hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
V2Ray
Free and open-source software portal

V2Ray is an open-source protocol part of the Project V platform, designed to enhance privacy and bypass censorship. It supports multiple tunneling protocols like VMess, Shadowsocks, SOCKS, and HTTP. Its modular design allows flexible configurations to adapt to various internet censorship scenarios.

VMess is V2Ray's primary protocol, uses strong encryption and dynamic port allocation to resist DPI-based detection. V2Ray can obfuscate traffic to mimic HTTPS or WebSocket and adjusts to changing network conditions, making it effective in censorship-heavy environments such as China.

Shadowsocks
Shadowsocks is a free and open-source encryption protocol project, widely used in China to circumvent Internet censorship. It was created in 2012 by a Chinese programmer named "clowwindy", and multiple implementations of the protocol have been made available since. Shadowsocks provides an encrypted equivalent of a SOCKS proxy. A Shadowsocks client converts the Shadowsocks connection to SOCKS5 for local use. Unlike an SSH tunnel, Shadowsocks can also proxy User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic.
Frame (linear algebra)
In linear algebra, a frame of an inner product space is a generalization of a basis of a vector space to sets that may be linearly dependent. In the terminology of signal processing, a frame provides a redundant, stable way of representing a signal. Frames are used in error detection and correction and the design and analysis of filter banks and more generally in applied mathematics, computer science, and engineering.

Basis (linear algebra)
In mathematics, a set B of elements of  a vector space V is called a basis (pl.: bases) if every element of V can be written in a unique way as a finite linear combination of elements of B. The coefficients of this linear combination are referred to as components or coordinates of the vector with respect to B. The elements of a basis are called basis vectors.

Equivalently, a set B is a basis if its elements are linearly independent and every element of V is a linear combination of elements of B. In other words, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.

A vector space can have several bases; however all the bases have the same number of elements, called the dimension of the vector space.

This article deals mainly with finite-dimensional vector spaces. However, many of the principles are also valid for infinite-dimensional vector spaces.

Basis vectors find applications in the study of crystal structures and frames of reference.
Aligarh district
Aligarh district (Hindi pronunciation: [əliːgəɽʱ]) is one of the 75 districts in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. This district is a part of Aligarh Division. The districts which adjoin Aligarh are (clockwise from north) Gautam Buddha Nagar, Bulandshahr, Sambhal, Badaun, Kasganj, Hathras and Mathura.

Hathras district
Hathras district (Hindi pronunciation: [ɦaːt̪ʰ.ɾəs]; previously called Mahamaya Nagar district) is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India.  The city of Hathras is the district headquarters. Hathras district is a part of Aligarh division. The district occupies an area of 1,840 square kilometres (710 sq mi) and has a population of 1,564,708 as of the 2011 census.
Naomi (biblical figure)
Naomi (Classically /ˈneɪ.oʊmaɪ, neɪˈoʊmaɪ/, colloquially /neɪˈoʊmi, ˈneɪ.oʊmi/; Hebrew: נָעֳמִי, Modern: Noʻomī, Tiberian: Nā‘ŏmī) is Ruth's mother-in-law in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Ruth. The name derives from the Hebrew word na’im, meaning "good, pleasant, lovely, winsome."

Ruth (biblical figure)
Ruth (/ruːθ/; Hebrew: רוּת, Modern: Rūt, Tiberian: Rūṯ) is the person after whom the Book of Ruth is named. She was a Moabite woman who married an Israelite, Mahlon. After the death of all the male members of her family (her husband, her father-in-law, and her brother-in-law), she stayed with her mother-in-law, Naomi, and moved to Judah with her, where Ruth won the love and protection of a wealthy relative, Boaz, through her kindness. She is the great-grandmother of David.

