hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colombian Civil War (1860–1862)
The Colombian Civil War began on 8 May 1860 and lasted until November 1862. It was an internal conflict between the newly formed conservative Granadine Confederation and a more liberal rebel force from the newly seceded region of Cauca, composed of dissatisfied politicians commanded by General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera, its former president. The Granadine Confederation, created a few years earlier in 1858 by Mariano Ospina Rodríguez, was defeated in the capital Bogotá, with Mosquera deposing the newly elected president Bartolomé Calvo on July 18, 1861. Forming a provisional government, with himself as president, Mosquera continued to pursue the conservative forces until their final defeat in 1862. The resulting formation of the new United States of Colombia would have significant cultural and economic consequences for Colombia.

Granadine Confederation
The Granadine Confederation (Spanish: Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived federal republic established in 1858 as a result of a constitutional change replacing the Republic of New Granada. It consisted of the present-day nations of Colombia and Panama and parts of northwestern Brazil. In turn, the Granadine Confederation was replaced by the United States of Colombia after another constitutional change in 1863.
A.D. Pontassolense
Associação Desportiva Pontassolense is a Portuguese football club based in Ponta do Sol, Madeira. Founded in 1979, it currently plays in the Madeira Football Association, holding home matches at Campo Municipal Ponta do Sol, with a 3,000-seat capacity.

Madeira Football Association
The Madeira Football Association (Associação de Futebol da Madeira, abrv. AF Madeira) is the regional governing body for the all football competitions in the former Portuguese district of Funchal, including both Madeira Island and Porto Santo Island. It is also the regulator of the clubs registered in the autonomous region.

The association was founded as the Funchal Football Association (Associação de Futebol do Funchal) in 1916, before being renamed as the Madeira Football Association in 1996.
REC Limited
REC Limited, formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited, is an Indian public sector company that finances and promotes power projects across India. It loans to Central/State Sector Power Utilities, State Electricity Boards, Rural Electric Cooperatives, NGOs and Private Power Developers. It is a subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation (PFC) and is under administrative control of the Ministry of Power, Government of India.

On 20 March 2019, PFC agreed to acquire a 52.63% controlling stake in REC for ₹14,500 crore (US$1.7 billion). On 28 March, PFC announced it had paid for the acquisition and intended to merge with REC in 2020. However, REC has maintained that merging PFC-REC is no longer an option.

From 1 September 2023, REC has been included in the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) Global Standard Index.

REC has diversified into non-power infrastructure and logistics, now covering airports, metro, railways, ports, and bridges. REC has 22 regional offices..

Ministry of Power (India)
The Ministry of Power (IAST: Ooṛja Mantrālaya) is a ministry of the Government of India. It is mainly responsible for the maintenance and regulation of Power sector in India.  It is headed by Minister of Power.

The ministry is charged with overseeing electricity production and infrastructure development, including generation, transmission, and delivery, as well as maintenance projects.

The ministry acts as a liaison between the central government and state electricity operations, as well as with the private sector.
English-speaking Quebecers
English-speaking Quebecers, also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers (all alternately spelt Quebeckers; in French Anglo-Québécois, Québécois Anglophone) or simply Anglos in a Quebec context, are Québécois people who speak English as their primary language. According to the 2011 Canadian census, 599,225 people (around 7.7% of the population) in Quebec declare English as a mother tongue. When asked, 834,950 people (about 10.7% of the population) reported using English the most at home.

The origins of English-speaking Quebecers include immigration from both English-speaking and non English-speaking countries, migration from other Canadian provinces, and strong English language education programs in Quebecois schools. This makes estimating the population of those who identify as English-speaking Quebecers difficult.

Québécois people
Québécois (French pronunciation: [kebekwa] ⓘ; also known as Quebecers or Quebeckers in English) are people associated with Quebec. The term is most often used in reference to either descendants of the French settlers in Quebec or people of any ethnicity who live and trace their origins to the province of Quebec.

