hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
OpenModelica
OpenModelica is a free and open source environment based on the Modelica modeling language for modeling, simulating, optimizing and analyzing complex dynamic systems. This software is actively developed by Open Source Modelica Consortium, a non-profit, non-governmental organization. The Open Source Modelica Consortium is run as a project of RISE SICS East AB  in collaboration with Linköping University.

OpenModelica is used in academic and industrial environments. Industrial applications include the use of OpenModelica along with proprietary software in the fields of power plant optimization, automotive and water treatment.

Modelica
Modelica is an object-oriented, declarative, multi-domain modeling language for component-oriented modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents.
The free Modelica language
is developed by the non-profit Modelica Association. The Modelica Association also develops the free Modelica Standard Library that contains about 1400 generic model components and 1200 functions in various domains, as of version 4.0.0.
Multivía
Multivía was a contactless card designed for paying the travel fares in the mass transport system Transantiago, in Santiago, the capital of Chile. It was replaced by Tarjeta bip! since 2007 and was completely phased-out in 2011. It was a plastic card equipped with a chip that automatically discounts the cost of a travel when passing the card near a contactless card reader.

Tarjeta bip!
Tarjeta bip! ("bip! card") is the contactless payment method used in the public transportation system of Red Metropolitana de Movilidad in the metropolitan region of Santiago, Chile.

It is issued and maintained by Metro de Santiago. The name is primarily due to the similarity to the beep sound emitted when passed through a validator or automatic ticket collector. It works similarly to a debit card, requiring payment before traveling, and the balance is deducted when traveling by bus or metro, depending on the fare segment and mode of transportation used. Part of the technology's compatibility with the Santiago Metro is due to the fact that it coexisted with the Multivía card until August 2011.
Fiona McIntosh (rugby union)
Fiona McIntosh is an English-born Scottish rugby union player, who currently plays as a lock for Saracens Women in Premiership Women's Rugby, the top-tier competition of women's rugby union in England, and the Scotland national team.

Saracens Women
Saracens Women (/ˈsærəsənz/) are an English women's rugby union club based in Hendon, London. They were established in 1989, and currently play in Premiership Women's Rugby (PWR) and the PWR Cup, the top-level competitions of women's rugby in the country.

Saracens are one of the most successful women's teams in English domestic rugby union history. They have earned a total of 15 top-flight league titles – most recently in the 2021–22 season. In top-tier domestic cup competitions, they have won an additional 11 titles – most recently in the 2025–26 season.

The team also serves as the women's branch of Saracens Amateurs RFC, who themselves are affiliated to men's Premiership club Saracens.
Ethegotherium
Ethegotherium is an extinct genus of Notoungulates, belonging to the suborder Typotheria. It lived from the Lower to the Middle Miocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America. It might be a synonym of the genus Prohegetotherium.

Prohegetotherium
Prohegetotherium is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulates from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Deseadan-Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) of the Agua de la Piedra, Mariño & Sarmiento Formations of Argentina, the Petaca and Salla Formations of Bolivia, and Fray Bentos Formation of Uruguay.
Socialist Action (Canada)
Socialist Action (French: Ligue pour l'Action socialiste, lit. 'League for Socialist Action') is a Trotskyist political organization in Canada. Its members write for and distribute the North American  newspaper, Socialist Action, published in San Francisco by the American group of the same name. It has a youth affiliate called Youth for Socialist Action (YSA). It directs the activities of the NDP Socialist Caucus.

NDP Socialist Caucus
The NDP Socialist Caucus is an unofficial left-wing faction within Canada's New Democratic Party.

Its manifesto maintains that the New Democratic Party has moved too far to the right, and is in danger of becoming indistinguishable from the Liberal Party. Consequently, the Socialist Caucus also opposed Tony Blair's Third Way policies and their adoption by the NDP because they "[leave] the basic class and economic structures of capitalism unchanged."
Serpent Column
The Serpent Column (Ancient Greek: Τρικάρηνος Ὄφις Τrikarenos Οphis "Three-headed Serpent"; Turkish: Yılanlı Sütun "Serpentine Column"), also known as the Serpentine Column, Plataean Tripod or Delphi Tripod, is an ancient bronze column at the Hippodrome of Constantinople (known as Atmeydanı "Horse Square" in the Ottoman period) in what is now Istanbul, Turkey. It is part of an ancient Greek sacrificial tripod, originally in Delphi and relocated to Constantinople by Constantine the Great in 324. It was built to commemorate the Greeks who fought and defeated the Persian Empire at the Battle of Plataea (479 BC). The serpent heads of the 8-metre (26 ft) high column remained intact until the end of the 17th century (one is on display at the nearby Istanbul Archaeology Museums).

