hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
E-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) refers to commercial activities including the electronic buying or selling products and services which are conducted on online platforms or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is a part of retail. It is the largest segment of the electronics industry and is in turn driven by the technological advances of the semiconductor industry.

Mobile commerce
The term mobile commerce was originally coined in 1997 by Kevin Duffey at the launch of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum, to mean "the delivery of electronic commerce capabilities directly into the consumer’s hand, anywhere, via wireless technology."  Some choose to think of Mobile Commerce as meaning "a retail outlet in your customer’s pocket."

Mobile commerce is worth US$800 billion, with Asia representing almost half of the market.
The King of Queens
The King of Queens is an American television sitcom that ran on CBS from September 21, 1998, to May 14, 2007, with a total of 207 half-hour episodes spanning nine seasons. The series was created by Michael J. Weithorn and David Litt, who also served as executive producers, and stars Kevin James and Leah Remini as Doug and Carrie Heffernan, a working-class couple living in Rego Park, Queens. All episodes were filmed in front of a live studio audience.

The King of Queens was produced by Hanley Productions and CBS Productions (1998–2007)/CBS Paramount Television (2007), in association with Columbia TriStar Television (1998–2002), and Sony Pictures Television (2002–07). It was filmed at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California. The ninth and final season concluded with a double-length series finale in 2007. James and Remini reunited in the 2016 television sitcom Kevin Can Wait, which ended on May 7, 2018.

Doug Heffernan
Douglas Steven "Doug" Heffernan is a fictional character and the protagonist of the American sitcom The King of Queens. He is portrayed by Kevin James, whose stand-up comedy background inspired the comedic style of the show. Doug, an often immature 'average Joe', lives in Rego Park, Queens, with his wife Carrie Heffernan (Leah Remini) and his father-in-law Arthur Spooner (Jerry Stiller). The character has also appeared in Everybody Loves Raymond, Becker, and Cosby.

Doug is a delivery driver for the International Parcel Service (a fictionalized version of United Parcel Service), a job he acquired by pretending to work there after lying to Carrie (his then-girlfriend) about having a job.
Petalite
Petalite, also known as castorite, is a lithium aluminum phyllosilicate mineral LiAlSi4O10, crystallizing in the monoclinic system. Petalite occurs as colorless, pink, grey, yellow, yellow grey, to white tabular crystals and columnar masses. It occurs in lithium-bearing pegmatites with spodumene, lepidolite, and tourmaline. Petalite is an important ore of lithium, and is converted to spodumene and quartz by heating to ~500 °C and under 3 kbar of pressure in the presence of a dense hydrous alkali borosilicate fluid with a minor carbonate component. Petalite (and secondary spodumene formed from it) is lower in iron than primary spodumene, making it a more useful source of lithium in, e.g., the production of glass. The colorless varieties are often used as gemstones.

Petalite is significant because the element lithium was originally identified from petalite in Sweden in 1817. The element was named 'lithium,' from the greek word for 'stone', because it had been found in petalite.

Spodumene
Spodumene is a pyroxene mineral consisting of lithium aluminium inosilicate, LiAl(SiO3)2, and is a commercially important source of lithium. It occurs as colorless to yellowish, purplish, or lilac kunzite (see below), or alternatively yellowish-green or emerald-green hiddenite; it takes the form of prismatic crystals, often of great size. Single crystals of 14.3 m (47 ft) in size are reported from the Black Hills of South Dakota, United States.

The naturally occurring low-temperature form α-spodumene is in the monoclinic system, and the high-temperature β-spodumene crystallizes in the tetragonal system. α-Spodumene converts to β-spodumene at temperatures above 900 °C. Typically crystals are heavily striated along the principal axis. Crystal faces are often etched and pitted with triangular markings.
Peptide YY
Peptide YY (PYY), also known as peptide tyrosine tyrosine, is a peptide that in humans is encoded by the PYY gene.  Peptide YY is a short (36-amino acid) peptide released from cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In the blood, gut, and other elements of periphery, PYY acts to reduce appetite; similarly, when injected directly into the central nervous system, PYY is also anorexigenic, i.e., it reduces appetite.

