hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Row and column spaces
In linear algebra, the column space (also called the range or image) of a matrix A is the span (set of all possible linear combinations) of its column vectors. The column space of a matrix is the image or range of the corresponding matrix transformation.

Let  be a field. The column space of an m × n matrix with components from  is a linear subspace of the m-space .  The dimension of the column space is called the rank of the matrix and is at most min(m, n). A definition for matrices over a ring  is also possible.

The row space is defined similarly.

The row space and the column space of a matrix A are sometimes denoted as C(AT) and C(A) respectively.

This article considers matrices of real numbers.  The row and column spaces are subspaces of the real spaces  and  respectively.

Kernel (linear algebra)
In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part of the domain which is mapped to the zero vector of the co-domain; the kernel is always a linear subspace of the domain. That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vector space of all elements v of V such that L(v) = 0, where 0 denotes the zero vector in W, or more symbolically:
Leonid Utesov
Leonid Osipovich Utesov, also spelled Utyosov or Utiosov, born Lazar (Leyzer) Iosifovich Vaysbeyn or Weissbein (21 March [O.S. 10 March] 1895, Odessa – 10 March 1982, Moscow), was a famous Soviet estrada singer, and comic actor, who became the first pop singer to be awarded the prestigious title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1965.

Isaak Dunayevsky
Isaak Osipovich Dunayevsky (Russian: Исаак Осипович Дунаевский listenⓘ; also transliterated as Dunaevski or Dunaevskiy; 30 January [O.S. 18 January] 1900 – 25 July 1955) was a Soviet film composer and conductor of the 1930s and 1940s, who composed music for operetta and film comedies, frequently working with the film director Grigori Aleksandrov.
Austrade
The Australian Trade and Investment Commission, or Austrade (/ˈɒzˌtreɪd/ OZ-trayd), is the Australian Government's trade, investment and education promotion agency which was also given responsibility for tourism policy, programs and research from 2013. Austrade was established under the Australian Trade Commission Act 1985. It is a non-corporate Commonwealth entity under the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013, and a statutory agency under the Public Service Act 1999. Austrade is part of the Foreign Affairs and Trade portfolio.

Under Austrade's corporate structure, its chief executive officer is accountable to the Federal Minister for Tourism, Trade and Investment. Mr Xavier Simonet was appointed chief executive officer of Austrade in November 2020.

Minister for Trade and Tourism
The Minister for Trade and Tourism is a portfolio in the Government of Australia, falling within the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The position is currently held by Senator Don Farrell, sworn in as part of the Albanese ministry on 1 June 2022, following the Australian federal election in 2022. The minister is assisted by the Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, held by Matt Thistlethwaite, and the Assistant Minister for Tourism, held by Nita Green.
Alessandro Ballan
Alessandro Ballan (born 6 November 1979) is an Italian former professional road bicycle racer who most recently rode for UCI World Tour team BMC Racing Team. He is best known for winning the World Road Race Championships, in 2008. Although he possessed a frame that was usually more associated with climbing, Ballan established himself as a leading spring classics contender. His nickname, Bontempino, is a diminutive reference to Guido Bontempi, to whom he bears a resemblance.

2008 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race
The Men's Individual Road Race of the 2008 UCI Road World Championships cycling event took place on September 28 in Varese, Italy. The course comprised 15 laps around 17.35-kilometre route, making a total distance of 260.25 km. Each lap featured two ascents: the first at Via Montello (6.5% gradient for 1.15 kilometres); and the second at Ronchi (4.5% for 3.13 kilometres). The highest elevation measured 480 metres (1,570 ft) at Via Montello.

Pre-race favourites included Paolo Bettini, who was trying for an unprecedented third consecutive title, and the 1999, 2001 and 2004 champion Óscar Freire.

The race was won by Alessandro Ballan, with his fellow Italian Damiano Cunego in second and Matti Breschel of Denmark taking the bronze medal.
Church of St Mary and St Melor, Amesbury
The Church of St Mary and St Melor is the parish church of the town of Amesbury, Wiltshire. The Grade I listed church dates from the 12th century and may be connected with the 10th-century Amesbury Priory or its 12th-century successor, Amesbury Abbey.

