hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1400–1500 in European fashion
Fashion in 15th-century Europe was characterized by a surge of experimentation and regional variety, from the voluminous robes called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing giornea of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were draped, jeweled, and feathered.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. It is in this time period that fashion took on a temporal aspect. People could now be dated by their clothes, and being in "out of date" clothing became a new social concern. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the 15th century.

1300–1400 in European fashion
Fashion in fourteenth-century Europe was marked by the beginning of a period of experimentation with different forms of clothing. Costume historian James Laver suggests that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable "fashion" in clothing, in which Fernand Braudel concurs. The draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring, which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form. Also, the use of lacing and buttons allowed a more snug fit to clothing.

In the course of the century the length of male hemlines progressively reduced, and by the end of the century it was fashionable for men to omit the long loose over-garment of previous centuries (whether called tunic, kirtle, or other names)  altogether, putting the emphasis on a tailored top that fell a little below the waist—a silhouette that is still reflected in men's costume today.
Adalbero I of Metz
Adalbero I (French: Adalbéron; died ?26 April 962) was the bishop of Metz from 929 till 954.

Also known as Adalber of Bar or Adalber of Ardenne, he became Abbot of Sint-Truiden in 944, presiding over a period of overdue rebuilding and expansion of a monastery which had been devastated by Normans during the closing decades of the previous century.

Sint-Truiden Abbey
Sint-Truiden Abbey  or St Trudo's Abbey (Dutch: Abdij van Sint-Truiden, Abdij van Sint-Trudo; French: Abbaye de Saint-Trond) is a former Benedictine monastery in Sint-Truiden (named after Saint Trudo) in the province of Limburg, Belgium. The abbey was founded in the 7th century and was one of the oldest and most powerful in the Low Countries. The town of Sint-Truiden grew up around it. The great Romanesque abbey church, dedicated to Saint Remaclus and Saint Quintin, was demolished in 1798, four years after the suppression of the abbey.
Abercrombie Quartet
Abercrombie Quartet is an album by the Abercrombie Quartet, recorded in November 1979 and released on ECM Records the following year. The quartet features guitarist John Abercrombie with rhythm section Richie Beirach, George Mraz and Peter Donald.

John Abercrombie (guitarist)
John Laird Abercrombie (December 16, 1944 – August 22, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist. His work explored jazz fusion, free jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Abercrombie studied at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. He was known for his understated style and his work with organ trios.
St Bees
St Bees is a coastal village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Cumberland district of Cumbria, England, on the Irish Sea.

Within the parish is St Bees Head which is the only Heritage Coast between Wales and Scotland and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Headland is also an RSPB bird reserve which is the only cliff-nesting seabird colony in north-west England. St Bees Lighthouse stands on the North Head which is the most westerly point of Northern England.

St Bees is a popular holiday destination due to the coastline and proximity to the Western Lake District.  In the village there is St Bees Priory dating from 1120, and St Bees School founded in 1583. The Wainwright Coast to Coast Walk starts from St Bees and the National Trail, the England Coast Path, runs along the coast. It has a railway station served by the Cumbrian Coast Line.

St Bees School
St Bees School is a co-educational fee-charging school, located in the West Cumbrian village of St Bees, England.

In 1583, it was founded by Edmund Grindal, the Archbishop of Canterbury, as a free grammar school for boys. The school remained small, with fewer than 40 pupils, until the expansions of the Victorian era. Paid for by mineral revenues and helped by the arrival of railway, by the First World War there were 300 pupils.

The 1930s saw a large decrease in numbers due to the Great Depression. However, numbers rose again during World War II, and this was followed by an era of further expansion.

In 1978, the school became co-educational.

On 13 March 2015, the school announced that due to falling pupil numbers, it would close in summer 2015.

