hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Richard E. Bellman
Richard Ernest Bellman (August 26, 1920 – March 19, 1984) was an American applied mathematician, who introduced dynamic programming in 1953, and made important contributions in other fields of mathematics, such as biomathematics. He founded the leading biomathematical journal Mathematical Biosciences, as well as the Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications.

Mathematical Biosciences
Mathematical Biosciences is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing work that provides new concepts or new understanding of biological systems using mathematical models, or methodological articles likely to find application to multiple biological systems. Papers are expected to present a major research finding of broad significance for the biosciences, or mathematical biology. Mathematical Biosciences welcomes original research articles, letters, reviews and perspectives.

The journal was established in 1967 and is published by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is the mathematical biologist is Abba Gumel. His predecessor was the mathematical and theoretical biologist Santiago Schnell from the University of Notre Dame.  Under Schnell's leadership, the journal raised its impact factor from 1.680 (in 2018) to 4.300 (in 2022).
Kathryn Lasky
Kathryn Lasky (born June 24, 1944) is an American children's writer who also writes for adults under the names Kathryn Lasky Knight and E. L. Swann. Her children's books include several Dear America books, The Royal Diaries books, Sugaring Time, The Night Journey, Wolves of the Beyond, and the Guardians of Ga'Hoole series. Her awards include Anne V. Zarrow Award for Young Readers' Literature, National Jewish Book Award, and Newbery Honor.

Guardians of Ga'Hoole
Guardians of Ga'Hoole is a fantasy book series written by Kathryn Lasky and published by Scholastic. The series contains a total of 16 books and although originally intended to conclude with the 2008 publication of The War of the Ember, a prequel, The Rise of a Legend, was published in 2013. Apart from the main series there are a few more books and spin-offs set in the same universe. The first three books of the series were adapted into the 2010 animated 3D film Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, directed by Zack Snyder.
Perumal (deity)
Perumal (Tamil: பெருமாள், romanized: Perumāl) or Tirumal (Tamil: திருமால், romanized: Tirumāl pronunciationⓘ) is a Hindu deity. Perumal is worshipped mainly among Tamil Hindus in South India and the Tamil diaspora, who consider Perumal to be a form of Vishnu.

Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal, and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him, are found in Paripāṭal – the Sangam era poetic anthology. He is a popular Hindu deity particularly among Tamils in Tamil Nadu and the Tamil diaspora, and in Vaishnava temples. One of the richest and largest Hindu temples complexes dedicated to Perumal is the Venkateswara temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Other significant institutions include Srirangam's Ranganathaswamy temple, Kanchipuram's Varadaraja Perumal temple, and Thiruvananthapurum's Padmanabhaswamy Perumal temple.

Paripāṭal
The Paripādal (Tamil: பரிபாடல், meaning the paripadal-metre anthology) is a classical Tamil poetic work and traditionally the fifth of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in the Sangam literature. According to Tolkappiyam, Paripadal is a kind of verse dealing only with love (akapporul) and does not fall under the general classification of verses. It has a minimum of 25 lines and a maximum of 400 lines. It is an "akam genre", odd and hybrid collection which expresses love in the form of religious devotion (Bhakti) to gods and goddesses predominantly to Maha Vishnu and Murugan. According to Kamil Zvelebil, a Tamil literature and history scholar. This is the only anthology in the Eight Anthologies collection that is predominantly religious, though the other seven anthologies do contain occasional mentions and allusions to gods, goddesses and legends.
Wheel
A wheel is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) intended to turn on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel, and flywheel.

Common examples can be found in transport applications. A wheel reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for a wheel to rotate, a moment must be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by gravity or by the application of another external force or torque.

