the Nahuatl words “tule” and “tzintle” which mean “in or behind the reeds.” This is confirmed by its Aztec glyph.

Gabriel Vargas (cartoonist)
Gabriel Vargas Bernal (5 February 1915 – 25 May 2010)  was a Mexican cartoonist, whose comic strip La Familia Burrón was created in 1937. This cartoon has been described as one of the most important in Mexican popular culture. Vargas won the National Journalism Prize of Mexico in 1983 and the "Premio Nacional de Ciencias y Artes en el área de Tradiciones Populares" (National Sciences and Arts Prize) in 2003.
Fang Xianjue
Fang Xianjue (traditional Chinese: 方先覺; simplified Chinese: 方先觉; Wade–Giles: Fang Hsien-chueh; 22 November 1903 – 3 March 1983) was a Chinese National Revolutionary Army general during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Under his command, the Chinese 10th Army defended Hengyang for 48 days during Operation Ichi-Go in 1944.

Battle of Hengyang
The Battle of Hengyang (Chinese: 衡陽保衛戰) 23 June – 8 August 1944 was fought between Chinese and Japanese forces in mainland China during World War II. Although the city fell, Japanese casualties far exceeded the total number of Chinese troops defending the city. It has been described as "the most savage battle ever fought in the smallest battlefield with the greatest casualties in the military history of the world". Japanese military historians equate it to the most arduous battle in the Russo-Japanese War, calling it a "Battle of Ryojun in South China". A major Chinese newspaper of the day compared it to the Battle of Stalingrad.
Partha Dasgupta
Sir Partha Sarathi Dasgupta (born 17 November 1942) is an Indian-British economist who is Frank Ramsey Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, and a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

Karl-Göran Mäler
Karl-Göran Mäler (1939 – May 20, 2020) was a Swedish economist.

Mäler was born in 1939 in Sollefteå. He pursued undergraduate study in mathematics, statistics and economics at Stockholm University. Mäler specialized in economics at the graduate level, attending the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University in the United States before earning a doctorate from Stockholm University in 1972. He was a professor at the Stockholm School of Economics between 1975 and 2002. Mäler was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1981, and served on its Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel until 1994. Mäler and Partha Dasgupta founded the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics in 1992, and Mäler served as the institute's director through 2006. He and Dasgupta shared the Volvo Environment Prize in 2002. Mäler died in a Stockholm retirement home on 20 May 2020.
Ondine Achampong
Ondine Kathryn Achampong (born 10 February 2004) is a British artistic gymnast and national team member. She won silver with the British team at the 2022 World Championships and gold at the 2023 European Championships. She won gold with the English team at the 2022 Commonwealth Games, where she also won silver medals in the all-around and on floor exercise. Achampong is the 2022 European team and balance beam silver medalist and also the 2021 and 2024 British all-around champion.

As a junior, Achampong is the 2019 European Youth Olympic Festival champion on the balance beam and silver medallist in the all-around. She also won a bronze medal with the British team at the 2018 Junior European Championships.

In 2024, she moved to Berkeley, California to join the California Golden Bears gymnastics team.

Jennifer Gadirova
Jennifer Gadirova (born 3 October 2004) is an English artistic gymnast of Irish birth and Azerbaijani descent, representing Great Britain internationally. She represented Great Britain at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal in the team event, and was part of the Great Britain team to win silver, their best ever result, in the team event at the 2022 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships and the same medal at the 2022 European Championships. Competing at the 2019 Junior World Championships, she won a silver medal in the vault final.

Gadirova is the twin sister and teammate of the 2022 World Champion on floor exercise, Jessica Gadirova.
Gurabo, Puerto Rico
Gurabo (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡuˈɾaβo]) is a town and municipality in eastern Puerto Rico. It is located in the central eastern region, north of San Lorenzo; south of Trujillo Alto; east of Caguas; and west of Carolina and Juncos. Gurabo is spread over 9 barrios and Gurabo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Gurabo barrio-pueblo
Gurabo barrio-pueblo is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) of Gurabo, a municipality of Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 1,509.

