hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alain Boublil
Alain Boublil (born 5 March 1941) is a French national musical theatre lyricist and librettist, best known for his collaborations with the composer Claude-Michel Schönberg for musicals on Broadway and London's West End. These include La Révolution Française (1973), Les Misérables (1980), Miss Saigon (1989), Martin Guerre (1996), The Pirate Queen (2006), and Marguerite (2008).

Claude-Michel Schönberg
Claude-Michel Schönberg (born 6 July 1944, in Vannes) is a French record producer, actor, singer, songwriter, and musical theatre composer, best known for his collaborations with lyricist Alain Boublil. Major works include La Révolution Française (1973), Les Misérables (1980), Miss Saigon (1989), Martin Guerre (1996), The Pirate Queen (2006), and Marguerite (2008).
Yury Yurkun
Yury Ivanovich Yurkun (born Juozas Jurkūnas, Russian: Ю́рий Ива́нович Юрку́н; 17 September 1895 – 20 September 1938) was a Lithuanian-born Russian writer and painter, and lover of poet Mikhail Kuzmin. Described as an "esthete who drew in the style of Jacques Vaché", Yurkun is considered the first Russian surrealist writer.

Mikhail Kuzmin
Mikhail Alekseevich Kuzmin (Russian: Михаи́л Алексе́евич Кузми́н) (October 18 [O.S. October 6] 1872 – March 1, 1936) was a Russian poet, musician and novelist, as well as a prominent contributor to the Silver Age of Russian Poetry.
List comprehension
A list comprehension is a syntactic construct available in some programming languages for creating a list based on existing lists. It follows the form of the mathematical set-builder notation (set comprehension) as distinct from the use of map and filter functions.

Map (higher-order function)
In many programming languages, map is a higher-order function that applies a given function to each element of a collection, e.g. a list or set, returning the results in a collection of the same type.  It is often called apply-to-all when considered in functional form.

The concept of a map is not limited to lists: it works for sequential containers, tree-like containers, or even abstract containers such as futures and promises.
Block reflector
"A block reflector is an orthogonal, symmetric matrix that reverses a subspace whose dimension may be greater than one."

It is built out of many elementary reflectors.

It is also referred to as a triangular factor, and is a triangular matrix and they are used in the Householder transformation.

A reflector  belonging to  can be written in the form :
 where  is the identity matrix for ,  is a scalar and  belongs to  .

Householder transformation
In linear algebra, a Householder transformation (also known as a Householder reflection or elementary reflector) is a linear transformation that describes a reflection about a plane or hyperplane containing the origin. The Householder transformation was used in a 1958 paper by Alston Scott Householder.
Ho Hon
Ho Hon (Korean: 허헌; 22 July 1885 – 16 August 1951) was a Korean independence activist and politician of the Japanese colonial period and early years of North Korea. As a lawyer, he defended independence activists along with Lee In and Kim Byong-ro. In September 1948, following the official proclamation on the establishment of North Korea in the northern part of the Korean peninsula, he was elected a delegate to the first convocation of the Supreme People's Assembly, the unicameral parliament of North Korea. He also served as the President of Kim Il Sung University. While working as a reunification activist, he drowned in the Chongchon River in August 1951. He was also the father of Ho Jong-suk, a female activist and a politician in North Korea.

Ho Jong-suk
Ho Jong-suk (Korean: 허정숙; 16 July 1908 – 5 June 1991) was a prominent female figure in the Communist Party of Korea and in the sexual liberation movement of Korea under Japanese rule. From 1948, she served multiple offices in North Korea, including the Minister of Health and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of North Korea.
Nottingham London Road railway station
Nottingham London Road railway station was a complex of two railway stations which served the city of Nottingham in England. The low level station was opened by the Great Northern Railway on London Road in 1857, and closed to passengers on 22 May 1944. The site continued to be used for goods, and later parcels, until its complete closure to rail traffic in 1988. The high level station was opened in 1900 in order to serve trains coming to and from the then-new Nottingham Victoria railway station. It was closed in 1967 and subsequently demolished in 2006.