In partnership with Full Circle Education Group, the school reopened on 6 September 2018. Numbers at the school have continued to increase, and as of 2024, there are over 100 students.
Crandon, Wisconsin
Crandon is a city in Forest County, Wisconsin, United States; it is in the northeastern part of the state, about 100 miles (160 km) north of Green Bay. The population was 1,713 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Forest County and is the only incorporated community in the county. The city is located adjacent to the Town of Crandon.

Forest County, Wisconsin
Forest County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,179. Its county seat is Crandon. The Forest County Potawatomi Community and the Sokaogon Chippewa Community have reservations in Forest County.

The county is considered a high-recreation retirement destination by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Nicolle Flint
Nicolle Jane Flint (born 15 July 1978) is an Australian politician. She was a member of the House of Representatives from 2016 to 2022, representing the Division of Boothby in South Australia. She is a member of the Liberal Party and succeeded the previous member, the Liberal Party’s Andrew Southcott, at the 2016 federal election.

Flint announced on 26 February 2021 that she would not contest the 2022 Australian federal election. She gave her valedictory speech on 16 February 2022.

On 1 May 2024, Flint was announced as the Liberal Party candidate for the Division of Boothby in the 2025 Australian federal election, however Flint was unsuccessful, losing to Labor’s Louise Miller-Frost on a 7.8% two party preferred swing.

Division of Boothby
The Division of Boothby is an Australian federal electoral division in South Australia. The division was one of the seven established when the former Division of South Australia was redistributed on 2 October 1903 and is named after William Boothby (1829–1903), the Returning Officer for the first federal election.

At the 2016 federal election, the seat covered 130 km², extending from Clarence Gardens and Urrbrae in the north to Marino and part of Happy Valley in the south, including the suburbs of Belair, Blackwood, Brighton, Daw Park, Eden Hills, Marion, Mitcham, Seacliff, St Marys and Panorama.
St. Francis Preparatory School
Proper name Saint Francis Preparatory School, commonly referred to as St. Francis Preparatory School or St. Francis Prep., is a private, independent Catholic college preparatory school in Fresh Meadows, Queens, New York City, New York. It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States. St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn, who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school. As of the 2015–16 school year, enrollment at St. Francis was 2,489.

Fresh Meadows, Queens
Fresh Meadows is a neighborhood in the northeastern section of the New York City borough of Queens. Fresh Meadows used to be part of the broader town of Flushing and is bordered to the north by the Horace Harding Expressway and Auburndale; to the west by Pomonok, St. John's University, Hillcrest, and Utopia; to the east by Cunningham Park and the Clearview Expressway; and to the south by the Grand Central Parkway.

Fresh Meadows is located in Queens Community District 8 and its ZIP Codes are 11365 and 11366. It is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 107th Precinct. Politically, Fresh Meadows is represented by the New York City Council's 23rd and 24th Districts.
Imbert-Fick law
Armand Imbert (1850–1922) and Adolf Fick (1829–1901) both demonstrated, independently of each other, that in ocular tonometry the tension of the wall can be neutralized when the application of the tonometer produces a flat surface instead of a convex one, and the reading of the tonometer (P) then equals (T) the IOP," whence all forces cancel each other.

Ocular tonometry
Tonometry is the procedure that eye care professionals perform to determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) of aqueous humor, the fluid pressure inside the eye. It is an important test in the evaluation of patients at risk from glaucoma. Most tonometers are calibrated to measure pressure in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with the normal eye pressure range between 10 and 21 mmHg (13–28 hPa).
East Africa cricket team
The East Africa cricket team was a multi-national cricket team representing the countries of Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. Their first game was against Rhodesia in 1951. East Africa appeared in the 1975 World Cup and the 1979, 1982 and 1986 ICC Trophies. In the last two of these Kenya was represented in its own right, so that East Africa was effectively a Ugandan, Tanzanian and Zambian team.

East Africa was an associate member of the ICC from 1966 to 1989, after which its place was taken by East and Central Africa.