Amesbury Priory
Amesbury Priory was a Benedictine monastery at Amesbury in Wiltshire, England, belonging to the Order of Fontevraud. It was founded in 1177 to replace the earlier Amesbury Abbey, a Saxon foundation established about the year 979. The Anglo-Norman Amesbury Priory was disbanded at the Dissolution of the monasteries and ceased to exist as a monastic house in 1539.

While the earlier Amesbury Abbey had been exclusively a nunnery or house of women, its successor, Amesbury Priory, following the particular structures of its parent Order of Fontevraud, was both a convent of nuns and a corresponding monastery of men. Both were governed locally by a prioress and ultimately by the Abbess of Fontevraud, in Anjou, part of the territories in what is now France that were then ruled by the English royal house.

Nothing remains of the priory above ground, its site having been used for a mansion which re-uses the name Amesbury Abbey.
Canal 9 (Danish TV channel)
Canal 9 is a Danish pay television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA, previously owned by C More Entertainment from 2009 to 2015.

The channel is a retro channel that shows older documentary series from the Discovery Channel and old action and comedy series like Miami Vice, The A-Team, Magnum, P.I. and M*A*S*H and with football in the weekends from Danish Superliga plus UEFA Europa League. The channel share sports rights with Eurosport and 6'eren; it was original launched as a low-pay sister channel to Canal+ in July 2009.

C More Entertainment
C More Entertainment AB was a pay television company that previously operated under the brand name Canal+. The company targeted the Nordic countries and operated separate channels in each market, including C More Film in Sweden.

The main competitors of C More Entertainment were Viasat Film and Viasat Sport, both of which became part of the Nordic Entertainment Group (NENT) in 2018.

After 30 October 2012, the C More channels in Finland were bundled with MTV Oy's premium channels. The combined package was initially branded as MTV3 Total (later MTV Total) before reverting to the C More name in 2017.
New York State Route 216
New York State Route 216 (NY 216) is a short state highway located entirely in Dutchess County, New York, in the United States. At 6.22 miles (10.01 km) in length, it connects NY 52 and NY 55 between the hamlets of Stormville (within the town of East Fishkill) at the west end and Poughquag (within the town of Beekman) at the east. The route serves the hamlet of Green Haven and passes by the Green Haven Correctional Facility.

Route 216 was originally part of NY 39 in the 1920s. The portion of NY 39 from Stormville to West Patterson was redesignated as part of NY 52 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. At the same time, an alternate route of NY 52 between Stormville and Towners was assigned the NY 216 designation. The alignments of NY 52 and NY 216 between the two locations were largely swapped in 1937. In 1970, Route 216 was truncated to its current eastern terminus in Poughquag.

Beekman, New York
Beekman is a town in Dutchess County, New York, United States. It is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area. The population was 14,172 at the 2020 census.  The town was named after Henry Beekman, a 17th-century land owner.
Wimmen's Comix
Wimmen's Comix, later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. Wimmen's Comix was a launching pad for many cartoonists' careers, and it inspired other small-press and self-published titles like Twisted Sisters, Dyke Shorts, and Dynamite Damsels.

Each issue of Wimmen's Comix was edited by a different editor or two editors who shared the job. Last Gasp published the first ten issues; later issues were put out by Renegade Press and then Rip Off Press.

Rip Off Press
Rip Off Press Inc. is a comic book mail order retailer and distributor, better known as the former publisher of adult-themed series like The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers and Rip Off Comix, as well as many other seminal publications from the underground comix era. Founded in 1969 in San Francisco by four friends from Austin, Texas — cartoonists Gilbert Shelton and Jack Jackson, and Fred Todd and Dave Moriaty — Rip Off Press is now run in Auburn, California, by Todd.

