hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dala'il al-I'jaz
Dalā'il al-I'jāz fī al-Qur'ān (Arabic: دلائل الإعجاز في القرآن, romanized: The Proofs of Inimitability in the Qur'ān) is a foundational work of Arabic literary theory and Arabic rhetoric written by the 11th-century Persian-born grammarian and theorist 'Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 1078 CE / 471 AH). It is widely regarded as a pioneering text in the field of ʿilm al-balāgha (Arabic rhetorical science), and a cornerstone in the study of the inimitability of the Qur'ān (I'jāz al-Qur'ān).

Written in the city of Jurjān, the treatise presents a radical linguistic theory that redefined how eloquence (faṣāḥa) and literary power are understood. Its influence extended across disciplines such as Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir), grammar (naḥw), semantics, and classical poetics, and helped formalize rhetoric as a scientific discipline in the Islamic world.

I'jaz
In Islam, ’i‘jāz (Arabic: اَلْإِعْجَازُ, romanized: al-ʾiʿjāz) or ’Mujiza’(Arabic: معجزة, romanized: ma'jeeza) is the Arabic word for miracle or inimitability challenge of the Qur’ān, the doctrine which holds that the Qur’ān has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match. According to this doctrine the Qur'an is a miracle and its inimitability is the proof granted to Muhammad (The Prophet of Islam) in authentication of his prophetic status. It serves the dual purpose of proving the authenticity of its divineness as being a source from the creator as well as proving the genuineness of Muhammad's (The Prophet of Islam) prophethood, an unlettered man who could neither read nor write, to whom it was revealed.
United States G-class submarine
The G-class submarines were a class of four United States Navy submarines. While the four G boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself. They were the result of agitation (presumably from industry and Congress) for competition in submarine design; all previous US submarines were designed by Electric Boat. G-1, G-2, and G-3, were designed by Simon Lake, of the Lake Torpedo Boat Company, while G-4 was designed by American Laurenti. G-1 and G-2 were built by Newport News, G-3 by Lake, completed at the New York Navy Yard due to Lake's temporary dissolution, and G-4 by Cramp.

USS G-4
USS Thrasher/G-4 (SS-26), also known as "Submarine No. 26", was a G-class submarine of the United States Navy (USN).  Thrasher was the first ship of the USN to be named for the thresher shark, a shark with a long dorsal tail fin, though she was renamed G-4 prior to being launched.

While the four G-boats were nominally all of a class, they differed enough in significant details that they are sometimes considered to be four unique boats, each in a class by herself.
Nyborg Municipality (1970–2006)
Until January 1, 2007 Nyborg Municipality was a municipality (Danish: kommune) in the former Funen County, on the east coast of the island of Funen, in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 83.57 km2, and had a total population of 19,134 (2006).  Its last mayor was Jørn Terndrup, who was a member of the Venstre party.

Nyborg Municipality bordered Ullerslev Municipality to the north and northwest, and Ørbæk Municipality to the south and southwest. After the construction of the Great Belt Bridge in 1998, the municipality also connected to Korsør Municipality. Until then Korsør and Nyborg had been connected through ferries.

The municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen 2007 (the Municipality Reform of 2007).  It was merged with Ørbæk and Ullerslev municipalities to form a new Nyborg municipality. The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.

Ørbæk Municipality
Until January 1, 2007 Ørbæk Municipality was a municipality (Danish: kommune) in the former Funen County, on the east coast of the island of Funen, in central Denmark.  The municipality covered an area of 138.34 km2, and had a total population of 6,916 (2006).  Its last mayor was Kaf Refslund, a member of the Venstre party.

Ørbæk Municipality bordered Nyborg and Ullerslev Municipality to the north, Årslev Municipality to the northwest, Ringe Municipality to the west, Ryslinge Municipality to the southwest and Gudme Municipality to the south.

The municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen 2007 (the Municipality Reform of 2007).  It was merged with Nyborg and Ullerslev municipalities to form a new Nyborg municipality. The new municipality belongs to Region of Southern Denmark.
Erith
Erith (/ˈɪərɪθ/ ⓘ) is an area in south-east London, England, 13.3 miles (21.4 km) east of Charing Cross. Before the creation of Greater London in 1965, it was in the historical county of Kent. Since 1965, it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley. It lies north-east of Bexleyheath and north-west of Dartford, on the south bank of the River Thames.

