hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
North Straits Salish language
Northern Straits Salish (also referred to as North Straits Salish) is a language composed of several mutually-intelligible dialects within the Coast Salish language family spoken in western Washington and British Columbia. The various dialects of Northern Straits Salish are often referred to as separate languages, both in historic and modern times, and although their similarities are recognized by its speakers, there is no word for the language as a whole.

Northern Straits Salish is notable for the frequent appearance of the dorsal nasal consonant /ŋ~ɴ/, a rare segment in other Pacific Northwestern languages.

Coast Salish languages
The Coast Salish languages, also known as the Central Salish languages, are a branch of the Salishan language family. These languages are spoken by First Nations or Native American peoples inhabiting the Pacific Northwest, in the territory that is now known as the southwest coast of British Columbia around the Strait of Georgia and Washington State around Puget Sound. The term "Coast Salish" also refers to the cultures in British Columbia and Washington who speak one of these languages or dialects.
Marguerite of Lorraine
Marguerite of Lorraine (22 July 1615 – 13 April 1672), Duchess of Orléans, was the wife of Gaston, younger brother of Louis XIII. As Gaston had married her in secret in defiance of the King, Louis had their marriage nullified when it became known. On his deathbed, Louis permitted them to marry. After their remarriage, Marguerite and Gaston had five children. She was the stepmother of La Grande Mademoiselle.

Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier
Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, (French pronunciation: [an maʁi lwiz dɔʁleɑ̃], 29 May  1627 – 5 April  1693) known as La Grande Mademoiselle ([la ɡʁɑ̃d madmwazɛl], lit. 'The Great Miss'), was the only daughter of Gaston d'Orléans with his first wife, Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier. One of the greatest heiresses in history, she died unmarried and childless, leaving her vast fortune to her cousin Philippe I, Duke of Orléans. After a string of proposals from various members of European ruling families, including Charles II of England, Afonso VI of Portugal, and Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy, she eventually fell in love with the courtier Antoine Nompar de Caumont and scandalised the court of France when she asked Louis XIV for permission to marry him, as such a union was viewed as a mésalliance. She is best remembered for her role in the Fronde, for bringing the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully to the king's court, and for her Mémoires.
Upper Macungie Township, Pennsylvania
Upper Macungie Township is a township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population of Upper Macungie Township was 26,377 as of the 2020 U.S. census, making it the fourth-fastest growing municipality of any category in Pennsylvania in terms of total population growth between 2010 and 2020.

The township was created in 1832 when Macungie Township was divided into Upper and Lower Macungie townships. It is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.

Upper Macungie Township is located 11.5 miles (18.5 km) southwest of Allentown, 60.8 miles (97.8 km) northwest of Philadelphia, and 99.2 miles (159.6 km) west of New York City.

Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania
Lower Macungie Township is a township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township's population was 32,426 as of the 2020 census, making it the second-largest population center in Lehigh County after Allentown and the third-largest population center in the Lehigh Valley metropolitan area after Allentown and Bethlehem.

Lower Macungie Township is located 7.1 miles (11.4 km) southwest of Allentown 60.8 miles (97.8 km) northwest of Philadelphia, and 95.5 miles (153.7 km) west of New York City. The township is part of the Lehigh Valley, which had a population of 861,899 and was the third-largest populated metropolitan region in Pennsylvania and 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of 2020.
Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014
The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (S. 1926) was a United States Congress bill that would have delayed the increases in flood insurance premiums that were part of the Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012. The reforms from that law were meant to require flood insurance premiums to actually reflect the real risk of flooding, which led to an increase in premiums. At the time of the bill, the National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt.

The bill passed in the United States Senate during the 113th United States Congress, but was superseded by a similar bill which had originated in the United States House of Representatives. That bill ultimately became law as the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013.

Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013
The Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2013 (H.R. 3370) is a bill that would reduce some of the reforms made to the federal flood insurance program that were passed two years prior. The bill would reduce federal flood insurance premium rates for some properties that are sold, were uninsured as of July 2012, or where coverage lapsed as a result of the policyholder no longer being required to maintain coverage.

The bill was passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. On March 21, 2014, President Barack Obama signed the bill into law, making it Pub. L. 113–89 (text) (PDF).
Sihasin
Sihasin is a Diné (Navajo) band consisting of brother and sister duo, Clayson and Jeneda Benally. The band's name, "Sihasin", translates to "hope" in the Diné language. The band is from Flagstaff, Arizona, and their music is based in Diné culture, activism and punk rock.

Blackfire (American band)
Blackfire was a Native American punk rock group. Composed of two brothers and their sister, their musical style is influenced by traditional Diné music and alternative rock, with political messages about government oppression and human rights. In 2012, members formed the band Sihasin.
2021–present Madagascar famine
In mid-2021, a severe drought in southern Madagascar caused hundreds of thousands of people, with some estimating more than 1 million people including nearly 460,000 children, to suffer from food insecurity or Kere (famine). Some organizations have attributed the situation to the impact of climate change and the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.

As of 2025, the famine is considered as an ongoing disaster.

Climate change in Madagascar
Climate change is a significant threat to Madagascar's environment and people. Climate change has raised temperatures, made the dry season longer and has resulted in more intense tropical storms. The country's unique ecosystems, animal and plant life are being impacted.

Climate change is projected to drive declines in coral reefs and forest habitats, and threaten native species such as lemurs. The human population is highly vulnerable due to severe impacts on water and agriculture, with implications for food security. Infectious diseases are also expected to increase. Madagascar is a signatory to the Paris Agreement and has set out goals for climate change adaptation, although their implementation faces challenges due to country's relative poverty.
June 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack
On 21 June 2024, Israeli forces attacked refugee tent camps in al-Mawasi, Gaza Strip just outside an area designated as a humanitarian safe zone. The Gaza Health Ministry reported that 25 people were killed and 50 others were injured in the two rounds of bombing. The bombing was the second Israeli bombardment of the al-Mawasi refugee camp in under a month, with an attack on 28 May killing over 21 people and injuring 64 more.

May 2024 Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack
On 28 May 2024, Gaza emergency services reported that four tank artillery shells struck a tent city in the Al-Mawasi humanitarian zone west of Rafah, hitting a group of tents and killing at least 21 people, at least 12 of whom were women, and injuring 64 people, including 10 in a critical condition. The strike occurred in an area designated as an expanded humanitarian zone by Israel in the wake of the Rafah offensive which has led to the mass displacement of Palestinian civilians to tent cities outside of the city.

This attack came two days after a 26 May attack on a UNRWA refugee camp in the Tel al-Sultan neighbourhood that killed 45–50 civilians, and four days after a 24 May legally binding order by the International Court of Justice for Israel to immediately stop its Rafah offensive due to the risk to civilians.

The Israel Defense Forces denied attacking the area on 28 May. The New York Times published a video showing the aftermath of the attack on al-Mawasi.
Gǁana language
Gǁana (pronounced /ˈɡɑːnə/ GAH-nə in English, and also spelled ǁGana, ǁ᪶Ana, Gxana, Dxana, Xgana) is a Khoe language and dialect cluster of Botswana.  It is closely related to Naro, and includes the well-known dialect Gǀwi, which has the majority of speakers.

The double pipe at the beginning of the name "Gǁana" represents a click like the English interjection used when saying giddy-ap to a horse. For the clicks and other sounds found in Gǁana, see Gǀwi dialect.

