hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Macedonian Second Football League
The Macedonian Second Football League (Macedonian: Втора македонска фудбалска лига; also called Macedonian Second League, 2. MFL and Vtora Liga) is the second-highest professional football competition in North Macedonia.

The competition is contested by 16 clubs, playing each other 2 times over 30 rounds. At the end of the season, the winner of the league along with the 2nd placed team will gain promotion to the Macedonian First League, while the 3rd placed team will go into a play-off against the 10th placed team in the Macedonian First League.

Macedonian First Football League
The Macedonian First Football League (Macedonian: Прва македонска фудбалска лига), also called Macedonian First League, 1. MFL, and Prva Liga, is the highest professional football competition in North  Macedonia. It is a professional league competition for football clubs located at the top of the  Macedonian football league system and has been operating since the 1992–93 season. It is organized by the Football Federation of Macedonia.
Canada–Russia relations
Canada and Russia have longstanding bilateral relations (previously between Canada and the Soviet Union). As vast northern countries, Canada and Russia share some interests and cooperative policies. However, the open and democratic political system of Canada contrasts with the closed Russian system, as was the case during the communist era of the Soviet Union (USSR).

Under the Presidency of Vladimir Putin, the Canadian government has routinely criticized the erosion of Russian democracy, persistent human rights abuses, and hostile foreign policy towards Canada and its NATO allies. In 2014, relations significantly deteriorated as a result of the Russian annexation of Crimea and Russian involvement in the War in Donbas. Relations between Russia and Canada reached a state of near-total collapse after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Some commentators argue that Russia-Canada relations since 2014 are more hostile and confrontational than at any point during the Cold War.

Canada–Soviet Union relations
Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union) had diplomatic relations from 1923 to 1927 and from 1941 until the USSR's dissolution in 1991. The relationship was often tense, owing to the Cold War and Canada's membership in NATO.
Chippenham railway station
Chippenham railway station is on the Great Western Main Line (GWML) in South West England, serving the town of Chippenham, Wiltshire. It is 93 miles 76 chains (93.95 mi; 151.2 km) down the line from the zero point at London Paddington and is situated between Swindon and Bath Spa on the GWML. The Wessex Main Line diverges from the GWML to the southwest of Chippenham and runs to Trowbridge via Melksham.

The station is managed by Great Western Railway, which also operates all the trains that call. Only two platforms remain in use; the platform by the main entrance is now disused.

Melksham railway station
Melksham railway station serves the town of Melksham in Wiltshire, England. It is 100 miles 13 chains (100.16 miles, 161.20 km) from London Paddington, on the TransWilts Line between Chippenham and Trowbridge. The station was originally part of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, which was absorbed by the Great Western Railway in 1850.
The Heroine Sheiks
The Heroine Sheiks was an American noise rock band based in New York. It began in 1999, as a collaboration between Shannon Selberg, George Porfiris, Norman Westberg and John Fell. Selberg predominantly has been the band's songwriter, whose sound was darker and more sinister than his previous work in The Cows.

With several references to the writer Louis-Ferdinand Céline, the band explored a thematic quality of black comedy. Their name is a play on the heroin chic, fashion trend of the 1990s.

Cows (band)
Cows were a noise rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota who formed in 1986 and disbanded in 1998. The band’s music mixed punk rock with surreal humour and copious amounts of noise played through distorted amplifiers and trumpet bleats, codifying them as a noise rock band. Throughout their career Cows released nine studio albums, all but one on the Minneapolis-based label Amphetamine Reptile Records. A star in honor of the Cows is on the outside mural of First Avenue.
Wirtinger inequality (2-forms)
For other inequalities named after Wirtinger, see Wirtinger's inequality.

In mathematics, the Wirtinger inequality, named after Wilhelm Wirtinger, is a fundamental result in complex linear algebra which relates the symplectic and volume forms of a hermitian inner product. It has important consequences in complex geometry, such as showing that the normalized exterior powers of the Kähler form of a Kähler manifold are calibrations.

