hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ibelin (castle)
Ibelin was a crusader castle in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem at the town of Ibelin, later known as Yibna, and today southeast of the modern Israeli city of Yavne. Very little remains of the castle, but its ruins have been located in the center of Yibna, today known as "Tel Yavne".

It was the fief of the noble house of Ibelin, which later achieved great prominence in the kingdom. Ibelin was built in 1141 by King Fulk of Jerusalem to guard the kingdom's southern border, though its importance declined as the border moved south. It  remained the centre of the Lordship of Ibelin, until the collapse of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. The castle was captured by Saladin in 1187 after the crusader defeat at Hattin, and was destroyed.

Yavne
Yavne (Hebrew: יַבְנֶה) is a city in the Central District of Israel. In 2023 it had a population of 57,725.

Modern Yavne was established in 1949. It is located near the ruins of the ancient town of Yibna (known also as Jamnia and Jabneh), later the village of Yibna, and today the archeological site of Tel Yavne. Ancient Yavne holds a special place in Jewish history because of the ancient town's contribution to Judaism's recovery and reconstitution under sages ben Zakkai and Gamaliel II following the destruction of the Second Temple. This period, sometimes known as the "Yavne period", became a crucial mark in the development of Rabbinic Judaism. The city has a history of producing wine throughout much of antiquity, as indicated by both archeological findings and ancient sources.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Saint Lucia)
This is a list of foreign ministers of Saint Lucia.

1979: John Compton

1979–1981: George Odlum

1981–1982: Peter Josie

1982–1987: John Compton

1987–1992: Neville Cenac

1992–1996: George Mallet

1996–1997: Vaughan Lewis

1997–2001: George Odlum

2001–2004: Julian Hunte

2004–2006: Petrus Compton

2006–2007: Rufus Bousquet

2007–2009: Stephenson King

2009–2011: Rufus Bousquet

2011–2016: Alva Baptiste

2016–2021:  Allen Chastanet

2021–present: Alva Baptiste

Rufus Bousquet
Rufus George Bousquet (born 28 November 1958) is a Saint Lucian politician who formerly represented the constituency of Choiseul for the United Workers Party. Bousquet last won the seat at the general election held on 11 December 2006 but lost it to Lorne Theophilus in the November 2011 General Elections. Prior to 2000 his name was Bruce Tucker or, from 1989, Joseph Michael Bousquet.
Duluth Dukes
The Duluth Dukes was the name of an American minor league baseball franchise that represented Duluth, Minnesota, in the Northern League from 1935 to 1942, and from 1946 to 1955. In addition, a separate edition of the Dukes was one of four franchises in the short-lived Twin Ports League, a "Class E" minor league that played for six weeks during the 1943 season. The Dukes played at Athletic Park from 1935 to 1940. Beginning in 1941, the team played its home games at Wade Stadium.

Duluth–Superior Dukes (1956–1970)
The Duluth–Superior Dukes was the final moniker of the minor league baseball team, that represented Duluth, Minnesota and Superior, Wisconsin, playing from 1956 to 1970 exclusively as members of the Northern League.

Duluth–Superior teams were affiliates of the Chicago White Sox (1956–1959), Detroit Tigers (1960–1965), Chicago Cubs (1965–1967) and Chicago White Sox (1967–1970).
Isla de Yáquil
Isla de Yáquil (Spanish for Island of Yáquil; also known as La Isla) is a Chilean town located in Santa Cruz, Colchagua Province, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region.

In 1899 it was described in Francisco Solano Astaburuaga y Cienfuegos' Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile as "a location of the northern section of the Curicó Department located in some hills of the same name, north of the village of Santa Cruz and Quinchañihue".

Santa Cruz, Chile
Santa Cruz is a Chilean city and commune, located in the Colchagua valley, in the O'Higgins Region, located on the southern shore of the Tinguiririca river, 110 miles from Santiago, Chile's capital city, and 27 miles from San Fernando.
Hanworth, Norfolk
Hanworth is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is 18.8 miles (30.3 km) north of Norwich, 5.4 miles (8.7 km) south-west of Cromer and 133 miles (214 km) north-east of London. The nearest railway station is Gunton on a branch line, the Bittern Line, between Norwich and Sheringham. In 2001 and 2011 the parish had  a population of 169. The primary local authorities are North Norfolk and for education, social care and much infrastructure Norfolk County Council.

