hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any of a small set of words or affixes (such as a, an, and the in English) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application. The category of articles constitutes a part of speech.

Articles combine with nouns to form noun phrases, and typically specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun phrase. In English, the and a (rendered as an when followed by a vowel sound) are the definite and indefinite articles respectively. Articles in many other languages also carry additional grammatical information such as gender, number, and case. Articles are part of a broader category called determiners, which also include demonstratives, possessive determiners, and quantifiers. In linguistic interlinear glossing, articles are abbreviated as ART.

Determiner
In natural language, a determiner, also called a determinative (abbreviated DET), is a word or affix that combines with a noun to express its reference. Examples in English include articles (the and a/an), demonstratives (this, that), possessive determiners (my, their), and quantifiers (many, both). Not all languages have determiners, and not all systems of grammatical description recognize them as a distinct category.
KBD algorithm
The KBD algorithm is a cluster update algorithm designed for the fully frustrated Ising model in two dimensions, or more generally any two dimensional spin glass with frustrated plaquettes arranged in a checkered pattern. It is discovered in 1990 by Daniel Kandel, Radel Ben-Av, and Eytan Domany, and generalized by P. D. Coddington and L. Han in 1994. It is the inspiration for cluster algorithms used in quantum monte carlo simulations.

Swendsen–Wang algorithm
The Swendsen–Wang algorithm is the first non-local or cluster algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation for large systems near criticality. It has been introduced by Robert Swendsen and Jian-Sheng Wang in 1987 at Carnegie Mellon.

The original algorithm was designed for the Ising and Potts models, and it was later generalized to other systems as well, such as the XY model by Wolff algorithm and particles of fluids. The key ingredient was the random cluster model, a representation of the Ising or Potts model through percolation models of connecting bonds, due to Fortuin and Kasteleyn. It has been generalized by Barbu and Zhu to arbitrary sampling probabilities by viewing it as a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm and computing the acceptance probability of the proposed Monte Carlo move.
Margaret of Navarre
Margaret of Navarre (Basque: Margarita, French: Marguerite, Spanish: Margarita, Italian: Margherita) (c. 1135 – 12 August 1183) was Queen of Sicily as the wife of William I (r. 1154–1166) and the regent during the minority of her son, William II.

William I of Sicily
William I (1120 or 1121 –  7 May 1166), called the Bad or the Wicked (Sicilian: Gugghiermu lu Malu), was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own in 1166. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile.

William's title "the Bad" seems little merited and expresses the bias of the historian Hugo Falcandus and the baronial class against the king and the official class by whom he was guided.
Lesquerolic acid
Lesquerolic acid is a hydroxycarboxylic acid that occurs naturally in Paysonia lasiocarpa and other Paysonia and Physaria species.
The acid is typically found together with other hydroxylated fatty acids, such as densipolic, auricolic, ricinoleic, etc.

This compound has the R configuration at the alcohol-bearing stereocenter, and it is of the Z configuration at the olefin. Lesquerolic acid is chemically similar to ricinoleic acid, but with two additional carbons at the carboxyl end of the carbon chain.

Ricinoleic acid
Ricinoleic acid, formally called 12-hydroxy-9-cis-octadecenoic acid, is a fatty acid.  It is an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and a hydroxy acid. It is a major component of the seed oil obtained from the seeds of castor plant (Ricinus communis L., Euphorbiaceae), the plant that produces ricin. It is also found in the sclerotium of ergot (Claviceps purpurea Tul., Clavicipitaceae). About 90% of the fatty acid content in castor oil is the ricinolein.
Left May–Kwomtari languages
The Left May–Kwomtari or Arai–Kwomtari languages are a possible small family of Papuan languages proposed by Malcolm Ross, which links the Left May (Arai) family with the Kwomtari–Fas proposal (Loving & Bass 1964). However, the proposal is problematic; it's not clear if the Arai correspondences are with Kwomtari, with Fas, or with both, as Kwomtari–Fas is itself dubious.