Gǀui dialect
Gǀui or Gǀwi (pronounced /ˈɡwiː/ GWEE in English, and also spelled ǀGwi, ǀ᪶Ui, Dcui, Gcwi, or Cgui) is a Khoe dialect of Botswana with 2,500 speakers (2004 Cook). It is part of the Gǁana dialect cluster, and is closely related to Naro. It has a number of loan words from ǂʼAmkoe.  Gǀui, ǂʼAmkoe, and Taa form the core of the Kalahari Basin sprachbund, and share a number of characteristic features, including extremely large consonant inventories.
Frederick Philipse II
Frederick Philipse II (c. 1698 – July 26, 1751) was an American merchant, landowner, and politician. He was the only son of Maria Sparkes, daughter of the Governor of Barbados, and Philip Philipse, eldest son of Frederick Philipse I, first lord of Philipsburg Manor. Philip predeceased his father, and family lands passed on to younger son Adolphus Philipse. Upon his uncle's death Frederick II inherited his share of Philipse lands and commercial interests, thereafter becoming the elder Philipse male and second lord of Philipsburg Manor.

He also inherited the Highland Patent (later called the "Philipse Patent"), a 250 mi2 (650 km2) parcel of land on the east bank of the Hudson River spanning the northern Westchester County line clear to the Connecticut border.

Frederick II represented Westchester in the New York Assembly from 1724 to 1751.  Upon his death in 1751 his eldest son, Frederick III, became the 3rd and final Lord of Philipsburg Manor.

Frederick Philipse III
Frederick Philipse III (September 20, 1720 – April 30, 1785) was the third and last Lord of Philipsburg Manor,  a 52,000 acres (21,000 ha) hereditary estate in lower Westchester County, New York, and a Loyalist during the Revolutionary War.
Kujō Michiie
Kujō Michiie (九条 道家) (28 July 1193 — 1 April 1252) was a Japanese regent in the 13th century. He was the father of Kujō Yoritsune and grandson of Kujō Kanezane (also known as Fujiwara no Kanezane). He was the father of Norizane and Yoritsune. His third son Ichijō Sanetsune was the founding father of the Ichijō family, while his second son Nijō Yoshizane founded the Nijō family.

The Kujō family were sponsors of the Kitano Shrine.

In 1219, Kujō Michiie offered an emakimono named "Kitano Tenjin Engi Emaki" (Illustrated Scroll of the History of the Kitano Shrine) to the Kitano shrine. He gave an enlarged version of the scroll to the Kitano shrine in 1223.

In 1226, Michiie managed to have his son Yoritsune appointed fourth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate.

In 1238, he was ordained as a Buddhist monk.

Kujō Norizane
Kujō Norizane (九条 教実; 21 January 1210 – 23 April 1235), son of regent Michiie, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Kamakura period. He held regent positions kampaku from 1231 to 1232 and  sessho from 1232 to 1235. Tadaie was his son.
Harald Kråkenes
Harald Kråkenes (8 July 1926 – 14 November 2004) was a Norwegian competition rower and Olympic medalist. He received a bronze medal in the men's eight at the 1948 Summer Olympics, as a member of the Norwegian team. His brother Thorstein was a member of the same Olympic bronze team. His brother Sverre is also a competition rower, who participated in the 1952 and 1960 Olympic games.

Kråkenes won a bronze medal in coxless four at the 1949 European championships. He participated in fours at the 1952 Summer Olympics, and in double sculls at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Thorstein Kråkenes
Thorstein Kråkenes (3 April 1924 – 17 September 2005) was a Norwegian competition rower and Olympic medalist. He received a bronze medal in the men's eight at the 1948 Summer Olympics, as a member of the Norwegian team. His brother Harald was a member of the same Olympic team. His brother Sverre is also a competition rower, who participated in the 1952 and 1960 Olympic games.

Kråkenes received a bronze medal in coxless four at the 1949 European championships. He participated in men's four at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
2nd Somerset Militia
The 2nd Somerset Militia was an auxiliary military regiment in the county of Somerset in South West England. First organised during the Seven Years' War it was reformed at the start of the French Revolutionary War and continued on internal security and home defence duties in all of Britain's major wars. It later became a battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry and served in South Africa during the Second Boer War, but was disbanded in 1908.

