hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coker v. Georgia
Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977) was a United States Supreme Court decision which held that the death penalty for rape of an adult was grossly disproportionate and excessive punishment, and therefore unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The "evolving standards of decency" test has since been applied in other cases including Atkins v. Virginia (overturning Penry v. Lynaugh) Stanford v. Kentucky, and Roper v. Simmons.

Because only a few states continued to have child rape statutes that authorized the death penalty, the Court applied the "evolving standards of decency" review in Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008) to expand Coker, ruling that the death penalty is unconstitutional for the rape of a child where there was no intention to kill the child.

Atkins v. Virginia
Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 6–3 that executing people with intellectual disabilities violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments, but that states can define who has an intellectual disability. At the time Atkins was decided, 18 of the 38 death penalty states exempted mentally disabled offenders from the death penalty.

Twelve years later in Hall v. Florida the U.S. Supreme Court narrowed the discretion under which U.S. states can designate an individual convicted of murder as too intellectually incapacitated to be executed.
Constitution Square, Warsaw
Constitution Square (Polish: Plac Konstytucji [ˈplat͡s kɔnstɨˈtut͡sji]) is an urban square, and a road intersection, in Warsaw, Poland, within the Downtown district. It is situated at the intersection of Koszykowa, Marszałkowska, Piękna, Śniadeckich, and Waryńskiego Streets.

Opened in 1952, Constitution Square is surrounded by the socialist-realist multifamily residential buildings of the Marshal Residential District.

Marshal Residential District
The Marshal Residential District (Polish: Marszałkowska Dzielnica Mieszkaniowa, MDM) is a mid-rise housing estate in Warsaw, Poland, located in the South Downtown neighbourhood. It is placed on the axis of Marshal Street, with the Constitution Square and Saviour Squares. The neighbourhood consists of large apartment buildings designed in neoclassical style, adhering to the principles of socialist realism. It was constructed between 1950 and 1952.
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (also known as ITPGRFA, International Seed Treaty or Plant Treaty) is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of farmers' rights. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004.

Plant genetic resources
Plant genetic resources describe the variability within plants that comes from human and natural selection over millennia. Their intrinsic value mainly concerns agricultural crops (crop biodiversity).

According to the 1983 revised International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), plant genetic resources are defined as the entire generative and vegetative reproductive material of species with economical and/or social value, especially for the agriculture of the present and the future, with special emphasis on nutritional plants.

In the State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (1998) the FAO defined Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) as the diversity of genetic material contained in traditional varieties and modern cultivars as well as crop wild relatives and other wild plant species that can be used now or in the future for food and agriculture.
Unlucky Lottery
Unlucky Lottery was a professional wrestling live event produced by Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) on September 13, 1996, the night prior to When Worlds Collide. The event was held at The Flagstaff in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania in the United States. A recording of the event filmed by Gabe Sapolsky was released on DVD.

ECW When Worlds Collide
When Worlds Collide was the name of two professional wrestling live events produced by the professional wrestling promotion Eastern Championship Wrestling/Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in 1994 and 1996 respectively. Both events were held in the ECW Arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States.
Federation of Ice Hockey League
The Federation of Ice Hockey League, Inc. (FIHL), also known as Hockey Philippines, is the national governing body for the sport of ice hockey in the Philippines. It handled the formation of the Philippine national team.

The FIHL was formed in February 2015, and was later admitted as an associate member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) on May 20, 2016.

By July 2016, the federation had gained membership in the Philippine Olympic Committee (POC). The FIHL became a voting member of the POC in July 2020.

Philippines men's national ice hockey team
The Philippines national ice hockey team is the national men's ice hockey team of the Philippines. It is governed by the Federation of Ice Hockey League (FIHL), which has been a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) since May 20, 2016. Prior to that, a national team competed in regional tournaments in Hong Kong starting in the 2000s.

The Philippines is currently ranked 52nd in the IIHF World Ranking and 18th in the specialized ranking of Asian teams. The team has participated in the World Championship since 2023. The team has also competed in the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia, a regional tournament for lower-tier hockey nations in Asia.
Nätschen
Nätschen is a mountain location and ski area above Andermatt, in the Canton of Uri, Switzerland. Higher up on Nätschen the mountain is known as Gütsch. Its highest point is 2,344 m (7,690 ft). It is one of the mountains in the Gotthard Oberalp Arena, as is Gemsstock, which is on the other side of Andermatt. It has 11 ski runs, totaling approximately 21 km of ski pistes, and 4 ski lifts, including a Detachable 4-man Chairlift. Nätschen's lifts are powered by three wind turbines, two of which were installed in late 2010 (E-44), the other in 2004 (E-40). These turbines are all made by Enercon. Nätschen has a railway station, run by the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn, which is between Andermatt and Disentis/Mustér.

