hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 (Welsh: Y Deddfau Cyfreithiau yng Nghymru 1535 a 1542), or the Acts of Union (Welsh: Y Deddfau Uno), were acts of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII of England causing Wales to be incorporated into the realm of the Kingdom of England.

The legal system of England and the norms of English administration, including the use of the English language only, were applied to a mainly Welsh-speaking Wales. This created a single state and legal jurisdiction, which is now called England and Wales.

In 1284, with the Statute of Rhuddlan, England had annexed Wales, which was excluded from parliamentary representation in Westminster. Wales was divided between the Principality of Wales and many feudal territories called the marcher Lordships, which were effectively unified under the laws. The English system of county government was also extended across all of Wales.

Statute of Rhuddlan
The Statute of Rhuddlan (Welsh: Statud Rhuddlan), also known as the Statutes of Wales (Latin: Statuta Walliae or Valliae) or as the Statute of Wales (Latin: Statutum Walliae or Valliae), was a royal ordinance by Edward I of England, which gave the constitutional basis for the government of the Principality of Wales from 1284 until 1536.

The statute followed the Conquest of Wales by Edward I and the killing of the last Welsh prince to rule the whole Principality, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282. The statute introduced English common law to Wales, but also permitted the continuance of Welsh legal practices within the Principality. The statute also introduced the English shire system to the Principality of Wales. Prior to the statute, the Welsh principalities were ruled by Welsh law and the native Princes of Wales.
Voiced uvular plosive
A voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiced velar plosive [ɡ], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter g.

[ɢ] is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars. Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a retracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve an advanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] instead as the voiced counterpart of the voiceless uvular plosive. Examples are Inuit; several Turkic languages such as Uyghur; several Northwest Caucasian languages such as Abkhaz; as well as several Northeast Caucasian languages such as Ingush.

Voiced velar plosive
A voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "g" sound in "against".

Some languages have a voiced pre-velar plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have a voiced post-velar plosive, which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.
Andreas Pavias
Andreas Pavias (Greek: Ανδρέας Παβίας; 1440 – 1504/1512) was a Greek painter and educator, one of the founding fathers of the Cretan school. His works could be found in churches and private collections throughout Italy and Greece, where they influenced countless artists. Seven of these paintings survive today, six bearing Pavias's signature. The most famous of the group is The Crucifixion.

Pavias learned his craft from Angelos Akotantos, and was affiliated with Andreas Ritzos. He experimented with different techniques, and his paintings incorporate stylistic traits from the   
Venetian school. Angelos Pitzamanos was the student of Pavias, who also influenced the works of such Cretan school artists as Theodore Poulakis, Georgios Klontzas, and Michael Damaskenos.

Angelos Akotantos
Angelos Akotantos (Greek: Άγγελος Ακοτάντος; 1390–1457) was a Greek painter, educator, and protopsaltis. He painted icons in the maniera greca, at a time when that style was moving away from the traditions of the Byzantine Empire and towards the more refined aesthetic of the Cretan school. Akotantos taught painting to Andreas Pavias, Andreas Ritzos, and Antonios Papadopoulos, and his style influenced later artists such as Georgios Klontzas, Theophanes the Cretan, Michael Damaskinos and El Greco. Angelos's brother Ioannis was also a famous painter. There are 50 extant paintings reliably attributed to Akotantos, 30 of which bear his signature.
LNWR Class G2A
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Class G2A was a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotives.  They were upgraded from LNWR Class G1 principally by the fitting of a higher pressure boiler.   Some of the G2As subsequently received lower pressure boilers on overhaul, taking them back into Class G1.

LNWR Class G1
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) Class G1 was a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotives.  It was a superheated version of the LNWR Class G with 8 inch piston valves. The prototype was rebuilt in 1912 from No. 2653 of Class G and a further 170 new locomotives were built between 1912 and 1918. In addition, 277 older locomotives and a Class G2A locomotive were rebuilt to the G1 specification between 1917 and 1934.
Michael T. Gottlieb
Michael Theodore Gottlieb (November 28, 1900 – April 8, 1980) was an American bridge player, an original member of the Four Aces team established by David Burnstine in 1935.

