hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes
The 2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes or Korday conflict was an ethnic conflict between ethnic Kazakhs and ethnic Dungans (a Muslim group with Chinese origins) in the village of Masanchi within the Korday District of Kazakhstan. As a result of the conflict, 11 people died, 185 were injured (34 of them having to be hospitalized) and 47 persons were arrested. It provoked damages costing around KZ₸1.7 billion (US$4.44 million) and the displacement of around 20,000 people to neighboring Kyrgyzstan.

President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev made a statement regarding the conflict in which he gave his condolences to the family of the victims and stated that the situation was now controlled by the Military Police and the Kazakh National Guard.

Dungan people
Dungan is a term used in territories of the former Soviet Union to refer to a group of Muslims of Hui origin. Turkic-speaking peoples in Xinjiang also sometimes refer to Hui Muslims as Dungans. The Dungans in Central Asia, however, refer themselves by their endonym Hui (Dungan: Хуэй).

In the censuses of the countries of the former Soviet Union, the Dungans (enumerated separately from Chinese) are found in Kazakhstan (36,900 according to the 1999 census), Kyrgyzstan (58,409 according to the 2009 census) and Russia (801 according to the 2002 census).
Rock Island, Illinois
Rock Island is a city in Rock Island County, Illinois, United States, and its county seat. The population was 37,108 at the 2020 census. Located at the confluence of the Rock and Mississippi rivers, it is one of the Quad Cities along with neighboring Moline and East Moline in Illinois and the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa. The Quad Cities metropolitan area had a population of 384,324 in 2020.

The city is home to Rock Island Arsenal, the largest government-owned weapons manufacturing arsenal in the United States, which employs 6,000 people. The original Rock Island, from which the city name is derived, is now called Arsenal Island.

Rock River (Mississippi River tributary)
The Rock River is a tributary of the Mississippi River, approximately 299 miles (481 km) long, in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Illinois. The river was known as the Sinnissippi to the Sauk and Meskwaki peoples; the name means "rocky waters".
Soviet cruiser Kirov
59°56′31″N 30°12′31″E﻿ / ﻿59.9420402°N 30.2086731°E﻿ / 59.9420402; 30.2086731

Kirov (Russian: Киров, IPA: [ˈkʲirəf]) was a Project 26 Kirov-class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that served during the Winter War and World War II, and into the Cold War. She attempted to bombard Finnish coast defense guns during action in the Winter War, but was driven off by a number of near misses that damaged her. She led the Evacuation of Tallinn at the end of August 1941, before being blockaded in Leningrad where she could only provide gunfire support during the siege of Leningrad. She bombarded Finnish positions during the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive in mid-1944, but played no further part in the war. Kirov was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961 and sold for scrap on 22 February 1974.

Soviet evacuation of Tallinn
The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn, also called Juminda mine battle, Tallinn disaster or Russian Dunkirk, was a Soviet operation to evacuate the 190 ships of the Baltic Fleet, units of the Red Army, and Soviet civilians from the fleet's encircled main base of Tallinn in Soviet-occupied Estonia during August 1941. Near the Juminda peninsula, the Soviet fleet ran into a minefield that had been laid by the Finnish and German navies, and it was repeatedly attacked by aircraft and torpedo boats, incurring major losses.
Inguinal ligament
The inguinal ligament (/ˈɪŋɡwɪnəl/), also known as Poupart's ligament or groin ligament, is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. Additionally, the term "pubic ligament" is colloquially used to refer to the inguinal ligament.

Anterior superior iliac spine
The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone, and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis. It provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, and the sartorius muscle. The tensor fasciae latae muscle attaches to the lateral aspect of the superior anterior iliac spine, and also about 5 cm away at the iliac tubercle.
Utah State Route 150
State Route 150, also known as the Mirror Lake Highway, is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. It is named for Mirror Lake, a picturesque lake that the highway passes along the way. It is also a USDA Forest Service Scenic Byway.