Rhodesia cricket team
The Rhodesia cricket team played first-class cricket and represented originally the British colony of Southern Rhodesia and later the unilaterally independent state of Rhodesia which became Zimbabwe. In 1980 the Rhodesia cricket team was renamed as the Zimbabwe-Rhodesia cricket team, and in 1981 it adopted its current name of the Zimbabwe national cricket team.
Mordechai Shlomo Friedman
Mordechai Shlomo Friedman (15 October 1891 – 2 March 1971), sometimes called Solomon Mordecai Friedman, was the Boyaner Rebbe of New York for over 40 years. In 1927 he left Europe to become one of the first Hasidic Rebbes in America, establishing his court on the Lower East Side of New York City and attracting many American Jewish youth with his charismatic and warm personality. He also played a role in American Jewish leadership with positions on Agudath Israel of America, the Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah, and Holocaust rescue organizations. In 1957 he built the flagship Ruzhiner yeshiva, Tiferet Yisroel, at the top of Malkhei Yisrael Street in Jerusalem.

Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Hebrew: מועצת גדולי התורה, "Council of great Torah [Sages]") is the supreme rabbinical policy-making council of the Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah movements in Israel; and of Agudath Israel of America in the United States. Members are usually prestigious Roshei Yeshiva (heads of yeshivas) or Hasidic rebbes, who are also usually regarded by many Haredi Jews to be the Gedolim ("great/est") sages of Torah Judaism. Before the Holocaust, it was the supreme authority for the World Agudath Israel in Europe.
Wizardry (video game series)
Wizardry is a series of role-playing video games originally created by American publisher Sir-Tech. The series was influential in the evolution of modern role-playing video games alongside Ultima and Might and Magic. The original Wizardry was a significant influence on early console role-playing games such as Shin Megami Tensei, Dragon Slayer, the Shining series, Fire Emblem, Final Fantasy and Dragon Quest. Originally made for the Apple II, the games were later ported to other platforms. The last game in the original series by Sir-Tech was Wizardry 8, released in 2001. There have since been various spin-off titles developed for the Japanese market.

Ultima (series)
Ultima is a series of open world fantasy role-playing video games from Origin Systems, created by Richard Garriott. Electronic Arts has owned the brand since 1992. The series had sold over 2 million copies by 1997.

Alongside Wizardry and Might and Magic, the Ultima series is considered to have established many norms of the computer role-playing game genre. Several games of the series are considered seminal in their genre. Their innovations, particularly in the early installments, were widely copied by other games.

The Ultima games are primarily within the scope of fantasy fiction but contain science fiction elements as well. They take place for the most part in a world called Britannia; the recurring hero is initially called the Stranger, until he attains the role of Avatar in Ultima IV and is known by that appellation from then on.
Enallagma cyathigerum
Enallagma cyathigerum (common blue damselfly or common bluet) is a species found mainly between latitudes 40°N and 72°N; It is widely distributed in the Palearctic, common in all European countries (including Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Poland, etc.) and in Asia in Turkey, Iran, Russia, and South Korea. The species reaches a length of 29–36 mm (1.1–1.4 in) with wings 18–20 mm (0.71–0.79 in) long. Damselflies are an important link between the health of the aquatic ecosystem and its response to climate change. The closely related Nearctic species Enallagma annexum (northern bluet) was at one time considered to be synonymous with it.

Azure damselfly
The azure damselfly (Coenagrion puella) is a species of damselfly found in most of Europe. It is notable for its distinctive black and blue colouring.
They are commonly found around ponds and lakesides during the summer.
D. K. Suresh
Doddaalahalli Kempegowda Suresh  is an Indian politician and former member of Parliament of the 17th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Bangalore Rural constituency of Karnataka and is a member of the Indian National Congress political party.

Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency
Bangalore Rural Assembly constituency (sometimes called Ramanagara) is one of the 28 Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament) constituencies in the South Indian state of Karnataka. This constituency was created in 2008 following the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies.

