hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sipser–Lautemann theorem
In computational complexity theory, the Sipser–Lautemann theorem or Sipser–Gács–Lautemann theorem states that bounded-error probabilistic polynomial (BPP) time is contained in the polynomial time hierarchy, and more specifically Σ2 ∩ Π2.

In 1983, Michael Sipser showed that BPP is contained in the polynomial time hierarchy. Péter Gács showed that BPP is actually contained in Σ2 ∩ Π2. Clemens Lautemann contributed by giving a simple proof of BPP’s membership in Σ2 ∩ Π2, also in 1983. It is conjectured that in fact BPP=P, which is a much stronger statement than the Sipser–Lautemann theorem.

Polynomial hierarchy
In computational complexity theory, the polynomial hierarchy (sometimes called the polynomial-time hierarchy) is a hierarchy of complexity classes that generalize the classes NP and co-NP. Each class in the hierarchy is contained within PSPACE. The hierarchy can be defined using oracle machines or alternating Turing machines. It is a resource-bounded counterpart to the arithmetical hierarchy and analytical hierarchy from mathematical logic. The union of the classes in the hierarchy is denoted PH.

Classes within the hierarchy have complete problems (with respect to polynomial-time reductions) that ask if quantified Boolean formulae hold, for formulae with restrictions on the quantifier order. It is known that equality between classes on the same level or consecutive levels in the hierarchy would imply a "collapse" of the hierarchy to that level.
Newcastle upon Tyne West
Newcastle upon Tyne West  was a parliamentary constituency in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1918 to 1983 which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Newcastle upon Tyne North
Newcastle upon Tyne North is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Catherine McKinnell of the Labour Party.

Under the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, effective from the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency underwent significant boundary changes, with only 41.3% of the previous seat being included in the redrawn one.
Clematis
Clematis is a genus of about 380 species within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners, beginning with Clematis 'Jackmanii', a garden staple since 1862. More cultivars are being produced constantly,  mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin.

Clematis recta
Clematis recta, the erect climaxis or ground virgins, is a species of Clematis unusual in that it is a free-standing shrub rather than a climbing plant.  Growing usually on the margins of woodland areas, it is native to Eastern, Southern and Mid Europe.
Jacob of Edessa
Jacob of Edessa or James of Edessa (Syriac: ܝܰܥܩܽܘܒ ܐܽܘܪܗܰܝܳܐ, romanized: Yaʿqub Urhāyā; c. 640 – 5 June 708) was a Syriac Orthodox bishop of Edessa, scholar, and translator. Renowned for his multilingual mastery, he made lasting contributions to biblical revision, canon law, grammar and liturgy, and played a key role in standardizing theological terminology. His synthesis of Greek and Syriac traditions shaped the development of Syriac Christianity and facilitated the transmission of Hellenistic thought into the Islamic world.

Mor Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, the late Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, ranked Jacob among the greatest Syriac Orthodox Fathers, alongside Ephrem the Syrian, Jacob Baradaeus, Philoxenus of Mabbug, Severus of Antioch, and Michael the Syrian.

Athanasius II Baldoyo
Athanasius II Baldoyo (Syriac: ܐܬܢܐܣܝܘܣ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܒܠܕܝܐ, Arabic: اثناسيوس الثاني البلدي), also known as Athanasius of Balad, and Athanasius of Nisibis, was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 684 until his death in 687.
Neal Brennan
Neal Brennan (born October 19, 1973) is an American comedian and podcaster. He is best known for co-creating and co-writing the Comedy Central series Chappelle's Show (2003–2006) with Dave Chappelle and for his Netflix stand-up comedy special 3 Mics (2017).

Chappelle's Show
Chappelle's Show is an American sketch comedy television series created by comedians Dave Chappelle and Neal Brennan. Chappelle hosted the show and starred in the majority of its sketches. Chappelle, Brennan, and Michele Armour were the show's executive producers. The series premiered on January 22, 2003, on the American cable television network Comedy Central. The show ran for two complete seasons. An abbreviated third season of three episodes aired in 2006, compiled of previously unreleased sketches.