Self-identification as Québécois became dominant starting in the 1960s; prior to this, the francophone people of Quebec mostly identified themselves as French Canadians and as Canadiens before anglophones started identifying as Canadians as well. A majority in the House of Commons of Canada in 2006 approved a motion by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, which stated that the Québécois are a nation within a united Canada. Harper later elaborated that the motion's definition of Québécois relies on personal decisions to self-identify as Québécois, and therefore is a personal choice.
Ethan Phillips
John Ethan Phillips (born February 8, 1955) is an American actor. He is best known for his television roles as Neelix on Star Trek: Voyager (1995–2001) and PR man Pete Downey on Benson (1979–1986). His film roles include Critters (1986) and its sequel Critters 3 (1991), as well as The Island (2005), Inside Llewyn Davis (2013), and Irrational Man (2015).

Neelix
Neelix (/ˈniːlɪks/) is a character in the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, played by actor Ethan Phillips since the series' inception. Neelix is an alien native to the far side of the galaxy, who joins the crew of the United Federation of Planets starship USS Voyager after it is captured and flung to the Delta Quadrant by a mysterious shockwave. He serves as a cook, morale officer, and eventual ambassador for the crew.
Vikram Nair
Vikram Nair (born 18 July 1978) is a Singaporean politician and lawyer. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Admiralty division of Sembawang Group Representation Constituency since 2011.

Sembawang Group Representation Constituency
The Sembawang Group Representation Constituency is a five-member group representation constituency (GRC) in northern Singapore. It has five divisions: Admiralty, Canberra, Naval Base, Sembawang Central and Woodlands, managed by Sembawang Town Council. The current Members of Parliament (MPs) for the constituency are Gabriel Lam, Mariam Jaafar, Ng Shi Xuan, Ong Ye Kung and Vikram Nair from the governing People's Action Party (PAP).
Grise Fiord
Grise Fiord (/ɡriːz fiˈɔːrd/; Inuktitut: ᐊᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᖅ, romanized: Aujuittuq, lit. 'place that never thaws') is an Inuit hamlet on the southern tip of Ellesmere Island, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is one of three populated places on the island; despite its low population (144 residents at the 2021 Canadian census), it is the largest community (and only public community) on Ellesmere Island. Created by the Canadian Government in 1953 through a relocation of Inuit families from Inukjuak, Quebec, it is Canada's northernmost public community. It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world, with an average yearly temperature of −16.5 °C (2.3 °F).

Inukjuak
Inukjuak (Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᒃᔪᐊᒃ, Inujjuaq or Inukjuaq in Latin script, meaning 'The Giant') is a northern village (Inuit community) located on Hudson Bay at the mouth of the Innuksuak River in Nunavik, in the Nord-du-Québec region of northern Quebec, Canada. Its population is 1,821 as of the 2021 Canadian Census.  An older spelling is Inoucdjouac; its former name was Port Harrison.

It is not accessible by road, but by boat in summer and year-round by air through Inukjuak Airport.

The police services for Inukjuak are provided by the Nunavik Police Service, which has one police station in the village.
Habitats of the Indiana Dunes
The Indiana Dunes comprise ten different habitats.  Each provides for a unique combination of plants and animals.  The range of the Indiana Dunes varies depending your source.  The Indiana Lake Michigan Coastal Program uses the river drainage systems along the shoreline.  This expands the area from the areas of lakeshore southward to the edges of the Valparaiso Moraine.  This entire region has been dune landscapes since over 114,000 years before present (YBP).  Traditionally, the Indiana Dunes area thought of as a narrow area along the shores of Lake Michigan, including the areas of Marquette Park in Gary, Indiana (1920), Indiana Dunes State Park (1926) and Indiana Dunes National Park, (1966, designated as a national park in 2019).  The identified ten habitats can be found in these parks, where they have been preserved, but are also visible throughout the three counties of Northwest Indiana.

