hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coulterville, California
Coulterville (formerly Maxwell's Creek) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Mariposa County, California, on Maxwell Creek in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. It sits at an elevation of 1,696 feet (517 m) approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Mariposa, the county seat. The population was 115 at the 2020 census.

Founded during the California Gold Rush in 1850, Coulterville grew as a mining town serving placer and quartz mining operations in the surrounding hills. It is designated California Historical Landmark No. 332, and a portion of its downtown is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Coulterville Main Street Historic District. The district includes several Gold Rush-era commercial buildings, including the Hotel Jeffery, in operation since 1851.

Greeley Hill, California
Greeley Hill is a census-designated place in Mariposa County, California, United States. Greeley Hill sits at an elevation of 3,153 feet (961 m) in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The 2020 United States census reported Greeley Hill's population as 927.
Söğüt District
Söğüt District is a district of Bilecik Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town Söğüt. Its area is 523 km2, and its population is 18,352 (2021). It is in the Marmara region in the north-west of the country, bordering Bilecik to the west, Gölpazarı to the north, İnhisar to the north-east, Tepebaşı (Eskişehir) to the south-east, and Bozüyük to the south-west.

Söğüt
Söğüt (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈsœ.yt], lit. 'willow') is a town in Bilecik Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Söğüt District. Its population is 13,566 (2021). The mayor is İsmet Sever (MHP), elected in 2019.

Söğüt is notable as the founding location and first capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1335.
Cyprian
Cyprian (/ˈsɪpriən/; Latin: Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus; c. 210 to 14 September 258 AD) was a bishop of Carthage and an early Christian writer of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant. He is recognized as a saint in the Western and Eastern churches.

He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education. Soon after converting to Christianity, he became a bishop in 249. A controversial figure during his lifetime, his strong pastoral skills, firm conduct during the Novatianist controversy and outbreak of the Plague of Cyprian (named for his description of it), and eventual martyrdom at Carthage established his reputation and proved his sanctity in the eyes of the Church.

His skilful Latin rhetoric led to his being considered the pre-eminent Latin writer of Western Christianity until Jerome and Augustine.

Plague of Cyprian
The Plague of Cyprian was a pandemic which afflicted the Roman Empire from about AD 249 to 262, or 251/2 to 270.  The plague is thought to have caused widespread manpower shortages for food production and the Roman army, severely weakening the empire during the Crisis of the Third Century. Its modern name commemorates St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, an early Christian writer who witnessed and described the plague, in his treatise On the Plague. The agent of the plague is highly speculative due to sparse sourcing, but suspects have included smallpox, measles, and viral hemorrhagic fever (filoviruses like the Ebola virus). The pandemic attacked everyone, "just and unjust", and the response to it has strong ties to Christian beliefs and religion.
Arctic Corsair
The Arctic Corsair (H320) is a deep-sea trawler, built in 1960, that was converted to a museum ship in 1999. She is temporarily berthed at Alexandra Dock in Kingston upon Hull, England, pending completion of a new permanent location in the city's Museums Quarter. Exhibits and guides aboard the boat tell the story of Hull's deep-sea fishing industry.

Fishing trawler
A fishing trawler is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth. A trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously (double-rig and multi-rig).

There are many variants of trawling gear. They vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be a small open boat with only 30 horsepower (22 kW) or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower (7457 kW). Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening midwater trawls, and large bottom trawls, such as "rock hoppers" that are rigged with heavy rubber wheels that let the net crawl over rocky bottom.
Mulavarman
Sri Mulavarman Nala Deva (spelled Mulawarman in Indonesian), was the king of the Kutai Martadipura Kingdom located in eastern Borneo around the year 400 CE.  What little is known of him comes from the seven Yupa inscriptions found at a sanctuary in Kutai, East Kalimantan.  He is known to have been generous to brahmins through the giving of gifts including thousands of cattle and large amounts of gold.

