hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rashidi dynasty
The Rashidi dynasty, also called Al Rashid or the House of Rashid (Arabic: آل رشيد Āl Rashīd; pronounced [ʔæːl raˈʃiːd]), was a historic Arabian House or dynasty that existed in the Arabian Peninsula between 1836 and 1921. Its members were rulers of the Emirate of Ha'il and the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud, rulers of the Emirate of Nejd. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in northern Najd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, and was also a commercial center. The rulers of Ha'il were the sons of Abdullah bin Rashid, founder of the dynasty.

Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid
Abdullah bin Ali Al Rashid (Arabic: عبد الله بن علي الرشيد; 1788–1848) was the founder of the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. He founded the Emirate in 1836 and ruled it until 1848. He was called Sheikh due to his noble lineage and military ability.
My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky
My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky is the eleventh studio album by American rock band Swans released on September 23, 2010; it was their first studio recording in 14 years. Swans founder Michael Gira funded the recording of this album by creating the limited-edition album I Am Not Insane and chose several collaborators from previous Swans line-ups as well as his side project Angels of Light to record and tour for this album. My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky has received positive critical feedback for the return of Swans as well as the rich spiritual themes of the lyrics.

I Am Not Insane
I Am Not Insane is a 2010 album by Michael Gira. The release consists of a CD with new material, and a DVD of two live shows that includes a 16-minute "mini-doc" (by the same name) on Gira's new material in acoustic demo form, shot and edited by Francisco Macias. Several songs were considered, and eventually revised, for inclusion on Swans' comeback album, My Father Will Guide Me Up a Rope to the Sky. Gira released this album in order to help raise money to fund the recording of the upcoming Swans album, following his announcement that he had reformed the band.

The song "Oxygen" appeared in a very different form two studio albums later on the album To Be Kind. The version of "Oxygen" on I Am Not Insane also featured on the 2014 EP. The songs "My Lazy Clown" and "Opium Song" were not included on any future albums, nor played live by Swans.
Hackney, London
Hackney is a district in East London, England, forming around two-thirds of the area of the modern London Borough of Hackney, to which it gives its name. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Charing Cross and includes part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. Historically it was within the county of Middlesex.

In the past it was also referred to as Hackney Proper to distinguish it from the village which subsequently developed in the vicinity of Mare Street, the term Hackney Proper being applied to the wider district.

Hackney is a large district, whose long established boundaries encompass the sub-districts of Homerton, Dalston (including Kingsland and Shacklewell), De Beauvoir Town, Upper and Lower Clapton, Stamford Hill, Hackney Central, Cambridge Heath, Hackney Wick, South Hackney and West Hackney.

Clapton, London
Clapton is a district of east London, England, in the London Borough of Hackney.

Clapton is divided into Upper Clapton, in the north, and Lower Clapton to the south. Clapton railway station lies 4.7 miles (7.6 km) north-east of Charing Cross.
John R. Steel
John Robert Steel (born October 30, 1948) is an American set theorist at the University of California, Berkeley (formerly at UCLA).  He has made many contributions to the theory of inner models and determinacy.  With Donald A. Martin, he proved projective determinacy, assuming the existence of sufficiently large cardinals.  He earned his Ph.D. in Logic & the Methodology of Science at Berkeley in 1977 under the joint supervision of John West Addison Jr. and Stephen G. Simpson.

Donald A. Martin
Donald Anthony Martin (born December 24, 1940), also known as Tony Martin, is an American set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA, where he is an emeritus professor of mathematics and philosophy.
Tom Papa
Thomas Papa Jr. (born November 10, 1968) is an American comedian, actor, and radio host. He hosts the Sirius XM Satellite Radio show Come to Papa and, in July 2019, he and Fortune Feimster started hosting the Sirius XM show What a Joke with Papa and Fortune. Papa hosted the show Baked on the Food Network and was the head writer and a performer on the radio variety show Live from Here, hosted by Chris Thile, where he delivered the "Out In America" segment.

Fortune Feimster
Emily Fortune Feimster (/ˈfiːmstər/; born July 1, 1980) is an American writer, comedian, and actress. Having made her television debut on NBC's Last Comic Standing in 2010, she starred as Colette on The Mindy Project (2015–2017). In July 2019, she began hosting the hit radio show What a Joke with Papa and Fortune with Tom Papa, interviewing comedians and celebrities, the first live programming on the Sirius XM channel Netflix is a Joke. She played Heather in The L Word: Generation Q, a reboot of The L Word.
Tai Le script
The Tai Le script (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, [tai˦.lə˧˥]), or Dehong Dai script, is a Brahmic script used to write the Tai Nüa language spoken by the Tai Nua people of south-central Yunnan, China. (The language is also known as Nɯa, Dehong Dai and Chinese Shan.) It is written in horizontal lines from left to right, with spaces only between clauses and sentences.

The Tai Le script is approximately 700–800 years old and has used several different orthographic conventions.

Tai Nuea language
Tai Nuea or Tai Nüa (ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ, pronounced [tai˥.lə˧˥] (Mangshi) or ᥖᥭᥰ ᥢᥫᥴ, [tɑi˥˧.nə˥] (Menglian); Chinese: 傣那语; pinyin: Dǎinàyǔ; တဲးနိူဝ်, တႆးၼိူဝ်; Burmese: တိုင်းနေ; Thai: ภาษาไทเหนือ, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj nɯ̌a]), also called Dehong Tai (Chinese: 德宏傣语; pinyin: Déhóng Dǎiyǔ; Thai: ภาษาไทใต้คง, pronounced [pʰāːsǎː tʰāj tâːj.kʰōŋ]) and Chinese Shan, is one of the languages spoken by the Dai people in China, especially in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in the southwest of Yunnan Province. It is closely related to the other Tai languages and could be considered a dialect of Shan. It should not be confused with Tai Lü (Xishuangbanna Dai).
Gathering of the Juggalos
The Gathering of the Juggalos (also known as The Gathering or GOTJ) is an annual music festival put on by Psychopathic Records, featuring performances by the entire label roster as well as numerous well-known musical groups and underground artists. It was founded by Jumpsteady, Insane Clown Posse (Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler), and their label in 2000. Described by Joseph Bruce as a "Juggalo Woodstock" (Juggalo being a nickname for fans of the Insane Clown Posse), the Gathering of the Juggalos spans five days and includes concerts, wrestling, games, contests, autograph sessions, karaoke, and seminars with artists. Over its first eleven events (2000–2010), the festival drew a total attendance upward of 100,000 fans.

Juggalo
A juggalo (feminine juggalette, or juggala in Spanish) is a fan of the hip hop group Insane Clown Posse or any other hip hop group signed to Psychopathic Records. Juggalos have developed their own idioms, slang, and characteristics. The Gathering of the Juggalos, alternatively known as just "The Gathering", is a notable annual festival held by juggalos and the artists that they support, which have included rap stars such as Busta Rhymes, Ice Cube, and MC Hammer; over its first eleven events (2000–2010), the festival drew a total attendance of about 107,500 fans, averaging nearly 9,800 per year, with a peak of 20,000 in 2010.
Diocese of Ilagan
The Diocese of Ilagan (Lat: Dioecesis Ilaganensis) is a Latin Catholic diocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. It was erected on 31 January 1970 from territory of the then Roman Catholic Diocese of Tuguegarao and covered the entire civil Province of Isabela. At the time of Ilagan's creation, Tuguegarao was not a Metropolitan diocese and therefore Ilagan fell under the jurisdiction of Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia.  It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tuguegarao since 1974 when Tuguegarao was elevated to an archdiocese.

The diocese has had no jurisdictional changes. The seat of the diocese used to be located in Saint Ferdinand Parish Church in Ilagan City before being transferred to the Gamu Cathedral (Cathedral of Saint Michael the Archangel) in Gamu, Isabela, in 2013.

David William V. Antonio was installed as the fifth Bishop of Ilagan on February 12, 2019.

