hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Matroid rank
In the mathematical theory of matroids, the rank of a matroid is the maximum size of an independent set in the matroid. The rank of a subset S of elements of the matroid is, similarly, the maximum size of an independent subset of S, and the rank function of the matroid maps sets of elements to their ranks.

The rank function is one of the fundamental concepts of matroid theory via which matroids may be axiomatized. Matroid rank functions form an important subclass of the submodular set functions. The rank functions of  matroids defined from certain other types of mathematical object such as undirected graphs, matrices, and field extensions are important within the study of those objects.

Submodular set function
In mathematics, a submodular set function (also known as a submodular function) is a set function that, informally, describes the relationship between a set of inputs and an output, where adding more of one input has a decreasing additional benefit (diminishing returns). The natural diminishing returns property which makes them suitable for many applications, including approximation algorithms, game theory (as functions modeling user preferences) and electrical networks. Recently, submodular functions have also found utility in several real world problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence, including automatic summarization, multi-document summarization, feature selection, active learning, sensor placement, image collection summarization and many other domains.
Hunt County, Texas
Hunt County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 99,956. Its county seat is Greenville. The county is named for Memucan Hunt, Jr., the first Republic of Texas minister to the United States from 1837 to 1838 and the third Texas secretary of the Navy from 1838 to 1839. Hunt County is located in Northeast Texas, at the eastern edge of the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, and the western edge of East Texas.

Greenville, Texas
Greenville (locally /ˈɡriːnvəl/ GREEN-vəl) is the county seat of and the most populous city in Hunt County, Texas, United States. As the "Gateway to East Texas", Greenville is located in Northeast Texas approximately 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Dallas and 30 miles (48 km) west of Sulphur Springs. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 28,164.

Greenville was named for Thomas J. Green, a significant contributor to the founding of the Texas Republic.
Heinie Peitz
Henry Clement "Heinie" Peitz (November 28, 1870 – October 23, 1943) was an American professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the St. Louis Browns, Cincinnati Reds, Pittsburgh Pirates and St. Louis Cardinals. He was part of the famed "Pretzel Battery" with pitcher Ted Breitenstein while playing for the Browns and Reds in the 1890s.

In 16 seasons of Major League Baseball, Peitz appeared in 1,234 games, scored 532 runs, compiled a .342 career on-base percentage, and had 1,117 hits, 191 doubles, 66 triples, 560 RBIs, 91 stolen bases, and 409 bases on balls.

Peitz was also the manager of the Louisville Colonels and led the team to an American Association pennant in 1909.  He was also employed as a scout, coach, and umpire after retiring as a player.  In 2003, he was ranked as the 82nd best catcher of all time by Bill James in The New Bill James Historical Abstract.

Ted Breitenstein
Theodore P. "Breit" Breitenstein (June 1, 1869 – May 3, 1935) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher from St. Louis, Missouri who played from 1891 to 1901 for the St. Louis Browns/Cardinals and the Cincinnati Reds. He is best known for throwing a no-hitter in his first Major League start, along with the "Pretzel Battery" with fellow German-American battery mate Heinie Peitz.
Megleno-Romanian language
Megleno-Romanian (known as vlăhește by its speakers, and Megleno-Romanian or Meglenitic and sometimes Moglenitic or Meglinitic by linguists) is an Eastern Romance language, similar to Aromanian. It is spoken by the Megleno-Romanians in a few villages in the Moglena region that spans the border between the Greek region of Macedonia and North Macedonia. It is also spoken by emigrants from these villages and their descendants in Romania, in Turkey by a small Muslim group, and in Serbia. It is considered an endangered language.

Eastern Romance languages
The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages. The group comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), the Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian.

