hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Multicast lightpaths
A multicast session requires a "point-to-multipoint" connection from a source node to multiple destination nodes. The source node is known as the root. The destination nodes are known as leaves. In the modern era, it is important to protect multicast connections in an optical mesh network. Recently, multicast applications have gained popularity as they are important to protecting critical sessions against failures such as fiber cuts, hardware faults, and natural disasters.

Optical mesh network
An optical mesh network is a type of optical telecommunications network employing wired fiber-optic communication or wireless free-space optical communication in a mesh network architecture.

Most optical mesh networks use fiber-optic communication and are operated by internet service providers in metropolitan and regional but also national and international scenarios. They are faster and less error prone than other network architectures and support backup and recovery plans for established networks in case of any disaster, damage or failure. Currently planned satellite constellations aim to establish optical mesh networks in space by using wireless laser communication.
Cockburn Scale
The Cockburn Scale, also known as the Project Classification Scale, is a method of describing how much formal process a software project requires.  The scale was described in Alistair Cockburn's book Agile Software Development. According to the author, the scale can be applied to other types of project, not only those that employ Agile methodologies.

Alistair Cockburn
Alistair Cockburn (/ˈælɪstər ˈkoʊbərn/ AL-ist-ər KOH-bərn) is an American computer scientist, known as one of the initiators of the agile movement in software development. He cosigned (with 16 others) the Manifesto for Agile Software Development.
Dual code
In coding theory, the dual code of a linear code

is the linear code defined by

where

is a scalar product.  In linear algebra terms, the dual code is the annihilator of C with respect to the bilinear form . The dimension of C and its dual always add up to the length n:

A generator matrix for the dual code is the parity-check matrix for the original code and vice versa.  The dual of the dual code is always the original code.

Generator matrix
In coding theory, a generator matrix is a matrix whose rows form a basis for a linear code. The codewords are all of the linear combinations of the rows of this matrix, that is, the linear code is the row space of its generator matrix.
Marshfield, Wisconsin
Marshfield is a city in Wood and Marathon counties of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,929 at the 2020 census; of this, 18,119 were in Wood County and 810 were in Marathon County. It is a principal city of the Marshfield–Wisconsin Rapids micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Wood County and had a population of 74,207 in 2020.

It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10, Highway 13 and Highway 97. Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic, a large healthcare system that serves much of Central, Northern, and Western Wisconsin.

Wisconsin Highway 13
State Trunk Highway 13 (often called Highway 13, STH-13 or WIS 13) is a state highway running north–south across northwest and central Wisconsin. WIS 13 serves as a major north–south route connecting the communities of Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin Rapids, Marshfield and Ashland. WIS 13 is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour from its northern/western terminus to Ashland at is eastern junction with U.S. Highway 2 (US 2). The road also provides access to the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore off the Lake Superior shoreline at Bayfield. The highway is two-lane surface road with the exception of various urban multilane road sections.
Haddiscoe Cut
The Haddiscoe Cut or New Cut is a canal in the English county of Norfolk and in The Broads National Park. The cut was conceived as a way to provide a more direct route from Lowestoft to Norwich, and was built as part of a larger scheme which included the linking of the River Waveney to Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing. It was opened in 1833, but the new route was not a financial success, and it was sold to a railway developer in 1842. It remained in railway ownership until nationalisation in 1948, and was damaged by floods in 1953. An attempt to close it in 1954 was resisted by local interests, resulting in it being repaired. It is now managed by the Environment Agency.

River Waveney
The River Waveney is a river which forms the boundary between Suffolk and Norfolk, England, for much of its length within The Broads. The earliest attestation of the name is from 1275, Wahenhe, from *wagen + ea, meaning the river by a quagmire.
Lew Christensen
Lewellyn Farr "Lew" Christensen (May 6, 1909 – October 9, 1984) was a ballet dancer, choreographer and director for many companies. He was largely associated with George Balanchine and the San Francisco Ballet, which he directed from 1952–1984. Other companies Christensen was a part of include Ballet Caravan, directed by Lincoln Kirstein, and Ballet Society, directed by Kirstein and Balanchine.

San Francisco Ballet
San Francisco Ballet is the oldest ballet company in the United States, founded in 1933 as the San Francisco Opera Ballet under the leadership of ballet master Adolph Bolm. The company is currently based in the War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco. Tamara Rojo has been its director since December 2022.

