hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Haverstraw (village), New York
Haverstraw (English pronunciation: /ˈhæːvəɹstɹɔː/ ⓘ) is a village incorporated in 1854 in the town of Haverstraw in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Congers, southeast of West Haverstraw, east of Garnerville, northeast of New City, and west of the Hudson River at its widest point. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,323.

The village of Haverstraw is within the North Rockland Central School District public primary and secondary school system of New York State, and the downtown hosts the Rockland Community College – Haverstraw Extension Center. As of 2009, the mayor is Michael Kohut.

West Haverstraw, New York
West Haverstraw is a village incorporated in 1883 in the town of Haverstraw, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located northwest of Haverstraw village, east of Thiells, south of the hamlet of Stony Point, and west of the Hudson River. The population was 10,165 at the 2010 census. The majority of the hamlet of Garnerville is contained in the village of West Haverstraw.
Katherine Ann Power
Katherine Ann Power (born January 25, 1949), also known under the aliases Mae Kelly and Alice Louise Metzinger, is an American ex-convict and long-time fugitive, who, along with her fellow student and accomplice Susan Edith Saxe, was placed on the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives list in 1970. The two participated in robberies at a Massachusetts National Guard armory and a bank in Brighton, Massachusetts, where Boston police officer Walter Schroeder was shot and killed. Power remained at large for twenty-three years.

A native of Colorado, Power turned herself over to authorities in 1993 after starting a new life in Oregon. She pleaded guilty and was imprisoned in Massachusetts for six years before being released on fourteen years' probation. While in prison, Power completed her bachelor's degree, and after her release, earned a master's degree at Oregon State University. She currently resides in the Boston area.

Susan Edith Saxe
Susan Edith Saxe (born January 18, 1949) is an American who is one of only twelve women ever to make the FBI's most wanted list, and one of three women from Brandeis University to do so. She was placed on the list on October 17, 1970, and remained on it until March 27, 1975.

Saxe describes herself as a "lifelong radical activist, intersectional in outlook since back in the day when we just expressed it as the idea that “everything is connected.”"
William Webb Ellis
William Webb Ellis (24 November 1806 – 24 February 1872) was an English Anglican clergyman who, by tradition, has been credited as the inventor of rugby football while a pupil at Rugby School. According to legend, Webb Ellis picked up the ball and ran with it during a school football match in 1823, thus creating the "rugby" style of play. Although the story has become firmly entrenched in the sport's folklore, it is not supported by first-hand evidence, and is discounted by most rugby historians as an origin myth.

The Webb Ellis Cup is presented to the winners of the Rugby World Cup.

Rugby School
Rugby School is a private boarding school for pupils aged 13–18, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire in England.

Founded in 1567 as a free grammar school for local boys, it is one of the oldest independent schools in Britain. Up to 1667, the school remained in comparative obscurity. Its re-establishment by Thomas Arnold during his time as Headmaster, from 1828 to 1841, was seen as the forerunner of the Victorian public school. It was one of nine schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission of 1864 and later regulated as one of the seven schools included in the Public Schools Act 1868. Originally a boys' school, it became fully co-educational in 1992.

The school's alumni – or "Old Rugbeians" – include a UK prime minister, a French prime minister, several bishops, poets, scientists, writers and soldiers.

Rugby School is the birthplace of rugby football.
Identification of Fixed Objects in Public Transport
IFOPT (Identification of Fixed Objects in Public Transport) is a CEN Technical Specification that provides a Reference Data Model for describing the main fixed objects required for public access to Public transport, that is to say  Transportation hubs (such as airports, stations, bus stops, ports, and other destination places and points of interest, as well as their entrances, platforms, concourses, internal spaces, equipment,  facilities, accessibility etc.).  Such a model is a fundamental component of the modern Public transport information systems needed both to operate Public transport and to inform passengers about services. 
IFOPT has been revised and incorporated into Transmodel v6 – Part 2.

Transmodel
Transmodel, also known as Reference Data Model For Public Transport (EN 12896), is a European Standard for modelling and exchanging public transport information. It provides a standard data model and specialised data structures to uniformly represent common public transport concepts, facilitating the use of data in a wide variety of public transport information systems, including for timetabling, fares, operational management, real-time data, and journey planning.

As of 2021, the current version of Transmodel is 6.0.
Chili, New York
Chili (/ˈtʃaɪlaɪ/ CHY-ly) is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 29,123 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of the city of Rochester, established in 1822 from part of the town of Riga. North Chili was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Black Creek Park is one of many parks in Chili where visitors can make use of nature trails that run along the creek.

Riga, New York
Riga is a town in Monroe County, New York, United States. The population was 5,586 at the 2020 census. The town is in the western part of the county. Locally, the town's name is pronounced RYE-ga, instead of REE-ga like the capital of Latvia.
Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway
The Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway was an 85-mile (137 km) railroad that ran from Beaumont, Texas to Gulf Coast Junction in Houston. It passed through small southeast Texas communities such as Hull, Kenefick, and Huffman.  As part of the Gulf Coast Lines system, the road was eventually merged into the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1956, which in turn was merged into the Union Pacific Railroad in 1982.  The Union Pacific still makes heavy use of the route.

Gulf Coast Lines
The Gulf Coast Lines was the name of a railroad system comprising three principal railroads, as well as some smaller ones, that stretched from New Orleans, Louisiana, via Baton Rouge and Houston to Brownsville, Texas.  Originally chartered as subsidiaries of the Frisco Railroad, the system became independent in 1916 and was purchased by the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1925.

The parent company of the independent Gulf Coast Lines was the New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railway, incorporated in Louisiana on February 28, 1916, which bought the property and assets of the Frisco-owned New Orleans, Texas and Mexico Railroad.  The NOT&M was headquartered in New Orleans, and owned or leased a number of other railroads in Louisiana and Texas, operating them all together as the Gulf Coast Lines.  As of December 31, 1916, the total trackage operated by the Gulf Coast Lines system was 1,013 miles (1,630 km), including branches, sidings, trackage rights, and leased lines.
APOS Theory
In mathematics education, APOS Theory is a framework of how mathematical concepts are learned. APOS Theory was developed by Ed Dubinsky and others and is based on Jean Piaget's notion of reflective abstraction. APOS stands for Actions, Processes, Objects, Schemas, the four main mental structures involved in the theory. APOS Theory takes a constructivist view towards mathematical learning. Implementations of APOS Theory in classrooms typically use the ACE Teaching Cycle, a pedagogical strategy with three chronological components: activities, classroom discussion, and exercises. Implementations also often use mathematical programming languages, most commonly ISETL.

Constructivism (philosophy of education)
Constructivism is a theory that suggests that learners do not passively acquire knowledge through direct instruction. Instead, they construct their understanding through experiences and social interaction, integrating new information with their existing knowledge. This theory originates from Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Racetam
Racetams, also sometimes known simply as pyrrolidones, are a class of drugs that share a pyrrolidone nucleus. Many, but not all, specifically have a 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide (piracetam) nucleus. Some racetams, such as piracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, and phenylpiracetam, are considered nootropics. Phenylpiracetam is also a stimulant. Others, such as levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, are anticonvulsants.

Piracetam
Piracetam is a drug that has efficacy in cognitive disorders, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia; sources differ on its usefulness for dementia. Piracetam is sold as a medication in many European countries. Piracetam in the United States is not approved for general use.

Piracetam is in the racetams group, with chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide. It is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA and shares the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid. Related drugs include the anticonvulsants levetiracetam and brivaracetam, and the putative nootropics aniracetam and phenylpiracetam.
Stellated octahedron
The stellated octahedron is the only stellation  of the octahedron. It is also called the stella octangula (Latin for "eight-pointed star"), a name given to it by Johannes Kepler in 1609, though it was known to earlier geometers. It was depicted in Pacioli's 1509 De Divina Proportione.

It is the simplest of the five regular polyhedral compounds, and the only regular polyhedral compound composed of only two polyhedra.

It can be seen as a 3D extension of the hexagram: the hexagram is a two-dimensional shape formed from two overlapping equilateral triangles, centrally symmetric to each other, and in the same way, the stellated octahedron can be formed from two centrally symmetric overlapping tetrahedra. This can be generalized to any desired number of higher dimensions; the four-dimensional equivalent construction is the compound of two 5-cells.

Polytope compound
In geometry, a polyhedral compound is a figure that is composed of several polyhedra sharing a common centre.  They are the three-dimensional analogs of polygonal compounds such as the hexagram.

The outer vertices of a compound can be connected to form a convex polyhedron called its convex hull. A compound is a faceting of its convex hull.

Another convex polyhedron is formed by the small central space common to all members of the compound. This polyhedron can be used as the core for a set of stellations.
Big Number Change
The Big Number Change addressed various issues with the telephone dialling plan in the United Kingdom, during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the country was running short of new telephone numbers.

Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, telephone numbers are administered by the Office of Communications (Ofcom). For this purpose, Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations.

Telephone numbers are of variable length. Local numbers are supported from landlines. Numbers can be dialled with a '0'-lead prefix that denotes either a geographical region or another service. Mobile phone numbers have distinct prefixes that are not geographic, and are portable between providers.
IndieWire
IndieWire is a film industry and film criticism website that was established in 1996. The site's focus was predominantly independent film, although its coverage has grown to "include all aspects of Hollywood and the expanding universes of TV and streaming". IndieWire is part of Penske Media Corporation.