Wheel and axle
The wheel and axle is a simple machine, consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts rotate together, in which a force is transferred from one to the other. The wheel and axle can be viewed as a version of the lever, with a drive force applied tangentially to the perimeter of the wheel, and a load force applied to the axle supported in a bearing, which serves as a fulcrum.
Head of the River Race
The Head of the River Race (HORR) is an against-the-clock ('processional') rowing race for men's eights held annually on the River Thames in London, England; other such races are the Schools' Head of the River Race, Women's Eights Head of the River Race and Veterans' Head of the River Race.  Its competitors are, with a few experienced junior exceptions, seniors of UK or overseas clubs and it runs with the ebb tide down the 4.25 mile (6.8 km) Championship Course from Mortlake to Putney which usually one or two weeks later hosts the Oxford and Cambridge head-to-head races.

The race was founded on a much smaller scale, in 1925, by Steve Fairbairn – an influential rower then rowing coach of the early 20th century, who transformed the sport into one involving today's lengthier slides enabling conventional (Fairbairnized) racing shell propulsion.

"My dear boy, you are under a wrong impression. It is not a race, it is merely a means of getting crews to do long rows"

Putney
Putney (/ˈpʌtni/) is an affluent district in southwest London, England, in the London Borough of Wandsworth, five miles (eight kilometres) southwest of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
RTÉ Digital Radio News
RTÉ Digital Radio News was a digital radio (DAB) station from the Irish state broadcaster, RTÉ. It began broadcasting on 30 May 2007, and was launched as part of an expansion of RTÉ's digital radio network, which now contains five digital-only stations, as well as four FM stations.

The channel broadcast the latest RTÉ Radio 1 news bulletin live, at the top of each hour, and then played this on loop until the next Radio 1 update. The station also played audio from RTÉ television's main news programmes, RTÉ News: Six One and RTÉ News: Nine O'Clock.

On 12 June 2008, RTÉ launched RTÉ News Now, (now simply called RTÉ News) which operates along the same principle as RTÉ Digital Radio News, in that it streams the most recent television news bulletin from RTÉ Television, through the RTÉ.ie website and the RTÉ News channel on Saorview

RTÉ News (TV channel)
The RTÉ News channel is an Irish free-to-air news television channel owned and operated by RTÉ. The channel launched as RTÉ News Now available exclusively online on 12 June 2008. The channel began broadcasting as a free-to-air channel on 29 October 2010 on Saorview.

The channel broadcasts free-to-air and commercial-free. It is available in Ireland and globally online, on mobile phones and an iPhone/iPad application is also widely available free. It is operated by RTÉ's department RTÉ News and Current Affairs and broadcasts in the Irish, English and ISL languages.

The channel was rebranded from RTÉ News Now to RTÉ News in August 2020 with minor changes to its programming line-up. As part of the rebrand, the channel is complemented with a new-look app.
Mairi Chisholm
Mairi Lambert Gooden Chisholm, of Chisholm, MM, OStJ (26 February 1896 – 22 August 1981) was a Scottish nurse and ambulance driver in the First World War. She, together with her friend Elsie Knocker, won numerous medals for bravery and for saving the lives of thousands of soldiers on the Western Front in Belgium. Dubbed "The Madonnas of Pervyse" by the press the two were among the most photographed women of the war.

Pervijze
Pervijze (French: Pervyse, English Pervyse) is a small rural village in the Belgian province of West Flanders, and a part ("Deelgemeente") of the municipality of Diksmuide. Pervijze has an area of 12.23 km2 and almost 900 inhabitants.

Before the municipal mergers in 1971, Pervijze was an independent municipality. In 1971, Lampernisse, Oostkerke and Stuivekenskerke were added to the municipality. In 1977 Pervijze became a part of Diksmuide.

During World War I, Pervijze was situated near the Yser Front and was destroyed. Two British nurses, Elsie Knocker and Mairi Chisholm, became known as "The Madonnas of Pervyse" in the British press. In Brussels (more precisely in Etterbeek), there is a street called "Rue de Pervyse" and "Pervijzestraat".
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Law
The National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Law ("NYCU Law") is a postgraduate law school located on the campus of National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University in Hsinchu, Taiwan. NYCU Law has gone through several name changes, founded as the "Intellectual Property Management" Program in 1993, then in 2000 becoming the Institute of Technology Law ("ITL"), then in 2015 becoming the National Chiao Tung University School of Law, before merging in February 2021 with the National Yang-Ming University law department to become the National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Law.  It is a postgraduate professional school, awarding  master's degrees as well as doctorates, aiming to provide a cross-disciplinary legal education environment. NYCU Law is one of the few law schools in Taiwan that teaches Anglo-American common law systems, alongside traditional civil law systems.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU) is a public research university in Hsinchu and Taipei, Taiwan. It was created in 2021 through the merger of National Chiao Tung University and National Yang-Ming University. At present, there are 19 colleges, 74 university/college level research centers, and 1 hospital in Yilan.