It is among the world's leading dance companies, presenting more than 100 performances annually, with a repertoire that spans both classical and contemporary ballet. Along with American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet has been described as part of the "triumvirate of great classical companies defining the American style on the world stage today."
Peachtree Arcade
The Peachtree Arcade was a shopping arcade in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The building, modeled after the Arcade in Cleveland, was designed by Atlanta-based architect A. Ten Eyck Brown and was located between Peachtree Street and Broad Street near Five Points. Construction began in 1917 and was completed the following year. Located in the city's central business district, it was very popular with citizens, functioning as an unofficial "civic center" for the city. However, by the 1960s, the arcade was facing increased competition from shopping malls located in Atlanta's suburbs, and in 1964, the building was demolished to make way for the First National Bank Building, a skyscraper that, at the time of its construction, was the tallest building in both Atlanta and the southeastern United States. In 1993, the American Institute of Architects named the building as one of Atlanta's most notable landmarks to have been destroyed.

Cleveland Arcade
The Arcade in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, is a Victorian-era structure of two nine-story buildings, joined by a five-story arcade with a glass skylight spanning over 300 feet (91 m), along the four balconies. Erected in 1890, at a cost of $867,000 ($30,300,000 in 2024 dollars), the Arcade opened on Memorial Day (May 30, 1890), and is identified as one of the earliest indoor shopping arcades in the United States. The Arcade was modified in 1939, remodeling the Euclid Avenue entrance and adding some structural support. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975.
LMG, LLC
LMG, LLC is an American provider of video, audio, LED, and lighting services for live events. The company was founded in 1984 by Les M. Goldberg and operates as a subsidiary of Entertainment Technology Partners (ETP). LMG’s divisions include Systems Innovation by LMG, LMG Touring & Entertainment, and LMG Venues.

Entertainment Technology Partners
Entertainment Technology Partners (ETP) is a global multi-brand entertainment technology company headquartered in Orlando. As of January 2018, the firm owns four audiovisual technology companies: 
LMG, LLC, EventEQ Maryland, EventEQ Pennsylvania (formerly ChoiceLIVE), 
Systems Innovation, and Pixl Evolution. ETP has 10 locations throughout the United States and Europe and over 425 employees.
Cao Zhi
Cao Zhi (pronunciationⓘ; Chinese: 曹植; 192 – 27 December 232), courtesy name Zijian (Chinese: 子建), posthumously known as Prince Si of Chen (陈思王), was a prince of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China, and an accomplished poet in his time. His style of poetry, greatly revered during the Jin dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties, came to be known as the Jian'an style.

Cao Zhi was a son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for the state of Cao Wei. As Cao Zhi once engaged his elder brother Cao Pi in a power struggle to succeed their father, he was ostracised by his victorious brother after the latter became the emperor and established the Cao Wei state. In his later life, Cao Zhi was not allowed to meddle in politics, despite his many petitions to seek office.

Jian'an poetry
Jian'an poetry or Chien-an poetry (Chinese: 建安風骨), refers to the styles of Chinese poetry particularly associated with the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Six Dynasties era of China. This poetry category is particularly important because, in the case of the Jian'an poetic developments, there is a special difficulty in matching the chronology of changes in poetry with the usual Chinese dynastic chronology based on the political leadership of the times. For example, according to Burton Watson, the first major poet of the new shi style that emerged at this time was Cao Zhi, one of the sons of Cao Cao, a family which came into power at the end of Han and developed further during the Three Kingdoms era of the Six Dynasties period.
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King
World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King is the second expansion set for the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, following The Burning Crusade. It launched on November 13, 2008 and sold 2.8 million copies within the first day, making it the fastest selling computer game of all time released at that point. The game added a substantial amount of new content into the game world, including the new continent of Northrend, home of The Lich King Arthas and his undead minions. In order to advance through Northrend, players were required to reach at least level 68, with the level cap for the expansion being 80. The first hero class was introduced, the Death Knight, that starts at level 55.

Arthas Menethil
Arthas Menethil is a fictional character who appears in the Warcraft series of video games and novels by Blizzard Entertainment. He was once a paladin of the Silver Hand and the crown prince of Lordaeron, but he turned to evil during a fight to save his people. He later became the Lich King, one of the most prominent antagonists in Warcraft lore. The critical reception of the character has been mostly positive.

In Warcraft III, Arthas is voiced by Justin Gross. In subsequent appearances, he is voiced by Patrick Seitz (paladin and death knight Arthas) and Michael McConnohie (Lich King Arthas).
Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive
The Jassy–Kishinev offensive, named after the two major cities, Jassy and Kishinev, in the staging area, was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces, which took place in Eastern Romania from 20 to 29 August 1944 during World War II. The 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts of the Red Army engaged Army Group South Ukraine, which consisted of combined German and Romanian formations, in an operation to reoccupy Bessarabia and destroy the Axis forces in the region, opening the way into Romania and the Balkans.

The offensive resulted in the encirclement and destruction of the German forces, allowing the Soviet Army to resume its strategic advance further into Eastern Europe. It also pressured Romania to switch allegiance from the Axis powers to the Allies. For the Germans, this was a massive defeat, which can be compared to the defeat at Stalingrad.

