hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Arundel Castle
Arundel Castle is a restored and remodelled medieval castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was established by Roger de Montgomery in the 11th century. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War and then restored in the 18th and early 19th centuries by Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk. Further restoration and embellishment was undertaken from the 1890s by Charles Alban Buckler for the 15th Duke.

Since the 11th century, the castle has been the seat of the Earls of Arundel and the Dukes of Norfolk. It is a Grade I listed building.

Earl of Arundel
Earl of Arundel is a title of nobility in England, and one of the oldest extant in the English peerage. It is currently held by the Duke of Norfolk, and it is used (along with the earldom of Surrey) by his heir apparent as a courtesy title.
Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone, sold under the brand name Actos among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It may be used with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or insulin. Use is recommended together with exercise and diet. It is not recommended in type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headaches, muscle pains, inflammation of the throat, and swelling. Serious side effects may include bladder cancer, low blood sugar, heart failure, and osteoporosis. Use is not recommended in pregnancy or breastfeeding. It is in the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class and works by improving sensitivity of tissues to insulin.

Pioglitazone was patented in 1985, and came into medical use in 1999. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 133rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. It was withdrawn in France and Germany in 2011.

Thiazolidinedione
The thiazolidinediones /θaɪ.əˌzoʊlɪdiːnˈdaɪ.oʊn/, abbreviated as TZD, also known as glitazones after the prototypical drug ciglitazone, are a class of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a five-membered C3NS ring.  The term usually refers to a family of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 that were introduced in the late 1990s. As of 2024, there are two FDA-approved drugs in this class, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
Possession (linguistics)
In linguistics, possession is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).

Possession may be marked in many ways, such as simple juxtaposition of nouns, possessive case, possessed case, construct state (as in Arabic and Nêlêmwa), or adpositions (possessive suffixes, possessive adjectives). For example, English uses a possessive clitic, 's; a preposition, of; and adjectives, my, your, his, her, etc.

Predicates denoting possession may be formed either by using a verb (such as the English have) or by other means, such as existential clauses (as is usual in languages such as Russian).

Some languages have more than two possessive classes. In Papua New Guinea, for example, the Anêm language has at least 20 and the Amele language has 32.

Existential clause
An existential clause is a clause that refers to the existence or presence of something, such as "There is a God" and "There are boys in the yard". The use of such clauses can be considered analogous to existential quantification in predicate logic, which is often expressed with the phrase "There exist(s)...".

Different languages have different ways of forming and using existential clauses. For details on the English forms, see English grammar: There as pronoun.
Doxastic logic
Doxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.

The term doxastic derives from the Ancient Greek δόξα (doxa, "opinion, belief"), from which the English term doxa ("popular opinion or belief") is also borrowed. Typically, a doxastic logic uses the notation  to mean "reasoner  believes that  is true", and the set  denotes the set of beliefs of . In doxastic logic, belief is treated as a modal operator.

There is complete parallelism between a person who believes propositions and a formal system that derives propositions. Using doxastic logic, one can express the epistemic counterpart of Gödel's incompleteness theorem of metalogic, as well as Löb's theorem, and other metalogical results in terms of belief.

Epistemic modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge.  While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, economics, and linguistics.  While philosophers since Aristotle have discussed modal logic, and Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna, Ockham, and Duns Scotus developed many of their observations, it was C. I. Lewis who created the first symbolic and systematic approach to the topic, in 1912.  It continued to mature as a field, reaching its modern form in 1963 with the work of Saul Kripke.
A'annepada
A'annepada (Sumerian: 𒀀𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕, romanized: Aanépàdda; fl. c. 2350 BC) was a king of the First Dynasty of Ur. He was a son of Mesannepada. It is thought that his tomb may be tomb PG 580 in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.

