hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Variety of finite semigroups
In mathematics, and more precisely in semigroup theory, a variety of finite semigroups is a class of semigroups satisfying specific algebraic properties. Those classes can be defined in two distinct ways, using either algebraic notions or topological notions. Varieties of finite monoids, varieties of finite ordered semigroups and varieties of finite ordered monoids are defined similarly.

This notion is very similar to the general notion of varieties and pseudovarieties in universal algebra.

Variety (universal algebra)
In universal algebra, a variety of algebras or equational class is the class of all algebraic structures of a given signature satisfying a given set of identities. For example, the groups form a variety of algebras, as do the abelian groups, the rings, the monoids etc. According to Birkhoff's theorem, a class of algebraic structures of the same signature is a variety if and only if it is closed under the taking of homomorphic images, subalgebras, and (direct) products. In the context of category theory, a variety of algebras, together with its homomorphisms, forms a category; these are usually called finitary algebraic categories.

A covariety is the class of all coalgebraic structures of a given signature.
M. L. A. Yedukondalu
M. L. A. Yedukondalu is a 1983 Indian Telugu-language film directed by Dasari Narayana Rao. Produced by D. Himabindu and presented by Rayapa Raju, the film stars Dasari Narayana Rao in the titular role along with Sujatha and Gummadi. It was a critical and commercial success and was later remade in Hindi by Dasari himself as Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar in 1984.

Aaj Ka M.L.A. Ram Avtar
Aaj Kaa M.L.A Ram Avtar (transl. Today's MLA Ram Avtar) is a 1984 political satire film starring Rajesh Khanna. It was a remake of 1983 Telugu language film MLA Yedukondalu. The film was appreciated by critics, especially Khanna's performance, but failed to impress the box-office.
Marie Johnson-Calloway
Marie Johnson-Calloway (née Edwards; April 10, 1920 – February 11, 2018) was an American artist. She was born in Pimlico, Baltimore, Maryland to Sidney Edwards (a minister) and Marie Edwards (a seamstress and artist). She worked in the fields of painting and mixed-media assemblage.

Pimlico, Baltimore
Pimlico is a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland. It is the site of Pimlico Race Course, which holds the Preakness Stakes, one of the three legs of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. From 1896 through 1915, Pimlico was also the home of Baltimore's Electric Park, a popular amusement park located near the intersection of Reisterstown Road and Belvedere Avenue.
Toshiyuki Inoue
Toshiyuki Inoue (Japanese: 井上俊之, Hepburn: Inoue Toshiyuki; born July 7, 1961) is a Japanese animator and character designer. He was the representative director of Japanese Animation Creators Association from 2014 to 2016. He is known as the "Perfect Animator", a title given to him by Mamoru Oshii. He is known for influencing the 'realist' style of animation in the 1980s and 1990s, along with animators like Hiroyuki Okiura, Shinji Hashimoto and Mitsuo Iso.

Mitsuo Iso
Mitsuo Iso (磯 光雄, Iso Mitsuo; born 1966 in Aichi, Japan) is a Japanese animator and director.
He worked as a freelance artist through Neomedia, Studio Zaendo, and Studio Ghibli.
When he participates in anime works as an animator, he sometimes uses aliases such as Mikio Odagawa and Hideo Tateda, or does not give his name.

Iso is known for his offbeat key animation in the prologue of Gundam 0080, large portions of Asuka's battle in The End of Evangelion and the first half of the tank battle in Ghost in the Shell.

As a director, Den-noh Coil, a science fiction TV Animation series for which he wrote the original story and screenplay, storyboarded and directed, won the 29th Nihon SF Taisho Award, the 39th Seiun Award Best Dramatic Presentation, the Japan Media Arts Festival Animation Division Excellence Award, and the 7th Tokyo Anime Award TV Animation Division Excellence Award.
Oise-Aisne Canal
The Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne (French pronunciation: [kanal də lwaz a lɛn], literally Canal of the Oise to the Aisne) is a summit level canal in the Hauts-de-France region (northern France), formerly Picardy. It connects the Canal latéral à l'Aisne at Abbécourt to the Canal latéral à l'Oise at Bourg-et-Comin.

