hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando
No. 48 (Royal Marine) Commando was a battalion-sized formation of the British Commandos, formed in 1944 during the Second World War. No. 48 Commando was assigned to the 4th Special Service Brigade and served in North West Europe, taking part in the Normandy landings and operations around Ostend and Antwerp before being disbanded after the war in January 1946.

4th Special Service Brigade
The 4th Special Service Brigade was a brigade-sized formation of the British Commandos formed during the Second World War in March 1944 from battalion-sized units of the Royal Marines. Due to the success of the British Army Commandos' operations in Norway, the Channel Islands, St. Nazaire, and the Middle East, the Admiralty dissolved the Royal Marines Division in late 1942 and reorganized its amphibious assault infantry into eight additional Commando units.

The Brigade was part of the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 during Operation Overlord; it subsequently participated in the Battle of the Scheldt and the assault of the Walcheren Islands. On 6 December the same year, the Brigade was renamed 4th Commando Brigade, removing the title Special Service and its association with the German SS.
Cruiser Emden
Cruiser Emden (German: Kreuzer Emden) is a 1932 German war film directed by Louis Ralph and starring Ralph, Renée Stobrawa, Hans Schlenck, and Werner Fuetterer. It was shot at the Emelka Studios in Munich. It is a remake of a 1926 silent film Our Emden which had also been directed by Ralph. The film is set on the German First World War cruiser SMS Emden.

Our Emden
Our Emden (German: Unsere Emden) is a 1926 German silent war film directed by Louis Ralph. It depicts the operations of the German First World War cruiser SMS Emden. In 1932, Ralph remade the story as a sound film Cruiser Emden.

It was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Botho Hoefer and Ludwig Reiber.
Robinson Helicopter Company
The Robinson Helicopter Company, based at Zamperini Field in Torrance, California, is an American helicopter manufacturer. As of 2024, Robinson produces three models: the two-seat R22, the four-seat R44, both of which use Lycoming piston engines, and the five-seat R66, which uses Rolls-Royce turbine engines. In March 2025, concept for the ten-seat R88, which uses the Safran Arriel 2W turbine, was announced.

Robinson R44
The Robinson R44 is a four-seat light helicopter produced by Robinson Helicopter Company since 1992. Derived from the company's two-seat Robinson R22, the R44 features hydraulically assisted flight controls and a larger engine. It was first flown on 31 March 1990 and received FAA certification in December 1992, with the first delivery in February 1993.

The R44 has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) helicopter every year since 1999.  It is one of the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, with 5,941 deliveries from 2001 to 2020.
Iron(III) oxide
Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3. It occurs in nature as the mineral hematite, which serves as the primary source of iron for the steel industry. It is also known as red iron oxide, especially when used in pigments.

It is one of the three main oxides of iron, the other two being iron(II) oxide (FeO), which is rare; and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), which also occurs naturally as the mineral magnetite.

Iron(III) oxide is often called rust, since rust shares several properties and has a similar composition; however, in chemistry, rust is considered an ill-defined material, described as hydrous ferric oxide.

Ferric oxide is readily attacked by even weak acids. It is a weak oxidising agent, most famously when reduced by aluminium in the thermite reaction.

Magnetite
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe2+Fe3+2O4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth.  Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.

Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5–6 and leaves a black streak. Small grains of magnetite are very common in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

The chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name is ferrous-ferric oxide.
Crotalus viridis
Prairie rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), the nominate subspecies, and the Hopi rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis nuntius).

Crotalus viridis nuntius
Common names: Hopi rattlesnake, Arizona prairie rattlesnake, prairie rattlesnake.

Crotalus viridis nuntius is a venomous pit viper subspecies native primarily to the desert plateau of the northeastern portion of the American state of Arizona, but also ranges into northwestern New Mexico. Named for the Native American Hopi tribe, which inhabits the region, its range overlaps that of the nominate subspecies and some interbreeding is believed to occur. The taxonomy of the C. viridis group is a matter of debate, many considering the various subspecies to be nothing more than locality variations.
The Son of Sobek
The Son of Sobek is a 2013 fantasy short story written by Rick Riordan, first released in the paperback version of The Serpent's Shadow on May 7, 2013 and as a single e-book on June 18, 2013. On April 5, 2016, it was released as the first of three short stories in a hardcover novel entitled Demigods and Magicians: Percy and Annabeth Meet the Kanes.

The Serpent's Shadow (Riordan novel)
The Serpent's Shadow is a 2012 fantasy adventure novel based on Egyptian mythology written by American author Rick Riordan. It is the third and final novel in The Kane Chronicles series. It was published by Disney Hyperion on May 1, 2012.
Greenwich Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey
Greenwich Township is a township in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 4,917, an increase of 18 (+0.4%) from the 2010 census count of 4,899, which in turn reflected an increase of 20 (+0.4%) from the 4,879 counted in the 2000 census.

Greenwich Township was first formed on March 1, 1695, and was formally incorporated as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. Over the centuries, portions of the township were taken to form Woolwich Township (March 7, 1767), Franklin Township (January 27, 1820), Spicer Township (March 13, 1844; now Harrison Township), Mantua Township (February 23, 1853), East Greenwich Township (February 10, 1881), and Paulsboro (March 2, 1904). The township was named for Greenwich, England.

Woolwich Township, New Jersey
Woolwich Township is a township within Gloucester County in the U.S. state of New Jersey, within the Philadelphia metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 12,577, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 2,377 (+23.3%) from the 2010 census count of 10,200, which in turn reflected an increase of 7,168 (+236.4%) from the 3,032 counted in the 2000 census. Woolwich Township and surrounding Gloucester County constitute part of South Jersey.
Savers (UK retailer)
Savers Health and Beauty Limited, trading as Savers, is a discount chain of more than 500 stores, owned by AS Watson (Health & Beauty UK) Ltd, which is part of the A.S. Watson Group. It is a value retailer selling a variety of health, beauty, household goods, medicines and fragrances.

AS Watson
AS Watson Group (or AS Watson or ASW) is the world's largest international health and beauty retailer by number of stores, with over 16,500 stores in 28 markets, primarily in Asia and Europe.

A member of CK Hutchison Holdings, ASW operates the world's largest portfolio of retail formats, retail brands and has the largest geographical presence. The company is majority owned by multinational conglomerate CK Hutchison Holdings Limited, with just over 75 percent, after the remaining stake was sold to Singapore government-owned Temasek Holdings in March 2014.
Haarlem
Haarlem (Dutch: [ˈɦaːrlɛm] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Holland. Haarlem is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad, one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe; it is also part of the Amsterdam metropolitan area. Haarlem had a population of 162,543 in 2021.

Haarlem was granted city status or stadsrechten in 1245, although the first city walls were not built until 1270. The modern city encompasses the former municipality of Schoten as well as parts that previously belonged to Bloemendaal and Heemstede. Apart from the city, the municipality of Haarlem also includes the western part of the village of Spaarndam. Newer sections of Spaarndam lie within the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer.

Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɦaːrlɛmərˈmeːr] ⓘ) is a municipality in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Haarlemmermeer is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water. The name Haarlemmermeer means 'Haarlem's lake', referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.

Haarlemmermeer's main town is Hoofddorp, which has a population of 76,660. Hoofddorp, along with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp, are part of the Randstad agglomeration. The main international airport of the Netherlands, Schiphol, is located in Haarlemmermeer.
Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum
The Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum (abbr.  JFCBS) is a NATO command with its headquarters at Brunssum, the Netherlands. It was established in 2004, as part of a reorganisation that reduced the number of NATO Military Command Structure headquarters.

Brunssum
Brunssum (Dutch: [ˈbrʏnsʏm] ⓘ; Limburgish: Broensem) is a municipality and a town in the province of Limburg in the Netherlands. The municipality of Brunssum has 27,670 residents as of 2021.

Brunssum was a center of coal mining until 1973.
Duke Reid
Arthur "Duke" Reid CD (21 July 1915 – 1 January 1975) was a Jamaican record producer, DJ and record label owner.

He ran one of the most popular sound systems of the 1950s called Reid's Sound System, whilst Duke himself was known as The Trojan, possibly named after the British-made trucks used to transport the equipment. In the 1960s, Reid founded the record label Treasure Isle (named after his liquor store), which produced ska and rocksteady music. He was still active in the early 1970s, working with toaster U-Roy. He died in early 1975 after having suffered from a severe illness for the last year.

Sound system (Jamaican)
In Jamaican popular culture, a sound system is a group of disc jockeys, sound engineers and MCs playing music such as ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub reggae, dancehall and ragga. Sound systems are an important part of Jamaican culture and history, especially with the Windrush generation in Britain. Sound clashes involve crew members from opposing sound systems pitting their DJing and MCing skills against each other in venues or at festivals.
Eric Rohmann
Eric Rohmann (born October 26, 1957) is an American author and illustrator of children's books. He is a graduate of Illinois State University and Arizona State University. He won the 2003 Caldecott Medal for U.S. picture book illustration, recognizing My Friend Rabbit, and he was a runner-up in 1995 for Time Flies. Rohmann also won the Sibert Medal as the illustrator (with his wife, Candace Fleming, as the author), for Honeybee: The Busy Life of Apis Mellifera.

In 2015, he created a popular series based on a bulldozer that began with Bulldozer’s Big Day.

Candace Fleming
Candace Groth Fleming (born May 24, 1962) is an American writer of children's books, both fiction and non-fiction. She is the author of more than twenty books for children and young adults, including the Los Angeles Times Book Prize-honored The Family Romanov and the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award-winning biography, The Lincolns, among others.