Kwomtari–Fas languages
The Kwomtari–Fas languages, often referred to ambiguously as Kwomtari, are an apparently spurious language family proposal of six languages spoken by some 4,000 people in the north of Papua New Guinea, near the border with Indonesia. The term "Kwomtari languages" can also refer to one of the established families that makes up this proposal.
California State Route 218
State Route 218 (SR 218) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, connecting State Route 1 with State Route 68 in Monterey County. SR 218 takes an approach north of Monterey Regional Airport via the cities of Seaside and Del Rey Oaks.

California State Route 68
State Route 68 (SR 68) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, located entirely in Monterey County. It runs from Asilomar State Beach in Pacific Grove to U.S. Route 101 in Salinas. The approximately 20-mile (32 km) long highway serves as a major route between the Monterey Peninsula and Salinas.
The Intruders (band)
The Intruders were an American soul music vocal group most popular in the 1960s and 1970s. As one of the first groups to have hit songs under the direction of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, they were a major influence on the development of Philadelphia soul.

The Intruders are also noted for having 24 R&B chart hits, including 6 R&B top tens, and 14 chart hits in the Billboard Hot 100, including their signature song, the million-selling top 10 hit, "Cowboys to Girls." Other notable songs include the top 10 R&B hits "(Love Is Like A) Baseball Game", "Together", "I'll Always Love My Mama", "United", and "I Wanna Know Your Name". The original members, all natives of Philadelphia, were Samuel "Little Sonny" Brown, Eugene "Bird" Daughtry, Phil Terry, and Robert "Big Sonny" Edwards.

Gamble and Huff
Kenneth Gamble (born August 11, 1943, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and Leon A. Huff (born April 8, 1942, Camden, New Jersey) are an American songwriting and production duo credited for developing the Philadelphia soul music genre (also known as Philly sound) of the 1970s. In addition to forming their own label, Philadelphia International Records, Gamble and Huff have written and produced 175 gold and platinum records, earning them an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category in March 2008.
154th (Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry) Battalion, CEF
The 154th Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.  Based in Cornwall, Ontario, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 from the 59th Stormont and Glengarry Regiment and in Stormont, Dundas, and Glengarry Counties. The battalion is perpetuated by the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders.

Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. It is part of 33 Canadian Brigade Group, 4th Canadian Division and is headquartered in Cornwall, Ontario.
Ralliement créditiste du Québec
The Ralliement créditiste du Québec (French pronunciation: [ʁalimɑ̃ kʁeditist dy kebɛk]) was a provincial political party in Quebec, Canada, that operated from 1970 to 1978 (the party was also known as the Parti créditiste from September to December 1973, contesting the 1973 provincial election under that name). It promoted social credit theories of monetary reform, and acted as an outlet for the expression of rural discontent. It was a successor to an earlier social credit party in Quebec, the Union des électeurs which ran candidates in the 1940s.

Ralliement créditiste
There were several political parties that were part of the Canadian social credit movement in Quebec.  There were various parties at different times with different names at the provincial level, all broadly following the social credit philosophy; these parties had varying degrees of affiliation with the Social Credit Party of Canada at the federal level.

The greatest success achieved by a provincial social credit party in Quebec was the Ralliement créditiste du Québec, which won 12 seats in the 1970 Quebec provincial election.
F.C. Copenhagen
Football Club Copenhagen (Danish: Football Club København, pronounced [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀn]), commonly known as F.C. København, F.C. Copenhagen, Copenhagen, or simply FCK, is a Danish professional football club based in Frederiksberg, FCK was founded in 1992 as a superstructure on top of Kjøbenhavns Boldklub and Boldklubben 1903.

F.C. Copenhagen has won a record 16 Danish Football Championships and a record 10 Danish Cups. In European football F.C. Copenhagen has reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League and the group stage of the UEFA Europa League more times than any other Danish club.

Copenhagen plays its matches at the Parken Stadium, which also serves as the venue for Denmark national football team matches. Since their foundation, FCK have developed a fierce rivalry with Brøndby IF. The Copenhagen Derby games between the two sides have attracted some of the biggest crowds in Danish football history.

