hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Löwenheim–Skolem theorem
In mathematical logic, the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem is a theorem on the existence and cardinality of models, named after Leopold Löwenheim and Thoralf Skolem.

The precise formulation is given below. It implies that if a countable first-order theory has an infinite model, then for every infinite cardinal number κ it has a model of size κ, and that no first-order theory with an infinite model can have a unique model up to isomorphism.  
As a consequence, first-order theories are unable to control the cardinality of their infinite models.

The (downward) Löwenheim–Skolem theorem is one of the two key properties, along with the compactness theorem, that are used in Lindström's theorem to characterize first-order logic. 
In general, the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem does not hold in stronger logics such as second-order logic.

Leopold Löwenheim
Leopold Löwenheim [ˈle:o:pɔl̩d ˈlø:vɛnhaɪm] (26 June 1878 in Krefeld – 5 May 1957 in Berlin) was a German mathematician doing work in mathematical logic. The Nazi regime forced him to retire because under the Nuremberg Laws he was considered only three quarters Aryan. In 1943 much of his work was destroyed during a bombing raid on Berlin. Nevertheless, he survived the Second World War, after which he resumed teaching mathematics.

Löwenheim (1915) gave the first proof of what is now known as the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, often considered the starting point for model theory.

Leopold was the son of Ludwig Löwenheim, a mathematics teacher at the polytechnic in Krefeld and Elizabeth Röhn, a writer. In 1881 the three of them left Krefeld first for Naples and then Berlin where Ludwig was a private scholar working on a comprehensive account of the influence of Democritus on modern science. Although he hoped this would gain him a teaching job at Humboldt University Ludwig died in 1894.
Omaha Central Public Library
Omaha Central Public Library is an under-construction public library in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Upon its completion, it will be the main branch of the Omaha Public Library system. The library was announced in 2022 and began construction in 2023. It was built on the former site of the original Do Space library, Do Space will also be a major occupant of the building. Omaha Central Public Library is expected to be completed in 2026. The library will serve as a replacement for the former W. Dale Clark Library and will be the largest in the system.

Do Space
Do Space is a 501(c)(3) non-profit community technology center in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The center's services include a digital library, an educational center, and small makerspace featuring 3D printing technology.  The library opened in 2015.
St. Edmund's College, Shillong
St. Edmund's College, often abbreviated as SEC, is an educational institute of the Congregation of Christian Brothers located in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. It is the oldest college in Meghalaya and second oldest in Northeast India behind Cotton College, Guwahati (1901). It was established in 1924 and celebrated its Platinum Jubilee in 1999. An alumnus of St. Edmund's College, Shillong or St. Edmund's School, Shillong is often called an Edmundian.

Congregation of Christian Brothers
The Congregation of Christian Brothers (Latin: Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum; abbreviated CFC) is a worldwide religious community within the Catholic Church, founded by Edmund Rice.

Their first school opened in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802. At the time of its foundation, though much relieved from the harshest of the Penal Laws by the Relief Acts, Catholics faced much discrimination throughout the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland pending full Catholic emancipation in 1829.

This congregation is sometimes referred to as simply "the Christian Brothers", leading to confusion with the De La Salle Brothers—also known as the Christian Brothers, sometimes by Lasallian organisations themselves. As such, Rice's congregation is sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers or the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers.
Metal theft
Metal theft is "the theft of items for the value of their constituent metals". It usually increases when worldwide prices for scrap metal rise, as has happened dramatically due to rapid industrialization in India and China. Apart from precious metals like gold and silver, the metals most commonly stolen are non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium, brass, and bronze. However, even cast iron and steel are seeing higher rates of theft due to increased scrap metal prices.

One defining characteristic of metal theft is the motivation. Whereas other items are generally stolen for their extrinsic value, items involved in metal theft are stolen for their intrinsic value as raw material or commodities. Thefts often have negative consequences much greater than the value of the metal stolen, such as the destruction of valuable statues, power interruptions, and the disruption of railway traffic, or the thieves in question becoming a path to ground, resulting in electrocution.

Scrap
Scrap consists of recyclable materials, usually metals, left over from product manufacturing and consumption, such as parts of vehicles, building supplies, and surplus materials. Unlike waste, scrap can have monetary value, especially recovered metals, and non-metallic materials are also recovered for recycling. Once collected, the materials are sorted into types – typically metal scrap will be crushed, shredded, and sorted using mechanical processes.

Metal recycling, especially of structural steel, ships, used manufactured goods, such as vehicles and white goods, is an industrial activity with complex networks of wrecking yards, sorting facilities, and recycling plants. The industry includes both formal organizations and a wide range of informal roles such as waste pickers who help sorting through scrap.
Chhello Divas
Chhello Divas – A New Beginning (transl. The Last Day – A New Beginning) is a Gujarati coming of age comedy film, written and directed by Krishnadev Yagnik. The film stars Malhar Thakar, Yash Soni, Mitra Gadhavi, Aarjav Trivedi, Rahul Raval, Janki Bodiwala, Kinjal Rajpriya, and Netri Trivedi. The plot revolves around the lives of eight friends in their last year of college.