Nottingham Victoria railway station
Nottingham Victoria was a Great Central Railway and Great Northern Railway railway station in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. It was designed by the architect Albert Edward Lambert, who also designed the rebuild of Nottingham Midland station.

It was opened by the Nottingham Joint Station Committee on 24 May 1900 and closed on 4 September 1967 by the London Midland Region of British Railways. The station building was entirely demolished, except for the clock tower; the Victoria Centre shopping centre was built on the site, incorporating the old station clock tower into the main entrance on Milton Street (the continuation of Mansfield Road).
Walter A. Brown
Walter Augustine Brown (February 10, 1905 – September 7, 1964) was an American sports executive. He was the founder and original owner of the Boston Celtics, operated the Boston Garden-Arena Corporation, and served as president of the Boston Athletic Association. In ice hockey, he coached the Boston Olympics to five Eastern Hockey League championships, owned the Boston Bruins, and served as president of the International Ice Hockey Federation. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962, the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1965, and IIHF Hall of Fame in 1997.

Boston Garden-Arena Corporation
The Boston Garden-Arena Corporation was an American corporation that oversaw the operations of the Boston Garden from 1934 to 1973. It was formed when the Boston Arena Corporation gained control of the Boston Garden from the Madison Square Garden Corporation in 1934. From 1946 to 1950 it owned the Boston Celtics. In 1951 it purchased controlling interest in the Boston Bruins from Weston Adams. In 1953 it sold the Boston Arena to Samuel M. Pinsly for $398,000.  In 1973, the Boston Garden-Arena Corporation merged with Storer Broadcasting.
Corridor D
In the United States, Corridor D is part of the Appalachian Development Highway System. In Ohio, it follows State Route 32 from the eastern Cincinnati suburbs until a point west of Albany, where it becomes concurrent with U.S. Route 50. After crossing into West Virginia, it follows U.S. Route 50 until the Interstate 79 interchange in Clarksburg.

The West Virginia portion was constructed during 1967–1977, and the Ohio portion during 2000–2008. ADHS Funding is separate from other Federal Highway funds.

Appalachian Development Highway System
The Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS) is a series of highway corridors in the Appalachia region of the eastern United States.  The routes are designed as local and regional routes for improving economic development in the historically isolated region.  It was established as part of the Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965, and has been repeatedly supplemented by various federal and state legislative and regulatory actions.  The system consists of a mixture of state, U.S., and Interstate routes.  The routes are formally designated as "corridors" and assigned a letter.  Signage of these corridors varies from place to place, but where signed are often done so with a distinctive blue-colored sign.

The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) forecast benefits of ADHS' completion by FY 2045 as the creation of 47,000 new jobs and $4.2 billion in gross regional product (GRP).
Hans Spemann
Hans Spemann (German: [ˈhans ˈʃpeːˌman] ⓘ; 27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his student Hilde Mangold's discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs, one of the first steps towards cloning. Spemann added his name as an author to Hilde Mangold's dissertation (although she objected) and won a Nobel Prize for her work.

Hilde Mangold
Hilde Mangold (20 October 1898 – 4 September 1924) (née Proescholdt) was a German embryologist who was best known for her 1923 dissertation which was the foundation for her mentor, Hans Spemann's, 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the embryonic organizer, "one of the very few doctoral theses in biology that have directly resulted in the awarding of a Nobel Prize". The general effect she demonstrated is known as embryonic induction, that is, the capacity of some cells to direct the developmental trajectory of other cells, one of the first steps towards cloning. Induction remains a fundamental concept and area of ongoing research in the field.
Al-Idah fi Ulum al-Balagha
Al-Īḍāḥ fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha (Arabic: الإيضاح في علوم البلاغة, romanized: The Elucidation of the Sciences of Rhetoric) is a major work of Arabic rhetorical theory authored by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī (d. 739 AH / 1338 CE). The book serves as both a commentary and a comprehensive elaboration on his earlier work, Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ, which itself was a condensed reworking of the rhetorical section of al-Sakkākī's Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm.  While the Talkhīṣ was intended as a teaching digest, al-Īḍāḥ provides deeper theoretical explanations, corrections, and critical reflections on the rules and categories of Arabic rhetoric.

