hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cambrian Stage 3
Cambrian Stage 3 is the still unnamed third stage of the Cambrian. It succeeds Cambrian Stage 2 and precedes Cambrian Stage 4, although neither its base nor top have been formally defined. The plan is for its lower boundary to correspond approximately to the first appearance of trilobites, about 521 million years ago, though the globally asynchronous appearance of trilobites warrants the use of a separate, globally synchronous marker to define the base. The upper boundary and beginning of Cambrian Stage 4 is informally defined as the first appearance of the trilobite genera Olenellus or Redlichia around 514.5 million years ago.

Cambrian Stage 4
Cambrian Stage 4 is the still unnamed fourth stage of the Cambrian and the upper stage of Cambrian Series 2. It follows Cambrian Stage 3 and lies below the Wuliuan. The lower boundary has not been formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. One proposal is the first appearance of two trilobite genera, Olenellus or Redlichia. Another proposal is the first appearance of the trilobite species Arthricocephalus chauveaui. Both proposals will set the lower boundary close to 514.5 million years ago. The upper boundary corresponds to the beginning of the Wuliuan.
Kalnciems
Kalnciems (pronunciationⓘ) is a village in Jelgava Municipality in the Semigallia region of Latvia. Located on the left bank of the Lielupe, 5 km south of the A9 motorway. Distance to Jelgava 24 km, to Riga - 49 km. Because of the dolomite and clay mines - in Kalnciems developed a big building materials industry center next to the Lielupe's waterway and by the end of the 19th century, the finished products were transported to Riga for its new buildings.

It had town rights from 1991 to 2010. The nearby Kalnciems Meadows is a natural habitat for fauna such as the corn crake, spotted crake, and black-tailed godwit.

Lielupe
The Lielupe is a river in central Latvia. Its length is 119 km (74 mi), or 310 km (190 mi) if the Mēmele River is counted as part of it. The surface area of its drainage basin is 17,600 km2 (6,800 sq mi). The average fall of the Lielupe is about 0.1 m/km (0.53 ft/mi) and its average flow is 106 m3/s (3,700 cu ft/s), although a maximum of 1,380 m3/s (49,000 cu ft/s) has been reached during floods.
Odometer
An odometer or odograph is an instrument used for measuring the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or car. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two (electromechanical). The noun derives from ancient Greek ὁδόμετρον, hodómetron, from ὁδός, hodós ('path' or 'gateway') and μέτρον, métron ('measure'). Early forms of the odometer existed in the ancient Greco-Roman world as well as in ancient China. In countries using Imperial units or US customary units it is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer, the former name especially being prevalent in the United Kingdom and among members of the Commonwealth.

Speedometer
A speedometer or speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. Other vehicles may use devices analogous to the speedometer with different means of sensing speed, eg. boats use a pit log, while aircraft use an airspeed indicator.

Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which was usually fitted to locomotives.

The electric speedometer was invented by the Croat Josip Belušić in 1888 and was originally called a velocimeter.
Capital in the Anthropocene
Capital in the Anthropocene (Japanese: 人新世の「資本論」, romanized: Hitoshinsei no "Shihonron") is a 2020 non-fiction book by Japanese academic Kohei Saito. Drawing from writings on ecology and natural science by Karl Marx, the book presents a Marxist argument for degrowth as a means of mitigating climate change. Capital in the Anthropocene was an unexpected commercial success in Japan, selling over half a million copies.

Kohei Saito
Kohei Saito (斎藤 幸平, Saitō Kōhei) (born January 31, 1987) is a Japanese philosopher. He is an associate professor at the University of Tokyo. Saito works on ecology and political economy from a Marxist perspective. His 2020 book Capital in the Anthropocene has been credited for inspiring a resurgence of interest in Marxist thought in Japan.
Lepisosteiformes
Lepisosteiformes is an order of ray-finned fish and the only living members of the clade Ginglymodi. Its only extant representatives are the gar (family Lepisosteidae), and it is defined as all members of Ginglymodi that are more closely related to gar than to the extinct Semionotiformes, the other major grouping of ginglymodians. They are one of two extant orders in the infraclass Holostei alongside the Amiiformes (now represented by only the bowfins).