The town centre has been modernised with further dwellings added since 1961. The curved riverside high street has three listed buildings, including the Church of England church and the Carnegie Building. Erith otherwise consists mainly of suburban housing. It is linked to central London and Kent by rail and to Thamesmead by a dual carriageway. It has the longest pier in London, and retains a coastal environment with salt marshes alongside industrial land.

Thamesmead
Thamesmead (/ˈtɛmzmiːd/) is an area of south-east London, England, straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley. It is located 11 miles (18 km) east of Charing Cross, north-east of Woolwich and west of Belvedere. It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames.
Lingga Regency
The Lingga Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Lingga) is a group of 600 islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore and along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Province on Sumatra island. They are due south of the populated Riau Archipelago, known for the industrial island of Batam and the tourist-frequented island of Bintan, although the Lingga Islands themselves are rarely visited due to the infrequent local transportation. The equator goes through the northern tip of Lingga Island, the main island in the archipelago.

Administratively they form a Regency of the Riau Islands Province with a land area of 2,250.45 km2  and a population of 86,244 people at the 2010 census and 98,633 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 102,474. The regency seat lies at Daik on Lingga Island.

The population are mainly Malay, Bugis and Chinese (predominantly Hakka, Teochew and Hokkien).

Lingga Island
Lingga Island is the largest and most populated of the Lingga Islands, Indonesia. It has an area of 889 square kilometres (343 sq mi). It is located south of the Riau Islands off the east coast of Sumatra. The other major island of the archipelago is Singkep.
Gallo-Roman site of Sanxay
The ancient site of Sanxay is a location comprising several constructions dating back to the 1st and 2nd centuries. It is situated in the commune of Sanxay, department of Vienne, France.

At the beginning of the 21st century, the site is presented as a large rural sanctuary related to the cult of healing waters. It is centered around an uncommon octagonal temple plan, a Gallo-Roman amphitheater, and therapeutic baths. Additionally, some buildings were likely intended to accommodate visitors seeking cures. The site is considerably larger than the visible remains indicate, with an original span of at least twenty hectares. It was excavated between 1881 and 1883 by Father Camille de La Croix, but the excavated area was subsequently backfilled. Only the temple, the amphitheater, and the water sanctuary, classified as historic monuments in 1882, remain visible.

Thermae
In ancient Rome, thermae (from Greek θερμός thermos, "hot") and balneae (from Greek βαλανεῖον balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Most Roman cities had at least one – if not many – such buildings, which were centers not only for bathing, but socializing and reading as well. Bathhouses were also provided for wealthy private villas, town houses, and forts. They were supplied with water from an adjacent river or stream, or within cities by aqueduct. The water would be heated by fire then channelled into the caldarium (hot bathing room). The design of baths is discussed by Vitruvius in De architectura (V.10).
NBC Daytime
NBC Daytime was the daytime programming block of NBC. It historically featured many soap operas, game shows, and talk shows. Its main competitors were CBS Daytime (Paramount) and ABC Daytime (Disney).

Game shows were removed from NBC Daytime's lineup in 1994 and soap operas were largely dropped between the 1980s and the 1990s. By the 2000s, NBC Daytime had been reduced to only two shows: Days of Our Lives and Passions.

Passions was moved to DirecTV's now-defunct 101 Network in 2007. With Days of Our Lives being the only remaining daytime program on the network's schedule, the NBC Daytime branding was phased out entirely. In 2022, the network ultimately announced that Days of Our Lives would move exclusively to streaming on NBCUniversal's Peacock, and be replaced by an NBC News-produced news program. This resulted in the ending of traditional daytime programming on NBC and the turning over of daytime network controlled programming to  NBC’s news division.