Mirror Lake (Uinta Mountains)
Mirror Lake is a lake in the high Uinta Mountains in Utah. It is a popular fishing and recreation spot. The lake contains three species of trout: rainbow, brook, and tiger.  The lake has a Forest Service campground, picnic facilities, and a boat ramp for non-motorized watercraft. Access to the lake is by the Mirror Lake Highway, which is only open during the summer (other than by snowmobile).

The lake's name comes from the near-perfect reflection of the surrounding mountains and trees seen from a roadside overlook or from the shore. The shoreline is owned by the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest.

Mirror Lake includes the adjacent Mirror Lake Campground, with latrines, day-use areas and 94 campsites. The water that enters the lake is overflow from Pass Lake located just above Mirror Lake. The outflow is the headwaters of the Duchesne River.
Samuel P. Heintzelman
Samuel Peter Heintzelman (September 30, 1805 – May 1, 1880) was a United States Army general. He served in the Seminole War, the Mexican–American War, the Yuma War and the Cortina Troubles. During the early months of the American Civil War, he was a prominent figure, rising to the command of a corps.

The World War II Liberty ship SS Samuel Heintzelman, launched on 30 September 1942, was named in his honor.

Yuma War
The Yuma War was the name given to a series of United States military operations conducted in Southern California and what is today southwestern Arizona from 1850 to 1853. The Quechan (also known as Yuma) were the primary opponent of the United States Army, though engagements were fought between the Americans and other native groups in the region.
HVC (avian brain region)
HVC (formerly, hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVc), and high vocal center) is a nucleus in the brain of the songbirds (order passeriformes) necessary for both the learning and the production of bird song. It is located in the lateral caudal nidopallium and has projections to both the direct and the anterior forebrain pathways.

It is notable that both of the other orders of birds that learn song, the hummingbirds and parrots, also seem to have structures similar to HVC. Since it is believed that all three of these groups independently derived the ability to learn song, it is believed that these other HVC-like structures are examples of homoplasy.

Bird vocalization
Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs (often simply birdsong) are the sounds produced by birds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by function from calls (relatively simple vocalizations).
Digital Research
Digital Research, Inc. (DR or DRI) was a privately held American software company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and GEM. It was the first large software company in the microcomputer world. Digital Research was originally based in Pacific Grove, California, later in Monterey, California.

Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.

An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by Digital Research and acquired and further developed by Novell in 1991. Its ancestry lies in the earlier Digital Research 8-bit operating systems CP/M and MP/M, and the 16-bit single-tasking CP/M-86 which evolved from CP/M.

When Novell abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three master value-added resellers (VARs) DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls and Intelligent Micro Software were allowed to take over and continued independent development into Datapac Multiuser DOS and System Manager, CCI Multiuser DOS, and IMS Multiuser DOS and REAL/32.

The FlexOS line, which evolved from Concurrent DOS 286 and Concurrent DOS 68K, was sold off to Integrated Systems, Inc. (ISI) in July 1994.
Women's T20I Pacific Cup
The Women's T20I Pacific Cup is a Twenty20 International (T20I) cricket tournament held biennially in the South West Pacific region.

The inaugural tournament was held in 2022 as a double round-robin format in Port Vila, Vanuatu, contested between four nations (Vanuatu, Samoa, Papua New Guinea, and Fiji), with Papua New Guinea emerging victorious. The 2024 edition expanded to six teams, with the addition of Cook Islands and New Zealand Māori, as well as a play-off format after the group stage.

Papua New Guinea had won the first two editions, having finished on top of the group with 5 wins and no losses in 2022, and winning the final in 2024 against New Zealand Māori by five wickets.

2022 Women's T20I Pacific Cup
The 2022 Women's T20I Pacific Cup was a women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) cricket tournament that took place in Port Vila, Vanuatu, from 3 to 6 October 2022. It was the inaugural edition of the Women's T20I Pacific Cup. The participants were the women's national sides of Vanuatu, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Samoa. Papua New Guinea had entered the event after recently competing in the 2022 ICC Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier in Abu Dhabi, but the other three teams had not played an international fixture since the Pacific Games cricket tournament in July 2019.

Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu each won both of their matches on the opening day of the tournament. Papua New Guinea again won twice on the second day of the event, while Samoa avenged their opening day loss to the hosts by picking up two wins on the day. A 10-wicket win against Samoa on the final day saw Papua New Guinea secure top spot in the table, before the last two games were abandoned due to rain.
Philip Goldsworthy
Philip Goldsworthy (c. 1737 – 1801) was a British Army officer. He was a Member of Parliament for Wilton and chief equerry to King George III. Goldsworthy was a Lieutenant General and Colonel of The Royals.

1st The Royal Dragoons
The Royal Dragoons (1st Dragoons) was a heavy cavalry regiment of the British Army. The regiment was formed in 1661 as the Tangier Horse. It served for three centuries and was in action during the First and the Second World Wars. It was amalgamated with the Royal Horse Guards to form The Blues and Royals in 1969.
One-hand typing
The idea of one-hand typing is to touch type using only one hand (e.g. the left one), or mainly one hand. Its history and application are closely related to keyboard research on QWERTY and Dvorak keyboard layouts.

Typing with one hand can be done in a number of ways, and novel approaches are still emerging. People handle this situation in different ways and the solution depends on whether it is necessitated by a temporary condition, as well as the pupil's physical abilities, muscle strength, and cognition and memory. Therefore, existing approaches may fit different expectations.

Dvorak keyboard layout
Dvorak (/ˈdvɔːræk/ ⓘ) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets. It was patented in 1936 by August Dvorak and his brother-in-law, William Dealey, as a faster and more ergonomic alternative for typing English, compared to the 1874 QWERTY layout (the de facto standard keyboard layout). Dvorak proponents claim that it requires less finger motion and as a result reduces errors, increases typing speed, reduces repetitive strain injuries, or is simply more comfortable than QWERTY.

Dvorak has failed to replace QWERTY as the most common keyboard layout, with the most pointed-to reasons being that QWERTY was popularized 60 years prior to Dvorak's creation, and that Dvorak's advantages are debated and relatively small. However, most major modern operating systems (such as Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and BSD) allow a user to switch to the Dvorak layout. The layout can be chosen for use with any hardware keyboard, regardless of any characters printed on the key caps.
Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial
The Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial is a 42-acre (17 ha) World War I cemetery in Belleau, Northern France. It is located at the foot of the hill where the Battle of Belleau Wood was fought, with many American fatalities. The cemetery also contains burials from the Battle of Château-Thierry, later that summer.

The site is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission, and its dedication ceremony was held on Memorial Day, May 30, 1937. Among those buried there are  Medal of Honor recipient Weedon Osborne.

The grounds include both the Château-Thierry American Monument and a monument to US Marines.

Weedon Osborne
Weedon Edward Osborne (November 13, 1892 – June 6, 1918) was a United States Navy officer and a recipient of America's highest military decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War I. He is one of only three dental officers to have received the medal, the others being Alexander Gordon Lyle and Ben L. Salomon.
Retroreflector
A retroreflector (sometimes called a retroflector or cataphote) is a device or surface that reflects light or other radiation back to its source with minimum scattering. This works at a wide range of angle of incidence, unlike a planar mirror, which does this only if the mirror is exactly perpendicular to the wave front, having a zero angle of incidence. Being directed, the retroflector's reflection is brighter than that of a diffuse reflector. Corner reflectors and cat's eye reflectors are the most used kinds.