Gottlieb is recognized by the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) as Life Master #9, one of ten named in 1936. He retired from tournament bridge that year.

David Bruce (bridge)
David Burnstine (May 5 1900 – August 26, 1965) was a leading tournament contract bridge player of the 1930s. He changed his name to David Bruce after he retired from competition in 1939.

Burnstine was born in New York City and regularly played at the Contract Bridge Club of New York. He was a member of the Four Horsemen team captained by P. Hal Sims, which he left to create his own teams, first the Bid-Rite team and later the Four Aces. The Four Aces dominated tournament play in the later half of the 1930s. Burnstine became American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) Life Master #1 at the age of 36.

Burnstine moved to Los Angeles in 1939, changed his name to David Bruce, and retired from regular tournament play. He died in 1965 and was inducted into the ACBL Hall of Fame as David Bruce in 1997. Thus he was the second recipient (after Sims) of the von Zedtwitz Award, a name for Hall of Fame recognition of players long out of the limelight.
Eva (name)
Eva is a female given name, the Latinate counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eve, which is derived from the Hebrew חַוָּה (Chava/Hava), meaning "life" or "living one", the name of the first woman according to the Hebrew Bible. It can also mean full of life or mother of life. It is the standard biblical form of Eve in many European languages. Evita is a diminutive form, in Spanish.

Eve (name)
Eve /iːv/ is a feminine English given name, derived from the Latin name Eva, in turn originating with the Hebrew חַוָּה‎ (Chavah/Havah – chavah, to breathe, and chayah, to live, or to give life). In Greece the name Eve is Evi (Εύη), a diminutive of the baptismal name Paraskevi.
Firmin Desloge Hospital
Firmin Desloge Hospital is a hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, opened in 1932 by the Jesuits of Saint Louis University and the Sisters of Saint Mary. Named for the benefactor, Firmin V. Desloge, it was established to serve the poor and others in need. Located on Grand Avenue between Vista Avenue and Rutger Avenue, Firmin Desloge Hospital was the main hospital building of the St. Louis University Medical Center until a new hospital was built and opened in 2020.

Saint Louis University Hospital
Saint Louis University Hospital (SLU Hospital) is a 356-bed non-profit, research and academic medical center located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, providing tertiary care for the east Missouri region. The medical center is a part of the SSM Health System and is affiliated with the Saint Louis University School of Medicine. SLUH features an ACS designated adult Level 1 Trauma Center and has a helipad to handle medevac patients.

From 1998 to 2015, this hospital was owned by the for-profit Tenet Healthcare Corporation. In June, 2015, the university announced that it would reacquire the hospital and transfer it to the non-profit Catholic hospital system SSM Health Care in the third quarter of 2015. It serves as the main teaching hospital for the Saint Louis University School of Medicine.
Commedia sexy all'italiana
The commedia sexy all'italiana (Italian: [komˈmɛːdja ˈsɛksi allitaˈljaːna], lit. "sex comedy Italian style"), also known as commedia scollacciata ("low-cut comedy") or commedia erotica all'italiana, is a subgenre of the Italian commedia all'italiana film genre.

Sexual comedy
Sexual comedy (also known as sex comedy and erotic comedy) is a genre in which comedy is motivated by sexual situations and love affairs. Although "sexual comedy" is primarily a description of dramatic forms such as theatre and film, literary works such as those of Ovid and Giovanni Boccaccio may be considered sexual comedies.