ABC Daytime
ABC Daytime (sometimes shortened to ABC-D or ABCD) is a division responsible for the daytime television programming block on the ABC Network and syndicated programming. The block has historically encompassed soap operas, game shows and talk shows.
K C Law College, Mumbai
Kishinchand Chellaram Law College, popularly known as KC Law College, is a law institution located at Churchgate, Mumbai. The institution was established in 1955 by Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board (HSNC Board). It is affiliated with the University of Mumbai.

The college is located in the same campus as Kishinchand Chellaram College and the H.R. College of Commerce and Economics.

Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board
The Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board or HSNC Board (Sindhi: حيدرآباد (سنڌ) نيشنل ڪاليجيئيٽ بورڊ HSNCB) is an Indian non-profit organisation founded in 1922 (or 1919) in the British India province of Sind and moved to Bombay, India after the 1947 Partition.
It is one of the oldest educational trusts of India and currently administers 27 institutes under its umbrella including the HSNC University, Mumbai.
Wick Academy F.C.
Wick Academy Football Club are a senior football club founded in October 1893, who currently play in the Highland League at Harmsworth Park. They represent the Caithness town of Wick, making them the most northerly professional football league club in the United Kingdom.

Harmsworth Park
Harmsworth Park is a football ground in Wick in the Scottish Highlands of Scotland, which is the home ground of Highland Football League side Wick Academy F.C. It is located on South Road in the south of the town and has a capacity of 2,412 with 102 seated. The ground is the home of the most northerly senior football club in the United Kingdom.
Collegium Melitense
The Collegium Melitense was a Jesuit college in Valletta, Hospitaller Malta, which existed between 1592 and 1769. Lectures at the educational institution began in 1593, and it moved to a purpose-built building adjacent to a Jesuit church in 1597. The 17th century saw an expansion of its curriculum and an increase in the number of students in the college, and in 1727 it was recognised as a university and subsequently it also became known as the Academia Parthenia. After the Jesuits were suppressed from Malta, the college was reorganised into the Pubblica Università di Studi Generali, which was established on 22 November 1769. The latter is now known as the University of Malta.

University of Malta
The University of Malta (Maltese: L-Università ta' Malta; UM; formerly UOM) is a public research university in the towns of Msida and Valletta, Malta. It serves as the flagship and national university of the Republic of Malta.

It offers undergraduate bachelor's degrees, postgraduate master's degrees and postgraduate doctorates. It is a member of the European University Association, the European Access Network, Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Utrecht Network, the Santander Network, the Compostela Group, the European Association for University Lifelong Learning (EUCEN) and the International Student Exchange Programme (ISEP).

In post-nominals the university's name is abbreviated as Melit; a shortened form of Melita (a Latinised form of the Greek Μελίτη).
Masutaro Otani
Masutaro Otani (大谷 増太郎, Otani Masutaro, 25 March 1896 - 23 January 1977), was an 8th-Dan Japanese master of judo and a pioneer of judo in the United Kingdom and a leading student of Yukio Tani. He was best known for his speed and agility and was reputed to be one of the fastest-throwing exponents ever seen. He is most notable as the president of the British Judo Council alongside Kenshiro Abbe. He held the rank of 8th dan in judo and is the father of Robin Otani and Tomio Otani. He died on 23 January 1977, at the age of 80.

Robin Otani
Robin Otani (born 3 January 1944) is a British judo teacher and president of the British Judo Council. He is also the brother of kendo master Tomio Otani and the son of judo master Masutaro Otani. Robin learnt judo under his father and judo master Kenshiro Abbe.
Michael Knowles (actor)
Michael Sydney Knowles (born 26 April 1937) is an English actor and scriptwriter who is best known for his roles in BBC sitcoms written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft.

He often starred alongside Donald Hewlett with whom he first appeared in It Ain't Half Hot Mum. They later appeared together in Rogue's Rock, Come Back Mrs. Noah and You Rang, M'Lord?

In Knowles' writing career, he co-adapted (with Harold Snoad) the radio version of Dad's Army and writing with Snoad the Dad's Army spinoff series It Sticks Out Half a Mile for radio, which became the television series High and Dry.