Dietary fibers from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, consumed, increase the speed of transit of intestinal chyme into the ileum, to raise PYY3-36, and induce satiety. Peptide YY cannot be produced as the result of enzymatic breakdown of crude fish proteins and ingested as a food product.

Anorectic
An anorectic is a drug that reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. These substances work by affecting the central nervous system or certain neurotransmitters to create a feeling of fullness or reduce the desire to eat. The understanding of anorexiant effects is crucial in the development of interventions for weight management, eating disorders, and related health concerns. The anorexiant effect can be induced through diverse mechanisms, ranging from hormonal regulation to neural signaling. Ghrelin, leptin, and peptide YY are among the hormones involved in appetite control. Additionally, neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine in the central nervous system contribute significantly to the regulation of food intake.

By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.

The term is (from the Greek ἀν- an- 'without' and ὄρεξις órexis 'appetite'), and such drugs are also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant.
Duke of Torres Novas
The Dukes of Torres Novas (in Portuguese & Spanish Duque de Torres Novas) was an aristocratic Portuguese title granted by King Philip II of Portugal, also known as Philip III of Spain, by a royal decree of September 26, 1619, to George of Lencastre, 1st Duke of Torres Novas, who died before his parents, Juliana and Álvaro of Lencastre of Lencastre, 3rd Dukes of Aveiro.

The title of Duke of Torres Novas (originally Marquis of Torres Novas) was subsidiary to the title of Duke of Aveiro, and was used by the House of Aveiro heir during his father's life.

George, 1st Duke of Torres Novas
Jorge de Lencastre, or George of Lencastre (Azeitão, 1594 – Lisbon, 1632) was the older son of Dom Álvaro and Juliana of Lencastre, 3rd Dukes of Aveiro.

As heir of the Dukes of Aveiro, he was 3rd Marquis of Torres Novas and, due to King Philip I's special grant, he also became the 1st Duke of Torres Novas.

However, he never inherited the Dukedom of Aveiro, once he died before his mother.

He married twice:

in 1619, with Ana Dória Colonna (who died in 1620, daughter of André Dória, 3rd Prince of Melfi. They had no issue.

the 2nd marriage with Ana Manrique de Cádenas (who died in Madrid in 1660) daughter of the Spanish 3rd Dukes of Maqueda. They had four children:
Raimundo of Lencastre, 4th Duke of Aveiro;
Maria de Guadalupe of Lencastre, 6th Duchess of Aveiro;
Luisa Tomásia Manrique de Lancastre (1632 – ? ), without issue;
João Matias Manrique de Lancastre Cardenas (1633–1659), without issue.
Windows Forms
Windows Forms, also known as WinForms, is a free, open-source graphical user interface (GUI) class library for building Windows desktop applications, included as a part of Microsoft .NET, .NET Framework or Mono, providing a platform to write client applications for desktop, laptop, and tablet PCs. While it is seen as a replacement for the earlier and more complex C++ based Microsoft Foundation Class Library, it does not offer a comparable paradigm and only acts as a platform for the user interface tier in a multi-tier solution.

At the Microsoft Connect event on December 4, 2018, Microsoft announced releasing Windows Forms as an open source project on GitHub. It is released under the MIT License. With this release, Windows Forms has become available for projects targeting the .NET Core framework. However, the framework is still available only on the Windows platform, and Mono's incomplete implementation of Windows Forms remains the only cross-platform implementation.

Windows Presentation Foundation
Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) is a free and open-source user interface framework for Windows-based desktop applications. WPF applications are based in .NET, and are primarily developed using C# and XAML.

