hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fernand Vandernotte
Fernand Auguste Henri Marius Vandernotte (12 July 1902 – 20 January 1990) was a French rower who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Tillières. He was the elder brother of Marcel Vandernotte and the father of Noël Vandernotte. In 1932, he was eliminated with his brother Marcel in the repechage of the coxed pair event. Four years later he won the bronze medal as a crew member of the French boat in the coxed four competition.

Marcel Vandernotte
Marcel Henri Vandernotte (29 July 1909 – 15 December 1993) was a French rower who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born in Nantes. He was the younger brother of Fernand Vandernotte and the uncle of Noël Vandernotte. In 1932 he was eliminated with his brother Fernand in the repechage of the coxed pair event. Four years later he won the bronze medal as crew member of the French boat in the coxed four competition.
Igor Kopystiansky
Igor Kopystiansky (born (1954-12-16)16 December 1954 in Lviv) is an American artist, active in New York City since 1988. He has a multimedia practice, including painting, photography, film, and video, with an investigation of painting as his primary paradigm. On works in media of film and video, he collaborates with his wife Svetlana Kopystiansky. His  independent works and their joint works are shown internationally and held in American, European and Australian museum collections. Archives of works by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are located at the Centre Pompidou, Kandinsky Library.

Svetlana Kopystiansky
Svetlana Kopystiansky (born 1950 in Voronezh) is an American artist, active in New York City since 1988. She has a multimedia practice, including painting, photography, film, and video, with an investigation of language as her primary paradigm. On works in media of film and video, she collaborates with her husband Igor Kopystiansky. Her  independent works and their joint works are shown internationally and held in American, European and Australian museum collections.
Archives by Igor and Svetlana Kopystiansky are located at the Centre Pompidou.
Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus
Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus (flourished 3rd century) was a Magister (master) in the Arval Brethren during the reign of Roman emperor Caracalla who ruled from 212 until 217.

Bassianus seems to be linked to the Julii and the Bassiani. From his name, could point to him as a possible son of the Syrian Roman nobles Gessius Marcianus and Julia Avita Mamaea, being a possible brother of Roman emperor Alexander Severus and his sister, Theoclia. If this is correct, Bassianus was a relation to the Royal family of Emesa and the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire. He may then have been born about 190, first son of his very freshly married parents.

Bassianus was not a known Priest of the cult of Elagabalus. Although he was a Roman Priest, was unable to attend the ceremonies of the Arval Brethren in Rome, probably due to Bassianus being based in the East.

Julia Avita Mamaea
Julia Avita Mamaea or Julia Mamaea (14 or 29 August around 182 – March 21/22 235) was a Syrian noble woman and member of the Severan dynasty. She was the mother of Roman emperor Alexander Severus and remained one of his chief advisors throughout his reign. She was killed in 235 by rebel soldiers alongside her son.
Wasteland 3
Wasteland 3 is a role-playing video game developed by inXile Entertainment and published by Deep Silver. It is a sequel to Wasteland 2 (2014) and was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on August 28, 2020. A Linux and macOS port was released on December 17, 2020.

Wasteland 2
Wasteland 2 is a post-apocalyptic role-playing video game developed by inXile Entertainment and published by Deep Silver. It is the sequel to 1988's Wasteland, and was successfully crowdfunded through Kickstarter. After the postponement of the original release date from October 2013, it was released for Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux in September 2014. An enhanced version of the game, named Wasteland 2: Director's Cut, was released in October 2015, including versions for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.

A sequel, Wasteland 3 was released on August 28, 2020.
R22 (New York City Subway car)
The R22 was a New York City Subway car built by the St. Louis Car Company from 1957 to 1958. The cars were a "follow-up" or supplemental stock for the A Division's R21s and closely resemble them. A total of 450 cars were built, arranged as single units. Two versions were manufactured: Westinghouse (WH)-powered cars and General Electric (GE)-powered cars.

The first R22s entered service on April 13, 1957. Several cars in the fleet were retrofitted as part of an automated-signaling test on the 42nd Street Shuttle in 1962 and were destroyed in a 1964 fire. The R22s were replaced by the R62As in the 1980s, and the final train of R22s ran on December 30, 1987. Several R22 cars were preserved, though the majority were scrapped.