Mesannepada
Mesannepada (Sumerian: 𒈩𒀭𒉌𒅆𒊒𒁕, Mesannipàdda [MES-AN-NE2-PAD3-DA]), Mesh-Ane-pada or Mes-Anne-pada ("Youngling chosen by An"; died c. 2525 BC) was the first king listed for the First Dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list. He is listed to have ruled for 80 years, having overthrown Lugal-kitun of Uruk: "Then Unug (Uruk) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)". In one of his seals, found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, he is also described as king of Kish.
Hau Latukefu
Langomi-e-Hau Latukefu (born 1976), better known as Hau Latukefu, Hauie Beast, MC Hau or simply Hau, is an Australian hip hop musician and radio host. He is best known as half of the duo Koolism (with Danielsan) and as the host of Triple J's hip hop program and Sky High on Double J.

Koolism
Koolism is an Australian hip hop duo originating from Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.

The members are lyricist Hau Latukefu (born Langomi-e-Hau Latukefu in 1976 in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia) and producer, DJ and musician Danielsan Ichiban (born Daniel Elleson in 1975 in Auckland, New Zealand).
Drosera nivea
Drosera nivea is a species of carnivorous plant. It is a pygmy sundew and is native to Western Australia. The specific epithet nivea is derived from the Latin word niveus, meaning white, in reference to the colour of the plant's flower. It is closely related to Drosera citrina and has previously been considered a variety of D.citrina known as D. citrina var. nivea.

Drosera citrina
Drosera citrina is a species of pygmy sundew in the family Droseraceae. It is a carnivorous plant is native to Western Australia. The Latin specific epithet citrina means "lemon coloured", referring to the colour of the flowers. It is closely related to Drosera nivea, which was considered a variety of D. citrina in the past called Drosera citrina var. nivea.
Kautenbach
Kautenbach (German pronunciation: [ˈkaʊtn̩ˌbax]; Luxembourgish: Kautebaach) is a village in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg.  In 2025, the village had a population of 152.

Kautenbach was a commune in the canton of Wiltz until January 1, 2006, when it was merged with the commune of Wilwerwiltz to form the new commune of Kiischpelt.  The law creating Kiischpelt was passed on 14 July 2005.

Until 17 April 1914, the commune was known as 'Alscheid', after its former administrative centre.  On that date, the administrative centre was moved from Alscheid to Kautenbach.

The ancient Schuttbourg Castle is located near the Village of Kautenbach.

Alscheid
Alscheid (Luxembourgish: Alschent) is a village in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the village had a population of 88

Alscheid gave its name to the former commune of Kautenbach until 17 April 1914, when the commune was given the name Kautenbach, after its largest town.  Kautenbach was merged with Wilwerwiltz to form Kiischpelt in 2006.
Charles L. O'Donnell
Charles L. O'Donnell, C.S.C. (November 15, 1884 – June 4, 1934) was an American Catholic priest, military chaplain of the US Army and President of the University of Notre Dame from 1928 to 1934. He served as military chaplain in World War I, and his helmet hangs in the east door in the Basilica of the Sacred Heart on the university's campus.

Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Notre Dame)
The Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Notre Dame, Indiana, is a Catholic church on the campus of the University of Notre Dame, also serving as the mother church of the Congregation of Holy Cross (C.S.C.) in the United States. The neo-gothic church has 44 large stained glass windows and murals completed over a 17-year period by the Vatican painter Luigi Gregori. The basilica bell tower is 230 feet (70 m) high, making it the tallest university chapel in America. It is a contributing building in Notre Dame's historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The basilica is a major tourist attraction in Northern Indiana, and is visited annually by more than 100,000 tourists.
BNT 4
BNT 4 (Bulgarian: БНТ 4, romanized: Be ne te chetiri, previously BNT World and BNT Sat) is a Bulgarian-language public international television channel owned and operated by Bulgarian National Television.

