hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kurt Masur
Kurt Masur (German pronunciation: [ˈkʊʁt maˈzuːɐ̯]; 18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. Called "one of the last old-style maestros", he directed many of the principal orchestras of his era. He had a long career as the Kapellmeister of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, and also served as music director of the New York Philharmonic for about ten years. He made many recordings of classical music with major orchestras. Masur is also remembered for his actions to support peaceful demonstrations against the East German government in the 1989 demonstrations in Leipzig; those protests were part of the events leading up to the fall of the Berlin wall.

Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra
The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (Gewandhausorchester; also previously known in German as the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig) is a German symphony orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany.  The orchestra is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus ("Garment House").  In addition to its concert duties, the orchestra also performs frequently in the Thomaskirche and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.
Unionville-Sebewaing Area High School
Unionville-Sebewaing Area High School (USA High School) is a public high school located in Sebewaing, Michigan, United States.  It was formed in 1972 when Unionville High School and Sebewaing High School merged.

The school has won 2 state football championships, seven girls' softball championships (2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2021), and multiple state wrestling titles, among many other state championship appearances and high advancement in playoffs.

The school is also known for its technology program. USA School has received state and national awards for its academic and technology programs. USA School is a Professional Learning Community (PLC) School and is NCA High School.

Sebewaing, Michigan
Sebewaing (SEE-bah-wing) is a village in Huron County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was 1,721 at the 2020 census. The village is within Sebewaing Township. This community is known as the Sugar Beet Capital, due to the Michigan Sugar slicing mill located within the village and the yearly Michigan Sugar Festival. The Sebewaing area, the Thumb, and the state of Michigan overall are major beet sugar producers, mostly for domestic consumption. Sebewaing is also the first gigabit village in the state of Michigan. In 2014–15, Sebewaing completed its fiber to the home network, offering up to gigabit/second speeds over their fiber optic network.
FN Minimi
The FN Minimi (short for French: mini-mitrailleuse; "mini machine gun") is a Belgian 5.56mm or 7.62mm light machine gun, also classified as a squad automatic weapon developed by Ernest Vervier for FN Herstal. Introduced in the late 1970s, it is in service in more than 75 countries. The weapon is manufactured at the FN facility in Herstal and their U.S. subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC.

The Minimi fires from an open bolt. It is an air-cooled, gas operated long-stroke piston weapon that is capable of fully automatic fire only. It can be belt fed or fired from a magazine. The Minimi is configured in several variants: the Standard model as a platoon or squad support weapon, the shortened Para version for paratroopers and the Vehicle model as secondary armament for fighting vehicles.

Belt (firearms)
An ammunition belt is a firearm device used to package and feed cartridges, typically for rapid-firing automatic weapons such as machine guns. Belt-fed systems minimize the proportional weight of the ammunition apparatus to the entire weapon system, allowing high rates of continuous fire without needing frequent magazine changes. The capacity of belts and associated belt containers is typically a function of weight and bulk, and their size is limited by caliber and the combined portability of the weapon and ammunition. Typical capacities for man-portable weapon systems range from 50 to 300 rounds of ammunition.
Successive linear programming
Successive Linear Programming (SLP), also known as Sequential Linear Programming,  is an optimization technique for approximately solving nonlinear optimization problems. It is related to, but distinct from, quasi-Newton methods.

Starting at some estimate of the optimal solution, the method is based on solving a sequence of first-order approximations (i.e. linearizations) of the model. The linearizations are linear programming problems, which can be solved efficiently. As the linearizations need not be bounded, trust regions or similar techniques are needed to ensure convergence in theory.

SLP has been used widely in the petrochemical industry since the 1970s. Since then, however, they have been superseded by sequential quadratic programming methods. While solving a QP subproblem takes more time than solving an LP one, the overall decrease in the number of iterations, due to improved convergence, results in significantly lower running times and fewer function evaluations."