Miftah al-Ulum
Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm (Arabic: مفتاح العلوم, romanized: The Key to the Disciplines) is a 13th-century Arabic textbook authored by Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Sakkākī (d. 626/1229). It is most notable for codifying Arabic rhetoric into a systematic structure and became one of the most influential rhetorical texts in Islamic intellectual history. The work comprises three main sections: morphology (ṣarf), syntax (naḥw), and rhetoric (balāghah), with the third section having the most lasting scholarly legacy.
Sankhar
Sankhar is a village development committee in Chapakot Municipality of Syangja District in Gandaki Province of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,630 people residing in 1,055 individual households. Majuwa, Mohami, Bhattarai Danda, Keladighat, Patasar, Panglung, Salghari, Manechaur, Khasa Bankata, Pipalchhap, Khardi, Samakot, Tangle, Gahate, Ajingare, and Hadiban are major villages in Sankhar.

Patasar
Patasar is headquarter village of Sankhar village development committee which is in ward number 7 of Syangja District, Gandaki Zone, Western Region, Nepal. According to the Nepal Census 2011 it had a total population of 538, with 216 males and 322 females residing in 124 individual households.
Yass Junction railway station
Yass Junction railway station is a heritage-listed railway station on the Main Southern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Yass. The station is not in the town itself but is located approximately four kilometres away near the Hume Highway. The station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Red Jet 3
MV Red Jet 3 is a passenger catamaran ferry formerly operated by Red Funnel on their route from Southampton to Cowes on the Isle of Wight along with sister ships Red Jet 4, Red Jet 5 and Red Jet 6. She was built by FB Marine on the Isle of Wight, United Kingdom  at a cost of £2.73 million and entered service in 1998.  The ship reached a speed of 37.4 knots (69.3 km/h; 43.0 mph) during a publicity cruise on 14 July 1998 before entering into regular service on 27 July 1998. This entry into service meant that the older Shearwater 5 and Shearwater 6 hydrofoils were no longer needed to provide backup for the Red Funnel high speed service and they were withdrawn. The high speed fleet then consisted of Red Jet 1, Red Jet 2 and Red Jet 3.

In March 2019, Red Jet 3 was sold to Adriatic Fast Ferries, a ferry company operating in Split, Croatia. Red Jet 3  entered service with Adriatic later in the year, where it now operates under the name Adriatic Express.

Schiopparello Jet
MV Schiopparello Jet is a passenger catamaran ferry, formerly known as Bo Hengy and Red Jet 5. She operates on routes from Piombino to the Tuscan archipelago on behalf of ferry operator Toremar (Toscana Regionale Marittima). She was built in 1999.

Schiopparello Jet is a sister ship to Red Jet 3, a catamaran designed and built by FBM Marine on the Isle of Wight for operation by Red Funnel. However, unlike her sister ship, she was built in the United States. She is distinguished from her sister by having a sheltered sundeck.
13th School Group
The 13th School Group was a unit of the United States Army Air Corps.  It was last assigned to the 24th School Wing, and was demobilized on 30 April 1931 at March Field, California. The unit was an early United States Army Air Corps flying training group, and the first major unit assigned to March Field after its re-opening in 1927.

24th School Wing
The 24th School Wing was a training unit of the United States Army Air Corps.  It was last assigned to the Air Corps Advanced Flying School, and was disbanded on 1 October 1931 at Kelly Field, Texas.  While active, the wing served as the headquarters for the Air Corps' three groups training aircrew, which were located in Texas and California.

