hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
BMW M52
The BMW M52 is a straight-6 DOHC petrol engine which was produced from 1994 to 2000. It was released in the E36 320i, to replace the M50. The BMW S52 engine is a high performance variant of the M52 which powered the American and Canadian market E36 M3 from 1996 to 1999.

In 1998, the "technical update" (M52TU) upgrades included adding variable valve timing to the exhaust camshaft.

The M52 was replaced by the M54 in the year 2000. The M52 and S52 engines were on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list from 1997 to 2000.

BMW M54
The BMW M54 is a naturally aspirated straight-6 DOHC petrol engine produced from 2000 to 2006. It was released in the E53 X5 and is the replacement for the M52 engine. The S54 is the equivalent high-performance engine, used in the E46 M3, the Z3 M Coupé/Roadster and the E85/E86 Z4 M. The BMW M56 SULEV engine (sold in several states of the United States) is based on the M54.

The M54 was phased out following the introduction of the BMW N52 engine in 2004. From 2001 to 2003, the M54 was included on the Ward's 10 Best Engines.
Microapartment
A microapartment, also known as a microflat, micro-condo, or micro-unit is a one-room, self-contained living space, usually purpose built, designed to accommodate a sitting space, sleeping space, bathroom and kitchenette with 14–32 square metres (150–350 sq ft).

Microapartments are becoming popular in urban centres in Europe, Japan, Hong Kong, China, South Africa and North America, maximizing profits for developers and landlords and providing relatively low-priced accommodation.

Unlike a traditional studio flat, residents may also have access to a communal kitchen, communal bathroom/shower, patio and roof garden. The microapartments are often designed for futons, or with pull-down beds, folding desks and tables, and extra-small or hidden appliances. Microapartments also differ from bedsits, the traditional British bed-sitting room, in that they are self-contained, with their own bathroom, toilet, and kitchenette.

Bedsit
A bedsit, bedsitter, or bed-sitting room is a form of accommodation common in some parts of the United Kingdom which consists of a single room per occupant with all occupants typically sharing a bathroom. Bedsits are included in a legal category of dwellings referred to as houses in multiple occupation (HMO).

Bedsits arose from the subdivision of larger dwellings into low-cost accommodation at low conversion cost. In the UK, a growing desire for personal independence after World War II led to a reduced demand for traditional boarding houses with communal dining. Bedsits are often occupied by young single people, students, those unable to purchase their own properties, or those whose occupation is of a transitory nature; the cost is typically lower than for other types of property. Someone whose employment is a long distance from their home may sometimes rent a bedsit to reduce the cost and inconvenience of daily travel.
Sahodaran Ayyappan
Kumbalathuparambu Ayyappan (21 August 1889 – 6 March 1968), better identified as Sahodaran Ayyappan ,  was a social reformer, thinker, rationalist, journalist, and politician from Kerala, India. As a  vocal follower of Sree Narayana Guru, he was associated with a number of events related to the Kerala reformation movement and was the organizer of Misra Bhojanam in Cherai in 1917. He founded Sahodara Sangam, and the journal Sahodaran and was the founder editor of the magazine Yukthivadi.

Narayana Guru
Sree Narayana Guru (IPA: [nɑːrɑːjɐɳɐ guˈru]) (20 August 1856 – 20 September 1928) was a philosopher, spiritual leader and social reformer in India. He led a reform movement against the injustice in the caste-ridden society of Kerala in order to promote spiritual enlightenment and social equality. A quote of his that defined his movement was "one caste, one religion, and one god for all human beings". He is the author of the Advaita poem Daiva Dasakam, which is one of the most used poem in Kerala for community prayer.