Sexual comedy was popular in 17th century English Restoration theatre. From 1953 to 1965, Hollywood released a number of sexual comedies, some featuring stars such as Doris Day, Jack Lemmon and Marilyn Monroe. The United Kingdom released a spate of sexual comedies in the 1970s, notably the Carry On series. Hollywood released Animal House in 1978, which was followed by a long line of teen sexual comedies in the early 1980s, e.g. Porky's, Bachelor Party and Risky Business. Other countries with a significant sexual comedy film production include Argentina (comedia picaresca), Brazil (pornochanchada), Italy (commedia sexy all'italiana) and Mexico (sexicomedias).
Nick Simmons
Nicholas Adam Tweed-Simmons (born January 22, 1989) is an American comic book writer and reality television personality. The son of musician Gene Simmons, he is best known for starring in the A&E reality television series Gene Simmons Family Jewels from 2006 to 2012. He wrote and created the limited comic book series Incarnate, which was published by Radical Comics in 2009. In 2017, Simmons worked as a writer for The Huffington Post.

Gene Simmons
Gene Simmons (born Chaim Witz; Hebrew: חיים ויץ [χaˈim ˈvits]; August 25, 1949), also known by his stage persona "the Demon", is an Israeli-American musician. He was the bassist and co-lead singer of the hard rock band Kiss, which he co-founded with Paul Stanley, Ace Frehley, and Peter Criss in 1973. Simmons, alongside Stanley, remained a constant member of the band until their dissolution in 2023. Simmons is also known for his long tongue and for his reality television show, Gene Simmons Family Jewels, which aired from 2006 to 2012. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 as a member of Kiss.
Ludvig Nobel
Ludvig Immanuel Nobel (/noʊˈbɛl/ noh-BEL; Russian: Лю́двиг Эммануи́лович Нобе́ль, romanized: Ljúdvig Emmanuílovich Nobél'; Swedish: Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel [ˈlɵ̌dːvɪɡ nʊˈbɛlː]; 27 July 1831 – 12 April 1888) was a Swedish-Russian engineer, businessman and humanitarian. One of the most prominent members of the Nobel family, he was the son of Immanuel Nobel (also an engineering pioneer) and Andriette Nobel, and the older brother of Alfred Nobel (founder of the Nobel Prize).  With his brother Robert, he operated Branobel, an oil company in Baku (now in Azerbaijan) which at one point produced 50% of the world's oil.

He is credited with creating the Russian oil industry. Ludvig Nobel built the largest fortune of any of the Nobel brothers and was one of the world's richest men. Following the Bolshevik revolution, the communists confiscated the Nobel family's vast fortune in Russia.

Robert Nobel
Robert Hjalmar Nobel (/noʊˈbɛl/ noh-BEL, Swedish: [nʊˈbɛlː]; 4 August 1829 – 7 August 1896) was a Swedish businessman, industrialist and investor. He was the founder of Branobel, and a pioneer in the Russian oil industry.
John Jacob Astor VI
John Jacob Astor VI (August 14, 1912 – June 26, 1992) was an American socialite, shipping businessman, and member of the Astor family. He was dubbed the "Titanic Baby" for his affiliation with the RMS Titanic; Astor was born four months after his father, Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, died in the sinking of the Titanic. His pregnant mother Madeleine Astor survived the sinking.

Astor was known for his legal battles with the estate of his elder half-brother, Vincent Astor, to inherit a larger portion of their father's $85 million fortune (approximately $2.8 billion in 2025 dollars). He was also known for his many engagements and four marriages to prominent society women.

Madeleine Astor
Madeleine Talmage Dick (née Force; previously Astor, later Fiermonte) (June 19, 1893 – March 27, 1940) was an American socialite and a survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic. She was the second wife and widow of businessman John Jacob Astor IV.
Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods Railway
The Mount Tamalpais and Muir Woods Railway was a scenic tourist railway operating between Mill Valley and the east peak of Mount Tamalpais in Marin County, California, covering a distance of 8.19 miles (13.18 km), with a 2.88-mile (4.63 km) spur line to the Muir Woods. The railroad was incorporated in January 1896, and closed in the summer of 1930. Originally planned as a 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge electric trolley line, the railroad was powered by a succession of geared steam locomotives. Billed as the "Crookedest Railroad in the World", the line was renowned for its steep and serpentine route, winding through picturesque terrain to a mountaintop tavern providing first-class hospitality and panoramic views of the San Francisco Bay Area. Despite its popularity, the railway met its demise following a fire in 1929, and dwindling ridership when the automobile could finally drive to Tamalpais' summit.

