hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the direct election of United States senators in each state. The amendment supersedes Article I, Section 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were appointed by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held.

The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and became part of the Constitution upon ratification by three-quarters (36) of the state legislatures: on April 8, 1913. Sitting senators were not affected until their existing terms expired. The transition began with two special elections in Georgia and in Maryland, then in earnest with the November 1914 election; it was complete on March 4, 1919, when the senators chosen by the November 1918 election took office.

State legislature (United States)
In the United States,  the state legislature is the legislative branch in each of the 50 U.S. states.

A legislature generally performs state duties for a state in the same way that the United States Congress performs national duties at the national level. Generally, the same system of checks and balances that exists at the federal level also exists between the state legislature,  the state executive officer (governor) and the state judiciary.

In 27 states, the legislature is called the legislature or the state legislature, while in 19 states the legislature is called the general assembly. In Massachusetts and New Hampshire, the legislature is called the general court, while North Dakota and Oregon designate the legislature the legislative assembly.
Ottoman Liberal People's Party
Ottoman Liberal People's Party (Ottoman Turkish: حریت‌ پرور آوام فرقه‌ سی, romanized: Hürriyetperver Avam Fırkası, lit. 'Libertarian People's Party') was a political party founded during the Armistice period under the leadership of Ali Fethi Bey by state officials and politicians who resigned from the Union and Progress Party following its 1918 congress. Mustafa Kemal Pasha was one of its prominent supporters.

Fethi Okyar
Ali Fethi Okyar (29 April 1880 – 7 May 1943) was a Turkish diplomat and politician, who also served as a military officer and diplomat during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire. He was also the second Prime Minister of Turkey (1924–1925) and the second Speaker of the Turkish Parliament after Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Sherri Stoner
Sherri Lynn Stoner (born July 16, 1959) is an American actress, animation executive, and writer. She also voiced Slappy Squirrel in the children's television series Animaniacs and for one short segment in its revival.

Animaniacs (2020 TV series)
Animaniacs is an American animated comedy musical television series developed by Wellesley Wild and produced by Warner Bros. Animation for Hulu. A revival of the 1993 TV series Animaniacs created by Tom Ruegger, the new series sees the return of the Warner siblings, Yakko, Wakko, and Dot (voiced respectively by their original voice actors, Rob Paulsen, Jess Harnell, and Tress MacNeille), and Pinky and the Brain (voiced by their respective original voice actors Paulsen and Maurice LaMarche).

The series was first announced in January 2018 with a two-season order and Amblin Television and Warner Bros. Animation producing; the series debuted on Hulu on November 20, 2020. The second season debuted on November 5, 2021.  The third and final season was released on February 17, 2023.
Internationaler Fernschachbund
The Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB) was an international correspondence chess organisation, founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1939. It was superseded in 1945 by the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA) and after a restructuring in 1951 adopted the name of the International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF).

International Correspondence Chess Federation
International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) was founded on 26 March 1951 as a new appearance of the International Correspondence Chess Association (ICCA), which was founded in 1945, as successor of the Internationaler Fernschachbund (IFSB), founded on 2 December 1928.

The current president is Eric Ruch, while the first president was Jean-Louis Ormond.
Francis Marion Smith
Francis Marion Smith (February 2, 1846 – August 27, 1931) was an American miner, business magnate and civic builder in the Mojave Desert, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Oakland, California. He was known nationally and internationally as "Borax Smith" and "The Borax King", as his company produced the popular 20-Mule-Team Borax brand of household cleaner.

Frank Smith created the Key System, an interurban private transit system, which operated in Oakland and the East Bay with a terminus in the San Francisco Transbay Terminal.

Twenty-mule team
Twenty-mule teams were teams of eighteen mules and two horses attached to large wagons that transported borax out of Death Valley from 1883 to 1898. They traveled from mines across the Mojave Desert to the nearest railroad spur, 165 miles (266 km) away in Mojave. The routes were from the Harmony and Amargosa Borax Works to Daggett, California, and later Mojave, California. After Harmony and Amargosa shut down in 1888, the mule team's route was moved to the mines at Borate, 3 miles (5 km) east of Calico, back to Daggett. There they worked from 1891 until 1898 when they were replaced by the Borate and Daggett Railroad.