R62A (New York City Subway car)
The R62A is a New York City Subway car model built between 1984 and 1987 by Bombardier Transportation for the A Division. The cars were built in La Pocatière, Quebec, with final assembly done in Auburn, New York and Barre, Vermont, under a license from Kawasaki Heavy Industries, manufacturer of the previous R62 order. A total of 825 cars were built, arranged as sets of three, four, or five cars per set. The cars replaced the remaining R17s, R21s, and R22s, which were all retired by early 1988.

The R62As were a follow-up order to the R62 order from 1981, and the second order of stainless steel cars for the "A" Division. The contract had been given to Bombardier due to Kawasaki's refusal to build the additional cars under a separate order. The first R62As entered service on May 29, 1985, and all were delivered by 1988. The R62As are scheduled to remain in service until at least the mid 2030s, when they will be replaced with the R262s.
Dundurn, Saskatchewan
Dundurn is a town of 647 residents surrounded by the RM of Dundurn No. 314, in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Dundurn is located on Highway 11, or Louis Riel Trail, in central Saskatchewan, about 42 km south of Saskatoon. As well as being an agricultural town, it is a bedroom community for both Saskatoon and Canadian Forces Detachment Dundurn, which is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) north of town and is a detachment of 17 Wing Winnipeg.

The town is situated between Highway 11 and the north end of Brightwater Lake, with Swamp Lake  directly north of town. Dundurn is run under a mayor-council form of civic governance.

CFD Dundurn
Canadian Forces Detachment Dundurn (also CFD Dundurn) is a Canadian Forces facility located near the town of Dundurn, Saskatchewan, and approximately 40 km south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, along the east bank of Brightwater Creek.
Soybean sprout
Soybean sprout is a culinary vegetable grown by sprouting soybeans. It can be grown by placing and watering the sprouted soybeans in the shade until the roots grow long. Soybean sprouts are extensively cultivated and consumed in Asian countries.

Sprouting
Sprouting is the natural process by which seeds or spores germinate and put out shoots, and already established plants produce new leaves or buds, or other structures experience further growth.

In the field of nutrition, the term signifies the practice of germinating seeds (for example, mung beans or sunflower seeds) to be eaten raw or cooked, which is considered more nutritious.
Oronzio Gabriele Costa
Oronzo Gabriele Costa (26 August 1787, Alessano – 7 November 1867 Naples) was an Italian zoologist.

At first a physician, he taught zoology at the University of Naples.  He wrote 126 papers on various subjects, principally entomology, and in 1846 served as president of the Accademia Pontaniana in Naples.

His two sons, Achille Costa (1823-1899) and Giuseppe Costa, were also both well-known zoologists.

Achille Costa
Achille Costa (10 August 1823, Lecce – 17 November 1899 Rome) was an Italian zoologist working mainly in  entomology who was appointed director of the Zoological Museum of Naples. He founded the entomological collections in Naples and described many new species.

Achille Costa was the son of Oronzio Gabriele Costa. He made the greatest contribution to the entomological exploration of southern Italy and the Italian islands in the second half of the 19th century
Constance of Wrocław
Constance of Wrocław (Polish: Konstancja wrocławska) (c.1221–27 – 21 or 23 February 1257) was a princess of Silesia and the duchess of Kuyavia. She was a member of the Polish House of Piast and mother of Leszek the Black and Ziemomysł of Kuyavia.

Ziemomysł of Kuyavia
Ziemomysł of Inowrocław (Polish: Ziemomysł inowrocławski; c. 1245 – October/24 December 1287), was a Polish prince, member of the House of Piast, duke of Inowrocław during 1267-1271 and 1278–1287, and ruler over Bydgoszcz during 1267-1269 and 1278–1287.
Bergregal
The Bergregal (German: [ˈbɛʁk.ʁeˌɡaːl]) was the historic right of ownership of untapped mineral resources in parts of German-speaking Europe; ownership of the Bergregal meant entitlement to the rights and royalties from mining. Historically, it was one of those privileges that constituted the original sovereign rights of the king.