It comprises eight assembly segments of which seven are derived from the former Kanakapura Lok Sabha constituency (abolished in 2008). It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was H. D. Kumaraswamy of the Janata Dal (Secular) party. Kumaraswamy resigned his seat in 2013. The by election that followed was won by D. K. Suresh of the Indian National Congress (INC). As of the latest election in 2024, Dr. C. N. Manjunath of the Bharatiya Janata Party represents this constituency.
Vasco de la Zarza
Vasco de la Zarza (died 1524) was a Spanish Renaissance sculptor. He flourished between 1499 and 1524, and worked mainly for the Cathedral of Avila and convents of the same city, but also performed works in Ampudia, Cuéllar, Olmedo and Toledo.

Ávila Cathedral
The Cathedral of the Saviour (Spanish: Catedral de Cristo Salvador) is a Catholic church in Ávila in the south of Old Castile, Spain. It was built in the late Romanesque and Gothic architectural traditions.

It was planned as a cathedral-fortress, its apse being one of the turrets of the city walls. It is surrounded by a number of houses or palaces, the most important being: the Palace of the Veladas, the Palace of the Infant King (Rey Niño), and the Palace of Valderrábanos, which were responsible for the defence of the Puerta de los Leales ("The Gate of the Loyal Ones") also known as La Puerta del Peso de la Harina ("The Flour Weigh Gate").
Zarah (entertainer)
Zarah Maillard (born in Manila, Philippines) professionally known as Zarah is an American singer, songwriter, writer, television personality, and executive producer. She wrote the murder mystery novel Diamonds are For Cocktails that was published in 2022, and in 2023, released her singles including What Have We Become? and Blind Woman she wrote and co-produced from her debut LP of the same title, which became critically acclaimed.

Her earlier work includes performing with the rock band Goo Goo Dolls as a musician. She later hosted the music-based teen show B InTune TV with guest stars including Alicia Keys, Jesse McCartney, Rihanna,  Jared Leto, Justin Timberlake, Alanis Morissette, Beyoncé, Led Zeppelin, Clint Eastwood, and the Rolling Stones, broadcasting in 120 million television homes in the United States with broadcast affiliates of 54 countries worldwide including Canada, Europe and Asia that ran for eight seasons.

B InTune TV
B InTune TV (also known as b intune TV) is an American television series for youth and their music hosted by recording artist Zarah. The show debuted on September 10, 2005 on Viacom/CBS Television Group stations that included UPN and ABC on weekend mornings, broadcasting in 120 million television households in the United States with an international growth of 54 countries worldwide and also airs in NBC, Fox, Comcast, CW, Cox Communications, DirecTV, Dish Network and Time Warner Cable stations.

The series focuses on educating and entertaining teenagers (13 years and older) in a variety of segments, using music as a primary tool to incorporate pop culture in an entertaining behavior. The E/I program features many known stars in the music and entertainment industry which gives both children and their parents the educational value and the inside knowledge in music shown in a unique and enlightening perspective.
Acanthoxylini
Acanthoxylini is a tribe of Phasmatodeas (stick insects and relatives). They belong to the "typical" stick insects of the superfamily Anareolatae, though they are rather notable among these. For example, the New Zealand giant stick insect (the only species of Argosarchus) is huge, and all Acanthoxyla are females reproducing by parthenogenesis.

Acanthoxyla
Acanthoxyla is a genus of stick insects in the family Phasmatidae (tribe Acanthoxylini). All the individuals of the genus are female and reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis. However, a male Acanthoxyla inermis was recently discovered in the UK, probably the result of chromosome loss. The genus is the result of interspecific hybridisation resulting in some triploid lineages and some diploid lineages. The genus is endemic to New Zealand, but some species have been accidentally introduced elsewhere. The genus name Acanthoxyla translates from Greek as prickly stick (acantho = thorn; xyla = wood).
Horns of Hattin
The Horns of Hattin ( Hebrew: קרני חיטין, romanized: Karnei Hittin Arabic: قرون حطين, romanized: Qurûn Hattîn) is an extinct volcano with twin peaks overlooking the plains of Hattin in the Lower Galilee, Israel. It is most famous as the site of the Battle of Hattin (1187).