After numerous delays, production of the third season of Chappelle's Show was abruptly ended when Chappelle left the series. Critically acclaimed throughout its run, the series often satirized and examined—through dark and racial humor—race, social stereotypes, masculinity, celebrity culture, and comedy itself. TV Guide included it on their list of "TV's Top 100 Shows" and it was placed 26th on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" ranking.
Dalian Hi-tech Zone
Dalian Hi-tech Zone (Chinese: 大连高新技术产业园区 or 大连高新区) or DHZ (variant officially used spellings include Dalian High-tech Zone) is an industrial district in the western suburbs of Dalian, Liaoning, China. It extends about 30 kilometres along Lüshun South Road and Guoshui Highway in Shahekou District and Lüshunkou District, where many  of the world's multinational technology companies have operations.

Lushun South Road
Lüshun South Road (Chinese: 旅顺南路) is one of the three highways connecting the Naval Port in Lüshunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning, China, with the city's downtown core. It is the last part of China National Highway 202, which runs from Hegang to Lüshun via Jiamusi, Tonghua and Dandong, and is about 32 kilometers long.
Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester
Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester (c. 1175 – 25 June 1218), known as Simon IV (or V) de Montfort and as Simon de Montfort the Elder, was a French nobleman and knight of the early 13th century. He is widely regarded as one of the great military commanders of the Middle Ages. He took part in the Fourth Crusade and was one of the prominent figures of the Albigensian Crusade. Montfort is mostly noted for his campaigns in the latter, notably for his battle at Muret. He died at the Siege of Toulouse in 1218. He was Lord of Montfort from 1188 to his death and Earl of Leicester in England from 1204. He was also Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne from 1213, as well as Count of Toulouse from 1215.

Count of Toulouse
The count of Toulouse  (Occitan: comte de Tolosa, French: comte de Toulouse) was the ruler of Toulouse during the 8th to 13th centuries. Originating as vassals of the Frankish kings, 
the hereditary counts ruled the city of Toulouse and its surrounding county from the late 9th century until 1270.  The counts and other family members were also at various times counts of Quercy, Rouergue, Albi, and Nîmes, and sometimes margraves (military defenders of the Holy Roman Empire) of Septimania and Provence.   
Count Raymond IV founded the Crusader state of Tripoli, and his descendants were also counts there.
They reached the zenith of their power during  the 11th and 12th centuries, but after the Albigensian Crusade the county fell to the kingdom of France, nominally in 1229 and de facto in 1271.

Later the title was revived for Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse, a bastard of Louis XIV (1678–1737).
Jordan Lloyd
Jordan Hailie Lloyd (born November 21, 1986) is an American reality television participant, and the winner of the 11th season of Big Brother.  Lloyd has also participated in reality shows including The Amazing Race 16, Big Brother 13, and Marriage Boot Camp.

Big Brother 13 (American season)
Big Brother 13 is the thirteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother. The season premiered on July 7, 2011, broadcast on CBS, and ended with a 90-minute season finale on September 14, 2011, after 75 days of competition. Julie Chen returned as host. Season 12 HouseGuest Rachel Reilly was crowned the winner, defeating Porsche Briggs in a 4-3 jury vote. For the second time, Jeff Schroeder, from Big Brother 11, was voted as the season's America's Favorite HouseGuest.
Swedish offensive into Prussia (1659)
The Swedish offensive into Prussia occurred from February to March 1659 during the Dano-Swedish War (1658–1660). It started when a Swedish force of 4,000 or 4,300 men under the command of Paul Würtz and Adolph John I entered Ducal Prussia, capturing several cities. The offensive was initially successful, but the gains were retaken after its end and did not lead to any lasting gains for the Swedes.

Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg
Adolph John I (German: Adolf Johann I.; Swedish: Adolf Johan; 11 October 1629 – 14 October 1689) was Count Palatine of Kleeburg from 1654 until 1689 and was considered Prince of Sweden until 1660. He was the younger brother of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
Extraembryonic tissue
Extraembryonic tissue includes the four extraembryonic membranes which assist in the development of the animal embryo. The membranes occur in a range of animals from mammals to insects. The tissue originates from the zygote, but is not considered part of the embryo.  The membranes typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange and waste removal. In humans and other mammals they are more usually known as the fetal membranes.

Fetal membranes
The fetal membranes are the four extraembryonic membranes associated with the developing embryo and fetus in humans and other mammals. They are the amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac. The amnion and the chorion are the chorioamniotic membranes that make up the amniotic sac, which surrounds and protects the embryo. The fetal membranes are four of six accessory organs developed by the conceptus that are not part of the embryo itself; the other two are the placenta and the umbilical cord.
Cast a Giant Shadow
Cast a Giant Shadow is a 1966 American action film based on the life of Colonel Mickey Marcus, and stars Kirk Douglas, Senta Berger, Yul Brynner, John Wayne, Frank Sinatra and Angie Dickinson. Melville Shavelson adapted, produced and directed. The film is a fictionalized account of the experiences of a real-life Jewish-American military officer, Colonel David "Mickey" Marcus, who commanded units of the fledgling Israel Defense Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Melville Shavelson
Melville Shavelson (April 1, 1917 – August 8, 2007) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author.  He was President of the Writers Guild of America, West (WGAw) from 1969 to 1971, 1979 to 1981, and 1985 to 1987.
Healey, North Yorkshire
Healey is a small village and civil parish in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in the valley of the River Burn, to the immediate west of Fearby. It is about three miles west of Masham in the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. There are several holiday cottages and four Grade II Listed buildings, one of which is Healey Mill, a former corn mill.

The civil parish includes Leighton Reservoir, the hamlet of Leighton, the hamlet of Gollinglith Foot in the lower part of Colsterdale and a large area of Masham Moor, a grouse moor, rising to the summit of Great Haw, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) from the village at the western extremity of the parish.  The population of the parish was estimated at 100 in 2013.

Masham
Masham (/ˈmæsəm/ MASS-əm) is a market town and civil parish in North Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 1,205 at the 2011 census.

The town is located 34 miles (55 km) northwest of York and was in the former Harrogate district. It is situated in the lower Wensleydale, on the western bank of the River Ure, just north of its confluence with the River Burn.
Belgrade Fashion Week
Belgrade Fashion Week is a fashion show held in Belgrade, Serbia twice a year. It is the largest event of its kind in the country. Attracting international buyers and industry experts, the show has helped launch the careers of several Serbian fashion designers, such as George Styler, Ivana Pilja, Ana Ljubinkovic, and Boris Nikolic. British designer Roksanda Ilincic, who is originally from Serbia, has regularly presented her collections at the show since 2002. Italian Vogue has called the festival "... the most interesting platform in the Balkans for designers and international buyers".

Boris Nikolić
Boris Nikolić (Serbian Cyrillic: Борис Николић; 1974–2008) was a Serbian fashion designer. In his ten-year career, he became a respected and award-winning designer in Serbia. He was known for combining contrasting elements and using striped motifs, as well as for employing unusual titles for his collections.
Finnish National Opera and Ballet
The Finnish National Opera and Ballet (Finnish: Suomen Kansallisooppera ja -baletti; Swedish: Finlands Nationalopera och -balett) is a Finnish opera company and ballet company based in Helsinki. It is headquartered in the Opera House on the coast of the Töölönlahti bay in Töölö, which opened in 1993, and is state-owned through Senate Properties. The Opera House features two auditoriums, the main auditorium with 1,350, seats and a smaller studio auditorium with 300–500 seats.

Töölö
Töölö (Finnish: [ˈtøːlø]; Swedish: Tölö, formerly spelled Thölö) is the collective name for the neighbourhoods Etu-Töölö (Swedish: Främre Tölö, lit. 'Front Töölö') and Taka-Töölö (Swedish: Bortre Tölö, lit. 'Rear Töölö') in Helsinki, Finland. The neighbourhoods are located next to the city centre, occupying the western side of the Helsinki Peninsula.