In addition to the Bergregal, another important sovereign privilege was the Münzregal or minting rights, which was a consequence of the Bergregal since coins were minted near the mines from which their metal was obtained.

Mining law
Mining law is the branch of law relating to the legal requirements affecting minerals and mining. Mining law covers several basic topics, including the ownership of the mineral resource and who can work them. Mining is also affected by various regulations regarding the health and safety of miners, as well as the environmental impact of mining.
Kelvinside Academicals RFC
Kelvinside Academicals is a former rugby union team that played their home games at Balgray Playing Fields, Glasgow, Scotland.

The team was founded in 1888 by former pupils of the Kelvinside Academy. The team no longer exists.

In 1982 it merged with Glasgow HSFP - the rugby team of another school; the High School of Glasgow - to form a rugby club called Glasgow High Kelvinside.

In 1997, the 1st XV of Glasgow High Kelvinside merged with the 1st XV of Glasgow Academicals to form Glasgow Hawks. Both GHK and Academicals survived the merger as individual clubs - Academicals now compete in SRU National League 1 - just below Hawks - while GHK are at the next level down, National League 2.

In 2018 Glasgow Hawks relocated to Balgray from Old Anniesland to play their games there in the Tennent's Premiership as part of a new partnership with Kelvinside Academy. Hawks now train at Craigholme School's Sports Complex in Pollok Park.

Glasgow HSFP
Glasgow HSFP are a former rugby union team that played their home games at Glasgow, Scotland.

The team was founded in 1884 by former pupils of the High School of Glasgow. The team no longer exists.

In 1982 it merged with the Kelvinside Academicals - the rugby team of another school; the Kelvinside Academy - to form a rugby club called Glasgow High Kelvinside.

In 1997, Glasgow High Kelvinside merged with Glasgow Academicals to form Glasgow Hawks. Both GHK and Academicals survived the merger as spin-offs from the Hawks.

Originally, West of Scotland Football Club (known often as 'West') was also invited into the merger, but declined and continue to play at their club in Milngavie.
Isaeus
Isaeus (Greek: Ἰσαῖος Isaios; fl. early 4th century BC) was one of the ten Attic orators according to the Alexandrian canon. He was a student of Isocrates in Athens, and later taught Demosthenes while working as a metic logographer (speechwriter) for others. Only eleven of his speeches survive, with fragments of a twelfth. They are mostly concerned with inheritance, with one on civil rights. Dionysius of Halicarnassus compared his style to Lysias, although Isaeus was more given to employing sophistry.

Lysias
Lysias (/ˈlɪsiəs/; Λυσίας; c. 445 – c. 380 BC) was an Athenian logographer and one of the ten Attic orators later canonized by Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace. He wrote speeches for litigants across a wide range of public and private actions during the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC, with thirty-four transmitted in the medieval corpus and many others known by title or fragment. Ancient critics, especially Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and modern scholarship identify Lysias as an exemplar of the plain style, emphasizing idiomatic diction, character-appropriate voice, and concise narrative framing. His speech Against Eratosthenes and the fragmentary Olympic Oration are commonly cited for historical evidence on postwar Athens and for programmatic statements on Greek politics.
Politics of Guinea
Politics of Guinea takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Guinea is both head of state and head of government of Guinea. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly.

National Assembly (Guinea)
The unicameral Assemblée nationale or National Assembly is Guinea's legislative body. Since the country's birth in 1958, it has experienced political turmoil, and elections have been called at irregular intervals, and only since 1995 have they been more than approval of a one-party state's slate of candidates. The number of seats has also fluctuated.

It is currently suspended, with the National Council of the Transition acting as Guinea's legislative body in the wake of the 2021 Guinean coup d'état.
Hughes 35
The Hughes 35 is a Canadian sailboat that was designed by Sparkman & Stephens as a cruiser-racer and first built in 1977.

The Hughes 35 is a development of the North Star 1500, which was built by North Star Yachts prior to Howard Hughes re-acquiring the company in 1977. Both the Hughes 35 and the North Star 35 are variants of Sparkman & Stephens's design number 2166 as are the Aura A35 and the SHE 36.