Corner reflector
A corner reflector is a retroreflector consisting of three mutually perpendicular, intersecting flat reflective surfaces. It reverses the direction of an incoming wave by translation via reflections from the three orthogonal sides. The three intersecting surfaces often are triangles (forming a tetrahedron) or may have square shapes. Radar corner reflectors made of metal are used to reflect radio waves from radar sets. Optical corner reflectors, called corner cubes or cube corners, made of three-sided glass prisms, are used in surveying and laser ranging.
Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia)
Interstate 395 (I-395) in Virginia and Washington, D.C., is a 13.79-mile-long (22.19 km) spur route of I-95 that begins at an interchange with I-95 in Springfield and ends at an interchange with US Route 50 (US 50) in Northwest Washington, D.C. It passes underneath the National Mall near the US Capitol and ends at a junction with US 50 at New York Avenue, roughly one mile (1.6 km) north of the 3rd Street Tunnel.

I-395 is known by three names over its various segments. The Virginia portion is part of the larger Shirley Highway that continues southward on I-95 beyond the terminus of I-395. In the District of Columbia, it is known as the Southwest Freeway from the 14th Street bridges to the Southeast Freeway interchange (I-695) and the Center Leg or Center Leg Freeway from the Southeast Freeway interchange to New York Avenue.

It is unrelated and unconnected to I-395 in Maryland.

U.S. Route 50 in the District of Columbia
U.S. Route 50 (US 50) is a major east–west route of the U.S. Highway System, stretching just over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from Ocean City, Maryland, on the Atlantic Ocean, to West Sacramento, California, nearly to the Pacific Ocean.  In Washington, D.C., US 50 passes between Arlington County, Virginia, and Prince George's County, Maryland, predominantly along surface streets, including a part of Constitution Avenue along the National Mall.
Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a 1,768 kilometres (1,099 mi) long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It connects Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan and Ceyhan, a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey, via Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. It is the second-longest oil pipeline in the former Soviet Union, after the Russian Druzhba pipeline. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.

Ceyhan
Ceyhan (pronounced [ˈdʒejhan]) is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey. Its area is 1,426 km2, and its population is 158,922 (2022). It is the most populous district of the province, outside the city of Adana. Ceyhan is the transportation hub for Middle Eastern and Central Asian oil and natural gas. The city is situated on the Ceyhan River that flows through the Çukurova plain. The Ceyhan River is dammed at Aslantas to provide flood control and irrigation for the lower river basin around Ceyhan.
Cherno Jallow
Cherno Sulayman Jallow KC (born 15 November 1962) is a Gambian lawyer and judge who serves as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the Gambia. He previously served as Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands from 1999 to 2007.

Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands
The Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands is the principal legal adviser to the Government of the British Virgin Islands. Under the Constitution of the British Virgin Islands the attorney general sits ex officio in both the House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands and in the Cabinet of the British Virgin Islands, but is not permitted to vote in either.  The attorney general also sits on the Committee for the Prerogative of Mercy and on the National Security Council.

The attorney general is supported by two senior law officers: the solicitor general (in relation to civil matters) and the director of public prosecutions (in relation to criminal matters).  When appearing in court, by convention the attorney general sits one row in from the row reserved for King's Counsel.

As of 1 October 2020, the attorney general is Dawn Smith.
Alias (musician)
Brendon Patrick Whitney (April 5, 1976 – March 30, 2018),  better known by his stage name Alias, was an American producer and rapper from Hollis, Maine. He was a co-founder of the indie hip hop record label Anticon.

Sole (hip-hop artist)
James Timothy "Tim" Holland Jr. (born September 25, 1977), better known by his stage name Sole, is an American underground hip hop artist from Portland, Maine. He is one of eight co-founders of the record label Anticon. He has been a member of the groups Northern Exposure, Live Poets, Deep Puddle Dynamics, So-Called Artists, Da Babylonianz, Sole and the Skyrider Band and Waco Boyz.
Rogério Gonçalves
Rogério de Sousa Gonçalves (European Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁuˈʒɛɾju ðɨ ˈso(w)zɐ ɣõˈsalvɨʃ]; born 1 October 1959) is a Portuguese football manager, currently in charge of Mozambican club Clube Ferroviário da Beira.

