hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Harvard Branch Railroad
The Harvard Branch Railroad was a short-lived branch from the Fitchburg Railroad to Harvard Square and Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Part of the former right-of-way is now used by Museum Street.

The company was incorporated April 24, 1849, and soon built a line 0.70 miles (1.13 km) long from just west of Somerville station on the Fitchburg Railroad (at Park Street) southwest to Harvard. On April 19, 1854, it was authorized to abandon the line, and did so in 1855. The Cambridge Railroad started running to Harvard from Boston in 1856 as a street railway, via a different route.

Fitchburg Railroad
The Fitchburg Railroad is a former railroad company, which built a railroad line across northern Massachusetts, United States, leading to and through the Hoosac Tunnel. The Fitchburg was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900. The main line from Boston to Fitchburg is now operated as the MBTA Fitchburg Line; Pan Am Railways runs freight service on some other portions.
Timeline of North American telegraphy
The timeline of North American telegraphy is a chronology of notable events in the history of the electric telegraphy in the United States and Canada, including the rapid spread of telegraphic communications starting from 1844 and completion of the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.

First transcontinental telegraph
The first transcontinental telegraph (completed October 24, 1861) was a line that connected the existing telegraph network in the eastern United States to a small network in California, by means of a link between Omaha, Nebraska, and Carson City, Nevada, via Salt Lake City. It was a milestone in electrical engineering and in the formation of the United States. It served as the only method of near-instantaneous communication between the east and west coasts during the 1860s. For comparison, in 1841, it took 110 days for news of the death of President William Henry Harrison to reach Los Angeles.
Emil Ruder
Emil Ruder (20 March 1914 – 13 March 1970) was a Swiss typographer and graphic designer, who was one of the most prominent masters of Swiss design and a faculty member of the Schule für Gestaltung Basel (Basel School of Design) alongside Armin Hofmann.

In his teachings, Ruder developed a notably holistic approach to design and typography that combined philosophy, theory and a systematic practical methodology. He taught that typography's purpose was to communicate ideas through writing, and placed a heavy importance on sans-serif typefaces. He expressed lofty aspirations for graphic design, writing that part of its function was to promote 'the good and the beautiful in word and image and to open the way to the arts' (TM, November 1952 Issue).: 160  No other designer since Jan Tschichold was as committed as Ruder to the discipline of letterpress typography or wrote about it with such conviction.: 218

Armin Hofmann
Armin Hofmann (HonRDI) (29 June 1920 – 18 December 2020) was a Swiss graphic designer and design educator, considered one of the most influential figures of Swiss design. Through a regular visiting professorship at Yale University School of Art in 1960–80s, Hofmann introduced the Swiss design style to the United States.
Trek Bicycle Corporation
Trek Bicycle Corporation is an American bicycle, cycling product and electric motorcycle manufacturer and distributor under brand names Trek, Electra Bicycle Company, Bontrager, and Diamant Bikes. The company has previously manufactured bikes under the Gary Fisher, LeMond Racing Cycles, Klein, and Villiger Bikes brand names. With its headquarters in Waterloo, Wisconsin, Trek bicycles are marketed through 1,700 independently owned bicycle shops across North America, subsidiaries in Europe, Asia, South Africa, as well as distributors in 90 countries worldwide. Nearly all Trek bicycles are manufactured outside the United States, in countries including the Netherlands, Germany, Taiwan, and China.

LeMond Racing Cycles
LeMond Racing Cycles is a bicycle company founded by Greg LeMond, the only American winner of the Tour de France.

LeMond initially offered bicycle frames with a geometry based on the racing bikes he used in competition, with a longer top tube and wheelbase in an otherwise traditional lightweight steel frame. This was to stretch out the rider on the bicycle, with the intent of both lowering the frontal area presented to the wind, and optimizing power and stability.

From 1995 until February 2010 LeMond did not manufacture bicycles, instead licensing the brand name to Trek. Trek believed that the cachet of the name and models offering a longer top tube than Trek's frame geometries would increase sales . In September 2013, LeMond partnered with Time to produce a limited run of 300 frames to commemorate his three Tour victories in 1986, 1989, and 1990. In August 2014, Greg LeMond launched the Washoe, a Reynolds 853 steel bike manufactured in the United States.
The Flume (Alton Towers)
The Flume was a Log Flume at Alton Towers in Staffordshire. It opened in 1981 and was rethemed in 2004 coinciding with its sponsorship by Imperial Leather. The ride was a bath time themed log flume with three drops. It was the longest log flume attraction in the world at the time of opening. The attraction closed in 2015 and was replaced by the Wicker Man rollercoaster.