Etu-Töölö, the southern neighbourhood, borders Kamppi and is the location of the Finnish Parliament House. Taka-Töölö, the northern neighbourhood, borders Meilahti and Laakso, and is the location of the Helsinki University Central Hospital. Contrary to popular belief, Töölö is no longer an official name of any district or neighbourhood in Helsinki; in 1959 Töölö was divided into Etu-Töölö and Taka-Töölö.
German occupation of Lithuania during World War II
The military occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany lasted from the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 to the end of the Battle of Memel on 28 January 1945. At first, the Germans were welcomed as liberators from the repressive Soviet regime which had occupied Lithuania. In hopes of re-establishing independence or regaining some autonomy, Lithuanians organized a Provisional Government that lasted six weeks.

Provisional Government of Lithuania
The Provisional Government of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Laikinoji Vyriausybė) was an attempted provisional government to form an independent Lithuanian state in the last days of the first Soviet occupation and the first weeks of the German occupation of Lithuania during World War II in 1941.

It was secretly formed on 22 April 1941, announced on 23 June 1941, and dissolved on 5 August 1941. It was formed by members of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) in Kaunas and Vilnius.
1899 United States Senate election in New York
The 1899 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 17, 1899. Incumbent Democratic Senator Edward Murphy Jr. stood for re-election to a second term but was defeated by Republican Chauncey Depew. Republicans had maintained control of both houses of the legislature in the 1898 New York state election.

Chauncey Depew
Chauncey Mitchell Depew (April 23, 1834 – April 5, 1928) was an American attorney, businessman, and Republican politician. He is best remembered for his two terms as United States Senator from New York and for his work for Cornelius Vanderbilt, as an attorney and as president of the New York Central Railroad System.
Erastus B. Wolcott
Erastus Bradley Wolcott (October 18, 1804 – January 5, 1880) was an American physician, surgeon, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was surgeon general of Wisconsin during the American Civil War, serving nearly 20 years, from 1861 until his death in 1880.  He was also known for being the first physician to excise a Human kidney.  In contemporaneous documents, his name was often abbreviated as E. B. Wolcott.

Nephrectomy
A nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney, performed to treat a number of kidney diseases including kidney cancer. It is also done to remove a normal healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor, which is part of a kidney transplant procedure.
Cameroon Cricket Federation
The Cameroon Cricket Federation  (French: Fédération camerounaise de cricket; FECACRICKET) is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Cameroon since 15 February 2005 and operates Cameroon national cricket teams. Cameroon Cricket Federation is Cameroon's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an affiliate member and has been a member of that body since 2007. It is also a member of the Africa Cricket Association. In 2017, it became an associate member of the ICC.

Cameroon national cricket team
The Cameroon national cricket team is the men's team that represents Cameroon in international cricket. The team is organised by the Cameroon Cricket Federation, which gained affiliate membership of the International Cricket Council (ICC) on 29 June 2007 and became an associate member in 2017. However, the national side did not make its debut until 2011, when it played in the 2011 Africa Division Three tournament in Ghana.

In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Cameroon and other ICC members since 1 January 2019 have the full T20I status.
Niels Schneider
Niels Schneider (French: [nils ʃnɛdɛʁ]; born 18 June 1987) is a French-Canadian actor. He had his breakthrough role in Xavier Dolan's film I Killed My Mother (2009), and gained international recognition in Dolan's Heartbeats (2010). In 2011, he won the Trophée Chopard Award for Male Revelation of the Year at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2017, he won the César Award for Most Promising Actor for his performance in Dark Inclusion (2016). In 2019, he was named a Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters in France. He has been living and working based in Paris for most of his career.

César Award for Best Male Revelation
The César Award for Best Male Revelation (French: César de la meilleure révélation masculine) is one of the César Awards, presented annually by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma to recognize the outstanding breakthrough performance of a young actor who has worked within the French film industry during the year preceding the ceremony. Nominees and winner are selected via a run-off voting by all the members of the Académie, within a group of 16 actors previously shortlisted by the Révélations Committee.