Mill Valley, California
Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States, located about 14 miles (23 km) north of San Francisco via the Golden Gate Bridge and 52 miles (84 km) from Napa Valley. The population was 14,231 at the 2020 census.

Mill Valley is located on the western and northern shores of Richardson Bay, and the eastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. Beyond the flat coastal area and marshlands, it occupies narrow wooded canyons, mostly of second-growth redwoods, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. The Mill Valley 94941 ZIP Code also includes the following adjacent unincorporated communities: Almonte, Alto, Homestead Valley, Tamalpais Valley, and Strawberry. The Muir Woods National Monument is also located just outside the city limits.
Tupou VI
Tupou VI (born ʻAho‘eitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho; 12 July 1959) is King of Tonga. He served as Prime Minister of Tonga from 2000 to 2006 during the reign of his father King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV.

Following his elder brother's accession to the Tongan throne as George Tupou V, he became heir presumptive, as his brother had no legitimate children. In 2008, he was appointed Tonga's High Commissioner to Australia and resided in Canberra until his elder brother's death on 18 March 2012, upon which he became King of Tonga. He was crowned in 2015 by the Reverend D'Arcy Wood.

Key events in Tupou VI's reign included the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami and a constitutional crisis resulting from his dismissal of members of Prime Minister Siaosi Sovaleni's cabinet.

George Tupou V
George Tupou V (Siaosi Tāufaʻāhau Manumataongo Tukuʻaho Tupou; 4 May 1948 – 18 March 2012) was King of Tonga from 2006 until his death in 2012. He was the eldest son of King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV.

After ascending the throne, George Tupou announced that he would relinquish most of the monarch's powers and be guided by the Prime Minister on most matters. A snap election in 2010 was the first to be called under the new system. Following his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother, Tupou VI. Having reigned for 5 years and 189 days, he was the shortest-reigning Tongan monarch since the declaration of the constitutional monarchy in 1875.
Kulibit
The kulibit is a type of tube zither played by the Kalinga people of the Philippines. The instrument consists of a long tube of bamboo which has been slit to allow five or six strands of the bamboo husk to be played as "strings".

The instrument is also played by the Bontoc and Tinguian people who call it the kollitong, and the Manobo and Tiruray people, who call it the saluray, togo, or takumbu.

These types of instruments, in which a portion of the body of the instrument serves as a strings, are referred to as idiochords. A similar instrument is found in Madagascar, the valiha, though modern valihas may use separate metal or plastic strings.

Kolitong
The kolitong is a bamboo polychordal tube zither from Bontok, Kalinga, Philippines with six strings that run parallel to its tube body. The strings are numbered from one to six, from lowest to highest pitch. The body acts as the instrument's resonator. The body may be a whole tube or a half tube. In both cases, the two ends of the body are closed by the bamboo nodes. To help with the resonance of the instrument, holes are made on both nodes and long cracks are made along the body parallel to the strings.

A variety of bamboo tube zithers are found throughout the Philippine archipelago, with each zither differing from the other in name, size, and design, depending on its associated ethnic group. In the Kalinga group, men play the kolitong at night as a solo instrument.
UNB Saint John Seawolves
The UNB Saint John Seawolves are the men's and women's athletic teams that represent University of New Brunswick from the Saint John campus in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. The Seawolves field six varsity teams with three men's teams and three women's teams that compete in the Atlantic Collegiate Athletic Association of the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association. UNB Saint John student-athletes also compete in cross country and track and field along with UNB Fredericton students on the UNB Reds teams. The university also features club sports that are organized by students and that compete against other university and college club teams.

UNB Reds
The UNB REDS are the athletic teams that represent the University of New Brunswick in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

The UNB REDS compete in a variety of sports, including men's and women's basketball, ice hockey, soccer, and volleyball. Additionally, the athletic program encompasses swimming, track and field, cross country running, and curling for both men and women.
Joe Pearce (Australian rugby league)
Sid 'Joe' Pearce (7 September 1910 – 16 October 1995) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. An Australian international and New South Wales representative second-row forward, he played his club football for Eastern Suburbs with whom he won the New South Wales Rugby League premiership in 1935, 1936, 1937 and 1940. Son of fellow Australian Rugby League Hall of Famer, Sandy Pearce, he is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century.