North Norfolk
North Norfolk is a local government district in Norfolk, England. Its council is based in Cromer, and the largest town is North Walsham. The district also includes the towns of Fakenham, Holt, Sheringham, Stalham and Wells-next-the-Sea, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

The district lies on the north coast of Norfolk, facing the North Sea, with much of its coastline lying within the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Some south-eastern parts of the district lie within The Broads. The neighbouring districts are Great Yarmouth, Breckland, Broadland and King's Lynn and West Norfolk.
Joint Strike Fighter program
Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is a development and acquisition program intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and formerly Turkey. After a competition between the Boeing X-32 and the Lockheed Martin X-35, the latter aircraft was selected for a contract award and developed into the F-35 Lightning II, which will replace various tactical aircraft, including the US F-16, A-10, F/A-18A-D, AV-8B, EA-6B and British Harrier GR7, GR9s and Tornado GR4. The projected average annual cost of the program is $12.5 billion in 2012 with an estimated cost in 2024 of $2 trillion over its lifespan.

Strike fighter
In current military parlance, a strike fighter is a multirole combat aircraft designed to operate both as an attack aircraft and as an air superiority fighter. As a category, it is distinct from fighter-bombers, and is closely related to the concept of interdictor aircraft, although it puts more emphasis on aerial combat capabilities.

Examples of notable contemporary strike fighters are the American McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Lockheed F-35 Lightning II, the Russian Sukhoi Su-34, and the Chinese Shenyang J-16.
Gelao languages
Gelao (autonym: Kláo, Chinese: 仡佬 Gēlǎo, Vietnamese: Cờ Lao) is a Kra language in the Kra–Dai language family. It is spoken by the Gelao people in southern China and northern Vietnam. Despite an ethnic population of 580,000 (2000 census of China), only a few thousand still speak Gelao in China. Estimates run from 3,000 in China by Li in 1999, of which 500 are monolinguals, to 7,900 by Edmondson in 2008. Edmondson (2002) estimates that the three Gelao varieties of Vietnam have only about 350 speakers altogether.

Li Jinfang
Li Jinfang (Chinese: 李锦芳; pinyin: Lǐ Jǐnfāng; born October 1963 in Tianlin County, Guangxi) is a Chinese linguist at Minzu University in Beijing, China. Li, an ethnic Zhuang, is a leading specialist in the Kra-Dai languages of southern China, especially the Kra (Geyang) branch. Li's doctoral dissertation focused on the Buyang language, and was published as Studies on the Buyang Language (布央语研究, Bùyāng Yǔ Yánjiū) in 1999.
Shahada
The Shahada (Arabic: الشَّهَادَةُ aš-šahādatu; Arabic pronunciation: [aʃ.ʃahaːdatu], 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the adhan. It reads: "I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." The Shahada declares belief in the oneness (tawhid) of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's messenger. Some Shia Muslims also include a statement of belief in the wilayat of Ali, but they do not consider it as an obligatory part for converting to Islam.

A single honest recitation of the Shahada is all that is required for a person to become a Muslim according to most traditional schools.

Conversion to Islam
Conversion to Islam, also known within Islam as reversion, is adopting Islam as a religion or faith. Conversion requires a formal statement of the shahādah, the credo of Islam, whereby the prospective convert must state that "there is none worthy of worship in truth except Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah". Proselytism of the faith is referred to as "dawah", and missionary efforts have been promoted since the dawn of the religion in the 7th century.
Immigration New Zealand
Immigration New Zealand (Māori: Te Ratonga Manene; INZ), formerly the New Zealand Immigration Service (NZIS), is the agency within the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) that is responsible for border control, issuing travel visas and managing immigration to New Zealand.

Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment
The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE; Māori: Hīkina Whakatutuki) is the public service department of New Zealand charged with "delivering policy, services, advice and regulation to support business growth".
Before Mars (novel)
Before Mars is a 2018 science fiction novel by British writer Emma Newman. It was first published in the United States as a paperback original in April 2018 by Ace Books, and in the United Kingdom by Gollancz. An audiobook was published in April 2018 in the United States by Tantor Audio, and in the United Kingdom by Orion Publishing.

Before Mars is the third book in Newman's four-book Planetfall series, and takes place on Mars during the same period as the events on Earth in the previous book, After Atlas. Before Mars concerns Dr. Anna Kubrin, a geologist and artist, who has been sent to the planet to paint Martian landscapes. The novel was a finalist for the 2018 BSFA Award for Best Novel.

Emma Newman
Emma Newman is a British science fiction and fantasy writer, podcaster and audiobook narrator. Her award nominations include the British Fantasy Award (categories: "best fantasy novel", "best newcomer") for Between Two Thorns in 2014 and the Arthur C. Clarke Award for After Atlas in 2017. Her Planetfall series was nominated for the 2020 Hugo Award for Best Series.
Serviço Social da Indústria-SP (men's volleyball)
SESI São Paulo, a.k.a. SESI-SP, is a Brazilian professional volleyball team based in Bauru, Brazil. They compete in the Brazilian Superliga and were the 2010–11 national league champions and 2011 South American champions.

South American Men's Volleyball Club Championship
The South American Men's Volleyball Club Championship is an international men's club volleyball competition organized by the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV), the sport's governing body in South America. The competition was first contested in 2009 in Florianópolis, Brazil and tournaments have been held every year since then.

In addition to crowning the South American champions, the tournament also serves as a qualifying tournament for the FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship.
Internal arcuate fibers
In neuroanatomy, the internal arcuate fibers or internal arcuate tract are the axons of second-order sensory neurons that compose the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata.  These second-order neurons begin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei in the medulla. They receive input from first-order sensory neurons, which provide sensation to many areas of the body and have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia of the dorsal root of the spinal nerves. Upon decussation (crossing over) from one side of the medulla to the other, also known as the sensory decussation, they are then called the medial lemniscus.

The internal arcuate fibers are part of the second-order neurons of the posterior column-medial lemniscus system, and are important for relaying the sensation of fine touch and proprioception to the thalamus and ultimately to the cerebral cortex.

Dorsal column nuclei
The dorsal column nuclei are a pair of nuclei in the dorsal columns of the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) in the brainstem. The name refers collectively to the cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus, which are situated at the lower end of the medulla oblongata. Both nuclei contain second-order neurons of the DCML, which convey fine touch and proprioceptive information from the body to the brain via the thalamus.
Belmead (Powhatan, Virginia)
Belmead (also known as Belmead Plantation, or Belmead-on-the-James) is a historic plantation located near Powhatan, Powhatan County, Virginia, designed by architect Alexander Jackson Davis for Philip St. George Cocke — and constructed about 1845.

It later became the site of two Black Catholic schools, St. Emma Military Academy and St. Francis de Sales, including the only military academy for African-American males.

Philip St. George Cocke
Philip St. George Cocke (April 17, 1809 – December 26, 1861) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the first year of the American Civil War. He is best known for organizing the defense of Virginia along the Potomac River soon after the state's secession from the Union. He commanded troops in the Battle of Blackburn's Ford and the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) in July 1861 before becoming despondent and committing suicide.
Stephen Mulhern
Stephen Daniel Mulhern (born 4 April 1977) is an English television presenter, magician and comedian. He began his career at CITV presenting the children's television shows Finger Tips (2001–2004) and Tricky TV (2005–2010). Mulhern went on to present various television shows for ITV, including Britain's Got More Talent (2007–2019), Animals Do the Funniest Things (2007–2011), This Morning's Hub (2011–2014), Catchphrase (2013–present), Big Star's Little Star (2013–2018), In for a Penny (2019–2024), Rolling In It (2020–2021), Deal or No Deal (2023–present) and Dancing on Ice (2024–2025).

Tricky TV
Tricky TV is a British television show that aired on CITV from 2005 to 2010, presented by magician Stephen Mulhern. The show featured street magic, pranks, illusions, and step-by-step how-to guides for magic tricks.
LaMichael James
LaMichael Keondrae "LaMike" James (born October 22, 1989) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Oregon Ducks and was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the second round of the 2012 NFL draft. James also played for the Miami Dolphins.

The 2010 season was a breakout one for James, as he rushed for 1,731 yards, the highest in the nation. James finished third in balloting for the Heisman Trophy that year and received the Doak Walker Award. In 2011, he became Oregon's career rushing leader and rushed for a school-record 1,805 yards. James was considered to be one of the top running backs throughout his college career, with his 5,082 total rushing yards placing him second in Pac-12 Conference history and 14th in NCAA history.

Oregon Ducks football
The Oregon Ducks football program is a college football team for the University of Oregon, located in the U.S. state of Oregon. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the FBS and is a member of the Big Ten Conference (B1G). Though now known as the Ducks, the team was commonly called the Webfoots until the mid-1960s.

The program first fielded a football team in 1894. Oregon plays its home games at the 54,000 seat Autzen Stadium in Eugene. The program has been one of the most successful programs in college football since the 2000s. Oregon has been known in recent years for their creative uniforms, helmets, and logo designs, facilitated by a close partnership with Nike, which was founded in Eugene, Oregon by then-student Phil Knight and his track coach, Bill Bowerman.
Fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone, sold under the brand name Florinef among others, is a corticosteroid used to treat congenital adrenal hyperplasia, postural hypotension, and adrenal insufficiency. In adrenal insufficiency, it is generally taken together with hydrocortisone. Fludrocortisone is taken by mouth and is most commonly used in its acetate form.

Common side effects of fludrocortisone include high blood pressure, swelling, heart failure, and low blood potassium. Other serious side effects can include low immune-system function, cataracts, muscle weakness, and mood changes. Whether use of fludrocortisone during pregnancy is safe for the fetus is unknown. Fludrocortisone is mostly a mineralocorticoid, but it also has glucocorticoid effects.

Fludrocortisone was patented in 1953. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Mineralocorticoid
Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
A Hat Full of Sky
A Hat Full of Sky is a comic fantasy novel by British writer Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld and written with younger readers in mind. It is labelled a "Story of Discworld" to indicate its status as children's or young adult fiction, unlike most of the books in the Discworld series. First published in 2004, the book is set two years after The Wee Free Men, and features an 11-year-old Tiffany Aching.

The book is also a sequel to the Discworld short story "The Sea and Little Fishes", which introduced the Witch Trials and Mrs Earwig.  It is followed by Wintersmith.

Witches (Discworld)
A major subset of the Discworld novels of Terry Pratchett involves the witches of Lancre.  Appearing alone in 1987's Equal Rites, 'crone' Esme Weatherwax is joined in Wyrd Sisters by 'mother' Nanny Ogg and 'maiden' Magrat Garlick, and together can be seen as a spoof on the Three Witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth, and a tongue-in-cheek reinterpretation of the Neopagans' Triple Goddess.  Granny Weatherwax "especially tends to give voice to the major themes of Pratchett's work."
Harry Nixon
Harry Corwin Nixon (April 1, 1891 – October 22, 1961) was a Canadian politician and briefly the 13th premier of Ontario in 1943. He is both the longest-serving member in the history of the Ontario legislature and the shortest-serving premier of Ontario.

Mitchell Hepburn
Mitchell Frederick Hepburn (August 12, 1896 – January 5, 1953) was the 11th premier of Ontario, from 1934 to 1942. He was the youngest premier in Ontario history, becoming premier at age 37. He was the only Ontario Liberal Party leader in the 20th century to lead his party to two majorities.
Dedo Difie Agyarko-Kusi
Dedo Difie Agyarko-Kusi is a Ghanaian politician. She served as Ghana's Ambassador to South Korea. She is a member of the New Patriotic Party. She is the sister of the Emmanuel Kwabena Kyeremateng Agyarko and Boakye Agyarko. She once served as a translator of French and Spanish for UNESCO.