Jimmy Perry
James Perry (20 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) was an English scriptwriter and actor. He devised and co-wrote the BBC sitcoms Dad's Army (1968–1977), It Ain't Half Hot Mum (1974–1981), Hi-de-Hi! (1980–1988) and You Rang, M'Lord? (1988–1993), all with David Croft. Perry co-wrote the theme tune of Dad's Army, "Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr. Hitler?" along with Derek Taverner, for which Perry received an Ivor Novello Award from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors in 1971.
Sicinia gens
The gens Sicinia was a plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Members of this gens occur throughout the history of the Republic, but only one of them obtained the consulship, Titus Sicinius Sabinus in 487 BC.  Throughout the long Conflict of the Orders, the Sicinii were celebrated for their efforts on behalf of the plebeians.

Titus Sicinius Sabinus
Titus Sicinius (Sabinus?) or Siccius (fl. c. 487 BC - 480 BC) was a Roman Republican politician during the beginning of the 5th century BC. He served as Consul of Rome in 487 BC, serving together with Gaius Aquillius Tuscus.
Sangtar
Sangtar Heer, more commonly known as just Sangtar, is a Punjabi singer, music composer, songwriter and poet. He has written songs and made music for many singers such as Kamal Heer, Manmohan Waris and Debi Makhsoospuri. His older brother Manmohan Waris and younger brother Kamal Heer are both Punjabi Pop\Folk singers.

Kamal Heer
Kamal Heer (born Kamaljeet Singh Heer) is an Indian born Canadian musician. He is the younger brother of both Manmohan Waris and Sangtar, two other esteemed musicians. His live performances showcase his virtuosity with taan and his command of the art of traditional Punjabi music. All three Heer brothers are behind the formulation of Punjabi Virsa shows all over the world. These shows have become internationally famous. Also a talented composer, Kamal Heer has collaborated with his brother Sangtar to write music for their brother Waris.
Michael Adams (chess player)
Michael Adams (born 17 November 1971) is an English chess grandmaster and the reigning nine-time British Chess Champion. His highest ranking is world No. 4, achieved several times from October 2000 to October 2002. His peak Elo rating is 2761, the highest achieved by an English chess player.

Several times a World Championship Candidate, he reached the semifinals in 1997, 1999 and 2000. He reached the final at the 2004 FIDE Championship, narrowly losing out to Rustam Kasimdzhanov in the tie-break games.

Adams won the World Senior Chess Championship (Over-50 category) in 2023.

Rustam Kasimdzhanov
Rustam Kasimdzhanov (born 5 December 1979) is an Uzbek chess grandmaster and a former FIDE World Chess Champion (2004–2005). He was Asian champion in 1998.

In addition to his tournament play, Kasimdzhanov was a longtime second to Viswanathan Anand, including during the 2008, 2010 and 2012 World Championship matches. He has also trained World Championship candidates Sergey Karjakin and Fabiano Caruana.
Headhunter (video game)
Headhunter is a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by Amuze and published by Sega for the Dreamcast. It was ported to the PlayStation 2 the following year. A sequel was released in 2004 called Headhunter Redemption and it was released on PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

Headhunter Redemption
Headhunter Redemption is a 2004 action-adventure video game developed by Amuze and published by Sega for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It is the sequel to Headhunter and the last game to be developed by Amuze before its closure.
Teip
A teip (/teɪp/ "tape"; Chechen and Ingush: тайпа, romanized: taypa, pronounced [ˈtəɪpə]; lit. 'family, kin, clan, tribe') is a Chechen and Ingush tribal organization or clan, self-identified through descent from a common ancestor or geographic location. It is a sub-unit of the tukkhum and shahar. There are about 150 Chechen and 120 Ingush teips. Teips played an important role in the socioeconomic life of the Chechen and Ingush peoples before and during the Middle Ages, and continue to be an important cultural part to this day.

Tukkhum
Tukkhum (Chechen: Тукхам, romanized: Tuqam; from Old Persian: tau(h)ma) is a term and system introduced in the 1960s, most notably by Soviet Chechen writer Magomet Mamakaev in 1962. This system does not properly apply to the Chechen nation and the social structure of Chechen clans.