SHE 36
The SHE 36 is a British sailboat that was designed by Sparkman & Stephens as an International Offshore Rule Three-Quarter Ton class racer-cruiser and first built in 1977.

The SHE 36 is a development of Sparkman & Stephens' design 2166, with the rudder moved aft, giving a longer waterline, a deep keel and other changes. The basic Sparkman & Stephens' design 2166 is also used by the Aura A35, Hughes 35 and the North Star 1500.
Palatalization (sound change)
Palatalization (/ˌpælətəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ PAL-ə-təl-eye-ZAY-shən) is a historical-linguistic sound change that results in a palatalized articulation of a consonant or, in certain cases, a front vowel. Palatalization involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. In some cases, palatalization involves assimilation or lenition.

Palatal consonant
Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex. Palatal sounds are occasionally called domal or cacuminal (/kəˈkjuːmɪnəl/ ⓘ), though usually those terms are restricted to retroflex consonants (apico-domal or apico-palatal), with 'palatal' restricted to laminal consonants (lamino-domal or lamino-palatal).

The term 'palatal' is commonly used more loosely for laminal or palatalized post-alveolar sounds, if there are no true palatals that contrast with them. This is especially the case with the IPA letters ⟨ɲ⟩ and ⟨ʎ⟩, which would often be more accurately transcribed as ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ and ⟨l̠ʲ⟩.
BRAC University
BRAC University (Bengali: ব্র্যাক ইউনিভার্সিটি, also known as BRACU) is a private research university located in Merul Badda, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 2001 as a branch of Sir Fazle Hasan Abed's BRAC under the Private University Act 1992.

BRAC (organisation)
BRAC is an international development organisation based in Bangladesh. In order to receive foreign donations, BRAC was subsequently registered under the NGO Affairs Bureau of the Government of Bangladesh. BRAC is the largest non-governmental development organisation in the world, in terms of the number of employees, as of September 2016. Founded by Sir Fazle Hasan Abed in 1972, shortly after the independence of Bangladesh, BRAC now operates in all 64 districts of Bangladesh and in 16 other countries across Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

BRAC states that it employs over 90,000 people, roughly 70 percent of whom are women, and that it reaches more than 126 million people with its services. BRAC has operations in 12 countries.
Aurornis
Aurornis is an extinct genus of anchiornithid theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic period of China. The genus Aurornis contains a single known species, Aurornis xui (/aʊˈrɔːrnɪs ˈʃuːi/). Aurornis xui may be the most basal ("primitive") avialan dinosaur known to date, and it is one of the earliest avialans found to date. The fossil evidence for the animal pre-dates that of Archaeopteryx lithographica, often considered the earliest bird species, by about 10 million years.

Aurornis xui was first described and named by Pascal Godefroit, Andrea Cau, Hu Dong-Yu, François Escuillié, Wu Wenhao and Gareth Dyke in 2013. The generic name is derived from the Latin word aurora, meaning "daybreak" or "dawn", and the Ancient Greek ὄρνις (órnis) meaning "bird". The specific name, A. xui, honors Xu Xing. A 2017 study of specimens of the avialan Anchiornis has found that the traits exhibited by Aurornis fall within the range of variation in Anchiornis, warranting their synonymization.

Anchiornis
Anchiornis is a genus of small, four-winged paravian dinosaurs, with only one known species, the type species Anchiornis huxleyi, named for its similarity to modern birds. The Latin name Anchiornis derives from a Greek word meaning "near bird", and huxleyi refers to Thomas Henry Huxley, a contemporary of Charles Darwin. Anchiornis fossils have been found only in the Tiaojishan Formation of Liaoning, China, in rocks dated to the Late Jurassic, about 160 million years ago. It is known from hundreds of specimens, and given the exquisite preservation of some of these fossils, it became the first Mesozoic dinosaur species for which almost the entire life appearance could be determined, and an important source of information on the early evolution of birds.
Mecca Metro
The Mecca Metro or Makkah Metro is a metro system with four planned lines in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The Metro was constructed by China Railway Construction Corporation and is run by Mecca Mass Rail Transit Company (MMRTC). The metro forms part of the 62-billion-riyal Mecca Public Transport Programme (MPTP), which will include integrated bus services.