Istanbul Archaeology Museums
The Istanbul Archaeology Museums (Turkish: İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri) are a group of three archaeological museums located in the Eminönü quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, near Gülhane Park and Topkapı Palace. These museums house over one million objects from nearly all periods and civilizations in world history.

The Istanbul Archaeology Museums consists of three museums:

Archaeological Museum, located in the main building

Museum of the Ancient Orient

Museum of Islamic Art, housed in the Tiled Kiosk
Photodetector
Photodetectors, also called photosensors, are devices that detect light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation and convert it into an electrical signal. They are essential in a wide range of applications, from digital imaging and optical communication to scientific research and industrial automation. Photodetectors can be classified by their mechanism of detection, such as the photoelectric effect, photochemical reactions, or thermal effects, or by performance metrics like spectral response. Common types include photodiodes, phototransistors, and photomultiplier tubes, each suited to specific uses. Solar cells, which convert light into electricity, are also a type of photodetector. This article explores the principles behind photodetectors, their various types, applications, and recent advancements in the field.

Photodiode
A photodiode is a semiconductor diode sensitive to photon radiation, such as visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays. It produces an electrical current when it absorbs photons. This can be used for detection and measurement applications, or for the generation of electrical power in solar cells. Photodiodes are used in a wide range of applications throughout the electromagnetic spectrum from visible light photocells to gamma ray spectrometers.
Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space—sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions"—collapse and form stars. As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products.  It is closely related to planet formation, another branch of astronomy.  Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the formation of a single star, must also account for the statistics of binary stars and the initial mass function. Most stars do not form in isolation but as part of a group of stars referred to as star clusters or stellar associations.

Protostar
A protostar is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular cloud. It is the earliest phase in the process of stellar evolution. For a low-mass star (i.e. that of the Sun or lower), it lasts about 500,000 years. The phase begins when a molecular cloud fragment first collapses under the force of self-gravity and an opaque, pressure-supported core forms inside the collapsing fragment. It ends when the infalling gas is depleted, leaving a pre-main-sequence star, which contracts to later become a main-sequence star at the onset of hydrogen fusion producing helium.
Isotopes of copper
Copper (29Cu) has two stable isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu, along with 28 known radioisotopes from 55Cu to 84Cu. The most stable radioisotope, 67Cu, has a half-life of only 61.83 hours, then follow 64Cu at 12.70 hours and 61Cu at 3.34 hours. The others have half-lives all under an hour and most under a minute. The isotopes with mass below 63 generally undergo positron emission and electron capture to nickel isotopes, while isotopes with mass above 65 generally undergo β− decay to zinc isotopes. The single example in between, 64Cu, decays both ways.

There are at least 10 metastable isomers of copper, of which the most stable is 68mCu with a half-life of 3.75 minutes.

Isotopes of zinc
Naturally occurring zinc (30Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 243.94 days, and then 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than a second. This element also has 10 meta states.

Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons. A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would be transmuted to 65Zn, which emits 1.115 MeV of gamma radiation in about half of decays, and would significantly increase the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several years. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.
Alipurduar–Secunderabad Express
Alipurduar – Secunderabad Express is an Indian Railways express train belonging to Northeast Frontier Railway, connecting Alipurduar Junction in West Bengal and Secunderabad in Hyderabad, Telangana. It currently operates on a once-weekly basis, with train numbers 05479 and 05480.
The train passes through West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
The train starts from Alipurduar Junction at 22:30 on Friday and reaches Secunderabad at 16:15 on Sunday.
During its journey the train travels through cities including Alipurduar, Siliguri, Malda, Kolkata, Kharagpur, Cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Vizianagaram,  Visakhapatnam, Rajahmundry, Vijayawada, Guntur and Hyderabad.

Alipurduar Junction railway station
Alipurduar Junction is one of the four railway stations that serve Alipurduar city in Alipurduar district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Its station code is APDJ and it lies in New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line and Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line. An adjacent railway junction is New Alipurduar (station code NOQ).
Thurles
Thurles (/ˈtɜːrləs/; Durlas Éile) is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located in the civil parish of the same name in the barony of Eliogarty and in the ecclesiastical parish of Thurles. The cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly is located in the town.

The birthplace of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), Thurles is the third largest town in the county, with a population of 8,185 at the 2022 census.

