hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2019 Weltklasse Zürich
The 2019 Weltklasse Zürich was an outdoor track and field meeting in Zürich, Switzerland. Held on 28–29 August at the Letzigrund, it was the thirteenth leg of the 2019 IAAF Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit – and the first half of the final for 2019 (the second half being held during the Memorial Van Damme in Brussels, Belgium on 6 September). It was the tenth and last edition of the meet to co-host the Diamond League final with the Memorial Van Damme; the Weltklasse Zürich would exclusively host the final in 2020 but this was canceled due to then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

Because of the late World Athletics Championships, the Diamond League final was for the first time held before the World Athletics Championships. Sixteen Diamond League champions (eight men and eight women) were determined and received wildcards to compete at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. Thirteen more events were contested outside the Diamond League.

2019 Memorial Van Damme
The 2019 Memorial Van Damme was the 43rd edition of the annual track and field meeting in Brussels, Belgium. Held on 5–6 September at the King Baudouin Stadium, it was the fourteenth leg of the 2019 IAAF Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit – and the second half of the final for 2019 (the first half being held during the Weltklasse Zürich in Zürich, Switzerland on 29 August). It was the tenth and last edition of the meet to co-host the Diamond League final with the Weltklasse Zürich; The Weltklasse Zürich will exclusively host the final in 2020.

Because of the late World Athletics Championships, the Diamond League final was for the first time held before the World Athletics Championships in the same year. 16 Diamond League champions (8 men and 8 women) were determined and received wild cards to compete at the 2019 World Athletics Championships. 18 more events were contested outside the Diamond League.
Culture of Kuwait
Culture of Kuwait describes the cultural aspects of the Kuwaiti society and is part of the Eastern Arabian culture. Kuwaiti popular culture, in the form of dialect poetry, film, theatre, radio and television soap opera, flourishes and is even exported to neighboring states. Within the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, the culture of Kuwait is the closest to the culture of Bahrain.

Culture of Eastern Arabia
There is a rich and ancient culture in Eastern Arabia. The culture in this region has always been oriented towards the sea. The inhabitants of this area are called “Khaleeji” (meaning "of the Gulf"). It stretches from southern Iraq, to Kuwait, eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, The United Arab Emirates and lastly northern Oman.

The semiannual tradition of Gargee'an (قرقيعان) is deeply rooted in Gulf culture. The Eastern Arabian cuisine includes seafood (including mahyawa), harees, khubz and biryani. Other cultural features of the region include windcatchers and dewaniya (or majlis).
Hyuk (singer)
Han Sang-hyuk  (Korean: 한상혁 born July 5, 1995), known professionally as Hyuk (혁), is a South Korean singer and actor. Hyuk debuted as a member of the South Korean boy group VIXX in May 2012, and began his acting career in 2016 in the comedy-action film Chasing as Han Won-tae.

VIXX
VIXX (Korean: 빅스 pronounced "vicks"; acronym for "voice, visual, value in excelsis") is a South Korean boy band formed by Jellyfish Entertainment through the 2012 reality show MyDOL. Originally a sextet, the group is currently composed of four members: N, Leo, Ken and Hyuk—former vocalist Hongbin and rapper Ravi left the group in August 2020 and April 2023, respectively. They are predominantly known as a "concept or performance group" whose music, lyrics, choreography, and overall stage performances are crafted together to tell a story or concept.
New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program
The New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program is included as a means to provide ICT equipment such as computers and internet access to all schools in member nations within The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) program. NEPAD parents the E-School Program and is an economic program that aims to bring economic and social development to African nations and ensure 'Africa's Renewal'. The E-School Program began with Demonstration Projects and has developed further yet remains a work in progress in many countries, facing both criticism and support.

New Partnership for Africa's Development
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an economic development program of the African Union (AU). NEPAD was adopted by  the AU at the 37th session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia. NEPAD aims to provide an overarching vision and policy framework for accelerating economic co-operation and integration among African countries.
Flagstaff War
The Flagstaff War, also known as  Heke's War, Hōne Heke's Rebellion and the Northern War, was fought between 11 March 1845 and 11 January 1846 in and around the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. The conflict is best remembered for the actions of Hōne Heke who challenged the authority of the British by cutting down the flagstaff on Flagstaff Hill (Maiki Hill) at Kororāreka (now Russell). The flagstaff had been a gift from Hōne Heke to James Busby, the first British Resident. The Northern War involved many major actions, including the Battle of Kororāreka on 11 March 1845, the Battle of Puketutu on 8 May 1845, the Battle of Ōhaeawai on 23 June 1845 and the siege of Ruapekapeka Pā from 27 December 1845 to 11 January 1846. The conflict is seen as one of the first of the New Zealand Wars.