Sandy Pearce
Sid Pearce directs here, for his son, the rugby league footballer of the same name, see Joe Pearce

Sidney Charles Pearce (born 30 May 1883 and died 14 November 1930 Double Bay, New South Wales), better known as Sandy, was a pioneer Australian rugby league footballer and boxer.  He is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century. In 1907 he played for New South Wales in the first rugby match run by the newly created 'New South Wales Rugby Football League' which had just split away from the established New South Wales Rugby Football Union. He made his first national representative appearance in 1908.
Wild River State Park
Wild River State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, curving along 18 miles (29 km) of the St. Croix River.  This long, narrow park is shaped somewhat like a sideways 'S', with development largely concentrated in the lower third.  The remote upper sections flank the mouth of a tributary called the Sunrise River.  The park is managed to provide quieter, more nature-oriented recreation as a counterpoint to the busier William O'Brien and Interstate State Parks downstream.

Wild River State Park is named after the St. Croix's designation as a National Wild and Scenic River.  The park contains the Point Douglas to Superior Military Road: Deer Creek Section, a surviving section of the Point Douglas to Superior Military Road built in 1853, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Interstate Park
Interstate Park comprises two adjacent state parks on the Minnesota–Wisconsin border, both named Interstate State Park. They straddle the Dalles of the St. Croix River, a deep basalt gorge with glacial potholes and other rock formations. The Wisconsin park is 1,330 acres (538 ha) and the Minnesota park is 298 acres (121 ha). The towns of Taylors Falls, Minnesota and St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin are adjacent to the park. Interstate Park is within the Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway and the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve. The western terminus of the Ice Age National Scenic Trail is on the Wisconsin side. On the Minnesota side, two areas contain National Park Service rustic style buildings and structures that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Again, The Snake Bridegroom
Again, The Snake Bridegroom (Serbian: Опет змија младожења, Opet zmija mladoženja; German: Wieder vom Schlangenbräutigam) is a Serbian folktale collected in the 19th century by Serbian philologist Vuk Karadžić, featuring the marriage between a human maiden and a husband in serpent guise.

The tale is related to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband,in that a human maiden marries an animal that is a prince in disguise, breaks a taboo and loses him, and she has to seek him out. It shares motifs with other tales of the region, like Hungarian The Serpent Prince and Romanian Trandafiru and Enchanted Balaur: the heroine is cursed by her husband not to bear the child she is carrying, until he places a hand on her again.

Animal as Bridegroom
In folkloristics, "The Animal as Bridegroom" refers to a group of folk and fairy tales about a human woman marrying or being betrothed to an animal. The animal is revealed to be a human prince in disguise or under a curse. Most of these tales are grouped in the international system of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index under type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband". Some subtypes exist in the international classification as independent stories, but they sometimes do not adhere to a fixed typing.
Mortonson–Van Leer Log Cabin
Mortonson–Van Leer Log Cabin, also known as Schorn Log Cabin, is a historic cabin and one of the last historical dwellings in Swedesboro, New Jersey, United States. It stands on the grounds of the cemetery of the Trinity Church. It is one of the oldest original log cabins of early Swedish-Finnish architecture in the United States.

Trinity Church (Swedesboro, New Jersey)
Trinity Episcopal Church, also known as Trinity Old Swedes' Church, is a historic church on the northwest corner of Church Street and King's Highway in Swedesboro in Gloucester County, New Jersey, U.S.

The congregation was founded as a Swedish Lutheran parish in 1703, after local residents tired of crossing the Delaware River to Fort Christiana near Wilmington to worship. The first minister, Lars Tollstadius, arrived in the area in 1701. The church was the first Swedish congregation in New Jersey and originally it worshiped in a log building.  Services were held in Swedish until 1784. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 for its significance in architecture and religion.