hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Xue Ju
Xue Ju (薛舉) (died 618), formally Emperor Wu (武皇帝, "Martial"), was the founding emperor of a short-lived state of Qin at the end of the Chinese Sui dynasty, whose state was eventually destroyed by the Tang dynasty. He rose against Sui rule in 617 and soon controlled modern eastern Gansu, but while he had some successes against Tang forces, was not able to push toward the Tang capital Chang'an before dying of illness in 618. His son Xue Rengao inherited his throne but was soon defeated and killed by the Tang general Li Shimin, ending the state that Xue Ju established.

Xue Rengao
Xue Rengao (Chinese: 薛仁杲; died 618), also known as Xue Renguo (薛仁果), was an emperor of the short-lived state of Qin, established by his father Xue Ju (Emperor Wu) at the end of the Chinese Sui dynasty. Xue Rengao was regarded as a fierce general but overly cruel, and he was only emperor for three months before he was forced to surrender to the Tang dynasty general Li Shimin (the later Emperor Taizong) and was executed.
FK Borac Kozarska Dubica
Fudbalski klub Borac Kozarska Dubica (Serbian Cyrillic: Фудбалски клуб Борац Козарска Дубица) is a Bosnian football club from the city of Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska.
They have played in the First League of the Republika Srpska in season 1996–97, but were relegated to the Second League of the Republika Srpska in 1997 as a result of merger of East and West division of First League. In 2004, they were relegated to the Regional League. After many years of playing in regional and local leagues, in 2014 they were promoted back to the Second League, the 3rd level league competition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2020, they were promoted back to the First League.

Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Kozarska Dubica (Serbian Cyrillic: Козарска Дубица), formerly Bosanska Dubica (Serbian Cyrillic: Босанска Дубица) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 21,542 inhabitants, while the town of Kozarska Dubica has a population of 11,566 inhabitants.
Iris Mittenaere
Iris Mittenaere (English: /aɪ.rɪs ˈmiːtɛnɑːr/ AI-rees MEE-tə-NAR; French: [iʁis mitənaʁ]; born 25 January 1993) is a French television personality, model and beauty pageant titleholder best known for winning the title of Miss Universe 2016. The second Miss Universe from France after Christiane Martel, Mittenaere had previously been crowned Miss France 2016 and Miss Nord-Pas-de-Calais 2015.

Christiane Martel
Christiane Martel (born Christiane Magnani on 18 January 1935) is a French and Mexican actress, model and beauty queen. She became the second woman to win the Miss Universe beauty pageant in 1953. She was the only French woman to hold the Miss Universe title until Iris Mittenaere in 2016.
Cladonia portentosa
Cladonia portentosa, also known as reindeer lichen or the cream cup lichen, is a light-coloured, fruticose, cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae.

A similar-looking species, also known by the common name "reindeer lichen", is Cladonia rangiferina.

Cladonia rangiferina
Cladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer cup lichen, reindeer lichen (cf. Sw. renlav) or grey reindeer lichen, is a light-coloured fruticose, cup lichen species in the family Cladoniaceae. It grows in both hot and cold climates in well-drained, open environments. Found primarily in areas of alpine tundra, it is extremely cold-hardy.

Other common names include reindeer moss, deer moss, and caribou moss, but these names can be misleading since it is, though somewhat moss-like in appearance, not a moss. As the common names suggest, reindeer lichen is an important food for reindeer (caribou), and has economic importance as a result. Synonyms include Cladina rangiferina and Lichen rangiferinus.
Azmet Jah
Nizam Mir Muhammad Azmet Ali Khan, Asaf Jah IX, known as Azmet Jah (also spelt as Azmat Jah, born 23 July 1960), is the current head of the House of Asaf Jah and the titular 9th Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar since 20 January 2023, though Indian law has not recognized such titles since the passage of the 26th Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1971.

Asaf Jahi dynasty
The Asaf Jahi is a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Hyderabad State. The family came to India in the late 17th century and became employees of the Mughal Empire. They were great patrons of Indo-Persian culture, language, and literature, and the family found ready patronage.

