hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cofinality
In mathematics, especially in order theory, the cofinality cf(A) of a partially ordered set A is the least of the cardinalities of the cofinal subsets of A. Formally,

This definition of cofinality relies on the axiom of choice, as it uses the fact that every non-empty set of cardinal numbers has a least member. The cofinality of a partially ordered set A can alternatively be defined as the least ordinal x such that there is a function from x to A with cofinal image. This second definition makes sense without the axiom of choice. If the axiom of choice is assumed, as will be the case in the rest of this article, then the two definitions are equivalent.

Cofinality can be similarly defined for a directed set and is used to generalize the notion of a subsequence in a net.

Cofinal (mathematics)
In mathematics, a subset  of a preordered set  is said to be cofinal or frequent in  if for every  it is possible to find an element  in  that dominates  (formally, ).

Cofinal subsets are very important in the theory of directed sets and nets, where “cofinal subnet” is the appropriate generalization of "subsequence".  They are also important in order theory, including the theory of cardinal numbers, where the minimum possible cardinality of a cofinal subset of  is referred to as the cofinality of
Fearn railway station
Fearn railway station is a railway station serving the village of Hill of Fearn in the Highland council area of Scotland, located around 1.3 miles (2.1 km) from the village. It is situated on the Far North Line, 40 miles 60 chains (65.6 km) form Inverness, between Tain and Invergordon, and is also the nearest station to Balintore, Hilton and Shandwick (the Seaboard Villages), Portmahomack and the Nigg Bay area of Easter Ross. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate all services.

Tain railway station
Tain railway station is an unstaffed railway station serving the area of Tain in the Highland council area of Scotland. The station is on the Far North Line, 44 miles 23 chains (71.3 km) from Inverness, between Fearn and Ardgay. ScotRail, who manage the station, operate all services.
Pennsylvania Route 326
Pennsylvania Route 326 (PA 326) is a 24-mile-long (39 km) state highway located in Bedford County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at the Maryland state line near Flintstone, Maryland. The northern terminus is at U.S. Route 30 (US 30) east of Bedford.

U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania
U.S. Route 30 (US 30) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs east–west across the southern part of Pennsylvania, passing through Pittsburgh and Philadelphia on its way from the West Virginia state line east to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge over the Delaware River into New Jersey.

In Pennsylvania, US 30 runs along or near the transcontinental Lincoln Highway, an auto trail which ran from San Francisco to New York City before the U.S. Numbered Highways were designated. The Lincoln Highway turned northeast at Philadelphia, however, using present US 1 and its former alignments to cross the Delaware River into Trenton, New Jersey.

Points of interest along US 30 include the Gettysburg Battlefield, Dutch Wonderland, the Flight 93 National Memorial, Fort Ligonier, Westmoreland Mall, Jennerstown Speedway Complex, Idlewild and Soak Zone, and Independence Mall at the Independence National Historical Park.
Dick Lammi
Dick Lammi (January 15, 1909 – November 29, 1969) was an American jazz tubist and bassist associated with Dixieland jazz.

Lammi played violin and banjo early in his career, and played as a banjoist in various groups in the Pacific Northwest in the late 1920s. He settled in Portland, Oregon in the early 1930s, and played bass in a group there; after a move to San Francisco in 1936, he began playing tuba alongside bass. His best-known work was as a member of Lu Watters's band, the Yerba Buena Jazz Band. Lammi played in the ensemble from 1941 to 1950, including on virtually all of their recordings.

In the 1950s, Lammi worked with Bob Scobey, Turk Murphy, Wally Rose, and Clancy Hayes. He recorded little after the early 1960s, and his exact date of death is disputed.