The four proposed metro lines will be in addition to the existing Al Mashaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line: 18.1 km, connecting Mecca, Arafat, Muzdalifa, and Mina opened in November 2010.

Many people utilize the Mecca Metro during the Hajj.

Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro line
The Al Mashaaer Al Mugaddassah Metro Line or The Sacred Sites Metro Line is a metro line in the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia used exclusively as a shuttle train for pilgrims between holy sites in Mecca, Mount Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina to reduce congestion caused by thousands of buses and cars during the Hajj. It is the second metro system on the Arabian Peninsula, after the Dubai Metro.

The line opened on 13 November 2010, in time for the Hajj 1431 between 25–29 November 2010. It was built separately from, and will not be physically linked to, the future Mecca Metro network.
Mob Wives
Mob Wives is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on April 17, 2011. The show focuses on the lives of several women residing in the New York City borough of Staten Island, whose family members and husbands have been arrested and imprisoned for crimes that are connected to the Italian-American Mafia.

The success of the show has resulted in several spin-offs, including Mob Wives: The Sit Down, Mob Wives Chicago, Big Ang and Miami Monkey.

Big Ang (TV series)
Big Ang is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on July 8, 2012, starring Angela "Big Ang" Raiola, who first received television exposure on the second season of the reality television series Mob Wives.

In May 2013, Raiola confirmed during an interview that a second season of the show was being produced, but it was later revealed that the season would be retooled as another spin-off titled Miami Monkey, which premiered on September 8, 2013.
Potapovka culture
Potapovka culture (Russian: Потаповская культура, romanized: Potapovskaya kul'tura) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the middle Volga in 2100–1800 BC.

The Potapovka culture emerged from the Poltavka culture with influences from the Abashevo culture. It had close relations with the Sintashta culture in the east, with whom it shares many similarities. Like the Sintashta culture, its people are believed to have spoken a form of Proto-Indo-Iranian. It was directly ancestral to the Srubnaya culture, and probably influenced the emergence of the Andronovo culture.

Srubnaya culture
The Srubnaya culture (Russian: Срубная культура, romanized: Srubnaya kul'tura, Ukrainian: Зрубна культура, romanized: Zrubna kuljtura), also known as Timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age 1900–1200 BC culture in the eastern part of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. It is a successor of the Yamnaya culture, the Catacomb culture and the Poltavka culture. It is co-ordinate and probably closely related to the Andronovo culture, its eastern neighbor. Whether the Srubnaya culture originated in the east, west, or was a local development, is disputed among archaeologists.

The Srubnaya culture is generally associated with archaic Iranian-speakers. The name comes from Russian сруб (srub) / Ukrainian зруб (zrub), "timber framework", from the way graves were constructed.
Flow chemistry
In flow chemistry, a specific type of reactor engineering, a chemical reaction is run in a continuously flowing stream rather than in batch production.  In other words, pumps move fluid into a reactor, and where tubes join one another, the fluids contact one another.  If these fluids are reactive, a reaction takes place.  Flow chemistry is a well-established technique for use at a large scale when manufacturing large quantities of a given material.  However, the term has only been coined recently for its application on a laboratory scale by chemists and describes small pilot plants, and lab-scale continuous plants. Often, microreactors are used. Early examples of flow microreactors were realized for thermal flow amplification of DNA by micro flow PCR

Microreactor
A microreactor or microstructured reactor or microchannel reactor is a device in which chemical reactions take place in a confinement with typical lateral dimensions below 1 mm;
the most typical form of such confinement are microchannels. Microreactors are studied in the field of micro process engineering, together with other devices (such as micro heat exchangers) in which physical processes occur. The microreactor is usually a continuous flow reactor  (contrast with/to a batch reactor). Microreactors can offer many advantages over conventional scale reactors, including improvements in energy efficiency, reaction speed and yield, safety, reliability, scalability, on-site/on-demand production, and a much finer degree of process control.