Cathedral of the Assumption, Thurles
The Cathedral of the Assumption is the mother church of the Metropolitan Province of Cashel and the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly in Thurles, County Tipperary in Ireland. It is the cathedra of the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly and stands on the site of earlier chapels, which were the only Roman Catholic churches in Thurles. Following the English Reformation, many archdiocesan assets, including the cathedral at the Rock of Cashel were appropriated by the established church. James Butler II (1774–91), on being appointed by the Holy See, moved his residence and cathedra from Cashel, favouring Thurles instead, where his successors continue to reign today.
Coolmore Stud
Coolmore Stud, in Fethard, County Tipperary, Ireland, is the headquarters of one of the world's largest breeding operation of thoroughbred racehorses. Through its racing arm, Ballydoyle, Coolmore also has raced many classic winners and champions. The operation, which is currently owned and run by the Magnier family, has been associated with a long sequence of top-class stallions since the 1850s, originally in County Cork, where stallions still stand as part of Coolmore today.

Coolmore was once home to champion sires Sadler's Wells, Danehill, and Galileo.

John Magnier
John Magnier (born 10 February 1948) is an Irish business magnate. He is a thoroughbred stud owner and has extensive business interests outside the horse-breeding industry. He is based at Coolmore Stud at Fethard in County Tipperary, considered one of the world's best stallion stations.

When Charles Haughey became Taoiseach after the 1987 election, he nominated Magnier to Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas; Magnier served as senator until the 1989 dissolution.
2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup group stage
The 2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup group stage was played from 20 August to 3 October 2024. A total of 10 teams competed in the group stage to decide the 4 places in the knockout stage of the 2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup.

2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup knockout stage
The 2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup knockout stage was played from 23 October to 3 December 2024. A total of 4 teams competed in the knockout stage to decide the champions of the 2024 CONCACAF Caribbean Cup.
Aquamanile
In modern usage, an aquamanile (plural aquamanilia or simply aquamaniles) is a ewer or jug-type vessel in the form of one or more animal or human figures.  It usually contained water for the washing of hands (aqua + manos) over a basin, which was part of both upper-class meals and the Christian Eucharist. Historically (since the 6th century) the term was used for a basin used for priest's ablutions. The water was supplied by a subdeacon, and aquamanile was a symbol of subdeaconate. The term was later transferred onto secular ewers. Most surviving examples are in metal, typically copper alloys (brass or bronze), as pottery versions have rarely survived.

Pitcher (container)
In American English, a pitcher is a container with a handle and a spout, used for storing and pouring liquids. In English-speaking countries outside North America, such a container is called a jug.

Ewer is an older word for a pitcher or jug of any type, though tending to be used for a vase-shaped pitcher, often decorated, with a base and a flaring spout. The word is now unusual in informal English describing ordinary domestic vessels. A notable ewer is the America's Cup, which is awarded to the winning team of the America's Cup sailing regatta match.
E261 series
The E261 series (Japanese: E261系, Hepburn: E261-kei) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan on Saphir Odoriko limited express services between Tokyo and Izukyū-Shimoda. It was designed to replace the older 251 series trains that were used on Super View Odoriko limited express services from April 28, 1990, until March 13, 2020.

251 series
The 251 series (Japanese: 251系) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) on Tokaido Main Line Super View Odoriko limited express services in Japan between April 1990 and March 2020.
Seward Hotel
The Seward Hotel, also known as the Governor Hotel (east wing), is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).  Built in 1909, it is one of two NRHP-listed buildings that make up the Sentinel Hotel, the other being the 1923-built Elks Temple.  The Seward was renamed the Governor Hotel in 1931, closed in the mid-1980s, and reopened in 1992 joined with the former Elks building, and thereafter formed the east wing of a two-building hotel.

Elks Temple (Portland, Oregon)
The Elks Temple, also known as the Princeton Building and as the west wing of the Sentinel hotel, is a former Elks building and historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States.  Built in 1923, it is one of two NRHP-listed buildings that make up the Sentinel Hotel, the other being the 1909-built Seward Hotel. The Seward was renamed the Governor Hotel in 1932, and in 1992 it was joined with the former Elks building, and thereafter the building became the west wing of a two-building hotel, an expanded Governor Hotel.  The hotel's main entrance was moved to this building from the east building in 2004.  The Governor Hotel was renamed the Sentinel Hotel in 2014.  Use of the building as an Elks temple lasted less than a decade, ending in 1932.
Tulsa metropolitan area
The Tulsa metropolitan area, officially defined as the Tulsa metropolitan statistical area is a metropolis in northeastern Oklahoma centered around the city of Tulsa and encompassing Tulsa, Rogers, Wagoner, Muskogee, Washington, Osage, Creek, Okmulgee and Pawnee counties. It had a population of 1,059,803 according to the 2024 U.S. census estimates.