3rd Ukrainian Front
The 3rd Ukrainian Front (Russian: Третий Украинский фронт, romanized: Tretiy Ukrainskiy front) was a Front of the Soviet Red Army during World War II.

It was founded on 20 October 1943, on the basis of a Stavka order of October 16, 1943, by renaming the Southwestern Front. It included 1st Guards Army, 8th Guards Army, 6th, 12th, and 46th Armies and 17th Air Army. Later it included 5th Shock, 4th and 9th Guards Army, 26th, 27th, 28th, 37th, 57th Army, 6th Guards Tank Army, and the Bulgarian First, Second and Fourth Armies. The Danube Flotilla was assigned to the Front's operational control. This included the 83rd Naval Infantry Brigade.
Fincantieri Marinette Marine
Fincantieri Marinette Marine (FMM) is an American shipbuilding firm in Marinette, Wisconsin. Marinette Marine was a subsidiary of Manitowoc Marine Group of Wisconsin from 2000 to 2009, when it was sold to Fincantieri Marine Group.

Fincantieri
Fincantieri S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [fiŋkanˈtjɛːri]) is an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste, Italy. Already the largest shipbuilder in Europe, after the acquisition of Vard in 2013, Fincantieri group doubled in size to become the fourth largest in the world as of 2014. The company builds both commercial and military vessels.

The company is listed on the Borsa Italiana (Milan Stock Exchange) and is a component of FTSE Italia Mid Cap Index.
Gmina Pierzchnica
Gmina Pierzchnica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Pierzchnica, which lies approximately 23 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

The gmina covers an area of 104.59 square kilometres (40.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 4,778.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Cisów-Orłowiny Landscape Park.

Pierzchnica
Pierzchnica [pjɛʂxˈnit͡sa] is a town in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) of Gmina Pierzchnica. It lies in historic Lesser Poland, approximately 23 km (14 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.
Melvin Swig
Melvin Morse Swig (July 31, 1917 – May 14, 1993) was an American real estate developer and philanthropist. He was also the owner of the National Hockey League's California Golden Seals and Cleveland Barons.

Cleveland Barons (NHL)
The Cleveland Barons were a professional ice hockey team based in Richfield, Ohio. They competed in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a member of the Adams Division in the Prince of Wales Conference (1976–1978). The Barons played at Richfield Coliseum. They were a relocation of the California Golden Seals franchise that had played in Oakland since 1967. After just two seasons, the team merged with the Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars). As a result, the NHL operated with 17 teams during the 1978–79 season.

Until 2024, the Barons were the last franchise in the NHL to cease operations. Ohio did not have another NHL team until the Columbus Blue Jackets joined the league 22 years later in 2000.
Tarrah Rural District
Tarrah Rural District (Persian: دهستان طراح) is in Gambueh District of Hamidiyeh County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Tarrah-e Yek. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Dehkadeh.

Tarrah-e Yek
Tarrah-e Yek (Persian: طراح يك) is a village in, and the capital of, Tarrah Rural District of Gambueh District, Hamidiyeh County, Khuzestan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Dehkadeh.
Jean Blackwell Hutson
Jean Blackwell Hutson (born Jean Blackwell; September 7, 1914 – February 4, 1998) was an American librarian, archivist, writer, curator, educator, and later chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The Schomburg Center dedicated their Research and Reference Division in honor of Hutson.

Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is a research library of the New York Public Library (NYPL) and an archive repository for information on people of African descent worldwide. Located at 515 Malcolm X Boulevard (Lenox Avenue) between West 135th and 136th Streets in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, it has, almost from its inception, been an integral part of the Harlem community. It is named for Afro-Puerto Rican scholar Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.

The resources of the center are broken up into five divisions: the Art and Artifacts Division, the Jean Blackwell Hutson General Research and Reference Division, the Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, the Moving Image and Recorded Sound Division, and the Photographs and Prints Division.

In addition to research services, the center hosts readings, discussions, art exhibitions, and theatrical events. It is open to the general public.
Sirmilik National Park
Sirmilik National Park (/ˈsɜːrməlɪk/; Inuktitut: "the place of glaciers") is a national park located in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada, established in 1999.  Situated within the Arctic Cordillera, the park is composed of three areas: most of Bylot Island with the exception for a few areas that are Inuit-owned lands, Kangiqłuruluk, and Baffin Island's Borden Peninsula. Much of the park is bordered by water.

Geographically, it is representative of the Northern Eastern Arctic Lowlands Natural Region as well as parts of the Lancaster Sound Marine Region.

Kangiqłuruluk
Kangiqłuruluk (ᑲᖏᖅᖢᕈᓗᒃ formerly Oliver Sound is an uninhabited natural waterway within Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located at the northern end of Baffin Island, north of Tay Sound. Its mouth opens to Tasiujaq. Pond Inlet is the nearest community. The sound makes up part of Sirmilik National Park. There are several alpine glaciers that are near this sound.
Aeros
Aeros is a Ukrainian aircraft manufacturer founded by a group of ex-Antonov engineers in the early 1990s to build hang gliders. It is located in Kyiv.

The firm manufactures and distributes the French Best Off Sky Ranger ultralight under licence.

In the 2010s the company introduced a nanotrike, a lightweight, simple folding ultralight trike design, called the Aeros ANT, that can be packed into a carrying case.

Best Off Skyranger
The Best Off Skyranger (also Sky Ranger, SkyRanger) is a French-designed two-seat ultralight utility aircraft, produced by Best Off, of Toulouse. It is a high-wing conventional monoplane with tricycle undercarriage, and of fabric-covered tubular construction.

The Skyranger is also manufactured under licence by Aero Bravo in Brazil, SkyRanger Aircraft in the United States (as a kit), Aeros in Ukraine and at least 150 were built by Synairgie in France, too. Because of the aircraft being manufactured by many companies, names such as Aeros Skyranger, Synairgie Skyranger etc. are used for the aircraft.

Some 900 are flying throughout the world.
Sporting CP (handball)
Sporting Clube de Portugal (Portuguese pronunciation: [sɨˈpɔɾtĩ ˈkluβɨ ðɨ puɾtuˈɣal]), otherwise referred to as Sporting CP is a professional handball team based in Lisbon, Portugal since 1932 and plays in top tier Andebol 1. The club is the most decorated handball club in Portugal, having won 48 national titles and 2 international titles.

Andebol 1
The Campeonato Nacional de Andebol Masculino  (English: Men's Handball National Championship), also known simply as Andebol 1 (or Campeonato Placard Andebol 1 for sponsorship reasons), is the premier handball league in Portugal and is overseen by the Portuguese Handball Federation.

The competition was created in 1951 and was formerly named Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Divisão (1951–1982 and 1985–2001), Divisão de Elite (2002–2006), and Liga Portuguesa de Andebol (2001–2009). Seven teams have won the league title since its inception.

Sporting CP are the current champions with 23 titles, followed by FC Porto with 24 titles and ABC with 13.
International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material
The International Convention to Facilitate the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Material is a 1952 United Nations multilateral treaty. States that ratify the treaty agree to allow product samples and advertising material into the county duty-free.

The Convention allows the duty-free importation of commercial samples that are determined to be of "negligible value". It also allows the duty-free importation of advertising material such as catalogues, price lists, and trade notices.

The convention was concluded in Geneva on 7 November 1952. It was signed by six states and entered into force on 20 November 1955. The convention was soon complemented by the Customs Convention Regarding the E.C.S. Carnets for Commercial Samples which entered into force on 3 October 1957 and then virtually superseded by the Customs Convention on the A.T.A. Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods in 1961.

As of 2013, the convention had 66 state parties.

ATA Carnet
The ATA Carnet, often referred to as the "Passport for goods", is an international customs document that permits the tax-free and duty-free temporary export and import of nonperishable goods for up to one year. It consists of unified customs declaration forms which are prepared ready to use at every border crossing point. It is a globally accepted guarantee for customs duties and taxes which can replace the security deposit required by each customs authority. It can be used in multiple countries in multiple trips up to its one-year validity. The acronym ATA is a combination of French and English terms "Admission Temporaire/Temporary Admission". The ATA carnet is now the document most widely used by the business community for international operations involving temporary admission of goods.

The ATA Carnet is jointly administered by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) through its World Chambers Federation.
Antony Lerman
Antony Lerman (born 11 March 1946) is a British writer who specialises in the study of antisemitism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, multiculturalism, and the place of religion in society. From 2006 to early 2009, he was Director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, a think tank on issues affecting Jewish communities in Europe. From December 1999 to 2006, he was Chief Executive of the Hanadiv Charitable Foundation, renamed the Rothschild Foundation Europe in 2007. He is a founding member of the Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights, and a former editor of Patterns of Prejudice, a quarterly academic journal focusing on the sociology of race and ethnicity.

Lerman served on the Runnymede Trust's Commission on Antisemitism in the early 1990s, and was appointed in 1998 to its Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain. He also sits on the advisory committee of the Imperial War Museum's Holocaust exhibition. He has contributed to The Guardian.

Institute for Jewish Policy Research
The Institute for Jewish Policy Research (JPR), founded as the Institute of Jewish Affairs, is a London-based research institute and think tank. It specialises in contemporary Jewish affairs. JPR also runs a public education programme, and has hosted lectures from Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks, James Wolfensohn, Professor Jonathan Sarna and Professor Zygmunt Bauman.