Wicker Man (roller coaster)
Wicker Man is a wooden roller coaster at Alton Towers theme park in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. Manufactured by Great Coasters International, the £16-million ride opened to the public on 20 March 2018 following a three-day weather delay. It set several milestones among wooden coasters including the first to be built in the UK in 22 years and the first to incorporate fire. Initially codenamed "Secret Weapon 8", a traditional naming scheme for major upcoming projects at Alton Towers, its official name was revealed in January 2018.
Thrombin
Thrombin (factor IIa, EC 3.4.21.5) is a serine protease that converts fibrinogen into strands of insoluble fibrin, as well as catalyzing many other coagulation-related reactions.

Prothrombin (coagulation factor II) is encoded in the human by the F2 gene. It is proteolytically cleaved during the clotting process by the prothrombinase enzyme complex to form thrombin.

Serine protease
Serine proteases (or serine endopeptidases) are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds in proteins.  Serine serves as the nucleophilic amino acid at the (enzyme's) active site. 
They are found ubiquitously in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Serine proteases fall into two broad categories based on their structure: chymotrypsin-like (trypsin-like) or subtilisin-like.
Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
The Appellate Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh is the highest appellate court in the country.  It serves as the final court of appeal for all civil and criminal cases, with appellate review authority over judgements of the High Court Division.

The Court is currently composed of 6 judges, led by Chief Justice Zubayer Rahman Chowdhury.

High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
The High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh (Bengali: হাইকোর্ট বিভাগ), popularly known as High Court, is one of the two divisions of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, the other division being the Appellate Division.  It consists of the Chief Justice of Bangladesh and other judges of the High Court Division.

The High Court Division exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. Its primary jurisdiction, however, is writ jurisdiction, pursuant to which it is empowered under article 102 of the Constitution of Bangladesh to issue writs of certiorari, mandamus, quo warranto, prohibition and habeas corpus.
Cutter (professional wrestling)
In professional wrestling, a cutter is a 3⁄4 facelock neckbreaker maneuver. This move sees an attacking wrestler first apply a 3⁄4 facelock (reaching back and grabbing the head of an opponent, thus pulling the opponent's jaw above the wrestler's shoulder) before falling backwards (sometimes after running forwards first) to force the opponent face-first to the mat below.

The cutter was innovated by Johnny Ace, who called it the Ace Crusher. It was later popularized by Diamond Dallas Page, who called it the Diamond Cutter, which is where the move got its name. The most famous of all the cutters is the RKO, the finishing move of Randy Orton. The cutter also formed the base for the later development of another professional wrestling move known as the stunner.

Professional wrestling throws
Professional wrestling throws are the application of professional wrestling techniques that involve lifting the opponent up and throwing or slamming them down. They are sometimes also called "power" maneuvers, as they are meant to emphasize a wrestler's strength. Many of these moves are used as finishers by various wrestlers, who refer to them by several different names that reflect their gimmick. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible.
State Highway 73 (New Zealand)
State Highway 73 (SH 73) is a major east-west South Island state highway in New Zealand connecting Christchurch on the east coast with Cass/Hokitika  via the Southern Alps. It is mostly two lane, with some single-lane bridges north of Springfield but is mostly dual carriageway in Christchurch. The fourth and fifth-highest points of New Zealand's state highway network are on this road at Porters Pass and Arthur's Pass and respectively.

Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)
Arthur's Pass is a mountain pass in the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand. The pass sits 920 metres or 3,020 feet above sea level and marks part of the boundary between the West Coast and Canterbury regions. Located 140 km from Christchurch and 95 km from Greymouth, the pass comprises part of a saddle between the valleys of the Ōtira River (a tributary of the Taramakau River in the west) and of the Bealey River (in the east). Arthur's Pass lies on the border of the Selwyn and Westland districts.

A township of the same name lies about 5 km south of the mountain pass. The pass is named after Arthur Dudley Dobson and a memorial at the pass commemorates him.
Autherine Lucy
Autherine Juanita Lucy (October 5, 1929 – March 2, 2022) was an American activist who was the first African-American student to attend the University of Alabama, in 1956. She and Pollie Myers were the first black students admitted to the University of Alabama, but they had to fight the university in court to have their admission maintained once the university realized they were black. Lucy was able to attend in 1956, but a violent mob of white community members targeting her on her fourth day of classes and enabled the university to suspend her. Her expulsion from the institution later that year led to the university's president Oliver Carmichael's resignation. Years later, the university admitted her as a master's student and in 2010 a clock tower was erected in her honor on its campus.