Sequential quadratic programming
Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is an iterative method for constrained nonlinear optimization, also known as Lagrange-Newton method. SQP methods are used on mathematical problems for which the objective function and the constraints are twice continuously differentiable, but not necessarily convex.

SQP methods solve a sequence of optimization subproblems, each of which optimizes a quadratic model of the objective subject to a linearization of the constraints. If the problem is unconstrained, then the method reduces to Newton's method for finding a point where the gradient of the objective vanishes.  If the problem has only equality constraints, then the method is equivalent to applying Newton's method to the first-order optimality conditions, or Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, of the problem.
Phenothiazine
Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds.  Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use.

The derivatives chlorpromazine and promethazine revolutionized the fields of psychiatry and allergy treatment, respectively. An earlier derivative, methylene blue, was one of the first antimalarial drugs, and derivatives of phenothiazine are currently under investigation as possible anti-infective drugs.  Phenothiazine is a prototypical pharmaceutical lead structure in medicinal chemistry.

Methylene blue
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication. As a medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia. It has previously been used for treating cyanide poisoning and urinary tract infections, but this use is no longer recommended.  It has also been used to treat cases of malaria for over a century.

Methylene blue is typically given by injection into a vein. Common side effects include headache, nausea, and vomiting.

Methylene blue was first prepared in 1876, by Heinrich Caro. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

In recent years, methylene blue has been promoted for various health effects, but outside its established medical use, its safety and effectiveness are unproven; it is potentially toxic and should only be used under a doctor's prescription.
Niederweningen Dorf railway station
Niederweningen Dorf railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Niederweningen. The station is located close to the centre of the municipality, on the Wehntal railway line, within fare zone 117 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV).

The station is located 350 m (1,150 ft) away from the Mammoth Museum.

Niederweningen railway station
Niederweningen railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Niederweningen in the Swiss canton of Zurich, located close to the border of both the municipality and the canton. It is the terminal station of the Wehntal railway line, within fare zone 117 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV).
John Neville Manners
John Neville Manners (6 January 1892 – 1 September 1914) played cricket for Eton College in Fowler's match in 1910, and died in the early weeks of the First World War on the retreat from Mons.  Poem LIV of The Muse in Arms by William Grenfell (brother of Julian Grenfell) is addressed to him and entitled "To John".

John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Baron Manners
John Thomas Manners-Sutton (15 May 1852 – 19 August 1927) was a British nobleman. He is known for an 1881 wager, when Manners wagered that he could buy, train, and ride to victory a horse in the Grand National, and succeeded.
Cropping (animal)
Cropping is the removal of part or all of the external flaps of an animal's ear. The procedure sometimes involves bracing and taping the remainder of the ears to train them to point upright. Almost exclusively performed on dogs, it is an old practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons. Veterinary science states there is no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure, leading to concerns of animal cruelty over performing unnecessary surgery on animals. In modern times, cropping is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog, such as pit bull and bull terrier type breeds, the Doberman Pinscher, Schnauzer, Great Dane, Boxer and Cane Corso.

Dobermann
The Dobermann is a German breed of medium-large working dog of pinscher type. It was originally bred in Thuringia in about 1890 by Louis Dobermann, a tax collector. It has a long muzzle and – ideally – an even and graceful gait. The ears were traditionally cropped and the tail docked, practices which are now illegal in many countries.

The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a guard dog or as a companion animal. In Canada and the United States it is known as the Doberman Pinscher.
Miyun, Beijing
Miyun District (simplified Chinese: 密云区; traditional Chinese: 密雲區; pinyin: Mìyún Qū) is situated in northeast Beijing. It has an area of 2,227 km2 (860 sq mi) and a population of 527,683 (2020 Census). Its government seat is located in Gulou Subdistrict.