Archdiocese of Tuguegarao
The Archdiocese of Tuguegarao is a Latin Catholic metropolitan archdiocese of the Catholic Church in the Philippines. Tuguegarao is a river delta city that became the center of the archdiocese in the province of Cagayan, on the island of Luzon. Its seat is located at the Saint Peter the Apostle Metropolitan Cathedral.
The Incredible String Band
The Incredible String Band (sometimes abbreviated as ISB) were a Scottish folk rock band formed by Clive Palmer, Robin Williamson, and Mike Heron in Edinburgh in 1966. Following Palmer's early departure, Williamson and Heron continued as a duo and were eventually augmented by other musicians such as Licorice McKechnie, Rose Simpson, and Malcolm Le Maistre.  The band split up in 1974.  They reformed in 1999 and continued to perform with changing lineups until 2006.

The band built a considerable following in the British 1960s counterculture, notably with their albums The 5000 Spirits or the Layers of the Onion (1967), The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter (1968), and Wee Tam and the Big Huge (1968).  They became pioneers in psychedelic folk and, through integrating a wide variety of traditional music forms and instruments, in the development of world music.

Robin Williamson
Robin Duncan Harry Williamson (born 24 November 1943) is a Scottish multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and storyteller who was a founding member of the Incredible String Band, as well as having a solo career.
Jin (Korean state)
The state of Jin (Korean pronunciation: [tɕin]) was a confederacy of statelets which occupied some portion of the southern Korean peninsula from the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE, bordering the Korean Kingdom of Old Chosŏn (Gojoseon) to the north. Its capital was somewhere south of the Han River. It preceded the Samhan confederacies, each of which claimed to be the successor of the Jin state.

Samhan
Samhan, or Three Hans (Korean: 삼한; Hanja: 三韓), is the collective name of the three confederacies: Byeonhan, Jinhan, and Mahan that emerged in the first century BCE during the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, or Samhan, period. Located in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula, the Samhan confederacies eventually merged and developed into the Paekche, Silla kingdoms and Kaya confederacy. The name "Samhan" also refers to the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)
Symphony No. 35 in D major, K. 385, also known as the Haffner Symphony, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782. It was commissioned by the Haffners, a prominent Salzburg family, for the occasion of the ennoblement of Sigmund Haffner the Younger. The Haffner Symphony should not be confused with the eight-movement Haffner Serenade, another piece Mozart wrote on commission from the same family in 1776.

Serenade No. 7 (Mozart)
The Serenade for orchestra in D major, K. 250 (248b), popularly known as the Haffner Serenade, is a serenade by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart named for the Haffner family. Mozart's friend and contemporary Sigmund Haffner the Younger commissioned the serenade to be used in the course of the festivities before the wedding of his sister Marie Elisabeth Haffner and her intended, Franz Xaver Spaeth. The Serenade was first played on 21 July 1776, on the eve of the wedding.

It is in eight movements:

The second, third and fourth movements feature prominent violin solos.  Indeed, the rondeau (the fourth movement) has been arranged for solo violin and used as a popular virtuoso piece.

It is assumed that the Marcia K. 249 was intended as entrance and exit music together with this Serenade.

A typical performance lasts approximately 55 minutes.
Associated graded ring
In mathematics, the associated graded ring of a ring R with respect to a proper ideal I is the graded ring:

.

Similarly, if M is a left R-module, then the associated graded module is the graded module over :

.

Graded ring
In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring such that the underlying additive group is a direct sum of abelian groups  such that ⁠⁠. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gradation or grading.

A graded module is defined similarly (see below for the precise definition). It generalizes graded vector spaces. A graded module that is also a graded ring is called a graded algebra. A graded ring could also be viewed as a graded ⁠⁠-algebra.