Calibrated geometry
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a calibrated manifold is a Riemannian manifold (M,g) of dimension n equipped with a differential p-form φ (for some 0 ≤ p ≤ n) which is a calibration, meaning that:

φ is closed, that is, dφ = 0, where d is the exterior derivative.

φ has operator norm at most 1.  That is, for any x ∈ M and any p-vector , we have φ(ξ) ≤ vol(ξ), with volume defined with respect to the Riemannian metric g.

A main reason for defining a calibration is that it creates a distinguished set of "directions" (i.e. p-planes) in which φ is actually equal to the volume form, that is, the inequality above is an equality.  For x in M, set Gx(φ) to be the subset of such planes in the Grassmannian of p-planes in TxM.  In cases of interest, Gx(φ) is always nonempty. Let G(φ) be the union of Gx(φ) for all , viewed as a subspace of the bundle of p-planes in TM.
Schanuel's lemma
In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as module theory, Schanuel's lemma, named after Stephen Schanuel, allows one to compare how far modules depart from being projective.  It is useful in defining the Heller operator in the stable category, and in giving elementary descriptions of dimension shifting.

Projective module
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, the class of projective modules enlarges the class of free modules (that is, modules with basis vectors) over a ring, keeping some of the main properties of free modules. Various equivalent characterizations of these modules appear below.

Every free module is a projective module, but the converse fails to hold over some rings, such as Dedekind rings that are not principal ideal domains. However, every projective module is a free module if the ring is a principal ideal domain such as the integers, or a (multivariate) polynomial ring over a field (this is the Quillen–Suslin theorem).

Projective modules were first introduced in 1956 in the influential book Homological Algebra by Henri Cartan and Samuel Eilenberg.
Ruardean Hill
Ruardean Hill is a prominent hill and a village in the English county of Gloucestershire, 20 km (12 mi) west of Gloucester. It lies in the Forest of Dean, in the parish of Drybrook.

The southern slopes are wooded and are part of the northern edge of the Forest of Dean. The hill forms part of a low range of hills separating the River Severn from the River Wye. The hill's summit is the highest point in the Forest of Dean.  A mostly friendly community, there is a local post office and village shop in neighbouring Ruardean Woodside. The village and surrounding areas are well served by Ruardean Hill Sports and Social Club.

Ruardean Woodside
Ruardean Woodside is a village in Gloucestershire, England, located in the Forest of Dean and tucked away behind Ruardean Hill and Brierley.  There is a primary school and a village hall. The Roebuck was the last of the local pubs to close.
Twisted Poincaré duality
In mathematics, the twisted Poincaré duality is a theorem removing the restriction on Poincaré duality to oriented manifolds. The existence of a global orientation is replaced by carrying along local information, by means of a local coefficient system.

Poincaré duality
In mathematics, the Poincaré duality theorem, named after Henri Poincaré, is a basic result on the structure of the homology and cohomology groups of manifolds.  It states that if M is an n-dimensional oriented closed manifold (compact and without boundary), then the kth cohomology group of M is isomorphic to the (n − k)th homology group of M, for all integers k

Poincaré duality holds for any coefficient ring, so long as one has taken an orientation with respect to that coefficient ring; in particular, since every manifold has a unique orientation mod 2, Poincaré duality holds mod 2 without any assumption of orientation.
Lameta Formation
The Lameta Formation, also known as the Infratrappean Beds (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Intertrappean Beds), is a sedimentary geological formation found in Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh, India, associated with the Deccan Traps. It is of the Maastrichtian age (Late Cretaceous), and is notable for its dinosaur fossils.

