hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Björn Alm
Björn Erik Alm (born 23 December 1961) is a Swedish sailor from Borlänge who represented his country at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain as crew member in the Soling. With helmsman Magnus Holmberg and fellow crew member Johan Barne they took the 5th place. Björn with helmsman Magnus Holmberg and fellow crew member Johan Barne took 13th place during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Savannah, Georgia, United States in the Soling.

Magnus Holmberg
Johan Magnus Holmberg (born 23 September 1961) is a Swedish Olympic sailor that represented Sweden at the 1984, 1992, and 1996 Summer Olympics. In 1992, he finished 5th together with his crew of Björn Alm and Johan Barne in the Soling class.

He sailed for Victory Challenge in the 2003 and 2007 Louis Vuitton Cups.
Desan Kaur
Sardarni Desan Kaur Waraich (1740 – 1794), also known as Mai Desan was the regent of the Sukerchakia Misl during the minority of her son from 1770. She was the wife of Sardar Charat Singh and the mother of Sardar Maha Singh. Her grandson, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, was the founder of the Sikh Empire.

Maha Singh
Maha Singh (Punjabi: Mahaṅ Singh; 1760 – 15 April 1790 or 1756 – April 1792), also spelt as Mahan or Mahn Singh, was the second Sardar of the Sukerchakia Misl, which as a Sikh grouping with its guerilla militia was one of twelve Sikh Misls that later became part of the Sikh Empire. He was the eldest son of Sardar Charat Singh and Sardarni Desan Kaur Warraich. He was the father of the Punjabi king Ranjit Singh.

Upon the death of his father, Charat Singh, he succeeded to the leadership of the Sukerchakia Misl. His son Ranjit Singh succeeded him and established the Sikh Empire. He is known for his alliance with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and for reducing the power of the Kanhaiya Misl. Maha Singh married firstly Mai Man Kaur, daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Mann of Mughalchak-Mananwala, and secondly Sardarni Raj Kaur, daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind and mother of Ranjit Singh.
German Caucasus expedition
The German Caucasus expedition was a military expedition sent in late May 1918, by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I. Its prime aim was to stabilize the pro-German Democratic Republic of Georgia and to secure oil supplies for Germany by preventing the Ottoman Empire from gaining access to the oil reserves near Baku on the Absheron Peninsula.

Treaty of Poti
The Treaty of Poti was a bilateral agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition. The agreement was signed, on 28 May 1918, by General Otto von Lossow for Germany and by Foreign Minister Akaki Chkhenkeli for Georgia. Concluded at the Georgian Black Sea port of Poti, the treaty came only two days after Georgia proclaimed independence, becoming the newly independent republic's first-ever international treaty.
Rudy Árias (catcher)
Rodolfo M. Árias (born June 25, 1957) is a Cuban former minor league baseball catcher and former Major League Baseball coach. He served as the bullpen catcher for the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball. He has also served in this capacity for the Florida Marlins and New York Yankees. His father is Rudy Árias.

Bullpen catcher
The bullpen catcher is a member of a baseball team's staff, often a former professional player, who catches the ball for relief pitchers warming up before entering a game and starting pitchers before games. A bullpen catcher differentiates from a typical catcher as they are considered a coach and not a player, thus they cannot be behind home plate in an official game.
Ahava
Ahava Dead Sea Laboratories, Limited (Hebrew: אהבה, Love) is an Israeli cosmetics company with headquarters in Lod that manufactures skin care products made of mud and mineral-based compounds from the Dead Sea.  The company has flagship stores in Israel, Germany, Hungary, South Korea, the Philippines and Singapore. As of 2015, Ahava's income was more than US$150 million a year. In 2015, the Chinese conglomerate Fosun International agreed to purchase a controlling share of the company, which has been valuated to ca. NIS 300 million ($77 million USD). A subsidiary, AHAVA Cosmetics GmbH is based in Wiesbaden, Germany.