Originally developed by Microsoft, WPF was initially released as part of .NET Framework 3.0 in 2006. In 2018, Microsoft released WPF as open source under the MIT License. WPF's design and its layout language XAML have been adopted by multiple other UI frameworks, such as UWP, .NET MAUI, and Avalonia.
SM Megamall
SM Megamall, formerly known as SM Megamall Ortigas and colloquially known as Megamall, is a shopping mall located in Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, Philippines, developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings. Opened in 1991, it is the third SM Supermall, after SM North EDSA and SM City Sta. Mesa. It is the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and one of the largest malls in the world. The mall occupies a land area of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) and has a total floor area of 474,000 square meters (5,100,000 sq ft). The mall has a maximum capacity of 4 million people attracting over 350,000 shoppers on weekdays and over 500,000 shoppers on weekends.

SM Supermalls
SM Supermalls, or simply SM, is a chain of shopping malls owned by the Philippine-based SM Prime. As of February 2026, it has a total of 98 malls (89 in the Philippines and 9 in China), with nine more under construction (seven in the Philippines and two in China). It was originally known as Shoemart, from which the name SM is derived.
Grote Reber
Grote Reber (December 22, 1911 – December 20, 2002) was an American pioneer of radio astronomy, which combined his interests in amateur radio and amateur astronomy. He was instrumental in investigating and extending Karl Jansky's pioneering work and conducted the first sky survey in the radio frequencies.

His 1937 radio antenna was the second ever to be used for astronomical purposes and the first parabolic reflecting antenna to be used as a radio telescope. For nearly a decade he was the world's only radio astronomer.

Karl Guthe Jansky
Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in April 1933 first announced his discovery of radio waves emanating from the Milky Way in the constellation Sagittarius. An amateur astronomer, he is considered one of the founding figures of radio astronomy.
Intoxicated Demons: The EP
Intoxicated Demons: The EP is the debut extended play by American hip hop trio The Beatnuts. It was released on April 20, 1993, via Violator/Relativity Records. Recording sessions took place at Variety Recording Studio in New York and at LGK Studios in New Jersey. It features one guest vocalist, V.I.C., on the track "World's Famous". Two singles, "Reign of the Tec" and "No Equal", were released in promotion of the album. The album was received positively for its diverse beats and comedic lyrics. Its cover art was inspired by the cover of Hank Mobley's The Turnaround!.

It peaked at number 50 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and its single "Reign of the Tec" peaked at number 50 on the US Billboard Hot Rap Songs.

The Beatnuts
The Beatnuts is an American hip hop group and production duo from New York City. Its current members are JuJu and Psycho Les. JuJu (born Jerry Tineo on December 14, 1968) is a Dominican American from Corona and Psycho Les (born Lester Fernandez on April 10, 1970) is a Colombian American from Jackson Heights, Queens. Although only peripheral members, they are routinely acknowledged by Q-Tip as being members of Native Tongues. The Beatnuts were originally a trio before Fashion (born Berntony Smalls on January 13, 1970), now known as Al' Tariq, left the group to start a solo career. V.I.C. (Groove Merchantz, Ghetto Pros) was also a member of The Beatnuts' production team for a while.
Plants Brook
Plants Brook (originally Ebrook, Ebrooke or East Brook) is a stream in Erdington and Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, England. It is a tributary of the River Tame, whose waters ultimately flow, via the River Trent and the Humber, into the North Sea.

Sutton Coldfield
Sutton Coldfield (/ˌsʌtən ˈkoʊldfiːld/ SUT-ən KOHLD-feeld pronunciationⓘ) is a town and civil parish in the city of Birmingham, West Midlands, England. The town lies around 8 miles northeast of Birmingham city centre, 8 miles south of Lichfield, 7 miles southwest of Tamworth, and 7 miles east of Walsall.