Intertrappean Beds
The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic unit in India. These beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. They consist a number of different subgroups and formations, and span the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation. Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs. The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities. The Early Eocene-aged Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens. A rich plant flora is known from the formation.
Alvise Cadamosto
Alvise Cadamosto (surname cf. Ca' da Mosto, da Cadamosto, da Ca' da Mosto; also known in Portuguese as Luís Cadamosto; mononymously Cadamosto) (Portuguese pronunciation: [alˈvizɨ kɐðaˈmoʃtu]; Italian pronunciation: [alˈvize ˌkadaˈmosto]) (c. 1432 – 16 July 1483) was a Venetian explorer and slave trader, who was hired by the Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator and undertook two known journeys to West Africa in 1455 and 1456, accompanied by the Genoese captain Antoniotto Usodimare. Some have credited Cadamosto and his companions with the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands and the points along the Guinea coast from the Gambia River to the Geba River (in Guinea-Bissau), the greatest leap in the Henrican discoveries since 1446.  Cadamosto's accounts of his journeys, including his detailed observations of West African societies, have proven invaluable to historians.

Antoniotto Usodimare
Antoniotto Usodimare or Usus di Mare (1416–1462) was a Genoese trader and explorer in the service of the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator. Jointly with Alvise Cadamosto, Usodimare discovered a great stretch of the West African coast in two known voyages in 1455 and 1456.  They notably discovered the Cape Verde islands, and the Guinea coast from the Gambia River to the Geba River (in Guinea-Bissau).
JoongAng Ilbo
The JoongAng, formerly known as JoongAng Ilbo (Korean: 중앙일보; lit. Central Daily), is a South Korean daily newspaper published in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the three biggest newspapers in South Korea, and a newspaper of record for South Korea. The paper also publishes an English edition, Korea JoongAng Daily, in alliance with the International New York Times. It is often regarded as the holding company of JoongAng Group chaebol (a spin-off from Samsung) as it is owner of various affiliates, such as the broadcast station and drama producing company JTBC, and movie theatres chain Megabox.

Korea JoongAng Daily
Korea JoongAng Daily (Korean: 코리아중앙데일리) is the English edition of the South Korean national daily newspaper JoongAng Ilbo. The newspaper was first published on October 17, 2000, as JoongAng Ilbo English Edition. It mainly carries news and feature stories by staff reporters, and some stories translated from the Korean language newspaper.
Norman High School
Norman High School is a four-year public high school in Norman, Oklahoma, with a steady enrollment of approximately 2,000 students. It is accredited by North Central Association, the Oklahoma State Department of Education and the Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association. The school year consists of two 15-week semesters with a 6 class flexible schedule, consisting of 52 minute periods. Norman High School is part of the Norman Independent School District No. 29 of Cleveland County, Oklahoma, more commonly known as Norman Public Schools (NPS). Norman High was ranked as one of the top 1,400 high schools in the United States in 2009.

Norman Public Schools
Norman Public Schools (formally known as Independent School District Number 29 of Cleveland County, Oklahoma) is a public school district serving parts of Norman, Oklahoma, United States. There are over 15,000 students enrolled in the district. The district consists of 17 elementary schools, four middle schools, and three high schools.

The majority of Norman is in this school district.
Filippo Vadi
Filippo Vadi (Latin: Philippus de Vadis de Pisis; 1425 – 1501) was an Italian fencing master of the 15th century. Together with Fiore dei Liberi, he is one of the earliest Italian masters from whom an extant martial arts manual has survived.

Fiore dei Liberi
Fiore Furlano de Cividale d'Austria, delli Liberi da Premariacco (Fiore dei Liberi, Fiore Furlano, Fiore de Cividale d'Austria; born ca. 1350; died after 1409) was a late 14th century knight, diplomat, and itinerant fencing master.

He is the earliest Italian master from whom an extant martial arts manual has survived. His Flower of Battle (Fior di Battaglia, Flos Duellatorum) is among the oldest surviving fencing manuals.
The Silver Spade
The Silver Spade was a giant power shovel used for strip mining in southeastern Ohio. Manufactured by Bucyrus-Erie, South Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the Silver Spade was one of two  model 1950-B shovels built, the other being its sister ship, the GEM of Egypt. Its sole function was to remove the earth and rock overburden from the coal seam. Attempts to purchase and preserve the shovel from Consol to make it the centerpiece of a mining museum exhibit for $2.6 million fell short. A salvage company began scrapping the machine in January 2007. The boom was dropped using explosives on February 9th, ending any rescue attempts. By March 1st, much of the machine had been cut away.

