hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Copyright law of the European Union
Copyright law within the European Union is largely harmonized, although differences between member states exist. The body of law was implemented in the EU through a number of directives, which the member states need to enact into their national law. The main copyright directives are the Copyright Term Directive 2006, the Information Society Directive and the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market. Copyright in the Union is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the European Union or their member states are part of, such as TRIPS Agreement or the Berne Convention.

Copyright and Information Society Directive 2001
The Copyright and Information Society Directive 2001 (2001/29) is a directive in European Union law that was enacted to implement the WIPO Copyright Treaty and to harmonise aspects of copyright law across Europe, such as copyright exceptions. The directive was first enacted in 2001 under the internal market provisions of the Treaty of Rome.

The draft directive was subject to unprecedented lobbying and was considered a success for Europe's rightsholders. The 2001 directive gave EU Member States significant freedom in certain aspects of transposition. Member States had until 22 December 2002 to transpose the directive into their national laws, although only Greece and Denmark met the deadline.
Tuff Jam
Tuff Jam are a British DJ, music production and remixing duo consisting of Karl 'Tuff Enuff' Brown and Matt 'Jam' Lamont. They began working together in 1993, and were instrumental in developing the UK garage sound. They presented a radio show on London's Kiss 100 from 1997 until 2000.

Kiss (UK radio station)
Kiss is a British digital radio station owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Kiss Network. Kiss broadcasts nationally to the UK via DAB digital radio, as well as on Bauer's Rayo platform.

The station started in 1985 as a pirate radio station, Kiss FM, before becoming the UK's first legal black and dance music specialist radio station in 1990 as Kiss 100, broadcasting in London on 100.0 FM. Kiss became a digital-only station in 2024 when its FM frequencies in London, Norfolk and the west of England were taken over by Hits Radio.

According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 1.283 million as of October 2025.
Charonia tritonis
Charonia tritonis, common name the Triton's trumpet, the giant triton or pū  is a species of very large sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Charoniidae, the tritons. Reaching up to two feet (or 60 cm) in shell length this is one of the biggest mollusks in the coral reef.

Charonia
Charonia is a genus of very large sea snail, commonly known as Triton's trumpet or Triton snail. They are marine gastropod mollusks in the monotypic family Charoniidae.  They are one of the few natural predators of the crown-of-thorns starfish.
Pavilion (CDP), New York
Pavilion is a hamlet and census-designated place within the town of Pavilion in Genesee County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the CDP was 646, out of a total of 2,495 people in the town as a whole.

Pavilion, New York
Pavilion is a town in Genesee County, New York, United States. The population was 2,495 at the 2010 census. The town was named after a hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York, by an early resident. The town of Pavilion is in the southeastern corner of Genesee County and is southeast of the city of Batavia.
Dolly Alderton
Dolly Alderton (born 31 August 1988) is a British author and screenwriter. She is also columnist for The Sunday Times. Her memoir Everything I Know About Love won a 2018 National Book Award for autobiography and was shortlisted for the 2019 Non-Fiction Narrative Book of the Year in the British Book Awards, and adapted into a BBC/Peacock eponymous television drama series. She also wrote the upcoming 2026 TV adaption of Pride and Prejudice.

Everything I Know About Love (TV series)
Everything I Know About Love is a British comedy-drama television series based on Dolly Alderton's fictionalised memoir of the same name, adapted by Alderton herself and produced by Working Title Television for BBC One and Peacock. The seven-part series premiered on 7 June 2022 in the UK. The series later premiered on NBCUniversal's Peacock streaming service in the US on 25 August 2022, with all seven parts dropping at once together.
19th Route Army
19th Route Army (simplified Chinese: 十九路军; traditional Chinese: 十九路軍; pinyin: Shíjiǔ lù jūn) was an army in the Republic of China led by General Cai Tingkai.  It gained a good reputation among the Chinese for fighting the Japanese in Shanghai in the January 28 Incident in 1932.  In 1933–34, it was the main force in the Fuijan Rebellion, which opposed Chiang Kai-shek and unsuccessfully sought an alliance with the Chinese communists in the Jiangxi Soviet.