The extinct Dalmatian language (otherwise included in the Central Romance group) is sometimes included as part of the Eastern Romance group, being considered a bridge between Italian and Romanian. Some classifications of the Romance languages consider Eastern and Central Romance to form a clade (often simply called "Eastern Romance", with "Eastern Romance proper" referred to as Balkan or Daco-Romance), but nowadays Central Romance are more often grouped with the Western Romance languages as "Italo-Western".
Bansberia
Bansberia is a small town and a municipality of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is about 45 km (28 mi) away from Kolkata, at the western end of the Iswar Gupta Setu (Kalyani-Bansberia) Bridge. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Bans Beria railway station is 4 km from Bandel Junction on the Bandel-Katwa Line. The area covered by two police stations — Chinsurah (ward no. 1–4) and Mogra (ward no. 5–22). The part of Chinsurah Police Station governed by Chandannagar Police Commissionerate and Mogra Police Station governed by Hooghly Rural Police District. Kartik Puja is the famous festival of Bansberia. Bansberia also famous for its Kumbh Mela.

Kalyani, West Bengal
Kalyani is a city and a municipality & BDO in the Nadia district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of Kalyani subdivision and part of the Presidency division. Kalyani is a part of the area covered by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).
Vojvodina League West
Vojvodina League West (Serbian: Vojvođanska liga "Zapad") was part of the Serbian Zone Leagues, the fourth tier of Serbian football. The league was organized by the Football Association of Vojvodina.

Vojvodina League West consisted of 16 clubs from West Bačka District, South Bačka District, and Srem District. Teams competed in a double round-robin league format, playing each other both home and away. At the end of each season, the top club was promoted to Serbian League Vojvodina. The second-placed team faced the runner-up from the Vojvodina League East in a two-legged play-off, with the aggregate winner securing a spot in the Serbian League Vojvodina.

After the 2013–14 season, the Vojvodina League West was a replaced with Bačka Zone League and Novi Sad-Srem Zone League.

Serbian Zone League
Serbian Zone League (Serbian: Зонска лига Србије / Zonska liga Srbije) is the fourth tier of football in the Serbian football league system, consisting of 12 divisions as of the 2019–20 season. The divisions are run by the four regional associations, namely Football Association of Western Serbia (four), Football Association of Eastern Serbia (four), Football Association of Vojvodina (three), and Football Association of Belgrade (one). The winner of each division gets promoted to one of the four Serbian League divisions (Belgrade, Vojvodina, East, and West).
Viper (Six Flags Great Adventure)
Viper was a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey. Manufactured by TOGO at an estimated cost of $4 million, the ride opened to the public in June 1995. It replaced another steel coaster manufactured by TOGO, Ultra Twister, which was removed in 1989. Viper stood nearly 89 feet (27 m) tall and reached a maximum speed of 48 mph (77 km/h). It featured two inversions, including a heartline roll and a unique dive loop element developed specifically for this ride. Following years of maintenance issues, extensive downtime, and low ridership due to roughness, Viper was permanently closed after the 2004 season and demolished the following year. A record-breaking wooden coaster called El Toro opened in its place in 2006.

Ultra Twister (Six Flags)
Ultra Twister was a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure from 1986 to 1988 and then at Six Flags AstroWorld from 1990 until that park was closed and demolished by Six Flags in 2005. The ultratwister-design is that of a pipeline roller coaster, created by Japanese company TOGO.
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke (1199 – 27 November 1245) was the fourth son of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Countess Isabel, the daughter of Richard son of Gilbert, earl of Striguil. He was a member of the Marshal Family.

Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke
Isabel de Clare, suo jure 4th Countess of Pembroke and Striguil (c. 1172 – 11 March 1220), was an Anglo-Norman and Irish noblewoman who was the daughter of Aoife MacMurrough and Richard de Clare and one of the wealthiest heiresses in Wales and Ireland. She was the wife of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who served four kings as Marshal of England. Her marriage had been arranged by King Richard I. She ruled Leinster as regent during the absence of her spouse in 1200-1203 and in 1207-1208.
Expanse, Saskatchewan
Expanse, Saskatchewan is an unincorporated area in the Rural Municipality of Lake Johnston No. 102, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Expanse is just south of Old Wives Lake on a grid road. The grid connects to Highway 2 near Ardill in south central Saskatchewan. Just to the south of Highway 2 is Lake of the Rivers. Expanse is too small to be enumerated as a separate entity during the census taking, so it was a part of the population given for RM of Lake Johnston No. 102.

