hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mark Smeaton
Mark Smeaton (c. 1512 – 17 May 1536) was a musician at the court of Henry VIII of England, in the household of Queen Anne Boleyn. Smeaton – together with the Queen's brother George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford; Henry Norris, Francis Weston, and William Brereton – was executed for treason and adultery with Queen Anne.

William Brereton (courtier)
William Brereton, c. 1487/1490 – 17 May 1536, was a member of a prominent Cheshire family who served as a courtier to Henry VIII. In May 1536, Brereton was accused of committing adultery with Anne Boleyn, the king's second wife, and executed for treason  along with her brother George Boleyn, Henry Norris, Francis Weston and a musician, Mark Smeaton. Most historians are now of the opinion that Anne Boleyn, Brereton and their co-accused were innocent.
Eliya VIII
Eliya VIII (Syriac: ܐܠܝܐ / Elīyā, d. 18 June 1660) was Patriarch of the Church of the East from 1617 to 1660, with residence in Rabban Hormizd Monastery, near Alqosh, in modern Iraq. On several occasions (1619, 1629, 1638, 1653) he was approached by representatives of the Catholic Church, but those contacts didn't led to any agreement. In older historiography, he was designated as Eliya VIII, but later renumbered as Eliya "IX" by some authors. After the resolution of several chronological questions, he was designated again as Eliya VIII, and that numeration is accepted in recent scholarly works.

Patriarch of the Church of the East
The patriarch of the Church of the East (also known as patriarch of the East, patriarch of Babylon, the catholicos of the East (ancient Greek: καθολικός katholikós, all-encompassing [καθ- + ὅλου + -ικός]) or the grand metropolitan of the East) is the patriarch, or leader and head bishop (sometimes referred to as Catholicos or universal leader) of the Church of the East. The position dates to the early centuries of Christianity within the Sassanid Empire, and the Church has been known by a variety of names, including the Church of the East, Nestorian Church, the Persian Church, the Sassanid Church, or East Syrian.

Since 1552, rival patriarchal lines were established, traditionalist on one side and pro-Catholic on the other. In modern times, patriarchal succession is claimed from this office to the patriarchal offices of the successor churches: the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Ancient Church of the East.
Ronald Lauder
Ronald Steven Lauder (born February 26, 1944) is an American businessman. He is the sole heir to The Estée Lauder Companies, founded by his parents Estée Lauder and Joseph Lauder in 1946, following the death of his brother Leonard Lauder in 2025.

According to Forbes, Lauder had a net worth of $4.7 billion as of May 2025 (number 796 on Forbes' list of billionaires). Lauder is a longtime Republican Party donor and supporter of Donald Trump. He ran in the Republican primary for mayor of New York City in 1989.

A long-time friend of President Donald Trump, Lauder has been credited with planting the idea of annexing Greenland in Trump's mind.

Estée Lauder (businesswoman)
Estée Lauder (/ˈɛsteɪ ˈlɔːdər/ EST-ay LAW-dər; born Josephine Esther Mentzer; July 1, 1908 – April 24, 2004) was an American businesswoman. She co-founded her eponymous cosmetics company with her husband, Joseph Lauter (later Lauder). Lauder was the only woman on Time magazine's 1998 list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th century.
Jaco Island
Jaco Island (Portuguese: Ilha de Jaco, Tetum: Illa Jako, Fataluku: Totina or Tontina) is an uninhabited island in Timor-Leste, a country occupying the eastern end of the island of Timor in the Lesser Sunda Islands in Southeast Asia. It lies off the eastern tip with Cape Cutcha of the island of Timor (Aldeia Pitileti, Suco Tutuala, administrative post Tutuala, municipality Lautém).