While represented only by the two extant genera of gar from North America, the Lepisosteiformes are an ancient group known as far back as the Early Jurassic, and formerly had a much larger range, being known from almost every continent. Considerable morphological diversity is known among extinct members compared to modern gar, from the superficially gar-like Obaichthyidae to the semionotiform-like Lepidotidae, which were previously classified in the Semionotiformes.

Obaichthyidae
Obaichthyidae (also known as "spiny gars" or "spike gars") is an extinct family of ginglymodian ray-finned fish that lived in what is now Africa, South America, and southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous period (Aptian–Cenomanian ages). They were close relatives of the modern gars of the family Lepisosteidae, with the two groups making up the superfamily Lepisosteoidea. Though obaichthyids are generally similar to their extant relatives, they possessed a mobile maxilla along with a large posterior spine on their scales. The specializations of the skull seen in members of the family suggest that the fish were most likely feeding in a similar style to that seen in syngnathiforms, especially those specialized for pivot feeding. Though they are mostly found in fresh and brackish water deposits, obaichthyids also had a tolerance to saltwater similar to modern gars.
Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton
Edward Wotton, 1st Baron Wotton (1548–1626) was an English diplomat and administrator. From 1612 to 1613, he served as a Lord of the Treasury. Wotton was Treasurer of the Household from 1616 to 1618, and also served as Lord Lieutenant of Kent from 1604 until 1620.

Henry Wotton
Sir Henry Wotton (/ˈwʊtən/; 30 March 1568 – December 1639) was an English author, diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1614 and 1625. When on a mission to Augsburg in 1604, he famously said "An ambassador is an honest gentleman sent to lie abroad for the good of his country".
Xicheng, Beijing
Xicheng (Chinese: 西城区; pinyin: Xīchéng Qū; lit. 'West City District') is a district of the city of Beijing. Its 32 square kilometers (12 sq mi) cover the western half of the old city (largely inside the 2nd Ring Road; the eastern half is Dongcheng District), and has 1,106,214 inhabitants (2020 census). Its postal code is 100032. Xicheng is subdivided into 15 subdistricts of the city proper of Beijing. The former Xuanwu District was merged into Xicheng in July 2010.

The Xidan commercial district, Beijing Financial Street, Beihai Park, Jingshan Park, Shichahai, and Zhongnanhai are all within its jurisdiction. The popular Houhai bar area is also in Xicheng Precinct.  Before the 1911 Revolution, most royalty and aristocrats resided in the precinct. The oldest Catholic church in Beijing, the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is located in Xicheng.

Xidan
Xidan (Chinese: 西单; Pinyin: Xīdān) is a major traditional commercial area in Beijing, China. It is located in the Xicheng District.

The Xidan commercial district incorporates the Xidan Culture Square, North Xidan Street, as well as many supermarkets and department stores. The Xidan Cultural Square is the largest venue for cultural events with shopping nearby in downtown Beijing.
U.S. Route 278
U.S. Route 278 (US 278) is a parallel route of US 78. It currently runs for 1,074 miles (1,728 km) from US 71/US 59 in Wickes, Arkansas to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, passing through five states in the process. Landmarks along its route include the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina and the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in eastern Mississippi. There are several universities located along the highway including the Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Mississippi, Delta State University, and the University of Arkansas at Monticello.

Wickes, Arkansas
Wickes is a city in Polk County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 637 at the 2020 census.

Near Wickes is the Boggs Springs Youth Encampment of the American Baptist Association, a retreat of Missionary Baptist churches.

Wickes has historic places such as the 100-year-old City Hall, and the Lighthouse Drive-in.

