hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Model
A model is an informative representation of an object, person, or system. The term originally denoted the plans of a building in late 16th-century English, and derived via French and Italian ultimately from Latin modulus, 'a measure'.

Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a ship model) and abstract models (e.g. a set of mathematical equations describing the workings of the atmosphere for the purpose of weather forecasting). Abstract or conceptual models are central to philosophy of science.

In scholarly research and applied science, a model should not be confused with a theory: while a model seeks only to represent reality with the purpose of better understanding or predicting the world, a theory is more ambitious in that it claims to be an explanation of reality.

Conceptual model
The term conceptual model refers to any model that is the direct output of a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience.
Connaught Tunnel
The Connaught Tunnel is in southeastern British Columbia, on the Revelstoke–Donald segment. The 5.022-mile (8.082 km) tunnel carries the Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) main line under Mount Macdonald in the Selkirk Mountains. The tunnel, opened by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) in 1916, replaced the previous routing over Rogers Pass.

Rogers Pass (British Columbia)
Rogers Pass is a high mountain pass through the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia, but the term also includes the approaches used by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) and the Trans-Canada Highway. In the heart of Glacier National Park, this National Historic Site has been a tourist destination since 1886.
Walter Mitty
Walter Jackson Mitty is a fictional character in James Thurber's short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", first published in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and in book form in My World—and Welcome to It in 1942.

Thurber loosely based the character, a daydreamer, on himself. It was made into a film in 1947, starring Danny Kaye, with a remake in 2013 directed by and starring Ben Stiller.

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947 film)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty is a 1947 American Technicolor adventure comedy film directed by Norman Z. McLeod from a screenplay by Ken Englund, Everett Freeman, and Philip Rapp (uncredited), loosely based on the 1939 short story by James Thurber. The film stars Danny Kaye as a young daydreaming proofreader for a magazine publishing firm and Virginia Mayo as the woman of his dreams.
Nine lemma
In mathematics, the nine lemma (or 3×3 lemma) is a statement about commutative diagrams and exact sequences valid in the category of groups and any abelian category.

Consider the commutative diagram to the right. We have 6 statements:

If all columns as well as the two bottom rows are exact, then the top row is exact.

If all columns as well as the two top rows are exact, then the bottom row is exact.

If all columns as well as the top and bottom rows are exact, and  is the zero morphism, then the middle row is exact.

By symmetry, exchanging the words "row" and "column" gives 3 more true statements.

The nine lemma can be proved: Chap. II, Section 5 Some Diagram Lemmas, Lem. 5.1  by direct diagram chasing, or by applying the snake lemma (to the two bottom rows in the first case, and to the two top rows in the second case).

Commutative diagram
In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram such that all directed paths in the diagram with the same start and endpoints lead to the same result. It is said that commutative diagrams play the role in category theory that equations play in algebra.
Lafayette Towers Apartments East
Lafayette Towers Apartments East is at 1301 Orleans Street in the Lafayette Park development near downtown Detroit, Michigan. It is one of two identical apartment buildings designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; the other is Lafayette Towers Apartments West. Both the Lafayette Towers Apartments were built in 1963 and stand at 22 stories in height. They were designed in the International style of architecture, much like the Lafayette Pavilion Apartments, and the other buildings in the development. The primary materials for the facades are aluminium and glass.

Lafayette Towers Apartments West
Lafayette Towers Apartments West is at 1321 Orleans Street in the Lafayette Park development near downtown Detroit, Michigan. It is one of two identical apartment buildings designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; the other is Lafayette Towers Apartments East. Both the Lafayette Towers Apartments were built in 1963 and stand at 22 stories in height. They were designed in the International style of architecture, much like the Lafayette Pavilion Apartments, and the other buildings in the development. The primary materials for the facades are aluminium and glass.
George William Fullerton
George William Fullerton (March 7, 1923 – July 4, 2009) was a longtime associate of Leo Fender and, along with Fender and Dale Hyatt, a co-founder of G&L Musical Instruments.  He is credited with design contributions that led to the manufacture of the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar.