Parken Stadium
Parken is a football stadium in the Indre Østerbro (Inner Østerbro) district of Copenhagen, Denmark, built from 1990 to 1992. The stadium, which features a retractable roof, currently has a capacity of 38,190 for football games, and is the home of F.C. Copenhagen and the Denmark national football team. The stadium can hold up to 50,000 for concerts with an end-stage setup, or 55,000 with a centre-stage setup.

Parken was announced as one of 12 host venues of the UEFA Euro 2020 and it hosted three group stage matches, as well as a round of 16 match.

Geranium, a three Michelin star restaurant, is located on the eighth floor of the stadium.
Ouvrage Soetrich
Ouvrage Soetrich is a gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line in north-eastern France. Soetrich is located between petits ouvrages Immerhof and Bois Karre, facing the France-Luxembourg border near the town of Hettange-Grande, part of the Fortified Sector of Thionville.  Compared with other gros ouvrages, Soetrich is compact in arrangement, with the entries and underground ammunition magazines and barracks in close proximity to the combat blocks, accessed through underground galleries at an average depth of 30 metres (98 ft). Its primary purpose was to cover the main road to Luxembourg, just to the west. Along with its neighbours, Ouvrage Rochonvillers and Ouvrage Molvange, Soetrich was used during the Cold War as a secure command centre for NATO forces.

Ouvrage Rochonvillers
Ouvrage Rochonvillers is one of the largest of the Maginot Line fortifications. Located above the town of Rochonvillers in the French region of Lorraine, the gros ouvrage or large work was fully equipped and occupied in 1935 as part of the Fortified Sector of Thionville in the Moselle. It is located between the petit ouvrage d'Aumetz and the gros ouvrage Molvange, facing the border between Luxembourg and France with nine combat blocks. Rochonvillers saw little action during World War II, but due to its size it was repaired and retained in service after the war. During the Cold War it found a new use as a hardened military command centre, first for NATO and then for the French Army.
Ukrainian conscription crisis
Mobilization to the Armed Forces of Ukraine to combat the Russian invasion of Ukraine has resulted in military, political, and public controversies in the country. Among these include efforts from Ukrainian citizens to dodge draft orders and hide or escape the country, legislation to penalize draft evaders and require Ukrainian citizens to register information to streamline draft processes, and the employment of Territorial Recruitment Office (TCC) soldiers to enroll Ukrainians into training with efforts from citizens to resist. The need to maintain enough troops to fight on the frontline in Ukraine to prevent Russia from advancing and jeopardizing Ukrainian sovereignty while adhering to democratic principles and human rights to resist the Russian image of authoritarianism created a difficult policy balance that resulted in the strong internal politicization and controversy.

Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
The Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support (TCR and SS, TCR or TCK) (Ukrainian: Територіальний центр комплектування та соціальної підтримки, ТЦК та СП or ТЦК) is Ukraine's military administration body that keeps military records and mobilizes the population. Starting from 2022, the TCR and SS have completely replaced Ukraine's former system of military commissariats.
Dirk Cussler
Dirk Cussler (born 1961) is an American author. He is the son of best selling author Clive Cussler and a co-author of several Dirk Pitt adventure novels, as well as being the namesake of the Pitt character.

Clive Cussler
Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and underwater explorer. His thriller novels, many featuring the character Dirk Pitt, have been listed on The New York Times fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. Cussler was the founder and chairman of the National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA), which has discovered more than 60 shipwreck sites and numerous other notable underwater wrecks. He was the sole author or main author of more than 80 books. He often placed himself into his books as himself.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche (/sɪˈnɛkdəki/ sih-NECK-də-kee) is a type of metonymy; it is a figure of speech that uses a term for a part of something to refer to the whole (pars pro toto), or vice versa (totum pro parte). The term is derived from Ancient Greek  συνεκδοχή (sunekdokhḗ) 'simultaneous understanding'. Common English synecdoches include suits for businessmen, wheels for automobile, and boots for soldiers.

Figure of speech
A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a category of literary or linguistic terms, with two related meanings. The first meaning is the broader and more technical one: a synonym for literary device, particularly when divided into two sub-types: schemes, variations deviating from the usual sequence of words, and tropes or figures, deviations of the words themselves from ordinary usage. This meaning dates back to the Renaissance humanists, themselves inspired by the classical rhetoricians.