Lu Watters
Lucius Carl Watters (December 19, 1911 – November 5, 1989) was a trumpeter and bandleader of the Yerba Buena Jazz Band. Jazz critic Leonard Feather said, “The Yerba Buena band was perhaps the most vital factor in the reawakening of public interest in traditional jazz on the west coast.”
Stephen Bywater
Stephen Michael Bywater (born 7 June 1981) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

He has made appearances for thirteen clubs, most notably for Derby County, where he made over 150 appearances and won the 2007 Championship play-off final and for West Ham United, where he spent eight seasons, made over 60 appearances and won the 2005 Championship play-off final. He is also a former England Under-21 international. Bywater has worn the number 43 shirt in memory of his mentor and coach, Les Sealey, who died aged 43 in 2001.

Les Sealey
Leslie Jesse Sealey (29 September 1957 – 19 August 2001) was an English professional football player and coach.

He played as a goalkeeper, most notably in the top flight for Coventry City, Luton Town, Manchester United, Aston Villa, and West Ham United. He also played in the Football League for Plymouth Argyle, Birmingham City, Blackpool, Leyton Orient and Bury.

Following retirement, Sealey was appointed first team goalkeeping coach at West Ham United, a position he was in when he died of a heart attack on 19 August 2001.
Granby River
The Granby River is a tributary of the Kettle River in British Columbia, Canada, joining the Kettle just north of the Canada–United States border at the town of Grand Forks.  The river is approximately 105 kilometres (65 mi) in length and has its origin in the Monashee Mountains to the west of Fauquier on the Arrow Lakes.

Formerly known as the north fork of the Kettle River, the Granby River is named for the Granby Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company, which from 1898 to 1919 operated the Phoenix Mines and a smelter on the east side of the river. The new name was officially adopted in 1915.

Kettle River (Columbia River tributary)
The Kettle River is a 281-kilometre (175 mi) tributary of the Columbia River, encompassing a 10,877-square-kilometre (4,200 sq mi) drainage basin, of which 8,228 square kilometres (3,177 sq mi) are in southern British Columbia, Canada and 2,649 square kilometres (1,023 sq mi) in northeastern Washington, US.
Hobo News
Hobo News, alternately "Hobo" News, was an early 20th-century newspaper for homeless migrant workers (hobos). It was published in St. Louis, Missouri, and Cincinnati by the International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) and its founder James Eads How. Hobo News was important for legitimatizing the hobo identity and has been credited as a predecessor to the modern street newspaper movement.

International Brotherhood Welfare Association
The International Brotherhood Welfare Association (IBWA) was a mutual aid society for hobos founded in 1905–1906. It was the second largest after the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). It was started by James Eads How who had inherited a fortune but chose to live a hobo life. IBWA was less radical than the IWW, focusing on education and cooperation rather than direct political action. It published the Hobo News, distributed through street sellers. The IBWA was centered in the midwest (St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago) and had locals in about twenty cities including Baltimore, Buffalo, Philadelphia and San Francisco. The centers, called "Hobo Colleges," offered lodging, hot meals and education. They also became important meeting places for migrant workers during the winter months.
CBUFT-DT
CBUFT-DT (channel 26) is an Ici Radio-Canada Télé station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which serves the province's Franco-Columbian population and Franco-Yukonnais in Yukon. It is part of a twinstick with CBC Television station CBUT-DT (channel 2). The two stations share studios at the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in downtown Vancouver; CBUFT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour in the district municipality of North Vancouver.

CBUT-DT
CBUT-DT (channel 2, cable channel 3) is a television station in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, serving as the West Coast flagship of CBC Television. It is part of a twinstick with Ici Radio-Canada Télé station CBUFT-DT (channel 26). The two stations share studios at the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre on Hamilton Street in downtown Vancouver; CBUT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Seymour in the district municipality of North Vancouver.
Schild equation
In pharmacology, Schild regression analysis, based upon the Schild equation, both named for Heinz Otto Schild, are tools for studying the effects of agonists and antagonists on the response caused by the receptor or on ligand-receptor binding.