NYCU is one of six national universities in research selected by the Ministry of Education. The university is also one of four universities selected by the Ministry of Education to participate in the Global Taiwan Program.
Raina (singer)
Oh Hye-rin (Korean: 오혜린), known professionally as Raina (레이나), is a South Korean singer. She is best known as a former member of the South Korean girl group After School and member of the sub-unit Orange Caramel. Raina debuted with the group in November 2009 following the release of the group's third single, "Because of You". She debuted as a solo singer in September 2014 with the single "You End, And Me".

Orange Caramel
Orange Caramel (Korean: 오렌지 캬라멜) was the first subgroup of South Korean girl group After School. The subgroup was formed in 2010 with the third generation After School members Nana, Raina, and Lizzy.

With no formal announcement of disbandment made, as of September 2024, no members remain under the management of Pledis Entertainment.
Sandy Martin (politician)
Alexander Gordon Martin (born 2 May 1957) is a British politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ipswich from 2017 to 2019. A member of the Labour Party, he was elected in the 2017 general election, beating Conservative incumbent Ben Gummer. On 25 October 2018, he became Shadow Minister for Waste and Recycling. He lost his seat at the 2019 general election.

In May 2021, Martin was elected to Suffolk County Council as a Labour and Co-operative councillor.

2021 Suffolk County Council election
The 2021 Suffolk County Council election took place on 6 May 2021 as part of the 2021 local elections in the United Kingdom. All 75 councillors were elected from 63 electoral divisions, which return either one or two county councillors each, by first-past-the-post voting, for a four-year term of office.

Voters who live in divisions which elect two councillors (12 divisions) are entitled to cast a maximum of two votes, while those living in divisions only electing one councillor (51 divisions) are only entitled to cast one vote.

The council is subject to a Local Government Boundary Commission for England review where it is proposed to reduce the number of councillors from 75 to 70. The recommendations were due to be implemented at this election but were deferred to the scheduled 2025 Suffolk County Council election owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Delta (letter)
Delta (/ˈdɛltə/ ⓘ DEL-tə; uppercase Δ, lowercase δ; Greek: δέλτα, délta, [ˈðelta]) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of four. It was derived from the Phoenician letter dalet 𐤃. Letters that come from delta include the Latin D and the Cyrillic Д.

A river delta (originally, the delta of the Nile River) is named so because its shape approximates the triangular uppercase letter delta. Contrary to a popular legend, this use of the word delta was not coined by Herodotus.

D
D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/ ⓘ), plural dees.
Central Civil Services
The Central Civil Services (CCS) encompasses the various Civil Services of India that are exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Government of India. This is in contrast to the All India Services, which are common to both the central and state government entities, or the state civil services, which fall under the purview of individual states.

The services with the most personnel in the entire Civil Services of India and also the Central Civil Services are with the Central Secretariat Service and Indian Revenue Service (IT and C&CE). The Cadre Controlling Authority for each established Service is controlled by the respective Union government ministries of India. The higher-level positions in the Central Civil Services are classified into Group A and Group B, both of which are gazetted.

Central Secretariat Service
Central Secretariat Service (Hindi: केंद्रीय सचिवालय सेवा; abbreviated as CSS) is the administrative civil service under Group A and Group B of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India. They are governed by Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962, which has been issued under the powers of Article 309 of the Constitution of India. The service members work under restrictions and rules of Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules.

The service serves as the backbone of administrative work and provides permanent bureaucracy and functionary staff in the Union Government ministries, Cabinet Secretariat, Central Secretariat and other offices of Government of India.