The wagons were among the largest ever pulled by draft animals, designed to carry 10 short tons (9 metric tons) of borax ore at a time.
Caliphate (podcast)
Caliphate is a narrative podcast published by The New York Times in 2018 which covers the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). It was hosted by reporter Rukmini Callimachi.
The central figure of the podcast was Pakistani-Canadian Shehroze Chaudhry (using the name "Abu Huzaifa al-Kanadi"), who described in detail atrocities he claimed to have committed in Syria for ISIL. Concerns were raised that his story was a fabrication or a grave misrepresentation, and in 2020 Chaudhry was arrested by the  Royal Canadian Mounted Police's O Division Integrated National Security Enforcement Team (OINSET) for lying about participating in terrorist activities. Following his arrest, The New York Times admitted to a severe editorial failing and retracted Chaudry's story.

Rukmini Callimachi
Rukmini Maria Callimachi (born Sichitiu on 25 June 1973) is a Romanian-born American journalist. She currently works for The New York Times. She had been a Pulitzer Prize finalist four times. She hosted the New York Times podcast Caliphate, which won a Peabody Award, but the Times returned the award after an investigation cast doubt on a significant portion of the podcast.
Zhong'anlun Monument
Zhong'anlun Monument (Chinese: 中安轮遇难烈士纪念馆) is a memorial monument dedicated to the victims of the Yangtze ferry disaster that occurred in October 1945, during the Chinese Civil War. Opened in October 1987, it is located in the Taixing Park on the north side of Taixing City in Taizhou, Jiangsu province.

Taixing
Taixing (simplified Chinese: 泰兴; traditional Chinese: 泰興; pinyin: Tàixīng) is a county-level city under the administration of Taizhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is located in the Yangtze River Delta, bordering the prefecture-level cities of Nantong to the east, Changzhou to the southwest, and Zhenjiang to the west.
Gakushūin
The Gakushūin (学習院), or Gakushuin School Corporation (学校法人学習院, Gakkō Hōjin Gakushūin), historically known as the Peers' School, is a Japanese educational institution in Tokyo, originally established as Gakushūjo (学習所) to educate the children of Japan's nobility. The original school expanded from its original mandate of educating the social elite and has since become a network of institutions which encompasses preschool through tertiary-level education.

Kazoku
The Kazoku (華族, "Magnificent/Exalted lineage"; IPA: [ka̠zo̞kɯ̟]) was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan, which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords (daimyō) and court nobles (kuge) into one system modelled after the British peerage. Distinguished military officers, politicians, and scholars were occasionally ennobled as (新華族, shin kazoku, 'the newly ennobled'), until the country's defeat in the Second World War in 1945. The system was abolished with the 1947 constitution, which prohibited any form of aristocracy under it, but kazoku descendants still form the core of the traditional upper class in the country's society, distinct from the nouveau riche.

Kazoku (華族) should not be confused with kazoku (家族), which is pronounced the same in Japanese, but written with a different first character, meaning "immediate family" (as in the film Kazoku above).
PZL-Świdnik
PZL-Świdnik S.A. (Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego PZL-Świdnik S.A.) is the biggest helicopter manufacturer in Poland. Its main products are PZL W-3 Sokół and PZL SW-4 Puszczyk helicopters.  In early 2010 the factory was acquired by AgustaWestland, today Leonardo.

AgustaWestland
AgustaWestland was an Anglo-Italian helicopter design and manufacturing company, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Finmeccanica (now known as Leonardo). It was formed in July 2000 as an Anglo-Italian multinational company, when Finmeccanica and GKN merged their respective helicopter subsidiaries (Agusta and Westland Helicopters) to form AgustaWestland, with each holding a 50% share. Finmeccanica acquired GKN's stake in AgustaWestland in 2004.