French philosopher and Nobel prize laureate for literature, Romain Rolland described Narayana guru as 'Jnani of Karma', noting that he exemplified how faith could be used to bring about social change.
Pontoon (card game)
Pontoon, formerly called vingt-un, is a card game of the banking family for three to ten players and the "British domestic version of Twenty-One," a game first recorded in 17th-century Spain, but which spread to France, Germany and Britain in the late 18th century, and America during the early 19th century. It is neither a variant of nor derived from Blackjack. Both are descended from the early British version of vingt-un. In Britain, it first became known as pontoon during the First World War, the name apparently being a soldier's corruption of its former French name. The game has no official rules and varies widely from place to place. It is a popular family game, but also widely played by children, students, and members of the armed forces. In 1981, pontoon was the third most popular card game in Britain after rummy and whist. It has been described as "an amusing round game and one which anyone can learn in a few minutes."

Twenty-one (card game)
Twenty-one, formerly known as vingt-un in Britain, France and America, is a family of popular card games of the gambling family, the progenitor of which is recorded in Spain in the early 17th century. The family includes the casino games of blackjack and pontoon as well as their domestic equivalents. Twenty-one rose to prominence in France in the 18th century and spread from there to Germany and Britain from whence it crossed to America. Known initially as vingt-un in all those countries, it developed into pontoon in Britain after the First World War and blackjack in Canada and the United States in the late 19th century, where the legalisation of gambling increased its popularity.
Divisions of Bangladesh
Divisions are the first-level administrative divisions in Bangladesh. As of 2024, there are eight divisions of Bangladesh, each named after the major city within its jurisdiction that also serves as the administrative seat of that division. Each division is divided into several districts which are further subdivided into upazilas (sub-districts), then union councils.

Districts of Bangladesh
The divisions of Bangladesh are further divided into districts or zilas (Bengali: জেলা). The headquarters of a district is called the district seat (Bengali: জেলা সদর, romanized: zila sadar). There are 64 districts in Bangladesh. The districts are further subdivided into 495 subdistricts or upazilas.
Kwaza people
The Kwazá (or Coaiá, Koaiá, Koaya, Kwaza, and Quaiá) are an indigenous people of Brazil. Most Kwazá live with the Aikanã and Latundê in the Tubarão-Latundê Indigenous Reserve in the province of Rondônia; however, some Kwazá live in the Terra Indígena Kwazá do Rio São Pedro. In 2008 their population was 40, up from 25 in 1998.

Little is known about Kwaza people and language due to the minimal historical sources available; if mentioned in reliable documents, it is usually in reference to its neighbors.  What is known, is that the Kwaza people were at one point a nation of a few thousand people, which could be subdivided into various groups.

Latundê
The Latundê, also known as the Leitodu, are an indigenous peoples of Brazil. They live in the Aikaná-Latundê Indigenous Reserve in the southern Rondônia in the southwestern Amazon. They share the indigenous territory with the Kwaza and Aikanã people. Together the three tribes founded the Massaká Association of the Aikanã, Latundê and Kuazá Indigenous Peoples in 1996 to protect their rights.
Maple Leaf Square
Maple Leaf Square is a multi-use complex and public square located in the South Core neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located to the west of the Scotiabank Arena on the former Railway Lands. The $500 million development was jointly developed by Cadillac Fairview, Lanterra and Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), who own the nearby Scotiabank Arena. The complex has 1,800,000 square feet (170,000 m2) of usable space covering 2.1 acres (0.85 ha) on one city block.

South Core, Toronto
South Core is a neighbourhood located in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The South Core occupies the eastern portions of the Railway Lands. The remodeling and restoration of Union Station and the construction of a new wave of business and condominium towers is central to this area's forecast growth.

Forecasters expect the downtown population to grow 80 per cent to 130,000 by 2031. With the financial district just to the north and the new high-rise South Core on the other side, Union is right at the centre.

Love Park is a new two-acres park in the area formerly site of York-Bay ramps that were removed to make room for the park.
Porridge
Porridge is a type of semi-solid food made by soaking, poaching or boiling, in milk or water, ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge, and congee is a savoury variation of porridge of Asian origin.

Porridge is often cooked with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruits or syrup to sweeten the cereal, or it can be mixed with spices, meat or vegetables to make a savoury dish. It is usually served hot in a bowl or a pot, depending on its consistency. Oat porridge, known as oatmeal in North America, is one of the most common types; while rice porridge is more common in Asia.

Oatmeal
Oatmeal is a preparation of oats that have been dehusked, steamed, and flattened, or a coarse flour of hulled oat grains (groats) that have either been milled (ground), rolled, or steel-cut. Ground oats are also called white oats. Steel-cut oats are known as coarse oatmeal, Irish oatmeal, or pinhead oats. Rolled oats were traditionally thick old-fashioned oats, but they can be made thinner or smaller and may be categorized as quick oatmeal or instant oatmeal depending on the cooking time required, which is determined by the size of the oats and the amount of precooking.
Chinquapin Airport
Chinquapin Airport is a former airport located 2.5 miles west of Greenwood, South Carolina.  It was closed after World War II, with all flight operations being moved to the Greenwood County Airport north of the city.

Greenwood County Airport
Greenwood County Airport (IATA: GRD, ICAO: KGRD, FAA LID: GRD) is a county-owned, public-use airport in unincorporated Greenwood County, South Carolina, United States, located 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) north of the central business district of Greenwood, a city in Greenwood County. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. The airport does not have scheduled commercial airline service.
Andaman Sea
The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands.  Its southern end is at Breueh Island just north of Sumatra, with the Strait of Malacca further southeast.

Traditionally, the sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries and its coral reefs and islands, which are popular tourist destinations.  The fishery and tourist infrastructure was severely damaged by the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands /ˈnɪkəbɑːr/ are an archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are located in Southeast Asia, 150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of Aceh on Sumatra, and separated from Thailand to the east by the Andaman Sea. Located 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) southeast of the Indian subcontinent, across the Bay of Bengal, they are part of India, as the Nicobar district within the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Together with the Andaman Islands to their north, the Nicobar Islands serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east.

In 2013, UNESCO added the Great Nicobar Island to its World Network of Biosphere Reserves, a list of internationally designated protected areas.
Mindon Min
Mindon Min (Burmese: မင်းတုန်းမင်း, pronounced [mɪ́ɰ̃dóʊɰ̃ mɪ́ɰ̃]; 1808 – 1878), born Maung Lwin, was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1853 to 1878. He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma because of his role in the Fifth Buddhist Council. Under his half brother King Pagan, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in 1852 ended with the annexation of Lower Burma by the British Empire. Mindon and his younger brother Kanaung overthrew their half brother King Pagan. He spent most of his reign trying to defend the upper part of his country from British encroachments, and to modernize his kingdom.

Kanaung Mintha
Kanaung Mintha (Burmese: ကနောင်မင်းသား; 31 January 1820 – 2 August 1866) was crown prince of Burma and son of King Tharrawaddy and younger brother of King Mindon of Burma. He overthrew the king Pagan Min in 1853 with his brother Mindon and served as heir apparent and modernising influence until his assassination in 1866.
Tetraconch
A tetraconch, from the Greek for "four shells", is a building, usually a church or other religious building, with four apses, one in each direction, usually of equal size. The basic ground plan of the building is therefore a Greek cross. They are most common in Byzantine, and related schools such as Armenian and Georgian architecture. It has been argued that they were developed in these areas or Syria, and the issue is a matter of contention between the two nations in the Caucasus.  Apart from churches, the form is suitable for a mausoleum or baptistery. Normally, there will be a higher central dome over the central space.

Cross-in-square
A cross-in-square, crossed-dome, tetrastyle, or quincunx floor plan was the dominant form of church architecture in the middle and late Byzantine Empire. It featured a square centre with an internal structure shaped like a cross, topped by a dome.
Area code 425
Area code 425 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the suburbs north and east of Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington. The numbering plan area includes the Eastside, extending east to North Bend, north to Everett, and south to Maple Valley. It also includes the cities of Bellevue and Redmond, both major employment centers. The area code was created in 1997 in a three-way split of area code 206.