Somerset Light Infantry
The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's) was a light infantry regiment of the British Army, which served under various titles from 1685 to 1959. In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry to form the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry which was again amalgamated, in 1968, with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, the King's Shropshire Light Infantry, and the Durham Light Infantry to form The Light Infantry. In 2007, however, The Light Infantry was amalgamated further with the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment, the Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Regiment, and the Royal Green Jackets to form The Rifles.
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5
The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Fold5, sold as Samsung Galaxy Fold 5 in certain territories) is an Android-based foldable smartphone that was announced by Samsung Electronics on July 26, 2023, alongside the Galaxy Z Flip 5, Galaxy Tab S9 and Galaxy Watch 6. The unveiling marked the first time that the Galaxy Unpacked event was held in the company's home country of South Korea. The phone was released on August 11, 2023.

Along with the Galaxy Z Flip 5, the Galaxy Z Fold 5 is the final foldable phone to support 32-bit applications.

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5
The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5 (stylized as Samsung Galaxy Z Flip5, sold as Samsung Galaxy Flip 5 in certain territories) is an Android-based foldable smartphone that was announced by Samsung Electronics on July 26, 2023, alongside the Galaxy Z Fold 5, Galaxy Tab S9 and Galaxy Watch 6. Its unveiling marked the first time that the Galaxy Unpacked event was held in the company's home country of South Korea. The phone was released on August 11, 2023.

Along with the Galaxy Z Fold 5, the Galaxy Z Flip 5 is the final foldable phone to support 32-bit applications.
ISO 2033
The ISO 2033:1983 standard ("Coding of machine readable characters (MICR and OCR)") defines character sets for use with Optical Character Recognition or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition systems. The Japanese standard JIS X 9010:1984 ("Coding of machine readable characters (OCR and MICR)", originally designated JIS C 6229-1984) is closely related.

Magnetic ink character recognition
Magnetic ink character recognition code, known in short as MICR code, is a character recognition technology used mainly by the banking industry to streamline the processing and clearance of cheques and other documents. MICR encoding, called the MICR line, is at the bottom of cheques and other vouchers and typically includes the document-type indicator, bank code, bank account number, cheque number, cheque amount (usually added after a cheque is presented for payment), and a control indicator. The format for the bank code and bank account number is country-specific.

The technology allows MICR readers to scan and read the information directly into a data-collection device. Unlike barcode and similar technologies, MICR characters can be read easily by humans. MICR encoded documents can be processed much faster and more accurately than conventional OCR encoded documents.
Beta vulgaris
Beta vulgaris (beet) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Betoideae of the family Amaranthaceae. It is a perennial plant usually growing up to 120 centimetres (4 ft) tall.

Three subspecies are typically recognised. The wild ancestor of all the cultivated beets is the sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima), with several modern cultivars all belonging to B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris.

Some of the most popular cultivar groups include: the sugar beet (used to produce table sugar), the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet, the leaf vegetable known as chard or spinach beet or silverbeet, and mangelwurzel (a fodder crop).

Chard
Chard (/tʃɑːrd/ ⓘ; Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, Cicla Group and Flavescens Group) is a green leafy vegetable. It is also called silver beet, perpetual spinach, beet spinach, seakale beet, and leaf beet, but because it is the same species as beetroot, these other common names may overlap.

In the cultivars of the Flavescens Group, or Swiss chard, the leaf stalks are large and often prepared separately from the leaf blade; the Cicla Group is the leafier spinach beet. The leaf blade can be green or reddish; the leaf stalks are usually white, yellow or red. Chard, like other green leafy vegetables, has highly nutritious leaves. Chard has been used in cooking for centuries.
Lights Out (2013 film)
Lights Out is a 2013 Swedish supernatural horror short film directed, written, produced, shot, and scored by David F. Sandberg and starring Sandberg's wife Lotta Losten. The film was released online on 30 December 2013 on both Vimeo and YouTube. The short film was the basis of an eponymous 2016 film adaptation, also directed by Sandberg.

Lights Out (2016 film)
Lights Out is a 2016 American supernatural horror film directed by David F. Sandberg (in his directorial debut) and written by Eric Heisserer, who based the screenplay on Sandberg's 2013 short film of the same name. It follows a woman who must protect her young half-brother against a spirit from her family's past that kills its victims in the dark. The film stars Teresa Palmer, Gabriel Bateman, Alexander DiPersia, Billy Burke, and Maria Bello. It also features Sandberg's wife Lotta Losten, who starred in the short film.

Produced by Heisserer, Lawrence Grey, and James Wan, the film was shot in Los Angeles from June to August 2015. It had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 8, 2016, and was released in the United States and Canada by Warner Bros. Pictures on July 22, 2016. The film grossed $148 million against a budget of $4.9 million and received mixed reviews from critics. A sequel is in development.
Carl Froch vs. George Groves II
Carl Froch vs. George Groves II, billed as Unfinished Business and The Rematch, was a professional boxing match contested on 31 May 2014 at Wembley Stadium in London. It was a rematch of the first fight between Carl Froch and George Groves in 2013, with Froch's unified World Boxing Association (WBA) (Regular version) and International Boxing Federation (IBF) super-middleweight titles at stake as before.

Froch won the fight by knockout in the eighth round, which was named the Knockout of the Year by The Ring magazine. The event drew a then-record attendance figure of 80,000 and grossed over £22 million, and was named the Event of the Year by The Ring. This would be Froch's final professional fight before announcing his retirement a year later.

Carl Froch vs. George Groves
Carl Froch vs. George Groves, billed as the Battle of Britain, was a professional boxing match contested on 23 November 2013 at the Manchester Arena. Carl Froch, the defending unified World Boxing Association (WBA) (Regular version) and International Boxing Federation (IBF) super-middleweight champion, defeated George Groves via technical knockout in the ninth round, although the ending was mired in controversy.
Rubber bullet
Rubber bullets (also called rubber baton rounds) are a type of baton round.  Despite the name, rubber bullets typically have either a metal core with a rubber coating, or are a homogeneous admixture with rubber being a minority component. Although they are considered a less lethal alternative to metal projectiles, rubber bullets can still cause fatal injuries as well as other serious injuries such as blindness or other permanent disabilities.

Like other similar projectiles made from plastic, wax, and wood, rubber bullets may be used for short range practice and animal control, but are most commonly used in riot control and to disperse protests.

Rubber bullets were invented by the British Ministry of Defence for riot control purposes in Northern Ireland during the Troubles, and were first used there in 1970.

Rubber projectiles have largely been replaced by other materials, as rubber tends to bounce uncontrollably.

Wooden bullet
Wooden bullets are wooden projectiles designed to be fired from a gun. They are intended to be used as less lethal weapons for crowd control by enforcing pain compliance at a distance. They have been known to raise large welts or bruises on their targets.
Coagulopathy
Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. This condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding (bleeding diathesis), which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.

Coagulopathies are sometimes erroneously referred to as "clotting disorders", but a clotting disorder is the opposite, defined as a predisposition to excessive clot formation (thrombus), also known as a hypercoagulable state or thrombophilia.

Bleeding diathesis
In medicine (hematology), bleeding diathesis  is an unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage) mostly due to hypocoagulability (a condition of irregular and slow blood clotting), in turn caused by a coagulopathy (a defect in the system of coagulation). Therefore, this may result in the reduction of platelets being produced and leads to excessive bleeding. Several types of coagulopathy are distinguished, ranging from mild to lethal. Coagulopathy can be caused by thinning of the skin (Cushing's syndrome), such that the skin is weakened and is bruised easily and frequently without any trauma or injury to the body. Also, coagulopathy can be contributed by impaired wound healing or impaired clot formation.