In 2016, AgustaWestland was merged into Leonardo S.p.A. (formerly Finmeccanica), where it became the company's helicopters division under the Leonardo Helicopters brand.
Allan McLane Hamilton
Allan McLane Hamilton  FRSE (October 6, 1848 – November 23, 1919) was an American psychiatrist, specializing in suicide and the impact of accidents and trauma upon mental health, and in criminal insanity, appearing at several trials.

He was a founder of the New York Psychiatrical Society. He was a Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell Medical College in New York. He was the grandson of Louis McLane on his mother's side and Alexander Hamilton on his father's side, and in 1910, he wrote The Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, a biography of his grandfather.

Weill Cornell Medicine
Weill Cornell Medicine (/waɪl/; officially Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University), originally Cornell University Medical College, is the medical school of Cornell University, located on the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States.

The school and its associated research organization is affiliated with several hospitals and medical centers, including NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and Rockefeller University, all of which are located on or near York Avenue and Sutton Place. Since 2004, Weill Cornell has also been affiliated with Houston Methodist Hospital.

In 1991, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Rockefeller University joined Weill Cornell to establish the Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program. In 2001, the school opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, a medical school in Qatar.
K·p perturbation theory
In solid-state physics, the k·p perturbation theory is an approximated semi-empirical approach for calculating the band structure (particularly effective mass) and optical properties of crystalline solids. It is pronounced "k dot p", and is also called the k·p method. This theory has been applied specifically in the framework of the Luttinger–Kohn model (after Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger and Walter Kohn), and of the Kane model (after Evan O. Kane).

Electronic band structure
In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of energy that they may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).

Band theory derives these bands and band gaps by examining the allowed quantum mechanical wave functions for an electron in a large, periodic lattice of atoms or molecules. Band theory has been successfully used to explain many physical properties of solids, such as electrical resistivity and optical absorption, and forms the foundation of the understanding of all solid-state devices (transistors, solar cells, etc.).
Narayana Guru
Sree Narayana Guru (IPA: [nɑːrɑːjɐɳɐ guˈru]) (20 August 1856 – 20 September 1928) was a philosopher, spiritual leader and social reformer in India. He led a reform movement against the injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality. A quote of his that defined his movement was "one caste, one religion, and one god for all human beings". He is the author of the Advaita poem Daiva Dasakam, which is one of the most used poem in Kerala for community prayer.

French philosopher and Nobel prize laureate for literature, Romain Rolland described Narayana guru as 'Jnani of Karma', noting that he exemplified how faith could be used to bring about social change.

Bodhananda
Bodhananda (1883–1928) was an Indian Hindu philosopher. He was born in Thrissur of Kerala. He was the disciple and the nominated successor of his guru, called Narayana Guru, though both died only days apart.
Hal Furman
Harold Warren Furman II, "Hal" (born June 2, 1955) is an American businessman and a former U.S. government official. He co-founded and serves as the chairman and managing director of The Furman Group, a water infrastructure consulting firm based in Washington, D.C.

In 1994, Furman ran for the United States Senate from Nevada. While he won the crowded Republican primary, he lost the general election to the incumbent Senator, Richard Bryan.

1994 United States Senate election in Nevada
The 1994 United States Senate election in Nevada was held November 8, 1994. Incumbent Democrat Richard Bryan won re-election to a second term. This was the last time a Democrat won Nevada's Class 1 Senate Seat until Jacky Rosen was elected to it in 2018.
Saint Arsenije Sremac Serbian Orthodox Church
Saint Arsenije Sremac Serbian Orthodox Church (Serbian: Српска православна црква Светог Арсенија Сремца, romanized: Srpska pravoslavna crkva Svetog Arsenija Sremca) is an Eastern Orthodox church located in Whitby, Ontario, Canada.
It is under jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada of the Serbian Orthodox Church and is dedicated to Saint Arsenije Sremac, the second Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church and a disciple of Saint Sava. It contains one parish which reaches the far east parts of the Greater Toronto Area: Scarborough, Pickering, Ajax, Whitby, Oshawa, Clarington, Peterborough, Cobourg, Belleville up to and including Kingston. The church is registered by the Town of Whitby and the Ontario Heritage Trust as a heritage building.

Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada
The Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Canada (Serbian: Српска православна епархија канадска, romanized: Srpska pravoslavna eparhija kanadska) is a diocese (eparchy) of the Serbian Orthodox Church, covering Canada.
Nathan Fake
Nathan Fake (born 1983) is an English electronic musician from Necton, Norfolk. He first gained attention through releases on James Holden's Border Community label, particularly the single "The Sky Was Pink" (2004), whose remix by Holden proved influential and attracted sustained attention over two years. Fake has released seven studio albums across four labels—Border Community, Ninja Tune, his own Cambria Instruments, and InFiné—and has remixed artists including Radiohead, Jon Hopkins, and Sasha. He co-founded Cambria Instruments with Wesley Matsell in 2014. His work has been generally well received by critics, with his debut Drowning in a Sea of Love (2006) his most acclaimed release.

Ninja Tune
Ninja Tune is an independent record label based in London, with a satellite office in Los Angeles. It was founded in 1990 by musicians Matt Black and Jonathan More, known collectively as Coldcut. The label was established as an outlet for Coldcut to explore a style distinct from that of the mainstream music industry.
UMMC Ekaterinburg
BC UMMC Ekaterinburg (Russian: БК «УГМК») is a Russian professional women's basketball team based in Yekaterinburg competing in the Russian Premier League, and until February 2022 in FIBA Europe's EuroLeague Women. Founded in 1938 as Zenit Sverdlovsk, the club had its name changed to Uralmash Sverdlovsk in 1960.

In reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, in February 2022 EuroLeague Women suspended all Russian clubs including UMMC.

Russian Women's Basketball Premier League
The Russian Women's Basketball Premier League (officially named FONBET Premier League for sponsoring reasons) is the premier women's basketball competition in Russia. The category consists of 11 teams playing a total of 20 rounds. At the end of the regular season the top eight teams play the play-offs throughout April, ending in a 5 matches final.

UMMC Ekaterinburg is the most successful team in the championship with 18 titles, including a record 13-year winning streak. Defunct team CSKA Moscow, later relocated to Samara as VBM-SGAU Samara (9), Dynamo Moscow (4) and Spartak Moscow Region (2) follow in the palmares. Thanks to large number of foreign players, WBPL teams have been successful in the Euroleague since the 2000s, with Spartak Moscow Region winning 4 titles in a row (a competition record since 1976), UMMC Ekaterinburg winning 6 titles, and VBM-SGAU Samara and Dynamo Kursk one each.
Miss Lucy had a baby
"Miss Lucy had a baby...", also known by various other names, is an American schoolyard rhyme.  Originally used as a jump-rope chant, it is now more often sung alone or as part of a clapping game.  It has many variations, possibly originating from it, or from its predecessors.

The song is often combined or confused with the similar but cruder "Miss Susie had a steamboat", which uses the same tune and was also used as a jump-rope game.

Bang Bang Lulu
"Bang Bang Lulu" is a traditional American song with many variations. It derives from older songs most commonly known as "Bang Bang Rosie" in Ireland, "Bang Away Lulu" in Appalachia, and "My Lula Gal" in the West. The form "Bang Bang Lulu" became widespread in the United States from its use as a cadence during the World Wars. The song uses the tune of "Goodnight, Ladies".
Roslyn L. Schulte
Roslyn Littman "Roz" Schulte  (March 18, 1984 – May 20, 2009) was a United States Air Force officer killed in action in the U.S. war in Afghanistan, making her the first female United States Air Force Academy graduate to be killed by enemy action and the second female graduate killed in action. She was posthumously awarded the National Intelligence Medal for Valor and the Hawaii Medal of Honor.