Hittin
Hittin (Arabic: حطّين, transliterated Ḥiṭṭīn (Arabic: حِـطِّـيْـن) or Ḥaṭṭīn (Arabic: حَـطِّـيْـن)) was a Palestinian village located 8 kilometers (5 mi) west of Tiberias before it was occupied by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war when most of its original residents became refugees after being ethnically cleansed. As the site of the Battle of Hattin in 1187, in which Saladin reconquered most of Palestine from the Crusaders, it has become an Arab nationalist symbol. The shrine of Nabi Shu'ayb, venerated by the Druze and Sunni Muslims as the tomb of Jethro, is on the village land. The village was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century until the end of World War I, when Palestine became part of the British Mandate for Palestine. On July 17 1948, the village was occupied by Israel during the Nakba, after its residents fled out of their homes because of Nazareth's occupation. in later years, the Moshavs Arbel and Kfar Zeitim were erected where Hittin used to be.
Héctor Abad Gómez
Héctor Abad Gómez (1921 – August 25, 1987) was a Colombian medical doctor, university professor, and human rights leader who founded the Colombian National School of Public Health. He developed practical public health programs for the poor in Medellín, where he particularly advocated for quality water, vaccinations, and human rights for the poor. He was characterised by his humanist views.

Abad is known for saying "the murderers don't know how to do: to use words to express the truth – a truth that will last longer than their lie." For his views and perceived leftist ideas, Abad was murdered in August 1987 by paramilitary groups.

Héctor Abad Faciolince
Héctor Abad Faciolince (born 1958) is a Colombian novelist, essayist, journalist, and editor who also holds Spanish citizenship.  Abad is considered one of the most talented post-Latin American Boom writers in Latin American literature. Abad is best known for his bestselling novel Angosta and, more recently, El Olvido que Seremos (t. Oblivion: A Memoir).
Steven Clynch
Steven Clynch (born 1984) is an Irish hurling manager, selector and player. At club level he plays with Kilmessa, while he is a former player and manager of the Meath senior hurling team. Clynch is Meath's most decorated player and is regarded as one of their all-time greatest ever players.

Kilmessan GAA
Kilmessan GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in Kilmessan, in County Meath, Ireland. The club fields both underage and adult hurling teams. It competes in Meath GAA competitions. Kilmessan are the most successful hurling team in Meath having won the senior championship 29 times.
Delaware Route 100
Delaware Route 100 (DE 100) is a state highway in New Castle County, Delaware. The route runs from DE 4 near Elsmere to the Pennsylvania border near Montchanin, where the road continues into Pennsylvania as State Route 3100 (SR 3100, Chadds Ford Road). The road runs through suburban areas of northern New Castle County. The route intersects DE 2 in Elsmere before forming separate concurrencies with DE 48 and DE 141 from west of Wilmington north to Greenville. In Greenville, there is an interchange with DE 52. North of Greenville, DE 100 continues by itself to the Pennsylvania border, intersecting DE 92 in Montchanin. DE 100 was first designated in the 1930s to run from DE 52 to the Pennsylvania border, where it connected to Pennsylvania Route 100 (PA 100) until the southern terminus of that route was truncated away from the state line in 2003. By the 1970s, it was extended south to DE 4. The route was realigned to follow parts of DE 48 and DE 141 by 1990.

New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware (New Castle, Kent, and Sussex). As of the 2020 census, the population was 570,719, making it the most populous county in Delaware, with nearly 60% of the state's population of 989,948. The county seat is Wilmington, which is also the state's most populous city. New Castle County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is named after William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (c. 1593–1676). New Castle County has the highest population and population density of any Delaware county, and it is the smallest county in the state by area. It has more people than the other two counties, Kent and Sussex, combined. It is also the most economically developed of the three.