Andermatt
Andermatt (Romansh: Urseraⓘ) is a mountain village and municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. At an elevation of 1,437 meters (4,715 ft) above sea level, Andermatt is located at the center of the Saint-Gotthard Massif and the historical center cross of north-south and east-west traverses of Switzerland. It is some 28 km (17 mi) south of Altdorf, the capital of Uri.
Larry Itliong
Modesto "Larry" Dulay Itliong (October 25, 1913 – February 8, 1977), also known as "Seven Fingers", was a Filipino-American union organizer. He organized West Coast agricultural workers starting in the 1930s, and rose to national prominence in 1965, when he, Philip Vera Cruz, Benjamin Gines and Pete Velasco, walked off the farms of area table-grape growers, demanding wages equal to the federal minimum wage, that became known as the Delano grape strike.  He has been described as "one of the fathers of the West Coast labor movement."

Philip Vera Cruz
Philip Villamin Vera Cruz (December 25, 1904 – June 12, 1994) was a Filipino American labor leader and farmworker. He helped found the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), which later merged with the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) to become the United Farm Workers (UFW). As the union's long-time second vice president, he worked to improve the working conditions of migrant workers.
What Is It?
What Is It? is a 2005 American surrealist film written, edited, co-produced and directed by Crispin Glover and starring Glover, Steven C. Stewart and the voice of Fairuza Balk.

What Is It? is the first entry in a planned trilogy directed by Glover, followed by It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine. (2007) and continued with It Is Mine.

It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine.
It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine. is a 2007 American independent drama film directed by David Brothers and Crispin Glover. It was written by and stars Steven C. Stewart. It also stars Margit Carstensen.

It Is Fine is the second in a planned trilogy of films directed by Glover (all of them under the amplificated title "A Crispin Hellion Glover Film"), with the other two entries being What Is It? (2005) and It Is Mine (TBA).
Beneteau First 25.7
The Beneteau First 25.7 is a French sailboat, that was designed by Group Finot and first built in 2004.

The First 25.7 is a development of the Beneteau First 260 Spirit and was developed into the Beneteau First 25S in 2008.

Beneteau First 260 Spirit
The Beneteau First 260 Spirit is a French sailboat designed by Group Finot, first built in 1994.

The First 260 Spirit was developed into the Beneteau First 25.7 in 2004, which became the Beneteau First 25S in 2008.
EP-101
The EP-101 was the first ever electronic miniprinter for printing figures and symbols and was launched by Shinshu Seiki Co., a subsidiary of Suwa Seikosha Co., Ltd, in September 1968. The drum printer wasn't very big, being only 164 mm (6.5 in) in width, 102 mm (4.0 in) in height, 135 mm (5.3 in) in depth and weighed 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). It was created out of development work that Shinshu Seiki did for the Seiko Group when they became the official time-keepers for the 1964 Tokyo Olympic games and needed a machine that could print out times they gathered from their time-pieces.

In 1975, Shinshu Seiki began branding printers as EPSON. The brand name comes from the next generation version of this printer – son of EP, or EP-son. Shinshu Seiki renamed Epson Corporation in 1982 and was merged with Suwa Seikosha to form Seiko Epson Corporation in 1985.

Certified to Mechanical Engineering Heritage (Japan) No. 131, in 2025.

Epson
Seiko Epson Corporation, commonly known as Epson, is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa, Nagano, Japan, the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet, dot matrix, thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners, laptop and desktop computers, video projectors, watches, point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices, crystal oscillators, sensing systems and other associated electronic components.

The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha) of the former Seiko Group, a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces. Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation.
Myndus
Myndus (/ˈmɪndəs/) or Myndos (Greek: Μύνδος) was an ancient Dorian colony of Troezen, on the coast of Caria in Asia Minor (Turkey), sited on the Bodrum Peninsula, a few miles northwest of Halicarnassus. The site is now occupied by the modern village of Gümüşlük.

Caria
Caria (/ˈkɛəriə/; from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Turkish: Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia. The Carians were described by Herodotus as being Anatolian mainlanders and they called themselves Caria because of the name of their king. He reports the Carians themselves maintained that they were Anatolian mainlanders intensely engaged in seafaring and were akin to the Mysians and the Lydians. The Carians spoke Carian, a native Anatolian language closely related to Luwian. Also closely associated with the Carians were the Leleges, which could be an earlier name for Carians.
1987 Svaneti avalanches
The 1987 Svaneti avalanches was a series of massive avalanches in the northwest Caucasus highlands of the then-Soviet republic of Georgia, which hit, in January 1987, the country's Svaneti province, namely the Mestia and Lentekhi districts.

The avalanches were brought about by unprecedented snowfall which lasted for 46 days, falling 16 meters thick at several places. From 9 to 31 January 1987 330 avalanches were registered. The mountainous villages such as Chuberi, Ushguli, Mulakhi, Kala, and Khaishi were heavily hit. The village of Zhamushi was entirely buried in snow, with 26 killed. In total, 105 people died in the disaster. More than 2,000 houses were damaged and about 8,500 people had to be resettled. The total damage caused was about $300 million.

Svaneti
Svaneti (Svan: შუ̂ან, ლემშუ̂ანიერა; shwan, lemshwaniera, and Suania in ancient sources; Georgian: სვანეთი [ˈs̪ʷän̪e̞t̪ʰi] Svaneti) is a province in the northwestern part of Georgia. Running along the Greater Caucasus range, Svaneti is one of the most mountainous regions of Georgia. It is largely inhabited by the Svans, an ethnic subgroup of Georgians.
Rocky Road (TV series)
Rocky Road is an American sitcom that was originally broadcast on the Superstation WTBS cable network from September 2, 1985 to June 26, 1987.  Produced by Arthur Annecharico, the series follows three young siblings who run a beach-front ice cream parlor, and originally aired on Monday nights as part of WTBS' line-up of original "family programming", which also included Down to Earth and Safe at Home.  During its three-season run, the series underwent several cast changes and starred Maylo McCaslin, Desiree Boschetti, Georg Olden, Lilly Moon, and Marcianne Warman.

Safe at Home (TV series)
Safe at Home is an American sitcom created for and aired on TBS, then known as "Superstation WTBS". The series premiered on March 18, 1985, and was produced by The Arthur Company, which also produced TBS' two other original comedies of the time, Down to Earth and Rocky Road.
Grinnell Historical Museum
The Grinnell Historical Museum is a non-profit organization focused on collection and preservation of the history of Grinnell and Poweshiek County, Iowa. The museum is located in the McMurray House at 1125 Broad Street, a part of the North Grinnell Historic District. They also create and maintain displays of local history materials at Drake Community Library and the Grinnell City Hall.

Grinnell, Iowa
Grinnell (/ɡrɪˈnɛl/ grin-EL) is a city in Poweshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 9,564 at the time of the 2020 census. It is best known for being the home of Grinnell College, a liberal arts college.
Bad Wolf
"Bad Wolf" is the twelfth episode of the revived first series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One on 11 June 2005. It is the first of a two-part story. The concluding episode, "The Parting of the Ways", was first broadcast on 18 June 2005.

In the episode, set in the far future 100 years after the events of "The Long Game", the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) and his travelling companions Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) and Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) are secretly brought on board the game-show-broadcasting satellite, Satellite Five, by its controller (Martha Cope) so they can fight against the controller's "masters", the Daleks.

The Parting of the Ways
"The Parting of the Ways" is the thirteenth and final episode of the revived first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The episode was first broadcast on BBC One on 18 June 2005. It was the second episode of the two-part story. The first part, "Bad Wolf", was broadcast on 11 June.

In the episode, the Dalek race invades the human satellite Satellite Five in the year 200,100, intending to make more Daleks by harvesting dead humans. The alien time traveller the Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) plans to use the satellite's transmitter to try to destroy every Dalek, while at the same time sending his travelling companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) home to keep her safe.

The episode featured Eccleston making his final appearance as the Ninth Doctor and marks the first appearance of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor.
Delaware Route 300
Delaware Route 300 (DE 300) is an 11.83-mile-long (19.04 km) state highway in Kent County, Delaware. The route is a continuation of Maryland Route 300 (MD 300) from the Maryland border near Everetts Corner. It runs in a northeast direction from there to the town of Smyrna, where it ends at U.S. Route 13 (US 13) while concurrent with DE 6. The route is signed east-west. Along the way, DE 300 passes through rural areas of northern Kent County as well as the towns of Kenton and Clayton. The road intersects DE 44 at Everetts Corner, DE 11 southwest of Kenton, DE 42 in Kenton, DE 15 between Kenton and Clayton, and DE 6 in Smyrna. The road was first built as a state highway in the 1920s and 1930s between the Maryland border and Clayton, with the DE 300 designation given to the road by 1936. The route was extended to its current terminus in the 1950s.

Delaware Route 42
Delaware Route 42 (DE 42) is a state highway in Kent County, Delaware. It runs 12.74 miles (20.50 km) from DE 6 in Blackiston east to DE 9 in Leipsic. DE 42 passes through rural areas along with the towns of Kenton and Cheswold. The route intersects DE 300 in Kenton, runs concurrent with DE 15 between Seven Hickories and Moores Corner, and crosses U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Cheswold. The road was built as a state highway during the 1920s and 1930s. DE 42 was designated by 1936 between Kenton and Leipsic and extended to Blackiston by 1966.
Tim Bentinck
Timothy Charles Robert Noel Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland, Count Bentinck (born 1 June 1953), commonly known as Tim Bentinck, is an Australian-born British actor and writer, known for his long-running role as David Archer in the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers.

As the Earl of Portland, Bentinck was a member of the House of Lords from 1997 to 1999.§ He is also Count Bentinck in the peerage of the Holy Roman Empire.

Earl of Portland
Earl of Portland is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England, firstly in 1633 and secondly in 1689. What proved to be a long co-held title, Duke of Portland, was created in 1716 and became extinct in 1990 upon the death of the ninth Duke, at which point the earldom passed to the most senior agnatic cousin, namely one of the 6th degree.
Mack Rutherford
Mack Rutherford (born 21 June 2005) is a British-Belgian aviator. On 24 August 2022, under the name Macksolo, he became the youngest person ever to fly solo around the world and the first minor (under eighteen years old) to achieve this feat. He holds four Guinness World Records, including the record for the youngest person to fly solo around the world, previously held by Travis Ludlow, and the record for the youngest person to fly a microlight solo around the world, previously held by his older sister Zara Rutherford.
His successful record attempt received significant global exposure, highlighting his mission to demonstrate that young people can make a difference.

Zara Rutherford
Zara Rutherford (born 5 July 2002) is a Belgian-British aviator. At age 19, she became the youngest female pilot to fly solo around the world and the first person to complete a circumnavigation in a microlight aircraft after a five-month journey which began in Kortrijk, Belgium, on 18 August 2021, and ended on 20 January 2022.
PAH clearance
Para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearance is a method used in renal physiology to measure renal plasma flow, which is a measure of renal function.

PAH is completely removed from blood that passes through the kidneys (PAH undergoes both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion), and therefore the rate at which the kidneys can clear PAH from the blood reflects total renal plasma flow.

The concentration of PAH is measured in one arterial blood sample (PPAH) and one urine sample(UPAH). The urine flow (V) is also measured. Renal perfusion flow is then calculated by:

What is calculated is the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF). However, since the renal extraction ratio of PAH almost equals 1, then eRPF almost equals RPF.

Renal blood flow
In renal physiology, renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time. In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 20 - 25% of cardiac output, amounting to 1.2 - 1.3 L/min in a healthy adult. It passes about 94% to the cortex. RBF is closely related to renal plasma flow (RPF), which is the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time.

While the terms generally apply to arterial blood delivered to the kidneys, both RBF and RPF can be used to quantify the volume of venous blood exiting the kidneys per unit time. In this context, the terms are commonly given subscripts to refer to arterial or venous blood or plasma flow, as in RBFa, RBFv, RPFa, and RPFv. Physiologically, however, the differences in these values are negligible so that arterial flow and venous flow are often assumed equal.
Lawrence Leo Graner
Lawrence Leo Graner, CSC (April 3, 1901 – April 21, 1982) was Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Dhaka from July 15, 1950, to November 23, 1967. Archbishop Graner was a religious of the Congregation of Holy Cross.

Archdiocese of Dhaka
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dhaka (Latin: Archidiœcesis Dhakensis) is the  Latin, main Metropolitan diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Bangladesh, but no longer the only one. It still depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

The archdiocese's Marian mother church and thus seat of its archbishop is St. Mary's Cathedral in the national capital Dhaka. As senior Metropolitan in Bangladesh, it is the principal episcopal see of that country. As of 2020 the Archbishop of Dhaka is Bejoy Nicephorus D'Cruze, formerly Bishop of Sylhet, having been appointed by Pope Francis in September 2020.
West Coast hip-hop
West Coast hip-hop is a regional genre of hip-hop music that encompasses any artists or music that originated in the West Coast of the United States. West Coast hip-hop began to dominate from a radio play and sales standpoint during the early to-mid 1990s with the birth of G-funk and the emergence of record labels such as Suge Knight and Dr. Dre's Death Row Records, Ice Cube's Lench Mob Records, the continued success of Eazy-E's Ruthless Records, Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment, and many others. Though the term "West Coast hip hop" may also be used to describe Northwest hip-hop and other movements from the Western U.S., it is primarily associated with the state of California, especially Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay Area.

Northwestern hip-hop
Northwest hip-hop is hip-hop that originates from the Pacific Northwest of North America, encompassing major cities such as Portland, Seattle, and other towns. Northwest hip-hop music mixes elements from various genres of music to form a sound different from its southern neighbor, West Coast hip-hop. For many years the scene existed mainly as an underground genre, but Northwest hip-hop has seen increased mainstream acceptance in the 21st century, with artists such as Macklemore gaining nationwide attention. Additionally, Alaska has its own regional variation of hip-hop, with scenes existing in Anchorage and Fairbanks, and to a lesser extent Juneau.