Leo Fender
Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991) was an American inventor and founder of the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation.

Fender designed the company's iconic early instruments: the Fender Telecaster, the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar; the Fender Stratocaster, among the most iconic electric guitars; and the Fender Precision Bass, which set the standard for electric basses. He also designed the Fender Bassman amplifier, which became the archetype for later amplifiers (notably by Marshall and Mesa Boogie) that dominated rock and roll music.

Fender, who was not a guitarist himself, was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.
Messenger (novel)
Messenger is a 2004 young adult dystopian novel by American author Lois Lowry, as is the third installment of The Giver Quartet, which began with the 1993 Newbery Medal-winning novel The Giver. The story takes place about six years after the events of The Giver, and the events of Gathering Blue, the preceding novel in the series. Characters from both of the previous books reappear in Messenger and give the novels a stronger continuity.

Set in an isolated community known simply as Village, the novel focuses on a boy, Matty, who serves as message-bearer through the ominous and lethal Forest that surrounds the community.

Gathering Blue
Gathering Blue is a young adult-dystopian novel written by American author Lois Lowry and was published on September 25, 2000. A companion book to The Giver (1993), it is set in the same future time period and universe, treats some of the same themes, and is followed by Messenger (2004) and Son (2012) in The Giver Quartet.

The central character, Kira is an orphan who has a deformed leg, and must learn to survive in a society that normally leaves the weak or disabled exposed to die in the fields. In the course of the book, she begins to learn the art of dyeing thread to different colors except for blue, which nobody in her community knows how to make. She also learns more about the truth of her village and the terrible secrets that they hold.
Orange Line (Montreal Metro)
The Orange Line (French: Ligne orange, pronounced [liɲ ɔʁɑ̃ʒ]), also known as Line 2 (French: Ligne 2), is the longest and first-planned of the four subway lines of the Montreal Metro in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It formed part of the initial network, and was extended from 1980 to 1986. On April 28, 2007, three new stations in Laval opened, making it the second Metro line to leave Montreal Island after the Yellow Line.

The Orange Line measures 30 kilometres (19 mi) in length and counts 31 stations. It is the longest subway line in Montreal and the second-longest in Canada after the Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway. Like the rest of the Metro network, it is entirely underground. The line runs in a U-shape (also similar to Line 1 Yonge-University) from Côte-Vertu in western Montreal to Montmorency in Laval, northwest of Montreal.

Côte-Vertu station
Côte-Vertu station is a Montreal Metro station in the borough of Saint-Laurent in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Orange Line. It opened on November 3, 1986 and has been the western terminus of the Orange Line since that date, having taken over from Du Collège station.
Alfa Romeo 115
The Alfa Romeo 115 is an Italian six-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine for aircraft use, mainly for training and light planes, based on the de Havilland Gipsy Six engine. Production totalled approximately 1,600 units. Derivatives of the 115 include the -1, bis, ter and Alfa Romeo 116.

De Havilland Gipsy Six
The de Havilland Gipsy Six is a British six-cylinder, air-cooled, inverted inline piston engine developed by the de Havilland Engine Company for aircraft use in the 1930s. It was based on the cylinders of the four-cylinder Gipsy Major and was developed into a series of similar aero engines which were still in common use until the 1980s.

The engines were of particular note for their exceptionally low cross-sectional area, a drag-reducing feature which made them ideal for the many racing aircraft of that period. In 1934, the basic bronze-headed Gipsy Six, rated at 185 horsepower (138 kW) at 2,100 rpm was modified for use in the DH.88 Comet air racer as the Gipsy Six "R" which produced 223 horsepower (166 kW) at 2,400 rpm for takeoff. Many Gipsy Six engines remain in service powering vintage aircraft types today.
Jonathan Apphus
Jonathan Apphus (Hebrew: יוֹנָתָן‎ אַפְּפוּס‎ Yōnāṯān ʾApfūs; Ancient Greek: Ἰωνάθαν Ἀπφοῦς, Iōnáthan Apphoûs) was one of the sons of Mattathias and the leader of the Hasmonean dynasty of Judea from 160 to 143 BCE.