Ahava products have been the target of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement because of its operations in an Israeli settlement in the West Bank. The company's main manufacturing plant and showroom were in Mitzpe Shalem, an Israeli settlement and kibbutz located on the West Bank's Dead Sea shore.

Mitzpe Shalem
Mitzpe Shalem (Hebrew: מִצְפֵּה שָׁלֵם, lit. 'Shalem Lookout') is an Israeli settlement and former kibbutz in the eastern West Bank. Located near Highway 90 about 21 kilometres (13 mi) north of Ein Gedi and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Green Line about 1 km from the western shores of the Dead Sea, it is the southernmost community under the jurisdiction of Megilot Regional Council. In 2023 it had a population of 279.

It was established in 1970 on land belonging to the Palestinian Bedouin village of ‘Ayn Trayba. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.
Stefano Gentile
Stefano Gentile (born 20 September 1989) is an Italian professional basketball player for Napoli Basket of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). At a height of 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) tall, he plays at the point guard position.

Alessandro Gentile
Alessandro Gentile (born November 12, 1992) is an Italian professional basketball player for Urania Milano of the Serie A2. Standing at 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in), he plays at the shooting guard and small forward positions. He was selected by the Minnesota Timberwolves with the 53rd overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft.
Peter-Ernst Eiffe
Peter-Ernst Eiffe (1941 - c. December 1982), also known as "Eiffe, der Bär" (German for 'Eiffe, the bear') was probably the first Graffiti artist in Germany. During the German student movement of May 1968, he distributed his messages all over Hamburg and became also known for entering the central station of Hamburg with a Fiat 600. On this occasion he was arrested and after a depression in 1970 retained in a psychiatric institution. Trying to escape from there in December 1982, he died of hypothermia. His life was documented in a 1995 film with the title Eiffe for President - Alle Ampeln auf Gelb (Eiffe for president, all traffic lights to yellow), named after one of his famous graffitis.

West German student movement
The West German student movement (German: Westdeutsche Studentenbewegung), sometimes called the 1968 movement in West Germany (German: 1968 Bewegung in Westdeutschland), was a left-wing social movement that consisted of mass student protests in West Germany in 1968. Participants in the movement later came to be known as 68ers. The movement was characterized by the protesting students' rejection of traditionalism and of German political authority which included many former Nazi officials. Student unrest had started in 1967 when student Benno Ohnesorg was fatally shot by a policeman during a protest against the visit of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. The movement is considered to have formally started after the attempted assassination of student activist leader Rudi Dutschke, which sparked various protests across West Germany and gave rise to public opposition. The movement created lasting changes in German culture.
Robert Anderson (Revolutionary War)
Robert Anderson (November 15, 1741 – January 9, 1813) was a politician, militia officer, and surveyor from South Carolina. He was a lifelong friend of General Andrew Pickens. Anderson, South Carolina, Anderson County, South Carolina, and the ghost town of Andersonville are named for him.

Anderson, South Carolina
Anderson is a city in and the county seat of Anderson County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 28,106 at the 2020 census, making it the 16th-most populous city in South Carolina. It is one of the principal cities in the Greenville-Anderson-Greer, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 975,480 in 2023. It is included in the larger Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 1,590,636 in 2023.

It is just off Interstate 85 and is 120 miles (190 km) from Atlanta and 140 miles (230 km) from Charlotte. Anderson is the smallest of the three primary cities that make up the Upstate region, and is nicknamed the "Electric City" and the "Friendliest City in South Carolina". A 38-foot tall Confederate Memorial currently resides prominently in the center of downtown Anderson.
ICO (file format)
The ICO file format is an image file format for computer icons in Microsoft Windows. ICO files contain one or more small images at multiple sizes and color depths, such that they may be scaled appropriately. In Windows, all executables that display an icon to the user, on the desktop, in the Start Menu, or in file Explorer, must carry the icon in ICO format.