Marquette Park (Gary)
Marquette Park, originally called Lake Front Park, is a municipal park completely surrounded by Indiana Dunes National Park. Its primary features include 1.4 miles (2.2 km) of Lake Michigan beaches, inland ponds, sand dunes, wetlands, a lagoon, and indigenous oak savanna. The park is located within the Miller Beach community. The park includes the Octave Chanute museum, registered as a National Landmark of Soaring.
Sarum (novel)
Sarum (also titled Sarum: The Novel of England) is a work of historical fiction by Edward Rutherfurd, first published in 1987. It was Rutherfurd's literary debut. It tells the story of England through the tales of several families in and around the English city of Salisbury, the writer's hometown, from prehistoric times to 1985.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating genital pain condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy. Because this condition is a syndrome, there is no single treatment method, therefore efforts focus on mitigating/relieving the individual patient's specific pain. When pain in the epididymides is the primary symptom, post-vasectomy pain syndrome is often described as congestive epididymitis.

Epididymis
The epididymis (/ɛpɪˈdɪdɪmɪs/; pl.: epididymides /ɛpɪdɪˈdɪmədiːz/ or /ɛpɪˈdɪdəmɪdiːz/) is an elongated tubular genital organ attached to the posterior side of each one of the two male reproductive glands, the testicles. It is a single, narrow, tightly coiled tube in adult humans, 6 to 7 centimetres (2.4 to 2.8 in) in length; uncoiled the tube would be approximately 6 m (20 feet) long. It connects the testicle to the vas deferens in the male reproductive system. The epididymis serves as an interconnection between the multiple efferent ducts at the rear of a testicle (proximally), and the vas deferens (distally). Its primary function is the storage, maturation and transport of sperm cells.
Rana Raimal
Rana Raimal Singh, also known as Rana Raimal, (r. 1473–1509) was a Sisodia Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar. Rana Raimal was the younger son of Rana Kumbha and younger brother of his predecessor Rana Udai Singh I and father of Rana Sanga.

He came to power by defeating his patricide predecessor Rana Udai Singh I in battles at Jawar, Darimpur and Pangarh. Early in Rana Raimal's reign, Sultan Ghiyas Shah of the Malwa Sultanate unsuccessfully attacked the Mewar capital, Chittor. Soon after Ghiyas Shah's general, Zafar Khan attacked Mewar and was defeated at Mandalgarh and Kairabad in north east of Mewar. By marrying Rathorji Shringar Deiji (daughter of Rao Jodha) Rana Raimal ended the long standing conflict with Rathore Rajputs. During Raimal's reign, Godwar, Toda and Ajmer were recaptured by his eldest son Prithviraj. Raimal also strengthened the state of Mewar and repaired the temple of Eklingji in Chittor.

Battle of Mandalgarh (1473)
The Battle of Mandalgarh took place in 1473. Following an earlier unsuccessful attempt by Ghiyath Shah (Ghiyas-ud-Din, r. 1469–1500), the Sultan of Malwa, to capture Chittorgarh from the Kingdom of Mewar, Zafir Khan, one of Ghiyath Shah's generals, led a force which raided and plundered Mewar. In response, a combined force of Rajput armies, assembled by the Maharana of Mewar, met Zafir's army at Mandalgarh; here too, the Malwa forces met with a crushing defeat.
Bir Bhadra Thapa
Bir Bhadra Thapa or Birabhadra Thapa (Nepali: वीरभद्र थापा) also spelled Virabhadra or Virbhadra, was a politician, courtier and military officer in the Gorkha Kingdom during the 18th century. Born in the medieval Tanahun Kingdom, he left his ancestral property there and migrated to the uprising Gorkha Kingdom. He got entry into the minor ranks of the military of King Prithvi Narayan Shah due to being a nephew of Sura Prabha, the wife of military commander Shivaram Singh Basnyat of the Basnyat dynasty. Thereafter, he took part in the various battles of the Unification of Nepal throughout his life. Among his grandsons, Bhimsen Thapa went on to become the Mukhtiyar of Nepal (equivalent to Prime Minister) for 31 years and the founder of the Thapa dynasty.