Lautém Municipality
Lautém (Portuguese: Município Lautém, Tetum: Munisípiu Lautein) is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of Timor-Leste, at the eastern end of the country. It has a population of 64,135 (census 2010) and an area of 1,813 km2. Its capital is Lospalos, which lies 248 km east of the national capital, Dili.
North Atlantic Igneous Province
The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) is a large igneous province in the North Atlantic, centered on Iceland. In the Paleogene, the province formed the Thulean Plateau, a large basaltic lava plain, which extended over at least 1.3 million km2 (500 thousand sq mi) in area and 6.6 million km3 (1.6 million cu mi) in volume. The plateau was broken up during the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean leaving remnants preserved in north Ireland, west Scotland, the Faroe Islands, northwest Iceland, east Greenland, western Norway and many of the islands located in the north eastern portion of the North Atlantic Ocean. The igneous province is the origin of the Giant's Causeway and Fingal's Cave. The province is also known as  Brito–Arctic province (also known as the North Atlantic Tertiary Volcanic Province) and the portion of the province in the British Isles is also called the  British Tertiary Volcanic Province or British Tertiary Igneous Province.

Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including intrusive (sills, dikes) and extrusive (lava flows, tephra deposits), arising when magma travels through the crust towards the surface. The formation of LIPs is variously attributed to mantle plumes or to processes associated with divergent plate tectonics. The formation of some of the LIPs in the past 500 million years coincide in time with mass extinctions and rapid climatic changes, which has led to numerous hypotheses about causal relationships. LIPs are fundamentally different from any other currently active volcanoes or volcanic systems.
Endosome
Endosomes are a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. They are parts of the endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi network. Molecules or ligands internalized from the plasma membrane can follow this pathway all the way to lysosomes for degradation or can be recycled back to the cell membrane in the endocytic cycle. Molecules are also transported to endosomes from the trans Golgi network and either continue to lysosomes or recycle back to the Golgi apparatus.

Endosomes can be classified as early, sorting, or late depending on their stage post internalization. Endosomes represent a major sorting compartment of the endomembrane system in cells.

Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus (/ˈɡɒldʒi/), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. It resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.

The Golgi apparatus was identified in 1898 by the Italian biologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi. The organelle was later named after him in the 1910s.
Lindsay de Sausmarez
Lindsay de Sausmarez (English pronunciation: /dəˈsʌməreɪ/ də SUM-ə-ray) (born 1977 or 1978) is a Guernsey politician serving as the President of the Policy and Resources Committee (the head of government) since 1 July 2025.

Her maiden name was H. Lindsay Henderson.

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey
The President of the Policy and Resources Committee (P&RC president), also known as the Chief Minister of Guernsey, is the head of government of Guernsey and chair of the Policy and Resources Committee. The head of government is not directly elected by the people but rather by the legislature, the States of Guernsey.

The current P&RC president is Lindsay de Sausmarez.
Dragon scale binding
Dragon scale binding (Chinese: 龙鳞装; pinyin: lóng lín zhuāng), also known as dragon scale scroll or whirlwind binding, is a traditional Chinese bookbinding technique in which pages are attached in overlapping tiers resembling the scales of a dragon. It is regarded as one of the most distinctive transitional formats in the evolution of Chinese book structures between the ancient scroll and the later folded or stitched formats.

Traditional Chinese bookbinding
Traditional Chinese bookbinding, also called stitched binding (Chinese: 線裝; pinyin: xiàn zhuāng), is the method of bookbinding that the Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, and Vietnamese used before adopting the modern codex form.
Pala Indian Reservation
The Pala Indian Reservation is the reservation of the Pala Band of Mission Indians, a federally recognized tribe of Indigenous Californians. The reservation is in the San Luis Rey River Valley in northern San Diego County, California, east of the community of Fallbrook.

The reservation has also historically been called the Mission Indian Reservation.

Pala Band citizens are Cupeño and Luiseño. These bands have shared territory since 1903. Five other federally recognized tribes are Luiseño and are located in southern California.

The Pala Reservation is the most populated reservation in San Diego County. Its area is 52.163 km2 (20.140 sq mi) and resident population in 1,573 persons, according to the 2000 census. About 44 percent of whom were of solely Native American heritage. Robert H. Smith is the Tribal Chairman.

