hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Letter spacing
Letter spacing, character spacing or tracking is an optically consistent typographical adjustment to the space between letters to change the visual density of a line or block of text. Letter spacing is distinct from kerning, which adjusts the spacing of particular pairs of adjacent characters such as "7." which would appear to be badly spaced if left unadjusted, and leading, the spacing between lines.

Kerning
In typography, kerning is the process of adjusting the space between two specific characters, or letterforms, in a font. It is not to be confused with tracking, by which spacing is adjusted uniformly over a range of characters.

In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of characters all have a visually similar area. The term "keming" is sometimes used informally to refer to poor kerning (the letters r and n placed too closely together being easily mistaken for the letter m).

The related term  kern denotes a part of a typed letter that overhangs the edge of the type block.
Zeller See (Lake Constance)
The Zeller See (Standard German of Germany; Swiss Standard German: Zellersee; could be translated as "Lake of Radolfzell") is part of the Lower Lake, the lower part of Lake Constance. It lies in the bay of Radolfzell, and between the peninsula of Mettnau to the north and the peninsula of Höri to the south. To the west it is bounded by the ried of the Radolfzeller Aach.

The Zeller See has a maximum depth of 22 metres.

Untersee (Lake Constance)
The Untersee (German pronunciation: [ˈʊntɐzeː], lit. 'Lower Lake'), also known as Lower Lake Constance, is the smaller of the two lakes that together form Lake Constance. The boundary between Switzerland and Germany runs through it. The lake surrounds several islands, the largest being Reichenau Island.
Makrani dialect
Makrani (Balochi:مکرانی), or Southern Balochi (Urdu: جنوبی بلوچی), is a variety of the Balochi language spoken in the historical region of Makran in Balochistan in Pakistan as well as Iran.  Spoken by the Baloch people, and has been significantly influenced by Persian language.

Makrani is the second-most spoken Balochi dialect after Rakhshani in Iranian Balochistan.

Rakhshani dialect
Rakhshani (Balochi: رخشانی), also termed Western Balochi, is a Balochi dialect. The dialect has several important subdialects and spoken predominantly in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. The Ethnologue website has classified the dialect under the western Balochi.
Clint Howard
Clinton Engle Howard (born April 20, 1959) is an American actor. He is the second son born to American actors Rance and Jean Howard, and younger brother of actor and director Ron Howard. His more than 200 acting credits include the lead role in the feature film and television series Gentle Ben, main-cast roles in series The Baileys of Balboa and The Cowboys, supporting roles in feature films such as The Waterboy and Apollo 13, guest appearances in the series My Name Is Earl, and several roles in the Star Trek franchise. He has appeared in many films directed by his brother.

Rance Howard
Rance Howard (born Harold Engle Beckenholdt; November 17, 1928 – November 25, 2017) was an American actor who starred in film and on television. He was the father of actor and filmmaker Ron Howard and actor Clint Howard, and grandfather of actresses Bryce Dallas Howard and Paige Howard.

Howard appeared in films such as Cool Hand Luke (1967), Chinatown (1974), Splash (1984), Ed Wood (1994), Apollo 13 (1995), Independence Day (1996), A Beautiful Mind (2001), Cinderella Man (2005), Frost/Nixon (2008), Nebraska, and Max Rose (both 2013). He received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program for co-producing the television film The Time Crystal (1981).
Area codes 408 and 669
Area codes 408 and 669 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in the U.S. state of California. The numbering plan area comprises most of Santa Clara County and Northern Santa Cruz County, and includes Gilroy, Morgan Hill, Saratoga, Los Gatos, Monte Sereno, Milpitas, Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, Cupertino, Campbell, and San Jose.

Area code 408 was split from area code 415 in 1959. The numbering plan area was reduced in geographic extent in 1998 for the creation of area code 831. In 2012, area code 669 was assigned as a second area code for same numbering plan area by overlay.