National Intelligence Medal for Valor
The National Intelligence Medal for Valor (created as the Intelligence Community Medal for Valor) is a decoration of the United States Intelligence Community awarded by the National Intelligence Awards Program led by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

The Director of National Intelligence established the Intelligence Community Medal for Valor on 1 October 2008 to "acknowledge the exceptional and unrecognized accomplishments of members of the Intelligence Community." In 2009, the award was renamed the National Intelligence Medal for Valor.
Gerolamo Ragazzoni
Gerolamo Ragazzoni or Gerolamo Regazzoni (1537 – 5 March 1592) was an Italian Renaissance humanist and Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Bergamo (1577–1592), Apostolic Nuncio to France (1583–1586), Bishop of Novara (1576–1577), Apostolic Administrator of Kisamos (1572–1576), Coadjutor Bishop of Famagusta (1561), and Titular Bishop of Nazianzus (1561).

Diocese of Famagusta
The Diocese of Famagusta (Latin: Dioecesis Famagustanus) was a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church. Its episcopal see was the city of Famagusta, on the island of Cyprus during crusader rule, and is now a Latin Catholic titular see.
Waterland
Waterland (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʋaːtərlɑnt] ⓘ) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is situated north of Amsterdam, on the western shore of the Markermeer. It includes the tourist towns of Broek in Waterland and Marken.

Broek in Waterland
Broek in Waterland is a village in the province of North Holland, Netherlands, with a population of about 2,745 inhabitants as of 2021. It is a part of the municipality of Waterland, and is situated about 8 km (5 miles) south of Purmerend and 8 km (5 miles) northeast of Amsterdam.

In the 17th and 18th century, the village was a popular residence for merchants and seafarers from Amsterdam. Due to its monument status, much of its history has been preserved.
Love on a Two-Way Street
"Love on a Two-Way Street" is a soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968. The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine, an artist signed to All Platinum, the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband, Joe. The song was then recorded by The Moments, an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records, as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside, But on the Inside, Strong!. Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year, spending five weeks at number one on Billboard's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970. It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies.

Ray, Goodman & Brown
Ray, Goodman & Brown is an American R&B vocal group. The group originated as the Moments, who formed in the mid-1960s and whose greatest successes came in the 1970s with hits including "Love on a Two-Way Street", "Sexy Mama", and "Look at Me (I'm in Love)". In 1978, they changed their name to Ray, Goodman & Brown and had further hits, including "Special Lady".
Lee Murray (writer)
Lee Wei-Hahn Murray ONZM (born 1965) is a New Zealand science fiction, fantasy, and horror writer and editor. She is a third generation Chinese New Zealander who has written over forty works. She is a five-time winner of the Bram Stoker Award and a twelve-time winner of the Sir Julius Vogel Award. She is most noted for her Taine McKenna military thrillers, and supernatural crime-noir series The Path of Ra. In December 2024, Murray was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to literature, particularly speculative literature.

Sir Julius Vogel Award
The Sir Julius Vogel Awards are awarded each year at the New Zealand National Science Fiction Convention to recognise achievement in New Zealand science fiction, fantasy, horror, and science fiction fandom. They are commonly referred to as the Vogels.
Ekiti East
Ekiti East is a Local Government Area of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Omuo Ekiti. Ekiti East Local Government Area falls within the Southern Senatorial zone of Ekiti State otherwise known as Ekiti South Senatorial District alongside Ekiti South-West, Ikere, Emure, Ise/Orun and Gbonyin local government areas. Ekiti East Local Government Area also forms a Federal Constituency alongside Emure and Gbonyin Local Government Areas.

It has an area of 1,072 km2 and a population of 137,955 at the 2006 census. The local government area is bounded to the north by Kogi State, to the east by Ondo State, to the south by Gbonyin local government area, and to the west by Ikole Ekiti local government area.

The postal code of the area is 370.

Omuo
Omuo-Ekiti listenⓘis an ancient town in the eastern part of Ekiti State in western Nigeria, and the seat of the Ekiti-East local government. Being inside Yorubaland, its population and that of Ekiti State are mainly the Yoruba It is located on the border of the state of  Ondo.