Shivaram Singh Basnyat
Shivaram Singh Basnyat (Nepali: शिवराम सिंह बस्न्यात) was the military commander of Gorkha. After the conquest of Naldum area by the Gorkhalis, he along with Commander Bir Bhadra Thapa conquered Sanga, Panauti, Sankhu and adjacent areas. They received fierce resistance from the Kantipur Kingdom at Sangachok. He died in the defensive battle of Sanga Chowk during Unification of Nepal on 1803 B.S.
Louis Menand
Louis Menand (/ˈluːi məˈnɑːnd/; born January 21, 1952) is an American critic, essayist, and professor who wrote the Pulitzer-winning book The Metaphysical Club (2001), an intellectual and cultural history of late 19th- and early 20th-century America.

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America
The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America is a 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History. The book recounts the lives and intellectual work of the handful of thinkers primarily responsible for the philosophical concept of pragmatism, a principal feature of American philosophical achievement: William James, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Charles Sanders Peirce, and John Dewey. Pragmatism had a significant influence on modern thought, by, for example, spurring movements in legal thought such as legal realism.
Embassy of the United States, London
The Embassy of the United States of America in London is the diplomatic mission of the United States in the United Kingdom. Its office is located in Nine Elms and is the largest American embassy in Western Europe and the focal point for events relating to the United States held in the United Kingdom.

The embassy building in Nine Elms overlooks the River Thames and has been open to the public since 13 December 2017; it was formally opened on 16 January 2018.

John Adams was the first minister to open an American legation in London, in 1785 at 9 Grosvenor Square, Westminster, London.  For much of the 20th century and into the 21st, the chancery was in a purpose-built building in Grosvenor Square.

Since 1955, Winfield House in Regent's Park has served as the ambassador's official residence.

Winfield House
Winfield House is an English townhouse in Regent's Park, central London and the official residence of the United States ambassador to the United Kingdom (formally, ambassador to the Court of St James's).  The grounds are 12 acres (4.9 ha), the second largest private garden in London, after the Garden of Buckingham Palace.

The house was built for American heiress Barbara Woolworth Hutton in 1936 on the former Hertford–St. Dunstan estate that had been damaged by fire.  During the Second World War, the estate was used by the Royal Air Force.  Hutton donated it to the United States after the war, and since 1955 it has been the American ambassador's residence. The house is Grade II listed by Historic England as an "exceptional ambassador's residence and as a notable Neo-Georgian town house containing numerous features of note."
Tokunoshima, Kagoshima
Tokunoshima (徳之島町, Tokunoshima-chō) is a town located on Tokunoshima, in Ōshima District, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.As of 1 April 2024, the town had an estimated population of 9,403 in 4493 households and a population density of 90 persons per km2. The total area of the town is 104.92 km2 (40.51 sq mi).

Tokunoshima
Tokunoshima (Japanese: 徳之島; Tokunoshima: Tukunushima), or Tokuno Island, is an island in the Amami archipelago of the southern Satsunan Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.

The island has a population of approximately 27,000 in an area od 247.85 km2 (95.70 sq mi). The island is divided into three administrative towns: Tokunoshima, Isen, and Amagi. The largest population centre on the island is the town of Kametsu, located along the eastern shore of the island within the administrative town of Tokunoshima. Much of the island is within the borders of Amami Guntō National Park.

The island is known for having the highest fertility rate in Japan (2.25 between 2018 and 2022) as well as a significant population of supercentenarians (people living beyond the age of 110).
Suction hose
Suction hose is a specific type of fire hose used in drafting operations, when a fire engine uses a vacuum to draw water from a portable water tank, pool, or other static water source.  It is built to withstand vacuum, rather than pressure, along with abrasion and heat. Flexible suction hose ("flex suction") is meant to be used only for suction. Hard suction hose is capable of withstanding pressure as well as vacuum. Suction hose is used in both structural and wildland firefighting throughout the world, and is made in various diameters and connection types. In the United States, it is standard equipment for fire engines per National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards.