In 2013, the Children's Book Council named Fleming a Children's Book Month Champion, and in 2014, Fleming was awarded the Children’s Book Guild Nonfiction Award. In 2016, she was a finalist for the NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature, which "celebrates the importance of children's and young-adult literature and the impact it has on our children's minds." Thirty-two of her books are Junior Library Guild selections.
Era
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.

Comparable terms are Epoch, age, period, saeculum, aeon (Greek aion) and yuga (Sanskrit युग).

Epoch
In chronology and periodization, an epoch or reference epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular calendar era. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured.

The moment of epoch is usually decided by congruity, or by following conventions understood from the epoch in question. The epoch moment or date is usually defined from a specific, clear event of change, an epoch event. In a more gradual change, a deciding moment is chosen when the epoch criterion was reached.
Treasury Information System Architecture Framework
The Treasury Information System Architecture Framework (TISAF) is an early 1990s Enterprise Architecture framework to assist US Treasury Bureaus to develop their Enterprise Information System Architectures (EISAs).

The TISAF was developed by the US Department of the Treasury in 1997, and let to the development of the Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF), released in 2000. The TEAF represents the second-generation framework for the Treasury. TISAF was the first-generation framework.

Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework
The Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF) was an enterprise architecture framework developed by the United States Department of the Treasury and published in July 2000. Based on the Zachman Framework, it provided a structured approach to organize and align the Treasury’s information systems with its business objectives. In May 2012, TEAF was deprecated and subsumed by the broader Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) policy, as outlined in the "Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture." This shift reflected a federal move toward standardized, interoperable EA frameworks to enhance efficiency and reduce redundancy across agencies, rendering agency-specific frameworks like TEAF obsolete.
Johannes Bach I
Johannes Bach (1550 or 1580 – 1626) was a German piper and carpet weaver. He was the son of Veit Bach, the founder of the Bach family of musicians. He was the great-grandfather of Johann Sebastian Bach.

Veit Bach
Vitus "Veit" Bach (around 1550 Pozsony ? Kingdom of Hungary – 8 March 1619, Wechmar) was a German baker and miller who, according to Johann Sebastian Bach, founded the Bach family, which became one of the most important families in musical history.
B-Real
Louis Mario Freese (born June 2, 1970), known by his stage name B-Real, is an American rapper. Since 1991, he has been one of two lead rappers in the hip hop group Cypress Hill, along with Sen Dog, and the only constant member of the band. He has also been a part of the rap metal band Kush (2000–2002), the hip hop supergroup Serial Killers (2013–present) and the rap rock supergroup Prophets of Rage (2016–2019). He has released a variety of solo mixtapes, as well as two solo albums: Smoke n Mirrors (2009) and Tell You Something (2020).

Sen Dog
Senen Reyes (born November 22, 1965), also known by his stage name Sen Dog, is a Cuban-American rapper who is best known as a member of the hip hop group Cypress Hill and as the lead vocalist for the nu metal band Powerflo. He has nurtured a solo career in addition to his work with Cypress Hill and Powerflo, and is the lead vocalist for rap rock band SX-10.
Symplectic matrix
In mathematics, a symplectic matrix is a  matrix  with real entries that satisfies the condition

where  denotes the transpose of  and  is a fixed  nonsingular, skew-symmetric matrix. This definition can be extended to  matrices with entries in other fields, such as the complex numbers, finite fields, p-adic numbers, and function fields.

Typically  is chosen to be the block matrix

where  is the  identity matrix. The matrix  has determinant  and its inverse is .

Skew-symmetric matrix
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition

In terms of the entries of the matrix, if  denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to

In characteristic not equal to 2, diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zeros because each element must be its own negative.
The Face of Fu Manchu
The Face of Fu Manchu is a 1965 thriller film directed by Don Sharp and based on the characters created by Sax Rohmer. It stars Christopher Lee as the eponymous villain, a Chinese criminal mastermind, and Nigel Green as his pursuing rival Nayland Smith, a Scotland Yard detective.

The film was a British-West German co-production, and was the first in a five-part series starring Lee and produced by Harry Alan Towers for Constantin Film, the second of which was The Brides of Fu Manchu released the next year, with the final entry being The Castle of Fu Manchu in 1969. Only the first two were directed by Sharp.

It was shot in Technicolor and Techniscope on location in County Dublin, Ireland. The film has been called Towers' best movie.

