hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mesopredator release hypothesis
The mesopredator release hypothesis is an ecological theory used to describe the interrelated population dynamics between apex predators and mesopredators within an ecosystem, such that a collapsing population of the former results in dramatically increased populations of the latter.  This hypothesis describes the phenomenon of trophic cascade in specific terrestrial communities.

A mesopredator is a medium-sized, middle trophic level predator, which both preys and is preyed upon. Examples are raccoons, skunks, snakes, cownose rays, and small sharks.

Trophic level
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web.  Within a food web, a food chain is a succession of organisms that eat other organisms and may, in turn, be eaten themselves. The trophic level of an organism is the number of steps it is from the start of the chain. A food web starts at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, can move to herbivores at level 2, carnivores at level 3 or higher, and typically finish with apex predators at level 4 or 5.  The path along the chain can form either a one-way flow or a part of a wider food "web".  Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths.

The word trophic derives from the Greek τροφή (trophē) referring to food or nourishment.
Richard Lowenstein
Richard Lowenstein (born 1 March 1959) is an Australian filmmaker. He has written, produced and directed feature films such as Strikebound (1984), Dogs in Space (1986) and He Died with a Felafel in His Hand (2001); music videos for bands such as INXS and U2; concert performance films, Australian Made: The Movie (1987) and U2: LoveTown (1989); TV adverts, and the documentaries We're Livin' on Dog Food (2009), Autoluminescent (2011), Ecco Homo (2015) and Mystify: Michael Hutchence (2019).

Mystify: Michael Hutchence
Mystify: Michael Hutchence is a 2019 documentary film about the life of musician, actor and singer-songwriter Michael Hutchence, lead vocalist of the Australian rock band INXS. It is written and directed by Richard Lowenstein and relies primarily on rare archive footage, outtakes, private home video and audio commentary provided by friends, ex-partners, band members, record producers and family.
An Australian-British venture, the film was co-produced by Ghost Pictures, Passion Pictures with Madman Entertainment and Dogwoof serving as distributors. It is in association with Baird Films and Film Victoria. Mystify: Michael Hutchence had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on 25 April 2019, and was theatrically released in Australia on 4 July 2019. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 18 October receiving generally positive reviews from critics.
Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau
Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (Wilhelmine Carolina; 16 February 1743 – 6 May 1787) was a Dutch regent. She was the daughter of William IV, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and Anne, Princess Royal. She was regent of the Netherlands from 1765 until 1766 during the minority of her brother, William V.

Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel
Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (7 February 1688 – 9 April 1765) was a Dutch regent, Princess of Orange by marriage to John William Friso, Prince of Orange, and regent of the Netherlands during the minority of her son and her grandson. She was a daughter of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, and Maria Amalia of Courland.

From the end of World War II in 1945 until 2022, Marie Louise and her husband were the most recent common ancestors of all reigning hereditary monarchs in Europe.

Marie Louise is notable for having served as regent for two periods in Dutch history: during the reigns of her young son, William IV, Prince of Orange from 1711 and 1730, and of her young grandson, William V, Prince of Orange, from 1759 to 1765. She was often fondly referred to as Marijke Meu (Aunt Mary) by her Dutch subjects.
Hilbert–Bernays-Löb provability conditions
In mathematical logic, the Hilbert–Bernays-Löb provability conditions, named after David Hilbert, Paul Bernays, and Martin Löb, are a set of requirements for formalized provability predicates in formal theories of arithmetic (Smith 2007:224).

These conditions are used in many proofs of Kurt Gödel's second incompleteness theorem. They are also closely related to axioms of provability logic.

Provability logic
Provability logic is a branch of proof theory and a modal logic, in which the box (or "necessity") operator is interpreted as 'it is provable that'. The point is to capture the notion of a proof predicate of a reasonably rich formal theory, such as Peano arithmetic.
Roscommon County, Michigan
Roscommon County (/rɒsˈkɒmən/ ross-KOM-ən) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,459. The county seat is Roscommon. The county was founded in 1840 and organized in 1875. The county is home to Houghton Lake, the largest inland lake in Michigan.