A Route Army was a type of military organization used in the Chinese Republic.  It usually exercised command over two or more Corps or a large number of Divisions or Independent Brigades.

Fujian People's Government
The Fujian People's Government (also spelled as the Fukien People's Government, Chinese: 福建人民政府; pinyin: Fújiàn Rénmín Zhèngfǔ), officially the People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (Chinese: 中華共和國人民革命政府; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Gònghéguó Rénmín Gémìng Zhèngfǔ), was a short-lived anti-Kuomintang government that established a socialist republic in the Republic of China's Fujian Province. It lasted between 22 November 1933 and 13 January 1934. The rebellion that led to its formation and its collapse are known as the Fujian Incident (閩變; Mǐnbiàn or 福建事變; Fújiàn Shìbiàn) or Fujian Rebellion.
Treaty of Königsberg (1656)
The Treaty of Königsberg was concluded on 7 January (O.S.) / 17 January (N.S.) 1656 during the Second Northern War. Frederick William I, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia). In a second treaty, negotiated on 24 February 1656 in Königsberg (Królewiec), Frederick William I concluded a defensive alliance with France.

Duchy of Prussia
The Duchy of Prussia (German: Herzogtum Preußen, Polish: Księstwo Pruskie, Lithuanian: Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (German: Herzogliches Preußen; Polish: Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.
Basque Nationalist Action
Basque Nationalist Action (Basque: Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Spanish: Acción Nacionalista Vasca, EAE–ANV) is a Basque nationalist party based in Spain. Founded in 1930, it was the first Basque nationalist political party to exist running on a socialist program. On 16 September 2008, the party was outlawed by the Spanish Supreme Court based on ties with ETA. The Spanish ruling was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights, which, after reviewing the question, upheld the Spanish courts on the matter.

Basque nationalism
Basque nationalism (Basque: eusko abertzaletasuna [eus̺ko abeɾts̻aletas̺una]; Spanish: nacionalismo vasco; French: nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today split between Spain and France. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included movements supportive of Basque independence.

Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states (the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and the French Basque Country in France), is "irredentist in nature" as it favours political unification of all the Basque-speaking provinces.
Fausto Coppi
Angelo Fausto Coppi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈfausto ˈkɔppi]; 15 September 1919 – 2 January 1960) was an Italian cyclist, the dominant international cyclist of the years after the Second World War. His successes earned him the title Il Campionissimo ("Champion of Champions"). He was an all-round racing cyclist: he excelled in both climbing and time trialing, and was also a good sprinter. He won the Giro d'Italia five times (1940, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953), the Tour de France twice (1949 and 1952), and the World Championship in 1953. Other notable results include winning the Giro di Lombardia five times, the Milan–San Remo three times, as well as wins at Paris–Roubaix and La Flèche Wallonne and setting the hour record (45.798 km) in 1942.

1947 Giro d'Italia
The 1947 Giro d'Italia was the 30th edition of the Giro d'Italia, organized and sponsored by the newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. The race began on 24 May in Milan with a stage that stretched 190 km (118 mi) to Turin, finishing back in Milan on 15 June after a 278 km (173 mi) stage and a total distance covered of 3,843 km (2,388 mi).

The Giro was won by Fausto Coppi of the Bianchi team, with fellow Italians Gino Bartali and Giulio Bresci coming in second and third respectively.
Emily Williamson
Emily Williamson (née Bateson; 17 April 1855 – 12 January 1936), was an English philanthropist. She was co-founder of the Society for the Protection of Birds, which became the RSPB with Eliza Phillips in 1891. The Society for the Protection of Birds was granted 'Royal' status in 1904. In 1891 she also established the Gentlewomen's Employment Association in Manchester.