Oise Lateral Canal
The Canal latéral à l'Oise (French pronunciation: [kanal lateʁal a lwaz]) is a canal in northern France that, along with the river Oise, connects the Canal de Saint-Quentin at Chauny to the Seine at Conflans-Sainte-Honorine. See under the river Oise for the continuation of the route; the junction is made downstream of the lock at Janville 49°27′27″N 2°51′34″E﻿ / ﻿49.45750°N 2.85933°E﻿ / 49.45750; 2.85933. When a canal is latéral (literally 'running beside'), it follows the course of the river it is named after but in a separate excavated channel. The route described below is the 34 km of canal parallel to the river Oise and 103.5 km of the canalised river Oise.
Banco Comercial (1962–2000)
The Banco Comercial was a multi-purpose office building located in the historic centre of Lima, Peru. It housed the Banco Comercial del Perú (BANCOPER), after which it was named, and later the Banco de la Nación. The building was designed by Peruvian architect Enrique Seoane Ros, and built by Flores & Costa, S.A., a Peruvian construction firm.

It was destroyed by a fire during the Four Quarters March caused by a bomb reportedly planted under the orders of Vladimiro Montesinos, then director of the National Intelligence Service, in order to discredit the protests against Alberto Fujimori, then president of Peru.

The building was replaced by the Plaza de la Democracia, inaugurated on July 27, 2006, by Alejandro Toledo. The bank itself moved to San Isidro prior to the inauguration of its new headquarters in 2015.

Torre Banco de la Nación
The Bank of the Nation Tower (Spanish: Torre Banco de la Nación) is a multi-purpose building in Lima and the tallest building in Peru. It serves as the headquarters of the Bank of the Nation, after which it's named.
Marion Ramsey
Marion Ramsey (May 10, 1947 – January 7, 2021) was an American actress and singer. She was a regular on the series Cos but is best known for her role as the soft-spoken Officer Laverne Hooks in the Police Academy series. Later she appeared in the films Recipe for Disaster and Return to Babylon, and in the television films for SyFy, such as Lavalantula and 2 Lava 2 Lantula!.

Lavalantula
Lavalantula is an American 2015 science fiction comedy horror thriller television film that takes place after a series of volcanic eruptions in Los Angeles unleashes a swarm of gigantic, lava-breathing tarantulas from which the film draws its title. It was directed by Mike Mendez and stars Steve Guttenberg, Nia Peeples and Patrick Renna. Ian Ziering appears as Fin Shepard, tying the film into the Sharknado film series universe. It premiered on Syfy on July 25, 2015.
Tim Arvier
Tim Arvier is an Australian journalist.

He was formerly the state political and investigative reporter, and a fill-in presenter, for Nine News Queensland. He was previously North American and European correspondent for Nine News, a reporter on Nine News Darwin and a Queensland reporter for A Current Affair.

Nine News
Nine News (stylised as 9News) is a national news service on the Nine Network in Australia. Its flagship program is an hour-long bulletin at 6:00 pm, with editions produced by Nine's owned-and-operated stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. A half-hour news program for the Gold Coast also airs every weeknight before the 6:00pm news. National bulletins air throughout the day and evening, broadcast from Nine's headquarters in Sydney.

Until the mid-2000s, Nine News was positioned as the highest-rated news service in Australia, but it was overtaken by rival news service Seven News in 2005 before regaining the top position in 2013.
Merensky Reef
The Merensky Reef is a layer of igneous rock in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) in the North West, Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa which together with an underlying layer, the Upper Group 2 Reef (UG2), contains most of the world's known reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs) or platinum group elements (PGEs)—platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. The Reef is 46 cm thick and bounded by thin chromite seams or stringers. The composition consists predominantly of cumulate rocks, including leuconorite, anorthosite, chromitite, and melanorite.

Platinum group
The platinum-group metals (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6).

The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum. They have similar physical and chemical properties, and tend to occur together in the same mineral deposits. However, they can be further subdivided into the iridium-group platinum-group elements (IPGEs: Os, Ir, Ru) and the palladium-group platinum-group elements (PPGEs: Rh, Pt, Pd) based on their behaviour in geological systems.

The three elements above the platinum group in the periodic table (iron, nickel and cobalt) are all ferromagnetic; these, together with the lanthanide element gadolinium (at temperatures below 20 °C), are the only known transition metals that display ferromagnetism near room temperature.
Eric Frank Russell
Eric Frank Russell (January 6, 1905 – February 28, 1978) was a British writer best known for his science fiction novels and short stories. Much of his work was first published in the United States, in John W. Campbell's Astounding Science Fiction and other pulp magazines. Russell also wrote horror fiction for Weird Tales and non-fiction articles on Fortean topics. Up to 1955 several of his stories were published under pseudonyms, at least Duncan H. Munro and Niall(e) Wilde.