The associativity is not important (in fact not used at all) in the definition of a graded ring; hence, the notion applies to non-associative algebras as well; e.g., one can consider a graded Lie algebra.
Royal Noble Consort Yeongbin Yi
Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan (Korean: 영빈 전의 이씨; Hanja: 暎嬪 全義 李氏; 15 August 1696 – 23 August 1764), alternatively known as Lady Seonhui (Korean: 선희궁; Hanja: 宣禧宮), was a concubine of King Yeongjo of Joseon and the mother of Crown Prince Sado. She is most well known for influencing court politics as King Yeongjo often asked her advice and she regularly accompanied the king on inspection tours. Because of passivity of Queen Jeongseon, Yeongbin acted as lady of inner palace, hosting banquets.

Naemyŏngbu
Naemyŏngbu (Korean: 내명부; Hanja: 內命婦; RR: Naemyeongbu; lit. Women of the Internal Court), was a category of rank in the royal court of Joseon that referred to concubines and female officials living within the palaces. It was separate from the Oemyŏngbu (외명부; 外命婦; Oemyeongbu) category, which consisted of royal women living outside the palace.
Polar Class
Polar Class (PC) refers to the ice class assigned to a ship by a classification society based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships developed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS). Seven Polar Classes are defined in the rules, ranging from PC 1 for year-round operation in all polar waters to PC 7 for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice.

The IACS Polar Class rules should not be confused with International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

Ice class
Ice class refers to a notation assigned by a classification society or a national authority to denote the additional level of strengthening as well as other arrangements that enable a ship to navigate through sea ice. Some ice classes also have requirements for the ice-going performance of the vessel.
Cincinnati Subway
The Cincinnati Subway is a partially completed rapid transit system beneath the streets of Cincinnati, Ohio. Although the system only grew to a little more than 2 miles (3.2 km) in length, its derelict tunnels and stations make up the largest abandoned subway tunnel system in the United States. Construction began in the early 1900s as an upgrade to the Cincinnati streetcar system, but was abandoned due to escalating costs, the collapse of funding amidst political bickering, auto industry lobbying against public transit projects, and the Great Depression during the 1920s and 1930s.

In 1928, the construction of the subway system in Cincinnati was indefinitely canceled, and there are no plans to revive the project. Numerous efforts and proposals have been made since the 1930s to repurpose the existing tunnels for transportation projects, infrastructure, storage facilities, and commercial or community hubs.

Streetcars in Cincinnati
Streetcars operated by the Cincinnati Street Railway were the main form of public transportation in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century. The first electric streetcars began operation in 1889, and at its maximum, the streetcar system had 222 miles (357 km) of track and carried more than 100 million passengers per year. A very unusual feature of the system was that cars on some of its routes traveled via inclined railways to serve areas on hills near downtown. With the advent of inexpensive automobiles and improved roads, transit ridership declined in the 20th century and the streetcar system closed in 1951.
Construction of a new streetcar system, now known as the Connector, began in 2012. Consisting initially of a single route, the new system opened on September 9, 2016.
Queensland Labor Party (1957)
The Queensland Labor Party (QLP) was a political party of Queensland, Australia, formed in 1957 by a breakaway group of the then ruling Labor Party Government, following the expulsion of Premier Vince Gair. In 1962 the party became the Queensland section of the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). The party continued to hold seats in the Queensland state parliament until 1972, then suffered a collapse in its vote and wound itself up in 1978.

Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)
The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) was an Australian political party. The party came into existence following the 1955 ALP split as the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), and was renamed the Democratic Labor Party in 1957. In 1962, the Queensland Labor Party, a breakaway party of the Queensland branch of the Australian Labor Party, became the Queensland branch of the DLP.

In 1978, a new Democratic Labor Party was founded by members of the original party, which remains active as of 2025.
IIf
In computing, IIf (an abbreviation for Immediate if) is a function in several editions of the Visual Basic programming language and ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML), and on spreadsheets that returns the second or third parameter based on the evaluation of the first parameter.  It is an example of a conditional expression, which is similar to a conditional statement.

Conditional (computer programming)
In computer programming, a conditional statement directs  program control flow based on the value of a condition; a Boolean expression. A conditional expression evaluates to a value without the side-effect of changing control flow.