In a career of over three decades, he had brief Primeira Liga spells at Varzim, Naval, Braga and Académica.

Associação Naval 1º de Maio
Associação Naval 1º de Maio or Naval 1º Maio, commonly known as Naval, was a Portuguese football club based in Figueira da Foz, Coimbra District. Founded on 1 May 1893, it last played in the Division of Honour in the Coimbra Football Association, holding home games at the Estádio Municipal José Bento Pessoa, with a capacity of 9,000 spectators. The club spent six seasons between 2005 and 2011 in the first division, the Primeira Liga.

Naval was one of the main teams from the Centro Region, alongside Académica de Coimbra, Beira-Mar, União de Leiria and União de Coimbra. The team was dissolved in 2017.
Anatolius (curator)
Anatolius (Greek: Ανατόλιος; died 14 December 557) was a Byzantine official, active in the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565). He held the titles of curator domus divinae and honorary consul. He was killed in the Constantinople earthquake of 557.

557 Constantinople earthquake
The 557 Constantinople earthquake took place on the night of December 14. This earthquake, described in the works of Agathias, John Malalas, and Theophanes the Confessor, caused great damage to Constantinople, then capital of the Byzantine Empire, in a region frequently afflicted with earthquakes. More minor quakes had preceded the large event, including two in April and October respectively. The main quake in December was of unparalleled ferocity, and "almost completely razed" the city. It caused damage to the Hagia Sophia which contributed to the collapse of its dome the next year, as well as damaging the walls of Constantinople to the extent that Hun invaders were able to penetrate it with ease the following season.
Lelam
Lelam (transl. Auction) is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film directed by Joshiy and written by Renji Panicker. It stars Suresh Gopi and M. G. Soman with Siddique, N. F. Varghese, Nandini, Maniyanpilla Raju, Vijayakumar, Spadikam George, and Kaviyoor Renuka in supporting roles. It was also the last film of the veteran actor M.G. Soman. The story revolves around the rivalry between two liquor business groups, the Aanakkattil family and Kadayadi family. The film was dubbed in Tamil as Yelam and into Telugu as Royal Challenge. Lelam was a blockbuster at the box-office and is also among the highest grossers of the 1990s.

Lelam was considered major comeback film for the actor Suresh Gopi which returned him the Super Star tag after the three-year long run of stereotyped roles which mostly failed at box office. The character Aanakkattil Chackochi, played by the actor still remains one of his career-best roles till date.

M. G. Soman
M. G. Soman (28 October 1941 – 12 December 1997) was an Indian actor and former Indian Air Force officer who appeared in Malayalam films. He was among the actors who played leading roles in Malayalam cinema during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He also had some Tamil films to his credit, including Aval Oru Thodar Kathai. However, in the late 1980s and 1990s, he switched to character and villainous roles.
Lincoln Logs
Lincoln Logs are an American construction toy for children, consisting of square-notched miniature lightweight logs used to build small forts and buildings. They were invented around 1916 by John Lloyd Wright, second son of well-known architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Lincoln Logs were inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999. They are named after U.S. president Abraham Lincoln, who once lived in a log cabin.

Starting in 2014, Lincoln Logs were manufactured by K'NEX Industries Inc. In late 2017, K'NEX was bought out by Basic Fun, Inc., of Florida. Pride Manufacturing, of Burnham, Maine, manufactures Lincoln Logs for Basic Fun, and the rights to the IP are owned by Hasbro. In 2024, Basic Fun filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The company will use bankruptcy proceedings to repay its creditors while remaining in operation.

Tinkertoy
The Tinkertoy Construction Set (commonly known as Tinkertoy, Tinker Toy, or plural forms thereof) is a construction set for children. It was designed in 1914 and was originally manufactured in Evanston, Illinois, U.S. The Tinkertoy brand is currently owned by BasicFun! Inc., which acquired it in 2018.