Penske Media Corporation
Penske Media Corporation (PMC /ˈpɛnski/) is an American mass media, publishing, and information services company based in Los Angeles and New York City. It publishes more than 20 digital and print brands, including Variety, Rolling Stone, Women's Wear Daily, Deadline Hollywood, Billboard, The Hollywood Reporter, Robb Report, Artforum, ARTNews, and others. PMC's Chairman and CEO since founding is Jay Penske.

In addition to media publications, Penske Media Corporation owns the Life Is Beautiful Music & Art Festival and is a 50 percent stakeholder in South by Southwest. It is also the owner of Dick Clark Productions which includes the award shows Golden Globe Awards, American Music Awards, Streamy Awards, Academy of Country Music Awards, and the Billboard Music Awards.
Fantasy Zone
Fantasy Zone is a 1986 horizontally scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Sega for arcades. It is the first game in the Fantasy Zone series, and was later ported to several home consoles, including Sega's Master System. The player controls a sentient spaceship named Opa-Opa who fights an enemy invasion in the titular group of planets. The game contains a number of features atypical of the traditional scrolling shooter. The main character, Opa-Opa, is sometimes referred to as Sega's first mascot character.

The game's design and main character have similarities to Konami's TwinBee, and both games are credited with establishing the cute 'em up subgenre. Fantasy Zone also popularized the concept of a boss rush, a stage where the player faces multiple previous bosses again in succession. The game was followed by several sequels, beginning with Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa in 1987.

Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa
Fantasy Zone II: The Tears of Opa-Opa is a 1987 horizontally scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Sega for the Master System. It was ported to the arcade, Famicom, and MSX2, and was remade for the System 16 hardware on a PlayStation 2 compilation in 2008. It was re-released on the Wii Virtual Console in North America on June 29, 2009. The player controls a sentient spaceship named Opa-opa who fights surreal invader enemies. Like the first Fantasy Zone, Fantasy Zone II departs from scrolling shooter themes with its bright colors and whimsical designs. For this reason, it is occasionally dubbed a "cute 'em up".
Fibroblast growth factor 2
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, themselves a family of closely related molecules. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975; soon thereafter three variants were isolated: 'basic FGF' (FGF2); Heparin-binding growth factor-2; and Endothelial cell growth factor-2. Gene sequencing revealed that this group is the same FGF2 protein and is a member of a family of FGF proteins.

Fibroblast growth factor
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by the macrophages. They are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in their function will lead to a range of developmental defects.  These growth factors typically act as a systemic or locally circulating molecules of extracellular origin that activate cell surface receptors. A defining property of FGFs is that they bind to heparin and to heparan sulfate. Thus, some are sequestered in the extracellular matrix of tissues that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and released locally upon injury or tissue remodeling.
Penman equation
The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E.   Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs arid climates.

Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) refers to the combined processes which move water from the Earth's surface (open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation) into the atmosphere. It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies, and water bodies) and transpiration (evaporation that occurs through the stomata, or openings, in plant leaves). Evapotranspiration is an important part of the local water cycle and climate, and measurement of it plays a key role in water resource management and agricultural irrigation.
Edith Marguerite Harrington
Edith Marguerite Tippet (née Harrington, previously Shand; 14 June 1893 – 3 January 1981), sometimes known as Margot, was the first wife of the English journalist Philip Morton Shand and through her only child, Bruce, was the paternal grandmother of Queen Camilla.

Bruce Shand
Bruce Middleton Hope Shand (22 January 1917 – 11 June 2006) was an officer in the British Army who served in France as part of the British Expeditionary Force during the Second World War. He was the father of Queen Camilla.

After the war he became a wine merchant. He was Vice-Lord-Lieutenant of East Sussex from 1974 until 1992 and was a Master of Foxhounds.
Takechi Hanpeita
Takechi Zuizan (武市瑞山, October 24, 1829 – July 3, 1865), also known as Takechi Hanpeita (武市 半平太), was a samurai of Tosa Domain during the Bakumatsu period in Japan. Influenced by the effects of the Perry Expedition, Takechi formed the Tosa Kinnō-tō (土佐勤王党, Tosa Imperialism party) which was loyal to the ideals of the sonnō jōi movement. The Kinnō-tō killing of Yoshida Tōyō on 6 May 1862, led to sonnō jōi becoming the prevalent philosophy of Tosa Domain, but he was later imprisoned and forced to commit seppuku by the former daimyō of Tosa Domain Yamauchi Yōdō.