The second meaning of figure of speech is narrower and its most common one colloquially—essentially, a synonym for trope as defined above: any word or phrase that deviates from straightforward language use or literal meaning to produce a persuasive or other intensified effect (emotionally, aesthetically, intellectually, etc.). In the distinction between literal and figurative language, figures of speech constitute the latter.

This article focuses on the first, broader meaning.
12th Armoured Regiment (Australia)
The 12th Armoured Regiment was an armoured regiment of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. The regiment was formed in May 1942 as part of the 6th Australian Armoured Brigade. It was  originally a Citizens Military Force unit which was converted from the 18th Motor Regiment, formerly the 18th Machine Gun Regiment and previously the 18th Light Horse Regiment (Adelaide Lancers).

6th Armoured Brigade (Australia)
The 6th Australian Armoured Brigade was a formation of the Australian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in May 1942, by the conversion of the 6th Motor Brigade and was assigned to the 2nd Motor Division. The brigade also absorbed units of the 5th Motor Brigade in June 1942. The brigade remained in Australia and did not see any active service before it was converted into the 4th Armoured Brigade in March 1943.
Shire of Gatton
The Shire of Gatton was a local government area located in the Lockyer Valley region between the cities of Toowoomba and Ipswich, and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The shire covered an area of 1,571.8 square kilometres (606.9 sq mi), and existed from 1880 until its merger with the Shire of Laidley to form the Lockyer Valley Region on 15 March 2008.

Shire of Laidley
The Shire of Laidley was a local government area located in the Lockyer Valley region between the cities of Toowoomba and Ipswich, and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. The shire covered an area of 700.6 square kilometres (270.5 sq mi), and existed from 1888 until its merger with the Shire of Gatton to form the Lockyer Valley Region on 15 March 2008.
Downtown Mall
The Downtown Mall in Charlottesville, Virginia, is one of the longest pedestrian malls in the United States.  Located on Main Street, it runs from 6th St. N.E. to Old Preston Ave., where it extends to Water St., for total length of eight blocks. It is laid with brick and concrete, and home to an array of restaurants, shops, offices and art galleries.  On Fridays in the spring, summer and fall, the Downtown Mall is host to Fridays After Five, a weekly concert series.  Several side streets are also paved in brick and likewise closed to traffic.  On the east, the Mall ends at the Ting Pavilion, an outdoor concert venue, while the west end of the Mall features an Omni Hotel. It is also home to the Paramount Theater and the historic Jefferson Theater.

Jefferson Theater (Virginia)
The Jefferson Theater, a former movie palace, is a performing arts venue located at 110 East Main Street in Charlottesville, Virginia, and is the centerpiece of the Historic Downtown Mall.

Built in 1912, this combination vaudeville house/cinema is one of the major performing venues in Charlottesville. Operated most recently as one of the dollar theaters, it is currently owned by Coran Capshaw, who oversaw restoration which commenced in the spring of 2006. The theater reopened in November 2009.

It was designed by architect C.K. Howell, who also designed the November Theatre in nearby Richmond, Virginia. It has a total capacity of 750 seats.
August Lindbergh
August Lindbergh (12 May 1808 – 14 October 1893) was a Swedish American farmer and politician. He was the father of the U.S. politician Charles August Lindbergh, and the grandfather of aviator Charles Lindbergh.

Charles August Lindbergh
Charles August Lindbergh (born Carl Månsson; January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924) was a United States Congressman from Minnesota's 6th congressional district from 1907 to 1917. He is known for his opposition to the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, which he warned would hand control of the economy to "a purely profiteering group" operating "for the sole purpose of obtaining the greatest possible profits from the use of other people's money." Lindbergh opposed American entry into World War I, arguing that the United States should avoid foreign entanglements. Lindbergh is best known as the father of famed aviator Charles Lindbergh.
Niente
Niente (Italian pronunciation: [ˈnjɛnte]), also called quasi niente [ˈkwaːzi ˈnjɛnte], is a musical dynamic often used at the end of a piece to direct the performer to fade the music away to little more than a bare whisper, normally gradually with a diminuendo, al niente. It is often written as "n" or "ø". It is also used to direct the performer to fade into a note without any articulation at the beginning of the note, known as dal niente (from nothing): "n".