Area codes 415 and 628
Area codes 415 and 628 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the city of San Francisco and its northern suburbs in Marin County (across the Golden Gate), and the northeast corner of San Mateo County in the U.S. state of California. Area code 415 was one of the eighty-six original North American area codes established in 1947, but modified in geographic configuration later. Area code 628 was assigned in 2015 to form an overlay in that numbering plan area in mitigation of central office prefix exhaustion.
Picross e
Picross e is a series of nonogram puzzle video games developed and published by Jupiter for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console. It is the successor to Jupiter's Nintendo-published Picross games including the Mario's Picross series and Picross DS. It was later succeeded by the Picross S series. On February 29th of 2024, a year after the discontinuation of the Nintendo 3DS's Nintendo eShop, Jupiter released  Picross S+, a compilation of every puzzle previously included in the Picross e series, with the first game's puzzles being included in the base game, and the rest being sold as separate downloadable content.

Picross S
Picross S is a series of nonogram puzzle video games developed and published by Jupiter for the Nintendo Switch. It is the current incarnation of Nintendo's Picross series, with Jupiter releasing the games under license. As with all past entries in the series, the game involves the player completing nonograms in the shortest time possible. Picross S is the successor to Jupiter's Picross e series on Nintendo 3DS.
Gazankulu
Gazankulu was a Bantustan in South Africa, intended by the apartheid government to be a semi-independent homeland for the Tsonga people. It was located in both the Northern Transvaal, now Limpopo province and Eastern Transvaal, now Mpumalanga province.

Transvaal (province)
The Province of Transvaal (Afrikaans: Provinsie van Transvaal), commonly referred to as the Transvaal (/ˈtrɑːnsvɑːl, ˈtræns-/; Afrikaans: [transˈfɑːl]), was a province of South Africa from 1910 until 1994, when a new constitution subdivided it following the end of apartheid. The name "Transvaal" is from the Latin prefix trans, which means across from, or on the other side. Hence, Transvaal refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River. Its capital was Pretoria, which was also the country's executive capital.
General Service Medal (1962)
The General Service Medal (1962 GSM, originally referred to as the Campaign Service Medal), is a campaign medal of the United Kingdom introduced in 1962 to replace both the General Service Medal (1918), as awarded to the Army and RAF, and the Naval General Service Medal (1915). The 1962 GSM was awarded until 2007, when it was replaced by the Operational Service Medal. In 2015 the General Service Medal (2008) was introduced.

The 1962 GSM was awarded for what were often arduous campaigns and well fought operations, evidenced by the casualties that were frequently sustained.

General Service Medal (1918)
The General Service Medal (1918 GSM) was instituted to recognise service in minor Army and Royal Air Force operations for which no separate medal was intended. Local forces, including police, qualified for many of the clasps, as could units of the Indian Army prior to 1947.

The GSM was equivalent to the 1915 Naval General Service Medal. Both these medals were replaced by the General Service Medal in 1962.
Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
Maria of Aragon (29 June 1482 – 7 March 1517) was Queen of Portugal from 30 October 1500 until her death in 1517 as the second wife of King Manuel I. Manuel was the widower of Maria's elder sister, Isabella.

Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
Isabella, Princess of Asturias (2 October 1470 – 23 August 1498), also known as Isabella of Aragon, was the eldest child and heiress presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. She was Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Manuel I from 30 September 1497 until her death the following year.
Yema Auto
Sichuan Yema Automobile Co., Ltd. is a Chinese automobile manufacturer which has built buses and automobiles under the Yema brand since 2002. The company was founded in the 1980s.  In January 2019, Yema Auto was acquired by Levdeo, a Chinese low-speed electric vehicle company that produces Neighborhood Electric Vehicles.

Levdeo
Levdeo (Chinese: 雷丁) or LETIN was a Chinese motor vehicle manufacturer headquartered in Shandong, China, that specializes in producing electric vehicles, marketing its models under the Letin brand until 2023.
Eugene Mitchell
Eugene Muse Mitchell (October 13, 1866 – June 17, 1944) was an American lawyer, politician, and historian. He served as the President of the Atlanta Board of Education from 1911 to 1912, during which time he eliminated the use of corporal punishment in city schools. He owned a law firm in Atlanta, and was a co-founder of the Atlanta Historical Society. He was married to the prominent Catholic activist and suffragist Maybelle Stephens Mitchell and was the father of Margaret Mitchell, who wrote the novel Gone With the Wind.

Maybelle Stephens Mitchell
Mary Isabel "Maybelle" Stephens Mitchell (January 13, 1872 – January 25, 1919) was an American suffragist, clubwoman, and activist. Born into a prestigious planting family of Irish Catholic background, she was educated at the Villa Maria Convent in Quebec and the Atlanta Female Seminary in Georgia. A social and political activist, Mitchell was a leader in the women's suffrage movement in Georgia, protesting against state laws and meeting with local politicians to advocate for the rights of women, and was a member of the Atlanta Woman's Club. In 1915, she served as the president of the Atlanta Women's Suffrage League and, later, co-founded the League of Women Voters in Georgia. Mitchell helped establish the Catholic Layman's Association of Georgia, fighting against anti-Catholicism in the United States. She was the mother of author and journalist Margaret Mitchell, whose character Ellen Robillard O'Hara from Gone With the Wind may have been based on Mitchell.
E6 Series Shinkansen
The E6 series (Japanese: E6系) is a Japanese Shinkansen high-speed train type. It operates exclusively on Komachi services on the Akita Shinkansen, a mini-Shinkansen line between Akita and Morioka, at speeds of up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). From Morioka, services continue to and from Tokyo on the Tōhoku Shinkansen, where the train is coupled or uncoupled from a Hayabusa service operated with an E5/H5 series train. Compared with the E3 series it replaced, the E6 series can operate at up to 320 kilometres per hour (200 mph) on the Tōhoku Shinkansen, up from 275 kilometres per hour (171 mph), reducing journey times by an average of 12 minutes. The trains were designed by Ken Okuyama.

A total of 24 seven-car trainsets were built by Hitachi and Kawasaki Heavy Industries between 2012 and 2014. The first set, numbered G1, was delivered in June 2010.

E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen
The E5 series (Japanese: E5系) and the H5 series (H5系) are Shinkansen high-speed train types. A total of 63 ten-car trainsets are being built by Hitachi Rail and Kawasaki Railcar Manufacturing between 2009 and the present.

The E5 series is operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) on Tōhoku Shinkansen services. A total of 59 sets were ordered, first placed into service on 5 March 2011.

The H5 series, a cold-weather derivative of the E5 series, is operated by the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) on Hokkaido Shinkansen services. Four sets were ordered, with the first entering service on 26 March 2016.
Anandamaya kosha
The Anandamaya kosha or "sheath made of bliss" (ananda) is in Vedantic philosophy the most subtle or spiritual of the five levels of embodied self.  It has been interpreted differently according to specific schools of Indian (and also Theosophical) thought.

Kosha
A kosha (also kosa; Sanskrit कोश, IAST: kośa), usually rendered "sheath", is a covering of the Atman, or Self according to Vedantic philosophy. The five sheaths, summarised with the term Panchakosha, are described in the Taittiriya Upanishad (2.1-5), and they are often visualised as the layers of an onion. From gross to fine they are:

Annamaya kosha, "food" sheath (Anna), the physical body;

Pranamaya kosha, "energy" sheath (Prana), the vital principle;

Manomaya kosha "mind" sheath (Manas), the mind and the five senses;

Vijñānamaya kosha, "discernment" or "Knowledge" sheath (Vigynana)

Anandamaya kosha, "bliss" sheath (Ananda)
To Phoenix
The Phoenix was a human-powered aircraft, designed and built in the 1980s by the British architect Frederick To. It was notable for being an inflatable tailless design and for its low airspeed.

Taking inspiration from Daniel Perkins' work with the Reluctant Phoenix, Fred To wished to resolve issues with storage and crashibility that previous human-powered aircraft had suffered from.  To this end, the Phoenix was designed to have a simple layout, be easily stored, and be robust enough to survive accidents without damage.

Perkins Reluctant Phoenix
The Reluctant Phoenix is a British human-powered aircraft, designed and built in the 1960s by the British engineer Daniel Perkins. It was notable for being an inflatable delta-wing tailless design, and for being flown indoors.
Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi
The Brazilian jiu-jitsu gi is the training   uniform  adapted from the judo keikogi (稽古着) for use  in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.   A gi (着), meaning dress or clothes, is composed of a heavy cotton jacket, reinforced drawstring pants, and a belt which communicates rank. Some schools require the jacket and trousers to be the same color, while more relaxed schools do not enforce matching top and bottom color. The jiu-jitsu gi is often referred to as kimono by Brazilians. Some jiu-jitsu schools avoid using a gi and instead focus on no-gi jiu-jitsu, like 10th Planet Jiu Jitsu.

Keikogi
Keikogi (稽古着) (keiko, 'practice', gi, 'dress' or 'clothes'), also known as dōgi (道着) or keikoi (稽古衣), is a traditional uniform worn for training in Japanese martial arts and their derivatives. Emerging in the late 19th century, the keikogi was developed by judo founder Kanō Jigorō.
Mighty Joe
Isiaka Busari, known predominantly as Mighty Joe, was a Nigerian bandit. He was the sidekick to Ishola Oyenusi. After the death of Oyenusi, Mighty Joe took charge of the gang, mostly terrorizing the south western part of Nigeria. He was executed by firing squad in 1973.

Dr. Ishola
Ishola Oyenusi (died 8 September 1971), popularly known as Dr. Ishola, was a notorious Nigerian armed robber who was active during the 1970s. His modus operandi was carjackings, bank robberies and heists committed during hold-ups. His last robbery took place in 1971 where he and his gang members stole £28,000 at WAHUM factory, Ikeja.
Nakhon Si Thammarat province
Nakhon Si Thammarat province (Thai: จังหวัดนครศรีธรรมราช, pronounced [ná(ʔ).kʰɔ̄ːn sǐː tʰām.mā.râːt]) is a province (changwat) of Thailand, on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand.  As of 2018, it was the most populous province of Southern Thailand, with a population of approximately 1.5 million. Neighboring provinces are (from south clockwise) Songkhla, Phatthalung, Trang, Krabi and Surat Thani.

Krabi province
Krabi (Thai: กระบี่ pronounced [krā.bìː]) is a province (changwat) of southern Thailand, on the shore of the Andaman Sea. Neighbouring provinces are (from north clockwise) Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Trang. Phuket province lies to the west across Phang Nga Bay. Krabi town is the seat of the provincial government.
Solar eclipse of July 1, 2076
A partial solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's ascending node of orbit on Wednesday, July 1, 2076, with a magnitude of 0.2746. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

This will be the third of four solar eclipses in 2076, with the others occurring on January 6, June 1, and November 26.

The partial solar eclipse will be visible for parts of Greenland, northern Canada, Alaska, and the Russian Far East.

Solar eclipse of November 26, 2076
A partial solar eclipse will occur at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Thursday, November 26, 2076, with a magnitude of 0.7315. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

This will be the last of four solar eclipses in 2076, with the others occurring on January 6, June 1, and July 1.

The partial solar eclipse will be visible for parts of Greenland, northern Canada, Alaska, and the Russian Far East.
Princess Marie of Nassau
Princess Marie of Nassau (German: Prinzessin Marie Wilhelmine Friederike Elisabeth von Nassau; 29 January 1825 – 24 March 1902) was the eighth child and fourth daughter of William, Duke of Nassau and wife of Hermann, 4th Prince of Wied. She was the mother of Queen Elisabeth of Romania.

Elisabeth of Wied
Elisabeth of Wied (Pauline Elisabeth Ottilie Luise; 29 December 1843 – 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1916) was the first Queen of Romania as the wife of King Carol I from 15 March 1881 to 27 September 1914. She had been the princess consort of Romania since her marriage to then-Prince Carol on 15 November 1869.

Elisabeth was born into a German noble family. She was briefly considered as a potential bride for the future British king Edward VII, but Edward rejected her. Elisabeth married Prince Carol of Romania in 1869. Their only child, Princess Maria, died aged three in 1874, and Elisabeth never fully recovered from the loss of her daughter. When Romania became a kingdom in 1881, Elisabeth became queen, and she was crowned together with Carol that same year.