Yamauchi Toyoshige
Yamauchi Toyoshige (山内 豊信; 1827–1872), also known as Yamauchi Yōdō (山内 容堂), was a Japanese daimyō in the Shikoku region in the late Edo period. He was usually referred to as Lord Yōdō in Western accounts.
Henry Hudson Park
Henry Hudson Memorial Park is a small public park in the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood of The Bronx in New York City, located at the intersection of Kappock Street and Independence Avenue. It is the site of the Henry Hudson Monument or Henry Hudson Memorial, dedicated in 1938.  The park is part of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx
Spuyten Duyvil (/ˈspaɪtən ˈdaɪvəl/, SPY-tən-DIE-vəl) is a neighborhood of the Bronx, New York City. It is bounded on the north by Riverdale, on the east by Kingsbridge, on the south by the Harlem River, and on the west by the Hudson River. Some consider it to be the southernmost part of Riverdale.
Hugo Henckel von Donnersmarck
Count Hugo Karl Anton Lazarus Henckel von Donnersmarck (26 April 1811 – 4 October 1890) was a German-Austrian entrepreneur, landowner, and industrialist. He was active in agriculture, livestock, and the metal industry and built the first puddling and steel rolling mill in Germany. He later built a soda-pulp and paper mill in Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud, which remains the town's largest employer. Henckel von Donnersmarck rebuilt Wolfsberg Castle in Carinthia and built the Palais Henckel von Donnersmarck in Vienna.

Wolfsberg Castle (Carinthia)
Wolfsberg Castle (German: Schloss Wolfsberg), today also Henckel-Donnersmarck Castle (Schloss Henckel-Donnersmarck), stands on a knoll in the north of the town of Wolfsberg in the Austrian state of Carinthia.
R.A.A. Louviéroise
R.A.A. Louviéroise, sometimes referred to as La Louvière or RAAL, was a Belgian football club located in the city of La Louvière, in the province of Hainaut.  It played its last run in the Belgian First Division from 2000–01 to 2005–06 included. Two players have been called to the Belgium national football team while at La Louvière: Guy Dardenne (6 caps when at La Louvière, 11 caps in all) and Silvio Proto (5 caps when at La Louvière). The matricule of the club was the number 93. In June 2009, it merged with RACS Couillet to form Football Couillet La Louvière. This club has since 2017 been named RAAL La Louvière.

RAAL La Louvière
Royal Association Athlétique Louviéroise La Louvière (known by its abbreviation RAAL La Louvière) is a Belgian professional football club based in La Louvière, in the province of Hainaut. The club was founded in 2009. It competes in the Belgian Pro League, the top tier of Belgian football, after being promoted from the Challenger Pro League in 2025.
USS Albacore (SS-218)
USS Albacore (SS-218) was a Gato-class submarine which served in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, winning the Presidential Unit Citation and nine battle stars for her service. During the war, she was credited with sinking 13 Japanese ships (including two destroyers, the light cruiser Tenryū and the aircraft carrier Taihō) and damaging another five; not all of these credits were confirmed by postwar Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (JANAC) accounting. She also holds the distinction of sinking the highest warship tonnage of any U.S. submarine. She was lost in 1944, probably sunk by a mine on November 7th, near the Tsugaru Strait between the Japanese main islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō.

Albacore was the second vessel of the United States Navy to be named for the albacore.

Japanese aircraft carrier Taihō
Taihō (大鳳; "Great Phoenix") was an aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Possessing heavy belt armor and featuring an armored flight deck (a first for any Japanese aircraft carrier), she represented a major departure from prior Japanese aircraft carrier design and was expected to not only survive multiple bomb, torpedo, or shell hits, but also continue fighting effectively afterwards.

Built by Kawasaki at Kobe, she was laid down on 10 July 1941, launched almost two years later on 7 April 1943 and finally commissioned on 7 March 1944. She sank on 19 June 1944 during the Battle of the Philippine Sea due to explosions resulting from design flaws and poor damage control after suffering a single torpedo hit from the American submarine USS Albacore.
Solid oxide electrolyzer cell
A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) is a solid oxide fuel cell that runs in regenerative mode to achieve the electrolysis of water (and/or carbon dioxide) by using a solid oxide, or ceramic, electrolyte to produce hydrogen gas (and/or carbon monoxide) and oxygen. The production of pure hydrogen is compelling because it is a clean fuel that can be stored, making it a potential alternative to batteries, methane, and other energy sources (see hydrogen economy). Electrolysis is currently the most promising method of hydrogen production from water due to high efficiency of conversion and relatively low required energy input when compared to thermochemical and photocatalytic methods.

Regenerative fuel cell
A regenerative fuel cell or reverse fuel cell (RFC) is a fuel cell run in reverse mode, which consumes electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A. By definition, the process of any fuel cell could be reversed. However, a given device is usually optimized for operating in one mode and may not be built in such a way that it can be operated backwards. Standard fuel cells operated backwards generally do not make very efficient systems unless they are purpose-built to do so as with high-pressure electrolysers, regenerative fuel cells, solid-oxide electrolyser cells and unitized regenerative fuel cells.