Charles Fort
Charles Hoy Fort (August 6, 1874 – May 3, 1932) was an American writer and researcher who specialized in anomalous phenomena. The terms "Fortean" and "Forteana" are sometimes used to characterize various such phenomena. Fort's books sold well and are still in print. His work continues to inspire admirers, who refer to themselves as "Forteans", and has influenced some aspects of science fiction.

Fort's collections of scientific anomalies, including The Book of the Damned (1919), influenced numerous science-fiction writers with their skepticism and as sources of ideas. "Fortean" phenomena are events which seem to challenge the boundaries of accepted scientific knowledge, and the Fortean Times (founded as The News in 1973 and renamed in 1976) investigates such phenomena.
Lamu
Lamu or Lamu Town is a small town on Lamu Island, which in turn is a part of the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya. Situated 341 kilometres (212 mi) by road northeast of Mombasa that ends at Mokowe Jetty, from where the sea channel has to be crossed to reach Lamu Island, it is the headquarter of Lamu County and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The town contains the Lamu Fort on the seafront, constructed under Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr, the Sultan of Pate, and was completed after his death in the early 1820s. Lamu is also home to 23 mosques, including the Riyadha Mosque, built in 1900, and a donkey sanctuary.

Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr
Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr was Sultan of Pate, Kenya (1779 - 1809).
Around 1800 the Pate Sultan took over Lamu, however, they were deeply resented by the people of Lamu. Fumomadi was persuaded ("by a faithful old advisor") to build a fort on the seafront in Lamu Town, to protect members of his government. He died  (a natural death) before the first storey of the fort was completed.

There was much disagreement over choosing his successor, as he had fifty children and all sons and male ín-laws were eligible for the throne. After "encouragement" from the powerful Mazrui family from Mombasa/Oman, an in-law named Ahmad ibn Shaykh was chosen as the next Sultan.
Zachary Clay
Zachary Clay (born July 5, 1995) is a Canadian former artistic gymnast. He is the 2017 Pan American and 2023 Pan American Games champion on pommel horse.  He represented Canada at the 2024 Olympic Games.

William Émard
William Émard (born 17 March 2000) is a Canadian artistic gymnast. He represented Canada at the 2024 Olympic Games.  At the 2021 World Championships, he finished eighth in the all-around final,  marking the best result for a Canadian male gymnast in World Championship history.
Heavenly Guardian
Heavenly Guardian, known in Europe as Legend of Sayuki, is a scrolling shooter game developed by Starfish SD. It was originally released on the Wii in 2007 and PlayStation 2 in 2008. The developer self-published the title in Japan, while UFO Interactive Games and 505 Games published the game in North America and Europe respectively. It was later released on the Nintendo Switch in 2018 and Windows and PlayStation 4 (only in Japan) in 2019 as Snow Battle Princess Sayuki. A physical PlayStation 4 version was released in Europe.

The game was originally planned to be an entry in Taito's Pocky & Rocky series, but due to legal issues with Square Enix, the game's title and characters were changed while maintaining the core gameplay.

Pocky & Rocky
Pocky & Rocky, known in Japan as Kiki Kaikai (奇々怪界; lit. "Mysterious Ghost World"), is a scrolling shooter video game series originating with the 1986 arcade game Kiki Kaikai by Taito. The game was adapted into a series of home console games mainly developed and published by Natsume which were titled Pocky & Rocky in the West. The games follow the adventures of a young Shinto shrine maiden, Pocky, and her tanuki companion, Rocky, as they fight against monsters from Japanese mythology.
Symphony No. 13 (Shostakovich)
The Symphony No. 13 in B♭ minor, Op. 113 for bass soloist, bass chorus, and large orchestra was composed by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1962. It consists of five movements, each a setting of a Yevgeny Yevtushenko poem that describes aspects of Soviet history and life. Although the symphony is commonly referred to by the nickname Babi Yar, no such subtitle is designated in Shostakovich's manuscript score.

The symphony was completed on July 20, 1962, and first performed in Moscow on December 18 of that year. Kirill Kondrashin conducted the premiere after Yevgeny Mravinsky declined the assignment. Vitaly Gromadsky sang the solo part alongside the basses of the Republican Russian Chorus and the Moscow Philharmonic.