It was presented as the César du meilleur jeune espoir masculin from 1983 to 2004 and the César du meilleur espoir masculin from 2005 to 2023. In English, the award was variously referred to as Most Promising Actor or Best Male Newcomer.
Emilio Palacios
Emilio José Palacios Luna (born 8 October 1982) is a Nicaraguan former footballer who played for Diriangén in the Primera División de Nicaragua.

Palacios is Nicaragua's all-time national team record goalscorer with 11 goals.

Diriangén FC
Cacique Diriangén Fútbol club is a Nicaraguan professional football club based in Diriamba which competes in Nicaraguan Premier Division (Primera Division). It is one of the oldest clubs in not only Nicaragua but also in Central America.
Trelawne
Trelawne (Cornish: Trevelowen, meaning elm-tree homestead) is an historic manor in the parish of Pelynt in Cornwall, England, situated 20 miles (32 km) west of Plymouth, Devon and four miles (6.4 km) west-northwest of Looe, Cornwall. It was long the seat of the Trelawny family, later Trelawny baronets, one of the most eminent of Cornish gentry families, much of whose political power derived from their control of the pocket borough of nearby East Looe. The surviving grade II* listed manor house known as Trelawne House is today used for holiday accommodation and entertainment, under the name "Trelawne Manor Holiday Park".

East Looe (UK Parliament constituency)
East Looe was a parliamentary borough represented in the House of Commons of England from 1571 to 1707, in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1801 until its abolition in 1832. It elected two Members of Parliament (MP) by the bloc vote system of election. It was disenfranchised in the Reform Act 1832.
Secret Six (Chicago)
The Secret Six, officially known as the Crime Prevention and Punishment Committee of the Chicago Association of Commerce (CAC), was a well-funded and powerful vigilante enterprise established by the Association (now the Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce) in February 1930. The group inspired a movie by the same name, was credited by Al Capone for his downfall, helped launch Eliot Ness and his Untouchables, and briefly served as a model for vigilante organizations across America. The Secret Six investigated dozens of bombings, kidnappings, extortion cases, bank robberies, and other crimes, solving some of them and winning nationwide fame. However, after a series of mistakes and scandals, including accusations of bigamy, recklessness, and other improprieties against its agents, and a widely-publicized false-arrest lawsuit, the organization folded in January 1933.

The Secret Six
The Secret Six is a 1931 American pre-Code crime film starring Wallace Beery as "Slaughterhouse Scorpio", a character very loosely based on Al Capone, and featuring Lewis Stone, John Mack Brown, Jean Harlow, Clark Gable, Marjorie Rambeau and Ralph Bellamy.  The film was written by Frances Marion and directed by George W. Hill for MGM.
Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Raz
Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Raz is a Bangladeshi television and film director and screenwriter. He is best known for his directorial debut, Projapoti (2011), which was produced by Enayetur Rahman Bappy under the banner of NTV Production House. The film won three National Film Awards for Best Music Director, Best Lyricist & Best Singer (Female) and also best known for his other films Chaya Chobi (2012), Taarkata (2014) and Samraat (2016). He is also well known for being an assistant director under the film and TV director Mostofa Sarwar Farooki.

Samraat: The King Is Here
Samraat: The King Is Here is a 2016 Bangladeshi Bengali-language action crime thriller film directed by Mohammad Mostafa Kamal Raz and produced by Tiger Media Limited in association with Orkee Production and CINEMAWALA. Shakib Khan played the titular role, a leader of Bangladeshi organised crime syndicate operating from Malaysia, with Apu Biswas, Indraneil Sengupta and Misha Sawdagor in lead roles. The film narrates the fall of two notorious underworld mafia leaders.

The film marked the 72nd film of Shakib Khan and Apu Biswas as a duo. The first look teaser of the film was released on 6 August 2015, and the official trailer was released on 27 June 2016. It was released in Bangladesh on 7 July 2016.