The CUR file format is an almost identical image file format for non-animated cursors in Microsoft Windows. The only differences between these two file formats are the bytes used to identify them and the addition of a hotspot in the CUR format header; the hotspot is defined as the pixel offset (in x,y coordinates) from the top-left corner of the cursor image to where the user is actually pointing the mouse.

The ANI file format is used for animated Windows cursors.

BMP file format
The BMP file format, or bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap digital images, independently of the display device (such as a graphics adapter), especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems.

The BMP file format is capable of storing two-dimensional digital images in various color depths, and optionally with data compression, alpha channels, and color profiles. The Windows Metafile (WMF) specification covers the BMP file format.
180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless
180 Degrees South: Conquerors of the Useless, or simply 180° South, is a 2010 documentary directed by Chris Malloy that covers the journey of Jeff Johnson as he travels from Ventura, California to Patagonia, Chile. He retraces the 1968 trip that Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins took in their Ford E-Series Econoline Van with the end goal of climbing Fitz Roy, one of the more difficult climbs in the Andes. After finding footage of the 1968 expedition, Johnson decided to make climbing the Corcovado Volcano in Patagonia his own goal and, after speaking to Chouinard and Tompkins, planned his own journey.

The subtitle of the film comes from Lionel Terray's mountaineering autobiography, Les Conquérants de l'inutile or Conquistadors of the Useless (1961). Terray was the first to summit Fitz Roy, in 1952, and his book was influential with Chouinard and Tompkins.

Corcovado Volcano
Corcovado Volcano (Spanish pronunciation: [koɾkoˈβaðo]) is a stratovolcano located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of the mouth of the Yelcho River, in the Palena Province, Los Lagos Region, Chile. The glacially eroded volcano is flanked by Holocene cinder cones. The volcano's base has likely prehistoric lava flows that are densely vegetated. The most distinctive feature of this volcano is its stepped top, similar to that of Puntiagudo Volcano. At its foot lies a series of lakes. Corcovado dominates the landscape of the Gulf of Corcovado area and is visible from Chiloé Island, weather permitting.

The volcano and the adjacent area form part of Corcovado National Park. The town of Chaitén is the main gateway to this protected area. Much of the town was heavily damaged following an explosive eruption of Chaitén Volcano and the resultant lahars in 2008, but has since been rebuilt.
SKI combinator calculus
The SKI combinator calculus is a combinatory logic system and a computational system. It can be thought of as a computer programming language, though it is not convenient for writing software. Instead, it is important in the mathematical theory of algorithms because it is an extremely simple Turing complete language. It can be likened to a reduced version of the untyped lambda calculus. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry.

All operations in lambda calculus can be encoded via abstraction elimination into the SKI calculus as binary trees whose leaves are one of the three symbols S, K, and I (called combinators).

Fixed-point combinator
In combinatory logic for computer science, a fixed-point combinator (or fixpoint combinator): p.26  is a higher-order function (i.e., a function that takes a function as argument) that returns some fixed point (a value that is mapped to itself) of its argument function, if one exists.

Formally, if  is a fixed-point combinator and the function  has one or more fixed points, then  is one of these fixed points, i.e.,

Fixed-point combinators can be defined in the lambda calculus and in functional programming languages, and provide a means to allow for recursive definitions.
American Eagle Flight 4184
American Eagle Flight 4184, officially operating as Simmons Airlines Flight 4184, was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Indianapolis, Indiana, to Chicago, Illinois, United States. On October 31, 1994, the ATR 72 performing this route flew into severe icing conditions, lost control and crashed into a field, killing all 68 people on board in the high-speed impact.

Icing (aeronautics)
In aeronautics, icing is the formation of water ice on an aircraft. 
Icing has resulted in numerous fatal accidents in aviation history.
Ice accretion and accumulation can affect the external surfaces of an aircraft – in which case it is referred to as airframe icing – or the engine, resulting in carburetor icing, air inlet icing or more generically engine icing. These phenomena may, but do not necessarily occur together.