Wickes is home to the Lawrence M. Magdovitz Memorial Library, a former U.S. Post Office that was donated to the Town of Wickes by the owner of the building in return for naming it after him.
Imre Lakatos
Imre Lakatos (UK: /ˈlækətɒs/, US: /-toʊs/; Hungarian: Lakatos Imre [ˈlɒkɒtoʃ ˈimrɛ]; 9 November 1922 – 2 February 1974) was a Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science, known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its "methodology of proofs and refutations" in its pre-axiomatic stages of development, and also for introducing the concept of the "research programme" in his methodology of scientific research programmes.

Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of mathematics and its relationship to other areas of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics. Central questions posed include whether or not mathematical objects are purely abstract entities or are in some way concrete, and in what the relationship such objects have with physical reality consists.

Major themes that are dealt with in philosophy of mathematics include:

Reality: The question is whether mathematics is a pure product of human mind or whether it has some reality by itself.

Logic and rigor

Relationship with physical reality

Relationship with science

Relationship with applications

Mathematical truth

Nature as human activity (science, art, game, or all together)
Hater (band)
Hater was an American rock supergroup  that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1993. The band formed as a side project mostly under the direction of Soundgarden bassist Ben Shepherd. Additional members included Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron, guitarist John McBain (ex-Monster Magnet and, later, partner of Cameron and Shepherd in Wellwater Conspiracy), bassist John Waterman for the self-titled album, Devilhead vocalist Brian Wood, brother of Mother Love Bone vocalist Andrew Wood, and Alan Davis on bass for The 2nd.

Monster Magnet
Monster Magnet is an American rock band formed in Red Bank, New Jersey, in 1989 by Dave Wyndorf (vocals and guitar), John McBain (guitar), and Tim Cronin (vocals and drums). The band has since undergone several lineup changes, with Wyndorf remaining the only constant member. Monster Magnet has released 11 studio albums to date and is best known for their 1990s hits "Negasonic Teenage Warhead" and "Space Lord". The band is also credited with developing and popularizing the stoner rock genre, along with Masters of Reality, Kyuss, Fu Manchu, and Sleep.
Highland Mounted Brigade
The Highland Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army, organised in 1908.  After service in the Gallipoli Campaign and in the defence of Egypt, it was absorbed into the 2nd Dismounted Brigade in February 1916.

229th Brigade (United Kingdom)
The 2nd Dismounted Brigade was a formation of the British Army in the First World War. It was formed in Egypt in February 1916 by absorbing the Highland Mounted Brigade and the 2nd South Western Mounted Brigade. In October it absorbed the remnants of the 1st Dismounted Brigade. The brigade served as part of the Western Frontier Force and the Suez Canal Defences.

In January 1917, the brigade was reorganized and redesignated as the 229th Brigade and joined the 74th (Yeomanry) Division in March. It served with the division in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and on the Western Front.
Raluca Turcan
Raluca Turcan (Romanian pronunciation: [raˈluka turˈkan]; née Tătărcan (Romanian pronunciation: [tətərˈkan]); 2 April 1976) is a Romanian politician. A member of the National Liberal Party (PNL), she has been a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Sibiu County since 2004.

She has been married to Valeriu Turcan, a former adviser to Romanian President Traian Băsescu, since 2004. The couple have a son, Eric, born in 2007.

Ludovic Orban
Ludovic Orban (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈludovik ˈorban]; born 25 May 1963) is a Romanian engineer and politician who was the prime minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021, which expelled him shortly after he lost a bid for another term as its leader. He was also minister of transport from April 2007 to December 2008 in the second Tăriceanu cabinet.

From 2008 to 2016, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for Bucharest. He resumed his parliamentary seat within the Chamber of Deputies after the 2020 Romanian legislative election; shortly thereafter, he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania. He resigned from this position in October 2021. Two months later, he founded a new centre-right political party, the Force of the Right (FD).
Cyclooxygenase-1
Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), also known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (HUGO PTGS1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS1 gene. In humans it is one of three cyclooxygenases. Clinically, COX-1 is notable as the target enzyme for aspirin.