The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi, a Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) under the Mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721. He intermittently ruled after Aurangzeb's death in 1707 and under the title Asaf Jah in 1724. The Mughal Empire crumbled and the Viceroy of the Deccan, Asaf Jah I, declared himself independent, whose domain extended from the Narmada River in the North to Trichinopoly in the South and Masulipatnam in the east to Bijapur in the west.
2/23rd Battalion (Australia)
The 2/23rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during the Second World War. Formed in June 1940 from primarily volunteers from Albury, New South Wales, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941–1942 as part of the 26th Brigade, which was assigned to the 7th Division, before being reassigned to the 9th Division. In early 1943, the battalion returned to Australia and later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943–1944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.

26th Brigade (Australia)
The 26th Brigade was an Australian Army infantry brigade of World War II. Formed in mid-1940, the brigade was assigned to the 7th Division initially, but later transferred to the 9th Division. It was primarily recruited from Victoria and South Australia. After training in Australia, in late 1940, the brigade deployed to the Middle East and subsequently took part in the siege of Tobruk, defending the vital port town between April and October 1941. After being relieved, the brigade undertook garrison duties in Syria in the first half of 1942, before taking part in the First and Second Battles of El Alamein between July and November 1942. After returning to Australia in early 1943, the brigade fought against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943 and 1944, including the capture of Lae and the Huon Peninsula campaign, and then took part in the fighting on Tarakan in 1945. It was disbanded in early 1946.
Louise S. Spindler
Mary Louise Schaubel Spindler (1917–1997), known professionally as Louise S. Spindler, was an American anthropologist, author, and scholar. Working with her husband and collaborator, George Spindler, she primarily studied the Menominee tribe in Wisconsin and helped revolutionize the field of educational anthropology. She is the sole author of two monographs and four book chapters, as well as the co-author and editor of over 40 books and book chapters and 224 case studies. She was a professor in the anthropology department at Stanford University for nearly fifty years until she died on January 23, 1997 at the age of 80.

George Spindler
George Dearborn Spindler was a leading figure in 20th-century anthropology and regarded as the founder of the anthropology of education. He edited a very large series of short monographs, turning nearly every significant ethnographic text of the 20th century into a shorter work accessible to the public and to anthropology students everywhere. He was one of the first to teach courses on the anthropology of American culture (culture of the United States). Nearly all of his publications and activities were in collaboration with his wife, Louise.

Spindler was originally trained as a psychologist, but departed from traditional psychological methods to do participant-observation with the Menominee.

He was at one time the editor of American Anthropologist, as well as the author of over 40 books, book chapters, and 224 anthropology case studies. He died on July 1, 2014, at the age of 94 (Turan, 2014)
Diamond Foods
Diamond Foods, Inc. was an American packaged food company based in San Francisco, that marketed nuts (particularly walnuts and almonds) and other snack foods. Diamond Foods was acquired by Snyder's-Lance in 2016, and as of 2018, Campbell Soup Company owns Diamond Foods's former snack brands; Diamond of California, Diamond Foods's nut business, is owned by Blue Road Capital.

Snyder's-Lance
Snyder's-Lance, Inc. is the second largest salty snack maker in the United States. It was formed by the 2010 merger of Lance Inc. and Snyder's of Hanover. The company is a subsidiary of The Campbell's Company (known before November 2024 as the Campbell Soup Company).
Forcing (mathematics)
In the mathematical discipline of set theory, forcing is a technique for proving consistency and independence results. Intuitively, forcing can be thought of as a technique to expand the set theoretical universe  to a larger universe  by introducing a new "generic" object .

Forcing was first used by Paul Cohen in 1963, to prove the independence of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It has been considerably reworked and simplified in the following years, and has since served as a powerful technique, both in set theory and in areas of mathematical logic such as computability theory. Descriptive set theory uses the notions of forcing from both computability theory and set theory. Forcing has also been used in model theory, but it is common in model theory to define genericity directly without mention of forcing.