On October 1 every year, the service celebrates CSS day, which marks the anniversary of its establishment.
Northern Lights (2009 film)
Northern Lights, also known as Nora Roberts' Northern Lights, is a 2009 television film directed by Mike Robe, which stars Eddie Cibrian, LeAnn Rimes, and Rosanna Arquette. The film is based on the 2004 Nora Roberts novel of the same name and is part of the Nora Roberts 2009 movie collection, which also includes; Midnight Bayou, High Noon, and Tribute. The film debuted March 21, 2009, on Lifetime.

Nora Roberts
Nora Roberts (born Eleanor Marie Robertson on October 10, 1950) is an American author of over 225 novels, known for romance published under her own name. She also writes police procedurals which have elements of science fiction under the name J. D. Robb, and has published as Jill March and (in the U.K.) Sarah Hardesty.
Veselin Topalov
Veselin Aleksandrov Topalov (Bulgarian: Весели́н Алексáндров Топа́лов, pronounced [vɛsɛˈlin toˈpalof]; born 15 March 1975) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former FIDE World Chess Champion.

Topalov became FIDE World Chess Champion by winning the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005. He lost his title in the World Chess Championship 2006 against Vladimir Kramnik. He challenged Viswanathan Anand at the World Chess Championship 2010, losing 6½–5½. He won the 2005 Chess Oscar.

He was ranked world number one from April 2006 to January 2007. He regained the top ranking in October 2008 until January 2010. His peak rating was 2816 in July 2015, placing him joint-tenth on the list of highest FIDE-rated players of all time.

Topalov has competed at nine Chess Olympiads (1994–2000, 2008–2016), winning board one gold in 2014 and scoring best overall performance in 1994. He also won in Linares, Corus, Dortmund, Stavanger and Pearl Spring tournaments.

Topalov is married and has two daughters.

World Chess Championship 2010
The World Chess Championship 2010 match pitted the defending world champion, Viswanathan Anand, against challenger Veselin Topalov, for the title of World Chess Champion. The match took place in Sofia, Bulgaria from 24 April to 13 May 2010, with a prize fund of 2 million euros (60% to the winner). Anand won the final game to win the match 6½–5½ and retain the title.

The match was to be twelve games, with tie-breaks if necessary, the same format and length as the 2006 and 2008 matches.
Ramadapis
Ramadapis sahnii was a primitive primate belonging to Sivaladapidae that existed around 11 to 14 million years ago (Early to Mid-Miocene). Only a mandible (a lower jaw bone) was found at the dig site, which was near Ramnagar in Udhampur district in Jammu and Kashmir specifically the lower Siwalik deposits. The jawbone indicates that Ramadapis resembled a modern day ring-tailed lemur. The early lemur was named after Ashok Sahni, who discovered the first sivaladapid in the Siwalik deposits. The mandible was only around one and a quarter inch long, which led scientists to assume that it was only around 11 pounds.

Sivaladapidae
Sivaladapidae is an extinct family of adapiform primates from Asia.  They survived longer than any other adapiform primate because they were able to shift south as the climate cooled.  Their remains date from the Eocene through the Miocene.
Mathieu group
In group theory, a topic in abstract algebra, the Mathieu groups are the five sporadic simple groups M11, M12, M22, M23 and M24 introduced by Émile Mathieu (1861, 1873). They are multiply transitive permutation groups on 11, 12, 22, 23 or 24 objects. They are the first sporadic simple groups to be discovered.

Sometimes the notation M8, M9, M10, M20, and M21 is used for related groups (which act on sets of 8, 9,  10,  20, and 21 points, respectively), namely the stabilizers of points in the larger groups. While these are not sporadic simple groups, they are subgroups of the larger groups and can be used to construct the larger ones. John Conway has shown that one can also extend this sequence up, obtaining the Mathieu groupoid M13 acting on 13 points. M21 is simple, but is not a sporadic simple group, being isomorphic to the projective special linear group PSL(3,4).