Today the former community school, a private residence, a Historical marker and a few foundations are all that remain of Expanse's prosperous pioneer days.

Rural Municipality of Lake Johnston No. 102
The Rural Municipality of Lake Johnston No. 102 (2021 population: 140) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 3 and SARM Division No. 2. Located in the southwest portion of the province, it is north of the town of Assiniboia and south of the city of Moose Jaw.
Sanjak of Bosnia
The Sanjak of Bosnia (Turkish: Bosna Sancak; Serbo-Croatian: Bosanski sandžak / Босански санџак) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established in 1463, after the lands conquered from the Kingdom of Bosnia were transformed into a sanjak. Its first sanjakbey was Isa Bey Ishaković.

Between 1463 and 1580, it was part of the Rumelia Eyalet. Due to its strategic position on the border, it functioned as a krajište (frontier province), serving as a military base for Ottoman raids into Hungary and Croatia.

After the Bosnia Eyalet was established in 1580, the Sanjak of Bosnia became its central and main province. Between 1864 and the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878, it was part of the Bosnia Vilayet. Although the Bosnia Vilayet formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1908, the Sanjak of Bosnia de facto ceased to exist in 1878.

Bosnia Eyalet
The Eyalet of Bosnia (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت بوسنه, romanized: Eyālet-i Bōsnâ; Turkish: Bosna Eyaleti; Serbo-Croatian: Bosanski pašaluk), was an eyalet (administrative division, also known as a beylerbeylik) of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prior to the Great Turkish War, it had also included most of Slavonia, Lika, and Dalmatia in present-day Croatia. Its reported area in 1853 was 52,530 square kilometres (20,281 sq mi).
Military tribune
A military tribune  (from Latin  tribunus militum 'tribune of the soldiers') was an officer of the Roman army who ranked below the legate and above the praefectus castrorum (a centurion). Young men of Equestrian rank often served as military tribunes as a stepping stone to the Senate. The tribunus militum should not be confused with the elected political office of tribune of the people (tribunus plebis) nor with that of tribunus militum consulari potestate.

Tribune
Tribune (Latin: Tribunus) was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.  The two most important were the tribunes of the plebs and the military tribunes.  For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the senate and the annual magistrates, holding the power of ius intercessionis to intervene on behalf of the plebeians, and veto unfavourable legislation.  There were also military tribunes, who commanded portions of the Roman army, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the consuls and praetors, promagistrates, and their legates.  Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes.  The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
Alienware
Alienware Corporation is an American computer hardware subsidiary brand of Dell. Their product range is dedicated to gaming computers and accessories, which can be identified by their alien-themed designs. Alienware was founded in 1996 by Nelson Gonzalez and Alex Aguila. The development of the company is also associated with Frank Azor, Arthur Lewis, Joe Balerdi, and Michael S. Dell (CEO). The company's corporate headquarters is located in The Hammocks, Miami, Florida.

Gaming computer
A gaming computer, also known as a gaming PC, is a specialized personal computer designed for playing PC games at high standards. They typically differ from mainstream personal computers by using high-performance graphics cards, a high core-count CPU with higher raw performance and higher-performance RAM. Gaming PCs are also used for other demanding tasks such as video editing. While often in desktop form, gaming PCs may also be laptops or handhelds.
Anytime Fitness
Anytime Fitness Franchisor, LLC, doing business as Anytime Fitness, is an American franchise of 24 hour health and fitness clubs that is based in Woodbury, Minnesota, United States. The company operates over 5,000 franchised locations in 50 countries. In 2014, Anytime Fitness was named the top franchise of 2014 by Entrepreneur magazine.

The parent company of Anytime Fitness merged with Orangetheory Fitness in 2024.