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland. It was founded in 1889. It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns, petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

In 2023/24 the RSPB had revenue of £169 million, 2,517 employees, 13,500 volunteers and 1.1 million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it one of the world's largest wildlife conservation organisations. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 222 nature reserves.
Cao Zhen
Cao Zhen (died April or May 231), courtesy name Zidan, was a military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was an adopted son of Cao Cao, a warlord who rose to power in the late Eastern Han dynasty and laid the foundation for Wei. After Cao Cao's death and the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Zhen served under Cao Pi and Cao Rui, the first two emperors of Wei. He is best known for leading a successful defence of Wei from the first two of a series of invasions by Wei's rival state, Shu Han, between 228 and 229.

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. All five expeditions were led by Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu after Kingdom of Wei and Shu were established. Although they proved unsuccessful and ended up as a stalemate, the expeditions have become some of the best-known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period and one of its few battles during which each side (Shu and Wei) fought with hundreds of thousands of troops, as opposed to other battles in which one side had a huge numerical advantage.

The expeditions are dramatised and romanticised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which includes the famous scene of the Empty Fort Strategy.
Jerk (cooking)
Jerk is a style of cooking native to Jamaica, in which meat is dry-rubbed or wet-marinated with a hot spice mixture called Jamaican jerk spice.

The technique of jerking (or cooking with jerk spice) originated from Jamaica's indigenous peoples, the Arawak and Taíno tribes, and was adopted by the descendants of 17th-century Jamaican Maroons who intermingled with them.

The smoky taste of jerked meat is achieved by using various cooking methods, including modern wood-burning ovens. Chicken or pork is usually jerked, and the main ingredients of the spicy jerk marinade / sauce are allspice and scotch bonnet peppers, which are native to Jamaica and were cultivated by the Taínos.

Scotch bonnet
Scotch bonnet (also known as Bonney peppers, Caribbean red peppers or Panamanian pepper
in Central America) is a variety of chili pepper named for its supposed resemblance to a Scottish tam o' shanter bonnet. It is native to the Americas—a cultivar of Capsicum chinense, which originated in the Amazon Basin, Central and South America.
Ben Askren
Benjamin Michael Askren (born July 18, 1984) is an American former professional mixed martial artist, professional boxer and Olympic wrestler. He formerly competed in the Welterweight  divisions of Bellator Fighting Championships and ONE FC, where he was the longest reigning Bellator Welterweight Champion and longest reigning ONE Welterweight World Champion. He also competed in the welterweight division of the UFC.

An accomplished grappler, he was a 2008 US Olympic Team Member and National champion in freestyle wrestling. He also was the 2005 Pan American champion as a freestyle wrestler. In college, Askren was a two-time NCAA Division I national champion (four-time finalist), and three-time Big 12 Conference champion (four-time finalist) for the Missouri Tigers, and was the second wrestler to secure multiple Dan Hodge Trophies (the wrestling equivalent of the Heisman Trophy) in folkstyle wrestling. He was also a world champion in submission wrestling.

ONE Championship
ONE Championship, formerly ONE Fighting Championship (ONE FC) until January 2015, is a multinational combat sports promotion founded on 14 July 2011 by Chatri Sityodtong and Victor Cui. Originally focused on mixed martial arts (MMA), ONE events have since incorporated muay thai, kickboxing, and submission grappling bouts. The promotion held its first event on 3 September 2011 at the Singapore Indoor Stadium, and has since held over 200 events across Asia. In 2022, parent company One Group Holdings, changed its legal operations from Singapore to the Cayman Islands.
Shlomo Harkavy
Shlomo Harkavy (c. 1890 – c. 1942), also known as Rav Shlomo Grodner, was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi in Grodno, Poland. He served as mashgiach ruchani of the Grodno Yeshiva under Shimon Shkop, until he was murdered the Holocaust.

