hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (NSW)
Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (NSW), and Flint v Webb, were the last of a series of cases concerning whether the States could tax the income of a Commonwealth officer which had resulted in conflict between the High Court and the Privy Council. The two cases were heard together, however two separate judgments were issued with Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (NSW) addressing the substantive issues, and Flint v Webb addressing the applications for a certificate to appeal to the Privy Council. The judgement of Griffith CJ in Flint v Webb suggested two ways in which that conflict could be resolved. Both suggestions were adopted by the Commonwealth Parliament by legislation that permitted the States to tax the income of a Commonwealth officer, and gave the High Court exclusive appellate jurisdiction on such constitutional questions. The constitutional foundation of the decision was overturned by the subsequent decision of the High Court in the 1920 Engineers' case.

Deakin v Webb
Deakin v Webb was one of a series of cases concerning whether the States could tax the income of a Commonwealth officer. The High Court of Australia overruled a decision of the Supreme Court of Victoria, holding that the States could not tax the income of a Commonwealth officer. This resulted in conflict with the Privy Council that was ultimately resolved by the passage of Commonwealth law in 1907 to permit the States to tax the income of a Commonwealth officer. The constitutional foundation of the decision was overturned by the subsequent decision of the High Court in the 1920 Engineers' Case.
Boulengerella
Boulengerella is a genus of pike-characins from tropical South America, found in the Amazon Basin, Orinoco, and rivers of the Guiana Shield. Boulengerella was named after the Belgian ichthyologist George Albert Boulenger.  The currently described species are:

Boulengerella cuvieri (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) (bicuda)

Boulengerella lateristriga (Boulenger, 1895) (striped pike-characin)

Boulengerella lucius (G. Cuvier, 1816) (golden pike-characin)

Boulengerella maculata (Valenciennes, 1850) (spotted pike-characin)

Boulengerella xyrekes Vari, 1995

George Albert Boulenger
George Albert Boulenger FRS (19 October 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a Belgian-British zoologist who described and gave scientific names to over 2,000 new animal species, chiefly fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Boulenger was also an active botanist during the last 30 years of his life, especially in the study of roses.
Mongolian spot
A Mongolian spot, also known as a slate grey nevus or congenital dermal melanocytosis, is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown.

Erwin Bälz
Erwin Otto Eduard von Bälz (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁviːn ˈʔɔto ˈʔeːdu.aʁt fɔn ˈbɛlts]; 13 January 1849 – 31 August 1913), often simply known as Erwin Bälz (without the noble von particle), was a German internist, anthropologist, and personal physician to the Japanese Imperial Family and cofounder of modern western medicine in Japan.
South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation
The South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) Program, set up in 2001, brings together Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, and Sri Lanka in a project-based partnership to promote regional prosperity by improving cross-border connectivity, boosting trade among member countries, and strengthening regional economic cooperation. As of September 2025, SASEC countries have implemented 61 regional projects worth over $23 billion in the energy, transport, trade facilitation, economic corridor development, information and communications technology (ICT), health, and tourism sectors. The Manila, Philippines-based Asian Development Bank (ADB) serves as the Secretariat for the SASEC member countries.

BBIN
The Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN) Initiative is a subregional architecture of countries in Eastern South Asia, a subregion of South Asia. It meets through official representation of member states to formulate, implement and review quadrilateral agreements across areas such as water resources management, connectivity of power, transport, and infrastructure.
New Brunswick Route 1
Route 1 is a highway in the southern part of the Canadian province of New Brunswick. It begins west of the Canada–United States border at St. Stephen, and runs east for 239.11 kilometres (148.58 mi) to Route 2 at River Glade.

The entire highway is a 4-lane controlled-access freeway. It is one of the most important highways in the province, carrying traffic from the American border in St. Stephen, through the City of Saint John, ending with an interchange with the Trans Canada Highway at River Glade.

St. Stephen, New Brunswick
St. Stephen is a Canadian town in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, situated on the east bank of the St. Croix River around the intersection of New Brunswick Route 170 and the southern terminus of New Brunswick Route 3.  The St. Croix River marks a section of the Canada–United States border, forming a natural border between Calais, Maine and St. Stephen. U.S. Route 1 parallels the St. Croix river for a few miles, and is accessed from St. Stephen by three cross-border bridges.

On 1 January 2023, St. Stephen annexed all or part of seven local service districts and was renamed the Municipal District of St. Stephen, retaining town status. Revised census figures have not been released.
James Mulvaney
James Francis Mulvaney, Sr. (November 2, 1922 – October 10, 2010) was an American investment banker, businessman, attorney, and military officer. He was the treasurer of National Steel and Shipbuilding Company and, later, the president of the United States National Bank of San Diego. Mulvaney also served as the president of the San Diego Padres when they were in the Pacific Coast League. When the Padres joined Major League Baseball, Mulvaney served as vice president and general counsel.

United States National Bank of San Diego
United States National Bank of San Diego (USNB) was a large California bank seized by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1973 due to the malfeasance of its owner, C. Arnholt Smith (1899–1996). It was, at the time, the largest bank ever seized by the FDIC. USNB's assets and domestic branches were taken over by Crocker National Bank, which later merged into Wells Fargo.
Hugh Sinclair
Admiral Sir Hugh Francis Paget Sinclair, KCB (18 August 1873 – 4 November 1939), known as Quex Sinclair, was a British intelligence officer. He was Director of British Naval Intelligence  between 1919 and 1921, and he subsequently helped to set up the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS now commonly called MI6).

Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)
The Naval Intelligence Division (NID) was created as a component part of the Admiralty War Staff in 1912.  It was the intelligence arm of the British Admiralty before the establishment of a unified Defence Intelligence Staff in 1964.  It dealt with matters concerning British naval plans, with the collection of naval intelligence.  It was also known as "Room 39", after its room number at the Admiralty.
Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe)
Storm Shadow is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books and animated series. He is best known as the Cobra Commander's ninja bodyguard, and for his history with fellow ninja Snake Eyes.

Throughout his history, he has changed sides several times; conflicted in loyalties between Cobra, G.I. Joe, and his blood brother, Snake Eyes. Storm Shadow is one of the most prominent characters in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero franchise, and has appeared in every series since its inception. He is portrayed by South Korean actor Lee Byung-hun in the 2009 live-action film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, and its 2013 sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation, while British actor Andrew Koji portrayed him in the 2021 film Snake Eyes.

G.I. Joe Team
G.I. Joe is the code name of a fictional elite covert special operations unit operating under the control of the United States Armed Forces in the G.I. Joe universe. In the 1960s and 1970s, a toy military adventure character called G.I. Joe was available. From 1982, the name "G.I. Joe" referred to the team, also known as the "Joe team" or the "Joes". The G.I. Joe team was introduced as the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline by Hasbro. Later, the Marvel G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero comic books and the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero television cartoons were released. The team's battle cry is "Yo Joe!"
Los Bukis
Los Bukis (English: the Bukis; buki meaning "kid" in the Purépecha language) are a Mexican grupero band. Formed in Ario de Rosales, Michoacán in 1973, the band's current lineup consists of singer and songwriter Marco Antonio Solís, Joel Solís (guitars), Roberto Guadarrama, Eusebio "El Chivo Cortez, Jose "Pepe" Guadarrama,(saxophone and keyboards) Pedro Sanchez (Drums) and Jose Javier Solis.

Marco Antonio Solís
Marco Antonio Solís Sosa (born 29 December 1959) is a Mexican musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Born and raised in Ario de Rosales, Michoacán, Solís began his musical career at the age of six, performing with his cousin Joel Solís as Los Hermanitos Solís. In 1975, he co-founded Los Bukis, of which he was the lead vocalist, songwriter and guitarist. The band split up after nearly two decades of success, with Solís pursuing a solo career. Solís released his debut solo album, En Pleno Vuelo, in 1996 by Fonovisa Records.

Solís has been awarded five Latin Grammy Awards, two Lo Nuestro Awards, has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and has been inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame. In 2022, Solís was recognized as Person of the Year by the Latin Recording Academy.
Akash Kapur
Akash Kapur is a writer, academic, and technology policy specialist. He is the author of two books, India Becoming (Penguin/Riverhead, 2012) and Better to Have Gone (Scribner, 2021). He has consulted or worked at a number of organizations on technology policy, including UNDP, NYU, Princeton, and New America.

He is a former columnist for the New York Times, and has published his work in various magazines and journals, including the New Yorker, the Atlantic, the Economist, and more. Kapur was awarded a Whiting Nonfiction Grant for  Better to Have Gone, which was named a book of the year by The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, CNN, The New Statesman, Airmail, Idler magazine, and Scribd. The book was a bestseller and it was shortlisted for the Tata LitLive prize, and longlisted for the Chautauqua prize.

India Becoming
India Becoming is a book by author Akash Kapur. The book is an account of change and transformation in modern India. It was selected by The New Yorker and The New Republic as a Best Book of 2012, and Newsweek as one of its three Must Reads on Modern India.
Autonomous consumption
Autonomous consumption (also exogenous consumption, autonomous spending) is the consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income; generally, it may be required to fund necessities and debt obligations. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving, because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings.  Autonomous consumption contrasts with induced consumption, in that it does not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced consumption does. The two are related, for all households, through the consumption function:

where

C = total consumption,

c0 = autonomous consumption (c0 > 0),

c1 = the marginal propensity to consume (the gradient of induced consumption) (0 < c1 < 1), and

Yd = disposable income (income after government taxes, benefits, and transfer payments).

Consumption function
In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income. The concept is believed to have been introduced into macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes in 1936, who used it to develop the notion of a government spending multiplier.
Melchior von Hatzfeldt
Melchior Graf von Gleichen und Hatzfeldt (Westerwald, 20 October 1593 – Powitzko, 9 January 1658) was an Imperial Field Marshal. He fought in the Thirty Years' War first under Albrecht von Wallenstein and Matthias Gallas, then received an independent command in Westphalia. Usually successful with a smaller corps on this secondary front and victorious at Vlotho and Dorsten, he lost at Wittstock and Jankau in his brief intermezzos as commander of major armies.

Battle of Jankau
The Battle of Jankau, took place on 6 March 1645 during the later stages of the Thirty Years' War, near Jankov in Bohemia (today the Czech Republic). It featured Swedish and Imperial armies, each containing around 16,000 men.

The more mobile and better led Swedes under Lennart Torstensson effectively destroyed their opponents, commanded by Melchior von Hatzfeldt. However, the devastation caused by decades of conflict meant armies now spent much of their time obtaining supplies, and the Swedes were unable to take advantage of their victory.

Imperial forces regained control of Bohemia in 1646, but inconclusive campaigns in the Rhineland and Saxony made it clear neither side had the strength to impose a military solution. Although fighting continued as participants tried to improve their positions, it increased the urgency of negotiations which culminated in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.
Mark Boals
Mark Robert Boals is an American heavy metal singer and occasional bassist, renowned for his powerful vocals with Yngwie Malmsteen. Boals is also an occasional singer-songwriter and bassist for the band Foundry.

Boals' first album with Malmsteen, 1986's Trilogy, achieved platinum status in the US and sold several million copies worldwide. As a young child, he learned to play the piano and bass guitar.  Although Boals has never had any vocal lessons or training, as a teenager he gained experience as a vocalist in local groups. Boals is the founder and vocalist for the band Ring of Fire, and had a brief stint as the bassist for Dokken.

Yngwie Malmsteen
Yngwie Johan Malmsteen (/ˈɪŋveɪ ˈmɑːlmstiːn/; born Lars Johan Yngve Lannerbäck, Swedish: [lâːʂ ˈjuːhan ˈʏŋvɛ lânːɛrbɛk] on 30 June 1963) is a Swedish-American guitarist. He first became known in the 1980s for his neoclassical playing style in heavy metal, and has released 22 studio albums in a career spanning over 40 years.
Landau levels
In quantum mechanics, the energies of cyclotron orbits of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field are quantized to discrete values, thus known as Landau levels. These levels are degenerate, with the number of electrons per level directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. It is named after the Soviet physicist Lev Landau who developed the theory in 1930.

Landau quantization contributes towards magnetic susceptibility of metals, known as Landau diamagnetism. Under strong magnetic fields, Landau quantization leads to oscillations in electronic properties of materials as a function of the applied magnetic field known as the De Haas–Van Alphen and Shubnikov–de Haas effects.

Landau quantization is a key ingredient in explanation of the integer quantum Hall effect.

Shubnikov–de Haas effect
An oscillation in the conductivity of a material that occurs at low temperatures in the presence of very intense magnetic fields, the Shubnikov–de Haas effect (SdH) is a macroscopic manifestation of the inherent quantum mechanical nature of matter. It is often used to determine the effective mass of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes), allowing investigators to distinguish among majority and minority carrier populations. 
The effect is named after Wander Johannes de Haas and Lev Shubnikov.
Henry IV, Part 1
Henry IV, Part 1 (often written as 1 Henry IV) is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written no later than 1597. The play dramatises part of the reign of King Henry IV of England, beginning with the battle at Homildon Hill late in 1402, and ending with King Henry's victory in the Battle of Shrewsbury in mid-1403. In parallel to the political conflict between King Henry and a rebellious faction of nobles, the play depicts the escapades of King Henry's son, Prince Hal (the future King Henry V), and his eventual return to court and favour.

Henry IV, Part 1 is the first of Shakespeare's two plays that deal with the reign of Henry IV (the other being Henry IV, Part 2), and the second play in the Henriad, a modern designation for the tetralogy of plays that deal with the successive reigns of Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. From its first performance on, it has been an extremely popular work both with the public and critics.

Battle of Homildon Hill
The Battle of Holmedon Hill or Battle of Homildon Hill was a conflict between English and Scottish armies on 14 September 1402 in Northumberland, England. The battle was recounted in William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1. Although Humbleton Hill is the modern name of the site, over the centuries it has been variously named Homildon, Hameldun, Holmedon, and Homilheugh.
Tevfik Esenç
Tevfik Esenç (Turkish pronunciation: [tevˈfic esɛnt͡ʃ]; 1904 – 7 October 1992) was a Turkish citizen of Ubykh origin, known for being the last speaker of the Ubykh language. He was fluent in Ubykh, Adyghe and Turkish. After his death in 1992, the Ubykh language went extinct despite the efforts and work of numerous linguists to revive it. Nevertheless, Esenç is single-handedly responsible for the world's current knowledge of the Ubykh language and culture being as extensive and detailed as it is.

Ubykh people
The Ubykh (Ubykh: Tuex̂ı /tʷɜxɨ/; Adyghe: Убых, romanized: Ubyx; Russian: Убыхи; Turkish: Ubıhlar / Vubıhlar) are an extinct ethnic group of the Circassian nation, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai and Shapsug, the Ubykh formed the Circassian Assembly (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ) in 1860. Historically, they spoke the Ubykh language, which never existed in written form and went extinct in 1992 when Tevfik Esenç, the last speaker, died.
Alewife Brook Parkway
Alewife Brook Parkway is a short parkway in Cambridge and Somerville, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It begins at Fresh Pond in Cambridge (linking to Fresh Pond Parkway via Concord Avenue), and heads north on the east bank of Alewife Brook, crossing into West Somerville and ending at the Mystic River on the Medford town line, where it becomes Mystic Valley Parkway. The entire length of Alewife Brook Parkway is designated as part of Massachusetts Route 16 (Route 16), while the southernmost sections are also designated as part of Route 2 and U.S. Route 3 (US 3). It is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation with the Massachusetts Department of Transportation responsible for bridge maintenance.

Alewife Brook Reservation
Alewife Brook Reservation is a Massachusetts state park and urban wild located in Cambridge, Arlington, and Somerville. The park is managed by the state Department of Conservation and Recreation and was established in 1900. It is named for Alewife Brook, which was also historically known as Menotomy River (the village of Menotomy is now Arlington), a tributary of the Mystic River.
Union City Dodgers
The Union City Dodgers were a Minor League Baseball team that played in the Class D Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League (KITTY League) from 1935 to 1942 and 1946 to 1955. They were located in Union City, Tennessee, and played their home games at Turner Memorial Field. Originally known as the Union City Greyhounds, the team had affiliations with the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, and Cleveland Indians. They changed their name to the Union City Dodgers upon becoming a Brooklyn Dodgers affiliate in 1953.

Over 19 seasons of competition, Union City played in 2,106 regular season games and compiled an all-time win–loss record of 1,002–1,104. They won three KITTY League championships (1936, 1948, and 1954) and had a postseason record of 15–12.

Union City, Tennessee
Union City is a city in and the county seat of Obion County, Tennessee, United States. 11,170 people were living in the town as of the 2020 census. It is the principal urban settlement of the surrounding micropolitan area, which includes Obion County and Fulton County, Kentucky. Union City is home to Discovery Park of America which is a museum with many exhibits pertaining to local history, as well as state, national, and world history, science, technology, and art.
Blue corn
Blue corn (also known as Hopi maize, Yoeme Blue, Tarahumara Maiz Azul, and Rio Grande Blue) is a group of several closely related varieties of flint corn grown in Mexico, the Southwestern United States, and the Southeastern United States.  It is one of the main types of corn used for the traditional Southern and Central Mexican food known as tlacoyo.

It was originally developed by the Hopi, the Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande in Arizona, and several Southeastern tribes, including the Cherokee. It remains an essential part of Hopi dishes like piki bread. Blue corn meal is a corn meal that is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. It is also a staple of New Mexican cuisine used commonly to make tortillas.

Blue corn contains anthocyanins, which give the corn its blue color.

Flint corn
Flint corn (Zea mays var. indurata; also known as Indian corn or sometimes calico corn) is a variant of maize, the same species as common corn. With less soft starch than dent corn (Zea mays indentata), flint corn does not have the dents in each kernel from which dent corn gets its name. To protect the soft endosperm, each kernel has a hard outer layer  which is likened to being hard as flint, whence the name. It is one of six major types of corn, the others being dent corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.
Central Curry School District
Central Curry School District 1 (CCSD) is a public school district headquartered in Gold Beach in Curry County, Oregon, United States.

Its boundary, in Curry County, includes Gold Beach, Nesika Beach, Pistol River, and Wedderburn as well as the surrounding area. It also includes the remote community of Agness.

Curry County, Oregon
Curry County is the southwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Oregon located on the South Coast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,446. The county seat is Gold Beach. The county is named for George Law Curry, a two-time governor of the Oregon Territory. Curry County includes the Brookings, OR Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Pedro Méndez Mercado
Pedro Méndez Mercado was a twentieth-century Puerto Rican architect from Ponce, Puerto Rico. He designed many prominent structures, including the 1941 enlargement of Plaza de Mercado de Ponce in Ponce and the "Edificio Miami" (Miami Building) in San Juan. He also designed "Apartamentos Beatriz" in Ponce, and is believed to have designed at least half a dozen theaters in Ponce.

Plaza del Mercado de Ponce
Plaza del Mercado de Ponce (English: Ponce Market Plaza) or, formally, Plaza del Mercado Isabel Segunda (often abbreviated as Plaza del Mercado Isabel II), is a historic marketplace building in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It was inaugurated in 1863 by Ponce Mayor Don Luis de Quixano. Designed by famed engineer Timoteo Luberza, it occupies a city block in the Ponce Historic Zone at the grid formed by Calle Atocha, Estrella, Leon, and Castillo streets. It has room for 65 kiosks. It was originally called Plaza del Capá.