The story of Ruth as told in the Book of Ruth was likely written in Hebrew during the Persian period (550–330 BCE). Some scholars generally consider the book to be a work of historical fiction, while other scholars, including evangelical scholars, hold that it is a historical narrative written in the form of a short story.
George Ho
George Ho Cho-chi, GBS, OBE, JP (3 November 1919 – 4 June 2014) was a Hong Kong media mogul. The fifth son of the influential businessman Robert Hotung, George Ho was the founder of the Commercial Radio Hong Kong and Commercial Television with his low key business partner, David Miao who was a major shareholder.

Robert Hotung
Sir Robert Ho Tung, KBE JP (22 December 1862 – 26 April 1956, Chinese: 何東) was a businessman and philanthropist in British Hong Kong. Known as "the grand old man of Hong Kong" (Chinese: 香港大老), he was knighted in 1915 (Knight Bachelor) and 1955 (KBE).
Dodecanol
Dodecanol /ˈdoʊˈdɛkɑːnɒl/, or lauryl alcohol, is an organic compound produced industrially from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. It is a fatty alcohol. Sulfate esters of lauryl alcohol, especially sodium lauryl sulfate, are very widely used as surfactants. Sodium lauryl sulfate and the related dodecanol derivatives ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate are all used in shampoos. Dodecanol is tasteless, colorless, and has a floral odor.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na and structure H3C−(CH2)11−O−S(=O)2−O−Na+. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This compound is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon organosulfate. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties that make it useful as a detergent.  SDS is also component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils. SDS is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations.
Lunds Nation
55°42′12.85″N 13°11′59.58″E﻿ / ﻿55.7035694°N 13.1998833°E﻿ / 55.7035694; 13.1998833

Lunds nation is one of thirteen student nations at Lund University, Sweden. With 3,862 members, it is the second-largest nation in Lund, ranking behind Göteborgs but ahead of Helsingkrona Nation.

Helsingkrona Nation
55°42′36″N 13°12′28.8″E﻿ / ﻿55.71000°N 13.208000°E﻿ / 55.71000; 13.208000

Helsingkrona Nation, formally Helsingborgs-Landskrona Nation, is one of thirteen student nations at Lund University, Sweden. With its 3,812 members, it is the third-largest nation in Lund - ranking behind Lunds but ahead of Malmö Nation.
Matilda of Swabia
Matilda of Swabia (German: Mathilde von Schwaben; c. 988/989 – 29 July 1032), a member of the Conradine dynasty, was Duchess of Carinthia by her first marriage with Duke Conrad I and Duchess of Upper Lorraine by her second marriage to Duke Frederick II. She played an active role in promoting her son, Duke Conrad the Younger, as a candidate for the German throne in 1024 and to this end corresponded with King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland.

Frederick II, Duke of Upper Lorraine
Frederick II (c. 995–1026), son of Thierry I of the House of Ardennes and Richilde von Blieskastel, daughter of Folmar III, Count in Bliesgau, was the Count of Bar and Duke of Lorraine, co-reigning with his father from 1019.

On the Emperor Henry II's death in 1024, he joined Ernest II, Duke of Swabia, in revolt against the new king, Conrad II.  Soon they made peace and recognised the new king. Frederick died in 1026.

Frederick married Matilda of Swabia, daughter of Herman II, Duke of Swabia, and sister-in-law of Conrad. Frederick and Matilda had:

Sophia, Countess of Bar and Pont-à-Mousson, married Louis, count of Montbéliard

Frederick

Beatrice, married firstly Boniface, Margrave of Tuscany, and secondly Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lotharingia; mother of Matilda of Canossa
Archon X Prize
The Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Express Scripts for Genomics, the second X Prize offered by the X Prize Foundation, based in Playa Vista, California, was announced on October 4, 2006 stating that the prize of "$10 million will be awarded to the first team to rapidly, accurately and economically sequence 100 whole human genomes to an unprecedented level of accuracy." The 30 day evaluation phase of the competition to begin on September 5, 2013, was canceled August 22, 2013 and this cancellation was debated on March 27, 2014.

Xprize Foundation
XPRIZE Foundation is a non-profit organization that designs and hosts public competitions intended to encourage technological development. The XPRIZE mission is to bring about "radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity" through incentivized competition. It aims to motivate individuals, companies, and organizations to develop ideas and technologies.