Rip Off Press is notable for being the first company to publish the fourth edition of the Principia Discordia, a Discordian religious text written by Gregory Hill and Kerry Thornley. It was also an early publisher of a booklet on drug manufacturing, Psychedelic Chemistry.
North Shields Metro station
North Shields is a Tyne and Wear Metro station, serving the coastal town of North Shields. It is situated next to the North Shields Transport Hub, on the west side of Bedford Street and The Beacon Centre. It joined the network on 14 November 1982, following the opening of the fourth phase of the network, between Tynemouth and St James via Wallsend.

North Shields
North Shields (/ʃiːlz/ SHEELZ) is a town in the borough of North Tyneside in Tyne and Wear, England. It is 8 miles (13 km) north-east of Newcastle upon Tyne and borders nearby Wallsend and Tynemouth. The population of North Shields at the 2021 census was 6,137.

Since 1974, it has been in the North Tyneside borough of Tyne and Wear: its historic administration was as part of the Castle ward in county of Northumberland. It was part of the Tynemouth County Borough; when abolished in 1974, the borough became an unparished area.

It is on the northern bank of the River Tyne, opposite to South Shields on the other bank.  The name derives from Middle English schele meaning "temporary sheds or huts used by fishermen".
Cooling and heating (combinatorial game theory)
In combinatorial game theory, cooling, heating, and overheating are operations on hot games to make them more amenable to the traditional methods of the theory,
which was originally devised for cold games in which the winner is the last player to have a legal move.
Overheating was generalised by Elwyn Berlekamp for the analysis of Blockbusting.
Chilling (or unheating) and warming are variants used in the analysis of the endgame of Go.

Cooling and chilling may be thought of as a tax on the player who moves, making them pay for the privilege of doing so,
while heating, warming and overheating are operations that more or less reverse cooling and chilling.

Blockbusting (game)
Blockbusting is a two-player game in which players alternate choosing squares from a line of squares, with one player aiming to choose as many pairs of adjacent squares as possible and the other player aiming to thwart this goal. Elwyn Berlekamp introduced it in 1987, as an example for a theoretical construction in combinatorial game theory.
Strong Ukraine
Strong Ukraine (Ukrainian: Сильна Україна, romanized: Sylna Ukraina); formerly the Labour Party Ukraine, is a political party in Ukraine that was re-established in April 2014. It was originally registered in August 1999 and dissolved in March 2012 after it had merged with the Party of Regions on 17 March 2012. Since late 2009 the party was and is the main vehicle of billionaire Serhiy Tihipko. After the parties merger Tihipko became a member of the Party of Regions. On 7 April 2014 the political council of this party expelled Tihipko from the Party of Regions.

The party claimed to have over 80,000 members in mid-May 2010.

In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party won one constituency parliamentary seat.

Party of Regions
The Party of Regions (Ukrainian: Партія регіонів, romanized: Partiia rehioniv, pronounced [ˈpɑrt⁽ʲ⁾ijɐ reɦiˈɔn⁽ʲ⁾iu̯]; Russian: Партия регионов, romanized: Partiya regionov) was a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine formed in late 1997 that used to be the largest party in Ukraine between 2006 and 2014.

Since the Revolution of Dignity, the party has not competed in elections and members have slowly dispersed; the last election in which the party participated was the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. The best-known former party members are former prime minister Mykola Azarov and former president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych; both fled to Russia in February 2014 after Euromaidan.

The Ukrainian Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal banned the party on 21 February 2023.
Bank of America Building (Midland)
The Bank of America Building, originally known as the First National Bank Building, is a highrise located in downtown Midland, Texas.  It is designed by Texas architect George Dahl in 1952 and completed in 1978. It is notable for its marble 2-story banking lobby. It remains the tallest building in the city at 24 stories 332 feet (101 m).  The building is located at 303 W. Wall St. and currently houses various oil and gas companies as well as Bank of America, Midland.

Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Midland County in West Texas, with small portions extending into Martin County. The population was 132,524 at the 2020 census. Located in the Permian Basin, Midland is a major center for American oil and natural gas production.

The Midland metropolitan area includes all of Midland County and had 169,983 residents at the 2020 census. The metropolitan area is part of the larger Midland–Odessa combined statistical area, which had a population of 340,391 in the 2020 census. Residents of Midland are referred to as "Midlanders".

Midland was founded as the midway point between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railway in 1881. The city has many connections to the Bush family; it was the one-time home of former U.S. presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, and the hometown of former First Lady Laura Bush. The Bush Family Home State Historic Site is located in Midland.
The Knife
The Knife were a Swedish electronic music duo from Gothenburg, formed in 1999. The group consisted of siblings Karin and Olof Dreijer, who together also run their own record company, Rabid Records. They gained a large international following in response to their 2003 album Deep Cuts.

The duo's first tour took place in 2006, along with the release of their critically acclaimed album Silent Shout. They have won a number of Swedish Grammis, but refused to attend award ceremonies. They have appeared in public wearing Venetian masks. As Fever Ray, Karin released their self-titled solo album in 2009, while Olof released several EPs as Oni Ayhun in late 2009 and early 2010. The Knife disbanded in November 2014 after releasing their acclaimed 2013 album Shaking the Habitual and completing its attendant tour.

Fever Ray (album)
Fever Ray is the debut solo studio album by Fever Ray, an alias of Karin Dreijer of Swedish electronic music duo the Knife. It was released on 12 January 2009 by Rabid Records. The album spawned four singles: "If I Had a Heart", "When I Grow Up", "Triangle Walks" and "Seven".
Ben Bruce
Benjamin Paul Bruce (born 31 October 1988) is an English musician, best known as the lead guitarist and backing vocalist of rock band Asking Alexandria until his departure in January 2024.

Bruce founded Asking Alexandria in 2003, while living in Dubai. After this initial iteration broke up, he moved back to the United Kingdom and started the band again in 2009 with Danny Worsnop. Bruce has also performed as a solo artist.

Danny Worsnop
Danny Robert Worsnop (born 4 September 1990) is an English singer most prominently known as the lead vocalist of rock bands Asking Alexandria and We Are Harlot. He has worked with several artists including I See Stars, Papa Roach, With One Last Breath, Breathe Carolina, Memphis May Fire, The Word Alive, All That Remains, The Funeral Portrait and Testarossa, providing guest vocals on several songs.

Worsnop also maintains a solo music career. He released his debut solo full-length country-inspired studio album, The Long Road Home, in 2017. He released his second studio album, Shades of Blue, in 2019 through Sumerian Records, followed by the two standalone singles "Another You" and "Happy".

Worsnop performs both screaming and clean vocals. Jake Richardson of Loudwire described him as "a metalcore vocalist more in the guise of a classic rock frontman."
Super Rugby Trans-Tasman
Super Rugby Trans-Tasman (known as Harvey Norman Super Rugby Trans-Tasman in Australia and Sky Super Rugby Trans-Tasman in New Zealand) was a professional men's rugby union club competition in Australia and New Zealand. It featured the five Super Rugby AU teams playing the five Super Rugby Aotearoa teams, followed by a final, and ran from 14 May to 19 June 2021.

Announced on 13 November, the competition followed the 2021 Super Rugby AU season and the 2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa season, with the fixtures being confirmed on 14 December. Each team hosted two home games, while the third round was expected to be a 'Super Round', with all the games being played at a single venue. Ahead of the start of the competition, the Super Round was cancelled due to COVID-19 restrictions, with the matches held at separate venues, although they were still classified as 'neutral venues'. Full venues for Round 3 were announced on 23 April 2021.

2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa season
The 2021 Super Rugby Aotearoa season (branded as Sky Super Rugby Aotearoa for sponsorship reasons) was a professional club rugby union tournament organised by New Zealand Rugby. Announced on 11 November 2020, the tournament was the second season of Super Rugby Aotearoa, featuring the 5 New Zealand Super Rugby sides, ran from 26 February to 8 May 2021. The tournament was won by the Crusaders, who defeated the Chiefs 24–13 in the final at Orangetheory Stadium, earning them their second consecutive Super Rugby Aotearoa title, and fifth straight Super Rugby competition title.