Bulgarian National Television
The Bulgarian National Television (Bulgarian: Българска национална телевизия, Balgarska natsionalna televizia) or BNT (БНТ), stylized as ·Б·Н·Т· since 2018, is a public television broadcaster of Bulgaria. BNT was founded in 1959 and started broadcasting on December 26 of the same year. It was the first television service to broadcast on the territory of Bulgaria.

BNT is a member of International Radio and Television Organisation (to 31 December 1992), European Broadcasting Union (from 1 January 1993), EGTA, IMZ, CIRCOM Regional, FIAT and BBLF.
Reminiscences of the Anti-Japanese Guerillas
Reminiscences of the Anti-Japanese Guerillas (Korean: 항일 빨찌산 참가자들의 회상기; Hanja: 抗日 빨찌산 參加者들의 回想記; RR: Hangil ppaljjisan chamgajadeurui hoesanggi; MR: Hangil ppaltchisan ch'amgajadŭrŭi hoesanggi) is a collection of memoirs of North Korean guerillas fighting during the 1930s and 1940s in Manchuria against the Japanese. It was used as a textbook for indoctrination until it was effectively replaced by another piece of guerilla literature, Kim Il Sung's autobiography With the Century, in the 1990s. The memoirs were written in order to portray Kim Il Sung as a national liberator, and to strengthen his cult of personality. However, the memoirs are still used as a textbook in ideological workplace study sessions, as well as in other forms of indoctrination. Many of the memoirs have been adapted as movies by the North Korean film industry.

With the Century
Reminiscences: With the Century (Korean: 세기와 더불어) is the autobiography of Kim Il Sung, founder and former president of North Korea. The memoirs, written in 1992 and published in eight volumes, retell Kim's life story through his childhood to the time of Korean resistance. Initially, a total of 30 volumes were planned but Kim Il Sung died in 1994 after just six volumes; the seventh and eight volumes were published posthumously. The work reveals early influences of religious and literary ideas on Kim's thinking. An important part of North Korean literature, With the Century is held as an intriguing if unreliable insight into the nation's modern history under late colonial Korea. The book is considered one of a few North Korean primary sources widely available in the West and as notable research material for North Korean studies.

Authorship of With the Century is disputed, with some claiming that it was written by professional writers instead of Kim Il Sung himself.
Bill Anoatubby
Billy Joe Anoatubby (born November 8, 1945) is the 32nd Governor of the Chickasaw Nation, a position he has held since 1987. From 1979 to 1987, Anoatubby served two terms as Lieutenant Governor of the Chickasaw Nation in the administration of Governor Overton James, after being popularly elected to office. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Overton James
Overton James (July 21, 1925 – September 16, 2015) was an educator and Governor of the Chickasaw Nation. After graduating from college, he taught school in Oklahoma.  He was first appointed Governor in 1963 and served until 1971. He was then elected to that position and served until his last term ended in 1987. In 1985, he was alleged to have accepted illegal kickbacks for construction contracts within the Chickasaw Nation. He was indicted, pleaded guilty, and sentenced to a short prison term.
Wolfgang Bauer (physicist)
Wolfgang W. Bauer (born April 5, 1959) is a university distinguished professor in the department of physics and astronomy at Michigan State University. He is also an author, with co-author Gary Westfall, of the introductory calculus-based physics textbook "University Physics", published by McGraw-Hill in 2023 (3rd edition).

Gary Westfall
Gary D. Westfall (born June 10, 1950) is an American experimental nuclear and high energy physicist and University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University. He is also a co-author, with Wolfgang Bauer, of the introductory calculus-based physics textbook University Physics, published by McGraw-Hill in 2010.
Makotuku
Makotuku is a locality in the Manawatū-Whanganui Region of New Zealand's North Island, about 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) west of Ormondville.

The settlement formed around the temporary railway terminus and was often called Makotoko. Makotuku probably refers to the place of the heron, or kōtuku.

Makotuku School opened in 1881. By 1885 it had about 100 pupils. It closed in 1977.

In 1881 the Beaconsfield Hotel was moved from Kopua to a site next to the station. In 1888 it was replaced by a new hotel and the old one replaced the village hall. The new hotel burnt down in 1912. Makotuku Hotel was built in 1887. It was burnt down in 1933 and its owner was imprisoned for insurance fraud.

In 1886 bush fires caused a relief fund to be set up for those who had lost their homes.

An Anglican Church was built in 1890 and rebuilt after an 1898 fire. St Martins was moved to Linton Camp in 1974.

Ormondville
Ormondville is a locality in the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located inland, south of Waipukurau and west of Flemington, Hawke's Bay.

Ormondville railway station opened in 1880, but services ended in 2001.

Ormondville buildings

Masonic Lodge

Anglican Church of Epiphany
24 Hours of Spa (motorcycle race)
The  24 Heures de Spa-Francorchamps Motos (previously called 24 Heures de Liège moto) is a motorcycle endurance race held annually since 1971 on the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Francorchamps, Stavelot, Wallonia, Belgium and is part of the Endurance FIM World Championship.
From 2024, the race has been run in 8 hours format.

FIM Endurance World Championship
The Endurance World Championship (FIM EWC) is the premier worldwide endurance championship in motorcycle road racing. The championship season consists of a series of endurance races (with a duration of six, eight, twelve or twenty-four hours) held on permanent racing facilities. The results of each race are combined to determine three World Championships – riders, teams and manufacturers.

Until 2016, the championship was held on a yearly basis, but in order to take advantage of the winter break in MotoGP and WorldSBK season, since September 2016 it runs from September to July, with the European races held in September, and then spring and summer of the next year. Scheduling arrangements for the 2020 and 2021 COVID-19 years were different.
Return of the Fly
Return of the Fly is a 1959 American horror science-fiction film and sequel to The Fly (1958). It is the second installment in The Fly film series. It was released on July 22, 1959 as a double feature with The Alligator People (1959). It was directed by Edward Bernds. Unlike the previous film, Return of the Fly was shot in black and white.

Vincent Price was the only returning cast member from the original. It was intended that Herbert Marshall reprise his role as the police inspector, but due to illness he was replaced by John Sutton who plays a new character, Inspector Beauchamp.

The film was followed by a second sequel, Curse of the Fly (1965).

The Fly (1958 film)
The Fly is a 1958 American science fiction horror film directed and produced by Kurt Neumann and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay by James Clavell is based on the 1957 short story of the same name by George Langelaan. The film stars David Hedison (in his first leading role), Patricia Owens, Vincent Price, and Herbert Marshall.

The film tells the story of a scientist who is transformed into a grotesque human–fly hybrid after a common house fly enters unseen into a molecular transporter with which he is experimenting, resulting in his atoms being combined with those of the insect. The film was released in CinemaScope by Fox, with color by Deluxe. It was released on July 16, 1958 as a double feature with Space Master X-7 (1958).

The first installment in The Fly film series, the film was followed by two sequels, Return of the Fly (1959) and Curse of the Fly (1965). A remake directed by David Cronenberg was released in 1986, itself followed by a 1989 sequel The Fly II.
Tenggarong
Tenggarong (Indonesian pronunciation: [t̪əŋˈɡarɔŋ]), historically known as Tepian Pandan and Tangga Arung, is a riverside district and the regency seat of Kutai Kartanegara in the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan. The district is located on the bank of Mahakam River and covers an area of 358.34 km² after the administrative split with Tenggarong Seberang in 1996. It is the most populous district in Kutai Kartanegara, with a population of 106,480 in the 2020 census, and an estimated 112,937 in 2025.

Mahakam River
The Mahakam River (Indonesian: Sungai Mahakam) is the third longest river (with the third greatest volume discharge) in Borneo after the Kapuas River and the Barito River, and is located in East Kalimantan province of Indonesia. It flows 980 kilometers (610 miles) from the district of Long Apari in the highlands of Borneo, to its mouth at the Makassar Strait.