Mamakaev proposed that the Chechen tukkhum was a type of military-economic union between certain groups of teips, not through consanguinity but established for specific purposes, such as military alliances and economic trade; that the tukkhum occupied a specific territory, which was inhabited by the members of the tukkhum. He also stated that each tukkhum spoke a different dialect of the same Vainakh language. Despite this, it is still a relatively important social grouping, as seen through various Chechen authors and scholars using it in their descriptions of the Vainakh social structure, as well as its feature on the coat of arms of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
Glenden, Queensland
Glenden is a mining town and rural locality in the Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Glenden had a population of 477 people. The population subsequently declined rapidly, when the local mine changed its roster to a seven-days-on, seven-days-off roster, and is expected to continue to do so. Many residents are relocating to towns like Proserpine that offer a more stable environment.

Isaac Region
The Isaac Region is a local government area located in Central Queensland, Queensland, Australia created in March 2008 as a result of the report of the Local Government Reform Commission released in July 2007.

In the 2021 census, the Isaac Region had a population of 22,046 people.
John Pierre Burr
John Pierre Burr (June 1792 – April 4, 1864) was an American abolitionist and community leader in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, active in education and civil rights for African Americans. He was an illegitimate child of Aaron Burr, the third U.S. vice president, and Mary Emmons, a Haitian governess who may have been born in Calcutta, India.

Mary Emmons
Mary Emmons (c. 1760 – c. 1832), also known as Eugénie Beauharnais, was a Haitian governess who may have been woman born in Calcutta, India who worked as a servant in the household of Theodosia Bartow Prevost. While working as a servant, she had a relationship with Theodosia's second husband, American Founding Father and Vice President Aaron Burr, by whom she had two children: a daughter, Louisa Charlotte, born 1788, and a son, John Pierre Burr, born 1792.
Russell County, Kentucky
Russell County is a county located in the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,991.  Its county seat is Jamestown and its largest city is Russell Springs. The county was formed on December 14, 1825, from portions of Adair, Cumberland and Wayne Counties and is named for William Russell.

In 2015, the cities of Jamestown and Russell Springs became two of the first gigabit Internet communities in Kentucky with the completion of a state-of-the-art optical fiber network by the local telephone cooperative.

Wolf Creek Dam is located in southern Russell County. The dam impounds Cumberland River to form Lake Cumberland, a major tourism attraction for the county. Wolf Creek National Fish Hatchery is also located in Russell County just below the dam.

Until relatively recently Russell County was a dry county, meaning that the sale of alcohol was prohibited. It voted to go "wet" in a referendum held on January 19, 2016, by a margin of 3,833 to 3,423 votes.

Cumberland County, Kentucky
Cumberland County is a county located in the Pennyroyal Plateau region of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,888. Its county seat is Burkesville. The county was formed in 1798 and named for the Cumberland River, which in turn may have been named after the Duke of Cumberland or the English county of Cumberland.
Slivovitz
Slivovitz is a fruit spirit (or fruit brandy) made from damson plums, often referred to as plum spirit (or plum brandy). Slivovitz is produced in Central and Southeastern Europe, both commercially and privately. Primary producers include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. In the Balkans, slivovitz is considered a kind of rakia. In Hungary it is considered a kind of pálinka, but in Romania and Moldova it is considered pălincă, similar to țuică. In the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Galicia, and Carpathian-Ruthenia it is considered pálenka. UNESCO put it in a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists in 2022 on request of the country of geographic origin Serbia.

Pálinka
Pálinka (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈpaːliŋkɒ] ⓘ) is a traditional fruit spirit (or fruit brandy) with origins in medieval Hungary, known under several names. Protected as a geographical indication of the European Union, only fruit spirits mashed, distilled, matured and bottled in Hungary and similar apricot spirits from four provinces of Austria can be called "pálinka", while "Tótpálinka" refers to wheat-derived beverages. Törkölypálinka, a different product in the legal sense, is a similarly protected pomace spirit that is commonly included with pálinka. While pálinka may be made of any locally grown fruit, the most common ones are plums, apricots, apples, pears, and cherries.

A similar product exists in the Czech Republic and Slovakia where it is known as pálenka, and in Romania (Transylvania), Italy, and Greece under the name palincă. In Turkey it is known as Boğma.