Niente is distinct from a rest "in that [during niente] the musician is engaged in making sound, but so softly that the sound can not be heard."

Dynamics (music)
In music, the dynamics of a piece are the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. Dynamics are indicated by specific musical notation, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context:  a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in timbre and sometimes tempo rubato.
Lamar Institute of Technology
Lamar Institute of Technology is a public technical school in Beaumont, Texas. It was formerly a part of Lamar University, but became a separate institution when the university joined the Texas State University System in 1995.

Lamar University
Lamar University (Lamar or LU) is a public university in Beaumont, Texas, United States. Lamar has been a member of the Texas State University System since 1995. It was the flagship institution of the former Lamar University System. As of the fall of 2024, the university enrollment was 17,850 students. Lamar University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and named for Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas.

The university campus has an urban setting and the core campus of LU is 299-plus acres. LU is organized into five undergraduate colleges, one graduate college and an honors college.
HD Hyundai Infracore
HD Hyundai Infracore Co., Ltd. (Korean: 에이치디현대인프라코어; RR: Eichidi Hyeondae Inpeulakoeo), formerly known as Doosan Infracore, is a South Korean company that manufactures construction equipment and commercial and military engines. It is one of the largest construction equipment manufacturers by sales revenue. Doosan Infracore was acquired by HD Hyundai (former Hyundai Heavy Industries Group) in 2021. The brand name Develon (디벨론) has been used since 2023.

HD Hyundai
HD Hyundai Co., Ltd. (Korean: HD현대) is one of the largest South Korean conglomerates engaged in shipbuilding, heavy equipment, machinery, and the petroleum industry.

HD Hyundai started its shipbuilding business in a small village in Ulsan, South Korea, in 1972 and grew into a global heavy industries company. It is a major supplier in the heavy industries and energy sector, ranging from shipbuilding and marine engineering to oil refining, petrochemicals, and smart energy management businesses.

HD Hyundai rebranded its name of Hyundai Heavy Industries Group (HHI Group) to 'HD Hyundai' in 2022 to mark its 50th anniversary.
Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran
Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran (Kurdish: حیزبوڵڵای کوردی ئیران; Persian: حزب‌الله کرد ایران) is an Islamist political party created in Iran in 1983 under the leadership of Sheikh Mohammed Khalid Barzani. Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran is very close to the Islamic Republic of Iran, and is not a nationalist or leftist organization like most other Kurdish parties in Iran. Qadir Osman, the leader of this party, said "our friendship with Iran is very good and there are visits among us". Adham Barzani, within this group and under his control, established Kurdish Revolutionary Hezbollah, an offshoot of the Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran.

Kurdistan Revolutionary Hezbollah
The Kurdistan Revolutionary Hezbollah (Kurdish: حیزبوڵڵای شۆڕشگێڕی کوردستان; Arabic: حزب الله الثوري الكردستاني; the Revolutionary Party of God of Kurdistan) is a Kurdish Shia–Sunni Islamist political movement and former militant group founded in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1988 under the leadership of Adham Barzani.
Icelandic Men's Basketball Company Cup
The Icelandic Men's Basketball Company Cup, commonly known as the  Men's Company Cup (Icelandic: Fyrirtækjabikar karla), was an annual basketball competition between clubs in Iceland that was organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation. It was Iceland's second-tier cup competition, and is not to be confused with Iceland's first-tier cup competition, the Icelandic Cup.

Icelandic Men's Basketball Cup
The Icelandic Men's Basketball Cup (Icelandic: Bikarkeppni KKÍ), also known as VÍS bikarinn for sponsorship reasons, is an annual professional basketball competition between clubs in Iceland. It is Iceland's first-tier cup competition, and is not to be confused with Iceland's former second-tier cup competition, the Company Cup.