The city of Samarinda, the provincial capital of East Kalimantan, lies about 48 kilometers (30 mi) from the river mouth. The delta of the Mahakam River has a specific micro climate which is influenced by high and low tide at sea level. The southernmost branch of the delta is part of provincial border between East Kalimantan and Nusantara Capital Specific Region.
Radio Télévision Suisse
The Radio Télévision Suisse (French pronunciation: [ʁadjo televizjɔ̃ sɥis]; "Swiss Radio Television"), shortened to RTS, is a subsidiary of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation (SRG SSR), operating in French-speaking Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 by a merger of Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) and Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR).

Télévision Suisse Romande
Télévision Suisse Romande (French pronunciation: [televizjɔ̃ sɥis ʁɔmɑ̃d], "Swiss Television Romandy") was the French-language division of SRG SSR, in charge of production and distribution of television programmes in Switzerland for French-speaking Switzerland.

TSR operated two main French-language channels: TSR 1 and TSR 2, which became RTS Un and RTS Deux respectively after 2012, and provided content for TV5Monde. Radio Suisse Romande and Télévision Suisse Romande merged on 1 January 2010 to create Radio Télévision Suisse.
Tom Cahill (playwright)
Thomas J. Cahill ONL (9 October 1929 – 26 August 2006) was a Canadian playwright, songwriter, and television producer born in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada in 1929. He was well known for his various productions regarding the history of Newfoundland, including TV shows for CBC such as Where Once They Stood and The Undaunted, the latter winning an ACTRA award in 1984, and Tom eventually winning a CBC President's Award for his work.

Order of Newfoundland and Labrador
The Order of Newfoundland and Labrador is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Instituted in 2001, when Lieutenant Governor Arthur Maxwell House granted royal assent to the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador Act, the order is administered by the Governor-in-Council and is intended to honour current or former Newfoundland and Labrador residents for conspicuous achievements in any field, being thus described as the highest honour amongst all others conferred by the Newfoundland and Labrador Crown.
Rudolph Hall
Rudolph Hall (built as the Yale Art and Architecture Building, nicknamed the A & A Building, and given its present name in 2007) is one of the earliest and best-known examples of Brutalist architecture in the United States. Completed in 1963 in New Haven, Connecticut, the building houses Yale University's School of Architecture. Until 2000, it also housed the School of Art.

Yale School of Art
The Yale School of Art is the visual art school of Yale University. Founded in 1869 as the first professional fine arts school in the United States, it grants Masters of Fine Arts degrees to students completing a two-year course in graphic design, painting/printmaking, photography, or sculpture.

U.S. News & World Report's most recent rankings from 2020 rated Yale as tied for second with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for on their list of Best Masters of Fine Arts programs in the United States.
Reverse X Rebirth
Reverse X Rebirth (Japanese: リバース×リバース, Hepburn: Ribāsu Ribāsu; pronounced "Reverse Rebirth") is a romantic comedy manga series created by Shinobu Amano and published by Hakusensha in LaLa in 2019–2021. It follows two students at a prestigious all-female school: Hina, an aspiring writer who has a fear of men, and Kaede, a man who disguises himself as a woman to hide from his grandfather, who intends to stop him from becoming an actor.

Amano originally had the idea for the manga before her previous work Last Game (2011), but had put it aside due to having trouble creating its male lead. When she returned to it, she wanted to portray different types of people with different viewpoints, writing the story with an all-seeing narrator to show what happens to both Hina and Kaede. The series was well received by critics, who found its premise fun and liked its depiction of gradual change in its characters' emotions.

Last Game
Last Game (Japanese: ラストゲーム, Hepburn: Rasuto Gēmu) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shinobu Amano. It was serialized in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine LaLa from July 2011 to June 2016. The series follows Naoto Yanagi and Mikoto Kujō from the time they meet in elementary school until their second year in college, where most of the series takes place.