hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Erik Julin
Erik Julin (13 November 1796 – 21 June 1874) was a Finnish apothecary, shipowner and industrialist.

After his studies Julin continued his father's pharmacy in Turku. He started a shipping business which first operated locally and later overseas. Julin was founding owner of Russo-Finnish Whaling Company and significant owner of Turku shipbuilders Åbo Skeppswarf and W:m Crichton & C:o.

Julin initiated foundation of the first voluntary fire brigade of Finland and he developed actively the financial sector.

M Crichton & C:o
W:m Crichton & C:o Ab is a former engineering and shipbuilding company that operated in Turku, Grand Duchy of Finland from 1842 to 1913. The company also had another shipyard in Okhta, Saint Petersburg.

The company was founded as Cowie & Eriksson. At the beginning it produced steam engines, boilers and other engineering products. William Crichton became owner in 1862 and the company was named W:m Crichton & C:o The first shipbuilding slipway was constructed in 1864. The company became the biggest employer of Turku after acquiring the nearby yard Åbo Skeppswarf in 1883.

Crichton died in 1889, after which the operations were continued by investors. In 1896 the company started a new yard in Okhta, Saint Petersburg, to build ships for the local market. The operations were poorly organised, and both yards lost so much money that the entire company went bankrupt in 1913.

A new company, Ab Crichton, was established in 1914 to continue shipbuilding in Turku.
Those Snow White Notes
Those Snow White Notes (Japanese: ましろのおと, Hepburn: Mashiro no Oto) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Marimo Ragawa. It was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Magazine from December 2009 to August 2022, and has been collected in thirty-one tankōbon volumes. An anime television series adaptation produced by Shin-Ei Animation aired from April 3 to June 19, 2021, on the Animeism programming block.

Shin-Ei Animation
Shin-Ei Animation Co., Ltd. (Japanese: シンエイ動画株式会社, Hepburn: Shīn'eī Dōga Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese animation studio owned by TV Asahi and founded in Tokyo in 1965 as A Production by Daikichirō Kusube, who was previously an animator for Toei Animation.
Jacksonville Braves
30°19′33″N 81°38′23″W﻿ / ﻿30.3258°N 81.6398°W﻿ / 30.3258; -81.6398

The Jacksonville Braves were a minor league baseball team based in Jacksonville, Florida, U.S. The Class A affiliate of the Milwaukee Braves Major League Baseball team, they played in the South Atlantic League (the "Sally League") from 1953 to 1961. They played their home games at Durkee Field and then Wolfson Park.

The Braves were established in 1953 by Samuel W. Wolfson, replacing the Jacksonville Tars baseball club. They were a far more successful team than the Tars had been, winning the league championship in 1956 and making four other playoff appearances under manager Ben Geraghty. One of the first integrated professional baseball teams in the league and in Florida, the Braves fielded standout players such as Hank Aaron and Félix Mantilla. In 1961 an ownership deal changed the team's major league affiliation, and the Braves were replaced by the Jacksonville Jets for the 1961 season.

J. P. Small Memorial Stadium
J. P. Small Memorial Stadium is a baseball park in Jacksonville, Florida. It is located in the Durkeeville community in northwest Jacksonville. Constructed in 1912 and rebuilt in 1936, it was the city's first municipal recreation field, and served as its primary baseball park before the construction of Wolfson Park in 1954. Throughout the years the stadium has been known at various times as Barrs Field, Durkee Field, and the Myrtle Avenue Ball Park.
Appomattoc
The Appomattoc (also spelled Appamatuck, Apamatic, and numerous other variants) were a historic tribe of Virginia Indians speaking an Algonquian language, and residing along the lower Appomattox River, in the area of what is now Petersburg, Colonial Heights, Chesterfield and Dinwiddie Counties in present-day southeast Virginia.

The Appomattoc were affiliated with the estimated 30 tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy, who controlled the area then known as Tenakomakah, present-day Tidewater Virginia. According to William Strachey, the Appomattoc were one of four subtribes within the original inheritance of Chief Powhatan, before he incorporated the other tribes into his Confederacy, and were said to be closely connected with the Powhatan royal line.

Tsenacommacah
Tsenacommacah (pronounced /ˌsɛnəˈkɒməkə/ SEN-ə-KOM-ə-kə in English; also written Tscenocomoco, Tsenacomoco, Tenakomakah, Attanoughkomouck, and Attan-Akamik) is the name given by the Powhatan people to their native homeland, the area encompassing all of Tidewater Virginia and parts of the Eastern Shore. More precisely, its boundaries spanned 100 miles (160 km) by 100 miles (160 km) from near the south side of the mouth of the James River all the way north to the south end of the Potomac River and from the Eastern Shore west to about the Fall Line of the rivers.

