hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Climatic geomorphology
Climatic geomorphology is the study of the role of climate in shaping landforms and the earth-surface processes. An approach used in climatic geomorphology is to study relict landforms to infer ancient climates. Being often concerned about past climates climatic geomorphology considered sometimes to be an aspect of historical geology. Since landscape features in one region might have evolved under climates different from those of the present, studying climatically disparate regions might help understand present-day landscapes. For example, Julius Büdel studied both cold-climate processes in Svalbard and weathering processes in tropical India to understand the origin of the relief of Central Europe, which he argued was a palimpsest of landforms formed at different times and under different climates.

Periglaciation
Periglaciation (adjective: "periglacial", referring to places at the edges of glacial areas) describes geomorphic processes that result from seasonal thawing and freezing, very often in areas of permafrost. The meltwater may refreeze in ice wedges and other structures. "Periglacial" originally suggested an environment located on the margin of past glaciers. However, freeze and thaw cycles influence landscapes also outside areas of past glaciation. Therefore, periglacial environments are anywhere when freezing and thawing modify the landscape in a significant manner.
Luke Irvine-Capel
Luke Thomas Irvine-Capel SSC (né Capel; born 1975) is a British Church of England bishop serving as Bishop of Richborough since 2025 — as such he provides alternative episcopal oversight to Anglicans in the Eastern half of the Province of Canterbury who reject the ministry of women. He previously served as Archdeacon of Chichester in the Diocese of Chichester.

Society of the Holy Cross
The Society of the Holy Cross (SSC; Latin: Societas Sanctae Crucis) is an international Anglo-Catholic society of male priests with members in the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, who live under a common rule of life that informs their priestly ministry and charism.
John E. Hart
John Elliot Hart (April 4, 1824 – June 11, 1863) was an officer in the Union Navy during the American Civil War. He died in June 1863 on board his ship USS Albatross while taking part in the Union attempt to blockade the Mississippi River. He is best known for the unusual circumstances of his burial in Louisiana, which the town of St. Francisville, Louisiana, commemorates every year in a three-day festival called "The Day the War Stopped."

USS Albatross (1858)
USS Albatross was a screw steamer rigged as a three-masted schooner acquired by the Union Navy during the beginning of the American Civil War. She was outfitted as a gunboat with heavy guns and used in the Union blockade of the waterways of the Confederate States of America.
In the Name of the Father
In the Name of the Father is a 1993 biographical crime drama film directed by Jim Sheridan, and written by Sheridan and Terry George, based on the 1990 autobiography Proved Innocent by Gerry Conlon. A co-production between Ireland and the United Kingdom, it tells the story of the Guildford Four, four people falsely convicted of the 1974 Guildford pub bombings that killed four off-duty British soldiers and a civilian.

The film received positive reviews from critics and grossed $65.8 million at the box office against a $13 million budget. It was nominated for seven Oscars at the 66th Academy Awards, including Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis), Best Supporting Actor (Pete Postlethwaite), Best Supporting Actress (Emma Thompson), Best Director, and Best Picture.

Guildford pub bombings
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated two 6-pound (2.7-kilogram) gelignite bombs at two pubs in Guildford, Surrey, England on 5 October 1974. The pubs were targeted that evening because they were popular with British Army personnel stationed at Pirbright barracks. Four soldiers and one civilian were killed. Sixty-five people were wounded.
Douglas C-47 Skytrain
The Douglas C-47 Skytrain, or Dakota (RAF designation), is a military transport aircraft that was developed from the civilian Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II. During the war the C-47 was used for troop transport, cargo, paratrooper drops, glider towing, and military cargo parachute drops. The C-47 remained in front-line service with various military operators for many years.  It was produced in roughly triple the numbers of the larger, much heavier payload Curtiss C-46 Commando, which filled a similar role for the U.S. military.

About 100 countries' armed forces have operated the C-47, with over 60 variants of the aircraft produced. As with the civilian DC-3, the C-47 remains in service, over 80 years after the type's introduction.