Mattathias
Mattathias ben Johanan (Hebrew: מַתִּתְיָהוּ הַכֹּהֵן בֶּן יוֹחָנָן, Mattīṯyāhū haKōhēn ben Yōḥānān; died 166–165 BCE) was a Kohen (Jewish priest) who helped spark the Maccabean Revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.  Mattathias's story is related in the deuterocanonical book of 1 Maccabees and in the writings of Josephus.  Mattathias is accorded a central role in the story of Hanukkah and, as a result, is named in the Al HaNissim prayer Jews add to the Birkat Hamazon (grace after meals) and the Amidah during the festival's eight days.
Orthanes
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Orthanes or Orthannes (Ancient Greek: Ορθάν(ν)ης, romanized: Orthán(n)ēs) is a minor fertility and phallic god worshipped in Athens and the island of Imbros in the Aegean Sea. Little is known about Orthanes, his mythology and cult. Orthanes was seen as an ithyphallic god in the likes of Priapus, the fertility god with the enlarged genitalia. His imagery was used on coins from Imbros.

Priapus
In Greek mythology, Priapus (/praɪˈeɪpəs/; Ancient Greek: Πρίαπος, romanized: Príapos) is a minor rustic fertility god, protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens, and male genitalia. Priapus is marked by his oversized penis, and his permanent erection, which gave rise to the medical term priapism. He became a popular figure in Roman erotic art and Latin literature, and is the subject of the often humorously obscene collection of verse called the Priapeia.
Ralph Tulfo
Ralph Wendel Pua Tulfo (born July 12, 1996) is a Filipino politician who serves as the representative for Quezon City's 2nd district since 2022. He is the son of broadcaster and current senator Raffy Tulfo and ACT-CIS representative Jocelyn Pua.

Raffy Tulfo
Rafael Teshiba Tulfo (Tagalog: [ˈɾafi ˈtulfo]; born March 12, 1960) is a Filipino politician, broadcast journalist, and media personality who has served as a senator of the Philippines since 2022.

His works are focused on government and private sector issues, and he is best known as the host of the long-running public affairs radio program Wanted sa Radyo, and the former anchor of Aksyon sa Tanghali from 2014 to 2020 that featured the segment "Ipa-Raffy Tulfo Mo". His YouTube channel Raffy Tulfo in Action, which features videos from both shows, is the third-most subscribed Filipino YouTube channel as of 2021.

Tulfo sought a seat in the Philippine senate in the 2022 election and won placing third overall with 23 million votes. Tulfo serves as the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Senate Committee on Migrant Workers.
Katie Hnida
Katharine Anne Hnida (/ˈnaɪdə/; born May 17, 1981) is an American former football player who became the first woman to score in an NCAA Division I-A game, college football's highest level. She accomplished this as placekicker for the University of New Mexico Lobos on August 30, 2003.

Hnida is the third woman to have scored in a college football game, after Liz Heaston, who played for NAIA Willamette University in 1997, and Ashley Martin, who played for NCAA Division I-AA Jacksonville State University in 2001. While at University of Colorado Boulder in 1999 she became the second woman to dress for a Division I-A game, and the first to do so for a bowl game.

Ashley Martin
Ashley Martin (born c. 1981) is an American athlete who became the first woman to play and score in an NCAA Division I American football game, and one of the first ever to score points in any college football game. She accomplished this feat August 30, 2001, as a placekicker for the Jacksonville State University Gamecocks, where she also played on the women's soccer team. Martin played at Division I-AA (now known as the Football Championship Subdivision). The only earlier female player to score in a college football game was Liz Heaston, who kicked for Willamette University, a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) school, in 1997.
Kuralarasan
Kuralarasan born June 3 1991 is an Indian actor and composer who works in Tamil-language films. He has collaborated with his father, T. Rajendar, and his elder brother, Silambarasan, in all his films to date.