Luiseño
The Luiseño or Payómkawichum are an Indigenous people of California who, at the time of the first contacts with the Spanish in the 16th century, inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging 50 miles (80 km) from the present-day southern part of Los Angeles County to the northern part of San Diego County, and inland 30 miles (48 km). In the Luiseño language, the people call themselves Payómkawichum (also spelled Payómkowishum), meaning "People of the West." After the establishment of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (The Mission of Saint Louis King of France), "the Payómkawichum began to be called San Luiseños, and later, just Luiseños by Spanish missionaries due to their proximity to this San Luis Rey mission.

Today there are six federally recognized tribes of Luiseño bands based in southern California, all with reservations. Another organized band is not federally recognized.
Georgia State Route 372
State Route 372 (SR 372) is a 27.128-mile-long (43.658 km) state highway in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It begins at an intersection with SR 140 in the western part of Alpharetta, Georgia and travels to the north through Fulton and Cherokee counties to end at I-575/SR 5/SR 515 in the very southern portion of south-central Pickens County.

Georgia State Route 140
State Route 140 (SR 140) is a 78.6-mile-long (126.5 km) state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It connects the Armuchee and Peachtree Corners areas, within portions of Floyd, Bartow, Cherokee, Fulton, Gwinnett counties.
Courant bracket
In differential geometry, a field of mathematics, the Courant bracket is a generalization of the Lie bracket from an operation on the tangent bundle to an operation on the direct sum of the tangent bundle and the vector bundle of p-forms.

The case  was introduced by Theodore James Courant in his 1990 doctoral dissertation as a structure that bridges Poisson geometry and pre-symplectic geometry, based on work with his advisor Alan Weinstein. The twisted version of the Courant bracket was introduced in 2001 by Pavol Severa, and studied in collaboration with Weinstein.

Today a complex version of the  Courant bracket plays a central role in the field of generalized complex geometry, introduced by Nigel Hitchin in 2002. Closure under the Courant bracket is the integrability condition of a generalized almost complex structure.

Generalized complex structure
In the field of mathematics known as differential geometry, a generalized complex structure is a property of a differential manifold that includes as special cases a complex structure and a symplectic structure. Generalized complex structures were introduced by Nigel Hitchin in 2002 and further developed by his students Marco Gualtieri and Gil Cavalcanti.

These structures first arose in Hitchin's program of characterizing geometrical structures via functionals of differential forms, a connection which formed the basis of Robbert Dijkgraaf, Sergei Gukov, Andrew Neitzke and Cumrun Vafa's 2004 proposal that topological string theories are special cases of a topological M-theory. Today generalized complex structures also play a leading role in physical string theory, as supersymmetric flux compactifications, which relate 10-dimensional physics to 4-dimensional worlds like ours, require (possibly twisted) generalized complex structures.
John O. Deshong
John Odenheimer Deshong (September 6, 1807 – May 28, 1881) was an American businessman and banker in Chester, Pennsylvania.  He came from a wealthy family including his father Peter Deshong and son Alfred O. Deshong.

Alfred O. Deshong
Alfred Odenheimer Deshong (September 30, 1837 – April 19, 1913) was an American businessman, philanthropist and art collector from Chester, Pennsylvania.  Deshong came from a wealthy family including his grandfather Peter Deshong and father John O. Deshong.  He operated a successful quarry business with his brother and was a director of the Delaware County National Bank.  He invested his fortune in the collection of art.

Deshong donated liberally to support the Chester Hospital and upon his death, donated his 22 acres (8.9 ha) property, mansion and art collection to the city of Chester which resulted in the creation of Deshong Park and the Deshong Art Museum. At current valuations, the donation would be worth over $24 million.
Healthy eating pyramid
The Healthy Eating Pyramid (alternately, Healthy Eating Plate) is a nutrition guide developed by the Harvard School of Public Health, suggesting quantities of each food category that a human should eat each day. The healthy eating pyramid is intended to provide a more sound eating guide than the widespread food guide pyramid created by the USDA.

The new pyramid aims to include more recent research in dietary health not present in the USDA's 1992 guide. The original USDA pyramid has been criticized for not differentiating between refined grains and whole grains, between saturated fats and unsaturated fats, and for not placing enough emphasis on exercise and weight control.

Food pyramid (nutrition)
A food pyramid is a representation of the optimal number of servings to be eaten each day from each of the basic food groups. The first pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974. The 1992 pyramid introduced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was called the "Food Guide Pyramid" or "Eating Right Pyramid". It was updated in 2005 to "MyPyramid", and then it was replaced by "MyPlate" in 2011. In January 2026, the United States Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. "reclaimed the food pyramid" by introducing an inverted version of the food pyramid.
Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj
The Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj was a state in the highlands of modern-day Guatemala which was founded by the Kʼicheʼ (Quiché) Maya in the thirteenth century, and which expanded through the fifteenth century until it was conquered by Spanish and Nahua forces led by Pedro de Alvarado in 1524.

The Kʼicheʼ kingdom reached its height under the king Kʼiqʼab who ruled from the fortified town of Qʼumarkaj (also called by its Nahuatl name Utatlán) near the modern town of Santa Cruz del Quiché. During his rule the Kʼicheʼ ruled large areas of highland Guatemala extending into Mexico, and they subdued other Maya peoples such as the Tzʼutujil, Kaqchikel and Mam, as well as the Nahuan Pipil people.

Kaqchikel people
The Kaqchikel (also called Kachiquel) are one of the Indigenous Maya peoples of the midwestern highlands of Guatemala and of southern Mexico. They constitute Guatemala's third largest Maya group. The name was formerly spelled in various other ways, including Cakchiquel, Kakchiquel, Caqchikel, and Cachiquel.
South Africa President's XV
The South Africa President's XV is a South African rugby union team that represented South Africa in the 2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup. They won the tournament, winning all three matches, but did not take part in the 2014 edition.

Previously, an Emerging Springboks team competed in the 2007 and 2008 IRB Nations Cup competitions.

2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup
The 2013 IRB Tbilisi Cup was the inaugural edition of this international rugby union tournament, created by the International Rugby Board and was played from 7 to 16 June 2013 at the Avchala Stadium in Tbilisi.

The hosts Georgia were joined by Uruguay, who regularly take part in the IRB Nations Cup, and two newly founded teams: Emerging Ireland, who were made up of young Irish players that didn't get selected for the Lions tour to Australia or the national side's tour to North America, and a South Africa President's XV, composed of Currie Cup players.

South Africa President's XV won the inaugural tournament after winning all three of their games.

Following this tournament, Georgia played Argentina for the first time outside the Rugby World Cup on 22 June as part of the 2013 mid-year tests.
Kira Maria Asenina of Bulgaria
Kira Maria Asenina (Bulgarian: Кира-Мария Асенина) was a Bulgarian princess and empress consort (tsarina), second wife of George I of Bulgaria. She was the daughter of tsar Mitso Asen of Bulgaria and his wife Maria. The dates and the places of her birth and death are unknown.

George I of Bulgaria
George Terter I (Bulgarian: Георги Тертер I), of the Terter dynasty, ruled as the tsar of Bulgaria from 1280 to 1292. He was born in Cherven. The date of his birth is unknown, and he died in 1308 or 1309.
Roeper School (Michigan)
The Roeper School is a private coeducational day school with campuses in Birmingham and Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, in Greater Detroit, serving students at all levels from preschool through the 12th grade. It was formerly known as Roeper City and Country School.

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
Bloomfield Hills is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northern suburb of Detroit on the Woodward Corridor, Bloomfield Hills is located roughly twenty miles (32 km) northwest of downtown Detroit, and is surrounded on most sides by Bloomfield Township. As of the 2020 United States census, the city had a population of 4,470.
Hamlet (Oregon)
A hamlet is a model of local governance in Clackamas County in the U.S. state of Oregon.  Like hamlets elsewhere, it is a county subdivision; like New York's hamlets, the definition is unique to a state (in this case, to one county in a state).

Hamlets in Oregon are in addition to villages in Oregon (which were defined at the same time as hamlets) and to Community Planning Organizations (CPOs), which predate both hamlets and villages.

To date, there are four hamlets: Beavercreek, Molalla Prairie, Mulino, and Stafford.

Village (Oregon)
A village in the U.S. state of Oregon is a model of local governance that as of 2006 only exists in  Clackamas County.  Like villages elsewhere, it is a subnational entity; like New York's villages, the definition is unique to a state (at the moment, to one county in a state).