Dose–response relationship
The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship describes the magnitude of the response of a biochemical or cell-based assay or an organism, as a function of exposure (or doses) to a stimulus or stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves, or concentration-response curves. This is explained further in the following sections. A stimulus response function or stimulus response curve is defined more broadly as the response from any type of stimulus, not limited to chemicals.
Acteosaurus
Acteosaurus is an extinct genus of aquatic lizard  that lived in the upper Cretaceous period. Its species, A. tommasinii and A. crassicostatus, were described in 1860 and 1993. Though A. crassicostatus is probably a junior synonym for Adriosaurus suessi, A. tommasinii was found to be similar to coniasaurs, mosasauroids, and a sister taxon to modern snakes in 2010.

Adriosaurus
Adriosaurus is an extinct genus of squamate which lived in what is now Slovenia and other parts of Europe during the Late Cretaceous. It was a small, snake-like reptile, with the type species Adriosaurus suessi measuring up to 30 cm (12 in) in length. Adriosaurus represents the first occurrence of vestigial limbs in fossil lizards, having lost its manus and forearm completely in order to elongate its axial skeleton. These unique anatomical features led to discussions of the evolutionary patterns of limb reduction in Squamata.

Adriosaurus includes three species: A. microbrachis (“micro”, meaning small, and “brachis”, meaning arm, referring to the vestigial forelimb composed of only the humerus), A. skrbinensis (named after the location where they found the fossil, Skrbina, northwest of Komen, Slovenia) and A. suessi. A. microbrachis lacks many crucial characters to be qualified for cladistic analysis.
Cameron Dollar
Cameron Dollar (born December 9, 1975) is an American college basketball coach who was most recently an assistant coach for the Washington Huskies. He was previously an assistant coach at Washington before serving as the head coach for the Seattle Redhawks. Dollar played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, and was a member of their 1995 national championship team.  In the championship game against Arkansas, he replaced injured starter Tyus Edney.

Tyus Edney
Tyus Dwayne Edney Sr. (born February 14, 1973) is an American basketball coach and former player who is an assistant coach for the Pepperdine Waves men's team of the West Coast Conference (WCC).  Listed at 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m), he played point guard. He played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins from 1991 to 1995, leading them to the 1995 NCAA national championship. His game-winning shot for UCLA in the second round of the 1995 NCAA Tournament is considered one of the most famous plays in NCAA Tournament history. A two-time All-EuroLeague First Team selection, he led Žalgiris Kaunas to the 1999 EuroLeague title and was named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP. He became an assistant coach for UCLA.
Rhododendron subg. Azaleastrum
Rhododendron subgenus Azaleastrum is a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron.

The subgenus included two sections, however in 2005, Choniastrum was elevated to subgenus rank, but sections Sciadorhodion and Tsutsusi were added, providing a new total of three sections.

Azaleastrum sect. Azaleastrum (10 species)

Azaleastrum sect. Sciadorhodion  (16 species)

Azaleastrum sect. Tsutsusi (81 species)

Rhododendron sect. Tsutsusi
Rhododendron section Tsutsusi  (spelled Tsutsuji in some older texts) is a section of the genus Rhododendron, commonly referred to as the evergreen azaleas. Formerly a subgenus, in 2005 it was reduced to a section and subsumed by subgenus Azaleastrum. Containing 80 to 117 species, it includes both deciduous and evergreen types and is distributed in Japan, China and northeastern Asia. They are of high cultural importance to the Japanese. Among the species in this genus lie the largest flowering azaleas.
Goralenvolk
Goralenvolk was a geopolitical term invented by the German Nazis in World War II in reference to the Goral highlander population of Podhale region in the south of Poland near the Slovak border. The Germans postulated a separate nationality for people of that region in an effort to extract them from the Polish citizenry during their occupation of Poland's highlands.  The term  Goralenvolk was a neologism derived from the Polish word Górale (the Highlanders) commonly referring to the ethnic group living in the Beskid and Tatra mountains. In an attempt to make the Gorals collaborate with the SS, the Nazis proclaimed that they were of Germanic descent, and were thus worthy of Germanisation and separate treatment from other Poles.