GEM of Egypt
The GEM of Egypt was a power shovel built by Bucyrus-Erie in 1966. The shovel was designed for strip mining at the Egypt Valley coalfield near Barnesville, Ohio. GEM is an acronym for “Giant Earth Mover” or “Giant Excavating Machine”.  It was one of only two Bucyrus-Erie 1950-B shovels built (the other being The Silver Spade) and one of two to use the knee-action  crowd licensed from Marion Power Shovel in exchange for Marion's use of Bucyrus-Erie's cable crowd patent.

In a power shovel, "crowding" is pushing the bucket at the end of a "handle" ("dipper" or "dipper stick") in or out to control the depth of cut or to position for dumping. With knee action, the handle is connected to a moveable pivot point rather than being supported directly by the boom. Knee-action design made possible the largest shovel ever built, increased digging power, allowed the bucket to move horizontally into the cut and improved swing efficiency, distance, and radius.
Traveling block
A traveling block is the freely moving section of a block and tackle that contains a set of pulleys or sheaves through which the drill line (wire rope) is threaded or reeved and is opposite (and under) the crown block (the stationary section).

The combination of the traveling block, crown block and wire rope drill line gives the ability to lift weights in the hundreds of thousands of pounds. On larger drilling rigs, when raising and lowering the derrick, line tensions over a million pounds are not unusual.

Drill line
In a drilling rig, the drill line is a multi-thread, twisted wire rope that is threaded or reeved through in typically 6 to 12 parts between the traveling block and crown block to facilitate the lowering and lifting of the drill string into and out of the wellbore.

On larger diameter lines, traveling block loads of over a million pounds are possible.

To make a connection is to add another segment of drill pipe onto the top the drill string. A segment is added by pulling the kelly above the rotary table, stopping the mud pump, hanging off the drill string in the rotary table, unscrewing the kelly from the drill pipe below, swinging the kelly over to permit connecting it to the top of the new segment (which had been placed in the mousehole), and then screwing this assembly into the top of the existing drill string. Mud circulation is resumed, and the drill string is lowered into the hole until the bit takes weight at the bottom of the hole.  Drilling then resumes.
Hyper-IgM syndrome type 5
The fifth type of hyper-IgM syndrome has been characterized in three patients from France and Japan. The symptoms are similar to hyper IgM syndrome type 2, but the AICDA gene is intact.

These three patients instead had mutations in the catalytic domain of uracil-DNA glycosylase, an enzyme that removes uracil from DNA. In hyper-IgM syndromes, patients are deficient in the immunoglobulins, IgG, IgE and IgA types since the antibody producing B cells can not carry out the gene recombination steps necessary to class switch from immunoglobulin M (IgM) to the other three immunoglobulins types.

Hyper IgM syndrome
Hyper IgM syndrome is a group of rare primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by low or absent levels of serum IgG, IgA, IgE and normal or increased levels of serum IgM.

They result from mutations in the pathway from B-cell activation to isotype class switching. Patients with HIGM are usually diagnosed within the first two years of life and experience severe immunosuppression. This group of syndromes is also known as immunoglobulin class switch recombination (Ig-CSR) deficiencies. The most common causes are mutations in the CD40 Ligand (CD40LG) gene located at Xq26.3-27 leading to X-linked HIGM (XHIGM) in males.
Hughes Inquiry
The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Response of the Newfoundland Criminal Justice System to Complaints also known as the Hughes Inquiry was a Canadian royal commission chaired by a retired judge, Samuel Hughes, launched after allegations of sexual abuse by members of the Congregation of Christian Brothers at Mount Cashel Orphanage in Newfoundland. The commission began inquiry investigations on 1 June 1989 and published its report in April 1992.

