hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
All-payer rate setting
All-payer rate setting is a price setting mechanism in which all third parties pay the same price for services at a given hospital. It can be used to increase the market power of payers (such as private and/or public insurance companies) versus providers, such as hospital systems, in order to control costs. All-payer characteristics are found in most developed economies with multi-payer healthcare systems, including France, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands. The U.S. state of Maryland also uses such a model.

The All-payer rate setting have been proposed in the United States as a healthcare reform measure. The proposal for a public option (a voluntary, publicly sponsored insurance plan similar to Medicare) has been cited as indirectly sharing some of the same goals as all-payer rate-setting systems.

Single-payer healthcare
Single-payer healthcare is a type of universal healthcare, in which the costs of essential healthcare for all residents are covered by a single public system (hence "single-payer"). Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or may own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as is the case in the United Kingdom). "Single-payer" describes the mechanism by which healthcare is paid for by a single public authority, not a private authority, nor a mix of both.
Rang Ghar
The Rang Ghar  (Assamese: [ɹɔŋɡʱɔɹ]), (rong ghor meaning "House of Entertainment") is a two-storeyed building which once served as the royal sports-pavilion where Ahom kings and nobles were spectators at games like buffalo fights and other sports at Rupahi Pathar (pathar meaning "field" in Assamese) - particularly during the Rongali Bihu festival in the Ahom capital of Rangpur.

It is three kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the center of Sivasagar Town. Situated by the side of the Assam Trunk Road, it lies to the northeast of the Rangpur Palace, a almost seven-storied royal complex comprising the Talatal Ghar and the Kareng Ghar.

Talatal Ghar
The Talatal Ghar [tɔlatɔl ɡʱɔɹ]) is an 18th-century palace and military base located in Rangpur, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from present-day Sivasagar, Assam, India. It is the largest of the monument built during the Ahom era. King Rudra Singha was responsible for the construction of Kareng Ghar, but the present structure was built by king Rajeswar Singha (Surempha). It was initially built as an army base. It had 2 tunnels and 3 underground floors. Currently this structure is in dilapidated condition, the present ruins betray the grandeur that the palace was once endowed with.
Henri II, Prince of Condé
Henri II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé (1 September 1588 – 26 December 1646) was a French prince who was the head of the House of Bourbon-Condé, the senior-most cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.  From the age of 2 to 12, Henri was the presumptive heir to the French throne. Henri was the father of general Louis, le Grand Condé.

Princes of Condé
The Most Serene House of Bourbon-Condé (pronounced [buʁbɔ̃ kɔ̃de]), named after Condé-en-Brie (now in the Aisne département), was a French princely house and a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. The name of the house was derived from the title of Prince of Condé (French: prince de Condé) that was originally assumed around 1557 by the French Protestant leader Louis de Bourbon (1530–1569), uncle of King Henry IV of France, and borne by his male-line descendants.

This line became extinct in 1830 when his eighth-generation descendant, Louis Henri Joseph de Bourbon, died without surviving male issue. The princely title was held for one last time by Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé, who died in 1866.
Snaphance
A snaphance or snaphaunce is a type of firearm lock in which a flint struck against a striker plate above a steel pan ignites the priming powder which fires the gun. It is the mechanical progression of the wheellock firing mechanism, and along with the miquelet lock and doglock are predecessors of the flintlock mechanism.

The name is Dutch in origin but the mechanism cannot be attributed to the Netherlands with certainty.

Examples of this firearm can be found in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.

Wheellock
A wheellock, wheel-lock, or wheel lock is a friction-wheel mechanism which creates a spark that causes a firearm to fire. It was the next major development in firearms technology after the matchlock, and the first self-igniting firearm. Its name is from its rotating steel wheel to provide ignition. Developed in Europe around 1500, it was used alongside the matchlock (c. 1410s), the snaplock (c. 1540s), the snaphance (c. 1560s), and the flintlock (c. 1610s).
2015 Brown Tournament
The Jim Brown Shield Tournament is an annually awarded interstate ice hockey championship trophy in Australia for senior men aged 17 years and older with the condition that players of the Australian Ice Hockey League that are 24 years and older must have played less than 6 games to remain eligible. The current trophy is in the form of a shield and is the third trophy to bear the Brown family name. The trophy is named after Scottish born James Archibald Brown. The Jim Brown Shield is competed for in a series of games between state representative teams in what is called The Brown Tournament.