Émile Léonard Mathieu
Émile Léonard Mathieu (French: [matjø]; 15 May 1835, in Metz – 19 October 1890, in Nancy) was a French mathematician. He is known for his work in group theory and mathematical physics. He has given his name to the Mathieu functions, Mathieu groups and Mathieu transformation. He authored a treatise of mathematical physics in 6 volumes.
Volume 1 is an exposition of the techniques to solve the differential equations of mathematical physics,
and contains an account of the applications of Mathieu functions to electrostatics.
Volume 2 deals with capillarity. Volumes 3 and 4 deal with electrostatics and magnetostatics.
Volume 5 deals with electrodynamics, and volume 6 with elasticity. The asteroid 27947 Emilemathieu was named in his honour.
Ione, California
Ione (/aɪˈoʊn/ eye-OWN) is a city in Amador County, California. As of the 2020 census the population is 5,141, which is a 35.1% decrease from the 2010 census. Once known as "Bedbug" and "Freeze Out," Ione was an important supply center on the main road to the Mother Lode and Southern Mines during the California gold rush.

Amador County, California
Amador County (/ˈæmədɔːr/ ⓘ) is a county located in the U.S. state of California, in the Sierra Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,474. The county seat is Jackson. Amador County, located within California's Gold Country, is known as "The Heart of the Mother Lode." There is a substantial viticulture industry in the county.
HMCS Micmac
HMCS Micmac was a Tribal-class destroyer which served the Royal Canadian Navy from 1945 to 1964. Micmac was the first modern, high-performance warship built in Canada. She was the first of four Tribal destroyers built at the Halifax Shipyard and one of eight Tribal-class destroyers to serve in the Royal Canadian Navy.

Halifax Shipyard
Halifax Shipyard Limited is a Canadian shipbuilding company located in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Founded in 1889, it is today a wholly owned subsidiary of Irving Shipbuilding Inc. and is that company's largest ship construction and repair facility.
Henry Bishop (postmaster general)
Henry Bishopp (1605–1691), also spelt Bishop and Bisshopp, from Henfield in West Sussex, England was a Postmaster General of England and inventor of the first postmark used on mail. He was the second son of Sir Thomas Bishopp, 1st Baronet of Parham also in West Sussex. Henry at first fought for King Charles I, but was reconciled with parliament in 1647, after spending two years in Virginia. In the meantime his Rectory estate in Henfield had been sequestered. However, he was restored to royal favour in 1660 and served as postmaster-general between that date and 1663. At his death in 1692 (N.S.) his Rectory estate in Henfield passed to his great-nephew Sir Cecil Bishopp, 4th Baronet.

Postmark
A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit.  Modern postmarks are often applied simultaneously with the cancellation or killer that marks postage stamps as having been used. Sometimes a postmark alone is used to cancel stamps, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Postmarks may be applied by handstamp or machine, using methods such as rollers or inkjets, while digital postmarks are a recent innovation.
Botanisk Tidsskrift
Botanisk Tidsskrift (standard abbreviation Bot. Tidsskr.) was a Danish mixed scientific and amateur journal concerning  botany, issued in Copenhagen by the Danish Botanical Society. It was published from 1866 to 1980, when it fused with Botaniska Notiser, Friesia and Norwegian Journal of Botany to form the Nordic Journal of Botany.

Monographs were published in a parallel series, Dansk Botanisk Arkiv.

Full digital text of Botanisk Tidsskrift is available at Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Nordic Journal of Botany
The Nordic Journal of Botany is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of botany, including the plant ecology, taxonomy, evolution, conservation, and biogeography of plants, algae, bryophytes, and fungi. It originated from four botanical journals, Botanisk Tidsskrift, Friesia, Norwegian Journal of Botany, and Botaniska Notiser, that merged as one. Currently, the journal is published by Wiley on behalf of the Nordic Society Oikos (NSO) in collaboration with Oikos, Journal of Avian Biology, Wildlife Biology, Lindbergia and Ecography.

The editor-in-chiefs are Torbjörn Tyler (Lund University) and Sara Cousins (Stockholm University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 0.931, ranking it  200th out of 240 journals in the category "Plant Sciences".