Villages in Oregon are in addition to hamlets in Oregon (which were defined at the same time as villages) and to Community Planning Organizations (CPOs), which predate both villages and hamlets.

In June 2006, citizens in the Mount Hood Corridor communities of Brightwood, Wemme, Welches, Zigzag, and Rhododendron voted to become the Villages at Mount Hood, Oregon's first village. From a census perspective these communities are part of the Mount Hood Village CDP.

The residents of Boring voted against forming a village in July 2006.
Government Camp, another community within the Mount Hood Corridor, is considering a village as a possible governance option.
Coralville Transit
Coralville Transit is the public transit operator in Coralville, Iowa, a suburb of Iowa City. Coralville Transit operates 6 routes serving Coralville, Iowa City, and the University of Iowa, with limited service to North Liberty. Coralville Transit has operated as a division of the city of Coralville since 1969.

The service provides several routes connecting downtown Iowa City with various destinations in Coralville, such as Coral Ridge Mall, Iowa River Landing, and Commerce Drive. Coralville Transit services connect to Iowa City Transit, the University of Iowa Cambus, and the 380 Express commuter bus, providing connections throughout the region.

Iowa City Transit
Iowa City Transit is an American public transit system serving Iowa City, Iowa. The service provides several routes serving various areas of the city as well as University Heights, originating and terminating at the Iowa City Downtown Interchange. In addition, a loop route is provided for school students at the beginning and end of each school day. In addition to Iowa City Transit, Coralville Transit, the University of Iowa Cambus, and the 380 Express also provide transit service in the Iowa City area, and Iowa City Transit shares several bus stops with them.
Negative relative accommodation
Negative relative accommodation (NRA) was proposed by Joseph Kearney of Oxford University in 1967 as a measure of the maximum ability to relax accommodation while maintaining clear, single binocular vision.  It is an indirect measurement of fusional vergence in binocular vision.

This measurement is typically obtained by an orthoptist, ophthalmologist or optometrist during an eye examination using a phoropter. After the patient's distance correction is established, the patient is instructed to view small letters on a card 40 cm from the eyes. The examiner adds convex lenses in +0.25 increments until the patient first reports that they become blurry.  The total value of the lenses added to reach this point is the NRA value. High NRA values (above +2.50) might be evidence to over minus, uncorrected hyperopia or latent hyperopia.

Accommodation (vertebrate eye)
Accommodation is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. In this, distances vary for individuals from the far point—the maximum distance from the eye for which a clear image of an object can be seen, to the near point—the minimum distance for a clear image.
Accommodation usually acts like a reflex, including part of the accommodation-convergence reflex, but it can also be consciously controlled.

The main ways animals may change focus are:

Changing the shape of the lens.

Changing the position of the lens relative to the retina.

Changing the axial length of the eyeball.

Changing the shape of the cornea.
Green Archer (radar)
Green Archer, also called Radar, Field Artillery, No 8 was a widely used British mortar locating radar operating in the X band using a Foster scanner.  Developed by EMI after an experimental model by the Royal Radar Establishment, it was in British service from 1962 until 1975 with the Royal Artillery. A self-propelled version was designated FV436 or Radar, FA, No 8 Mk 2. It was replaced by Cymbeline starting in 1975.

Cymbeline (radar)
Radar, Field Artillery, No 15, better known as Cymbeline, was a widely used British mortar locating radar operating in the I band using a Foster scanner. Developed by Thorn-EMI and built at their now-defunct site at Hayes in Middlesex, it was in British service from 1975 until about 2003 with the Royal Artillery.

Cymbeline replaced Green Archer in British service, but in a larger number of larger units including the Territorial Army.  Cymbeline came in Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions, the difference being their mobility; Mk 1 was on a lightweight two wheel trailer whereas Mk 2 was mounted on top of an FV432 armoured carrier. The Mk 1 was transportable underslung by a helicopter.

Cymbeline was more accurate than Green Archer and a lot more mobile.  Although mortar locating was its primary role, it was capable of various other tasks.