The term Tsenacommacah comes from the Powhatan language, and means “densely inhabited land.”
Michael Bourtzes
Michael Bourtzes (Greek: Μιχαήλ Βούρτζης, Arabic: Miḥā’īl al-Burdjī; ca. 930/35 – after 996) was a leading Byzantine general of the latter 10th century. He became notable for his capture of Antioch from the Arabs in 969, but fell into disgrace by the Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas. Resentful at the slight, Bourtzes joined forces with the conspirators who assassinated Phokas a few weeks later. Bourtzes re-appears in a prominent role in the civil war between Emperor Basil II and the rebel Bardas Skleros, switching his allegiance from the emperor to the rebel and back again. Nevertheless, he was re-appointed as doux of Antioch by Basil II, a post he held until 995, when he was relieved because of his failures in the war against the Fatimids.

Nikephoros II Phokas
Nikephoros II Phokas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, romanized: Nikēphóros Phōkâs; c. 912 – 11 December 969), Latinized Nicephorus II Phocas, was Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of Cilicia and retook the islands of Crete and Cyprus, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant; these campaigns earned him the sobriquet "pale death of the Saracens."
Quality of life
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".

Standard indicators of the quality of life include wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, social belonging, religious beliefs, safety, security and freedom. QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and employment. Health related QOL (HRQOL) is an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health.

Happiness
Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in enjoyable activities. However, happiness can also arise spontaneously, without any apparent external cause.

Happiness is closely linked to well-being and overall life satisfaction. Studies have shown that individuals who experience higher levels of happiness tend to have better physical and mental health, stronger social relationships, and greater resilience in the face of adversity.

The pursuit of happiness has been a central theme in philosophy and psychology for centuries. While there is no single, universally accepted definition of happiness, it is generally understood to be a state of mind characterized by positive emotions, a sense of purpose, and a feeling of fulfillment.
Aéro-Service
Société Aéro-Service Afrigo was an airline headquartered in Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo. It operated chartered cargo and business passenger flights within Congo and to neighbouring countries out of its base at Pointe-Noire Airport.

Agostinho-Neto International Airport
Antonio-Agostinho-Neto International Airport (IATA: PNR, ICAO: FCPP) is an airport serving Pointe-Noire, a coastal city in the Republic of the Congo. The runway is surrounded by the densely populated city, and is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) inland from the Atlantic shore.
Jamshid Nassiri
Jamshid Nassiri (born 23 February 1959 in Khorramshahr) is an Iranian-Indian football manager and former footballer, who is currently the head coach of the Calcutta Premier Division side Calcutta FC. Nassiri is known for forming a successful attacking duo with Majid Bishkar in the 1980s. He was one of the most expensive players in Indian football during his playing days and is the first foreign player to score 100 goals across several tournaments in the country.

Nassiri played for several clubs in India during his playing career. At the international level, he has represented Iran at the 1977 FIFA World Youth Championship. Nassiri currently lives in Kolkata and holds Indian citizenship.

Calcutta Cricket and Football Club
Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (popularly known by its abbreviations CC&FC and CCFC) is an Indian professional multi-sports club based in Kolkata, West Bengal. Founded in 1792 as a cricket institution, the football and rugby sections were added when it merged with Calcutta Football Club (oldest football club in Asia, founded in 1872) in 1965. This is the oldest cricket club outside Great Britain.

The rugby section of the club made CC&FC the oldest rugby institution founded outside the United Kingdom and Ireland. Club's football section competes in the premier division of Calcutta Football League, fifth tier of the Indian football league system.
Whiley (programming language)
Whiley is an experimental programming language that combines features from the functional and imperative programming paradigms, and supports formal specification through function preconditions, postconditions and loop invariants. The language uses flow-sensitive typing also termed flow typing.

The Whiley project began in 2009 in response to the "Verifying Compiler Grand Challenge" put forward by Tony Hoare in 2003. The first public release of Whiley was in June, 2010.

Developed by David Pearce mainly, Whiley is an open source project with contributions from a small community. The system has been used for student research projects and in teaching undergraduate classes. It was supported from 2012–2014 by the Royal Society of New Zealand's Marsden Fund.

The Whiley compiler generates code for the Java virtual machine (JVM) and can interoperate with Java and other JVM-based languages.

Flow-sensitive typing
In programming language theory, flow-sensitive typing (also called flow typing or occurrence typing) is a type system where the type of an expression depends on its position in the control flow.

In statically typed languages, a type of an expression is determined by the types of the sub-expressions that compose it. However, in flow-sensitive typing, an expression's type may be updated to a more specific type if it follows an operation that validates its type. Validating operations can include type predicates, imperative updates, and control flow.
Sales comparison approach
The sales comparison approach (SCA) is a real estate appraisal valuation method that relies on the assumption that a matrix of attributes or significant features of a property drive its value. For examples, in the case of a single family residence, such attributes might be floor area, views, location, number of bathrooms, lot size, age of the property and condition of property. This method is in contrast to the two other main pricing methods for real estate which are cost approach and income approach.