The Ansari X Prize relating to spacecraft development was awarded in 2004, intended to inspire research and development into technology for space exploration.
Bertie Beetle
Bertie Beetle is a small chocolate bar manufactured by Nestlé. It consists of a chocolate coated bar containing small pieces of honeycomb that is shaped like an anthropomorphised beetle. It was originally created as a way to use up honeycomb left over from the production of Violet Crumble bars. Originally manufactured in Australia, today they are manufactured in a factory in New Zealand.

For many years, Bertie Beetles were generally only available to the public in showbags sold at Australian agricultural shows.

Violet Crumble
Violet Crumble is an Australian chocolate bar. The bar is a crumbly honeycomb toffee centre coated in a layer of compound chocolate. It was first made by Hoadley's Chocolates in South Melbourne around the year 1913; and is currently made in Adelaide, South Australia by Robern Menz after a period of ownership by Nestlé. Its advertising slogan is "It's the way it shatters that matters", and previously was "Nothing else matters". The bar shares similarities to the Crunchie bar made by British firm Cadbury. Aside from Australia, it is available in the city of Hong Kong, the US state of Hawaii, and in Mollie Stone's Markets, Cost Plus World Market, Five Below, and Ralphs within the United States.
Tony Almeida
Anthony "Tony" Almeida  is a fictional character portrayed by Carlos Bernard on the television series 24. Almeida appeared in a total of 126 episodes (including 24: Legacy), the second highest number of episodes of any character in the series, behind Jack Bauer (192, played by Kiefer Sutherland) and just ahead of Chloe O'Brian (125, played by Mary Lynn Rajskub). Despite initially having friction with Jack Bauer, he eventually develops a strong friendship with Jack and becomes one of the few people Jack trusts unconditionally with his life. However, the loss of his wife Michelle Dessler and unborn son at the hands of a government conspiracy drives him into despair and then rage. His descent into darkness and evil to seek revenge against those responsible for destroying his life is widely lamented by fans and showcases a dark contrast to Jack whose life has also been ruined by the government.

Chloe O'Brian
Chloe O'Brian is a fictional character played by actress Mary Lynn Rajskub on the US television series 24. An analyst at CTU Los Angeles (and later New York), she is Jack Bauer's most trusted colleague, often doing unconventional and unauthorized favors for him, even at personal risk to herself. As O'Brian, Rajskub appeared in 125 episodes of 24, more than any other actor except series star Kiefer Sutherland, who appeared in all 204 episodes of the series. UGO.com named her one of the best TV nerds. AOL named her one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters.
Joel (prophet)
Joel is a Biblical prophet, the second of the Twelve Minor Prophets, and, according to itself, the author of the Book of Joel, which is set in the early Assyrian period. Scholars meanwhile view the Book of Joel as having been completed in the Ptolemaic period (c. 301-201 BC) due to its use of earlier texts and perspective on Yahweh and the nations.

Book of Joel
The Book of Joel (Hebrew: ספר יוֹאֵל Sefer Yo'él) is a Jewish prophetic text containing a series of "divine announcements". The first line attributes authorship to "Joel the son of Pethuel". It forms part of the Book of the twelve minor prophets or the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and is a book in its own right in the Christian Old Testament where it has three chapters. In the New Testament, his prophecy of the outpouring of God's Holy Spirit upon all people was notably quoted by Saint Peter in his Pentecost sermon.

The Book of Joel's frequent allusions to earlier Hebrew Bible texts and signs of literary development suggest a late origin and its potential to have been a unifying piece within the prophetic canon.
Frank Navetta
Frank Navetta (March 6, 1962 – October 31, 2008) was an American musician who was the original guitarist of the punk rock band the Descendents, which he co-founded. He formed the band in Manhattan Beach, California with Dave Nolte in the late 1970s and played on their 1979 debut single, the Fat EP (1981), and their first album, Milo Goes to College (1982). Navetta then quit the band and moved to Oregon to become a fisherman. He collaborated with the Descendents again on the 1996 album Everything Sucks, and prior to his death in 2008 had been working on new material with original Descendents members Bill Stevenson and Tony Lombardo. In 2021, the band released this material on the album 9th & Walnut, which has been critically lauded for Frank's songwriting and playing.