Battle of Ruapekapeka
The Battle of Ruapekapeka took place from late December 1845 to mid-January 1846 between British forces, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Despard, and Māori warriors of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe), led by Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti, during the Flagstaff War in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.

The battle site was a pā located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Kawakawa, which was one of the largest and most complex fortifications of its kind in New Zealand; designed specifically to resist British cannon fire. Its earthworks can still be seen.
Oak Grove High School (North Carolina)
Oak Grove High School is a public high school in Midway, North Carolina, which opened in August 2017. The school is a part of the Davidson County Schools system, and is to help with the overcrowded Ledford Senior and North Davidson High Schools.

Ledford High School
Ledford High School is a public high school in Thomasville, North Carolina. It is part of the Davidson County Schools system and serves parts of Thomasville, Wallburg, High Point, Winston-Salem, and Kernersville areas.
Bending (metalworking)
Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal. Commonly used equipment include box and pan brakes, brake presses, and other specialized machine presses. Typical products that are made like this are boxes such as electrical enclosures and rectangular ductwork.

Brake (sheet metal bending)
A brake is a metalworking machine that allows the bending of sheet metal. A cornice brake only allows for simple bends and creases, while a box-and-pan brake also allows one to form box and pan shapes. It is also known as a bending machine or bending brake or in Britain as a sheet metal folder or just a folder.
Certificate Management Protocol
The Certificate Management Protocol (CMP) is an Internet protocol standardized by the IETF used for obtaining X.509 public-key certificates in a PKI.

CMP is a very feature-rich and flexible protocol.
So far it is the only protocol with support of all types of cryptography. This includes KEM keys, which have become more important for post-quantum cryptography (PQC).

CMP messages are self-contained, which makes the protocol independent of the transport mechanism and provides end-to-end security also over multiple hops. This distinguishes CMP and CMC from other certificate enrollment protocols including EST.
CMP messages are defined in ASN.1 syntax and encoded using the DER method.

CMP is described in RFC 9810. Enrollment request messages employ the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF), described in RFC 4211 and updated in RFC 9045.
The only other protocol so far using CRMF is Certificate Management over CMS (CMC), described in RFC 5273.

Certificate Management over CMS
The Certificate Management over CMS (CMC) is an Internet Standard published by the IETF, defining transport mechanisms for the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS).  It is defined in RFC 5272, its transport mechanisms in RFC 5273.

Similarly to the Certificate Management Protocol (CMP), it can be used for obtaining X.509 digital certificates in a public key infrastructure (PKI).

CMS is one of two protocols utilizing the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF), described in RFC 4211, with the other protocol being CMP.

The Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) protocol, described in RFC 7030, can be seen as a profile of CMC for use in provisioning certificates to end entities. As such, EST can play a similar role to SCEP.
Lifetime (Canadian TV channel)
Lifetime is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel based on the eponymous American basic cable channel owned by Showcase Television Inc., a subsidiary of Corus Entertainment. It broadcasts films, television shows and reality series aimed at women.

The channel was launched on September 7, 2001 as Showcase Diva as a digital offshoot of Showcase by Alliance Atlantis focusing on films targeting a female audience. After a series of ownership changes, the channel was relaunched into its current name in 2012 with the Lifetime branding licensed by A&E Networks.

Showcase (Canadian TV channel)
Showcase is a Canadian English-language specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment. Launched in 1995, the network primarily airs general entertainment programming, particularly action and drama series and films.
S.T.R.I.K.E.
S.T.R.I.K.E., an acronym for Special Tactical Reserve for International Key Emergencies, is a fictional counter-terrorism and intelligence agency appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The organization often deals with superhuman threats, and was introduced in Captain Britain Weekly #17 as the United Kingdom's counterpart to the United States' anti-terrorism agency S.H.I.E.L.D.

This team appeared in the films Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). This version of the team were actually undercover Hydra agents. In various MCU film and television appearances, S.T.R.I.K.E. is a unit within S.H.I.E.L.D., not an independent organization.

Captain Britain
Captain Britain is a title used by various superheroes in comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the Excalibur team of superheroes. The moniker was first used in publication by Brian Braddock in Captain Britain #1 by writer Chris Claremont and artist Herb Trimpe, and is currently held by Brian's twin sister, Betsy Braddock.

The designation of the primary continuity of the Marvel universe as "Earth-616" originated in Dave Thorpe, Alan Davis and Alan Moore's Marvel UK Captain Britain stories. The strip also established the multiversal Captain Britain Corps, members of which act as the champions of their own respective versions of the British Isles, which act as a nexus point between dimensions via Otherworld.
Snow squall
A snow squall, or snowsquall, is a sudden moderately heavy snowfall with blowing snow and strong, gusty surface winds. It is often referred to as a whiteout and is similar to a blizzard but is localized in time or in location and snow accumulations may or may not be significant.