Income approach
The income approach  is a real estate appraisal valuation method. It is one of three major groups of methodologies, called valuation approaches, used by appraisers.  It is particularly common in commercial real estate appraisal and in business appraisal.  The fundamental math is similar to the methods used for financial valuation, securities analysis, or bond pricing.  However, there are some significant and important modifications when used in real estate or business valuation.

While there are quite a few acceptable methods under the rubric of the income approach, most of these methods fall into three categories:  direct capitalization, discounted cash flow, and gross income multiplier.
2016 IFA Shield
The 2016 IFA Shield (officially known as the LG IFA Shield 2016 for sponsorship reasons) was the 120th edition of the IFA Shield. The tournament is designed as a U19 youth football tournament since 2015.

This year ten football clubs going to participate including two overseas football clubs. The winners of LG IFA Shield was awarded with an amount of ₹ 5 Lakhs, while the second seeded team will get an amount of ₹ 3 Lakhs.

The tournament was managed by Ekalavya Sports Foundation, run by former international Kalyan Chaubey and other TFA graduates.

Tata Football Academy became the champions of the tournament by beating AIFF Elite Academy on 6 March 2016 which was played at Mohun Bagan Ground. The score was even 2–2 during the regulation time. After extra time match ended 3–2 in the favour of Tata Football Academy. Shubham Ghosh was awarded the man of the match and Baoringdao Bodo player of the tournament.

Tata Football Academy
Tata Football Academy (Tata FA or TFA) is a football academy based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, sponsored by Tata Steel, which owns ISL outfit Jamshedpur FC. It is one of the renowned and leading football academies in the country.
Weapons and armor in Chinese mythology, legend, cultural symbology, and fiction
Legendary weapons, arms, and armor are important motifs in Chinese mythology as well as Chinese legend, cultural symbology, and fiction. Weapons featured in Chinese mythology, legend, cultural symbology, and fiction include Guanyu's pole weapon (featured in the 14th century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms). This non-factually documented weapon has been known as the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Other weapons from Chinese mythology, legend, cultural symbology, and fiction include the shield and battleax of the defiant dancer Xingtian, Yi's bow and arrows, given him by Di Jun, and the many weapons and armor of Chiyou, who is associated with the elemental power of metal. Chinese mythology, legend, cultural symbology, and fiction features the use of elemental weapons such as ones evoking the powers of wind and rain to influence battle.

Green Dragon Crescent Blade
The Green Dragon Crescent Blade (Chinese: 靑龍偃月刀) is a legendary weapon wielded by the Chinese general Guan Yu in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. It is a guandao, a type of traditional Chinese weapon.

It is also sometimes referred to as the Frost Fair Blade (冷豔鋸), from the idea that during a battle in the snow, the blade continuously had blood on it; the blood froze and made a layer of frost on the blade.
Browning Auto-5
The Browning Automatic 5, more commonly referred to as the Auto-5 or simply A-5, is a recoil-operated semi-automatic shotgun designed by John Browning and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal. It was the first successful semi-automatic shotgun design, and remained in production until 1998. The name of the shotgun designates that it is an autoloader with a capacity of five rounds, four in the magazine and one in the chamber. Remington Arms and Savage Arms sold variants called the Remington Model 11 and Savage Model 720 that were nearly identical but lacked the magazine cutoff found on the Browning.

Recoil operation
Recoil operation is an operating mechanism used to implement locked-breech autoloading firearms. Recoil operated firearms use the energy of recoil to cycle the action, as opposed to gas operation or blowback operation using the pressure of the propellant gas.
George Ferrers
George Ferrers (c. 1500 – 1579) was a courtier and writer. In an incident which arose in 1542 while he was a Member of Parliament for Plymouth in the Parliament of England, he played a key role in the development of parliamentary privilege.

As a writer, he is best remembered for his contributions to The Mirror for Magistrates. He apparently wrote plays for court performance, and was particularly praised as a writer of tragedies, but these were never published and are now lost.

Parliamentary privilege
Parliamentary privilege is a legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain legislatures, beginning at the end of the middle ages with the English Parliament and spreading throughout its colonies in the following centuries, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made in the course of their legislative duties. It is common in countries whose constitutions are based on the Westminster system.
Traffic contract
If a network service (or application) wishes to use a broadband network (an ATM network in particular) to transport a particular kind of traffic, it must first inform the network about what kind of traffic is to be transported, and the performance requirements of that traffic. The application presents this information to the network in the form of a traffic contract.

Teletraffic engineering
Teletraffic engineering, or telecommunications traffic engineering is the application of transportation traffic engineering theory to telecommunications. Teletraffic engineers use their knowledge of statistics including queuing theory, the nature of traffic, their practical models, their measurements and simulations to make predictions and to plan telecommunication networks such as a telephone network or the Internet. These tools and knowledge help provide reliable service at lower cost.

