hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (4 September 1455 – 2 November 1483), was an English nobleman known as the namesake of Buckingham's rebellion, a failed but significant collection of uprisings in England and parts of Wales against Richard III of England in October 1483. He was executed without trial for his role in the uprisings. Stafford is also one of the primary suspects in the disappearance (and presumed murder) of Richard's nephews, the Princes in the Tower.

Buckingham's rebellion
Buckingham's rebellion was a failed but significant uprising, or collection of uprisings, of October 1483 in England and parts of Wales against Richard III of England.

To the extent that these local risings had a central coordination, the plot revolved around Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who had become disaffected from Richard, and had backing from the exiled Henry Tudor (the future king Henry VII) and his mother Margaret Beaufort. Rebels took arms against the king, who had deposed Edward V in June of that year. They included many loyalists of Edward V, and others, who had been Yorkist supporters of his father Edward IV.

Seven ships from Brittany carrying over 500 Breton soldiers, Henry Tudor, and many of his supporters were to have risen simultaneously against Richard III. A gale prevented this planned landing from being successfully carried out, and in England a premature uprising in Kent forewarned Richard that Buckingham had changed sides.
Vinica, North Macedonia
Vinica (Macedonian: Виница [ˈvinitsa] ⓘ) is a town in North Macedonia, in the Eastern Statistical Region of the country. The town of Vinica is the seat of Vinica Municipality.

The town is located under the mountain of Plačkovica, in the southeastern part of the Kočani Valley. It covers the northern part of the river Bregalnica sinks. There are also several other rivers that flow through Vinica, like the Vinička, Gradečka and Osojnica. The town is known for its historic Roman fortress, Viničko Kale, situated on a hill overlooking the modern town.

Viničko Kale
Viničko Kale (Macedonian: Виничко Кале) is an ancient ruin located on the hill above the town of Vinica, North Macedonia. It is located on the left side of the Grdečka River, on a hill about 400 meters above sea level. Viničko Kale was discovered in 1954. In 1978, 5 fragments of terra-cotta icons were discovered in Viničko Kale, which shows that it was inhabited from Neolithic times to the Middle Ages.
Jymie Merritt
Jymie Merritt (/dʒɪmi/; May 3, 1926 – April 10, 2020) was an American jazz bassist, bandleader, and composer. Merritt was a member of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers group from 1957 until 1962. The same year he left Blakey's band, Merritt formed his own group, The Forerunners, which he led sporadically until his death in 2020. Merritt also worked as a sideman for blues and jazz musicians such as Bull Moose Jackson, B.B. King, Chet Baker, Max Roach, Dizzy Gillespie, and Lee Morgan.

Lee Morgan
Edward Lee Morgan (July 10, 1938 – February 19, 1972) was an American jazz trumpeter and composer. One of the key hard bop musicians of the 1960s and a cornerstone of the Blue Note label, Morgan came to prominence in his late teens, recording with bandleaders like John Coltrane, Curtis Fuller, Dizzy Gillespie, Hank Mobley and Wayne Shorter, and playing in Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers.

Morgan stayed with Blakey until 1961 and started to record as leader in the late '50s. Morgan's solo recordings often alternated between conventional hard bop sessions and more adventurous post-bop and avant-garde experiments, many of which did not see release during his lifetime. His composition "The Sidewinder", on the album of the same name, became a surprise crossover hit on the pop and R&B charts in 1964. After a second stint in Blakey's band, Morgan continued to work prolifically as both a leader and a sideman until his death in 1972.
MacPorts
MacPorts, formerly DarwinPorts, is a package manager for macOS and Darwin. It is an open-source software project that aims to simplify the installation of other open source software. It is similar in function to Fink and the BSD ports collections.

MacPorts supports universal binaries for PowerPC, Intel-based, and Apple silicon versions of macOS, but migrating from a PowerPC installation of MacPorts to a version on an Intel Mac requires reinstalling all installed ports.