Portable water tank
A portable water tank is a temporary collapsible tank designed for the reserve storage of water in firefighting, emergency relief, and military applications. These tanks can be either supported or unsupported. The supported tanks have a steel or aluminum frame and range in size from 600 to 5,000 US gallons (500 to 4,160 imp gal; 2,300 to 18,900 L) or larger by custom design. Portable water tanks are also unsupported such as self-supporting tanks (onion tanks), blivets and pillow or bladder tanks and are available in sizes ranging from 100 US gallons (83 imp gal; 380 L) up to 80,000 US gallons (67,000 imp gal; 300,000 L).
RA12
RA12 was a Puerto Rican professional baseball team based in San Juan. It competes in the Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente (LBPRC). Between its inception in 2020 and its final season in 2023–24, the team played its home games at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan.

The team's founder, owner and namesake was Hall of Fame Puerto Rican professional baseball player Roberto Alomar. It was intended to serve as a development team for young Puerto Rican players.

The team finished in last place in each of its four seasons in the league. In 2024, Alomar revived the Senadores de San Juan in LBPRC and discontinued RA12.

Senadores de San Juan
The Senadores de San Juan (lit. San Juan Senators) are a professional baseball team based in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Originally established in 1938, the club has historically been one of the most successful in the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League. It has won eight league titles in its storied history, and also claimed the 1995 Caribbean Series championship, with an undefeated record of 6–0, under manager Luis Meléndez. The team ceased play in 2011, but returned to the league starting with the 2024–25 season.

The Senadores' traditional rivals are the Cangrejeros de Santurce, which share Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan; meetings between the two rivals are known as the "City Champ". At its peak the Santurce-San Juan rivalry lead to the fans of the Senadores boycotting a brand of chocolate (Sambo) because it advertised the Cangrejeros.
Lady Diana Cooper
Diana Cooper, Viscountess Norwich (née Lady Diana Olivia Winifred Maud Manners; 29 August 1892 – 16 June 1986) was an English silent film actress and aristocrat who was a well-known social figure in London and Paris.

As a young woman, she moved in a celebrated group of intellectuals known as the Coterie, most of whom were killed in the First World War. She married one of the few survivors, Duff Cooper, later British ambassador to France.

After his death, she wrote three volumes of memoirs which reveal much about early 20th-century upper-class life.

Duff Cooper
Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich, GCMG, DSO, PC (22 February 1890 – 1 January 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat who was also a military and political historian and writer.

First elected to Parliament in 1924, he lost his seat in 1929 but returned to Parliament in the 1931 Westminster St George's by-election, which was seen as a referendum on Stanley Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party. He later served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War and First Lord of the Admiralty. He resigned from the cabinet over the Munich Agreement of 1938.

When Winston Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he named Cooper as Minister of Information. In 1941, as a member of the Cabinet, Cooper served as British Minister in Singapore before its fall to the Japanese. He later served an important role as representative to Charles de Gaulle's Free France (1943–1944) and ambassador to France from 1944 to 1948.
Tom Miller (musician)
Thomas G. Miller II (born September 2, 1976) is an American musician and visual artist from Las Vegas, Nevada best known as the lead singer and co-creator of Black Camaro. Miller shares songwriting duties with co-creator Brian Garth, while also providing the visual aesthetic for Black Camaro's album art and live concert posters. Miller holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts from UNLV and is an active member of the arts community in Las Vegas.

University of Nevada, Las Vegas
The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) is a public land-grant research university in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The 332-acre (134 ha) campus is about 1.6 mi (2.6 km) east of the Las Vegas Strip. It was formerly part of the University of Nevada from 1957 to 1969. It includes the Shadow Lane Campus, just east of the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, which houses the School of Medicine and School of Dental Medicine. UNLV's law school, the William S. Boyd School of Law, is the only law school in the state.

It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, UNLV spent $83 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 165th in the nation.