Ogemaw County, Michigan
Ogemaw County (/ˈoʊɡəmɔː/ OH-gə-maw) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,770. The county seat is West Branch. The county newspaper of record is the Ogemaw Herald.
Albert Smijers
Albertus Antonius Smijers (19 July 1888 – 15 May 1957) was a Dutch musicologist who served as Professor of Musicology at the University of Utrecht. As one of the first Dutch musicologists to receive a doctorate, he chaired several organisations such as the International Musicological Society. Smijers was also a noted authority on Josquin des Pres; he published 44 volumes of Werken van Josquin des Prez from 1941 until his death, while another 11 volumes were published posthumously by his students.

International Musicological Society
The International Musicological Society (IMS) is a membership-based organisation for musicology at the international level, with headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. It seeks the advancement of musicological research through international cooperation.
Shelley Morrison
Shelley Morrison (born Rachel Mitrani; October 26, 1936 – December 1, 2019) was an American actress. Morrison was known for her role as maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy Will & Grace, which she played from 1999 to 2006. She was also a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun, playing Sister Sixto, a nun known mostly for mangling the English language, and she had a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982. She was also the voice of Mrs. Portillo in the animated Disney show Handy Manny.

Rosario Salazar
Rosario Inés Consuelo Yolanda Salazar (previously McFarland; also known as "Rosie" and "Ro-Ro") is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by actress Shelley Morrison. Originally due to appear just once, the character was so popular with audiences that the show's writers made her a semi-regular character.
Guatimotzin
Guatimotzin is an opera in one act and nine scenes composed by Aniceto Ortega del Villar to a libretto in Spanish by José Tomás de Cuéllar. It premiered on 13 September 1871 at the Gran Teatro Nacional in Mexico City. Described as an episodio musical (musical episode), its plot is based on the defense of Mexico by its last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc (also known as Guatimotzin). It was one of the earliest Mexican operas to use a native subject.

Aniceto Ortega
Aniceto de los Dolores Luis Gonzaga Ortega del Villar (17 April 1825 – 17 November 1875) was a Mexican physician, composer, and pianist. Although he had a distinguished career as a physician and surgeon, he is also remembered today for his 1871 opera Guatimotzin, one of the earliest Mexican operas to use a native subject. He is related to the Colonial Administrator and Archbishop of Nueva Espana, who became the Viceroy of Nueva Espana twice over. He became Conde del Peñasco by way of marriage, and was a Conde del Oploca by way of birth, amongst other titles.
Pieve, Corsignano
The Pieve di Corsignano is a Romanesque-style, Roman Catholic pieve, that is rural parish church, located in the frazione of Corsignano, within the town limits of Pienza, province of Siena, region of Tuscany, Italy. The church is dedicated in the honor of Saints Vito and Modesto.

A church at this site is mentioned to date to the 7th century. The present building appears to have been built in the 12th century. The church has a central nave and two aisle each leading to an apse. Of note is the cylindrical, bastion-like bell-tower. The interior is bare, but the entrance portal has Romanesque era decorations. Both Pope Pius II and his nephew Pope Pius III were baptized at the baptismal font.

Pienza
Pienza (Italian pronunciation: [piˈɛntsa]) is a town and comune in the province of Siena, Tuscany, in the historical region of Val d'Orcia. Situated between the towns of Montepulciano and Montalcino, it is considered the "touchstone of Renaissance urbanism".

In 1996, UNESCO declared the town a World Heritage Site, and in 2004 the entire valley, the Val d'Orcia, was included on the list of UNESCO's World Cultural Landscapes.
Model category
In mathematics, particularly in homotopy theory, a model category is a category with distinguished classes of morphisms ('arrows') called 'weak equivalences', 'fibrations' and 'cofibrations' satisfying certain axioms relating them. These abstract from the category of topological spaces or of chain complexes (derived category theory). The concept was introduced by Daniel G. Quillen (1967).

In recent decades, the language of model categories has been used in some parts of algebraic K-theory and algebraic geometry, where homotopy-theoretic approaches led to deep results.