The tournament ran parallel to Australia's 2021 Super Rugby AU season, and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman followed the conclusion of both seasons, a crossover tournament featuring each Australian team playing each New Zealand team once, followed by a final.
Twelve O'Clock High
Twelve O'Clock High is a 1949 American war film directed by Henry King and based on the novel of the same name by Sy Bartlett and Beirne Lay Jr. It stars Gregory Peck as Brig. General Frank Savage. Hugh Marlowe, Gary Merrill, Millard Mitchell, and Dean Jagger also appear in supporting roles.

The film was nominated for four Academy Awards and won two: Dean Jagger for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, and Thomas T. Moulton for Best Sound Recording. In 1998, Twelve O'Clock High was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools
Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools (GSCS)  is Saskatchewan's largest Catholic school division and the third largest school system in the province.

Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools has approximately 22,000 students, with 53 schools located in Saskatoon and the surrounding rural districts of Biggar, Humboldt, Martensville and Warman. In addition, GSCS co-manages Humboldt Collegiate Institute with Horizon School Division No. 205.

Martensville
Martensville is a city located in Saskatchewan, Canada, just 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Saskatoon, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the city of Warman and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) southwest of Clarkboro Ferry which crosses the South Saskatchewan River. It is a bedroom community of Saskatoon. It is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344.  The community is served by the Saskatoon/Richter Field Aerodrome located immediately west of the city across Highway 12, as well as by Saskatoon's John G. Diefenbaker International Airport, only a few miles to the south.
Cabeza guateada
Cabeza Guateada, Guatiada or Hueateada, also known as Vaka akangué yvyguy in Guarani, is a traditional gastronomic preparation of Northeastern Argentina and Paraguay consisting of a whole beef head traditionally roasted in an earth oven. It is a typical countryside dish prepared on special occasions in Argentina, specifically in the Catamarca, Salta, Tucumán and Jujuy provinces among the Gauchos. Similar dishes exist in, both, Mexico and Brazil, called barbacoa de cabeza and berarubu (or "cabeça de boi assada no chão"), respectively.

Cabeza
In Mexican cuisine, cabeza (lit. 'head'), from barbacoa de cabeza, is the meat from a roasted beef head, served as taco or burrito fillings. It typically refers to barbacoa de cabeza or beef-head barbacoa, an entire beef-head traditionally roasted in an earth oven, but now done in steamer or grill.

When sold in restaurants, customers may ask for particular parts of the body meats they favor, such as ojo (eye), oreja (ear), cachete (cheek), lengua (tongue), sesos (brains), or labios (lips).
T14 heavy tank
The assault tank T14 was a joint project between the United States and the United Kingdom with the goal being to produce a universal infantry tank.

The T14 project never came to fruition, as a pilot model was not delivered to the UK until 1944 by which time the British Churchill tank had been in service for two years and greatly improved over its initial model. US efforts working on a similarly well-armored tank but with a higher speed for use other than in infantry support led to the T20 Medium Tank.

Excelsior tank
The Tank, Heavy Assault, A33 (Excelsior) was a British experimental heavy tank based on the Cromwell (A27) design developed in the Second World War. It was developed when there were concerns as to performance of the Churchill tank.
Videm, Dobrepolje
Videm (pronounced [ˈʋiːdəm]; German: Widem) is a village in the Municipality of Dobrepolje in Slovenia. It is the administrative centre of the municipality. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. Videm consists of two hamlets: Mali Videm (literally, 'little Videm') is the core of the settlement around Holy Cross Church, and Veliki Videm (literally, 'big Videm') is located to the northwest, along the road toward Predstruge.

Predstruge
Predstruge (pronounced [pɾɛtˈstɾuːɡɛ]) is a village northwest of Videm in the Municipality of Dobrepolje in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.