Elisabeth was a prolific writer under the name Carmen Sylva.
Sam Weller (character)
Sam Weller is a fictional character in The Pickwick Papers (1836-37), the first novel by Charles Dickens, and the character that made Dickens famous. A humorous Cockney bootblack, Sam Weller first appeared in the fourth serialised episode. Previously the monthly parts of the book had been doing badly, selling only about 1,000 copies a month — but the humour of the character transformed the book into a publishing phenomenon, raising the sales by late autumn of 1837 to 40,000 a month.

On the impact of the character, The Paris Review stated, "arguably the most historic bump in English publishing is the Sam Weller Bump." Such was the popularity of the character that William Thomas Moncrieff named his 1837 burletta Samuel Weller, or, The Pickwickians after the main comic character in the novel, rather than on Samuel Pickwick himself. Merchandise based on the character appeared, such as Sam Weller puzzles, Weller boot polish and Weller joke books.

Samuel Pickwick
Samuel Pickwick is a fictional character and the main protagonist in The Pickwick Papers (1836-37), the first novel by author Charles Dickens. One of the author's most famous and loved creations, Pickwick is a retired successful businessman and is the founder and chairman of the Pickwick Club, a club formed to explore places remote from London and investigate the quaint and curious phenomena of life found there.
Alvin Karpis
Alvin Francis Karpis (born Albin Francis Karpavičius; August 10, 1907 – August 26, 1979) was a Canadian–American criminal of Lithuanian descent known for being a leader of the Barker–Karpis Gang in the 1930s. Nicknamed "Creepy" for his sinister smile and called "Ray" by his gang members, Karpis led the gang along with Fred Barker and Arthur "Doc" Barker. There were only four "public enemies" ever given the title of "Public Enemy #1" by the FBI and he was the only one to be taken alive. The other three, John Dillinger, Pretty Boy Floyd, and Baby Face Nelson, were all killed before they could be captured. He also spent the longest time as a federal prisoner at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, serving twenty-six years.

Arthur Barker
Arthur Raymond "Doc" Barker (June 4, 1899 – January 13, 1939) was an American criminal, the son of Ma Barker and a member of the Barker-Karpis gang, founded by his brother Fred Barker and Alvin Karpis.  Barker was typically called on for violent action, while Fred and Karpis planned the gang's crimes. He was arrested and convicted of kidnapping in 1935. Sent to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in 1936, he was killed three years later while attempting to flee.

Barker is described by one writer as "a dimwit and a drunk", who was not much more than a brutal thug. However, fellow Alcatraz inmate Henri Young said of him that he was "determined and ruthless, and that once he started on anything nothing could stop him but death."
Lewis Hayden
Lewis Hayden (December 2, 1811 – April 7, 1889) escaped slavery in Kentucky with his family and reached Canada. He established a school for African Americans before moving to Boston, Massachusetts. There he became an abolitionist, lecturer, businessman, and politician. Before the American Civil War, he and his wife Harriet Hayden aided numerous fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad, often sheltering them at their house.

Hayden was elected in 1873 as a Republican representative from Boston to the Massachusetts state legislature. He helped found numerous black lodges of Freemasons. Located on the north side of Beacon Hill, the Lewis and Harriet Hayden House has been designated a National Historic Site on the Black Heritage Trail in Boston.

Harriet Bell Hayden
Harriet Bell Hayden (c. 1816–1893) was an African-American antislavery activist in Boston, Massachusetts. She and her husband, Lewis Hayden, escaped slavery in Kentucky and became the primary operators of the Underground Railroad in Boston. They aided the John Brown slave revolt conspiracy, and she played a leadership role in Boston's Black community in the decades following the U.S. Civil War.
Ayase (music producer)
Ayase (born April 4, 1994) is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as a vocaloid producer and songwriter for Yoasobi, a musical duo composed of himself and vocalist Ikura. He was also a vocalist of the rock band Davinci until its disbandment in 2020.

Lilas Ikuta
Lilas Ikuta (Japanese: 幾田 りら, Hepburn: Ikuta Rira; born September 25, 2000), known mononymously as Lilas, is a Japanese singer and songwriter. She is best known as the vocalist of the duo Yoasobi with producer Ayase, under the stage name Ikura, and a former member of the cover group Plusonica. Following numerous singles and extended play releases, Ikuta released her debut studio album Sketch in March 2023, which peaked at number four on the Oricon Albums Chart.