Emmanuel Kwabena Kyeremateng Agyarko
Emmanuel Kwabena Kyeremateng Agyarko (10 December 1957 – 21 November 2018) was a Ghanaian politician from the New Patriotic Party (NPP). He served as the member of Parliament for the Ayawaso West Wuogon Constituency in Accra from 2012 until his death in 2018.
Duke Huan of Qi
Duke Huan of Qi (Chinese: 齊桓公; pinyin: Qí Huán Gōng), personal name Lü Xiaobai, was a duke of the Qi state, ruling from 685 BC to 643 BC.

Duke Huan and his long-time advisor Guan Zhong managed to transform Qi into China's most powerful polity. Duke Huan is commonly listed among the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period. Toward the end of his more than 40-year-long reign, however, Duke Huan's power began to decline as he grew ill and the Qi state came to be embroiled in factional strife. Following his death in 643 BC, Qi completely lost its predominance.

Guan Zhong
Guan Zhong (Chinese: 管仲; Wade–Giles: Kuan Chung; c. 720–645 BC) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as chancellor and was a reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His given name was Yiwu (Chinese: 夷吾; pinyin: Yíwú). Zhong was his courtesy name. He is mainly remembered for his reforms as chancellor under Duke Huan of Qi, as well as his friendship with his colleague Bao Shuya, though his reputation remained controversial among the Confucians, as detailed in the  appraisal section.

Through Guan Zhong's reforms and skilful diplomacy Qi became the most powerful of the feudal states and Duke Huan became the first of the Five Hegemons. Though knowledge of his reforms is limited, in particular he instituted a famous fiscal policy known as "balancing the light and the heavy", associated with salt and iron monopolies. Otherwise a diverse work, the Guanzi compilation making use of his name makes similar such recommendations.
The Age of Reptiles
The Age of Reptiles is a 110-foot (34 m) mural depicting the period of ancient history when reptiles were the dominant creatures on the earth, painted by Rudolph Zallinger. The fresco sits in the Yale Peabody Museum in New Haven, Connecticut, and was completed in 1947 after five years of work. The Age of Reptiles was at one time the largest painting in the world, and depicts a span of nearly 350 million years in Earth's history.

Painted in the Renaissance fresco-secco technique, The Age of Reptiles showcases the contemporary view of dinosaurs as slow, sluggish creatures (a view that has gradually been replaced by more active dinosaurs). Zallinger received the Addison Emery Verrill medal in 1980 for the mural.

Peabody Museum of Natural History
The Yale Peabody Museum at Yale University (also known as the Peabody Museum of Natural History or the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History) is one of the oldest, largest, and most prolific university natural history museums in the world. It was founded by the philanthropist George Peabody in 1866 at the behest of his nephew Othniel Charles Marsh, an early paleontologist. The museum is best known for the Great Hall of Dinosaurs, which includes a mounted juvenile Brontosaurus and the 110-foot-long (34 m) mural The Age of Reptiles. The museum also has permanent exhibits dedicated to human and mammal evolution; wildlife dioramas; Egyptian artifacts; local birds and minerals; and Native Americans of Connecticut.

In 2020, the Peabody Museum closed for its "first comprehensive renovation in 90 years." It reopened, with more than twice the exhibition space, on March 26, 2024.
Hypersonic flight
Hypersonic flight refers to the motion of aircraft, missiles, or spacecraft through the atmosphere below the von Karman line at speeds greater than Mach 5, above which thermochemical effects and aerodynamic heat loads become significant.

Waverider
A waverider is a hypersonic aircraft design that improves its supersonic lift-to-drag ratio by using the shock waves being generated by its own flight as a lifting surface, a phenomenon known as compression lift.

The waverider remains a well-studied design for high-speed aircraft in the Mach 5 and higher hypersonic regime, although no such design has yet entered production. The Boeing X-51 scramjet demonstration aircraft was tested from 2010 to 2013.  In its final test flight, it reached a speed of Mach 5.1 (5,400 km/h; 3,400 mph).