Orangetheory Fitness
Orangetheory Fitness (OTF) is a boutique fitness studio franchise, operating globally and based in Boca Raton, Florida. The first studio was established in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in 2010 by founder, Ellen Latham. The classes are one hour long and involve two groups, one on the treadmills and the other group working with weights or on rowers. Since its founding in 2010, the chain has expanded, surpassing $1 billion in systemwide sales in 2018, with over one million members in 2020. As of 2023, Orangetheory Fitness has over 1,500 studios throughout 50 US states and 24 countries.

In 2024, Orangetheory Fitness merged with the parent company of Anytime Fitness.
Anglo-Norman language
Anglo-Norman (Norman: Anglo-Normaund; French: Anglo-normand), also known as Anglo-Norman French and part of the French of England (including Anglo-French) was a dialect of Old Norman that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period.

Norman language
Norman or Norman French (Normaund, French: Normand [nɔʁmɑ̃] ⓘ, Guernésiais: Normand, Jèrriais: Nouormand) is a langue d'oïl spoken in the historical and cultural region of Normandy.

The name "Norman French" is sometimes also used to describe the administrative languages of Anglo-Norman and Law French used in England. For the most part, the written forms of Norman and modern French are mutually intelligible. The thirteenth-century philosopher Roger Bacon was the first to distinguish it along with other dialects such as Picard and Bourguignon.

Today, although it does not enjoy any official status outside of Jersey, some reports of the French Ministry of Culture have recognized it as one of the regional languages of France.
Kim Pegula
Kim S. Pegula (née Kerr; born June 7, 1969) is a South Korean-born American former businesswoman and the wife of American multibillionaire Terry Pegula. She was the president of Pegula Sports and Entertainment, the holding company that managed the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League and the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League, in addition to several other minor league sports teams and entertainment assets. By extension she was the president of several teams under Pegula Sports and Entertainment, including the Bills and Sabres and Buffalo Bandits; Pegula, Shahid Khan, and Zygi Wilf were the only three NFL team owners who were not born in the United States. Pegula Sports and Entertainment was dissolved in 2023, following an incapacitating stroke she suffered the year prior.

Terry Pegula
Terrence Michael Pegula (born March 27, 1951) is an American billionaire businessman and petroleum engineer. He is the owner of the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) and, with a consortium of private equity firms and athletes, the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He is also the president of both franchises. Amassing his fortune via investments in fracking, Pegula has interests in natural gas development, real estate, entertainment, and professional sports. His net worth is over US$7 billion.
Ruthenium boride
Ruthenium borides are compounds of ruthenium and boron. Their most remarkable property is potentially high hardness. Vickers hardness HV = 50 GPa was reported for thin films composed of RuB2 and Ru2B3 phases. This value is significantly higher than those of bulk RuB2 or Ru2B3, but it has to be confirmed independently, as measurements on superhard materials are intrinsically difficult. For example, note that the initial report on extreme hardness of related material rhenium diboride was probably too optimistic.

Rhenium diboride
Rhenium diboride (ReB2) is a synthetic high-hardness material that was first made in 1962. The compound is formed from a mixture of rhenium, noted for its resistance to high pressure, and boron, which forms short, strong covalent bonds with rhenium. It has regained popularity in recent times in hopes of finding a material that possesses hardness comparable to that of diamond.

Unlike other high-hardness synthetic materials, such as the c-BN, rhenium diboride can be made at ambient pressure, potentially simplifying a mass production. However, the high cost of rhenium and commercial availability of alternatives such as polycrystalline c-BN, make a prospect of large-scale applications less likely.
Wild Western (comics)
Wild Western (originally titled Wild West) is a Western comic book series that was published by Atlas Comics, the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics. The anthology series published 57 issues from 1948 to 1957. Kid Colt stories were usually the lead feature and a prominent cover element throughout the series' run, while most issues also featured the Two-Gun Kid and the Black Rider. Other recurring characters  included Tex Taylor, Arizona Annie, the Apache Kid, and the Ringo Kid.