Douglas AC-47 Spooky
The Douglas AC-47 ("Puff, the Magic Dragon") was the first in a series of fixed-wing gunships developed by the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War.  It was designed to provide more firepower than light and medium ground-attack aircraft in certain situations when ground forces called for close air support.
Quchan Atiq Rural District
Quchan Atiq Rural District (Persian: دهستان قوچان عتيق) is in Quchan Atiq District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Asgarabad. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Shahr-e Kohneh, now a city.

Shahr-e Kohneh, Quchan
Shahr-e Kohneh (Persian: شهر كهنه) is a city in, and the capital of, Quchan Atiq District of Quchan County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. As a village, it was the capital of Quchan Atiq Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Asgarabad.
Ingex
Ingex is an open-source (GPL) suite of software for the digital capture of audio and video data, without the need for traditional audio or video tape or cassettes. Serial digital interface (SDI) capture is supported, as well as real-time transcoding (with MXF). Portions of the software suite also act as a network file server for media files, as well as archiving to LTO-3 data tape. Audio and video media files can also be stored on USB hard drives or Network Attached Storage. The software is heavily used by the BBC, and was developed by the BBC Research Laboratory.

Some of the early production projects which have used Ingex include a Foo Fighters music video, and the BBC television series Dragons' Den.

Material Exchange Format
Material Exchange Format (MXF) is a container format for professional digital video and audio media defined by a set of SMPTE standards. A typical example of its use is for delivering advertisements to TV stations and tapeless archiving of broadcast TV programs. It is also used as part of the Digital Cinema Package for delivering films and other content to movie theaters and film festivals.
Ken Mantell
Ken Lusk, better known by his ring name Ken Mantell, is an American retired professional wrestler, promoter and booker who competed throughout the National Wrestling Alliance in the 1970s and 80s. He is a former NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion, having defeated Danny Hodge,  and won the NWA World Tag Team Championship with Ron Bass in November 1975. He worked as the booker of World Class Championship Wrestling during its peak years and, as a promoter, formed the Wild West Wrestling promotion, which merged with World Class when he became part-owner in early 1988.

NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship
The NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling world championship in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). Created in 1943, the title is competed for by junior heavyweight wrestlers.
Barry Cunningham (publisher)
Barry Cunningham OBE (born 19 December 1952) is a British publisher, who worked for various publishers including Penguin Books and Bloomsbury before setting up Chicken House publishing in 2000. He is most well known for signing J. K. Rowling and publishing Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone in 1997.

The Chicken House
The Chicken House is a publishing company owned by Scholastic Corporation, specialising in children's fiction.

Founded in 2000 by Barry Cunningham and Rachel Hickman as Chicken House Publishing, it was bought by Scholastic in 2005. It has introduced many new successful authors, including Cornelia Funke, Roderick Gordon and Brian Williams, Kevin Brooks, Lucy Christopher, Rachel Ward, M. G. Leonard, Rachel Grinti, Kiran Millwood Hargrave and Jasbinder Bilan. It is the UK publisher of the multi-million bestselling The Maze Runner series.
Szczepanów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Szczepanów [ʂt͡ʂɛˈpanuf] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzesko, within Brzesko County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

It was the birthplace of Stanislaus of Szczepanów - 11th Century Bishop of Kraków who was martyred by the Polish king Bolesław II the Bold and became venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Stanislaus the Martyr.

Stanislaus of Szczepanów
Stanislaus of Szczepanów (Polish: Stanisław ze Szczepanowa; 26 July 1030 – 11 April 1079) was a Polish Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Kraków and was martyred by the Polish King Bolesław II the Bold. He is the patron saint of Poland.

Stanislaus is venerated in the Catholic Church as Stanislaus the Martyr (as distinct from the 16th-century Jesuit, Stanislaus Kostka).
Saxon XIV HT
The Saxon Class XIV T locomotives were six-coupled tank engines operated by the Royal Saxon State Railways for mixed duties on main and branch lines. In 1925, the Deutsche Reichsbahn grouped them into their DRG Class 75.5.

Royal Saxon State Railways
The Royal Saxon State Railways (German: Königlich Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen) were the state-owned railways operating in the Kingdom of Saxony from 1869 to 1918. From 1918 until their merger into the Deutsche Reichsbahn the title 'Royal' was dropped and they were just called the Saxon State Railways (Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen).
Arturo Merzario
Arturo Francesco "Art" Merzario (born 11 March 1943) is an Italian racing driver and motorsport executive, who competed in Formula One from 1972 to 1979.

Merzario competed in Formula One for Ferrari, Frank Williams, Fittipaldi, March, Wolf–Williams and Shadow, before founding his eponymous team in 1977: Merzario. He participated in 85 Grands Prix, scoring 11 championship points.

March Engineering
March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. Although only moderately successful in Grand Prix competition, March racing cars enjoyed much better success in other categories of competition, including Formula Two, Formula Three, IndyCar and IMSA GTP sportscar racing.
Beige
Beige (/beɪʒ/ BAYZH) is variously described as a pale sandy fawn color, a grayish tan,  a light-grayish yellowish brown, or a pale to grayish yellow. It takes its name from French, where the word originally meant natural wool that has been neither bleached nor dyed, hence also the color of natural wool.

The word "beige" has come to be used to describe a variety of light tints chosen for their neutral or pale warm appearance.

Beige began to commonly be used as a term for a color in France beginning approximately 1855–1860; the writer Edmond de Goncourt used it in the novel La Fille Elisa in 1877. The first recorded use of beige as a color name in English was in 1887.

Beige is notoriously difficult to produce in traditional offset CMYK printing because of the low levels of inks used on each plate; often it will print in purple or green and vary within a print run.

Beige is also a popular color in clothing, such as for men's trousers, as well as for interior design.

Desert sand (color)
Desert sand is a very light and very weakly saturated reddish yellow color which corresponds specifically to the coloration of sand. It may also be regarded as a deep tone of beige.

Desert sand was used by General Motors, along with "rosewood", as a paint color for their early Cadillacs.

In 1998, desert sand was made into a Crayola crayon color.

The color shown matches the palest of the three colors in the 3-color Desert Camouflage Uniform of United States Armed Forces, which in 1990 began to replace the 6-color Desert Battle Dress Uniform.
Shamita Shetty
Shamita Shetty (born 2 February 1979) is an Indian actress and interior designer. The younger sister of actress Shilpa Shetty, she made her acting debut with the romantic drama Mohabbatein (2000), which earned her the IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female. She went on to do films including Bewafaa (2005), Zeher (2005), and Cash (2007).

Following a career hiatus and downturn, Shetty participated in several reality television shows, such as Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (2015), Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (2019), and Bigg Boss in 2009 and 2021.

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 3
Bigg Boss 3, also sometimes called Bigg Boss Tritiya!, is the third season of the Indian reality TV programme Bigg Boss. It began airing on 4 October 2009 on Colors TV with Amitabh Bachchan as the host. The 84-episode series ended on 26 December 2009 with actor Vindu Dara Singh emerging as the winner. Pravesh Rana was the first runner-up.
Sophia Chichester
Sophia Catherine Chichester (née Ford; 7 August 1795 – 29 April 1847) was an English patron of religious and political unorthodoxy. She supported the work of reformers including Robert Owen and Richard Carlile, and was president of the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food. Along with her sister, Georgina Welch, she has been described as "a unique case of upper-class female radicalism in early Victorian England."

Alcott House
Alcott House in Ham, Surrey (now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames), was the home of a utopian spiritual community and progressive school which lasted from 1838 to 1848. Supporters of Alcott House, or the Concordium, were a key group involved in the formation of the Vegetarian Society in 1847.
Appreciative inquiry
Appreciative inquiry (AI) is a model that seeks to engage stakeholders in self-determined change. According to organization development scholar Gervase Bushe, "AI revolutionized the field of organization development and was a precursor to the rise of positive organization studies and the strengths based movement in American management." It was developed at Case Western Reserve University's department of organizational behavior, starting with a 1987 article by David Cooperrider and Suresh Srivastva.  They felt that the overuse of problem solving hampered any kind of social improvement, and what was needed were new methods of inquiry that would help generate new ideas and models for how to organize.