Gulou Subdistrict, Beijing
Gulou Subdistrict (simplified Chinese: 鼓楼街道; traditional Chinese: 鼓樓街道; pinyin: Gǔlóu Jiēdào) is a subdistrict and the seat of Miyun District of Beijing, China. It borders Miyun Town and Tanying Ethnic Township to its north, Mujiayu Town to its east, Henanzhai Town to its south, and Guoyuan Subdistrict to its west. As of 2020, it had a population of 154,739.

The subdistrict was created in 2005 from part of Miyun Town. Its name Gulou (Chinese: 鼓楼; lit. 'Drum Tower') originates from the Miyun Drum Tower that used to exist within the region.
Martin Müürsepp
Martin Müürsepp (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈmɑrˈtin ˈmyːrˈsepˑ]; born 26 September 1974) is an Estonian professional basketball coach and former player, who is the head coach of Haljala NGU of the I liiga. Widely regarded as one of Estonia's greatest basketball players of all time, he is the first Estonian to have played in the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Müürsepp won the FIBA Saporta Cup in 2000, and the FIBA Europe League in 2004, earning the Europe League Finals MVP award in the process. He represented the senior Estonian national team internationally.

Estonia men's national basketball team
The Estonia men's national basketball team (Estonian: Eesti korvpallikoondis) represents Estonia in international basketball matches. They are controlled by the Estonian Basketball Association. The team competed in their first international tournament at the 1936 Olympic Games. Estonia has also qualified for the EuroBasket six times overall, with their best results coming in 1937 and 1939. However, after 1939, Estonia halted national team activities due to the occupation of the Baltic states during World War II. Estonia rejoined FIBA in 1991, after restoring independence from the Soviet Union.
Mark Consuelos
Mark Andrew Consuelos (/kənˈswɛloʊs/; born March 30, 1971) is an American actor and talk show host. He rose to prominence as a television actor on the ABC soap opera All My Children for his portrayal of Mateo Santos (1995–2002, 2010), and subsequently as Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale (2017–2023). Consuelos currently co-hosts the daytime talk show Live with Kelly and Mark with his wife Kelly Ripa.

Live with Kelly and Mark
Live with Kelly and Mark (or simply Live) is an American syndicated morning talk show hosted by Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos. Executive produced by Michael Gelman, the Live with... show formula has aired under various hosts since 1983 locally on WABC-TV in New York City and 1988 nationwide. As of 2016, it is produced by WABC.

With roots in A.M. Los Angeles and A.M. New York, Live began as The Morning Show, hosted by Regis Philbin and Cyndy Garvey; the show rose to national prominence as Live with Regis and Kathie Lee when Philbin was joined by Kathie Lee Gifford. Gifford was followed by Ripa. The franchise has had longstanding success and has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show and Outstanding Talk Show Hosts. Since April 2023, the show has been hosted by Ripa and her husband, Mark Consuelos. Prior to Consuelos, Ripa previously co-hosted the show with Philbin, Michael Strahan, and Ryan Seacrest.
Aquafaba
Aquafaba (/ˌɑːkwəˈfɑːbə/ or /ˌækwəˈfɑːbə/) is the viscous water in which legume seeds such as chickpeas have been cooked. Its use in cuisine was discovered by the French musician Joël Roessel.

Due to its ability to mimic functional properties of egg whites in cooking, aquafaba can be used as a direct replacement for them in some cases, including meringues and marshmallows.

Meringue
Meringue (/məˈræŋ/ mə-RANG, French: [məʁɛ̃ɡ] ⓘ) is a type of dessert or candy, of French origin, traditionally made from whipped eggwhites and sugar, and occasionally an acidic ingredient such as lemon, vinegar, or cream of tartar. A binding agent such as salt, flour, or gelatin may also be added to the eggs. The key to the formation of a good meringue is the formation of stiff peaks by denaturing the protein ovalbumin (a protein in the egg whites) via mechanical shear.