Yevgeny Yevtushenko
Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko (Russian: Евгений Александрович Евтушенко; 18 July 1933 – 1 April 2017) was a Soviet and Russian poet, novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, publisher, actor, editor, university professor, and director of several films.
Ryan Hoag
Ryan Scott Hoag (born November 23, 1979) is an American former football wide receiver. He was selected by the Oakland Raiders with the final pick in the 2003 NFL draft, earning him the title of Mr. Irrelevant. He never played in a regular season game. He played college football at Gustavus Adolphus.

Hoag was also a member of the New York Giants, Minnesota Vikings, Washington Redskins, Berlin Thunder, Edmonton Eskimos, Jacksonville Jaguars, New York Sentinels and Omaha Nighthawks.  Hoag formally worked as a teaching artist for Upstream Arts as well as the head varsity tennis coach at his alma mater, Washburn High School in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He currently resides in Newport Beach, California and works as a sports broadcaster most notably on the pre pregame show for the Las Vegas Raiders.

Washburn High School
Washburn High School, or simply Washburn, is a four-year public high school serving grades 9–12 in the Tangletown neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. By enrollment, Washburn is the largest high school in Minneapolis Public Schools.
Great Plains Type 1 Front Drive
The Great Plains Type 1 Front Drive is an American aircraft engine series, produced by Great Plains Aviation Supply of Bennington, Nebraska for use in homebuilt aircraft. The series are all based upon the Volkswagen air-cooled automotive engine.

Volkswagen air-cooled engine
The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled, gasoline-fuelled, boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium-alloy crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.

There are two distinct families/variations of the aircooled engine, namely Type 1 and Type 4. The Type 3 engine is a variation of the Type 1 engine with a pancake cooling arrangement.

Variations of the engine were produced by Volkswagen plants worldwide from 1936 until 2006 for use in Volkswagen's own vehicles, notably the Type 1 (Beetle), Type 2 (transporter), Type 3, and Type 4. Additionally, the engines were widely used in industrial, light aircraft and kit car applications.
Pico Blanco
Pico Blanco is a peak on the coast of Big Sur in the Santa Lucia Range of the Los Padres National Forest. The Little Sur River  and its tributaries almost surround the mountain. The North Fork wraps around the northern flank and eastern edge of the mountain, and the South Fork crosses the mountain to the west and south-west. The mountain is known for an extremely high-grade limestone deposit. The peak and surrounding 2,800 acres (1,100 ha), are owned by the Granite Rock Company of Watsonville, California. The lower western slopes of the mountain are the property of the El Sur Ranch. The Old Coast Road built in the early 1900s cuts across its western flank. The view from its summit allows hikers to see Ventana Double Cone and Kandlbinder Peak to the southeast, as well as a host of other Big Sur peaks: Mt. Manuel, Post Summit, Uncle Sam Mtn., and Cone Peak far to the south. The mountain is central to the creation story of the Esselen people.

Graniterock
Graniterock is a US corporation, founded in 1900 as "Granite Rock", and based in Watsonville, California. It operates in the construction industry providing crushed gravel, sand, concrete, asphalt and paving services.
Llwyn Isaf
Llwyn Isaf (Welsh for 'lower grove'), also known as the Library Field, is a green space in the centre of Wrexham. It is surrounded on two sides by the city's guildhall and on another by the library.

The space is most popular with students from the nearby Yale College. It is home to a bandstand and often hosts outdoor events and activities. All ball games and alcohol are banned on Llwyn Isaf.

Wrexham Council run a webcam that is pointed at the grass.

Wrexham Library
Wrexham Library (Welsh: Llyfrgell Wrecsam) is the main public library of Wrexham, Wales. Located in the city centre, adjacent to Llwyn Isaf, it opened in 1972, superseding the old carnegie library on Queen's Square.

It is the most visited library in North Wales, receiving 100,000 in-person and digital visitors annually.
Palatalization (phonetics)
In phonetics, palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ⓘ, US also /-lɪ-/) or palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be palatalized and are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by affixing a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, to the base letter. Palatalization is not phonemic in English, but it is in Slavic languages such as Russian and Bulgarian; Uralic languages such as Estonian, Karelian, Veps, Enets and Mansi; Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; and other various languages such as Irish, Lithuanian, Marshallese and Kashmiri.