Gorals
The Gorals (Polish: Górale; Goral ethnolect: Górole; Slovak: Gorali; Cieszyn Silesian: Gorole), also anglicized as the Highlanders, are an ethnographic group with historical ties to the Vlachs. The Goral people are primarily found in their traditional area of southern Poland, northern Slovakia – especially Orava, Spiš and Zamagurie, and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic, where they are known as the Silesian Gorals. There is also a significant Goral diaspora in the area of Bukovina in western Ukraine and northern Romania, as well as in Chicago which is the seat of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America.
Ledgewood Historic District
The Ledgewood Historic District is a 41-acre (17 ha) historic district located in the Ledgewood section of Roxbury Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 18, 2013, for its significance in architecture and community development. It has 40 contributing buildings, 4 contributing structures, and one contributing site. It includes the King Store and Homestead and the Silas Riggs House, which were both previously listed individually.

Silas Riggs House
The Silas Riggs House is a historic house built around 1805 by Silas Riggs (1779–1847) in the Ledgewood section of Roxbury Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 11, 1977, for its significance in architecture and community history. It was later added as a contributing property to the Ledgewood Historic District on April 18, 2013.
Laureano Gómez
Laureano Eleuterio Gómez Castro (20 February 1889 – 13 July 1965) was a Colombian politician and civil engineer who served as the 19th President of Colombia from 1950 to 1953. In November 1951 poor health led him to cede presidential power to Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez. On 13 June 1953, when he tried to resume his presidency, he was overthrown in a military coup led by Gustavo Rojas Pinilla.

During the three decades prior to being elected president, Gómez was a radical leader of the Conservative Party and is widely considered to be one of the most brilliant and potent orators of the Congress of Colombia. However, he remains a controversial figure because of his sympathy for authoritarian regimes and the dictatorial nature of his government.

Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez
Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez (27 June 1890 – 20 August 1972) was a Colombian Conservative party politician and lawyer who served as Acting President of Colombia from November 1951 until June 1953, while President Laureano Gómez was absent due to health issues.
Global Assembly Cache
The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a machine-wide CLI assembly cache for the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) in Microsoft's .NET Framework. The approach of having a specially controlled central repository addresses the flaws in the shared library concept and helps to avoid pitfalls of other solutions that led to drawbacks like DLL hell.

Assembly (CLI)
An assembly in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is a compiled code library used for deployment, versioning, and security. There are two types: process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). A process assembly represents a process that will use classes defined in library assemblies. CLI assemblies contain code in CIL, which is usually generated from a CLI language, and then compiled into machine language at run time by the just-in-time compiler. In the .NET Framework implementation, this compiler is part of the Common Language Runtime (CLR).

An assembly can consist of one or more files. Code files are called modules. An assembly can contain more than one code module. And since it is possible to use different languages to create code modules, it is technically possible to use several different languages to create an assembly. Visual Studio however does not support using different languages in one assembly.
Battle of Petrovaradin
The Battle of Petrovaradin also known as the Battle of Peterwardein, took place on 5 August 1716 during the Austro-Turkish War when the Ottoman army besieged the Habsburg-controlled fortress of Petrovaradin on the Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy (today Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia). The Ottomans attempted to capture Petrovaradin, the so-called Gibraltar on the Danube, but experienced a great defeat by an army half the size of their own, similar to the defeat they had experienced in 1697 at the Battle of Zenta. Ottoman Grand Vizier Damad Ali Pasha was fatally wounded, while the Ottoman army lost 20,000 men and 250 guns to the Habsburg army led by Field Marshal Prince Eugene of Savoy.

The Austrians consolidated this victory by marching into the Banat and conquering Temesvár, the last remaining Turkish fortress in Hungary, followed by Belgrade.

Siege of Belgrade (1717)
The siege of Belgrade was the capture by the Habsburg forces under the command of Prince Eugene of Savoy of the strategically-important city of Belgrade from the Ottoman Empire. It took place during the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), barely a year after the Habsburg victory at the Battle of Petrovaradin (Peterwardein). The Imperial Army routed the Ottoman relief army under Grand Vizier Hacı Halil Pasha on 16 August. As a consequence, the Belgrade garrison, deprived of relief, surrendered to Habsburg forces on 21 August. Ottoman Sultan Ahmed III sued for peace, resulting in the Treaty of Passarowitz a year later, which completed the transfer of the remainder of Hungary, the Banat of Temeswar with lower Syrmia, and the city of Belgrade with central Serbia into Habsburg hands.
Quantum state
In quantum physics, a quantum state is a mathematical entity that represents a physical system. Quantum mechanics specifies the construction, evolution, and measurement of a quantum state. Knowledge of the quantum state, and the rules for the system's evolution in time, exhausts all that can be known about a quantum system.