Grodno Yeshiva
Yeshiva Shaar HaTorah – Grodna, often referred to as the Grodna Yeshiva or simply as Grodna, was an Orthodox Jewish yeshiva in the Belarusian city of Grodno, then under Russian rule. Founded during World War I, Shimon Shkop became rosh yeshiva (dean) in 1920.
Narayanapala (Kamboja)
Narayanapala is  also the name of the second Kamboja ruler of Bengal (later half of 10th century AD). He was elder son of Rajyapala Kamboj, the founder of the Kamboja Dynasty of Bengal and succeeded him to the throne after his death.

Kamboja Pala dynasty
The Kamboja-Pala dynasty ruled parts of Bengal in the 10th to 11th centuries CE, after invading the Palas during the reign of Gopala III. The last Kamboja ruler of the Kamboja-Pala Dynasty Dharmapala was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.
Splitting principle
In mathematics, the splitting principle is a technique used to reduce questions about vector bundles to the case of line bundles. In the theory of vector bundles, one often wishes to simplify computations, for example of Chern classes. Often computations are well understood for line bundles and for direct sums of line bundles. Then the splitting principle can be quite useful.

Chern class
In mathematics, in particular in algebraic topology, differential geometry and algebraic geometry, the Chern classes are characteristic classes associated with complex vector bundles. They have since become fundamental concepts in many branches of mathematics and physics, such as string theory, Chern–Simons theory, knot theory, and Gromov–Witten invariants.
Chern classes were introduced by Shiing-Shen Chern (1946).
Vyasarpadi
Vyasarpadi  is a neighbourhood of Chennai, India. It is located within Chennai district. The neighbourhood is served by station, one of the oldest stations in South India. The first train to Arcot started from this station. The old ruins still remain 200 metres away from the current station as a cabin room. This place acts as the junction and four rail routes branch from here. The Southern line goes to Chennai Central. The Eastern line goes to Chennai Beach. The Northern line goes to Korukupet further proceeding to Gudur. The Western line goes to Perambur further proceeding to Arakkonam.

The station is named Vyasarpadi Jeeva, after veteran socialist leader Jeevanandam and in memory of his presence in Vyasarpadi.

Vyasarpadi Jeeva railway station
Vyasarpadi Jiva railway station is one of the railway station of the Chennai Central–Arakkonam section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network. It serves the neighbourhood of Vyasarpadi. It is located 4 km to the northwest of Chennai Central railway station and 4 km to the west of Chennai Beach railway station. The station lies at the western end of the 'diamond junction' of Chennai's railway network, where all the lines of the Chennai Suburban Railway meet. It has an elevation of 5 m above sea level.
Meride
Meride is a village and former municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

Besazio
Besazio (Besasc in lombard) is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.
Water supply and sanitation in Palestine
The water resources of Palestine are de facto fully controlled by Israel, and the division of groundwater is subject to provisions in the Oslo II Accord.

Generally, the water quality is considerably worse in the Gaza Strip when compared to the West Bank. About a third to half of the delivered water in the Palestinian territories is lost in the distribution network. The lasting blockade of the Gaza Strip and the Gaza War (2008–2009) have caused severe damage to the infrastructure in the Gaza Strip.
Concerning wastewater, the existing treatment plants do not have the capacity to treat all of the produced wastewater, causing severe water pollution. The development of the sector highly depends on external financing.

Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee
The Israeli–Palestinian Joint Water Committee (JWC) is a joint Israeli–Palestinian authority, created in 1995 by the Oslo II Accord. Its purpose is to manage water and sewage related infrastructure in the West Bank, particularly to take decisions on maintenance of existing infrastructure and approval of new projects. Although it was originally intended to be a temporary organ for a five years interim period, it still exists as of 2015.
The Woody Woodpecker Show
The Woody Woodpecker Show is an American television series mainly composed of the animated cartoon shorts of Woody Woodpecker and other Walter Lantz characters including Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, The Beary Family and Inspector Willoughby, all released by Walter Lantz Productions. The series was revived and reformatted several times, but remained popular for nearly four decades and allowed the studio to continue making theatrical cartoons until 1972, when it shut down. It also kept the Walter Lantz/Universal "cartunes" made during the Golden age of American animation as a part of the American consciousness. The Woody Woodpecker Show was named the 88th best animated series by IGN.