Not all aircraft, especially general aviation aircraft, are certified for flight into known icing (FIKI) – that is flying into areas with icing conditions certain or likely to exist, based on pilot reports, observations, and forecasts. In order to be FIKI-certified, aircraft must be fitted with suitable ice protection systems to prevent accidents by icing.
Harvard Legal Aid Bureau
The Harvard Legal Aid Bureau (HLAB) is the oldest student-run legal services office in the United States, founded in 1913. The bureau is one of three honors societies at the law school, along with the Harvard Law Review and the Board of Student Advisers.

Notable members include Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan, Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick, activist and First Lady Michelle Obama, Attorney General Loretta Lynch, Berkshire Hathaway's Charlie Munger and law professors Erwin Chemerinsky and Laurence Tribe.

Charlie Munger
Charles Thomas Munger (January 1, 1924 – November 28, 2023) was an American businessman, investor, attorney and philanthropist. He was the vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, the conglomerate controlled by Warren Buffett, from 1978 until his death in 2023. Buffett described Munger as his closest partner and right-hand man, and credited him with being the "architect" of modern Berkshire Hathaway's business philosophy.

In addition to his role at Berkshire Hathaway, Munger was a founding partner of the California law firm of Munger, Tolles & Olson; chairman of Wesco Financial Corporation from 1984 through 2011; chairman of the Daily Journal Corporation, based in Los Angeles, California; and a director of Costco Wholesale Corporation.
Battle of Pavón
The Battle of Pavón, a key battle of the Argentine Civil Wars, was fought in Pavón, Santa Fé Province, Argentina on 17 September 1861 between the Army of the State of Buenos Aires (commanded by Bartolomé Mitre) and the Army of Republic of the Argentine Confederation (commanded by Justo José de Urquiza). The withdrawal of Urquiza left the field to Mitre.

The victory led to the dissolution of the national government and the reincorporation of Buenos Aires Province into the Argentine Republic as a dominant member of the nation. Governor Bartolomé Mitre would act as interim president, ratified by the National Congress, and then as the first president of a unified Argentine Republic.

State of Buenos Aires
The State of Buenos Aires (Spanish: Estado de Buenos Aires) was a secessionist republic resulting from the overthrow of the Argentine Confederation government in the Province of Buenos Aires on 11 September 1852. The State of Buenos Aires was never explicitly recognized by the Confederation; it remained, however, independent under its own government and constitution. Buenos Aires rejoined the Argentine Confederation after the former's victory at the Battle of Pavón in 1861.
Kabosu (dog)
Kabosu (Japanese: かぼす; pronounced [kabosɯ], c. November 2, 2005 – May 24, 2024) was a Shiba Inu from Japan. Adopted in 2008 by kindergarten teacher Atsuko Sato (佐藤 敦子, Satō Atsuko), she is prominently featured in the original Doge meme and the Dogecoin cryptocurrency.

Doge (meme)
Doge (usually /doʊdʒ/ DOHJ, /doʊɡ/ DOHG or /doʊʒ/ DOHZH), an Internet meme that became popular in 2013, consists of a picture of a Shiba Inu dog that is accompanied in the foreground by multicolored text in the font Comic Sans. The text, representing a kind of internal monologue, is deliberately written in a form of broken English. The meme originally and most frequently uses an image of a Shiba Inu named Kabosu, though versions with other Shiba Inus are also popular.

The meme is based on a 2010 photograph of Kabosu that became popular in late 2013; Know Your Meme named it the "top meme" of that year. Also in late 2013, the Shiba Inu had a notable presence in popular culture, including a cryptocurrency called Dogecoin that was launched in December of that year. Several online polls and media outlets recognized Doge as one of the best Internet memes of the 2010s.
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O−2) anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. Hydrogen peroxide is also damaging and is degraded by other enzymes such as catalase. Thus, SOD is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all living cells exposed to oxygen. One exception is Lactobacillus plantarum and related lactobacilli, which use intracellular manganese to prevent damage from reactive O−2.