Tony Lombardo
Tony Lombardo (born 1945) is an American musician who was the original bassist in the punk rock band the Descendents. He joined the band in 1979 and played on their debut single, the Fat EP (1981), and the albums Milo Goes to College (1982) and I Don't Want to Grow Up (1985). After leaving the band, he performed in other acts and worked for the United States Postal Service until 2005. He collaborated with the Descendents' successor band, All, writing two songs for their album Allroy's Revenge (1989) and teaming up with them for an album of his own songs, New Girl, Old Story (1991), credited to "TonyAll". He also collaborated with the reunited Descendents on their 1996 album Everything Sucks, and the 2021 album 9th and Walnut.
Short Solent
The Short Solent is a passenger flying boat that was produced by Short Brothers in the late 1940s. It was developed from the Short Seaford, itself a development of the Short Sunderland military flying boat design.

The first Solent flew in 1946. New Solents were used by BOAC and TEAL, production ending in 1949. Second-hand aircraft were operated until 1958 by a number of small airlines such as Aquila Airways.

Short Seaford
The Short S.45 Seaford was a 1940s flying boat, designed as a long range maritime patrol bomber for RAF Coastal Command.
It was developed from the Short S.25 Sunderland, and initially ordered as "Sunderland Mark IV".
Mynydd Perfedd
Mynydd Perfedd is a mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, forming part of the Glyderau. The summit has a shelter cairn, offering good views of Foel-goch's north-eastern face, and the Carneddau.

Between it and Carnedd y Filiast, there are dramatic cliffs to the east, including the famous Llechen Cytrolar. To the south lies the parent peak Elidir Fawr, to the west Carnedd y Filiast and to the east Foel-goch and Y Garn. It is 812 metres (2,664 ft) high. The average annual temperature of the mountain is about 6 Celsius.

Foel-goch
Foel-goch is a mountain in Snowdonia, north-west Wales, and forms part of the Glyderau range, in Gwynedd. It lies in between Y Garn and Mynydd Perfedd.

Good views of Dyffryn Ogwen are seen with Pen yr Ole Wen, Carnedd Dafydd, Tryfan, Glyder Fawr and Elidir Fawr close by. Its height is 831 metres (2,726 ft).
2K Australia
2K Australia Pty Ltd (formerly Irrational Games Australia and 2K Marin) was an Australian video game developer based in Canberra. The company was founded as Irrational Games Australia, a subsidiary of Irrational Games, in April 2000. Irrational Games Australia and its parent were acquired by Take-Two Interactive in January 2006, with Irrational Games being placed under the 2K label. The two Irrational Games studio were split apart in August 2007, wherefore Irrational Games Australia became 2K Australia. Furthermore, 2K Australia operated under the name of sister studio 2K Marin between April 2010 and November 2011, and was finally shut down in April 2015.

2K (company)
2K is an American video game publisher based in Novato, California. The company was founded as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive in January 2005 through the 2K Games and 2K Sports sub-labels. The nascent label incorporated several development studios owned by Take-Two, including Visual Concepts and Kush Games, which had been acquired the day before. Originally based in New York City, 2K moved to Novato in 2007. A third label, 2K Play, was added in September 2007. 2K is governed by David Ismailer as president and Phil Dixon as chief operating officer. It operates a motion capture studio in Petaluma, California.
Cambridge Congestion Charge
The Cambridge Congestion Charge, or Sustainable Travel Zone was a scrapped congestion pricing scheme proposed by the Greater Cambridge Partnership that was scheduled for completion in 2027/28. The scheme proposed a £5 minimum daily charge on vehicles entering the city of Cambridge, increased to £10 for vans, and to £50 for heavy goods vehicles and coaches. Exceptions were proposed for "emergency vehicles, disabled tax class vehicles and breakdown services", among others. The scheme became the subject of local controversy, with 58% of respondents recording their opposition to the scheme in an official consultation, which the GCP believed would help fund transport provision and reduce congestion. It was scrapped in September 2023 after Liberal Democrats blocked progress on the proposals.