Chilly Willy
Chilly Willy is a cartoon character, a diminutive penguin. He was created by director Paul Smith for the Walter Lantz studio in 1953, and developed further by Tex Avery in the two subsequent films following Smith's debut entry. The character soon became the second most popular Lantz/Universal character, behind Woody Woodpecker. Fifty Chilly Willy cartoons were produced between 1953 and 1972.
The Code of Romulus
The Code of Romulus is a children's novella by Caroline Lawrence, published in 2007 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of World Book Day.  It is a re-publication of the short story Bread and Circuses that appeared in the anthology The Mammoth Book of Roman Whodunits published in 2003.

The story takes place in Ostia in November 79 AD, between the events of the fifth and sixth books (The Dolphins of Laurentum and The Twelve Tasks of Flavia Gemina.)

The Roman Mysteries
The Roman Mysteries is a series of historical novels for children by Caroline Lawrence. The first book, The Thieves of Ostia, was published in 2001, and the seventeenth and final book, The Man from Pomegranate Street, in 2009. The series has sold over a million copies in the UK and has been translated into 14 languages. It was followed by a sequel series, a number of "mini-mysteries", a spin-off series, and several companion titles. The BBC produced a television adaptation in 2007 and 2008.

The books take place in the ancient Roman Empire during the reign of the Emperor Titus. They follow four children who solve mysteries and have adventures in Ostia Antica, Rome, Greece, and beyond: Flavia, a rich Roman girl who lives in Ostia; Nubia, a freed slave girl from Nubia in North Africa; Jonathan, a Jewish/Christian boy; and Lupus, an orphaned mute beggar boy.
Henry Parsons Crowell
Henry Parsons Crowell (January 27, 1855, in Cleveland, Ohio – 1944) was an American businessman and philanthropist. In 1881, Crowell purchased the Quaker Mill Company, and subsequently the brand name Quaker, and launched the first breakfast cereal advertising campaign in a magazine. He also purchased the bankrupt Quaker Oat Mill Company. In 1901, he founded the Quaker Oats Company.

Quaker Oats Company
The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago, Illinois. As Quaker Mill Company, the company was founded in 1877 in Ravenna, Ohio. In 1881, Henry Parsons Crowell bought the company and launched a national advertising campaign for Quaker Oats.

In 1911, the company acquired the Great Western Cereal Company. The iconic cylindrical package was introduced in 1915. The company's logo, which depicts a Quaker man, has had several iterations.

In 1983, Quaker acquired Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., the maker of Van Camp's and Gatorade. In 2001, PepsiCo bought Quaker Oats for $14 billion, primarily to acquire the Gatorade brand.
Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine
Clichy (/kliːˈʃiː/ klee-SHEE, French: [kliʃi] ⓘ; sometimes unofficially Clichy-la-Garenne [kliʃi la ɡaʁɛn]) is a commune in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located on the Seine, 6.4 km (4.0 mi) from the centre of Paris.

Located in Clichy are the headquarters of the L'Oréal Group, the world's largest company in cosmetics and beauty; Bic, one of the biggest pen producers in the world; Monoprix, a major French retail chain; as well as Sony France, a large electronics and media company.

Bic
Société Bic S.A., commonly referred to as Bic (stylized as BiC or BIC), is a French manufacturing corporation based in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine. Founded in 1945 by French aristocrat Marcel Bich and Édouard Buffard, the company produces disposable items, specifically pens, stationery, lighters, and shaving razors.