Blizzard
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours. A ground blizzard is a weather condition where snow that has already fallen is being blown by wind. Blizzards can have an immense size and usually stretch to hundreds or thousands of kilometres.
Paul Roe
Paul Roe (born 21 November 1959 - 5 October 2019) was a Canadian soccer player who spent five years in the North American Soccer League and one in the Major Indoor Soccer League. He also played in Canada's National Soccer League, the American Indoor Soccer Association, the American Soccer League and the American Professional Soccer League.

Roe represented Canada at the U20 level six times. He played for Toronto Metros-Croatia in 1978 before getting released in June 1979. After his release, Roe was quickly picked up by the Edmonton Drillers and won an NASL indoor title in 1980–81 with them. Roe spent the summer of 1981 with the Hamilton Steelers, who won the NSL title. The following season, 1981–82, he was an indoor runner up with the Tampa Bay Rowdies.

Roe was born in Manchester, England. He was the younger brother of Canadian international soccer player, Peter Roe.

Peter Roe (soccer)
Peter Roe (born 23 September 1955 in Manchester, England) is a Canadian international soccer player who spent twelve seasons in the North American Soccer League and two in the Major Indoor Soccer League. He also earned nine caps, scoring one goal, with the Canadian national soccer team between 1974 and 1983.
Rugby League (video game)
Rugby League is a sports game video game developed by Sidhe Interactive and published by Tru Blu Entertainment. It was released in 2003 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. In Australia the game was released under the National Rugby League (NRL) license, but it was released under the title Stacey Jones Rugby League in New Zealand and Super League Rugby League in the UK. It is the first rugby league video game in the series. It was followed by Rugby League 2.

Rugby League (video game series)
Rugby League is a rugby league video game series developed by Sidhe Interactive, Wicked Witch Software, and Big Ant Studios. The first games was Rugby League, released on 9 December 2003. The latest game released was Rugby League 26, released on 17 July 2025 for  PlayStation 5, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
Kultus Minister (Denmark)
The Kultus Minister of Denmark (Danish: Kultusminister) was a Danish minister office. The responsibilities of the minister was the church, culture and education. The word kultus comes from cultus, Latin for adoration from which the words culture and cult are derived.

In 1916, the office was split up into an Education Minister and a Church Minister. The new Church Minister had responsibility for culture, a task transferred to the Minister for Cultural Affairs in 1961.

Minister of Education (Denmark)
Minister of Education of Denmark (Danish: Undervisningsminister, pronounced [ˈɔnɐˌviˀsne̝ŋsmiˌnistɐ]), is a Danish minister office currently held by Mattias Tesfaye in the second cabinet of Mette Frederksen.

The office was created in 1916 when the post Kultus Minister was split up into the posts of Minister of Education and Minister for Ecclesiastical Affairs. Upon the accession of the first cabinet of Helle Thorning-Schmidt on 3 October 2011 the title was changed from Minister of Education to Minister of Children and Education and on 9 August 2013 the title was changed back to Minister of Education.
German Shepherd
The German Shepherd, also known in Britain as an Alsatian, is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. It is characterized by its intelligent and obedient nature.

Its historical role was as a herding dog, for herding sheep. It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police work, and warfare. It is commonly kept as a companion dog, and according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.

The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899. The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. The German Shepherd became the second most popular breed in the US in 2016 and the most frequently registered breed in other countries.

Old German herding dogs
Old German herding dogs (German: altdeutsche Hütehunde), including old German sheep dogs or old German shepherd dogs (altdeutsche Schäferhunde) are a group of traditional types of working, herding dogs from Germany.  They are landraces consisting of working strains of dog, and some of them are the types from which the modern German Shepherd Dog was developed as a standardised breed.  The landraces are not recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, but some have their own standards which are for working ability, not appearance traits.
Code-excited linear prediction
Code-excited linear prediction (CELP) is a linear predictive speech coding algorithm originally proposed by Manfred R. Schroeder and Bishnu S. Atal in 1985. At the time, it provided significantly better quality than existing low bit-rate algorithms, such as residual-excited linear prediction (RELP) and linear predictive coding (LPC) vocoders (e.g., FS-1015). Along with its variants, such as algebraic CELP, relaxed CELP, low-delay CELP and vector sum excited linear prediction, it is currently the most widely used speech coding algorithm. It is also used in MPEG-4 Audio speech coding. CELP is commonly used as a generic term for a class of algorithms and not for a particular codec.

Algebraic code-excited linear prediction
Algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) is a speech coding algorithm in which a limited set of pulses is distributed as excitation to a linear prediction filter. It is a linear predictive coding (LPC) algorithm that is based on the code-excited linear prediction (CELP) method and has an algebraic structure. ACELP was developed in 1989 by the researchers at the Université de Sherbrooke in Canada.

The ACELP method is widely employed in current speech coding standards such as AMR, EFR, AMR-WB (G.722.2), VMR-WB, EVRC, EVRC-B, SMV, TETRA, PCS 1900, MPEG-4 CELP and ITU-T G-series standards G.729, G.729.1 (first coding stage) and G.723.1. The ACELP algorithm is also used in the proprietary ACELP.net codec. Audible Inc. use a modified version for their speaking books. It is also used in conference-calling software, speech compression tools and has become one of the 3GPP formats.

The ACELP patent expired in 2018 and is now royalty-free.
Alexander Zverev Sr.
Alexander Mikhailovich Zverev (Russian: Александр Михайлович Зверев; born 22 January 1960) is a former professional tennis player from Russia who competed for the Soviet Union.

He is the father of German tennis players Alexander Zverev and  Mischa Zverev.

Mischa Zverev
Mikhail "Mischa" Alexandrovich Zverev (born 22 August 1987) is a German retired professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 25 on 24 July 2017.

At the 2017 Australian Open, Zverev defeated world No. 1 Andy Murray in four sets before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Roger Federer. As a qualifier, he has also reached the quarterfinals of both the 2009 Italian Open and the 2016 Shanghai Masters. He is the brother of former world No. 2, 2021 Olympic gold medallist, and two-time ATP Finals champion Alexander Zverev.
Little War (Cuba)
The Little War or Small War (Spanish: Guerra Chiquita) was the second of three conflicts between Cuban rebels and Spain. It started on 26 August 1879 and after some minor successes ended in rebel defeat in September 1880. It followed the Ten Years' War of 1868–78 and preceded the final war of 1895–98, which resulted in American intervention and Cuban independence.

Cuban War of Independence
The Cuban War of Independence, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). During the war, Spain sent 220,285 soldiers to Cuba—according to the Library of Congress, the largest army to cross the Atlantic until World War II. The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians.
Mayor–council government
A mayor–council government is a system of local government in which a mayor who is directly elected by the voters acts as chief executive, while a separately elected city council constitutes the legislative body. It is one of the two most common forms of local government in the United States, and is the form most frequently adopted in large cities, although the other common form, council–manager government, is the local government form of more municipalities.

Council–manager government
The council–manager government is a form of local government commonly used for municipalities and counties in the United States, in Ireland, in city, district, and regional councils in New Zealand, and in Canadian municipalities. In the council-manager government, an elected city council hires a manager to serve as chief executive; this manager can be replaced by a simple majority at any time.
Mo'Nique
Monique Angela Hicks (née Imes; born December 11, 1967), known mononymously as Mo'Nique, is an American comedian and Academy Award winning actress. She debuted as a member of The Queens of Comedy and earned recognition as a stand-up comedian. In 2002, she received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album. She transitioned to mainstream roles starring in the UPN series The Parkers (1999–2004) and the films Phat Girlz (2006) and Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins (2008).

Mo'Nique was critically acclaimed for her performance in the film Precious (2009), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, becoming the fourth African-American woman to win the award, in addition to accolades at the BAFTA, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Awards. After hosting her talk show The Mo'Nique Show (2009–2011), she earned a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for the HBO film Bessie (2015) and starred in Lee Daniels' Netflix film The Deliverance (2024).

Lee Daniels
Lee Daniels (born December 24, 1959) is an American film producer, director, and screenwriter. He made his directorial film debut with Shadowboxer (2005), followed by Precious (2009) which earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Picture. He has since directed The Paperboy (2012, which he co-wrote), The Butler (2013), The United States vs. Billie Holiday (2021), and The Deliverance (2024). He also produced the films Monster's Ball (2001), The Woodsman (2004), Tennessee (2008), Pimp (2018), and Concrete Cowboy (2020).

Daniels has co-created and co-executive produced the TV series Empire (2015–2020) and Star (2016–2019), both set in the music industry.
Muhsin al-Hakim
Muhsin al-Tabataba'i al-Hakim (Arabic: محسن الطباطبائي الحكيم, romanized: Muḥsin al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī al-Ḥakīm; 31 May 1889 – 2 June 1970) was an Iraqi Shia religious authority. He became the leading marja' of Najaf in 1946 after the death of Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani, and of the majority of the Shia world in 1961, after the death of Hossein Borujerdi. He died in 1970.

Abu l-Hasan al-Isfahani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Hasan Musawi Isfahani (Persian: ابوالحسن موسوی اصفهانی) (Arabic: أبوالحسن الموسوي الأصفهاني); 1861 – November 4, 1946) was an Iranian Shia marja'.

Isfahani became the leading marja' of the Shia world after the death of Muhammad-Hussein Naini.