Ringo Kid
The Ringo Kid is a fictional Western character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. His comic book series was originally released by the company's 1950s predecessor, Atlas Comics. The character is depicted as having a Caucasian father and a Native American mother. A lesser-known character than the company's Kid Colt, Rawhide Kid, or Two-Gun Kid, he also appeared in a reprint series in the 1970s.

The character is unrelated to the actor John Wayne's "Ringo Kid" in the Western film Stagecoach.
Addu City
Addu City is a city in Maldives that consists of the inhabited islands of Addu Atoll, the southernmost atoll of the archipelago. Addu City is the second-largest urban area in Maldives, in terms of population, and is one of the two urban areas to get the status of "city" other than the capital city, Malé, and Fuvahmulah. Addu City has 6 districts. They are Hithadhoo, Maradhoo-Feydhoo, Maradhoo, Feydhoo, Meedhoo and Hulhudhoo.  These divisions are naturally islands, but are well connected. In addition, Addu Atoll has other uninhabited islands.

Maradhoo-Feydhoo
Maradhoo-Feydhoo (Dhivehi: މަރަދޫފޭދޫ) is a district of Addu City, in the Maldives.  The district borders the district of Maradhoo to the north, as they both share the same natural island, and the district of Feydhoo to the south. After Addu City became a city, Maradhoo-Feydhoo was extended to include the previous administrative island and a part of Feydhoo.
The district has a village known as Feydhooburi (translates to 'North Feydhoo'). People still often refer to this village by the district's name.
The Magicians trilogy
The Magicians trilogy is the common name for a series of fantasy novels written by Lev Grossman, consisting of The Magicians (2009), The Magician King (2011), and The Magician's Land (2014). The novels are contemporary fantasy and follow a group of young magicians as they are admitted to a college for magic and then navigate their young adulthood. The trilogy was adapted for television and ran for 5 seasons on Syfy; it was also adapted as a comic book.

The Magician's Land
The Magician's Land is a contemporary fantasy novel by Lev Grossman, published in 2014 by Viking Adult, the sequel to The Magicians (2009) and The Magician King (2011) and the conclusion of The Magicians trilogy. It continues the story of outcast magician Quentin Coldwater, interweaving it with the story of several of his friends who are questing to save the magical realm of Fillory.
Liri Blues Festival
The Liri Blues Festival, founded in 1988, is one of the main blues music festivals in Italy. It takes place every year in July in Isola del Liri, a small town twinned with the city of New Orleans since 1997.

Isola del Liri
Isola del Liri (simply known as Isola Liri, Campanian: Lisera) is an Italian town of Lazio, Italy, in the province of Frosinone. As its name implies, Isola is situated between two arms of the Liri. The many waterfalls of this river and of the Fibreno are used by factories.
Assateague Island
Assateague Island is a 37-mile (60 km) long barrier island located off the eastern coast of the Delmarva Peninsula facing the Atlantic Ocean. The northern two-thirds of the island are in Maryland, and the southern third is in Virginia. The entire island is designated as Assateague Island National Seashore, though management is shared by three entities.

The Maryland section contains the majority of Assateague Island National Seashore and Assateague State Park. The Virginia section contains Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge and a one-mile stretch of land containing the lifeguarded recreational beach and interpretive facilities managed by the National Park Service (NPS). It is best known for its herds of feral horses, pristine beaches, and the Assateague Lighthouse. The island also contains numerous marshes, bays, and coves, including Toms Cove. Bridge access for cars is possible from both Maryland and Virginia, though no road runs the full north/south length of the island.

Assateague State Park
Assateague State Park is a public recreation area in Worcester County, Maryland, located at the north end of Assateague Island, a barrier island bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Sinepuxent Bay on the west. The state park is bordered on both its north and south sides by Assateague Island National Seashore and is reached via the Verrazano Bridge which carries Maryland Route 611 across Sinepuxent Bay. The park offers wildlife viewing, beach activities, and camping facilities. It is managed by the Maryland Park Service of the larger Maryland Department of Natural Resources with the support of volunteers working under the auspices of the non-profit Friends of Assateague State Park.