hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
St Peter's Church, Selsey
St Peter's Church is the parish church of Selsey, West Sussex, and dates from the 13th century. The church building was originally situated at the location of St Wilfrid's first monastery and cathedral at Church Norton some 2 miles north of the present centre of population. The church is a Grade II listed building, and there has been extensive renovation work on and inside the building.

Selsey Abbey
Selsey Abbey was founded by St Wilfrid in AD 681 on land donated at Selsey by the local Anglo-Saxon ruler, King Æðelwealh of Sussex. According to the Venerable Bede the Kingdom of Sussex was the last area of mainland England to be evangelised.

The abbey became the seat of the Sussex bishopric, until it was moved to Chichester, after 1075 when the Council of London decreed that sees should be centred in cities not in villages. The location of the abbey was probably at the site of, what became, the old parish church at Church Norton just north of modern-day Selsey.
Rivière aux Ormes (Huron River tributary)
The rivière aux Ormes (in English: Elm River) is a tributary of the east bank of the Huron River which constitutes a tributary of the south shore of the St. Lawrence River.

The Ormes river flows in the municipalities of Saint-Flavien, Saint-Janvier-de-Joly and Val-Alain, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

Huron River (rivière du Chêne tributary)
The Huron River (in French: rivière Huron) is a tributary of the east bank of the rivière du Chêne which empties on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The Huron River flows through the municipalities of Laurier-Station, Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur-d'Issoudun, Saint-Édouard-de-Lotbinière, Saint-Janvier-de-Joly and Leclercville, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.
Alfred C. Marble Jr.
Alfred Clark Marble Jr. (known as "Chip") (April 4, 1936 – March 30, 2017) was the Bishop of Mississippi from 1993 to 2003 and the Assisting Bishop of North Carolina between 2005 and 2013 in the Episcopal Church.

Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina
Christianity portal

The Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina is a diocese of the Episcopal Church within Province IV that encompasses central North Carolina. Founded in 1817, the modern boundaries of the diocese roughly correspond to the portion of North Carolina between I-77 in the west and I-95 in the east, including the most populous area of the state. Raleigh, Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, and Durham are the largest cities in the diocese. The diocese originally covered the entirety of the state, until the Diocese of East Carolina which stretches to the Atlantic was formed in 1883, and the Diocese of Western North Carolina which lies to the west extending into the Appalachian Mountains was formed in 1922.

In 2024, the diocese reported average Sunday attendance (ASA) of 10,517 persons.
Comb sort
Comb sort is a relatively simple sorting algorithm originally designed by Włodzimierz Dobosiewicz and Artur Borowy in 1980, later rediscovered (and given the name "Combsort") by Stephen Lacey and Richard Box in 1991. Comb sort improves on bubble sort in the same way that Shellsort improves on insertion sort, in that they both allow elements that start far away from their intended position to move more than one space per swap.

nist.gov's "diminishing increment sort" definition mentions the term 'comb sort' as visualizing iterative passes of the data, "where the teeth of a comb touch;" the former term is linked to Don Knuth.

Shellsort
Shellsort, also known as Shell sort or Shell's method, is an in-place comparison sort. It can be understood as either a generalization of sorting by exchange (bubble sort) or sorting by insertion (insertion sort). The method starts by sorting pairs of elements far apart from each other, then progressively reducing the gap between elements to be compared. By starting with far-apart elements, it can move some out-of-place elements into the position faster than a simple nearest-neighbor exchange. 
The running time of Shellsort is heavily dependent on the gap sequence it uses. For many practical variants, determining their time complexity remains an open problem.

The algorithm was first published by Donald Shell in 1959, and has nothing to do with shells.
Pike Hill Signal Tower
Pike Hill Signal Tower was one of a number of signal stations that were built on high ground overlooking the line of the Roman Stanegate road in northern Britannia during the early 2nd century. It later became incorporated into Hadrian's Wall. Its remains, a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) long fragment of the south-east wall, lie south of a modern road cutting and field wall, located in the parish of Waterhead in Cumberland, United Kingdom. The tower is located between Turret 51B and Turret 52A with the fort of Banna located to the east.

Leahill Turret, Hadrian's Wall
Leahill Turret is a typical example of one of the lookout towers located between the milecastles on Hadrian's Wall in Cumbria, located on the Lanercost Road near Banks, Parish of Waterhead. It is designated turret 51b and lies east of the Signal Tower at Pike Hill.
Portland University
Portland University was a private, Methodist post-secondary school in Portland, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1891 in a split from Willamette University, the school closed in 1900. The campus was located in what is now the University Park neighborhood and later became home of the University of Portland. The original campus building, West Hall, still stands and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Waldschmidt Hall
Waldschmidt Hall (originally West Hall) is an academic building at the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon, United States. Constructed in 1891 as West Hall, the building was originally part of the now defunct Portland University located in North Portland overlooking the Willamette River. The Romanesque style structure built of brick and stone stands five stories tall. The hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and renovated in 1992, the same year it took the current name. Waldschmidt, the oldest building on campus, now houses the school's administration offices and some classrooms.
Lagonisi
Lagonissi (Greek: Λαγονήσι, meaning "island of the lakes") (from latin "lago" and Greek: "νήσος") is a seaside residential area in the Athens Riviera and the southern part of Kalyvia Thorikou in East Attica. It is situated close to the shore and on a peninsula by the Saronic Gulf. Lagonisi is located approximately 30 km southeast of Athens and 35 km northwest of Cape Sounio. Restaurant facilities, cafeterias and bars are located mainly at the heart of Lagonissi, close to Kalyvion Avenue (the road connecting Lagonissi with Kalyvia Thorikou). It is part of Athens metropolitan area.