They are light, airy, and sweet confections. Homemade meringues are often chewy and soft with a crisp exterior, while many commercial meringues are crisp throughout. A uniform crisp texture may be achieved at home by baking at a low temperature (80–90 °C or 176–194 °F) for an extended period of up to two hours.
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM; Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pamamahala sa Lupa at Tubig) is an agency of the Philippine government under the Department of Agriculture responsible for advising and rendering assistance on matters relative to the utilization of soils and water as vital agricultural resources.

Department of Agriculture (Philippines)
The Department of Agriculture (DA; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Agrikultura) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the promotion of agricultural and fisheries development and growth. It has its headquarters at Elliptical Road corner Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City.

The department is currently led by the secretary of agriculture, nominated by the president of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The current secretary is Francisco Tiu Laurel Jr., who assumed office on November 3, 2023.
Vision of Reform
Vision of Reform (改革結集の会, Kaikaku Kesshū no Kai; "Reform Assembly") was a Japanese political party formed in November 2015 by former environment minister Sakihito Ozawa following the split in the Japan Innovation Party. The party dissolved in March 2016, with 4 of the 5 members joining the Democratic Party.

Sakihito Ozawa
Sakihito Ozawa (小沢 鋭仁, Ozawa Sakihito; born 1954) is a Japanese politician and former banker. He was a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan and previously served as leader of the Vision of Reform party, which he formed in December 2015. A native of Kofu, Yamanashi, he graduated from the University of Tokyo and received a master's degree in political science from Saitama University. Shortly after graduating, he studied economics and policy under Eisuke Sakakibara. Before joining the House of Representatives, he worked at Tokyo Bank and served as an advisor to several lawmakers. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1993 as a member of Morihiro Hosokawa's Japan New Party. He was the Minister of the Environment during Yukio Hatoyama's prime ministership in 2009–2010.
Park Chul-soon
Park Chul-soon (Korean: 박철순; Hanja: 朴哲淳; also spelled Cheol Sun Park, Bak Cheol-sun; born March 12, 1956) is a former South Korean pitcher in the KBO League who played for the OB Bears. Park batted and threw right-handed. He was the second South Korean player to sign with a Major League team and play in the minor leagues after Lee Won-Kuk.

Doosan Bears
The Doosan Bears (Korean: 두산 베어스) are a South Korean professional baseball team based in Seoul. Founded in 1982, they are a member of the KBO League. The Bears have won six Korean Series titles (1982, 1995, 2001, 2015, 2016, and 2019) and play their home games at Seoul's Jamsil Baseball Stadium.
Mentawai malkoha
The Mentawai malkoha (Phaenicophaeus oeneicaudus) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands off the west of Sumatra. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the chestnut-breasted malkoha.

Chestnut-breasted malkoha
The chestnut-breasted malkoha (Phaenicophaeus curvirostris) is a species of cuckoo in the family Cuculidae. Found in Southeast Asia from Myanmar through to eastern Java, the Philippines and Borneo, it is a large cuckoo measuring up to 49 cm (19 in) with grey and dark green upperparts and chestnut underparts, and a large curved pale upper mandible. The male and female are similar in plumage. Unlike many cuckoos, it builds its nest and raises its own young.
Church of Saint-Maclou
The Church of Saint-Maclou, (French: Église Saint-Maclou de Rouen) is a Roman Catholic church in Rouen, France, named after the Saint Malo, which is considered one of the best examples of the Flamboyant style of Gothic architecture in France. 
Saint-Maclou, along with Rouen Cathedral, the Palais de Justice (also Flamboyant), and the Church of St. Ouen, form a famous ensemble of significant Gothic buildings in Rouen. Its spire reaches a height of 83 meters.