Silambarasan
Silambarasan Tesingu Rajendar (born 3 February 1983), popularly known as Simbu or by his initials as STR, is an Indian actor, producer,director and playback singer who primarily works in Tamil cinema. He is a recipient of two Edison Awards and three SIIMA Awards.

He is the eldest son of actor/director T. Rajendar. He began his acting career by playing roles as a child artist in films directed by his father, before his first lead role in his father's Kadhal Azhivathillai (2002).

In 2004, he starred in Manmadhan which was a huge success and became a turning point in his acting career. He went on to star in several commercially successful films such as Saravana (2006), Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (2010), Vaanam (2011), Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada (2016), Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018) and Maanaadu (2021).
Korakuen Stadium
Korakuen Stadium (後楽園球場, Kōrakuen Kyūjō) was a stadium in Tokyo, Japan. Completed in 1937, it was originally used for baseball, and was home to the Yomiuri Giants for nearly fifty years. For various periods of time, it was also the home stadium of six other professional Japanese baseball teams, including the Mainichi Orions, the Kokutetsu Swallows, and the Nippon Ham Fighters. Korakuen was the home of the Intercity baseball tournament for nearly fifty years. It originally hosted the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, now located at Korakuen's successor venue, the Tokyo Dome. In the 1970s and 1980s Korakuen was also used as a concert venue for superstar performers. The ballpark had a capacity of 50,000 people.

Tokyo Dome
Tokyo Dome (東京ドーム, Tōkyō Dōmu) is an indoor stadium in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. It was designed as a baseball stadium following its predecessor, Korakuen Stadium (whose former site is now occupied by the Tokyo Dome Hotel and a plaza for this stadium). In Japan, it is often used as a unit of size; for example, "the new construction is five times the size of Tokyo Dome."
Kangaroo Tour
Kangaroo Tour is the name given to Australia national rugby league team tours of Great Britain and France, tours to New Zealand and the one-off tour to Papua New Guinea (1991). The first Kangaroo Tour was in 1908. Traditionally, Kangaroo Tours took place every four years and involved a three-Test Ashes series against Great Britain (sometimes called Northern Union or The Lions) and a number of tour matches. The 1911/12 and 1921/22 tours were by the Australasian Kangaroos as both teams included New Zealand players. Some Kangaroo tours to Great Britain and France also included international friendly matches against Wales, though these games were not given test match status.

The last full Kangaroo Tour was in 1994, although shortened Kangaroo Tours took place in 2001 and again in 2003.

Since 1954, the Kangaroos have also made a number of overseas tours for multi-team tournaments such as the World Cup, Tri-Nations and Four Nations, however these are not classed as Kangaroo tours.

Men's rugby league Ashes
The Ashes series is a best-of-three series of test matches between Australia and England national rugby league football teams.

Named after the cricket series of the same name, the series was initially contested between the Australia and Great Britain national teams. The series first took place in 1908, and was contested 39 times until 2003, with hosting usually alternating between the two countries. Since 1973, Australia has won a record thirteen consecutive Ashes series.

After a hiatus of over 20 years, the Ashes series was revived in 2025. The series will continue as a best-of-three test match series between Australia and England.
Capitanian
In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Capitanian lasted between 264.28 and 259.51 million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian.

A significant mass extinction event occurred at the end of this stage, which was associated with anoxia and acidification in the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced the Emeishan Traps. This extinction event may be related to the much larger Permian–Triassic extinction event that followed about 10 million years later.

Wordian
In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Wordian lasted between 266.9 and 264.28 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian.
Milréis
The mil-réis (literally one thousand réis) was effectively a unit of currency in both Portugal (until 1911) and Brazil (until 1942).