Cyclooxygenase-3
Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3) is an enzyme that is encoded by the PTGS1 (COX1) gene, but is not functional in humans. COX-3 is the third and most recently discovered cyclooxygenase (COX3050) isozyme, while the first two to be discovered were COX-1 and COX-2. The COX-3 isozyme is encoded by the same gene as COX-1, with the difference that COX-3 retains an intron that is not retained in COX-1.

The other two cyclooxygenase isozymes are known to convert dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, and are the targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Milton, Massachusetts
Milton is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States and an immediate southern suburb of Boston. The population was 28,630 at the 2020 census.

Milton is located in the relatively hilly area between the Neponset River and Blue Hills, bounded by Brush Hill to the west, Milton Hill to the east, Blue Hills to the south and the Neponset River to the north. It is also bordered by Boston's Dorchester and Mattapan district to the north and its Hyde Park district to the west, with the neighboring Massachusetts city of Quincy to the east and the towns of Randolph to the south, and Canton to the west.

Blue Hills Reservation
Blue Hills Reservation is a 7,000-acre (2,800 ha) state park in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, it covers parts of Milton, Quincy, Braintree, Canton, Randolph, and Dedham. Located approximately ten miles (16 km) south of downtown Boston, the reservation is one of the largest parcels of undeveloped conservation land within the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The park's varied terrain and scenic views make it a popular destination for hikers from the Boston area.
Soojidaara
Soojidaara is a 2019 Indian Kannada language drama film written and directed by Mounish Badiger, making his debut into Sandalwood. It is produced by Sachidran Aathnayak and Abijith Kotegar under the Cine Sneha Talkies banner. It features Haripriya and Yashwanth Shetty in the lead roles; Yashwanth is making his debut as a lead actor with the film. The supporting cast includes Achyuth Kumar, Suchendra Prasad, and Chaitra Kootoor. The films background score was composed by S. Pradeep Varman, the soundtrack by Bhinna Shadja; cinematography was handled by Ashok V. Raman and editing by Mohan L. Rangakhale.

Hariprriya
Shruthi Chandrasena (born 29 October 1991), known professionally as Hariprriya, is an Indian actress and model who predominantly works in Kannada films and has also appeared in Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam films. Hariprriya gained wide acclaim for her role in Ugramm and is also known for her work in Ranna, Ricky, Neerdose, Bharjari, Samhaara, Jai Simha, Bell Bottom, Soojidara and D/O Parvathamma.
ISO 9
ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

Published on February 23, 1995 by the International Organization for Standardization, the major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.

Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation.
The edition of 1995 supersedes the edition of 1986.

Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic is an international method for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic script to the Latin script (romanization).  This system is most often seen in linguistics publications on Slavic languages.

Scientific transliteration, also called academic, linguistic, international, or scholarly transliteration, was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the Preußische Instruktionen (PI; a library cataloging system used in German-speaking countries) in 1899.  Despite the name, "scientific transliteration" has no connection to the scientific method or modern science; the word science before the 20th century usually referred to knowledge in general, rather than referring to natural or applied sciences in specific.
Western yellow-billed barbet
The western yellow-billed barbet (Trachylaemus goffinii) is a species of bird in the African barbet family Lybiidae that is found from Sierra Leone to southwest Nigeria in West Africa. The species was formerly considered to be conspecific with the eastern yellow-billed barbet.

Eastern yellow-billed barbet
The eastern yellow-billed barbet (Trachylaemus purpuratus) is a species of bird in the Lybiidae family. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the western yellow-billed barbet.

It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and western Kenya.

Two subspecies are recognised:

T. p. purpuratus (Verreaux, J & Verreaux, É, 1851) – southeast Nigeria to Central African Republic, north, central DR Congo and northwest Angola

T. p. elgonensis Sharpe, 1891 – south Sudan and northeast DR Congo to west Kenya
Rust Belt Music
Rust Belt Music (sometimes abbreviated RBM) is a San Francisco-based band that formed in 2001. The band has toured the United States. The original members were John Lindenbaum (vocals, guitar), Chris Cortelyou (drums), Laurin Askew (bass) and Micah Weinberg (keyboards). Askew and Weinberg were eventually replaced with Jason Michael (bass) and Andre Perry (keyboards).