David Cooperrider
David Cooperrider (born July 14, 1954), is the Fairmount Minerals Chair and Professor of Social Entrepreneurship at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University, and Faculty Director at the Center for Business as an Agent of World Benefit at Case.

Cooperrider also teaches at University of Pennsylvania as well as Claremont University, where he is The Peter F. Drucker Distinguished Fellow.

Cooperrider is the founder, together with Suresh Srivastva, of the theory of Appreciative Inquiry.
Josiah E. DuBois Jr.
Josiah Ellis DuBois Jr. (October 21, 1912 – August 1, 1983) was an American attorney at the U.S. Treasury Department who played a major role in exposing  State Department obstruction efforts to provide American visas to Jews trying to escape Nazi Europe. In 1944, he wrote the Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews, which led to the creation of the War Refugee Board.  After the war, he was a prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials prosecuting Nazi war crimes, particularly in the prosecution of Holocaust chemical manufacturer IG Farben.

Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews
Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews was the initial title of a government memorandum prepared by officials of the United States Department of the Treasury. Dated January 13, 1944, during the Holocaust, its primary author was Josiah E. DuBois Jr., Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury. Focusing on the period from late 1942 to late 1943, the report argued that certain officials within the US State Department not only had failed to use US government tools to rescue Jewish European refugees but instead had used them to prevent or obstruct rescue attempts, as well as preventing relevant information from being made available to the American public. Described as "political dynamite", the memorandum, shortened and re-titled Personal Report to the President, helped convince President Franklin D. Roosevelt to approve the creation of the War Refugee Board.
Michael Ballam
Michael Lynn Ballam (born August 21, 1951) is an American opera singer, educator, and arts administrator.

He is the founding general director of Utah Festival Opera and a professor of music at Utah State University. He has served on the faculty of the Music Academy of the West, where he also studied, and as a guest lecturer at Stanford, Yale, Catholic University, and Manhattan School of Music.

Utah Festival Opera
Utah Festival Opera & Musical Theatre (UFOMT) is an opera company based in Logan, Utah.  The company performs six fully staged works with orchestra in repertory every July and August at the Ellen Eccles Theatre and the Utah Theatre.  The works performed range from operas to operettas to musicals. Singers, performers, technicians and orchestra come from all over the United States, including artists from Broadway and the Metropolitan Opera.
Albert Conti
Albert Maroica Blasius Franz Maria, Ritter Conti von Cedassamare (29 January 1887 – 18 January 1967), commonly known as Albert Conti, was an Austrian-American actor. He was a member of the noble Kaboga family.

Kaboga family
The House of Kaboga (Kabužić in Croatian, Caboga in Italian) were a patrician family from the city of Dubrovnik and its Republic of Ragusa. Their numbers, economic power and social and political status marked them as wealthy, influential and noble. Originating in the eighth century, they are one of the oldest and best-known families in Dubrovnik. Many of its members were rector (knez) of the republic, and the Austrian Empire recognized its members in 1818 and 1833 as counts.
Poorva Express (via Gaya)
The 12381 / 12382 Poorva Express is a Superfast train belonging to Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and New Delhi in India. It is currently being operated with 12381/12382 train numbers on a tri-weekly basis.

Poorva Express (via Patna)
The 12303 / 12304 Poorva Express are daily superfast express trains of Indian Railways running between Howrah, West Bengal, and New Delhi, Delhi. The name Poorva signifies the eastern part of India, and the train attracts travellers from Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal.
Outline of the Chernobyl disaster
The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to the Chernobyl disaster, a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986, when the no. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located near Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine), exploded during a test. The explosion and reactor core fire spread radioactive contaminants across the Soviet Union and Europe. An exclusion zone was formed around the plant, evacuating over 100,000 people primarily from the cities of Pripyat and Chernobyl. With dozens of direct casualties, it is one of only two nuclear energy accidents rated at the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The response involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles (about $84.5 billion USD in 2025). It remains the worst nuclear disaster and the most expensive disaster in history, with an estimated cost of
US$700 billion.