Quantum states are either pure or mixed, and have several possible representations. Pure quantum states are commonly represented as a vector in a Hilbert space. Mixed states are statistical mixtures of pure states and cannot be represented as vectors on that Hilbert space, and instead are commonly represented as density matrices.

Common examples of quantum states are the wave functions describing position and momentum, finite-dimensional vectors describing spin such as the singlet, and states describing many-body quantum systems in a Fock space.

Singlet state
In quantum mechanics, a singlet state usually refers to a system in which all electrons are paired. The term "singlet" originally meant a linked set of particles whose net angular momentum is zero, that is, whose overall spin quantum number . As a result, there is only one spectral line of a singlet state. In contrast, a doublet state contains one unpaired electron and shows splitting of spectral lines into a doublet, and a triplet state has two unpaired electrons and shows threefold splitting of spectral lines.
Treaty of Westminster (1654)
The Treaty of Westminster, concluded between the Lord Protector of the English Commonwealth, Oliver Cromwell, and the States General of the United Netherlands, was signed on 5/15 April 1654.: 7  The treaty ended the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654). The treaty is otherwise notable because it is one of the first treaties implementing international arbitration as a method of conflict resolution in the early modern era. A secret clause, obliging the States of Holland to enact the Act of Seclusion, played an important part in Dutch internal politics during the First Stadtholderless Period.

Act of Seclusion
The Act of Seclusion was an Act of the States of Holland, required by a secret annex in the Treaty of Westminster (1654) between the United Provinces and the Commonwealth of England in which William III, Prince of Orange, was excluded from the office of Stadtholder.
Apple Authorized Service Provider
Apple Authorized Service Providers (previously called Apple Specialist Resellers) are independent companies which are certified by Apple Inc., which carry out in-warranty or out-of-warranty repairs of Apple products as part of the company's AppleCare program. Apple provides retailers and repairers with tools, training, and service manuals. All technicians working on these repairs must be Apple Certified Technicians. Examples of Apple Authorized Service Providers include Best Buy and Simply Mac.

Apple certification programs
Apple certification programs are IT professional certifications for Apple Inc. products. They are designed to create a high level of technical proficiency among Macintosh service technicians, help desk support, technical support, system administrators, and professional users. Apple certification exams are offered at Prometric testing centers and Apple Authorized Training Centers, as well as online through Pearson Vue.
Chafford Hundred
Chafford Hundred, or simply Chafford, is a housing development and suburb in the town of Grays in the borough of Thurrock in Essex, England. Chafford Hundred is north-west of Grays Town Centre.

Its railway station serves the area and Lakeside Shopping Centre.

Lakeside Shopping Centre is in West Thurrock. Chafford Hundred was built on parts of the historical parishes of Stifford and West Thurrock, Mill Lane being the border of the respective historical parishes. It is located directly between North Stifford and South Stifford.

Grays, Essex
Grays, historically also known as Grays Thurrock, is the largest town and administrative headquarters of the borough of Thurrock, in Essex, England. The town is located on the north bank of the River Thames, approximately 20 miles (32 km) to the east of central London, and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the M25 motorway. Its economy is linked to Port of London industries, its own offices, retail and the Lakeside Shopping Centre at West Thurrock. At the 2021 census the Grays built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which does not include the adjoining Chafford Hundred) had a population of 44,345.

Grays Thurrock was an ancient parish. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1936 on the creation of Thurrock Urban District, which in turn became the modern borough of Thurrock in 1974. Grays Thurrock remains the name of one of Thurrock's Church of England parishes.