The 24th School Wing is not related to the United States Air Force 24th Special Operations Wing, which was established on 19 November 1942.
Fukiage-shuku
Fukiage-shuku (吹上宿, Fukiage-shuku) was a mid-station along the Nakasendō in Edo period Japan. It was in between the post stations of Kōnosu-juku and Kumagai-juku. It is located in the present-day town of Kōnosu, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. In addition to being a rest stop along the Nakasendō, it was also an officially designated post station on the Nikkō Wakiōkan.

Kumagai-shuku
Kumagai-shuku (熊谷宿, Kumagai-shuku) was the eighth of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the Edo period. It was located in the present-day city of Kumagaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
Rangoon Road murder
On the midnight of 4 February 2002, at their rented flat in Singapore’s Rangoon Road, 34-year-old Jin Yugang (金玉刚 Jīn Yùgàng), a cleaner from China, had a drinking session with his 32-year-old roommate Wang Hong (王宏 Wáng Hóng) and other friends, but an argument broke out between the both of them, and it resulted in Jin using a knife to stab Wang multiple times, resulting in Wang's death.

On the same morning, Jin was arrested and charged with murder. Although Jin put up a defence that he was intoxicated by alcohol at the time of the murder, the trial court rejected Jin’s defence and found him guilty of murdering Wang, and Jin was thus sentenced to death. Jin’s appeal was dismissed and he was hanged on 19 March 2004.

Capital punishment in Singapore
Executions in Singapore are carried out by long drop hanging, and usually take place at dawn. Thirty-three offences—including murder, drug trafficking, terrorism, use of firearms and kidnapping—warrant the death penalty under Singaporean law.

In 2012, Singapore amended its laws to exempt some offences from the mandatory death sentence. In a 2005 survey by The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans were of the view that their country should retain the death penalty. The support steadily fell throughout the years due to the increasing liberal opinions of society. Despite the decline, a large majority of the public remains supportive of the use of the death penalty, with more than 80% of Singaporeans believing that their country should retain the death penalty in 2021.

The most recent execution conducted in Singapore took place on 13 February 2026, when a 62-year-old Singaporean was hanged for trafficking not less than 29.06g of diamorphine in his possession.
Kamov Ka-31
The Kamov Ka-31 (NATO reporting name Helix) is a military helicopter originally developed for the Soviet Navy and currently in service in Russia, China, and India in the naval airborne early warning and control role.

As with all Kamov helicopters except the Ka-60/-62 family, the Ka-31 has co-axially mounted contra-rotating main rotors. The airframe of the Ka-31 is based on the Kamov Ka-27. One visually distinctive feature of the Ka-31 is the large antenna of the early-warning radar, which is either rotating or folded and stowed under the fuselage. The second is the reduction of the bulky electro-optical sensory suite beneath the cockpit. The landing gear retracts in order to prevent interference with the radar.

Kamov Ka-27
The Kamov Ka-27 (NATO reporting name 'Helix') is a military helicopter developed for the Soviet Navy, and as of 2024 is in service in various countries including Russia, Ukraine, Vietnam, China, South Korea, and India. Variants include the Ka-29 assault transport, the Ka-28 downgraded export version, and the Ka-32 for civilian use.
Form 3310.4
Report of Multiple Sale or Other Disposition of Pistols and Revolvers, or ATF Form 3310.4, is a form prescribed by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) for use by firearm dealers holding a Federal Firearms License (FFL) to report when an unlicensed person purchases or acquires two or more handguns at one time or during five consecutive business days.

The form must be completed in triplicate (3 copies): the original is sent to ATF's National Tracing Center by fax or mail; a copy is sent to the designated State police or the local law enforcement agency in the jurisdiction where the sale took place; and the third copy is retained in the records of the dealer and held for not less than 5 years.

The requirement to report multiple sales or other dispositions of pistols or revolvers has been in place since the Gun Control Act of 1968. ATF has stated that these reports of multiple sales are a valuable tool when investigating gun trafficking.