Kalyvia Thorikou
Kalyvia Thorikou (Greek: Καλύβια Θορικού) is a town and a former municipality in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Saronikos, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 70.636 km2. The town has historically been an Arvanite settlement.
Balliol-Trinity Laboratories
The Balliol-Trinity Laboratories in Oxford, England, was an early chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford.
The laboratory was located between Balliol College and Trinity College, hence the name. It was especially known for physical chemistry.

Chemistry was first recognised as a separate discipline at Oxford University in the 19th century. From 1855, a chemistry laboratory existed in a basement at Balliol College. In 1879, Balliol and Trinity agreed to have a laboratory at the boundary of the two colleges. The laboratory became the strongest of the Oxford college research institutions in chemistry. It remained in operation until the Second World War when a new Physical Chemistry Laboratory (PCL) was constructed by Oxford University in the Science Area.

Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (Oxford)
The Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory (PTCL) is a major chemistry laboratory at the University of Oxford, England. It is located in the main Science Area of the university on South Parks Road. Previously it was known as the Physical Chemistry Laboratory.
Maunabo, Puerto Rico
Maunabo (Spanish pronunciation: [mawˈnaβo]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Maunabo Valley on the southeastern coast, northeast of Patillas and south of Yabucoa. Maunabo is spread over eight barrios and Maunabo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population in 2020 was 10,589.

Yabucoa, Puerto Rico
Yabucoa (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝaβuˈkoa]) is a town and municipality in Puerto Rico located in the eastern region, north of Maunabo; south of San Lorenzo, Las Piedras and Humacao; and east of Patillas. Yabucoa is spread over 9 barrios and Yabucoa Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Trypticase soy agar
Trypticase soy agar or Tryptic soy agar (TSA) is a growth media for the culturing of moderately to non  fastidious bacteria. It is a general-purpose, non-selective media providing enough nutrients to allow for a wide variety of microorganisms to grow. It is used for a wide range of applications, including culture storage, enumeration of cells (counting), isolation of pure cultures, or simply general culture.

TSA contains enzymatic digests of casein and soybean meal, which provide amino acids and other nitrogenous substances, making it a nutritious medium for a variety of organisms. Sodium chloride maintains the osmotic equilibrium, while dipotassium phosphate acts as buffer to maintain pH. Agar extracted from any number of organisms is used as a gelling agent.

One liter of the agar contains:

15 g pancreatic digest of casein

5 g  peptic digest of soybean

5 g  sodium chloride

15 g agar

Growth medium
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of a population of microorganisms or cells via the process of cell proliferation or small plants like the moss Physcomitrella patens. Different types of media are used for growing different types of cells.

The two major types of growth media are those used for cell culture, which use specific cell types derived from plants or animals, and those used for microbiological culture, which are used for growing microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. The most common growth media for microorganisms are nutrient broths and agar plates; specialized media are sometimes required for microorganism and cell culture growth. Some organisms, termed fastidious organisms, require specialized environments due to complex nutritional requirements. Viruses, for example, are obligate intracellular parasites and require a growth medium containing living cells.
National Democratic Rally (Syria)
The National Democratic Rally or National Democratic Gathering (Arabic: التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي, at-tajammuʻ al-waţanī ad-dīmūqrāţī) is an opposition alliance in Syria previously banned under the Ba'athist government, comprising five political parties of a secularist, pan-Arabist, Arab nationalist and socialist bent.

Hassan Ismail Abdelazim, leader of the Democratic Arab Socialist Union, is the official spokesman of the Rally.

Democratic Arab Socialist Union
The Democratic Arab Socialist Union (Arabic: الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الديمقراطي, Al-ittiḥād al-ishtirākī al-'arabī al-dīmūqrāṭī; French: Union arabe socialiste démocratique) (DASU) is a Nasserist democratic socialist Syrian political party based in Paris, France. It was founded in a split of the Arab Socialist Union Party of Syria, with Hassan 'Abd al-Azim as its general secretary. The party is the largest of the opposition parties, but has a 'soft' approach in its opposition.
Targobank
Targobank AG (stylized as TARGOBANK) is a bank operating in Germany, headquartered in Düsseldorf, with its customer service centre in Duisburg. Since 2008 it is part of the French Crédit Mutuel Alliance Féderale banking group. Until 1991, it operated under the name Kundenkreditbank, and from then until 2010, it traded as Citibank Privatkunden AG & Co. KGaA. With around 3.8 million customers (as of 2024), the bank is among the major providers of retail, business, and corporate banking services in Germany and operates 340 branches in over 250 cities across the country. It was initially active in the retail banking sector. Since its acquisition in 2008 by Crédit Mutuel Alliance Féderale, the institution has increasingly developed into a universal bank.