Tulsa County, Oklahoma
Tulsa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 669,279, making it the second-most populous county in the state, behind only Oklahoma County. Its county seat and largest city is Tulsa, the second-largest city in the state. Founded at statehood, in 1907, it was named after the previously established city of Tulsa. Before statehood, the area was part of both the Creek Nation and the Cooweescoowee District of Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. Tulsa County is included in the Tulsa metropolitan statistical area. Tulsa County is notable for being the most densely populated county in the state. Tulsa County also ranks as having the highest income.
Fundidores de Monterrey
Fundidores de Monterrey (English: Monterrey Smelters), officially Fundidores, were an American football team based in Monterrey, Mexico. The Fundidores competed in the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA), the top American football league in Mexico. The team played its home games at the Estadio Banorte. In January 2025, the franchise came under new ownership and was renamed Osos de Monterrey.

Osos de Monterrey
The Osos de Monterrey (English: Monterrey Bears) are an American football team based in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. The Osos compete in the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA), the top American football league in Mexico. The team plays its home games at the Estadio Banorte.

A group of American pro athletes, led by Blake Griffin and Ryan Kalil, bought the Fundidores de Monterrey franchise before rebranding the team as the Osos.
Daxin County
Daxin County (simplified Chinese: 大新县; traditional Chinese: 大新縣; pinyin: Dàxīn Xiàn, Zhuang: Dasinh Yen) is a county in the west of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It is under the administration of Chongzuo city.

The southwest border of Daxin County is along Cao Bằng Province, Vietnam. The legal description is mainly determined for a part of its length by the midline of the watercourse along the Guichun River and its Detian Falls.

Ban Gioc–Detian Falls
Bản Giốc – Detian Falls or Bản Giốc Falls is a collective name for two waterfalls on the Quây Sơn River (Vietnamese: Sông Quây Sơn, chữ Nôm: 滝𢮿山; Chinese: 归春河, Pinyin: Guīchūn hé) that straddle the international border between China and Vietnam; more specifically located between the Karst hills of Daxin County, Guangxi and Trùng Khánh District, Cao Bằng Province. The waterfalls are located 272 km (169 mi) north of Hanoi.
Pope Pius IX and Germany
Pope Pius IX and Germany often had tense relations during his long papacy that culminated with the country's anti-Catholic persecutions during the 1870s Kulturkampf shortly before Pius's death. However, the Catholic Church also experienced a period of continuous growth in terms of the number of laity and of clergy.

Kulturkampf
The Kulturkampf (German pronunciation: [kʊlˈtuːɐ̯ˌkamp͡f]; lit. 'Cultural Struggle') was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany led by Pope Pius IX and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, as well as other German states. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the church's direct control over both education and ecclesiastical appointments in the Prussian kingdom. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about political culture, the Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured anti-Polish sentiment.

In modern political usage, the German term Kulturkampf describes any conflict (political, ideological, or social) between the secular government and the religious authorities of a society. The term also describes the great and small culture wars among political factions who hold deeply opposing values and beliefs within a nation, a community, and a cultural group.
Henry Hornbostel
Henry Hornbostel (August 15, 1867 – December 13, 1961) was an American architect and educator. Hornbostel designed more than 225 buildings, bridges, and monuments in the United States. Twenty-two of his designs are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Oakland City Hall in Oakland, California and the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum and University Club in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum
40°26′42″N 79°57′23″W﻿ / ﻿40.445116°N 79.956442°W﻿ / 40.445116; -79.956442

The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum (or often simply Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall) is a National Register of Historic Places landmark that is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the largest memorial in the United States that is dedicated solely to honoring all branches of military veterans and service personnel.
Palomar Observatory
The Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in the Palomar Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China.

The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale Telescope, the 48-inch (1.2 m) Samuel Oschin telescope (dedicated to the Zwicky Transient Facility, ZTF), the Palomar 60-inch (1.5 m) Telescope, and the 30-centimetre (12-inch) Gattini-IR telescope. Decommissioned instruments include the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18-inch (46 cm) Schmidt camera from 1936.

Zwicky Transient Facility
The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF, obs. code: I41) is a wide-field sky astronomical survey using a new camera attached to the Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California, United States. Commissioned in 2018, it supersedes the (Intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory (2009–2017) that used the same observatory code. It is named after the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky.