hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
William Archibald Spooner
William Archibald Spooner (22 July 1844 – 29 August 1930) was a British clergyman and long-serving Oxford don. He was most notable for his absent-mindedness, and for supposedly mixing up the syllables in a spoken phrase, with unintentionally comic effect. Such phrases became known as spoonerisms, and are often used humorously. Many spoonerisms have been invented and attributed to Spooner.

Spoonerism
A spoonerism is an occurrence of speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched (see metathesis) between two words of a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and priest William Archibald Spooner, who reportedly commonly spoke in this way.

Examples include saying "blushing crow" instead of "crushing blow", or "runny babbit" instead of "bunny rabbit". While spoonerisms are commonly heard as slips of the tongue, they can also be used intentionally as a word play.

The first known spoonerisms were published by the 16th-century author François Rabelais and termed contrepèteries. In his novel Pantagruel, he wrote "femme folle à la messe et femme molle à la fesse" ("insane woman at Mass, woman with flabby buttocks").
Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
Chita (Russian: Чита, IPA: [tɕɪˈta]) is a city and the administrative center of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway route, roughly 1,100 kilometers (680 mi) east of Irkutsk and roughly 2,100 kilometers (1,300 mi) west of Khabarovsk. As of the 2021 census, the population is 334,427.

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai), located in the Russian Far East. Its administrative center is Chita. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 1,107,107.

The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
Austin Greyhound
The Austin Greyhound was a British two-seat biplane fighter aircraft of World War I built by car manufacturer Austin. Owing to the end of the War and an unreliable engine, it was unsuccessful, only three being built.

Austin Motor Company
The Austin Motor Company Limited was a British manufacturer of motor vehicles, founded in 1905 by Herbert Austin in Longbridge. In 1952 it was merged with Morris Motors Limited in the new holding company British Motor Corporation (BMC) Limited, keeping its separate identity. The marque Austin was used until 1987 by BMC's successors British Leyland and Rover Group. The trademark is currently owned by the Chinese firm SAIC Motor, after being transferred from bankrupt subsidiary Nanjing Automotive which had acquired it with MG Rover Group in July 2005.
10th arrondissement of Marseille
The 10th arrondissement of Marseille is a district (arrondissement) in the city of Marseille. The district is located east of the city. It borders the 5th and 12th arrondissement in the north, the 11th in the east, the 9th in the south, the 8th in the southwest and the 6th in the west. It is governed locally together with the 9th arrondissement, with which it forms the 5th sector of Marseille.

9th arrondissement of Marseille
The 9th arrondissement of Marseille is one of 16 arrondissements of Marseille. This district is the largest in the city. The 9th arrondissement borders the 8th, 10th and 11th arrondissements. It is governed locally together with the 10th arrondissement, with which it forms the 5th sector of Marseille.
Park an der Ilm
The Park an der Ilm (Park on the Ilm, short Ilmpark) is a large Landschaftspark (landscaped park) in Weimar, Thuringia. It was created in the 18th century, influenced by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and has not been changed much, preserving a park of the period. It forms part of the World Heritage Site "Classical Weimar along with other sites across Weimar bearing testimony to the city's historical importance as a cultural hub during the Weimar Classicism movement in the late 18th and 19th centuries".

Classical Weimar (World Heritage Site)
Classical Weimar (German: Klassisches Weimar) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of 11 sites located in and around the city of Weimar, Germany. The site was inscribed on 2 December 1998. The properties all bear testimony to the influence of Weimar as a cultural centre of the Enlightenment during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. A number of notable writers and philosophers lived in Weimar between 1772 and 1805, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, Friedrich Schiller, and Christoph Martin Wieland. These figures ushered in and participated in the Weimar Classicism movement, and the architecture of the sites across the city reflects the rapid cultural development of the Classical Weimar era.
Neurocranium
In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, brain-pan, or brainbox, is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain.   In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton.

In comparative anatomy, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with endocranium or chondrocranium.

Endocranium
The endocranium in comparative anatomy is a part of the skull base in vertebrates and it represents the basal, inner part of the cranium. The term is also applied to the outer layer of the dura mater in human anatomy.
When Elephants Were Young
When Elephants Were Young is a 2015 Canadian documentary film directed by World Elephant Day Co-founder Patricia Sims and narrated by William Shatner. It follows the story of Wok and his young elephant Nong Mai, as they street beg in Bangkok until the opportunity comes to release the elephant to the wild. The film premiered at the Whistler Film Festival on December 5, 2015.

World Elephant Day
World Elephant Day is an international annual event on August 12, dedicated to the preservation and protection of the world's elephants. Conceived in 2011 by Canadian filmmakers Patricia Sims and Michael Clark of Canazwest Pictures, and Sivaporn Dardarananda, Secretary-General of the Elephant Reintroduction Foundation in Thailand, it was officially founded, supported and launched by Patricia Sims and the Elephant Reintroduction Foundation on August 12, 2012. Since that time, Patricia Sims continues to lead, support and direct World Elephant Day, which is now recognized and celebrated by over 100 wildlife organizations and many individuals in countries across the globe.
Heroes for Life
Heroes for Life (in Hebrew: לוחמים ללא גבולות warriors without borders) is a non-governmental organization founded in 2013 by three officers of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who had served in the Duvdevan unit for eight years. They started a trip after performing military service together, a trip that the IDF soldiers normally perform after completing the military service.

Duvdevan Unit
Unit 217, frequently called Duvdevan (Hebrew: דובדבן, lit. 'cherry'), is a mistaʽaravim unit in the Commando Brigade of the Israel Defense Forces.

It is notable for its undercover operations in urban areas, during which its operators often wear civilian clothing to disguise themselves among the local Arab populace. The unit is also known to have highly trained members in both human and mechanical counter-surveillance. Unit 217 performs many high-risk and complicated operations, including targeted killings of militants and a range of other undercover operations in Arab regions, many of which are classified.
Wausau, Wisconsin
Wausau (/ˈwɔːsɔː/ ⓘ WAW-saw) is a city in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is located along the Wisconsin River in central Wisconsin and had a population of 39,994 at the 2020 census. The Wausau metropolitan statistical area, consisting solely of Marathon County, had a population of 138,013.

The Wausau area was inhabited by various indigenous peoples, including the Ojibwe. It was settled by European immigrants in the mid-19th century and developed as a lumbering center due to its access to pine forests and river transport. Cultural and recreational attractions in Wausau include the Grand Theater, Granite Peak Ski Area, Rib Mountain State Park, Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum, and the Wisconsin River.

Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum
The Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum is located in Wausau, Wisconsin. It is best known for its annual "Birds in Art" exhibition, which exhibits contemporary artistic representations of birds. The annual exhibition has been held beginning the week after Labor Day since the museum's founding in 1976. The museum stands on a 4-acre (16,000 m2) estate in a 1931 English Tudor style house previously owned by Alice Woodson Forester and John E. Forester. The Foresters donated their home in 1973 and the museum opened in September 1976.
Vicente Moreno
Vicente Moreno Peris (born 26 October 1974) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, currently manager of Qatar Stars League club Al-Wakrah.

He spent most of his career with Xerez, appearing in 412 official matches and remaining with the club for 11 years. He also coached them for seven months, and subsequently led Mallorca and Espanyol to La Liga promotions.

RCD Mallorca
Real Club Deportivo Mallorca, S.A.D. (Spanish: [reˈal ˈkluβ ðepoɾˈtiβo maˈʎoɾka], Catalan: Reial Club Deportiu Mallorca [rəˈjal ˈklub dəpuɾˈtiw məˈʎɔɾkə], Royal Sporting Club Mallorca), commonly known as Real Mallorca or RCD Mallorca, is a Spanish professional football club based in Palma on the island of Mallorca in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916, they currently compete in La Liga, holding home games at the Estadi Mallorca Son Moix with a 23,142-seat capacity.

The club had its peak in the late 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best-ever third place in La Liga in 1999 and 2001 and winning the Copa del Rey in 2003 following final defeats in 1991, 1998 and 2024. Mallorca also won the 1998 Supercopa de España and reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final.

Mallorca traditionally play in red shirts with black shorts and socks.
Pressure flow hypothesis
The pressure flow hypothesis, also known as the mass flow hypothesis, is the best-supported theory to explain the movement of sap through the phloem of plants. It was proposed in 1930 by Ernst Münch, a German plant physiologist.
Organic molecules such as sugars, amino acids, certain hormones, and messenger RNAs are known to be transported in the phloem through the cells called sieve tube elements. According to the hypothesis, the high concentration of organic substances, particularly sugar, inside the phloem at a source such as a leaf creates a diffusion gradient (osmotic gradient) that draws water into the cells from the adjacent xylem. This creates turgor pressure, also called hydrostatic pressure, in the phloem. The hypothesis states that this is why sap in plants flows from the sugar producers (sources) to sugar absorbers (sinks).

Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts of the plants such as stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word xylem is derived from the Ancient Greek word ξύλον (xúlon), meaning "wood"; the best-known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout a plant. The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858.
Ruch Chorzów
Ruch Chorzów (Polish: [ˈrux ˈxɔʐuf] ⓘ) is a Polish professional football club based in Chorzów, Upper Silesia. It is one of the most successful football teams in Poland, having won fourteen Polish Championships, and the Polish Cup three times. As of the 2025–26 season, they compete in the I liga.

Ruch's home venue is the Ruch Chorzów Stadium, with a capacity of 9,300 seats. As it is currently under renovation, Ruch temporarily hosts their games at the Silesian Stadium in Chorzów with a capacity of 55,211 seats. The club is known for its Silesian identity. Ruch also operates a women's handball team, who have won nine national titles, and a men's futsal department.

Upper Silesia
Upper Silesia (Polish: Górny Śląsk [ˈɡurnɨ ˈɕlɔ̃sk] ⓘ ; Silesian: Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk; Czech: Horní Slezsko; German: Oberschlesien [ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən] ⓘ ; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Latin: Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heavy industry (mining and metallurgy).
Pole splitting
Pole splitting is a phenomenon exploited in some forms of frequency compensation used in an electronic amplifier. When a capacitor is introduced between the input and output sides of the amplifier with the intention of moving the pole lowest in frequency (usually an input pole) to lower frequencies, pole splitting causes the pole next in frequency (usually an output pole) to move to a higher frequency. This pole movement increases the stability of the amplifier and improves its step response at the cost of decreased speed.

Frequency compensation
In electronics engineering, frequency compensation is a technique used in amplifiers, and especially in amplifiers employing negative feedback.  It usually has two primary goals: To avoid the unintentional creation of positive feedback, which will cause the amplifier to oscillate, and to control overshoot and ringing in the amplifier's step response. It is also used extensively to improve the bandwidth of single pole systems.
Fiba Group
Fiba Group (also known as Fiba Holding) is a Turkish holding company and conglomerate founded in 1987 by Hüsnü Özyeğin. Headquartered in Istanbul, the group operates in both financial and non-financial sectors, with significant activities in banking, leasing, insurance, asset management, retail, real estate, energy, tourism, and property management across Turkey, Europe and Asia. It employs approximately 13,000 people.

The group includes companies such as Fibabanka, Nexent Bank, Fiba Retail and Fina Enerji. It is chaired by Murat Özyeğin, the son of the founder. In 2017, Fiba Group became a co-owner of the Kınık coal mine and is listed on the Global Coal Exit List compiled by the NGO Urgewald.

Fiba Group's business interests span sectors including solar power, fashion retail (through franchises like Marks & Spencer, GAP, Forever 21 and Lululemon), and hospitality through its ownership of the Swissôtel The Bosphorus in Istanbul.

Nexent Bank
Nexent Bank N.V. (Nexent Bank) is a Dutch-registered bank owned by the Turkish financial holding company FIBA Group. The bank is focused on corporate lending as well as on retail banking and operates in the Eurozone countries of the Netherlands, Germany, Malta, Romania, Switzerland, and Ukraine. The bank's strategy is to offer easy-to-use retail banking and SME products, as well as private banking. It also offers trade finance and corporate banking services.
Santiago Giraldo
Santiago Giraldo Salazar (Latin American Spanish: [sanˈtjaɣo xiˈɾaldo salaˈsaɾ], born 27 November 1987) is a Colombian former professional tennis player. He played on the ATP tour and represented Colombia in the Davis Cup competition. His best tournament result is reaching the final in the 2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell. He is the highest-ranked male tennis singles player in Colombia's history, with a career-high singles ranking of 28th in the world, and 77th in doubles.

Throughout his career he has beaten several ex-number-one players such as Lleyton Hewitt, Juan Carlos Ferrero, and Andy Murray as well as some top-ten players such as Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, Kei Nishikori, Marin Čilić, Milos Raonic, Dominic Thiem, Gilles Simon, Jürgen Melzer, Rainer Schüttler, Tommy Robredo, Janko Tipsarević, and Nicolás Lapentti. He has beaten golden-generation players from Argentinian tennis such as Gastón Gaudio, Guillermo Cañas, Mariano Puerta, Juan Martín del Potro, and David Nalbandian.

Marin Čilić
Marin Čilić (Croatian pronunciation: [mâriːn tʃǐːlitɕ]; born 28 September 1988) is a Croatian professional tennis player. He has been ranked as high as world No. 3 in men's singles by the ATP, achieved in January 2018. Čilić has won 21 ATP Tour-level singles titles, including the 2014 US Open. He was also finalist at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships and the 2018 Australian Open.

Playing for his country, Čilić was pivotal in the Croatian team's victory at the 2018 Davis Cup, and won an Olympic silver medal in men's doubles at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics partnering Ivan Dodig. Alongside Goran Ivanišević and Iva Majoli, he is widely considered to be one of the greatest Croatian tennis players in history.

Čilić has reached the semifinal stage or better at all four Majors, one of only four active players to do so, and the quarterfinal stage or better at all nine Masters tournaments. He is one of only six active players with 20 or more titles.
Paul Sweeney
Paul John Sweeney FIES VR (born 16 January 1989) is a Scottish politician. A member of the Scottish Labour and Co-operative Party, he currently serves as Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow region in the 6th Scottish Parliament, elected in May 2021. He previously served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow North East from 2017 to 2019.

Glasgow North East
Glasgow North East is a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). It was first contested at the 2005 general election. The current Member of Parliament (MP) is Maureen Burke of the Labour Party who gained the seat from Scottish National Party's Anne McLaughlin at the 2024 general election.
Red Minaret Mosque
The Red Minaret Mosque, sometimes called the Leaning Minaret, or Eğri Minaret, is located in the city center of Aksaray.
It belongs to the Seljuk period, and between the years 1221-1237 I. It was built during the reign of Alaeddin Keykubad. It is known as the "Red Minaret" because it is made of red brick.

The cylindrical body, which is seated on a square base, is divided into two parts with a thin molding, the lower part is covered with zigzag and the upper part is covered with blue and green tile mosaics. Since the minaret was in danger of collapse, it was tied with steel ropes in 1973. The mosque next to it was built later.

Aksaray
Aksaray (pronounced [ˈaksaɾaj]) is a city in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It is the seat of Aksaray Province and Aksaray District. Its population is 247,147 (2021). In 2021 the province had an estimated population of 429,069 distributed over about 7,659 km2 (2,957 mi2). The average elevation is 980 m (3,215 ft), with the highest point being Mt. Hasan (Turkish: Hasan Dağı) at 3,268 m (10,722 ft).

The city of Aksaray has a long history and was an important stopover point on the Silk Road that transited Anatolia for centuries. It is a mid-sized city with the Melendiz river running through it and several monuments dating back to the pre-Ottoman era as well as some impressive examples of government buildings from the early Turkish Republic that are gathered around the main square.

The nearest airport is Kapadokya Nevşehir Airport (NAV) which is 62.1 km away from the city.
Gokicha
Gokicha (Japanese: ごきチャ; lit. "Cockroach Girls") is a 4-panel manga series created by Rui Tamachi revolving around anthropomorphised cockroaches. The manga originally existed as self-published doujin works, first released at Comiket in 2009, before beginning serialization in Houbunsha's Manga Time Kirara Carat magazine from March 2011 to August 2016. An anime adaptation by Movic began releasing on Nico Nico Douga in 2012.

Manga Time Kirara Carat
Manga Time Kirara Carat (まんがタイムきららキャラット, Manga Taimu Kirara Kyaratto) is a Japanese seinen manga magazine published by Houbunsha and mainly consisting of four-panel comic strips. It is released on the 28th of each month. The first issue was released on January 18th 2003 as a special edition of Manga Time Kirara. The first independent issue was released on September 28th 2005.
Stanley Schachter
Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997) was an American social psychologist best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer. In his theory he states that emotions have two ingredients: physiological arousal and a cognitive label. A person's experience of an emotion stems from the mental awareness of the body's physical arousal and the explanation one attaches to this arousal. Schachter also studied and published many works on the subjects of obesity, group dynamics, birth order and smoking. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Schachter as the seventh most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

Richard E. Nisbett
Richard Eugene Nisbett (born June 1, 1941) is an American social psychologist and writer. He is the Theodore M. Newcomb Distinguished Professor of social psychology and co-director of the Culture and Cognition program at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Nisbett's research interests are in social cognition, culture, social class, and aging. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University, where his advisor was Stanley Schachter, whose other students at that time included Lee Ross and Judith Rodin.
Matrix Awards
The Matrix Awards is an awards ceremony held annually by the New York Women in Communications, Inc. The award was created in the 1930s by Theta Sigma Phi journalism honor society and professional fraternity, later called Women in Communications, Inc. The Matrix Awards recognize exceptional women in the communications industry.

Theta Sigma Phi
Theta Sigma Phi (ΘΣΦ) was an American honor society and professional fraternity for women in journalism. It was established in 1909 at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. It was a founding member of the Professional Panhellenic Association in 1926.

In 1972, Theta Sigma Phi was renamed Women in Communications. In 1996, the organization was dissolved. The nonprofit Association for Women in Communications, a professional organization for women in the communications industry, was formed in 1997 to carry forward the mission of Theta Sigma Phi; it went defunct in 2023.
U.S. Route 199
U.S. Route 199 (US 199) is a U.S. Highway in the states of California and Oregon. The highway was established in 1926 as a spur of US 99, which has since been replaced by Interstate 5 (I-5). US 199 stretches 80 miles (130 km) from US 101 near Crescent City, California northeast to I-5 in Grants Pass, Oregon. The highway is the northern portion of the Redwood Highway. In Oregon, US 199 is officially known as Redwood Highway No. 25. The majority of the road in California is the Smith River Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway. The first roadway, a plank road, from Crescent City was established in May 1858, and before the US 199 designation was applied to the highway, the roadway was designated Highway 25 (in Oregon) and Route 1 (in California).

Grants Pass, Oregon
Grants Pass is a city in and the county seat of Josephine County, Oregon, United States. The city is located on Interstate 5, northwest of Medford, along the Rogue River. The population is 39,194 according to the 2020 census, making it the 15th most populous city in Oregon.