Flamboyant
Flamboyant (from French  flamboyant 'flaming') is a lavishly decorated style of Gothic architecture that appeared in France and Spain in the 15th century, and lasted until the mid-sixteenth century and the beginning of the Renaissance. Elaborate stone tracery covered both the exterior and the interior. Windows were decorated with a characteristic s-shaped curve. Masonry wall space was reduced further as windows grew even larger. Major examples included the northern spire of Chartres Cathedral, Trinity Abbey, Vendôme, and Burgos Cathedral and Segovia Cathedral in Spain. It was gradually replaced by Renaissance architecture in the 16th century.
Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)
The Anglo-French Alliance is the name for the alliance between Great Britain and France between 1716 and 1731. It formed part of the stately quadrille in which the Great Powers of Europe repeatedly switched partners to try to build a superior alliance.
Somehave suggested that between 1688 and 1815, Britain and France were 'natural enemies', and the period has become known as the Second Hundred Years' War, but their period spent as allies has been used to challenge the notion that the two states were implacable enemies.

Anglo-Austrian Alliance
The Anglo-Austrian Alliance connected the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Habsburg monarchy during the first half of the 18th century. It was largely the work of the British Whig statesman Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, who considered an alliance with Austria crucial to prevent the further expansion of French power.

It lasted from 1731 to 1756 and formed part of the stately quadrille by which the Great Powers of Europe continually shifted their alliances to try to maintain the balance of power in Europe. Its collapse during the Diplomatic Revolution ultimately led to the Seven Years' War.
Howard Goldblatt
Howard Goldblatt (Chinese: 葛浩文, born 1939) is an American literary translator of numerous works of contemporary Chinese (mainland China & Taiwan) fiction, including The Taste of Apples by Huang Chunming and The Execution of Mayor Yin by Chen Ruoxi. Goldblatt also translated works of Chinese novelist and 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Mo Yan, including six of Mo Yan's novels and collections of stories. He was a research professor of Chinese at the University of Notre Dame from 2002 to 2011.

The Execution of Mayor Yin
The Execution of Mayor Yin (Chinese: 尹縣長; pinyin: Yǐn xiànzhǎng) is a 1978 collection of short stories by  Chen Ruoxi, based on her experiences in mainland China during the 1960s and 1970s before she came to Taiwan.

The collection was published in English under the title The Execution of Mayor Yin and Other Stories from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978. Tr. by Nancy Ing and Howard Goldblatt. The English language translation attained wide recognition, as its publication occurred at a time when U.S. President Richard Nixon's historic visit to China, the death of Mao Zedong, and the thaw in diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China all generated widespread interest in China in the United States. A revised edition of the book with a new introduction by Perry Link was re-issued by Indiana University Press in 2004.
Bremilham
Bremilham, also known as Cowage or Cowich, is a small settlement and former civil parish in north Wiltshire, England. It is near the hamlet of Foxley in the parish of Norton. The nearest town is Malmesbury, about 2 miles (3.2 km) away to the north east.

The place-name 'Bremilham' is first attested in 1065, as Bremelham, and means 'village where brambles or blackberries grew'. In 1881 the parish had a population of 25. On 25 March 1884 the parish was abolished and its land divided among Foxley, Westport St Mary and Brokenborough parishes. In 1934 Foxley (with Bremilham) was transferred to the civil parish of Norton. On some present-day maps, only Cowage Farm is shown.

Bremilham was a small ecclesiastical parish until 1893 when it was united with Foxley.

Norton, Wiltshire
Norton is a small village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-west of Malmesbury. The parish includes the hamlets of Foxley and Bremilham (also known as Cowage).

The Sherston branch of the Bristol Avon forms the north boundary of the parish.
Clare Munnings
Clare Munnings is the pen name for two American mystery authors, Jill Ker Conway (former president of Smith College) and Elizabeth Topham Kennan (alumna and former president of Mount Holyoke College).  Their first novel, Overnight Float, was published in 2000.

Jill Ker Conway
Jill Ker Conway AC (9 October 1934 – 1 June 2018) was an Australian-American scholar and author. Well known for her autobiographies, in particular her first memoir, The Road from Coorain, she also was Smith College's first woman president (1975–1985) and most recently served as a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2004 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project. She was a recipient of the National Humanities Medal.