Mount Cashel Orphanage
The Mount Cashel Orphanage, known locally as the Mount Cashel Boys' Home, was a boys' orphanage located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The orphanage was operated by the Congregation of Christian Brothers, and became infamous for a sexual abuse scandal and cover-up by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary and NL justice officials.
Moneyball (game show)
Moneyball is a British game show that aired on ITV1 from 30 October 2021 to 26 August 2023 and is hosted by Ian Wright. The primetime game show was commissioned in February 2021 with football pundit and former player Ian Wright as host. On 3 October 2023, it was announced that the show was axed after two series along with Sitting on a Fortune, hosted by Gary Lineker.

Sitting on a Fortune
Sitting on a Fortune is a British game show that aired on ITV1 from 7 November 2021 to 9 July 2023 and is hosted by Gary Lineker. The show was commissioned in July 2021 with football presenter and former player Gary Lineker as host. It is produced at Dock10 by Possessed and Potato. In October 2023, it was announced that the show was axed after two series along with Ian Wright's Moneyball.
The Longest Yard (1974 film)
The Longest Yard is a 1974 American prison sports comedy-drama film directed by Robert Aldrich, written by Tracy Keenan Wynn, based on a story by producer Albert S. Ruddy, and starring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Ed Lauter, Michael Conrad and James Hampton. The film was released as The Mean Machine in the United Kingdom and South Africa. The film follows former NFL player Paul Crewe recruiting a group of prisoners and playing football against their guards. It features many real-life football players, including Ray Nitschke of the Green Bay Packers.

The film has spawned three remakes: the 2001 British film Mean Machine starring Vinnie Jones; 2005's The Longest Yard starring Adam Sandler and featuring Reynolds as coach Nate Scarborough; and the 2015 Egyptian film Captain Masr. In the two international remakes, the sport was changed from gridiron football to association football.

Mean Machine (film)
Mean Machine is a 2001 sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick and starring former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film The Longest Yard, featuring association football rather than American football.
European Young Chemists' Network
The European Young Chemists' Network (EYCN) is the young division of the European Chemical Society (EuChemS), and aims at promoting chemistry among young people, under the age of 35, that belong to a fellow European society.

European Chemical Society
The European Chemical Society (EuChemS) is a European non-profit organisation which promotes collaboration between non-profit scientific and technical societies in the field of chemistry.

Based in Brussels, Belgium, the association took over the role and responsibilities of the Federation of European Chemical Societies and Professional Institutions (FECS) founded in 1970. It currently has 50 Member Societies and supporting members, with a further 19 divisions and working parties. It represents more than 160,000 chemists from more than 30 countries in  Europe.

On 26 August 2022, the EuChemS General Assembly voted Angela Agostiano, Professor at the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy, as EuChemS President-Elect. Her term as President began in January 2023. Nineta Hrastelj is Secretary General. Floris Rutjes of Radboud University, is Vice-President of EuChemS.
Sexhow railway station
Sexhow railway station was a railway station built to serve the hamlet of Sexhow in North Yorkshire, England. The station was on the North Yorkshire and Cleveland's railway line between Picton and Stokesley, which opened in 1857. The line was extended progressively until it met the Whitby & Pickering Railway at Grosmont. Sexhow station was closed in 1954 to passengers and four years later to goods. The station was located 13 miles (21 km) south of Stockton, and 3+3⁄4 miles (6.0 km) west of Battersby railway station.

Stokesley railway station
Stokesley railway station was a railway station built to serve the town of Stokesley in North Yorkshire, England. The station was on the North Yorkshire and Cleveland line between Sexhow and Ingleby, which opened in 1857. The line was extended progressively until it met the Whitby & Pickering Railway at Grosmont. It was closed in 1954 to passengers and eleven years later to goods. The station was located 16 miles (26 km) south of Stockton and 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) west of Battersby station.