Federal firearms license
A federal firearms license (FFL) is a license in the United States that enables an individual or a company to engage in a business pertaining to the manufacture or importation of firearms and ammunition, or the interstate and intrastate sale of firearms. Holding an FFL to engage in certain such activities has been a legal requirement within the United States since the enactment of the Gun Control Act of 1968. The FFL is issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE, commonly shortened to ATF).
La Caixa
La Caixa (Catalan pronunciation: [lə ˈkaʃə]), also known as the "La Caixa" Foundation (Spanish: Fundación ”la Caixa”), is a not-for-profit banking foundation based in Spain, with its headquarters in Barcelona since March 2025.

Originally a savings bank (caja), it reorganized in the 2000s and 2010s: Its commercial assets are managed under its subsidiary CriteriaCaixa, which also has partial ownership of La Caixa's old banking business CaixaBank; those are used to fund La Caixa's Obra Social — social, cultural, scientific, and civic projects for the public good.: 5

CaixaBank
CaixaBank, S.A. (Catalan pronunciation: [ˌkaʃəˈbaŋ]), formerly Criteria CaixaCorp, is a Spanish multinational financial services company. CaixaBank is based in Valencia, with operations offices in Barcelona and Madrid. It is Spain's third-largest lender by market value, after Banco Santander and BBVA. CaixaBank has 5,397 branches to serve its 15.8 million customers, and has the most extensive branch network in the Spanish market. It is listed in the Bolsa de Madrid and is part of the IBEX 35.

The company consists of the universal banking and insurance activities of the La Caixa group, as well as its holdings in the telecommunications company Telefónica and in several other financial institutions.

CaixaBank has been designated as a 'Significant Institution' since European Banking Supervision entered into force in late 2014 and, as a consequence, is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
Peace of Szeged
The Treaty of Edirne and the Peace of Szeged were two halves of a peace treaty between Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire and King Vladislaus of the Kingdom of Hungary.  Despot Đurađ Branković of the Serbian Despotate was a party to the proceedings. The treaty brought an end to the Christian crusade against the Ottomans with significant gains. Within a month Vladislaus abjured his oath at the urging of the papacy and the crusade continued. On 10 November 1444 it ended in disaster at the Battle of Varna where the crusaders were wiped out and Vladislaus killed.

The treaty was started in Edirne with discussions between Murad and Vladislaus' ambassador.  Within a few days, it was sent to Szeged with Murad's ambassador, to be finalized and ratified by Vladislaus.  Once it arrived, complications caused the negotiations to continue for several more days, and oaths were eventually given in Várad. The ratification took place on 15 August 1444 in Várad.

Battle of Varna
The Battle of Varna took place on 10 November 1444 near Varna in what is today eastern Bulgaria. The Ottoman army under Sultan Murad II (who did not actually rule the sultanate at the time) defeated the Crusaders commanded by King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary, John Hunyadi (acting as commander of the combined Christian forces) and Mircea II of Wallachia. It was the final battle of the unsuccessful Crusade of Varna, a last-ditch effort to prevent further Ottoman expansion into the Balkans.
David Crystal
David Crystal, OBE, FBA, FLSW, FCIL (born 6 July 1941) is a British linguist who studies the English language.

Crystal studied English at University College London and has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading. He was awarded an OBE in 1995 and a Fellowship of the British Academy in 2000. Crystal was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Lancaster University in 2013. Crystal is a proponent of Internet linguistics and has also been involved in Shakespeare productions, providing guidance on original pronunciation.

Learned Society of Wales
The Learned Society of Wales (Welsh: Cymdeithas Ddysgedig Cymru) is a national academy, learned society and charity that exists to "celebrate, recognise, preserve, protect and encourage excellence in all of the scholarly disciplines", and to serve the Welsh nation.

The Learned Society of Wales is Wales's first and only all-embracing national scholarly academy.  A registered charity, it was established and launched on 25 May 2010 at the National Museum of Wales and was granted a Royal Charter in 2015. The society is headquartered in Cardiff.

It is an independent, self-governing, pan-disciplinary, bilingual organisation operating throughout Wales, and is a founding member of the Celtic Academies Alliance.