SOD1
Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or hSod1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases. It is implicated in apoptosis, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
Sherman–Denison metropolitan area
The Sherman–Denison metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of one county—Grayson—in North Texas, anchored by the cities of Sherman and Denison. According to the 2010 U.S. census, the MSA had a population of 120,877; according to 2021 estimates, it had a population of 139,336. The Sherman–Denison MSA is a component of the  Dallas-Ft. Worth combined statistical area, which covers a 19-county area and had an estimated population of 8,057,796 as of July 1, 2009. It is also a major part of the Texoma region with proximity to both Lake Texoma and the Red River.

Grayson County, Texas
Grayson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 135,543. The county seat is Sherman. The county was founded in 1846 and is named after Peter Wagener Grayson, an attorney general of the Republic of Texas. Grayson County is included in the Sherman-Denison metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, combined statistical area. Located on the state's border with Oklahoma, it is part of the Texoma region, with proximity to Lake Texoma and the Red River.
Avon Technologies
Avon Technologies plc is a British company that specialises in the engineering and manufacturing of respiratory protection equipment for military, law enforcement and fire personnel.  Its corporate headquarters are 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Melksham in Wiltshire, England, at the Hampton Park West development. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Melksham
Melksham (/ˈmɛlkʃəm/) is a town and civil parish on the River Avon in Wiltshire, England, about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of Trowbridge and 6 miles (10 km) south of Chippenham. The parish population was 18,113 at the 2021 census.
Kudrovo
Kudrovo (Russian: Ку́дрово) is a town in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located east of and immediately adjacent to the city of St. Petersburg. Formerly a village, it was granted town status on 29 June 2018. As of the 2021 census, Kudrovo was home to 60,791 inhabitants.

Vsevolozhsky District
Vsevolozhsky District (Russian: Все́воложский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central northwestern part of the oblast on the Karelian Isthmus and borders with Priozersky District in the north, Kirovsky District in the south, Vyborgsky District in the northwest, Nevsky, Krasnogvardeysky, Kalininsky, Vyborgsky, and Kurortny Districts of the federal city of St. Petersburg in the west, and is washed by Lake Ladoga in the east. The area of the district is 3,036.4 square kilometers (1,172.4 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Vsevolozhsk. Population (excluding the administrative center): 153,045 (2010 Census); 131,233 (2002 Census); 135,318 (1989 Soviet census).
Piers Coleman
Piers Coleman (born 1958) is a British-born theoretical physicist, working in the field of theoretical condensed matter physics. Coleman is professor of physics at  Rutgers University in New Jersey and at Royal Holloway, University of London.

Premala Chandra
Premala "Premi" Chandra is an American theoretical condensed matter physicist whose research concerns the quantum mechanical and electromagnetic behavior of matter at the nanoscale, especially in two-dimensional surfaces. She is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Rutgers University.
Lake Billy Chinook
Lake Billy Chinook is a reservoir in Jefferson County in the U.S. state of Oregon. Created by the Round Butte Dam in 1964, Lake Billy Chinook lies in a canyon at the confluence of the Crooked, Deschutes, and Metolius rivers near Culver and Madras. It was named for Billy Chinook, a Native American of the Wasco tribe who traveled alongside American explorers John C. Frémont and Kit Carson in their expeditions of 1843 and 1844.

Metolius River
The Metolius River (pronounced muh TOLL ee us) is a tributary of the Deschutes River in Central Oregon, United States. The river flows north from springs near Black Butte, then turns sharply east, descending through a series of gorges before ending in the western end of Lake Billy Chinook. The unincorporated community of Camp Sherman lies astride the southern end of the river. The name of the river comes from the Warm Springs or Sahaptin word mitula, meaning white salmon and referring to a light colored Chinook salmon and not a whitefish.

The river's drainage basin is 315 square miles (820 km2) in area and, according to at least one estimate, contains 110 miles (180 km) of perennial streams, 324 miles (521 km) of intermittent streams, 42 lakes, and 121 ponds.