Daniel Quillen
Daniel Gray Quillen (June 22, 1940 – April 30, 2011) was an American mathematician. He is known for being the "prime architect" of higher algebraic K-theory, for which he was awarded the Cole Prize in 1975 and the Fields Medal in 1978.

From 1984 to 2006, he was the Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics at Magdalen College, Oxford.
Peak Tram
The Peak Tram is a funicular railway in Hong Kong, which carries both tourists and residents to the upper levels of Hong Kong Island. Running from Garden Road Admiralty to Victoria Peak via the Mid-Levels, it provides the most direct route and offers good views over the harbour and skyscrapers of Hong Kong. Operated since 1888, it was the first funicular railway in Asia.

The Peak Tram is owned and operated by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels (HSH), the owner of Hong Kong's Peninsula Hotel along with other properties. The line, along with HSH's Peak Tower leisure complex at the line's summit, is promoted using the brand The Peak. After a lengthy renovation and upgrade project, the Peak Tram reopened on 27 August 2022.

Funicular
A funicular (/fjuːˈnɪkjʊlər, f(j)ʊ-, f(j)ə-/ few-NIK-yoo-lər, f(y)uu-, f(j)ə-), or funicular railway, is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. The result of such a configuration is that the two carriages move synchronously: as one ascends, the other descends at an equal speed. This feature distinguishes funiculars from inclined elevators, which have a single car that is hauled uphill.

The term funicular derives from the Latin word funiculus, the diminutive of funis, meaning 'rope'.
Elm Park tube station
Elm Park is a London Underground station in the Elm Park neighbourhood of the London Borough of Havering, East London. It is on the District line between Dagenham to the west and Hornchurch to the east. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) along the line from the eastern terminus at Upminster and 20.7 kilometres (12.9 mi) from Tower Hill in Central London. The station was opened by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway on 13 May 1935 with an official opening ceremony on 18 May 1935. The station was refurbished by Metronet in 2005 and 2006. It was the last infill station on the London Underground until 2008. The station is of a similar design to those constructed at Dagenham Heathway and Upney. It is in London fare zone 6.

Elm Park
Elm Park is a suburban planned community in East London and part of the London Borough of Havering. Located 14.3 miles (23.0 km) east-northeast of Charing Cross, it is identified as a district centre in the London Plan with several streets of shops and a priority for regeneration. Prior to the construction of the extensive Elm Park Garden City development in the 1930s it was a scattered settlement of farms in the south of the parish of Hornchurch. Elm Park has been connected to central London by the electrified District line service since 1935 and the planned development of the area formed part of the interwar private housing boom that was interrupted by World War II. After the war Elm Park expanded with social housing and it has formed part of Greater London since 1965.
St George's Church, Tyldesley
St George's Church is an Anglican parish church serving Tyldesley and Shakerley in Greater Manchester, England. It is part of Leigh deanery in the archdeaconry of Salford and the diocese of Manchester. The church, together with St Stephen's Church, Astley and St John's Church, Mosley Common is part of the united benefice of Astley, Tyldesley and Mosley Common.

A Waterloo Church, it was founded as a chapel of ease of the parish church in Leigh in 1825, in a rapidly expanding township. A mistake with plans led to a larger church than the site could accommodate and extra land and money was donated to ensure the church could be completed. The church was extended at the east end and re-seated in the 1880s and has survived two fires. The churchyard contains the graves of victims of a disaster at Yew Tree Colliery. In 1966 the church was designated a Grade II listed building.

Mosley Common
Mosley Common is a suburb of Tyldesley at the far-eastern edge of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, in Greater Manchester, England.
Historically part of Lancashire, it was anciently a hamlet in the east of the township of Tyldesley cum Shakerley, in the ancient parish of Leigh. The area of Mosley Common in 1747 was 34 acres (14 ha) statute s.
Rooppur pillow scandal
In 2019, newspapers and netizens of Bangladesh alleged that an excess of ৳26 crore (equivalent to ৳34 crore or US$2.8 million in 2023) was spent on the construction of residential areas for Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant, which is Bangladesh's first nuclear power plant. The allegations and further events became popularly known as the Rooppur pillow scandal in the country. In December 2019, the Anti Corruption Commission arrested 13 people for corruption and the matter remains sub judice.

Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant
The Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (Bengali: রূপপুর পারমাণবিক বিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র) is a 2.4 GWe nuclear power plant currently under construction in Bangladesh. It consists of two 1200 MWe VVER-1200 reactors. The nuclear power plant is being constructed at Rooppur in Ishwardi Upazila on the bank of the river Padma, about 160 km northwest of Dhaka. It will be the country's first nuclear power plant, and the first of the two units is expected to become operational in March 2026.

Safety review by the IAEA was successfully completed in late 2025.
Linares, Chile
Linares is a Chilean city and commune located in the Maule Region and lies in the fertile Chilean Central Valley, 303 km (188 mi) south of Santiago and 50 km (31 mi) south of Talca, the regional capital. Linares is the capital city of the province of Linares.

Chilean Central Valley
The Central Valley (Spanish: Valle Central), Intermediate Depression, or Longitudinal Valley is the depression running north to south between the Chilean Coastal Range and the Andes Mountains. The Chilean Central Valley extends from the border with Peru to Puerto Montt in southern Chile, with a notable interruption at Norte Chico (27°20'–33°00' S). South of Puerto Montt, the valley has a continuation as a series of marine basins up to the isthmus of Ofqui. Some of Chile's most populous cities lie within the valley including Santiago, Temuco, Rancagua, Talca and Chillán.
Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie National Park
The Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie National Park (French: Parc national des Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie) is a provincial park in the Charlevoix region of Quebec, Canada. Centring on the Malbaie River Gorge, it is the centrepiece of the UNESCO Charlevoix biosphere reserve. It is administered by the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq). The park can be reached via a local road, 30 kilometers (19 mi) northwards from Route 138 in Saint-Aimé-des-Lacs.

The park has a total area of 224.7 square kilometres (86.8 mi2) and was created as a provincial park in 2000. The 9.2-square-kilometre (3.6 mi2) Grands-Ormes Ecological Reserve is an enclave within the park.

The park lies within the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion.

Grands-Ormes Ecological Reserve
Grands-Ormes Ecological Reserve (French: Réserve écologique des Grands-Ormes, pronounced [ʁezɛʁv ekɔlɔʒik de ɡʁɑ̃z‿ɔʁm]) is an ecological reserve of Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1994. The reserve is enclosed by Hautes-Gorges-de-la-Rivière-Malbaie National Park.
Timothy Snyder
Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust. He holds the inaugural Chair in Modern European History, supported by the Temerty Endowment for Ukrainian Studies, at the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. From 2017 to 2025 he was the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University.

He is a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. 
Snyder serves on the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Snyder has written many books, including Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010), On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (2017), The Road to Unfreedom (2018), and Our Malady (2020). Several of these have been described as best-sellers.

The Road to Unfreedom
The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America is a 2018 book by Timothy Snyder. In it, Snyder explores Russian attempts to influence Western democracies and the influence of philosopher Ivan Ilyin on Russian President Vladimir Putin and the Russian Federation in general.
Taipei Main Station
Taipei Main Station (Chinese: 台北車站; pinyin: Táiběi chēzhàn) is a major railway and metro station in Taipei, Taiwan. It is served by Taiwan Railway, Taiwan High Speed Rail, and Taipei Metro. It is also connected through underground passageways to the terminal station of Taoyuan Airport MRT and the Taipei Bus Station. It is the busiest transport hub in Taiwan.

In Taipei Metro, the Japanese and Korean name is:
台北駅 / 타이베이 역

Taipei Main Station (Taoyuan Metro)
25°02′55″N 121°30′51″E﻿ / ﻿25.04861°N 121.51417°E﻿ / 25.04861; 121.51417

Taipei Main Station is the eastern terminus of the Taoyuan Airport MRT in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. Located roughly 250 metres (820 ft) west of Taipei railway station and 200 metres (660 ft) east of Beimen metro station, the station is connected to the Taipei railway station through a 115 metres (377 ft) long underground walkway, and to Beimen station through another underground walkway. It is the busiest station of the Taoyuan Airport MRT. The station is served by both Express and Commuter trains, and provides in-town check in services for outbound flights. Currently, four airlines offer this service.
M. A. Bakeer Markar
Deshamanya Marhoom Al Haj Mohammed Abdul Bakeer Markar (12 May 1917 – 10 September 1997) was a Sri Lankan politician and civil servant. He was the Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and Governor of the Southern Province.