Chernobyl liquidators
Chernobyl liquidators were the civil and military personnel who were called upon to deal with the consequences of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in the Soviet Union on the site of the event. The liquidators are widely credited with limiting both the immediate and long-term damage from the disaster.

Surviving liquidators are qualified for significant social benefits due to their veteran status. Many liquidators were praised as heroes by the Soviet government and the press, while some struggled for years to have their participation officially recognized.
Doshin So
Doshin So (宗道臣, Sō Dōshin) (born Michiomi Nakano (中野道臣, Nakano Michiomi)), (1911–1980) was a Japanese soldier and martial artist. He is most known as the creator and founder of Shorinji Kempo and the doctrine Kongo Zen (金剛禅, Kongō Zen). Practitioners of Shorinji Kempo refer to him as Kaiso, Japanese for "the founder".

Shorinji Kempo
Shorinji Kempo (少林寺拳法, Shōrin-ji Kenpō; meaning "Shaolin Temple Pugilism") is a Japanese martial art. The name Shōrinji Kempo is the Japanese reading of Shàolínsì Quánfǎ. It was established in 1947 by Doshin So (宗 道臣, Sō Dōshin) [born Michiomi Nakano (中野道臣, Nakano Michiomi)], a Japanese martial artist and former military intelligence agent who lived in China for many years before and during World War II.
Neutrino Factory
The Neutrino Factory is a type of proposed particle accelerator complex intended to measure in detail the properties of neutrinos, which are extremely weakly interacting fundamental particles that can travel in straight lines through normal matter for thousands of kilometres. The source of the neutrinos would be the decay of accelerated muons in straight sections of a storage ring. The technical issues surrounding these projects are broadly similar to those of a muon collider.

Muon collider
A Muon Collider is a proposed particle accelerator facility in its conceptual design stage that collides muon beams for precision studies of the Standard Model and for direct searches of new physics. Muons belong to the second generation of leptons; they are typically produced in high-energy collisions either naturally (for example by collisions of cosmic rays with the Earth's atmosphere) or artificially (in controlled environments using particle accelerators). The main challenge of such a collider is the short lifetime of muons.
5MU
5MU is an adult hits-formatted commercial radio station based in Murray Bridge, South Australia. Broadcasting on 96.3 MHz, the station has repeaters at Victor Harbor on 97.1 MHz and in the Adelaide Hills on 94.3 MHz.

Power FM (South Australia)
Power FM (ACMA call sign: 5EZY) is a Hot Adult Contemporary (Hot AC)-formatted commercial radio station based in Murray Bridge, South Australia. Broadcasting on 98.7 MHz, the station has repeaters at Victor Harbor on 99.7 MHz and in the Adelaide Hills on 100.3 MHz.
Boiling Springs, North Carolina
Boiling Springs is a town in Cleveland County, North Carolina, United States, in the westernmost part of the Charlotte metropolitan area, approximately 50 miles away from the city. As of the 2020 census, Boiling Springs had a population of 4,615. It is home to Gardner–Webb University. The town is named after the natural spring found on the university's property, which feeds a small lake.

Gardner–Webb University
Gardner–Webb University (GWU) is a private Baptist university in Boiling Springs, North Carolina, United States. It was founded as Boiling Springs High School in 1905. Gardner–Webb is classified as a Doctoral/Professional university.

Over 3,000 students attend Gardner–Webb, including undergraduate, graduate, and online students. Nine colleges and schools offer more than 80 undergraduate and graduate major fields of study. GWU's Runnin' Bulldogs compete in NCAA Division I as a member of the Big South Conference in most sports, although the men's and women's swim teams compete in the Coastal Collegiate Sports Association and the wrestling team competes in the Southern Conference.