Area code 206
Area code 206 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of Washington. The numbering plan area (NPA) comprises Seattle and most of its innermost suburbs.  Area code 206 was first designated in 1947 for the entire state when the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) created the first nationwide telephone numbering plan.

After reduction to just the Seattle area over the intervening decades, the numbering plan area was converted to an overlay complex in 2025, with area code 564 which also overlays 360.
Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun
The Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (87式自走高射機関砲, 87-shiki jisō kōsha kikanhō) is a Japanese air defence weapon built around the Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon system also used on the Gepard self-propelled anti-aircraft gun. It uses a modified Type 74 tank chassis built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, that mounts a turret and license produced guns by Japan Steel Works. The Type 87 is also known as the 87AW in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, although field officers have nicknamed the self-propelled gun Guntank after the similar-looking mecha in the Mobile Suit Gundam series.

Flakpanzer Gepard
The Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard ("anti-aircraft-gun tank 'Cheetah'", also known as Flakpanzer Gepard) is an all-weather-capable West German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) based on the hull of the Leopard 1. It was developed in the 1960s, fielded in the 1970s, and has been upgraded several times with the latest electronics. It has been a cornerstone of the air defence of the German Army (Bundeswehr) and a number of other NATO countries.

In Germany, the Gepard was phased out in late 2010 and replaced by the Wiesel 2 Ozelot Leichtes Flugabwehrsystem (LeFlaSys)  with four FIM-92 Stinger or (proposed) LFK NG missile launchers. A variant with the  MANTIS gun system and LFK NG missiles, based on the GTK Boxer, was also considered.

The Gepard has been widely used in combat in the Russo-Ukrainian War, mostly to shoot down drones.
Kidnapping of Matan Angrest
Matan Shahar Angrest (Hebrew: מתן שחר אנגרסט; born 28 November 2002) is an Israeli soldier who was abducted in the Hamas-led attack on Nahal Oz on 7 October 2023. Serving as a tank driver in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), he was taken hostage during the events of the October 7 attacks and was subsequently released from captivity on 13 October 2025.

Nahal Oz attack
The kibbutz of Nahal Oz and the adjacent military base near the northern Gaza Strip were attacked in 2023 as part of the October 7 attacks. In the attack, more than 60 Israeli soldiers and 15 civilians were killed. Some soldiers and eight civilians were kidnapped and taken to the Gaza Strip. According to the IDF,  several bodies were also taken to the Gaza Strip after being killed.
Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb
The Academy of Dramatic Art (Croatian: Akademija dramske umjetnosti or ADU) is a Croatian drama school. Since its inception in 1896, the institution grew in prominence resulting in its successful affiliation with the University of Zagreb in 1979, along with the Academy of Music and the Academy of Fine Arts. The Academy serves as the country's premier drama school, providing education for all types of professions related to theatre, television and film production, including actors, directors, cinematographers, playwrights, screenwriters, dramaturgs and editors.

Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb
The Academy of Fine Arts Zagreb (Croatian: Akademija likovnih umjetnosti u Zagrebu or ALU) is a Croatian art school based in Zagreb. It is one of the three art academies affiliated with the University of Zagreb, along with the Academy of Dramatic Art (ADU) and the Academy of Music (MUZA).
Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are administrative divisions of provinces.  Territories are further divided into sectors, chiefdoms, and communes.  They are led by an administrator and, for the most part, take the name of the town that is their administrative center.