The Brides of Fu Manchu
The Brides of Fu Manchu is a 1966 British/West German Constantin Film co-production adventure crime film based on the fictional Chinese villain Dr. Fu Manchu, created by Sax Rohmer. It was the second film in a series, and was preceded by The Face of Fu Manchu. The Vengeance of Fu Manchu followed in 1967, The Blood of Fu Manchu in 1968, and The Castle of Fu Manchu in 1969.  It was produced by Harry Alan Towers for Hallam Productions. Like the first film, it was directed by Don Sharp, and starred Christopher Lee as Fu Manchu. Nigel Green was replaced by Douglas Wilmer as Scotland Yard detective Nayland Smith.

The action takes place mainly in London, where much of the location filming took place.
Wu Kung-tsao
Wu Kung-tsao or Wu Gongzao (1902–1983) was a famous Chinese teacher of tai chi. He taught in Beijing, Shanghai, Changsha and Hong Kong. He was the second son of Wu Jianquan, the best known teacher of Wu-style tai chi, and the grandson of Wu Quanyou, the first teacher of Wu-style tai chi. Wu Kung-tsao was the younger brother of Wu Gongyi and the older brother of Wu Yinghua. The Wu family were originally of Manchu ancestry.

Wu Gongyi
Wu Gongyi (Chinese: 吳公儀; pinyin: Wú Gōngyí; Wade–Giles: Wu Kung-i; 1898–1970) was a well-known teacher of the soft style martial art tai chi in China, and, after 1949, in British Hong Kong. He was also the "gate-keeper" of the Wu family from 1942 until his death in 1970.
Land allocation decision support system
LADSS, or land allocation decision support system, is an agricultural land-use planning tool developed at The Macaulay Institute.  More recently the term LADSS is used to refer to the research of the team behind the original planning tool.

Macaulay Institute
The Macaulay Institute, formally the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute and sometimes referred to simply as The Macaulay, was a research institute based at Aberdeen in Scotland, which is now part of the James Hutton Institute. Its work covered aspects such as landscape, soil and water conservation and climate change.
Flag of Chad
The national flag of Chad is a vertical tricolour of indigo, yellow, and red. It was adopted on 6 November 1959, almost a year after the founding of the autonomous Republic of Chad. Since the 1990s, its similarity to the flag of Romania has caused international discussion.

Flag of Romania
The national flag of Romania (Romanian: drapelul național al României) is a tricolour featuring three equal vertical bands colored blue (at the flagpole), yellow and red, with a width to length ratio of 2:3.

The current version was adopted in 1989 in the wake of the Romanian Revolution and is defined in the Constitution of Romania as well as by organic law 75/1994, plus several later clarifications. Starting in 2023, the law provides exact color shades for print and digital purposes.

The colors have been used individually or in pairs on official insignia and symbols since the 14th century, but were first officially combined on a flag in the 19th century. Although the flag has seen several variations over the years, its overall design has remained consistent, maintaining the same colors and a similar arrangement of the bands.
Plutonium-241
Plutonium-241 (241Pu, Pu-241) is an isotope of plutonium formed when plutonium-240 captures a neutron. Like some other plutonium isotopes (especially 239Pu), 241Pu is fissile, with a neutron absorption cross section about one-third greater than that of 239Pu, and a similar probability of fissioning on neutron absorption, around 73%. In the non-fission case, neutron capture produces plutonium-242. In general, isotopes with an odd number of neutrons are both more likely to absorb a neutron and more likely to undergo fission on neutron absorption than isotopes with an even number of neutrons.

Fissile material
In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron of low energy. A self-sustaining thermal chain reaction can only be achieved with fissile material. The predominant neutron energy in a system may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) or fast neutrons. Fissile material can be used to fuel thermal-neutron reactors, fast-neutron reactors and nuclear explosives.
Bryntirion Athletic F.C.
Bryntirion Athletic F.C. (Welsh: Clwb Pêl Droed Athletaidd Bryntirion) was a Welsh football team from the Bridgend suburb of Bryntirion. In 2013, they merged with local rivals Bridgend Town to form Pen-y-Bont.

Penybont F.C.
Penybont Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Pêl-droed Penybont) is a Welsh football club, based in Bridgend (Welsh: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr), that plays in the Cymru Premier. The current club was formed in 2013, following the merger of Bridgend Town and Bryntirion Athletic. Penybont play their home games at Bryntirion Park (known as The DragonBet Stadium for sponsorship reasons).
Marvell Wynne (baseball)
Marvell Wynne (born December 17, 1959) is an American former professional baseball player. He played eight seasons in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1983–85), San Diego Padres (1986–89), and Chicago Cubs (1989–90), primarily as a center fielder. He also played one season in Japan, in 1991. Wynne batted and threw left-handed. He is the father of professional soccer player Marvell Wynne.

Marvell Wynne (soccer)
Marvell Wynne II (born May 8, 1986) is an American former soccer player. He was a starting defender on the Colorado Rapids' 2010 MLS Cup Championship team and the 2008 United States Olympic soccer team, and made several appearances for the U.S. men's national team.