Jim Brown Shield
The Jim Brown Shield is currently an annually awarded interstate ice hockey championship trophy in Australia for senior men aged 17 years and older with the condition that players of the Australian Ice Hockey League that are 24 years and older must have played less than 6 games to remain eligible. The current trophy is in the form of a shield and is the third trophy to bear the Brown family name. The trophy is named after Scottish born James Archibald Brown. The Jim Brown Shield is competed for in a series of games between state representative teams in what is called the Australian Men's National Ice Hockey Championship.
Suhool
The Suhool (Arabic: السهول, sing. Sahli) are an Arab tribe of the region of Nejd in central Saudi Arabia.  They are descendants of the larger tribe of Banu 'Amir, also known as 'Amir ibn Sa'sa'a, and are considered the cousins of Subay'.

Banu Amir
The Banu Amir (Arabic: بنو عامر, romanized: Banū ʿĀmir) was a large and ancient Arab tribe originating from Western Arabia that dominated Najd for centuries after the rise of Islam. It was an independent branch of the Hawazin confederation, and its original homeland was the border area between Najd and Hejaz in Khurmah and Ranyah. Although the Banu Amir engaged in a long war with the Quraysh before the appearance of Islam —manifesting in particular as the Fijar War — the tribe gave a late allegiance to Muhammad and his immediate successors. The tribe produced several well-known Arabic poets, the most famous of whom was Labid ibn Rabi'ah, an author of one of the Seven Hanged Poems. Other poets included Amir ibn al-Tufayl, an important tribal chief; al-Ra'i al-Numayri, an opponent of Jarir; and the female poet Layla al-Akhyaliyyah. The protagonists of the romantic saga of Layla wal Majnun, Qays and Layla, also belonged to Banu Amir.
Principality of Göttingen
The Principality of Göttingen (German: Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital. It was split off  from the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in 1286 in the course of an estate division among members of the ruling House of Welf. In 1495 the Göttingen lands were incorporated as integral part of the newly established Brunswick Principality of Calenberg, with which they stayed united until the territory was merged into the Electorate of Hanover.

Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel  (German: Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications. It had an area of 3,828 square kilometres in the mid 17th century. Various dynastic lines of the House of Welf ruled Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. As a result of the Congress of Vienna, its successor state, the Duchy of Brunswick, was created in 1815.
Adalbert of Italy
Adalbert (born 932/936, died 971/975) was the king of Italy from 950 until 961, ruling jointly with his father, Berengar II. After their deposition, Adalbert continued to claim the Italian kingdom until his defeat in battle by the forces of Otto I in 965. Since he was the second Adalbert in his family, the Anscarids, he is sometimes numbered Adalbert II. His name is occasionally, especially in older works, shortened to Albert.

Berengar II of Italy
Berengar II (c. 900 – 4 August 966) was the king of Italy from 950 until his deposition in 961. He was a scion of the Anscarid and Unruoching dynasties, and was named after his maternal grandfather, Berengar I. He succeeded his father as margrave of Ivrea around 923 (whence he is often known as Berengar of Ivrea), and after 940 led the aristocratic opposition to kings Hugh and Lothair II. In 950 he succeeded the latter and had his son, Adalbert, crowned as his co-ruler. In 952 he recognised the suzerainty of Otto I of Germany, but he later joined a revolt against him. In 960 he invaded the Papal States, and the next year his kingdom was conquered by Otto. Berengar remained at large until his surrender in 964. He died imprisoned in Germany two years later.
Edward R. Murrow
Edward Roscoe Murrow (born Egbert Roscoe Murrow; April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an American broadcast journalist and war correspondent.

He first gained prominence during World War II with a series of live radio broadcasts from Europe for the news division of CBS. During the war he recruited and worked closely with a team of war correspondents who came to be known as the Murrow Boys. A pioneer of radio and television news broadcasting, Murrow produced a series of reports on his television program See It Now which helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Fellow journalists Eric Sevareid, Ed Bliss, Bill Downs, Dan Rather, and Alexander Kendrick consider Murrow one of journalism's greatest figures. Murrow's life has been dramatized in several films, including Good Night, and Good Luck, which takes its name from the signature sign-off phrase Murrow used to end many of his wartime broadcasts.

Murrow Boys
The Murrow Boys, or Murrow's Boys, were the CBS radio broadcast journalists most closely associated with Edward R. Murrow during his time at the network, most notably in the years before and during World War II.

Murrow recruited a number of newsmen and women to CBS during his years as a correspondent, European news chief, and executive. The "Boys" were his closest professional and personal associates. They also shared Murrow's preference for incisive, thought-provoking coverage of public affairs, abroad and at home. They achieved nationwide fame, and inadvertently became early examples of "celebrity journalism" in the days of radio and early television news.
Metropolis (manga)
Metropolis (メトロポリス, Metoroporisu), also known as Osamu Tezuka's Metropolis or Robotic Angel (in Germany, due to an objection by the Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation), is a Japanese manga by Osamu Tezuka published in 1949. It is the second work in what is regarded as Osamu Tezuka's early science fiction trilogy, consisting of Lost World (1948), Metropolis (1949) and Nextworld (1951). It has been adapted into a feature-length anime, released in 2001. Though it has parallels to the 1927 film of the same name directed by Fritz Lang, Tezuka has stated that he had only seen a single still image of the film in a magazine at the time of creating his manga.

Lost World (manga)
Lost World (ロスト・ワールド<前世紀>, Lost World - Zenseiki) is a manga series, written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka in 1948.

It is the first work in what is regarded as Osamu Tezuka's early science fiction trilogy, consisting of Lost World (1948), Metropolis (1949) and Nextworld (1951). Though they are separate, self-contained stories, they are often collected together in reprints.
Synaphodus
Synaphodus is an extinct genus of artiodactyls belonging to the basal family Dichobunidae. It was endemic to western Europe and lived during the Oligocene, although its specific temporal range is uncertain. Despite having only one recognized species S. brachygnathus, it has had a complicated taxonomic history due to the genus name, established by the French palaeontologist Auguste Pomel in 1848, being applied early on for a species that was eventually reclassified under the suoid genus Propalaeochoerus. It was a large-sized member of the Dichobuninae similar to Metriotherium but differed from it by its more bunodont (round and low cusps) dentition among other differences. As one of the few dichobunines of the Oligocene, it would have coexisted with immigrant faunas after the Grande Coupure extinction event and surviving faunas within western Europe.

Dichobunidae
Dichobunidae is an extinct  family of basal artiodactyl mammals from the early Eocene to late Oligocene of North America, Europe, and Asia.  The Dichobunidae include some of the earliest known artiodactyls, such as Diacodexis.
Komatsu D475A
The Komatsu D475A is the second largest bulldozer in the Komatsu line after the D575A, the world's largest production bulldozer. As of June 2025, it is recognized as the largest rental bulldozer in Asia,  being owned and offered for lease by Al Marwan Heavy Machinery. The current version is the 248,240 pounds (112,600 kg), 899 horsepower (670 kW) D475A-8 Tier 4. There are several versions of the D475A that are  used in surface mining, open-pit mining, quarries and construction worldwide.

The 740 horsepower (550 kW) D475A-1 was introduced in 1986 as a replacement for the 650 horsepower (480 kW) D455A.

Komatsu D575A
The Komatsu D575A is a 1,150 horsepower (860 kW) tractor crawler produced in a 'SR' or Super Ripper bulldozer/ripper configuration, or as a dedicated bulldozer in the form of the 'SD' or Super Dozer. Both models can move 90 cubic yards (69 m3) of material per pass using the standard blade. The D575A-3 SD Super Dozer can move 125 cubic yards (96 m3) of material per pass if equipped with an optional blade. The D575A-3 can dig to a maximum depth of 6 feet 9 inches (2.06 m) using its single-shank ripper.

Commonly referred to as the 'world's largest production bulldozer', the D575A series bulldozers were produced by Komatsu Ltd. in Osaka, Japan. Surface mine operators in the United States, Australia and Japan were the primary users of the D575A, although they were sometimes used in heavy construction applications and quarries as well.
Dionysios Solomos
Dionysios Solomos (/ˈsɒləmɒs/; Greek: Διονύσιος Σολωμός [ði.oˈnisios soloˈmos]; 8 April 1798 – 9 February 1857) was a Greek poet from Zakynthos, who is considered to be Greece's national poet. He is best known for writing the Hymn to Liberty (Greek: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν, Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían), which was set to music by Nikolaos Mantzaros and became the Greek and Cypriot national anthem in 1865 and 1966 respectively. He was the central figure of the Heptanese School of poetry. He is considered the national poet of Greece, not only because he wrote the national anthem, but also because he contributed to the preservation of earlier poetic tradition and highlighted its usefulness to modern literature. Other notable poems include Ὁ Κρητικός (The Cretan), Ἐλεύθεροι Πολιορκημένοι (The Free Besieged). A characteristic of his work is that no poem except the Hymn to Liberty was completed, and almost nothing was published during his lifetime.

Ionian school (literature)
The term Heptanese school of literature (Greek: Επτανησιακή Σχολή, lit. 'school of the Seven Islands'; also known as the Ionian school) denotes the literary production of the Ionian Islands' literature figures from the late 18th century till the end of the 19th century. The center of this production is considered to be the poet Dionysios Solomos, so its periods are conventionally divided as follows: Pre-Solomian poets (Προσολωμικοί ποιητές), Solomian poets, Post-Solomian poets, minors and descendants.
Guardian (Marvel Comics)
Guardian (James Hudson; also known as Weapon Alpha or Vindicator) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by John Byrne, the character made his first appearance in The Uncanny X-Men #109 (February 1978) which was co-plotted by Byrne and his long-time collaborator Chris Claremont.

The character is a founding member and leader of Alpha Flight. He was designed to be the Canadian equivalent of Captain America, hence his costume markings are modeled after the Canadian flag. Guardian is often confused with Captain Canuck, another Canadian-themed superhero with similar costume and superpowers.

As Vindicator, the character appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Barry Flatman.

Alpha Flight
Alpha Flight is a fictional team of Canadian superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters premiered in The Uncanny X-Men #120 (April 1979), and were created to serve as part of the X-Men member Wolverine's backstory. Marvel published an Alpha Flight comic book series from 1983 to 1994. The team serves as Marvel's premier Canadian superhero team akin to America's Avengers.
Piotr Edward Dankowski
Piotr Edward Dańkowski (born June 21, 1908, in Jordanów, died on April 3, 1942, in Auschwitz) is a Polish Catholic saint who is one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II beatified by Pope John Paul II.  He is the patron saint of clerics and priests of the Archdiocese of Krakow.

108 Martyrs of World War II
The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (Polish: 108 błogosławionych męczenników), were Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by German Nazis. Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw. The group comprises 3 bishops, 79 priests, 7 male religious, 8 female religious, and 11 lay people. There are two parishes named for the martyrs, in Powiercie in Koło County, and in Malbork.
National Ringette League
The National Ringette League (NRL) (French: Ligue Nationale de Ringuette, LNR) is the premier league for the sport of ringette in North America and Canada's national league for elite ringette players aged 18 and up. The NRL is not a women's variant of a more well-known men's league or sport like professional women's ice hockey or bandy; one of ringette's distinctive features is that all of its players are girls and women. As such, the NRL is the continent's first and only winter team sports league whose entire athlete roster is made up of women and non-binary athletes.

The NRL is semi-professional and operates as a showcase league for ringette in North America. The league functions as a committee under Ringette Canada, a non-profit sports organization and Canada's national governing body for ringette. Its Finnish equivalent is the SM Ringette league in Finland.

SM Ringette
SM Ringette, previously "Ringeten SM-sarja", is the elite semi-professional ringette league in Finland's first division and its highest. The league features the best ringette players in Finland and is run by Ringette Finland. The league was known as Ringeten SM-sarja until it was rebranded in 2021 and is known as the "Finnish National Ringette League" by English speakers. The National Ringette League (NRL) is its Canadian equivalent.

The league has been in operation since the 1987–88 winter season and a number of its clubs competed in the Ringette World Club Championship when the international club tournament existed. Several of the league's players have played for the Finland national ringette team at the World Ringette Championships including Marjukka Virta, Anne Pohjola, and Susanna Tapani.
James Dergavel Irving
James Dargavel Irving (October 15, 1860 – June 6, 1933) was a Canadian businessman based in Bouctouche, New Brunswick. He was the patriarch of the Irving family, having been the father to K. C. Irving.

K. C. Irving
Kenneth Colin Irving, OC (14 March 1899 – 13 December 1992) was a Canadian businessman whose business began with a family sawmill in Bouctouche, New Brunswick, in 1882. In 1989, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
Mosha (story)
Mosha (Bengali: মশা) (transl. The Mosquito) is a work of science fiction written in Bengali by the novelist Premendra Mitra. The story was first published by Deb Sahitya Kutir, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, in the Puja Annual titled Alpana (Bengali: আলপনা) in 1945. Ghanashyam Das alias GhanaDa, the fictional character and the protagonist of the GhanaDa series of science-fiction stories appeared for the first time in this novel.

Ghanada
Ghanashyam Das alias Ghanada (Bengali: ঘনাদা), the protagonist of the Ghanada series of science fiction novels written in Bengali, is a fictional character created by Premendra Mitra in 1945. In the novels, the character fights evil and stands against international terrorism. The far-fetched stories take place in multiple international locations, and across a historical timeline. He is depicted regularly outwitting his fellow boarders of the mess-bari at 72, Banamali Naskar Lane, Kolkata (Calcutta). Ghanada was a personification of Premendra Mitra's anti-fascist humanistic ideologies and moral universe. His stories were notably accurate from a historical, geographical and scientific standpoint.
The Archaeological Journal
The Archaeological Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal for archaeological and architectural reports and articles. It was established in 1844 by the British Archaeological Association as a quarterly journal, but was taken over by the British Archaeological Institute  (now known as the Royal Archaeological Institute) in 1845, and the institute has remained its publisher ever since. The journal has been published annually since 1927.

Royal Archaeological Institute
The Royal Archaeological Institute (RAI) is a learned society, established in 1844, with interests in all aspects of the archaeological, architectural and landscape history of the British Isles. Membership is open to all with an interest in these areas.
Richmond, Rhode Island
Richmond is a town in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 8,020 at the 2020 census. It contains the villages of Alton, Arcadia, Barberville, Carolina, Hillsdale, Kenyon, Shannock, Tug Hollow, Usquepaug, Wood River Junction, Woodville, and Wyoming. Students from the Town of Richmond are part of the Chariho Regional School District, a school district shared between Charlestown and Hopkinton, Rhode Island.

Carolina, Rhode Island
Carolina is a village  that straddles the border of the towns of Charlestown and Richmond on the Pawcatuck River in Washington County, Rhode Island, United States. Rhode Island Route 112 passes through the village. Carolina is identified as a census-designated place, with a population of 970 at the 2010 census.
Pisidia
Pisidia or Pisidya (/pɪˈsɪdiə/; Greek: Πισιδία) was an ancient Anatolian region located north of Pamphylia, northeast of Lycia, west of Isauria and Cilicia, and south of Phrygia, corresponding roughly to the modern-day Antalya Province of the Republic of Turkey. Among Pisidia's settlements were Antioch in Pisidia, Termessos, Cremna, Sagalassos, Etenna, Neapolis, Selge, Tyriacum, Laodiceia Katakekaumene, Adada, and Philomelium.

Pamphylia
Pamphylia (/pæmˈfɪliə/; Ancient Greek: Παμφυλία, Pamphylía Turkish: Pamfilya) was a region in the south of Asia Minor in Western Asia, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey). It was bounded on the north by Pisidia and was therefore a country of small extent, having a coast-line of only about 120 km (75 miles) with a breadth of about 50 km (30 miles). Under the Roman administration the term Pamphylia was extended so as to include Pisidia and the whole tract up to the frontiers of Phrygia and Lycaonia, and in this wider sense it is employed by Ptolemy.