Sutton Coldfield and its surrounding suburbs are governed under Birmingham City Council for local government purposes but the town has its own town council which governs the town and its surrounding areas by running local services and electing a mayor to the council. It is in the historic county of Warwickshire, and in 1974 it became part of Birmingham and the West Midlands metropolitan county under the Local Government Act 1972.
Steve Appleton
Steven R. Appleton (March 31, 1960 – February 3, 2012) was an American business executive, the CEO of Micron Technology, based in Boise, Idaho.

Born and raised in Southern California, Appleton attended Boise State University and played tennis for the Broncos. A lifelong aviation enthusiast, he died when his single-engine plane crashed shortly after takeoff from the Boise Airport on February 3, 2012.

Micron Technology
Micron Technology, Inc. is an American multinational semiconductor company that manufactures computer memory and computer data storage products, including dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), flash memory, and solid-state drives (SSDs). Founded in 1978 in Boise, Idaho, Micron is the only major American computer memory manufacturer. It is one of the “Big Three” computer memory manufacturers, together with the South Korean companies Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix.

One of the Fortune 500 companies, Micron's consumer products were marketed under the brand Crucial, with the sub-brand Ballistix being used to denote products targeting gaming computers. Micron and Intel together created IM Flash Technologies, which produced NAND flash memory. It owned Lexar between 2006 and 2017.
Robert Campbell (rugby league)
Robert "Bertie" Campbell (born 25 April 1971) is a former Russia international rugby league footballer. A utility player, he was a hooker at school, but played professionally as a prop. Campbell played for Brisbane's Western Suburbs Panthers before signing for Sydney's Western Suburbs Magpies. He later played for Illawarra Steelers and the Gold Coast Chargers.

Russia national rugby league team
The Russia national rugby league team, nicknamed The Bears (Russian: Медведи), represents Russia in international rugby league tournaments and other rugby league fixtures.

The national team formed in 1991, with their first international against France a few months later. The team, under the governance of the Russian Rugby League Federation gained observer status with the Rugby League International Federation in 1993, before being promoted to affiliate member ahead of the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and gaining full membership a three years later.

In 2010, Russia was expelled for a series of rule breaches and readmitted under the Association of Rugby League Clubs, they regained full member status three years later. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the International Rugby League and European Rugby League suspended Russia's membership thus preventing them from competing in all international rugby league competitions. They were later downgrade to affiliate status.
Johannes Muralt
Johannes Muralt (c. 1500 – between 12 January and 4 February 1579), also known as Giovanni Muralto, was a surgeon who became the first religious refugee to receive citizenship in Zurich. Originally from Locarno, he was a member of the Protestant community there before relocating to Zurich in 1555. He was the founder of the Zurich branch of the Muralt family.

Muralto family
The Muralt (also Muralto or von Muralt) is a noble family of Lombard origin that established itself in Locarno in the 12th century and later developed prominent branches in Zürich and Bern following the Protestant Reformation.
Macabre Cabaret
Macabre Cabaret is the seventh EP by English doom metal band My Dying Bride, released in CD and vinyl formats via Nuclear Blast on 20 November 2020.

A music video for the track 'Macabre Cabaret', directed by Hal Sinden of Eulogy Media Ltd., was released on 20 November 2020.

My Dying Bride
My Dying Bride are an English doom metal band formed in Bradford. Since their inception in 1990, they have released 15 studio albums, five EPs, one demo, one box set, four compilation albums, one live album, and one live CD/DVD release.

Along with Anathema and Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride were a forerunner of the death doom metal and gothic metal genres during the early 1990s. These bands comprise "The Peaceville Three" as all were signed to Peaceville Records at the time.
Randwick Guineas
The Randwick Guineas is an Australian Turf Club Group One Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-olds, run at set weights over a distance of 1600 metres at Randwick Racecourse in Sydney, Australia in March as a part of the Sydney Autumn Carnival. Total prize money for the race is A$1 million.