As was customary in Spain, in Puerto Rico, the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza, the municipal buildings (city hall), and a Catholic church. Fiestas patronales (patron saint festivals) are held in the central plaza every year.
Banu Judham
The Judham (Arabic: بنو جذام, romanized: Banū Judhām) was a large Arab tribe that inhabited the southern Levant and northwestern Arabia during the late antique and early Islamic eras (5th–8th centuries). Under the Byzantine Empire, the tribe was nominally Christian and fought against the Muslim armies between 629 and 636, until the Byzantines and their Arab allies were defeated at the Battle of Yarmouk. Afterward, the Judham converted to Islam and became the largest tribal faction of Jund Filastin (district of Palestine).

The origins of the Judham are not clear. They may have been descendants of the northern Arabs, though the tribe itself claimed Yamanite (southern Arab) origins, perhaps in order to associate themselves with their Yamanite allies in Syria.

Jund Filastin
Jund Filasṭīn (Arabic: جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن, "the military district of Palestine") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s. Jund Filastin, which encompassed most of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Tertia, included the newly established city of Ramla as its capital and eleven administrative districts (kura), each ruled from a central town.
SacRT light rail
The SacRT light rail system serves the Sacramento, California area. It is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District (SacRT) and has 42.9 miles (69.0 km) of network comprising three main lines on standard gauge tracks, 53 stations, and a fleet of 121 vehicles. With an average of 22,100 weekday daily boardings as of the fourth quarter of 2025, the SacRT light rail system is the fifteenth busiest in the United States.

VTA light rail
The VTA light rail system serves San Jose and nearby cities in Santa Clara County, California. It is operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) and has 42.2 miles (67.9 km) of network comprising three main lines on standard gauge tracks. Originally opened on December 11, 1987, the light rail system has expanded since then, and currently has 60 stations in operation.

The light rail system has been criticized for being one of the least used in the United States (an average of 344 boardings per mile as of the fourth quarter of 2025) and the most heavily subsidized ($9.30 per passenger trip). VTA leaders have admitted that building light rail was a poor match with adjoining land uses. The system's average weekday daily ridership as of the fourth quarter of 2025 is 14,500 passengers and saw a total of 4,469,300 trips in 2025.
B Capital
B Capital is an American venture capital firm headquartered in Manhattan Beach, California. The firm has a strategic partnership with the Boston Consulting Group (BCG).

Outside the United States, B Capital has offices in Beijing, Hong Kong and Singapore.

Boston Consulting Group
Boston Consulting Group, Inc. (BCG) is an American global management consulting firm founded in 1963 and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is one of the "Big Three" (also known as "MBB", representing the first initials of world's three largest management consulting firms by revenue) along with McKinsey & Company and Bain & Company. Since 2021, BCG has been led by the German executive Christoph Schweizer.
Ricky Ray
Ricky Ray (born October 22, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Edmonton Eskimos and Toronto Argonauts. He also briefly spent time in the af2, as well as with the San Francisco 49ers and New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). Ray is the all-time leader in passing yardage, pass completions, and passing touchdowns for both the Edmonton Elks and Toronto Argonauts. He won the Grey Cup championship a record four times as a starting quarterback, in 2003, 2005, 2012, and 2017. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2022.

93rd Grey Cup
The 93rd Grey Cup game was held on November 27, 2005, at B.C. Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, between the Edmonton Eskimos and the Montreal Alouettes, to decide the winner of the 2005 season of the Canadian Football League. The Eskimos prevailed over the Alouettes in a 38–35 overtime victory. It was the first time in 44 years that a Grey Cup went into overtime (it would happen again in 2016 and 2021). It was also the first Grey Cup to be presented in high-definition television.
Army Group Archduke Karl
Army Group Archduke Karl (German: Heeresgruppe "Erzherzog Karl") was an army group of Austria-Hungary during World War I, established in June 1916 to fight against the Russian Empire on the Eastern Front and later in the campaign against the Kingdom of Romania. It was named for its commander, Field Marshal Archduke Karl Franz Joseph, who commanded the formation until October 1916. The following month, he became the last emperor of Austria-Hungary. The army group consisted of the 1st and 7th Armies.

1st Army (Austria-Hungary)
The 1st Army (German: k.u.k. 1. Armee) was a field army-level command in the ground forces of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The army fought in Galicia and Russian Poland in 1914–15 before being briefly dissolved in the summer of 1916. Shortly afterwards, it was reformed and sent to fight in the Romanian Campaign for the next two years. The 1st Army was demobilized in April 1918 due to its heavy losses, following Romania's surrender.