As the value of the Portuguese real has historically been low (minted in copper since the 16th century), accounts have been kept in réis as well as milréis of 1,000 réis. The latter has been in use since the 1760s. In an edict of 24 April 1835 the main unit of account shifted from the real to the milréis.

It was replaced in 1911 by the escudo in Portugal and its colonies [one escudo (1$000) = one thousand réis] and in 1942 by the cruzeiro in Brazil. By the time it was replaced by the cruzeiro in Brazil, one mil-réis (1$000) was worth a dozen loaves of bread.

Portuguese escudo
The Portuguese escudo (Portuguese: escudo português, pronounced [(i)ʃˈkudu puɾtuˈɣeʃ]) was the currency of Portugal replacing the real on 22 May 1911 and was in use until the introduction of the euro on 1 January 2002. The escudo was subdivided into 100 centavos. The word escudo literally means shield; like other coins with similar names, it depicts the coat of arms of the state.

Amounts in escudos were written as escudos  centavos with the cifrão as the decimal separator (for example: 2500 means 25.00 escudos, 10050 means 100.50 escudos). Because of the conversion rate of 1,000 réis = 1, three decimal places were initially used (1 = 1000).
Pryderi
Pryderi fab Pwyll is a prominent figure in Welsh mythology, the son of Pwyll and Rhiannon, and king of Dyfed after his father's death. He is the only character to appear in all Four Branches of the Mabinogi, although the size of his role varies from tale to tale. He is often equated with the divine son figure of Mabon ap Modron, while Jeffrey Gantz compares him to Peredur fab Efrawg, who is himself associated with the continental figure of Sir Percival de Galles.

Ifor Williams speculated that he was once the focal character of the Mabinogi as a whole, although some subsequent scholars disagree with this theory.

Pryderi is described by Jeffrey Gantz as "bold and enterprising, but rash to the point of foolishness." He goes on to say that "his downfall, while pathetic, is not entirely undeserved."

Pwyll
Pwyll Pen Annwn (pronounced [pʊi̯ɬ]) is a prominent figure in Welsh mythology and literature, the lord of Dyfed, husband of Rhiannon and father of the hero Pryderi. With a name meaning "wisdom", he is the eponymous hero of Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed, the first branch of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, and also appears briefly as a member of Arthur's court in the medieval tale Culhwch ac Olwen. Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed also carries many similarities to the Mabinogi Branwen.
Alliance Française de Lagos
The Alliance Française of Lagos (French: l'Alliance Française de Lagos) is a Nigerian non-profit institution in Lagos whose statutes have been approved by the Alliance Française of Paris. The institute is involved with the training and education of Nigerians, most especially Lagosians in the French language and host cultural events.

Alliance française
Alliance française (French pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; "French Alliance", stylised as af) is an international organization that aims to promote the French language and francophone culture around the world. Created in Paris on 21 July 1883 under the name Alliance française pour la propagation de la langue nationale dans les colonies et à l'étranger (French alliance for the propagation of the national language in the colonies and abroad), known now simply as L'Alliance française, its primary goal is teaching French as a second language. Headquartered in Paris, the Alliance had 850 centers in 137 countries on every inhabited continent in 2014.
B4-4
B4-4, later known as Before Four (both stylized in lowercase), was a Canadian boy band from Toronto, Ontario. The band was composed of twins Ryan and Dan Kowarsky, along with  Ohad Einbinder. They were signed to Sony Records and achieved commercial success in Canada and later toured as Before Four in Germany.

RyanDan
RyanDan (born December 5, 1979) is a Canadian musical, songwriting and producing duo, consisting of identical twins Ryan and Dan Kowarsky, whose music is a mix of pop, opera, and classical.

The Kowarsky brothers were originally part of the boy band B4-4 (also known as Before Four). They later worked as a vocal duo known as RyanDan. They have also produced for a number of Canadian artists including Blake McGrath, Danny Fernandes, Tyler Medeiros, Mia Martina, Massari and others. They have also appeared as background vocals for Shania Twain in concert.