Continuum hypothesis
In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. It states:

There is no set whose cardinality is strictly between that of the integers and the real numbers.

In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), this is equivalent to the following equation in aleph numbers: , or even shorter with beth numbers: .

The continuum hypothesis was advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, and establishing its truth or falsehood is the first of Hilbert's 23 problems presented in 1900. The answer to this problem is independent of ZFC, so that either the continuum hypothesis or its negation can be added as an axiom to ZFC set theory, with the resulting theory being consistent if and only if ZFC is consistent. This independence was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen, complementing earlier work by Kurt Gödel in 1940.

The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum for the real numbers.
Changning, Hunan
Changning is a county-level city in Hunan Province, China, under the administration of  Hengyang prefecture-level City. Located on the south-central part of the province, the city is bordered to the north by Qidong and Hengnan Counties, to the east by Leiyang City, to the south by Guiyang County, and to the west by Qiyang County. Changning City covers 2,046.6 km2 (790.2 sq mi) with a registered population of 958,988 and resident population of 810,447 (as of the 2010 census). The city has three subdistricts, 14 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction. The government seat is Yiyang Subdistrict (宜阳街道).

Yiyang Subdistrict
Yiyang Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 宜阳街道; traditional Chinese: 宜陽街道; pinyin: Yíyáng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict and the seat of Changning City in Hunan, China. It was one of 4 subdistricts approved to establish in 2008. The subdistrict has an area of 104.71 km2 (40.43 sq mi) with a population of 89,500 (as of 2015). The subdistrict of Yiyang has 47 villages and 4 communities under its jurisdiction, and its seat is at Huangqiao Village (黄桥村).
TotalEnergies Tower
TotalEnergies Tower (formerly the Entex Building, Louisiana Place, United Gas Building, and Total Plaza) is a tower in Downtown Houston, Texas, one block from the Allen Center complex.  The building, managed by Brookfield Properties, opened in 1971. The 35-story building, designed by the architect Lloyd, Morgan & Jones, was renovated in 1981 and 1996, and features a mirror-finished reflective glass on its exterior. Each floor has about 24,000 sq ft (2,200 m2), with a total of 847,200 sq ft (78,710 m2).  The building is named after its major tenant, Total Petrochemicals USA, a subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE. The complex was formerly the headquarters of the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO).

The building is connected to the Downtown Houston tunnel system.

Houston Metro
The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, branded as METRO, is a major public transportation agency based in Houston, Texas, United States. It operates bus, light rail, bus rapid transit, HOV and HOT lanes, and paratransit service (under the name METROLift) in the city as well as most of Harris County. It also operates bus service to Missouri City in Fort Bend County and previously operated to Conroe in Montgomery County. The Metro headquarters are in the Lee P. Brown Administration Building in Downtown Houston. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 76,833,400, or about 245,900 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.
Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology
The National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology of Turkey (Turkish: Ulusal Elektronik ve Kriptoloji Araştırma Enstitüsü), shortly UEKAE, is a national scientific organization with the aim of developing advanced technologies for information security. UEKAE is the most prominent and also the founder (first) institute of the TÜBİTAK.

The institute was founded by Yılmaz Tokad, professor at ITU (Istanbul Technical University), and four researchers under his supervision in the building of engineering at METU (Middle East Technical University)in 1972, with the name Electronic Research Unit. In 1995 the institute's name has become National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology and moved to Gebze, Kocaeli.

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is a national agency of Turkey whose stated goal is to develop "science, technology and innovation" (STI) policies, support and conduct research and development, and to "play a leading role in the creation of a science and technology culture" in the country.