Pollie Anne Myers Pinkins
Pollie Anne Myers-Pinkins (née Myers; July 14, 1932 – March 17, 2003) was an American civil rights activist. She and Autherine Lucy were the first African Americans admitted to the University of Alabama in 1952, and both fought to desegregate the university. Pinkins and Lucy, working with the NAACP, sued the university for admission after it tried to revoke their acceptance. They fought their case up to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the university to admit the two women. However, the university responded by rejecting Pinkins' admission under a new argument, and Pinkins' side did not restart legal challenges. Pinkins earned a master's degree in education from Wayne State University instead.
Great Synagogue of Baghdad
The Great Synagogue of Baghdad (Arabic: كنيس بغداد العظيم), also known as the Shaf ve’Yativ Synagogue or Shad veYativ Synagogue is a former synagogue, located in Baghdad, Iraq. Rebuilt several times, the building now serves as a Jewish museum.

The building is traditionally believed to stand on the site of an ancient synagogue built by King Jeconiah, who was exiled from the Land of Israel to Babylon in 597 BCE. It is said that material gathered from the ruins of the Temple in Jerusalem was used in its construction. The ancient synagogue is reputed to accommodate approximately 20,000 worshippers, while the current former synagogue and museum building is one eighth in size of the original building.

Historic synagogues
Historic synagogues are synagogues that date back to ancient or medieval times and synagogues that represent the earliest Jewish presence in cities around the world. Most of the older sites covered below are purely archaeological sites, with evidence recovered by excavation, and no sign of use as a synagogue in recent centuries. Some synagogues were destroyed and rebuilt several times on the same site. Others were converted into churches and mosques or used for other purposes.
Pascack Valley Regional High School District
The Pascack Valley Regional High School District is a regional public high school district encompassing students from four communities in the Pascack Valley region of Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Hillsdale, Montvale, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 1,867 students and 172.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
Woodcliff Lake is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 6,128, an increase of 398 (+6.9%) from the 2010 census count of 5,730, which in turn reflected a decline of 15 (−0.3%) from the 5,745 counted in the 2000 census. Most of the borough mandates a minimum lot size of 22,500 square feet (2,090 m2) for single-family homes, with portions on the borough's east zoned for 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) and portions of the borough's northwest and southwest zoned for 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) lots.

Woodcliff Lake is also the name of the reservoir that lies predominantly within the borough, with a small portion at the southeastern edge located in neighboring Hillsdale.
MacArthur Bridge (Manila)
The MacArthur Bridge is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Padre Burgos Avenue in Ermita and the intersection of Plaza Santa Cruz Road, Carriedo Street, Palanca Street, and Escolta Street in Santa Cruz. It replaced the Santa Cruz Bridge that was destroyed during World War II. The bridge is named after General Douglas MacArthur, whose military operations led to the liberation of the Philippines during World War II.

Santa Cruz Bridge
The Santa Cruz Bridge was a bridge that spanned the Pasig River in the city of Manila in the Philippines. The steel truss bridge was the fourth to span the river connecting the district of Santa Cruz from Plaza Goiti to Arroceros Street in the old city center of Manila. The construction of the bridge was started by the Spanish colonial government in Manila but completed by the Americans after gaining sovereignty of the country from Spain after the Spanish–American War. The bridge was opened on March 1, 1902, but was destroyed in World War II during the liberation of Manila. A simpler reinforced concrete beam bridge was constructed after the war and the span was renamed as the MacArthur Bridge after General Douglas MacArthur.
Carmageddon II: Carpocalypse Now
Carmageddon II: Carpocalypse Now is a vehicular combat video game, the sequel to Carmageddon, and released in 1998 for Microsoft Windows. The game was developed by Stainless Games and published by Sales Curve Interactive in Europe and Interplay Entertainment in North America. Ports for Mac OS, PlayStation and Nintendo 64 (the latter as Carmageddon 64) were released in 1999. A 2D version for the Game Boy Color was released in Europe in 1999, and in North America in 2000 as Carmageddon.

Carmageddon
Carmageddon is a vehicular combat video game released for personal computers in 1997. It was produced by Stainless Games and published by Interplay Productions and Sales Curve Interactive. It was ported to other platforms, and spawned a series.

In 2011, Stainless Games obtained the rights to Carmageddon from Square Enix Europe (now Eidos Interactive). iOS and Android ports were released in 2012 and 2013, respectively. THQ Nordic acquired the rights to the Carmageddon series from Stainless Games in December 2018.
Chess piece
A chess piece, or chessman, is a game piece that is placed on a chessboard to play the game of chess. It can be either white or black, and it can be one of six types: king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, or pawn.

Chess sets generally come with sixteen pieces of each color. Additional pieces, usually an extra queen per color, may be provided for use in promotion or handicap games.

Chess set
A chess set consists of a chessboard and (nominally) 'white' and 'black' chess pieces for playing chess. There are sixteen pieces of each color: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. Extra pieces may be provided for use in pawn promotion, most commonly one extra queen per color. Chess boxes, chess clocks, and chess tables are common pieces of equipment used with chess sets. Chess sets are made in a wide variety of styles, sometimes for ornamental rather than practical purposes. For tournament play, the Staunton chess set is preferred and, in some cases, required.