Yūpa
A Yūpa (यूप), or Yūpastambha, was a Vedic sacrificial pillar used in Ancient India. It is one of the most important elements of the Vedic rituals for animal sacrifice.

The execution of a victim (generally an animal), who was tied at the yūpa, was meant to bring prosperity to everyone.

Most yūpa, and all from the Vedic period, were in wood, and have not survived. The few stone survivals seem to be a later type of memorial using the form of the wooden originals. The Isapur Yupa, the most complete, replicates in stone the rope used to tether the animal.  The topmost section is missing; texts describe a "wheel-like headpiece made of perishable material", representing the sun, but the appearance of that is rather unclear from the Gupta period coins that are the best other visual evidence.
David Auburn
David Auburn (born November 30, 1969) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and theatre director.  He is best known for his 2000 play Proof, which won the 2001 Tony Award for Best Play and Pulitzer Prize for Drama.  He also wrote the screenplays for the 2005 film version of Proof, The Lake House (2006), The Girl in the Park (2007), and Georgetown (2019).

Proof (2005 film)
Proof is a 2005 American drama film directed by John Madden and starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Anthony Hopkins, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Hope Davis. The screenplay was written by Rebecca Miller and David Auburn and based on Auburn's play, Proof.
Marshall Tuck
Marshall Tuck (born July 28, 1973) is an American educator and politician. He was CEO of Antonio Villaraigosa's Partnership for Los Angeles Schools and president of Green Dot Public Schools. Tuck was a candidate for California State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 2014 and 2018, placing second in the general election in both races.

2014 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election
The 2014 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election was held on November 4, 2014, to elect the Superintendent of Public Instruction of California. Unlike most other elections in California, the superintendent is not elected under the state's "top-two primary". Instead, the officially nonpartisan position is elected via a nonpartisan primary election, with a runoff only held if no candidate receives a majority of the vote.

Incumbent superintendent Tom Torlakson ran for re-election to a second term in office. In the primary election on June 3, 2014, no candidate received a majority of the vote, so the top two finishers, Torlakson and Marshall Tuck, contested a general election, which Torlakson won.
Dinuzulu KaCetshwayo
Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (c. 1868 – 18 October 1913, commonly misspelled Dinizulu) was the king of the Zulu nation from 20 May 1884 until his death in 1913. He succeeded his father Cetshwayo, who was the last king of the Zulus to be officially recognised as such by the British. Zululand had been broken up into thirteen smaller territories by the British government after the Anglo-Zulu War, and Cetshwayo, and subsequently Dinuzulu, administered one of them. The British later realised the futility of breaking up Zululand into the territories and restored Cetshwayo as paramount leader of the territories. However, they left one of Cetshwayo's relatives, Usibepu (Zibhebhu), alone with his lands intact. On 22 July 1883, Usibepu attacked Cetshwayo's new kraal in Ulundi, wounding the king and causing him to flee to Eshowe.

Cetshwayo
Cetshwayo kaMpande (/kɛtʃˈwaɪ.oʊ/; Zulu pronunciation: [ᵏǀétʃwajo kámpande]; c. 1826 – 8 February 1884) was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1873 to 1884 and its Commander in Chief during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. His name has been rendered as Cetywayo or Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo consistently opposed the war and sought fruitlessly to make peace with the British and was defeated and exiled following the Zulu defeat in the war. He was later allowed to return to Zululand, where he died in 1884.
Rocket mail
Rocket mail is the delivery of mail by rocket or missile.  The rocket lands by deploying an internal parachute upon arrival.  It has been attempted by various organizations in many countries, with varying levels of success. It has never become widely seen as being a viable option for delivering mail, due to the cost of the schemes and numerous failures.

The collection of philatelic material ("stamps") used for (and depicting) rocket mail is part of a specialist branch of aerophilately known as astrophilately.