TÜBİTAK develops scientific and technological policies and manages R&D institutes, carrying on research, technology and development studies in line with "national priorities". TÜBİTAK also acts as an advisory agency to the Turkish government and acts as the secretariat of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology, the highest science and technology policymaking body in Turkey.
Arkansas Highway 28
Arkansas Highway 28 (AR 28) is a designation for four state highways in west Arkansas. One segment of 20.45 miles (32.91 km) runs from the Oklahoma state line east to U.S. Route 71 (US 71) north of Waldron. A second segment of 43.78 miles (70.46 km) runs from US 71 at Needmore east to Highway 27 at Rover. A third segment of 10.67 miles (17.17 km) runs from Highway 27 north of Rover east to Highway 10 in Ola. A fourth segment of 9.00 miles (14.48 km) runs from Highway 154 at Mt. George east to Highway 7 in Dardanelle. All four highways are rural, two-lane roads with relatively low traffic serving a sparsely populated and forested part of Arkansas. The highways are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT).

Arkansas Highway 10
Arkansas Highway 10 (AR 10) is an east–west state highway in western Arkansas. The route runs 135.4 miles (217.9 km) from the Oklahoma state line east to Interstate 30 (I-30) in Little Rock, the state's capitol. The highway serves both the Fort Smith metropolitan area and the Little Rock – North Little Rock – Conway metropolitan area.

Aside from Little Rock in Pulaski County, the highway also passes through county seats in four other Arkansas counties — Greenwood, Sebastian County; Booneville, Logan County; Danville, Yell County; and Perryville, Perry County. Mount Magazine, Arkansas's highest point, lies just to the north of the highway, as does the adjoining Mount Magazine State Park. Highway 10 also passes through a portion of the Ozark National Forest and parallel to the Petit Jean River, Petit Jean Wildlife Management Area and Lake Maumelle — a chief source of water for residents in the Little Rock metropolitan area.
Weak topology
In mathematics, weak topology is an alternative term for certain initial topologies, often on topological vector spaces or spaces of linear operators, for instance on a Hilbert space. The term is most commonly used for the initial topology of a topological vector space (such as a normed vector space) with respect to its continuous dual. The remainder of this article will deal with this case, which is one of the concepts of functional analysis.

One may call subsets of a topological vector space weakly closed (respectively, weakly compact, etc.) if they are closed (respectively, compact, etc.) with respect to the weak topology. Likewise, functions are sometimes called weakly continuous (respectively, weakly differentiable, weakly analytic, etc.) if they are continuous (respectively, differentiable, analytic, etc.) with respect to the weak topology.

Initial topology
In general topology and related areas of mathematics, the initial topology (or induced topology or weak topology or limit topology or projective topology) on a set  with respect to a family of functions on  is the coarsest topology on  that makes those functions continuous.

The subspace topology and product topology constructions are both special cases of initial topologies. Indeed, the initial topology construction can be viewed as a generalization of these.

The dual notion is the final topology, which for a given family of functions mapping to a set  is the finest topology on  that makes those functions continuous.
Yevhen Chervonenko
Yevhen Alfredovych Chervonenko (Ukrainian: Євген Альфредович Червоненко; born 20 December 1959) is a Ukrainian politician and racing driver who served as governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast from 2005 to 2007. Chervonenko previously served as Minister of Transportation and Communication in 2005, and as a People's Deputy of Ukraine from 2002 to 2005.

Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
The governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is the head of state administration for the Zaporizhzhia Oblast.

The office of governor is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the president of Ukraine, on recommendation from the prime minister of Ukraine, to serve a four-year term.

Due to the current Russo-Ukrainian war, since 24 February 2022, the governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is officially called Head of the Zaporizhzhia Regional Military Civil Administration. The official residence for the governor is located in Zaporizhzhia. As a result of the Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast and the subsequent disputed referendum, there are now competing Russian and Ukrainian governors.
Kengeede
The Kengeede (Russian: Кэнгээдэ; Yakut: Күҥгэдэ, Küŋgede), also spelled as Kengede, Kengyade or Kende, is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic) and Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is the second longest tributary of the Arga-Sala, of the Olenyok basin, and has a length of 241 kilometres (150 mi) and a drainage basin area of 7,610 square kilometres (2,940 sq mi).