Human chess uses people (often in costumes) as the pieces. Blindfold chess may be played without any set at all.
Canon of Friesland
The Canon of Friesland or Canon of Frisian History (West Frisian: Kanon fan de Fryske Skiednis) is a list of 41 topics (11 and 30, in reference to the Dutch ordinal elfendertig) offering a chronological summary of significant events and individuals in Frisian history.

Following the example of the Canon of Groningen, the Canon of Friesland is a provincial supplement to the Canon of the Netherlands. The canon was composed by an independent commission led by Goffe Jensma and presented in print on 11 November 2008 to Jannewietske de Vries, deputy of the provincial-executive of Friesland. The website 11en30.nu was launched thereafter, produced by Tresoar and Omrop Fryslân. In the years since, the Canon of Frisian history has become a common tool for educators.

Note that the life and work of Eise Eisinga is the only topic included in both Frisian and Dutch histories.

Canon of Groningen
The Canon of Groningen is a list of 40 hallmarks and 52 icons that provides a chronological summary of the history of the city and province of Groningen.

The canon is an initiative of the former Huis van de Groninger Cultuur (since 2017 the Centrum Groninger Taal en Cultuur), the Cultuurhistorische vereniging Stad en Lande and the Regional Historic Center Groninger Archieven. On 8 May 2008, the canon was launched by the Queen's Commissioner Max van den Berg by firing a cannon at the Groninger Archieven. The canon has appeared in print and can be viewed online. This is the first provincial canon after the publication of the Canon of the Netherlands in 2006.
Archidamus IV
Archidamus IV (Greek: Ἀρχίδαμος Δ΄) was Eurypontid king of Sparta from c. 300 BC to c. 275 BC. An obscure king, Archidamus is only known for his defeat against the Macedonian king Demetrius Poliorketes at Mantinea in 294, where he might have also died since nothing is heard of him afterwards. This defeat marks the beginning of a long eclipse for the Eurypontid kings, who are not mentioned again until the emergence of Agis IV 50 years later.

Agis IV
Agis IV (Ancient Greek: Ἄγις; c. 265 BC – 241 BC), the elder son of Eudamidas II, was the 25th king of the Eurypontid dynasty of Sparta.  Posterity has reckoned him an idealistic but impractical monarch.
Zuiderzee Works
The Zuiderzee Works (Dutch: Zuiderzeewerken) is a system of dams and dikes, land reclamation and water drainage work, which was the largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century. The project involved the damming of the Zuiderzee, a large, shallow inlet of the North Sea, and the reclamation of land in the newly enclosed water using polders. Its main purposes are to improve flood protection and create additional land for agriculture.

The enormous scale of the works required the creation of a joint venture company comprising several large dredging contractors, known as the Maatschappij tot Uitvoering van Zuiderzeewerken. The American Society of Civil Engineers declared the works, together with the Delta Works in the South-West of the Netherlands, as among the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

Delta Works
The Delta Works (Dutch: Deltawerken) is a series of construction projects in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta from the sea. Constructed between 1954 and 1997, the works consist of dams, sluices, locks, dykes, levees, and storm surge barriers located in the provinces of South Holland and Zeeland.

The aim of the dams, sluices, and storm surge barriers was to shorten the Dutch coastline, thus reducing the number of dikes that had to be raised. Along with the Zuiderzee Works, the Delta Works have been declared one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Fariba Fahroo
Fariba Fahroo is an American Persian mathematician, a program manager at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and a former program manager at the Defense Sciences Office. Along with I. M. Ross, she has published papers in pseudospectral optimal control theory.




The Ross–Fahroo lemma and the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral method are named after her. In 2010, she received (jointly with Ross), the AIAA Mechanics and Control of Flight Award for fundamental contributions to flight mechanics.

In 2019, she was named a Fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics "for outstanding scientific leadership while managing AFOSR and DARPA programs in dynamics and control and computational mathematics and fundamental research accomplishments in computational optimal control". She was named to the 2021 class of Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

I. Michael Ross
Isaac Michael Ross is a Distinguished Professor and Program Director of Control and Optimization at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA.  He has published a highly-regarded textbook on optimal control theory and seminal papers in pseudospectral optimal control theory, energy-sink theory, the optimization and deflection of near-Earth asteroids and comets, robotics, attitude dynamics and control, orbital mechanics, real-time optimal control, unscented optimal control, continuous optimization and aeromaneuvering guidance and control.  The Kang–Ross–Gong theorem, Ross' π lemma, Ross' time constant, the Ross–Fahroo lemma, and the Ross–Fahroo pseudospectral method are all named after him. According to a report published by Stanford University, Ross is one of the world's top 2% of scientists.