The film premiered on 20 November 2015 and garnered critical acclaim. The film was remade in Hindi as Days of Tafree.

Days of Tafree
Days of Tafree (transl. Days of Recreation) is a 2016 Bollywood comedy film written and directed by Krishnadev Yagnik. Produced by Anand Pandit and Rashmi Sharma, it revolves around the lives of seven friends in college. It is an official remake of the 2015 Gujarati film, Chhello Divas.

Days of Tafree was released on 23 September 2016.
Beate Clausdatter Bille
Beate Clausdatter Bille (30 April 1526 – 18 October 1605) was a Danish noblewoman and vassal who was born into the noble Bille family and married into the Brahe family. As a member of the royal court, she was Chief Court Mistress to Queen Sophie from 1584 to 1592. She married statesman Otte Brahe and became a feudal fiefholder in her own right following the death of her husband.

She and her husband Otte had 12 children, 8 of whom survived into adulthood, including the influential scientists and astronomers Tycho and Sophia Brahe.

Sophia Brahe
Sophia (or Sophie) Thott Lange (née Brahe; 24 August 1559 or 22 September 1556 – 1643), known by her maiden name, was a Danish noblewoman and horticulturalist with knowledge of astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. She worked alongside her brother Tycho Brahe in making astronomical observations.
Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia
Elena Pavlovna (Russian: Елена Павловна; 24 December [O.S. 13 December] 1784 – 24 September [O.S. 12 September] 1803) was a grand duchess of Russia as the daughter of Paul I, the Russian emperor, and later became the Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin as the wife of the Hereditary Prince Frederick Louis (1778–1819), who later become Hereditary Grand Duke.

Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (Russian: Александра Павловна: 9 August [O.S. 29 July] 1783 – 16 March [O.S. 4 March] 1801) was a daughter of Emperor Paul I of Russia and sister of emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I. She married Archduke Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary. Her marriage was the only Romanov-Habsburg marital alliance to date.
2010–11 Ukrainian Cup
The 2010–11 Ukrainian Cup  was the 20th annual season of Ukraine's football knockout competition, and third under the name of DATAGROUP – Football Ukraine Cup.

The Cup begins with two preliminary rounds, before the first round proper involving the Premier League clubs. The draw for both the preliminary rounds was held on July 14, 2010. The First Preliminary Round consists of teams from Druha Liha and Amateur Cup champions and has only five fixtures. In the Second Preliminary Round teams of the Persha Liha enter the competition. Sixteen teams, winners of the 2nd preliminary round enter the first round or the round of 32 where the Premier League teams enter the competition for the first time.

Tavriya Simferopol was the defending champion and as a member of the Premier League enter the competition at the round of 32. Tavriya were eliminated in the round of 32 by Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk 1–4. This season's winner enters the play-off round of the UEFA Europa League 2011–12.

2010–11 Ukrainian Second League
The 2010–11 Ukrainian Second League was the 20th season of 3rd level professional football in Ukraine. The competitions were divided into two groups according to geographical location in the country – A is western and northern Ukraine and B is eastern and southern Ukraine.

The first game of the season was played on July 23, 2010 in Group A between Chornomorets-2 Odesa and Desna Chernihiv.

The competition had a winter break and resumed April 9, 2011 with a rescheduled match in Group B that was moved forward from its originally scheduled date of April 22, 2011.
2024 West Java gubernatorial election
The 2024 West Java gubernatorial election was held on 27 November 2024 as part of nationwide local elections to elect the Governor of West Java for the 2025 to 2030 term. The election was held as part of local elections for governors, regents, and mayors across 36 other provinces in Indonesia.

Ridwan Kamil, the previous governor-elect, was eligible to run for a second term, but he chose to run in Jakarta gubernatorial election because he was supported by parties supporting President Prabowo Subianto from the Advanced Indonesia Coalition Plus (KIM Plus). Finally, there were four candidates who participated in the election, the KIM Plus candidate in West Java Dedi Mulyadi-Erwan Setiawan, the PKS and NasDem candidates Ahmad Syaikhu-Ilham Habibie, the PKB candidate, Acep Adang-Gitalis and the PDI-P candidate Jeje Wiradinata-Ronal Surapradja.

The Dedi-Erwan pair emerged victorious, winning 62.22% of the vote. The pair also won all districts and cities.

2024 Indonesian local elections
Local executive elections (Indonesian: Pemilihan Kepala Daerah or Pilkada) to elect governors, mayors and regents in Indonesia were held on 27 November 2024 across 545 regions: 37 provinces, 415 regencies and 93 cities, which covered all provinces except Yogyakarta Special Region and all cities/regencies except the constituents of Jakarta. The previous local executive elections were held in 2020. The elections was the first time regional leaders are all elected simultaneously nationwide in Indonesia.

The elections saw major gains for President Prabowo Subianto's Gerindra party, while the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle suffered losses in key races, especially in Central and East Java. Golkar and PKS also suffered setbacks. Most elected leaders were sworn in on 20 February 2025, but 26 races had to be repeated in 2025.
Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district
Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district is located in the east central part of the state and encompasses all of Bradford, Columbia, Lebanon, Montour, Northumberland, Schuylkill, Sullivan, Susquehanna, and Wyoming counties, as well as parts of Berks, Luzerne, and Lycoming counties.

Much of the district includes Pennsylvania's Anthracite Coal Region. Republican Dan Meuser represents the district, serving since 2019.

Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Wyoming County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 26,069. Its county seat is Tunkhannock. It was created in 1842 from part of Luzerne County. The county is part of the Northeast Pennsylvania region of the state.

Wyoming County is included in the Scranton—Wilkes-Barre—Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk railway station  (Russian: Станция Южно-Сахалинск) is railway station of Sakhalin Railway in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. The station belongs to the Far Eastern Railway.

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Russian: Ю́жно-Сахали́нск, IPA: [ˈjuʐnə səxɐˈlʲinsk] ⓘ, lit. 'South Sakhalin city') is a city and the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is located on Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East, north of Japan. Gas and oil extraction as well as processing are amongst the main industries on the island. The city was called Vladimirovka (Влади́мировка) from 1882 to 1905, then Toyohara (Japanese: 豊原市, Hepburn: Toyohara-shi) during its period of Imperial Japanese control from 1905 to 1946. As of the 2021 Census, its population was 181,587.
Essex Leopards
The Essex & Herts Leopards were an English semi-professional basketball club, based in Brentwood, Essex and St Albans, Hertfordshire. The Leopards competed in Division 1 of the English Basketball League. The team was established in 1997 as Ware Fire, but following the demise and eventual closure of the former British Basketball League franchise Essex Leopards in 2003, a supporters group known as 'Leopards Alive' merged with the Ware-based club and rebranded the team as Essex & Herts Leopards in 2004.

Brentwood, Essex
Brentwood is a town in Essex, England. It forms part of the London commuter belt, lying 20 miles (32 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London, and just outside the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Its suburbs include Shenfield, Warley, Brook Street and Hutton. It gives its name to the wider Borough of Brentwood which also covers surrounding rural areas. The population of the Brentwood built up area was 55,340 at the 2021 census.

It has a shopping area along the High Street, a Roman road which became one of the main roads between London and East Anglia. Beyond the town centre are residential developments surrounded by open countryside and woodland; some of this countryside lies within only a few hundred yards of the town centre. Brentwood Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood.
Susumu Kitagawa
Susumu Kitagawa FRS (北川 進, Kitagawa Susumu; born 4 July 1951) is a Japanese Nobel Prize-winning chemist specializing in coordination chemistry, with a focus on organic–inorganic hybrid compounds and the chemical and physical properties of porous coordination polymers, particularly metal-organic frameworks. He is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University's Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), which he co-founded. In 2025, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Richard Robson and Omar M. Yaghi.

Omar M. Yaghi
Omar Mwannes Yaghi (Arabic: عمر مُؤنس ياغي; born February 9, 1965) is a chemist best known for developing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and pioneering reticular chemistry. He was awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Richard Robson and Susumu Kitagawa, for this work.

Yaghi is a University Professor and James and Neeltje Tretter Endowed Chair in Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also an affiliate scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, founding director of the Berkeley Global Science Institute, and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. In January 2025, he became the seventh president of the World Cultural Council, an international organization promoting cultural and scientific advancement.
Lynnwood High School
Lynnwood High School is a high school in the Edmonds School District, located east of Lynnwood, Washington. The school has approximately 1600 students enrolled for grades 9–12 as of the 2013-2014 school year. Lynnwood High School's mascot is a Chimera and athletic teams are known as Royals.

Edmonds School District
Edmonds School District No. 15 is the public school district of Edmonds, Washington, United States. It serves the entire city as well as the cities of Lynnwood, Mountlake Terrace, Woodway, and Brier along with parts of unincorporated Snohomish County.
Ship
A ship  is a large watercraft designed for travel across the surface of a body of water, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized tasks such as warfare, oceanography and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported exploration, trade, warfare, migration, colonization, and science. Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce.

The word ship has meant, depending on era and context, either simply a large vessel or specifically a full-rigged ship with three or more masts, each of which is square rigged.

The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BC. In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).