Australian Turf Club
Australian Turf Club (ATC) owns and operates thoroughbred racing, events and hospitality venues across Sydney, Australia. The ATC came into being on 7 February 2011 when the Australian Jockey Club (AJC) and the Sydney Turf Club (STC) merged. The ATC primarily operates out of their offices at Randwick Racecourse and employs approximately 270 full-time staff and over 1,000 casual staff across the five venues. The venues include Randwick, Rosehill Gardens, Canterbury Park, Warwick Farm and the Rosehill Bowling Club.
Anthony Drmic
Anthony Drmic (born 25 February 1992) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Tasmania JackJumpers of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for the Boise State Broncos and is their second all-time leading scorer. He led Boise State to two NCAA Tournaments during his 5 years with the Broncos. While he has represented the Australian under-19 team, he also holds a Croatian passport.

Boise State Broncos men's basketball
The Boise State Broncos men's basketball team represents Boise State University in the Mountain West Conference. The Broncos are led by head coach Leon Rice, hired in March 2010, and play their home games on campus at ExtraMile Arena in Boise, Idaho.  BSU's most recent appearance in the NCAA tournament was in 2024.
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon
Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon [1976] EWCA Civ 4 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. It holds that the divide between a statement of opinion and fact becomes more factual if one holds himself out as having expert knowledge.

Misrepresentation
In common law jurisdictions, a misrepresentation is a false or misleading statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party to enter into a contract. The misled party may normally rescind the contract, and sometimes may be awarded damages as well (or instead of rescission).

The law of misrepresentation is an amalgam of contract and tort; and its sources are common law, equity and statute. In England and Wales, the common law was amended by the Misrepresentation Act 1967. The general principle of misrepresentation has been adopted by the United States and other former British colonies, e.g. India.
Hillcrest High School (Idaho)
Hillcrest High School is a four-year public high school in Ammon, Idaho, east of Idaho Falls. Opened in 1992, it was the second high school in the Bonneville School District. The school mascot is the Knight and the colors are red, black, and white. Hillcrest competed in IHSAA Class 5A for athletics until 2018, then competed in 4A until the IHSAA changed classifications for the 2024/2025 school year. They now compete at the Class 5A level. The principal is Tyrell Salsbery.

Ammon, Idaho
Ammon is a suburb city in Bonneville County, Idaho, United States. As of the 2010 US Census, the population of Ammon was 13,816.  By the 2020 census, Ammon's population had grown to 17,694. It lies directly to the east of Idaho Falls and to the west of the Ammon foothills, and is the second most populous city in the Idaho Falls metropolitan area.

As of 2020, Ammon is the 15th most populous city in Idaho. It was one of the state's fastest growing cities from 2000 to 2010, experiencing a 123.3% growth rate based on the 2010 US Census.
New Paltz (village), New York
The Village of New Paltz is a village in Ulster County located in the U.S. state of New York. It is approximately 80 miles (130 km) north of New York City and 70 miles (110 km) south of Albany. The population was 7,324 at the 2020 census.

New Paltz is located within the Town of New Paltz. It is also home to the State University of New York at New Paltz, founded in 1828. The town is served by exit 18 on the New York State Thruway (I-87), as well as state routes 299, 32, and 208; it is also about 90 minutes from both New York City and Albany.

Huguenot Street Historic District
The Huguenot Street Historic District is located in New Paltz, New York, approximately 90 miles (140 km) north of New York City. The seven stone houses and several accompanying structures in the 10-acre National Landmark were likely built in the early 18th century by Huguenot settlers fleeing discrimination and religious persecution in France and modern-day southern Belgium. After negotiating with the Esopus Indians, this small group of Huguenots settled on a flat rise on the banks of the Wallkill River in 1678. The settlers named the site in honor of Die Pfalz, the region of present-day Germany that had provided them temporary refuge before they came to America.

Archaeological finds indicate that the immediate area settled by the Huguenots was occupied by Native Americans prior to European contact. The site is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the United States.