In addition, Lindenbaum regularly performs solo acoustic sets, and Lindenbaum and Perry also perform together in The Lonelyhearts.

The Lonelyhearts
The Lonelyhearts is a Fort Collins, Colorado and Iowa City, Iowa-based band featuring John Lindenbaum (vocals, guitar) and Andre Perry (vocals, keyboards). The group has toured the United States and is frequently reviewed in the alternative press. Recent reviews have compared the band to Neil Young, The Kingsbury Manx and Unbunny.

In addition to performing as The Lonelyhearts, Lindenbaum regularly performs solo acoustic sets, and both Lindenbaum and Perry are also members of the band Rust Belt Music.
Meovv
Meovv (pronounced "Meow"; Korean: 미야오; RR: Miyao, stylized in all caps) is a South Korean girl group formed and managed by The Black Label. The group consists of five members: Sooin, Gawon, Anna, Narin, and Ella. They debuted on September 6, 2024, with the release of their digital single "Meow".

Anna Tanaka
Anna Tanaka (田中 杏奈, Tanaka Anna; born November 17, 2005), known mononymously as Anna (Korean: 안나), is a Japanese singer and model based in South Korea. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Meovv, which debuted in September 2024 under The Black Label.
Jim Neidhart
James Henry Neidhart (February 8, 1955 – August 13, 2018) was an American professional wrestler known for his appearances in the 1980s and 1990s in the World Wrestling Federation as Jim "the Anvil" Neidhart, where he was a two-time WWF Tag Team Champion with his real-life brother-in-law Bret Hart in the Hart Foundation. He also won titles in Stampede Wrestling, Championship Wrestling from Florida, Mid-South Wrestling, Memphis Championship Wrestling and the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation. He was part of the Hart wrestling family through marriage to his wife Ellie Hart, teaming with various members throughout his career, and appearing with his daughter Natalya Neidhart on the reality television show Total Divas.

Smash (wrestler)
Barry Allen Darsow (born October 6, 1959) is an American retired professional wrestler who performed as Smash, one half of the tag team Demolition. He also wrestled as Krusher Kruschev, Repo Man, the Blacktop Bully, Man Mountain Darsow and "Mr. Hole in One" Barry Darsow.

Throughout his career, he worked for Jim Crockett Promotions, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and several regional promotions in the 1980s and 1990s. He is a four-time former world tag team champion, winning three WWF World Tag Team Championships as part of Demolition and one NWA World Tag Team Championship as part of a three-man team with Ivan and Nikita Koloff (although the NWA no longer recognizes any former tag team champions prior to 1992, Darsow's championship is considered part of the WCW World tag team championship lineage), and a one-time NWA United States Tag Team Champion.
Kingdom of Aowin
Aowin (also known as Ebrosa, and today identified with the Agni of Côte d’Ivoire) was one of the earliest and most powerful Akan states, rivaling Denkyira and Akwamu in regional dominance. Emerging as a gold-rich kingdom in the southwestern forests of present-day Ghana, Aowin commanded strategic trade routes connecting the inland Savannah to coastal markets. Long before the rise of Denkyira, Aowin stood as the principal power in the west, shaping commerce, migration, and state formation across the forest frontier.

Kingdom of Sefwi
The Kingdom of Sefwi was a historical Akan state located in the western forest zone of what is now Ghana. It emerged in the 17th century as a confederation of migrant groups fleeing political upheaval in Bono, Adansi, Denkyira, and Asante, who settled in lands previously held by the Aowin polity. Over time, Sefwi developed into three autonomous states—Sefwi Wiawso, Sefwi-Anhwiaso, and Sefwi-Bekwai—each governed by its own paramount chief but sharing a common language, religious tradition, and festival system.