Marshallese language
Marshallese (Marshallese: Kajin Ṃajeḷ or Kajin Majōl [kɑzʲinʲ(i)mˠɑːzʲɛlˠ]), also known as Ebon, is a Micronesian language spoken in the Marshall Islands. The language of the Marshallese people, it is spoken by nearly all of the country's population of 59,000, making it the principal language. There are also roughly 27,000 Marshallese citizens residing in the United States, nearly all of whom speak Marshallese, as well as residents in other countries such as Nauru and Kiribati.

There are two major dialects, the western Rālik and the eastern Ratak.
Runaway Horses
Runaway Horses (奔馬, Honba) is a 1969 novel by Yukio Mishima, the second in his Sea of Fertility tetralogy. Mishima did much research to prepare for this novel, visiting locations recorded in the book and studying historical information about the Shinpūren Rebellion collected by previous researchers, including Ishihara Shiko'o. Japanese critics initially reviewed Runaway Horses negatively.

According to Araki Seishi, Mishima didn't care whether or not Runaway Horses sold well, and deliberately selected a featureless wasōbon-like cover design. Araki was concerned that the forbiddingly blank cover would result in younger generations not bothering to read it. However, Shinchosha ultimately included a more decorative design on the dust jackets of the first published edition.

Shinpūren rebellion
The Shinpūren rebellion (神風連の乱, Shinpūren no ran / Jinpūren no ran) was an uprising against the Meiji government of Japan that occurred in Kumamoto on 24 October 1876.

The Keishintō (敬神党), an extremist Shinto organization of former samurai of the Kumamoto Domain, were extremely opposed to the Westernization of Japan and loss of their class privileges after the Meiji Restoration. The Keishintō under the leadership of Otaguro Tomoo launched a surprise attack against the Imperial Japanese Army and Meiji government in Kumamoto, killing dozens of soldiers and Kumamoto Prefecture officials. The Keishintō were defeated by the army the following morning, with most surviving rebels killing themselves by committing seppuku or being arrested and executed by Meiji authorities.

The Shinpūren rebellion was one of a number of "shizoku uprisings" which took place in Kyūshū and western Honshu during the early Meiji period.
Samorian state
10°51′36.2″N 14°25′26.6″W﻿ / ﻿10.860056°N 14.424056°W﻿ / 10.860056; -14.424056

The Samorian state, also referred to as the Wassoulou empire, Ouassalou empire, Mandinka empire or Samory's empire, was a short-lived West African state that existed from roughly 1878 until 1898, although dates vary from source to source. It spanned from what is now southwestern Mali and upper Guinea, with its capital in Bissandugu; it expanded further south into Northern Sierra Leone and east into northern Ivory Coast before its downfall.

Kénédougou Kingdom
The Kénédougou Kingdom, (Cebaara Senufo: Fǎngi Kenedugu), (c. 1650–1898) was a pre-colonial West African state established in the southeastern portion of present-day Mali, as well as parts of northern Côte d'Ivoire and western Burkina Faso.
Asia University (Japan)
The Asia University of Japan (亜細亜大学, Ajia Daigaku) is a private university located in Musashino, Tokyo, Japan that offers courses in Business Administration, Economics, Law, International Relations, Sociology and Sports Science.

The university was founded in 1941 by Kozo Ota as Koa Senmon Gakko (Koa Professional School) on the site of the present Asia University campus. Ota believed that education should be based on a spiritual closeness between teachers and students. It was a unique school at the time, as it accommodated all students in dormitories divided by course of study; Continental Asia, Southern Pacific Islands and Japan ("Homeland").

It shares its name with another university located in Taiwan.

Musashino, Tokyo
Musashino (武蔵野市, Musashino-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [mɯ.sa.ɕi.no, mɯ.sa.ɕi.noꜜ.ɕi]) is a city located in the western portion of the Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 February 2024, the city had an estimated population of 147,754 in 78,614 households, and a population density of 13,000 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 10.98 square kilometres (4.24 sq mi). Based on the 2019 survey by SUUMO, the Kichijoji neighborhood of Musashino was the third most desirable place to live in central Japan.

Popular attractions in Musashino include Kichijōji; a residential and shopping neighborhood with malls such as Atre Kichijoji, recreational areas such as Inokashira Park, Musashino Chuo Park, Musashino Municipal Athletic Stadium and Musashino Sports Complex.