The field was created by the work of A. K. Erlang for circuit-switched networks but is applicable to packet-switched networks, as they both exhibit Markovian properties, and can hence be modeled by e.g. a Poisson arrival process.

The observation in traffic engineering is that in large systems the law of large numbers can be used to make the aggregate properties of a system over a long period of time much more predictable than the behaviour of individual parts of the system.
Lahore Metrobus
The Lahore Metrobus is a bus rapid transit service operating in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. The service is integrated with Lahore Transport Company's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing seamless transit service across Lahore District with connections to neighboring suburban communities. The Lahore Metrobus was designed to be opened in stages, with the first stage opening on 11 February 2013 stretching from Gajumata to Shahdara Bagh. The 27 km stretch was opened during a ceremony by Chief Minister of Punjab Shehbaz Sharif along with Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey Bekir Bozdağ. The second and third stages have been put on hold, as proposals have been put forth to convert the remaining stages to light rail.

Lahore Transport Company
Lahore Transport Company (LTC) (Urdu: لاہور ٹرانسپورٹ کمپنی) is a public transit bus system established for the carrying of urban passengers in Lahore, in Punjab, Pakistan.

It operates a bus rapid transit system in Lahore. However, the BRTs do not have dedicated lanes and right of privilege.
Rowland Brown
Rowland Brown (November 6, 1900 – May 6, 1963), born Chauncey Rowland Brown in Canton, Ohio, was an American screenwriter and film director, whose career as a director ended in the early 1930s after he started many more films than he finished. He walked out of State's Attorney (1932), starring John Barrymore. He was abruptly replaced as director of The Scarlet Pimpernel.

As a writer, he was credited with twenty or so films including two Academy Award nominations, one in the 11th Academy Awards for Best Original Story Angels with Dirty Faces and another in the 4th Academy Awards for Doorway to Hell.

The Doorway to Hell
The Doorway to Hell is a 1930 American pre-Code crime film directed by Archie Mayo and starring Lew Ayres and James Cagney in his second film role. The film was based on the story A Handful of Clouds, written by Rowland Brown. The film's title was typical of the sensationalistic titles of many Pre-Code films. It was marketed with the tagline "The picture Gangland defied Hollywood to make!"
Bad Wolves
Bad Wolves is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles, California in 2017. Initially finding fame from their first single, a cover of the Cranberries' 1994 hit "Zombie", the band proceeded to find further success with a number of songs topping the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart, including "Remember When", "Killing Me Slowly", and "Sober". The band has released four studio albums, Disobey (2018), N.A.T.I.O.N. (2019), Dear Monsters (2021), and Die About It (2023). In January 2021, original lead vocalist Tommy Vext left the band and was replaced by Daniel "DL" Laskiewicz. Tensions ensued between Vext and the band, resulting in legal proceedings including Better Noise Music.

Better Noise Music
Better Noise Music is an American record label founded in 2006 by Allen Kovac, CEO of 10th Street Entertainment. The label was previously known as Eleven Seven Label Group with Eleven Seven, Five Seven and Better Noise Records as imprints. They are an artist development label, developing new bands in the rock music genre. The label recently announced an expanded alliance with FUGA and was named 2019 Active Rock Label of the Year for the second consecutive year.  In early 2020, Kovac launched sister company, Better Noise Films.

The Eleven Seven Music label was the home of recording artists Papa Roach, and others.
Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis
Yoga in Britain: stretching spirituality and educating Yogis is a 2019 book by Suzanne Newcombe on the history of modern yoga as exercise in Britain in the second half of the 20th century, especially in the period between 1945 and 1980. The book has been warmly received by scholars for its depth of study of the history and sociology of yoga in Britain, and its careful placing of its descriptions in specific contexts of time and place.

Suzanne Newcombe
Suzanne Newcombe researches the modern history of yoga and new and minority religions. She states that she is particularly interested in "the interfaces between religion, health and healing." She is known in particular for her work on yoga for women and yoga in Britain.
Primo Brown
Primo Brown, pseudonym of David Maria Belardi (Rome, June 14, 1976 - Rome, January 1, 2016), was an Italian rapper, known for having played in the rap band Cor Veleno.

Introducing himself to the music scene since the late 1980s, Primo is remembered as an artist of fundamental importance for the development of hip hop culture in Italy, especially in the capital.

Italian hip-hop
Italian hip hop is hip hop music rapped in the Italian language and/or made by Italian artists. One of the first hip hop crews to catch the attention of the Italian mainstream was Bologna's Isola Posse All Star, then and still today produced by Sandro Orru, who had written the soundtrack to the animated Signor Rossi TV series Signor Rossi in the 1970s.