Naval warfare
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

The armed forces branch designated for naval warfare is a navy. Naval operations can be broadly divided into riverine/littoral applications (brown-water navy), open-ocean applications (blue-water navy), between riverine/littoral and open-ocean applications (green-water navy), although these distinctions are more about strategic scope than tactical or operational division. The strategic offensive purpose of naval warfare is projection of force by water, and its strategic defensive purpose is to challenge the similar projection of force by enemies.
OTI Festival 1981
The OTI Festival 1981 (Spanish: Décimo Gran Premio de la Canción Iberoamericana, Portuguese: Décimo Grande Prêmio da Canção Ibero-Americana) was the 10th edition of the OTI Festival, held on 5 December 1981 at the National Auditorium in Mexico City, Mexico, and presented by Raúl Velasco. It was organised by the Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana (OTI) and host broadcaster Televisa.

Broadcasters from twenty-one countries participated in the festival. The winner was the song "Latino" performed by Francisco representing Spain; with "Súbete a mi nube" by Marianella representing Argentina placing second; and "Lo que pasó, pasó" by Yoshio representing Mexico and "Cuando fuiste mujer" by Aldo Matta representing the United States both placing third.

United States in the OTI Festival 1981
The United States was represented at the OTI Festival 1981 with the song "Cuando fuiste mujer", written by Vilma Planas and Héctor Garrido, and performed by Aldo Matta. The participating broadcaster representing the country, the Spanish International Network (SIN), selected its entry through a national televised competition. The song, that was performed in position 6, placed third with 22 points, tying with the entry from Mexico, out of 21 competing entries.
.44 Magnum
The .44 Remington Magnum, also known as .44 Magnum or 10.9x33mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a rimmed, large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers and quickly adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the ".44" designation, guns chambered for the .44 Magnum round, its parent case, the .44 Special, and the .44 Special's parent case, the .44 Russian all use 0.429 in (10.9 mm) diameter bullets. The .44 Magnum is based on the .44 Special case but lengthened and loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity and energy.

Famously called "the most powerful handgun [cartridge] in the world" by the title character in Dirty Harry, the .44 Magnum has since been eclipsed in power by the .454 Casull, .500 S&W Magnum, and .500 Bushwhacker; nevertheless, due in part to its more manageable recoil, it has remained one of the most popular commercial large-bore magnum cartridges.

Smith & Wesson Model 29
The Smith & Wesson Model 29 is a six-shot, double-action revolver chambered for the .44 Magnum cartridge and manufactured by the United States company Smith & Wesson.

The Model 29 was offered with 3, 4, 5, 6, 6+1⁄2, 8+3⁄8 and 10+5⁄8 in (76, 102, 127, 152, 165, 213 and 270 mm) barrels as standard models. Other barrel lengths were available either by special order from Smith & Wesson's Custom Shop or custom built by gunsmiths. The 5-inch (130 mm) barreled variant had a full-length underlug. Finish options available included a highly polished blued or nickel-plated surface.

At the time of its introduction, the Model 29 was the most powerful production handgun, although it was later overtaken by handguns chambered for the even larger .454 Casull, .460 S&W, .50 Action Express, and .500 S&W Magnum cartridges. It was made famous worldwide by association with the fictional character "Dirty Harry" Callahan.
1925 Chilean coup d'état
The Chilean coup d'état of 1925 took place on January 23, 1925, when the Chilean military overthrew the September Junta. Led by Colonel Marmaduque Grove, the troops arrested the Junta's President, General Luis Altamirano, and then handed the power to General Pedro Dartnell as interim President. The organizers of the coup hoped to recall former president Arturo Alessandri Palma, who had been forced into exile after the September Junta's coming to power. However, General Dartnell ultimately refused to rule alone and formed the January Junta a few days later, handing power to Emilio Bello Codesido. Alessandri only returned from exile on March 20, 1925, putting an end to the junta.

Arturo Alessandri
Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma (Latin American Spanish: [aɾˈtuɾo foɾtu'nato aleˈsandɾi ˈpalma]; December 20, 1868 – August 24, 1950) was a Chilean political figure and reformer who served thrice as president of Chile, first from 1920 to 1924, then from March to October 1925, and finally from 1932 to 1938. He was a member of the Liberal Party.
Brighton, Colorado
Brighton is a home rule city located in Adams and Weld counties, Colorado, United States. Brighton is the county seat of Adams County and is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. The city population was 40,083 at the 2020 United States census with 39,718 residing in Adams County and 365 residing in Weld County.

Denver–Aurora–Greeley combined statistical area
On July 21, 2023, the United States Office of Management and Budget defined the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area as comprising the ten-county Denver–Aurora–Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, the single-county Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the single-county Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population was 3,752,505 as of July 1, 2024, an increase of +3.56% since the 2020 United States Census, and ranking as the 17th most populous combined statistical area and the 19th most populous primary statistical area of the United States.