Astrophilately
Astrophilately is a branch of philately which deals with the collection of stamps and postmarked envelopes related to spaceflight. It is the intersection of space and postal history. Envelopes postmarked on significant dates and at a post office near the controlling agency are used in postal exhibits to share the development and conquest of the cosmos.
Randomized rounding
In computer science and operations research, randomized rounding
is a widely used approach for designing and analyzing approximation algorithms.

Many combinatorial optimization problems are computationally intractable to solve exactly (to optimality). For such problems, randomized rounding can be used to design fast (polynomial time) approximation algorithms—that is, algorithms that are guaranteed to return an approximately optimal solution given any input.

The basic idea of randomized rounding is to convert an optimal solution of a relaxation of the problem into an approximately-optimal solution to the original problem. The resulting algorithm is usually analyzed using the probabilistic method.

Linear programming relaxation
In mathematics, the relaxation of a (mixed) integer linear program is the problem that arises by removing the integrality constraint of each variable.

For example, in a 0–1 integer program, all constraints are of the form

.

The relaxation of the original integer program instead uses a collection of linear constraints

The resulting relaxation is a linear program, hence the name. This relaxation technique transforms an NP-hard optimization problem (integer programming) into a related problem that is solvable in polynomial time (linear programming); the solution to the relaxed linear program can be used to gain information about the solution to the original integer program.
Farmers Union Iced Coffee
Farmers Union Iced Coffee is a flavoured  milk drink popular in Australia, primarily the state of South Australia. It continues to be sold under the Farmers Union banner, originally a South Australian co-operative, subsequently the listed company National Foods, and then by a series of subsidiaries of the Japanese brewing company Kirin. The current manufacturer's company name is Bega Dairy & Drinks.

Bega Dairy & Drinks
Bega Dairy & Drinks (also known as BDD or BDD Pty Ltd) is a subsidiary of Australian diversified food company the Bega Group, having been purchased from the Japanese company Kirin (who owns Lion in Australia) in November 2020. It was previously a company known as National Foods prior to 2009. While owned by Kirin, it was known as Lion Dairy & Drinks.

One of the largest changes occurred in 2008, when it purchased rival company Sydney's Dairy Farmers. This brand was retained and is still used across a range of fresh & long-life milk, yoghurt and sugar sweetened flavoured milks, with the former product range being prominent in its original markets of New South Wales and Queensland.

It specialises in dairy food and juice, with core activities in milk, yoghurt, cream, dairy desserts, juice and speciality cheese and has been one of Australia's largest players in this space for decades.
Red Ventures
Red Ventures is an American media company that owns and operates brands such as Lonely Planet, The Points Guy, Healthline, and Bankrate. Red Ventures focuses on news, advice, and review websites. The company's corporate headquarters is located in Indian Land, South Carolina, a suburb of Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bankrate
Bankrate, LLC is a consumer financial services company based in New York City. Bankrate.com, perhaps its best-known brand, is a personal finance website. As of November 8, 2017, it became a subsidiary of Red Ventures through an acquisition. Bankrate contains AI-generated articles, and is included on Wikipedia's spam blacklist due to its lack of credibility.
From Spirituals to Swing
From Spirituals to Swing was the title of two concerts presented by John Hammond in Carnegie Hall on 23 December 1938 and 24 December 1939.  The concerts included performances by Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson, Helen Humes, Meade Lux Lewis, Albert Ammons, Mitchell's Christian Singers, the Golden Gate Quartet, James P. Johnson, Big Bill Broonzy and Sonny Terry.

Big Joe Turner
Joseph Vernon "Big Joe" Turner Jr. (May 18, 1911 – November 24, 1985) was an American blues shouter from Kansas City, Missouri. Turner's greatest fame was due to his rock and roll recordings in the 1950s, particularly "Shake, Rattle and Roll", but his career as a performer endured from the 1920s into the 1980s.

Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, with the Hall lauding him as "the brawny voiced 'Boss of the Blues.'" According to songwriter Doc Pomus, "rock and roll would have never happened without him." AllMusic called Turner "the premier blues shouter of the postwar era".
Adabel Guerrero
Adabel Anahí Guerrero Melachenko (Spanish pronunciation: [aðaˈβel ɣeˈreɾo]; born 18 July 1978), better known simply as Adabel Guerrero, is an Argentine professional theater and burlesque dancer, actress, and supervedette, who has also dabbled as a model and as a singer in several television, magazine and theater appearances. Guerrero has worked as a television co-hostess and panelist, and is currently a panelist on El Chimentero 3.0.

Guerrero has participated in multiple seasons of the Argentine version of Dancing with the Stars, Bailando por un Sueño, competing together with professional dancers Martín Whitecamp, Joel Ledesma, Reynaldo Ojeda and many others. She has also appeared on many spin-offs of the show.

Vedette (cabaret)
A vedette is the main female artist of a show derived from cabaret and its subcategories of revue, vaudeville, music hall or burlesque. The purpose of the vedette is to entertain and captivate the public. Vedettes are expected to sing, dance and act on stage. Particularly accomplished artistes are considered super vedettes or first vedettes. Vedettes often wear flashy and revealing costumes and may appear alongside groups of dancers, magicians, comedians, jugglers, or even performing animals. Vedettes specializing in burlesque generally do  striptease and may also perform nude on stage.

In the 20th century, vedette shows were successful in the cabarets, theaters and nightclubs of countries such as Spain, France, Argentina and Mexico. Paris and Las Vegas were considered the main cradle of the vedettes.
Etoile mine
The Etoile Mine (also known as L'Etoile du Congo Mine, Kalukuluku, or Star of the Congo Mine) is an open-pit copper mine on the outskirts of Lubumbashi in Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
Chemaf (Chemical of Africa) owns the license. Chemaf is 95% owned by Shalina Resources and 5% by the DRC government.

Ruashi mine
The Ruashi Mine is an open-pit copper and cobalt mine operated by Metorex that is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Lubumbashi in Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The project includes a plant to concentrate the ore from the Ruashi and Etoile mines, and a modern solvent extraction electrowinning (SX-EW) processing plant.
As of 2008, annual capacity was estimated to be 10,000 tonnes of copper and 1,000 tonnes of Cobalt.
5-MeO-DPAC
5-MeO-DPAC, also known as 5-methoxy-3-(dipropylamino)chroman, is a potent and highly selective serotonin 5-HT1A receptor full agonist related to 8-OH-DPAT. It is a derivative of 3-aminochroman, in which in the 5th position of the benzene ring there is a methoxy group, and in the 3rd position of dipropylamine.

The drug shows no affinity for other serotonin receptors or for the dopamine D2 receptor. It acts at very low concentrations, albeit with lower potency than 8-OH-DPAT, and unlike 8-OH-DPAT, does not bind to presynaptic serotonin 5-HT1A receptors in the striatum.

The mechanism of action of 5-MeO-DPAC is to reduce the synthesis and turnover of serotonin in the brain through selective activation of serotonin 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which is mediated through a negative feedback system without a direct effect on striatal binding sites.

5-MeO-DPAC was first described in the scientific literature by 1987.

3-Aminochroman
3-Aminochroman (3-AH), also known as 3,4-dihydro-3-amino-2H-1-benzopyran (DHABP), is a chroman derivative, a hard cyclized amphetamine structural analogue, and a chemically important reagent in pharmaceutical synthesis; most derivatives of 3-aminochroman are powerful psychoactive substances, 3-aminochroman exhibits relatively moderate to low biological activity.
Anatomy of a Genocide
Anatomy of a Genocide: The Life and Death of a Town called Buczacz is a 2018 book by historian Omer Bartov exploring ethnic relations between Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews in the town of Buczacz (now Buchach, Ukraine) with a focus on the Holocaust.