Many programming languages (such as C) have distinct conditional statements and expressions. In pure functional programming, a conditional expression does not have side-effects, many functional programming languages with conditional expressions (such as Lisp) support side-effects.
Hits Radio Lancashire
Hits Radio Lancashire, formerly Rock FM, is an Independent Local Radio station, owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK as part of the Hits Radio network. It broadcasts to Lancashire, North West England.

As of March 2025, the station has a weekly audience of 188,000 listeners according to RAJAR.

Hits Radio
Hits Radio is a network of 26 contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Bauer Media Audio UK. The network launched in 2018 with the rebranding of Bauer's Manchester station Key 103 and its merger with The Hits, and since then various other local stations have been rebranded under the Hits Radio banner.

As of December 2024, the network has a combined reach of 7.1 million weekly listeners according to RAJAR.
Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric
Zhuzhou CRRC Times Electric Co. Ltd., abbreviated as TEC, is a Chinese train manufacturer. It is headquartered in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province. The company is a prominent maker of traction systems for locomotives, electric multiple units and urban transit train applications, which generates about 70% of the company's total sales.

Despite both CRRC Times Electric and intermediate parent company CRRC were listed companies, the ultimate largest shareholder was the Central Government of China, via SASAC and CRRC Group.

Since 5 September 2016 CRRC Times Electric is a constituent of Hang Seng China Enterprises Index.

CRRC Group
CRRC Group Corporation, known as CRRC Group, is a Chinese state-owned holding company, direct parent company of CRRC and 32 other subsidiaries; if including second-tier subsidiaries, the holding company is the head of 112 legal entities (as in 2016).
Joe Krol
Joseph "King" Krol (February 20, 1919 – December 16, 2008) was a Canadian football quarterback, running back, defensive back, and placekicker/punter from 1942 to 1953 and 1955. Considered as possibly the most versatile player in Canadian football history as a triple-threat to pass, run, and kick, he was one of Canada's greatest athletes and also famously known as a "Gold Dust Twin" for his teamwork with Royal Copeland. Joe Krol was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. After suffering from a fall in his apartment, Krol died in a Toronto hospital on December 16, 2008.

Royal Copeland (Canadian football)
Royal Copeland (October 12, 1924 – August 8, 2011) was a Canadian football running back who played at the elite level from 1943 to 1956.

Copeland won four Grey Cups with the Toronto Argonauts. Along with Joe Krol they were known as the Gold Dust Twins. Copeland is the only player to score a touchdown in three consecutive Grey Cup games: 1945, 1946, and 1947. He became a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1988.

During the Second World War when the Argonaut football operations were suspended, Royal Copeland played in the Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) in 1943 with Toronto Navy HMCS York.
Flat module
In algebra, flat modules include free modules, projective modules, and, over a principal ideal domain, torsion-free modules. Formally, a module M over a ring R is flat if  taking the tensor product over R with M preserves exact sequences. A module is faithfully flat if taking the tensor product with a sequence produces an exact sequence if and only if the original sequence is exact.

Flatness was introduced by Jean-Pierre Serre (1956) in his paper Géometrie Algébrique et Géométrie Analytique.

Free module
In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set that is linearly independent. Every vector space is a free module, but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules.

Given any set S and ring R, there is a free R-module with basis S, which is called the free module on S or module of formal R-linear combinations of the elements of S.

A free abelian group is precisely a free module over the ring  of integers.
Pharnaces I of Pontus
Pharnaces I (Greek: Φαρνάκης; lived 2nd century BC) was the fifth king of Pontus. Of Persian and Greek ancestry, he was the son of King Mithridates III of Pontus and his wife Laodice, whom he succeeded on the throne. Pharnaces had two siblings: a brother called Mithridates IV of Pontus and a sister called Laodice who both succeeded Pharnaces. He was born and raised in the Kingdom of Pontus.

Mithridates IV of Pontus
Mithridates IV of Pontus, sometimes known by his full name Mithridates Philopator Philadelphus, (Greek: Mιθριδάτης ὁ Φιλoπάτωρ Φιλάδελφoς, "Mithridates the father-loving, brother-loving"; died c. 150 BC) was a prince and sixth ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus.