hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Gallery Prague
The National Gallery Prague (Czech: Národní galerie Praha, NGP), formerly the National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze), is a state-owned art gallery in Prague, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic and presents masterpieces of Czech and international fine art in permanent and temporary exhibitions. The collections of the gallery are not housed in a single building, but are presented in a number of historic structures within the city of Prague, as well as other places. The largest of the gallery sites is the Trade Fair Palace, which houses the National Gallery's collection of modern art. Other important exhibition spaces are located in the Convent of St Agnes of Bohemia, the Kinský Palace, the Salm Palace, the Schwarzenberg Palace, the Sternberg Palace, and the Wallenstein Riding School. Founded in 1796, it is one of the world's oldest public art galleries and one of the largest museums in Central Europe.

Kinský Palace (Prague)
Kinský Palace (Czech: Palác Kinských, German: Palais Goltz-Kinsky) is a former palace and now an art museum in Prague, Czech Republic. It is located on the Old Town Square in the Old Town quarter of Prague. The palace's name refers to its former ownership by the Kinsky (Czech: Kinský) noble family.
Meyer Werft
Meyer Werft (pronounced [ˈmaɪɐ ˈvɛʁft] ⓘ; lit. 'Meyer Shipyard') is a German shipbuilding company, headquartered in Papenburg at the river Ems. It was founded in 1795, as a builder of small wooden vessels. It has been owned and managed by the Meyer family for seven generations. Since 1997, it has been part of the Meyer Neptun Group, together with Neptun Werft in Rostock. In 2014, the company added the Turku shipyard in Finland to the group. Since then, it has also been a builder of luxury passenger ships. 700 ships of different types had been built at the yard. The Dock 2 Hall is the third largest shipbuilding hall and the fifth-largest usable volume in the world as of 2022. The shipyard is an anchor on the European Route of Industrial Heritage.

Neptun Werft
Neptun Werft (German pronunciation: [ˈnɛptuːn ˌvɛːʁft] ⓘ; lit. 'Neptune Shipyard') is a German shipbuilding company in Rostock. Since 1997, it has been a subsidiary of Meyer Werft. As of 2026, the company specializes in building river cruise vessels.
George Grant Blaisdell
George Blaisdell (June 5, 1895 – October 4, 1978) was an American inventor known for creating the Zippo lighter, based on an Austrian lighter in 1933. In the 1940s, he purchased buildings that could be converted into factories capable of making the Zippo lighter.

Zippo
A Zippo lighter is a reusable metal lighter produced by Zippo Manufacturing Company of Bradford, Pennsylvania, United States. Thousands of different styles and designs have been made since their introduction in 1933, including military versions for specific regiments. Zippo lighters have been sold worldwide and described as "a legendary and distinct symbol of America." In 2012, the company produced the 500-millionth unit. Since the company's inception in 1932, Zippo lighters have been primarily manufactured in the United States, although the company operated in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada from 1949 until 2002.
History of agriculture in China
For millennia, agriculture has played and important role in the Chinese economy and society. By the time the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, virtually all arable land was under cultivation; irrigation and drainage systems constructed centuries earlier and intensive farming practices already produced relatively high yields. But little prime virgin land was available to support population growth and economic development. However, after a decline in production as a result of the Great Leap Forward (1958–60), agricultural reforms implemented in the 1980s increased yields and promised even greater future production from existing cultivated land.

Household responsibility system
The household responsibility system (simplified Chinese: 家庭联产承包责任制; traditional Chinese: 家庭聯產承包責任制; pinyin: jiātíng liánchǎn chéngbāo zérènzhì), or contract responsibility system, was a practice in China, first adopted in agriculture in 1979 and officially established in 1982, by which households are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system, which came to replace collective farming, maintained public ownership of land and some of the means of production, but made production the responsibility of households. Households still had to contribute to state quotas but could make their own decisions about what to plant on contracted land and could sell via a multi-tier price system that included the lowest price for payment to the state up until the quota, a higher rate for above-quota sales to the state, and market price for crops allowed to be sold at fairs.
Hirt's law
Hirt's law or Hirt–Illich-Svitych's law, named after Hermann Hirt, who originally  postulated it in 1895, is a Balto-Slavic sound law that triggered the retraction of the accent (or metatony in the valence theory) under certain conditions.

Proto-Balto-Slavic language
Proto-Balto-Slavic (PBS or PBSl) is a reconstructed proto-language descending from Proto-Indo-European (PIE). From Proto-Balto-Slavic, the later Balto-Slavic languages are thought to have developed, composed of the Baltic and Slavic sub-branches, and including modern Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Russian and Serbo-Croatian, among others.

Like most other proto-languages, it is not attested by any surviving texts but has been reconstructed using the comparative method. There are several isoglosses that Baltic and Slavic languages share in phonology, morphology and accentology, which represent common innovations from Proto-Indo-European times and can be chronologically arranged.
Splügen Pass
The Splügen Pass (German: Splügenpass; Italian: Passo dello Spluga; Romansh: Pass dal Spleia 2,114 m (6,936 ft)) is an Alpine mountain pass of the Lepontine Alps. It connects the Swiss canton of Grisonian Splügen 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the north 675 metres (2,215 ft) below the pass with the Italian municipality of Chiavenna 21 kilometres (13 mi) to the south at the end of the Valle San Giacomo 1,789 metres (5,869 ft) below the pass.

Valle Spluga
The Valle Spluga, also known as Val San Giacomo, is an Alpine valley in the province of Sondrio in Lombardy, northern Italy. The valley extends from the Splügen Pass on the border with Switzerland southwards to Chiavenna and comprises the municipalities of San Filippo, Campodolcino, and Isolato (now part of Madesimo). The valley has historically functioned as a transit corridor on routes linking northern and southern Alpine regions.
DJ Paulette
DJ Paulette (born Paulette Constable, 22 December 1966 in Manchester, England) is an English house music DJ. She is currently a resident for two radio programs on FG DJ Radio: Underground FG and Radio FG Paris France and hosts Space Bass on Dash Radio. In addition to her Radio broadcasts, she also has a two-hour monthly show on Pacha FM. She was Voted 'Best DJette' (French and International Scene) in the Burn FG MTV Dance Awards (2007 and 2010)

Radio FG
Baden-WürttembergRadio FG (French: [ʁadjo ɛf ʒe]; since February 2013, also known as FG DJ Radio, acronym for Feel Good) is a French-language radio station that began broadcasting from Paris on 98.2 MHz in the FM band in 1981. It is France's first radio station that broadcasts deep house and electro house music (originally electronic and underground music). The station's current playlist is house, dance, R&B and electronica alongside several American hip-hop songs broadcast from time to time.
Ryukyupercis
Ryukyupercis is a monotypic genus of percomorph fish from the family Pinguipedidae, the sandperches.  The only species in the genus,  Ryukyupercis gushikeni, the rosy grubfish, is found in the Indo-Pacific from Japan to north western Australia. The generic name is a compound of Ryukyu after the Ryukyu Islands where the type specimen was collected and "percis" a suffix for many of the genera in the Pinguipediae, the specific name honours Mr Soko Gushiken, a who gave the describer of the species, Tetsuo Yoshino, many specimens.

Sandperch
The sandperches are a family, Pinguipedidae, of ray-finned fishes in the percomorph order Labriformes. Sandperches are benthic fish which normally occur over sand or rubble substrates in shallow seas. They are found off the coasts of South America, South Africa and in the Indo-Pacific as far east as Japan. There are 65 species, a few of which are used by humans for food.
Kindergarten
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. Such institutions were originally made in the late 18th century in Germany and Alsace to serve children whose parents both worked outside home. The term was coined by German pedagogue Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. Today, the term is used in many countries to describe various educational institutions and learning spaces for children ranging from two to six years of age, based on various teaching methods.

Friedrich Fröbel
Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel or Froebel (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈʔaʊɡʊst ˈfʁøːbl̩] ⓘ; 21 April 1782 – 21 June 1852) was a German pedagogue, a student of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, who laid the foundation for modern education based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. He created the concept of the kindergarten and coined the word, which soon entered the English language as well. He also developed the educational toys known as Froebel gifts.
Guardasone Castle
Guardasone Castle is a medieval manor house that stands on the eastern slope of Mount Lugolo, in Ariana di Guardasone, a hamlet of Traversetolo, in the province of Parma; the ruins of the ancient watchtower, known as “Guardiola,” are also located on the summit.

Traversetolo
Traversetolo (Parmigiano: Travarsèddol) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Parma in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Bologna and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Parma.

Traversetolo borders the following municipalities: Canossa, Lesignano de' Bagni, Montechiarugolo, Neviano degli Arduini, Parma, San Polo d'Enza.
Kreitzerisen
Kreitzerisen 72°13′S 22°10′E﻿ / ﻿72.217°S 22.167°E﻿ / -72.217; 22.167 is a glacier, 8 nautical miles (15 km) long, flowing north between the Tertene Nunataks and Bamse Mountain in the Sør Rondane Mountains of Antarctica. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named for Lieutenant William R. Kreitzer, U.S. Navy, plane commander on one of the three Operation Highjump aerial crews which photographed this and other coastal areas between 14°E and 164°E.

Sør Rondane Mountains
The Sør Rondane Mountains are a group of mountains about 100 miles (160 km) long with main peaks rising to 3400 m, between the Queen Fabiola Mountains and Wohlthat Mountains in Queen Maud Land. They were discovered and photographed from the air by members of the Lars Christensen Expedition (LCE) on February 6, 1937, and named after Rondane, a mountain massif in southern Norway. The mountains and their constituent features were mapped in greater detail and named in 1957 by Norwegian cartographers working with air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47.
Markagunt Plateau
Markagunt Plateau is a volcanic field in southern Utah, United States. Formed in a region of older volcanics, it consists of several cinder cones and associated lava flows. Some of the lava flows feature lava tubes such as Mammoth Cave, while others have formed lava dams and lakes like Navajo Lake. Volcanism took place during the Pliocene and latest Pleistocene but may have continued into the Holocene; legends of the Southern Paiute may reflect past eruptions.

Mammoth Cave (Utah)
Mammoth Cave is a lava tube located on the Markagunt Plateau in the Dixie National Forest of Southern Utah, and is one of the largest lava tubes in Utah. The cave has over 2,200 feet (670 m) of passage and is about a quarter mile (400 m) long. It was formed by cooling lava and water less than 2,000 years ago. Due to moisture and its elevation of 8,050 feet (2,450 m) above sea level the cave stays cool year round.

The cave has four chambers, the largest to the west. At the end of the largest tunnel, it narrows to a small opening that can be used as an exit. Although the cave is open year round, portions of it are closed off from October until April to protect hibernating bats.  Additionally, Mammoth Creek Road may be completely impassable during the winter months due to snowfall.
Angela Golden Bryan
Angela Golden Bryan is a Caribbean-American writer, actress and cultural contributor. Bryan is known for her historical fiction works that explore the history and heritage of the U.S. Virgin Islands. Her writings primarily focus on the labor revolt of 1878 on the island of St. Croix, which was back then a part of the Danish West Indies, but is now a part of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

1878 St. Croix labor riot
The St. Croix Labor Riot of 1878, also known as the Fireburn, was a labor riot in the Danish West Indies, now the U.S. Virgin Islands, illustrating the lasting effects of the slavery and systematic exploitation of liberated laborers. Even after emancipation was declared in 1848, former enslaved peoples of African descent were forced into contracts that would keep them working and living in harsh conditions. On October 1, 1878, Contract Day, a protest against these injustices erupted into a rebellion, led by four women dubbed the "Four Queens": Mary Thomas, Axelene "Agnes" Salomon, Mathilda Mcbean, and Susana Abramsen. This uprising is still remembered today as a symbol of resistance to systematic oppression.
2005 PBA All-Star Weekend
The 2005 PBA All-Star Weekend was the annual all-star weekend of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA)'s 2005–06 season. This was the first all-star game for the 2005–06 season, as the league is adjusting its season calendar. The events were held at the Ilocos Norte Centennial Arena in Laoag, Ilocos Norte.

2005–06 PBA season
The 2005–06 PBA season was the 31st season of the Philippine Basketball Association. It began on October 2, 2005, and ended on July 21, 2006. The season had two conferences played, the import-laiden 2005–06 San Mig Coffee Fiesta Conference and the season-ending 2006 Gran Matador Brandy Philippine Cup.
Reed (mouthpiece)
A reed (or lamella) is a thin strip of material that vibrates to produce a sound on a musical instrument. Most woodwind instrument reeds are made from Arundo donax ("Giant cane") or synthetic material. Tuned reeds (as in harmonicas and accordions) are made of metal or synthetics. Musical instruments are classified according to the type and number of reeds.

The earliest types of single-reed instruments used idioglottal reeds, where the vibrating reed is a tongue cut and shaped on the tube of cane. Much later, single-reed instruments started using heteroglottal reeds, which are cut and separated from the tube of cane and attached to some type of mouthpiece. By contrast, in an uncapped double reed instrument (such as the oboe and bassoon), there is no mouthpiece; the two parts of the reed vibrate against one another.

Arundo donax
Arundo donax is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. Arundo and donax are respectively the old Latin and Greek names for reed.

Arundo donax grows in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline, and is native to the Greater Middle East. It has been widely planted and naturalised in the mild temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres, especially in the Mediterranean, California, the western Pacific and the Caribbean and is considered invasive in North America and Oceania. It forms dense stands on disturbed sites, sand dunes, in wetlands and riparian habitats.
Lewes pound
The Lewes pound was a local currency in use in the town of Lewes, East Sussex.  Inspired by the Totnes pound and BerkShare, the currency was introduced with the blessing of the town council in September 2008 by Transition Town Lewes as a community response to the challenges of climate change and peak oil. The Lewes pound is discontinued and is no longer valid since 31 August, 2025.

Transition town
The terms transition town, transition initiative and transition model refer to grassroot community projects that aim to increase self-sufficiency to reduce the potential effects of peak oil, climate destruction, and economic instability through renewed localization strategies, especially around food production and energy usage. In 2005, the founding of Transition Town Totnes in the United Kingdom became an inspiration for other groups to form. The Transition Network charity was founded in early 2007, to support these projects. A number of the groups are officially registered with the Transition Network. Transition initiatives have been started in locations around the world, with many located in the United Kingdom and others in Europe, North America and Australia. While the aims remain the same, Transition initiatives' solutions are specific depending on the characteristics of the local area.
Bad Bederkesa
Bad Bederkesa (German pronunciation: [baːt ˈbeːdɐkeːza]; Low German: Beers) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2015 it is part of the town of Geestland. It is situated approximately 20 km northeast of Bremerhaven, and 30 km southeast of Cuxhaven. Bad Bederkesa was the seat of the former Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bederkesa, an administrative division consisting of several component municipalities.

Bremerhaven
Bremerhaven (German pronunciation: [ˌbʁeːmɐˈhaːfn̩] ⓘ; Low German: Bremerhoben) is a city on the east bank of the Weser estuary in northern Germany. It forms an exclave of the city-state of Bremen. The River Geeste flows through the city before emptying into the Weser.

Bremerhaven was founded in 1827 as a seaport for Bremen, and it remains one of the busiest ports in the country. It was historically rivalled by Geestemünde [de] on the opposite side of the Geeste, which belonged to Hanover (and later Prussia). Geestemünde united with neighbouring Lehe [de] to form the city of Wesermünde [de] in 1924, and Bremerhaven was itself annexed to Wesermünde in 1939, but the entire conurbation was restored to Bremen in 1947.
W. H. R. Rivers
William Halse Rivers Rivers FRS FRAI (12 March 1864 – 4 June 1922) was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock.  Rivers' most famous patient was the war poet Siegfried Sassoon, with whom he remained close friends until his own sudden death.

During the early years of the 20th century, Rivers developed new lines of psychological research. He was the first to use a double-blind procedure in investigating physical and psychological effects of consumption of tea, coffee, alcohol and drugs. For a time he directed centres for psychological studies at two colleges, and he was made a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. He also participated in the Torres Strait Islands expedition of 1898, the basis for his seminal work on kinship in anthropology.

Charles Samuel Myers
Charles Samuel Myers, CBE, FRS (13 March 1873 – 12 October 1946) was an English physician who worked as a psychologist, most notably with the British Royal Army Medical Corps during the First World War. Although he did not invent the term, his first academic paper, published by The Lancet in 1915, concerned shell shock. In 1921 he was co-founder of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology.
Trevor Brooking
Sir Trevor David Brooking (born 2 October 1948) is a former England international footballer, manager, pundit and football administrator; he now works as director of football development in England.

Brooking spent almost his entire career at West Ham United, making 647 appearances for the club. He won the 1975 FA Cup and the 1980 FA Cup in which he scored the only goal. He was also the club's player of the season on four occasions and caretaker manager on two occasions in 2003. Brooking played 47 times for England, scoring five times. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1981, elevated to Commander of same order (CBE) in 1999, and knighted in 2004. In 2009, a stand at Upton Park was named after him. Since retiring from playing, he has taken up a number of positions in broadcasting as an on-air analyst and in football and sports administration.

Boleyn Ground
The Boleyn Ground, more often referred to as Upton Park, was a football stadium in Upton Park, East London, England. It was the home of West Ham United from 1904 to 2016, and was briefly used by Charlton Athletic in the early 1990s. The seating capacity of the ground at closure was 35,016.

From the 2016–17 season, West Ham United have played their home matches at London Stadium in nearby Stratford. The last first-class match played at the Boleyn Ground was on 10 May 2016, a 3–2 West Ham United win in the Premier League against Manchester United.

The stadium was demolished in 2016 to make way for a new development.
Thomas Fleming (political writer)
Thomas Fleming (born 1945) is a traditionalist Catholic writer, former president of the Rockford Institute, and former editor of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture, a monthly paleoconservative political magazine.

Fleming has been described as a leading figure in developing neo-Confederate ideology. He was a founding member of the League of the South, and a founding editor of Southern Partisan magazine in 1979, but later left both organizations.

Chronicles (magazine)
Chronicles is a U.S. monthly magazine published by the Charlemagne Institute and associated with the paleoconservative movement. Its full current name is Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture. It was founded in 1977 by the Rockford Institute, which later merged into a successor organization, the Charlemagne Institute. Paul Gottfried has been the editor-in-chief since 2021.

Chronicles has had close ties to the neo-Confederate movement. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) said in 2017 that Chronicles "caters to the more intellectual wing of the white nationalist movement".
Patrick Cunnane
Patrick "PJ" Cunnane (born June 26, 1958) is a bicycle business executive from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cunnane was the CEO of Advanced Sports International which owned five bicycle brands under the name Advanced Sports International formerly Advanced Sports Enterprises (ASE). He oversaw the distribution of 450 different bicycle models and the acquisition and operation of the largest bicycle retail chain in the United States. He left ASE in 2019 and is now an executive with Yuba Bicycles.

Advanced Sports International
Advanced Sports International (ASI) is an American bicycle company whose flagship brand is Fuji Bikes. It also owns smaller brands including triathlon-focused Kestrel USA, component maker Oval Concepts, Breezer bikes, Tuesday Cycles and BMX maker SE Bikes. ASI is headquartered in Philadelphia and was led by Patrick Cunnane until filing for bankruptcy.