The river basin is a lonely, desolate area devoid of settlements.

Arga-Sala
The Arga-Sala (Russian: Арга-Сала; Yakut: Арҕаа Салаа, Arğaa Salaa) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic) and Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is the largest tributary of the Olenyok with a length of 503 kilometres (313 mi). Its drainage basin area is 47,700 square kilometres (18,400 sq mi). The river basin is a lonely, desolate area devoid of settlements.

The name of the river comes from the Yakut language "argaa/salaa" (Арҕаа/Салаа), meaning "western tributary".
Charles Holtzapffel
Charles Holtzapffel (1806–1847) was a mechanical engineer and technical writer and one of the Holtzapffel dynasty of tool and lathe makers. He wrote a five volume treatise called Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, which is considered a blueprint for ornamental turning, with over 3000 pages and 1600 illustrations.

Charles was the son of John Jacob Holtzapffel, originally from Alsace who set up a tool-making partnership in Long Acre with Franic Rousset in 1793.

Charles was educated in England.

Holtzapffel
The Holtzapffel dynasty of tool and lathe makers was founded in Long Acre, London by a Strasbourg-born turner, Jean-Jacques Holtzapffel, in 1794. The firm specialized in lathes for ornamental turning but also made a name for its high-quality edge and boring tools.
Luda Kamchiya
Luda Kamchiya (Bulgarian: Луда Камчия [ˈɫudɐ ˈkamt͡ʃijɐ], lit. 'Mad Kamchiya') is river in eastern Bulgaria, the main tributary of the river Kamchiya. Reaching 201 km, it is longer than the main stem of the Kamchiya, the Golyama Kamchiya (199 km), and is the tenth longest river in the country.

Kamchiya
The Kamchiya (also Kamchia and Kamčija, Bulgarian: Камчия [ˈkamt͡ʃijɐ]) is a 191-kilometre (119 mi) river in eastern Bulgaria. From its longest source, Golyama Kamchiya (Big Kamchiya), it has a total length of (244.5-kilometre (151.9 mi). The river Kamchiya proper starts from the confluence of the two rivers springing from Eastern Stara Planina, Golyama Kamchiya (itself formed by the confluence of the rivers Ticha and Vrana) and Luda Kamchiya (considered major source), flows eastward to the Black Sea and empties into it 25 km south of Varna, in the Resort of Kamchiya.
WGMB-TV
WGMB-TV (channel 44) is a television station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside CW owned-and-operated station WBRL-CD (channel 21) and independent station KZUP-CD (channel 19); Nexstar also provides certain services to NBC affiliate WVLA-TV (channel 33) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with White Knight Broadcasting. The four stations share studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge; WGMB-TV's transmitter is located near Addis, Louisiana.

WBRL-CD
WBRL-CD (channel 21) is a low-power, Class A television station in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States, serving as the local outlet for The CW. It is owned and operated by network majority owner Nexstar Media Group alongside Fox affiliate WGMB-TV (channel 44) and independent station KZUP-CD (channel 19); Nexstar also provides certain services to NBC affiliate WVLA-TV (channel 33) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with White Knight Broadcasting. The four stations share studios on Perkins Road in Baton Rouge; WBRL-CD's transmitter is located near Addis, Louisiana.

In addition to its own digital signal, WBRL-CD is simulcast in 1080i full high definition on WGMB's second digital subchannel (44.2) from the same transmitter site.
Vice-admiral (Royal Navy)
A vice-admiral (VAdm) is a flag officer rank of the Royal Navy and equates to the NATO rank code OF-8. It is immediately superior to the rear admiral rank and is subordinate to the full admiral rank.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is lieutenant-general; and in the Royal Air Force, it is air marshal.

Admiral (Royal Navy)
Admiral (Adm) is a senior rank of the Royal Navy, which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9, outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet. Royal Navy officers holding the ranks of rear admiral, vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family.

The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines is general; and in the Royal Air Force, it is air chief marshal.