Transport in Cambridge
Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about 50 miles (80 km) north of London. Its main transport links are the M11 road to London, the A14 east–west road and the West Anglia Main Line railway to London.
Michael Rosen
Michael Wayne Rosen (born 7 May 1946) is an English children's author, poet, presenter, political columnist, broadcaster, activist, and academic, who is a professor of children's literature in the Department of Educational Studies at Goldsmiths, University of London. He has written more than 200 books for children and adults. Select books include We're Going on a Bear Hunt (1989) and Sad Book (2004). He served as Children's Laureate from June 2007 to June 2009. He won the 2023 PEN Pinter Prize, awarded by English PEN, for his "fearless" body of work.

Michael Rosen's Sad Book
Michael Rosen's Sad Book is a 2004 non-fiction book by English children's author Michael Rosen. Illustrated by Quentin Blake, the book deals with the topic of grief. Although it is marketed as a children's book, Rosen explicitly mentions on the inside book jacket that it is for everyone. The book chronicles Rosen's grief over the loss of his son Eddie, who died of meningococcal septicaemia aged 18.
Abrodictyum
Abrodictyum is a fern genus in the family Hymenophyllaceae. The genus is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) but not by some other sources, which sink it into a broadly defined Trichomanes.

Hymenophyllaceae
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp places or to locations where they are wetted by spray from waterfalls or springs. Fossil evidence shows that ferns of the family Hymenophyllaceae have existed since at least the Upper Triassic.
Unit interval (data transmission)
The unit interval (UI), also known as pulse time or symbol duration, is the shortest time between changes in a data transmission signal. In a data stream, each pulse (or symbol) takes one UI, representing the time to send a single piece of information.

When used to measure a time interval, the UI gives a relative value without units, showing the interval as a multiple of the UI. Often, but not always, the UI equals the time to send one bit (a single binary digit), known as the bit time. For example, in NRZ transmission, the UI matches the bit time, but in 2B1Q transmission, one pulse covers the time of two bits. In a system with a baud rate of 2.5 Gbit/s, the UI is 1/(2.5 Gbit/s) = 0.4 nanoseconds per symbol.

Symbol rate
In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling events across the transmission medium per unit of time. The symbol rate is a kind of aperiodic frequency, measured in baud (Bd) or symbols per second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses per second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data. The symbol rate is related to the gross bit rate, expressed in bits per second.
DRG Kleinlokomotive Class II
German Kleinlokomotiven (literally: small locomotives) like the DRG Kö II (later: Köf II) were developed as locomotives with a low weight and driving power for light shunting duties.  There were two classes, based on engine power. The Class II were engines which developed more than 40 (later 50) HP.

After tests with several trial locomotives, they were placed in service from 1932 onwards by the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) and used on small stations for light shunting and marshalling work. They were intended to make the handling of goods traffic more economical. To do that, an appropriately trained controller had to be able to handle shunting duties using the locomotive. Accordingly, the locomotive was designed to be robust and easy to operate.

Kleinlokomotive
A Kleinlokomotive or Kleinlok (literally: "small locomotive"; plural: Kleinlokomotiven or Kleinloks) is a German locomotive of small size and low power for light shunting duties at railway stations and on industrial railways. Most are powered by diesel engines, but Kleinloks with steam, petrol, or electric engines were also produced.

After testing several trials locomotives, the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) placed various types of such locomotives into service from 1930 onwards. Industrial lines and railway workshops generally procured engines of the same design.

In Switzerland Kleinlokomotiven were used as light rail motor tractors.