Chiefdoms and sectors of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, chiefdoms (fr. chefferies) and sectors (fr. secteurs) are rural administrative divisions of territories (fr. territoires). They are further subdivided into groupings (fr. groupements) which themselves are divided into villages.  Chiefdoms and groupings are led by traditional leaders officially recognized by the government, whereas sector chiefs are appointed directly by the government.
Camp Victory
Camp Victory was the primary component of the Victory Base Complex (VBC) which occupied the area surrounding the Baghdad International Airport (BIAP). The Al-Faw Palace, which served as the headquarters for the Multi-National Corps – Iraq (and later United States Forces – Iraq until it was turned over to the Government of Iraq on December 1, 2011), was located on Camp Victory. Camp Victory itself lay approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) from BIAP.

Other Camps that made up the Victory Base Complex included Camp Liberty (formerly known as Camp Victory North), Camp Striker, and Camp Slayer. On December 1, 2011, Camp Victory, under an agreement with the Iraqi Government in 2008, was handed over by the United States to the Iraqis.

Victory Base Complex
Victory Base Complex (VBC) was a cluster of U.S. military installations surrounding Baghdad International Airport (BIAP) during the Iraq War. The primary component of the VBC was Camp Victory, the location of the Al-Faw Palace, which served as the headquarters for the Multi-National Corps – Iraq, and later as the headquarters for the United States Forces – Iraq.
Plage i Laśkiewicz
Plage i Laśkiewicz (Plage & Laśkiewicz) was the first Polish aerospace manufacturer, located in Lublin and manufacturing aircraft under Lublin name. Full name was: Zakłady Mechaniczne E. Plage i T. Laśkiewicz – Mechanical Works E. Plage & T. Laśkiewicz. The factory produced aircraft between 1920 and 1935, when it was nationalized as the Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów.

Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów
Lubelska Wytwórnia Samolotów (LWS; translation from Polish: Lublin Aircraft Factory) was a Polish aerospace manufacturer, located in Lublin, created in 1936 from Plage i Laśkiewicz works and produced aircraft between 1936 and 1939.
Faxonius maletae
Faxonius maletae, sometimes called the Kisatchie painted crayfish or Kisatchie painted crawfish, is a species of crawdad in the Cambaridae family.  The specific epithet maletae is in honor of the discoverer's wife, author Maleta M. Walls, who helped collect many of the original specimens.  It was originally described as a subspecies of Faxonius difficilis, but later elevated to full species status.  The common name refers to the Kisatchie National Forest, near where the original specimens were found in Bayou Santabarb.

Faxonius difficilis
Faxonius difficilis, the painted crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Oklahoma and Alabama in the United States.

This species used to be a species complex of four subspecies but these have now been redefined. These were:

F. difficilis difficilis, the nominate subspecies

F. d. maletae

F. d. hathawayi

F. d. blacki
Gs alpha subunit
The Gs alpha subunit (Gαs, Gsα) is a subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein Gs that stimulates the cAMP-dependent pathway by activating adenylyl cyclase. Gsα is a GTPase that functions as a cellular signaling protein. 
Gsα is the founding member of one of the four families of heterotrimeric G proteins, defined by the alpha subunits they contain: the Gαs family, Gαi/Gαo family, Gαq family, and Gα12/Gα13 family. The Gs-family has only two members: the other member is Golf, named for its predominant expression in the olfactory system. In humans, Gsα is encoded by the GNAS complex locus, while Golfα is encoded by the GNAL gene.

G12/G13 alpha subunits
G12/G13 alpha subunits are alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins that link cell surface G protein-coupled receptors primarily to guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rho small GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Together, these two proteins comprise one of the four classes of G protein alpha subunits. G protein alpha subunits bind to guanine nucleotides and function in a regulatory cycle, and are active when bound to GTP but inactive and associated with the G beta-gamma complex when bound to GDP. G12/G13 are not targets of pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, as are other classes of G protein alpha subunits.

G proteins G12 and G13 regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells during movement and migration, including cancer cell metastasis. G13 is also essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-induced migration of fibroblast and endothelial cells.