Deshamanya
Deshamanya (Sinhala: දේශමාන්‍ය, romanized: Dēshamāṉya; Tamil: தேசமான்ய, romanized: Tēcamāṉya; "Pride of the Nation") is the second-highest national honour of Sri Lanka awarded by the Government of Sri Lanka as a civil honour. It is awarded for "highly meritorious service", and is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the recipient's name.
Khaled bin Alwaleed Al Saud
Khaled bin Alwaleed Al Saud (Arabic: خالد بن الوليد آل سعود; born 21 April 1978) is a House of Saud royal, entrepreneur, and investor. He is the son of Al-Waleed bin Talal and his first wife and cousin Dalal bint Saud. Khaled has been noted for his vegan lifestyle. He is the grandson of King Saud of Saudi Arabia on his mother's side and a great-grandson of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on both his mother's and father's side.

Dalal bint Saud Al Saud
Dalal bint Saud Al Saud (Arabic: دلال بنت سعود آل سعود; 1957 – 10 September 2021) was a Saudi Arabian activist and philanthropist. A member of the House of Saud, she was known for her activities concerning the welfare of youth and children at risk. She was one of the grandchildren of Saudi's founder King Abdulaziz and one of the children of King Saud.
Mawddwy Railway
The Mawddwy Railway was a rural line in the Dyfi Valley in mid-Wales that connected Dinas Mawddwy with a junction at Cemmaes Road railway station on the Newtown and Machynlleth Railway section of the Cambrian Railways.

Despite being only 6 miles 63 chains (10.9 km) long, there were three intermediate stations at Cemmaes, Aberangell (where it linked to the Hendre-Ddu Tramway) and Mallwyd.

Cemmes Road railway station
Cemmes Road was a railway station on the Newtown and Machynlleth Railway (N&MR) in Mid-Wales, serving the village of Cemmaes Road.

The N&MR passed through the Cambrian Mountains in the deep Talerddig cutting, which formed the summit of the line. From there it descended towards the coast, reaching the Dyfi valley at the village of Cemmaes Road, where there was a junction with the Mawddwy Railway. The N&MR continued west to Machynlleth.

The next station, north of Cemmes Road on the Mawddwy Railway, served the village of Cemmaes. To avoid confusion with that station, the N&MR's English backers named the junction station using an Anglicised version of the village's Welsh language name.

Cemmes Road station closed as a result of the Beeching Axe in 1965, although the station building still exists as a private house.

The signal box and passing loop closed in 1984 as part of rationalization.
Magnolia Network
Magnolia Network is an American basic cable network owned by Warner Bros. Discovery in partnership with Chip and Joanna Gaines, the founders of lifestyle company Magnolia. It broadcasts personality-based lifestyle programs related to topics such as home construction, renovation, and cuisine.

The channel was first launched by the E. W. Scripps Company on September 30, 1999, as DIY Network: a spin-off of HGTV focusing on instructional programming related to "do it yourself" (DIY) activities such as home improvement. It later focused on reality series following personalities involved in home renovation and related businesses. In 2022, the channel relaunched as Magnolia Network, a joint venture with Chip and Joanna Gaines of the HGTV series Fixer Upper.

As of December 2023, Magnolia Network is available to 51 million pay television households in the United States, down from its 2016 peak of 62 million households.

Home improvement
Home improvement is the process of renovating, making improvements or making additions to one's home. Home improvement can consist of projects that upgrade an existing home interior (such as electrical and plumbing), exterior (masonry, concrete, siding, roofing) or other improvements to the property (i.e. garden work or garage maintenance/additions). Home improvement projects can be carried out for a number of different reasons; personal preference and comfort, maintenance or repair work, making a home bigger by adding rooms/spaces, as a means of saving energy, or to improve safety.