Fink (software)
The Fink project is an effort to port and package open-source Unix programs to macOS. Fink uses dpkg and APT (Debian's package management system), as well as its own frontend program, fink (which is implemented as a set of Perl modules).
Class number problem
In mathematics, the Gauss class number problem (for imaginary quadratic fields), as usually understood, is to provide for each n ≥ 1 a complete list of imaginary quadratic fields  (for negative integers d) having class number n. It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss. It can also be stated in terms of discriminants. There are related questions for real quadratic fields and for the behavior as .

The difficulty is in effective computation of bounds: for a given discriminant, it is easy to compute the class number, and there are several ineffective lower bounds on class number (meaning that they involve a constant that is not computed), but effective bounds (and explicit proofs of completeness of lists) are harder.

Quadratic field
In algebraic number theory, a quadratic field is an algebraic number field of degree two over , the rational numbers.

Every such quadratic field is some  where  is a (uniquely defined) square-free integer different from  and . If , the corresponding quadratic field is called a real quadratic field, and, if , it is called an imaginary quadratic field or a complex quadratic field, corresponding to whether or not it is a subfield of the field of the real numbers.

Quadratic fields have been studied in great depth, initially as part of the theory of binary quadratic forms. There remain some unsolved problems. The class number problem is particularly important.
Bridgeman baronets of Ridley (1673)
The Bridgeman baronetcy, of Ridley in the County of Chester, was created on 12 November 1673 for Orlando Bridgeman, Member of Parliament for Horsham and younger son of the 1st Baronet, of the Great Lever creation. He was succeeded by his son, the 2nd Baronet. The latter was Member of Parliament for Calne, Lostwithiel, Blechingley and Dunwich.

Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet
Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 2nd Baronet (27 April 1678 – 5 December 1746) was a British landowner and Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1707 and 1738. He faked his own death in 1738 and spent the rest of his life in prison.
Merkez, Beykoz
Merkez or Beykoz Merkez is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Beykoz, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 5,870 (2022). It is the city center of Beykoz district and one of its 45 neighborhoods on the Anatolian/Asian side of Istanbul.

Looking at its administrative borders, Yalıköy and Ortaçeşme neighborhoods lie in the north; to the northeast is Akbaba; Elmalı village is to the east; İncirköy neighborhood is to the southeast; Gümüşsuyu is to the south; and to the west is the Bosphorus Strait.

The 500-year-old Onçeşmeler (İshak Ağa Fountain), the work of Mimar Sinan and taking its latest form in 1746 AD/1159 AH, is located in the square on the coast. The historical Serbostani Mustafa Ağa Mosque (1809 AD/1229 AH) stands next to it. The upper quarter was known as the Armenian Quarter with its Surp Nigoğayos Church first built in 1776.

A fishing community thrives on the coast of Merkez.

Beykoz
Beykoz (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbejkoz]) is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 310 km2, and its population is 247,875 (2022). It lies at the northern end of the Bosphorus on the Anatolian side. The name is believed to be a combination of the words bey and kos, which means "village" in Farsi. Beykoz includes an area from the streams of Küçüksu and Göksu (just before Anadoluhisarı) to the opening of the Bosphorus into the Black Sea, and the villages in the hinterland as far as the Riva creek. Before the Turkish alphabet reform of 1928, it was sometimes Latinized variously as Beicos or Beikos.
Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
Louisa Frederica Augusta Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, formerly Louisa Montagu, Duchess of Manchester (born Countess Luise Friederike Auguste von Alten; 15 June 1832 – 15 July 1911), was a German-born British aristocrat sometimes referred to as the "Double Duchess" due to her marriages, firstly to the 7th Duke of Manchester and then to the 8th Duke of Devonshire.

Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire
Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908), styled Lord Cavendish of Keighley between 1834 and 1858 and Marquess of Hartington between 1858 and 1891, was a British statesman. He has the distinction of having held leading positions in three political parties: at different times he led Liberal Party, the Liberal Unionist Party and the Conservative Party in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. After 1886 he increasingly voted with the Conservatives. He declined to become prime minister on three occasions, because the circumstances were never right. Historian and politician Roy Jenkins said he was "too easy-going and too little of a party man". He held some passions, but he rarely displayed them regarding the most controversial issues of the day.
Basivertebral veins
The basivertebral veins are large, tortuous veins of the trabecular bone of vertebral bodies that drain into the internal and external vertebral venous plexuses.

They emerge from the vertebral bodies horizontally through foramina in the bone. Anteriorly, they drain into the external vertebral venous plexuses; posteriorly, they drain into the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus by way of transverse vessels that bridge the two vertical anterior internal vertebral plexus vessels across the midline.

External vertebral venous plexuses
The external vertebral venous plexuses (extraspinal veins) consist of anterior and posterior plexuses which anastomose freely with each other. They are most prominent in the cervical region where they form anastomoses with the vertebral, occipital, and deep cervical veins.

The anterior external vertebral venous plexuses are situated anteriorly to the vertebral bodies. They communicate with the basivertebral and intervertebral veins, and receive tributaries from the vertebral bodies.

The posterior external vertebral venous plexuses are situated posterior to the vertebral laminae, around and the spinous, transverse, and articular processes. They form anastomoses with the internal vertebral venous plexuses, and drain to vertebral veins, posterior intercostal veins, and lumbar veins.
Synspermiata
Synspermiata is a clade of araneomorph spiders, comprising most of the former "haplogynes". They are united by having simpler genitalia than other araneomorph spiders, lacking a cribellum, and sharing an evolutionary history of synspermia – a particular way in which spermatozoa are grouped together when transferred to the female.

Haplogynae
The Haplogynae or haplogynes are one of the two main groups into which araneomorph spiders have traditionally been divided, the other being the Entelegynae. Morphological phylogenetic studies suggested that the Haplogynae formed a clade; more recent molecular phylogenetic studies refute this, although many of the ecribellate haplogynes do appear to form a clade, Synspermiata.

Unlike the Entelegynae, haplogynes lack hardened (sclerotized) female genitalia (epigynes).

Most of the species within this group have six eyes, as opposed to most other spiders. Spiders in the genus Tetrablemma (Tetrablemmidae) have only four eyes, as do some members of the family Caponiidae; caponiids may even have only two eyes. However, spiders in the family Plectreuridae have the normal eight eyes.
IK Brage
Idrottsklubben Brage, also known as IK Brage or simply Brage, is a Swedish football club located in Borlänge. The club is affiliated with Dalarnas Fotbollförbund and play their home games at Domnarvsvallen. The club colours, reflected in their crest and kit, are green and white. The club can be seen as a continuation of IK Blixt which was founded in the early 1920s but merged into Domnarvets GoIF in 1923. Two years later the merger was split and IK Blixt changed their name to IK Brage, after the Norse god Bragi. The club has played a total of 18 seasons in Allsvenskan, which is the highest level of the Swedish football league system. They currently play in the second highest level (Superettan) where the season lasts from April to November. IK Brage also recently spent time in the third division Division 1 (2014–2017) and fourth division Division 2 between 2005 and 2009) but has mainly played in the two highest Swedish divisions since its foundation.

Domnarvsvallen
Domnarvsvallen is a football stadium in Borlänge Municipality and the home arena for IK Brage and Dalkurd FF. Domnarvsvallen has a total capacity of 6,500 spectators.

The arena is mostly in wood, and was built in 1925 when IK Brage was founded.
Levidi
Levidi (Greek: Λεβίδι) is a small town and a former municipality in Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Tripoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 312.641 km2. The town is situated on the northeastern slope of the Mainalo mountains, at about 850 m elevation. Levidi is 9 km northwest of Kapsas, 10 km east of Vytina, 12 km southwest of Kandila and 20 km northwest of Tripoli. It is at the junction of the Greek National Road 74 (Tripoli–Pyrgos) and the Greek National Road 66 (Levidi - Nemea).

Levidi was the site of several battles during the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire, and in ancient times was thought to have been the site of a sanctuary to Artemis Hymnia.

The great Greek-Australian rugby league footballer George Peponis has ancestral ties to this town.

Kandila, Arcadia
Kandila (Greek: Κανδήλα) is a village and a community in the municipal unit of Levidi, Arcadia, Greece. It is situated on the southern slope of the Oligyrtos mountain, at about 800 m elevation. The community includes the village Diakopi. Kandila is near the tripoint of Arcadia, Corinthia and Argolis. It is 5 km southwest of Skoteini (Argolis), 12 km northeast of Levidi and 29 km north of Tripoli. The Greek National Road 66 (Levidi – Nemea) passes through the village.

The village is not visible from far away, with the exception of the Monastery of Virgin Mary, which is built inside a large rock, on the side of the mountain and can be seen as you enter the plateau.
Riccardo Fraccaro
Riccardo Fraccaro (born 13 January 1981) is an Italian politician, who served in the government of Italy as Minister for Parliamentary Relations and Direct Democracy in Giuseppe Conte's first cabinet.

He served as Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Italy from 5 September 2019 to 13 February 2021.

First Conte government
The first Conte government was the 65th government of the Italian Republic. It was led by Giuseppe Conte, an independent, and it was in office from 1 June 2018 to 5 September 2019.

The cabinet was formed by a coalition between the Five Star Movement and the League, but it also contained some independents proposed by each party (including the Prime Minister). It was referred to as the "government of change" (Italian: governo del cambiamento) after the title of the political agreement signed by the two parties, or the "yellow-green government" (governo gialloverde), based on their customary colours, even if the League originally preferred "yellow-blue government" (governo gialloblu), due to its new campaign colour under Salvini's leadership.

The government has often been described as "populist" (the first of that kind in Europe according to several sources) and its policies (and more specifically those of the League) have been described by Italian newspapers as "souverainist".
Harmony Day
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, an event officially expanded and renamed as Harmony Week for its 20th anniversary in 2019, is a government-declared observance celebrated annually on or around 21 March in Australia. It was introduced by the Howard government in 1999, and coincides with the United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The colour orange is associated with the day.

It has been criticised for being purely a celebration of multiculturalism in Australia, with no public acknowledgement of its roots, being a commemoration of the Sharpeville massacre in 1960 in South Africa, nor acknowledgement of the existence of racism in Australia.

Multiculturalism in Australia
Multiculturalism in Australia is today reflected by the multicultural composition of its people, its immigration policies, its prohibition on discrimination, equality before the law of all persons, as well as various cultural policies which promote diversity, such as the formation of the Special Broadcasting Service.

According to the 2011 census, 26% of the population were born overseas and a further 20% had at least one parent born overseas. Aboriginal Australians make up approximately 2.5% of the population. Australia's diverse migrant communities have brought with them food, lifestyle and cultural practices, which have been absorbed into mainstream Australian culture.

From Federation until after the Second World War, Australia adhered to the White Australia policy. The policy was dismantled after the war by various changes to the immigration policy of the Australian government.
Volodarsky (ship)
SS Volodarsky (Russian: Володарский) was a Soviet steamship, a timber carrier of the III series of Tovarishch Stalin-class ships, which was active in the Arctic during the 1930s and was later the oldest ship in the Murmansk Shipping Company fleet.

The ship was laid down as Tovarishch Volodarsky (Russian: Товарищ Володарский, lit. 'Comrade Volodarsky') but was renamed during building. She was named after V. Volodarsky (real name Moisey Markovich Goldshteyn), a Russian revolutionary and an early Soviet politician.

Steamer Tovarishch Stalin
SS Tovarishch Stalin (Russian: Товарищ Сталин, lit. 'Comrade Stalin') was a Soviet steamship, a class leader of the eponymous ship class of timber carriers. She was active in the Arctic during the 1930s.

SS Tovarishch Stalin and three other steamships—Mikhail Tomsky (Mironych after 1936), Grigory Zinoviev (Krasny Partizan after 1932), and Tovarishch Krasin (Altay after 1945)—were the I (first) series of Tovarishch Stalin-class timber carriers and first merchant ships built in the Soviet Union.
The Center for Healthcare Governance
The American Hospital Association's Center for Healthcare Governance (The center) is a membership based organization that is affiliated with the AHA.  Founded in 2004 and based in Chicago, Illinois, Center members include more than 500 hospital and health system boards and other organizations that serve the health care sector.  The center also provides governance resources and services to the more than 5,000 member organizations of the American Hospital Association.  The Mission of the center is to bring about excellence and accountability in governance by being the valued source, for health care leaders and trustees, of innovative governance thinking, information, tools and content.   The center is governed by a board of managers and also receives guidance on program and service development from a national board of advisors.

American Hospital Association
The American Hospital Association (AHA) is a health care industry trade group. It includes nearly 5,000 hospitals and health care providers.

The organization, which was founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1898, with offices in Chicago, Illinois, and Washington, D.C. is currently headquartered in Chicago.

The organization has lobbied against Medicare for All proposals and opposed "free care to low-income people who lack medical insurance." It has also filed lawsuits to stop the U.S. government from requiring that hospitals make their prices public, as well as lobbied against various proposals to reduce health care costs for patients and taxpayers.
Aboyne dress
Aboyne dress is the name given to the prescribed attire for female dancers in the Scottish national dances, such as the Flora MacDonald's fancy, the Scottish lilt, and others.  Male dancers wear the kilt for these dances, the kilt being a predominantly male garment.  There are two versions of Aboyne dress in use.  Some consider the Aboyne as quite suited to the graceful movements of the national dances.

The Aboyne Highland Games, established in 1867, have stipulated this style of attire for female dancers since 1952 for both National and Highland dances.

Highland dance
Highland dance or Highland dancing (Scottish Gaelic: dannsa Gàidhealach) is a style of competitive dancing developed in the Scottish Highlands in the 19th and 20th centuries, in the context of competitions at public events such as the Highland games. It was created from the Gaelic folk dance repertoire, but formalised with the conventions of ballet, and has been subject to influences from outside the Highlands. Highland dancing is often performed with the accompaniment of Highland bagpipe music, and dancers wear specialised shoes called ghillies or pumps. It is now seen at nearly every modern-day Highland games event.

Highland dance should not be confused with Scottish country dance, cèilidh dancing, or clog dancing, although they too may be performed at Highland games and like competitions.
Communist League of Xinjiang
The Communist League of Xinjiang was a clandestine communist organisation active in Xinjiang, China, from 1944 to 1947. Based in the regional capital of Dihua (Ürümqi), it had a Han Chinese-majority membership, in contrast to the contemporary East Turkestan Revolutionary Party, which had a Uyghur-majority membership. After consulting with the Chinese Communist Party, the two groups voted to merge and form the Democratic Revolutionary Party.

Democratic Revolutionary Party (Xinjiang)
The Democratic Revolutionary Party was a communist party active in Xinjiang, China, from 1947 to 1948. It was formed from a merger between the Han Chinese–majority Communist League of Xinjiang and the Uyghur-majority East Turkestan Revolutionary Party. The Chinese Communist Party, after multiple meetings with the latter organization's leader Abdukerim Abbasov, recommended the merger.

Its chairman was Abdukerim, and its vice chairmen were Asgat Iskhakov and Li Taiyu. The party published a newspaper called Democratic News.

In July 1948, the party merged with a number of other leftist groups in Xinjiang to form the Xinjiang League for the Defense of Peace and Democracy.