Buchach
Buchach (Ukrainian: Бучач, IPA: [ˈbutʃɐtʃ] ⓘ; Polish: Buczacz; Yiddish: בעטשאָטש, romanized: Betshotsh or ביטשאָטש Bitshotsh; Hebrew: בוצ'אץ' Buchach; German: Butschatsch; Turkish: Bucaş) is a city located on the Strypa River (a tributary of the Dniester) in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Buchach urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Buchach rests 135 kilometres (84 miles) south-east of Lviv, in the historic region of Halychyna (Galicia).

The city was located in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions, followed by the Habsburg monarchy (1772–1804), Austrian Empire (1804–1867), Austria-Hungary (1867–1918), West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919), the Second Polish Republic (1919–1939), and the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union (1939–1991). In 2022 the population was estimated to be 12,171 (2022 estimate)..
Gametophyte
A gametophyte (/ɡəˈmiːtəfaɪt/) is one of the two alternating multicellular phases in the life cycles of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore, that has one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte is the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae. It develops sex organs that produce gametes, haploid sex cells that participate in fertilization to form a diploid zygote, which has a double set of chromosomes. Cell division of the zygote results in a new diploid multicellular organism, the second stage in the life cycle known as the sporophyte. The sporophyte can produce haploid spores by meiosis that on germination produce a new generation of gametophytes.

Archegonium
An archegonium (pl.: archegonia), from the Ancient Greek ἀρχή ("beginning") and γόνος ("offspring"), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium. The archegonium has a long neck canal or venter and a swollen base. Archegonia are typically located on the surface of the plant thallus, although in the hornworts they are embedded.
JAM Project
JAM Project ("JAM" standing for "Japan Animationsong Makers") are a Japanese anison band founded on July 19, 2000, by anison singer Ichirou Mizuki. The band is composed of many vocal artists well known in the anime music industry. Aside from the many anime, tokusatsu, and video game theme songs the band has performed together, each member is famous for their own solo performances of Japanese theme songs. JAM Project is known to worldwide audiences for their theme music contributions to Garo and One-Punch Man.

Ichirou Mizuki
Toshio Hayakawa (早川 俊夫, Hayakawa Toshio, January 7, 1948 – December 6, 2022), better known by his stage name Ichirou Mizuki (水木 一郎, Mizuki Ichirō), was a Japanese singer, lyricist, composer, voice actor and actor best known for his work on theme songs for anime and tokusatsu. For  over 50 years, he had recorded over 1,200 songs for Japanese film, television, video and video games. He was referred to by fans and fellow performers alike as the Aniki (アニキ, "big brother") of the anison, or anime music genre. He produced the singing duo Apple Pie since 1990 and created the Anison band JAM Project in 2000.
John Howell (politician)
John Michael Howell OBE FSA FRGS (born 27 July 1955) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Henley from 2008 to 2024. A member of the Conservative Party, he won a by-election to replace Boris Johnson, who resigned following his election as Mayor of London.

2008 Henley by-election
A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Henley was held on 26 June 2008, triggered by the resignation of incumbent Conservative Party MP Boris Johnson following his election as Mayor of London the previous month. The by-election was won comfortably by the Conservative candidate John Howell, who held the seat with an increased percentage of the vote. The governing Labour Party's vote fell by 11% and they finished fifth, losing their deposit.
Robert Marmion, 3rd Baron Marmion of Tamworth
Robert Marmion, 3rd Baron Marmion of Tamworth (died 1218) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and itinerant justice. He was reputed to have been the King's Champion but his grandson, Phillip, is the first Marmion to have a solid claim to this. Robert was descended from the lords of Fontenay-le-Marmion in Normandy, who are said to have been hereditary champions of the Dukes of Normandy.

Robert Marmion (died 1242)
Robert Marmion was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and rebel involved in the First Barons' War. He was referred to as "Robert Marmion the Younger" as his elder half-brother was also called Robert and known as "Robert Marmion the Elder".