Crédit Mutuel
Crédit Mutuel (French pronunciation: [kʁedi mytɥɛl]) is a French cooperative banking group, one of the country's top five banks with over 30 million customers. It traces its origins back to the German cooperative movement inspired by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen in Alsace–Lorraine under German rule, in the 1880s. Crédit Mutuel was a member of the International Raiffeisen Union (IRU).

Crédit Mutuel has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
Serbia and Montenegro in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest once, in 2005. The Serbian-Montenegrin participating broadcaster in the contest was Udruženje javnih radija i televizija (UJRT). Its only entry "Ljubav pa fudbal" by Filip Vučić, finished 13th. Following the country's dissolution in 2006, the broadcaster was closed. Since then Serbia and Montenegro have participated in the contest as separate entities; with Radio Television of Serbia (RTS) debuting in 2006 and Radio i Televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) in 2014.

Montenegro in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Montenegro has been represented at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since 2014. The Montenegrin participating broadcaster in the contest is Radio i Televizija Crne Gore (RTCG). After taking part in the 2014 and 2015 contests, RTCG withdrew from the contest. They returned to the contest  in 2025.

Prior to its debut as an independent nation, Montenegro participated at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 as part of Serbia and Montenegro.
Yuba City, California
Yuba City (Maidu: Yubu) is a city in and the county seat of Sutter County, California, United States. The population was 70,117 at the 2020 census. Yuba City is the principal city of the Yuba City Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Sutter County and Yuba County. The metro area's population is 164,138. It is the 21st largest metropolitan area in California, ranked behind Redding and Chico. Its metropolitan statistical area is part of the Greater Sacramento CSA.

Yuba County, California
Yuba County (/ˈjuːbə/ ⓘ; Maidu: Yubu) is a county located in north-central Central Valley, California, United States. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 81,575. Yuba County is included in the Yuba City metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Sacramento–Roseville combined statistical area. The county is in the Central Valley region along the Feather River; the county seat is Marysville.
Chalongphob Sussangkarn
Chalongphob Sussangkarn (Thai: ฉลองภพ สุสังกร์กาญจน์, RTGS: Chalongphop Sutsangkan, 10 April 1950 – 23 August 2024) was a Thai economist. He was the President of the Thailand Development Research Institute and later served as  Minister of Finance in Surayud Chulanont's military junta. An ethnic Chinese of Hainanese origin, he replaced Pridiyathorn Devakula after Pridiyathorn abruptly resigned. Chalongphob joined several other TDRI-affiliated individuals who had Cabinet-level seats in the junta, including Deputy Prime Minister and Industry Minister Kosit Panpiemras and Energy Minister Piyasvasti Amranand.  Prior to joining the cabinet, Chalongphob had no experience in government and was an economist.

Pridiyathorn Devakula
Mom Rajawongse Pridiyathorn Devakula (Thai: หม่อมราชวงศ์ปรีดิยาธร เทวกุล; RTGS: Mom Ratchawong Pridiyathon Thewakun; [prīːdìjāːtʰɔːn tʰē:wâkūn]; born 15 July 1947) is a Thai economist. He was the Governor of the Bank of Thailand from 2001 to 2006. Following the 2006 Thai coup d'état he served as minister of finance and deputy prime minister in the interim civilian government led by Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont. Following the 2014 Thai coup d'état he was appointed a deputy prime minister in the first military appointed cabinet under General Prayut Chan-o-cha. Two days earlier he had resigned from his position as chairman of the board of Post Publishing PLC, the publisher of the Bangkok Post, Thailand's leading English-language newspaper.
Te Wairoa, New Zealand
Te Wairoa was a village close to the shore of Lake Tarawera near Rotorua, New Zealand. The village was buried by volcanic ash in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera. It was later excavated and is now open as a tourist destination, the Buried Village. The nearby Wairere Falls are also a tourist destination.

The Buried Village is open to the public and shows the excavated ruins of the village, recovered relics on display in a museum and the history of the eruption. It is located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) south-east of Rotorua on Tarawera Road.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of 'the long stream' for Te Wairoa.

Lake Tarawera
Lake Tarawera is the largest of a series of lakes which surround the volcano Mount Tarawera in the North Island of New Zealand. Like the mountain, it lies within the Ōkataina Caldera. It is located 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the east of Rotorua, and beneath the peaks of the Tarawera massif i.e. Wahanga, Ruawahia, Tarawera and Koa. Tarawera means "Burnt Spear", named by a visiting hunter who left his bird spears in a hut and on returning the following season found that both his spears and hut had been turned to ashes.
Red Monastery
The Red Monastery (Arabic: الدير الاحمر) or The Monastery of Apa Psoi (Coptic: ⲡⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲁⲡⲁ ⲡⲯⲟⲓ) is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after an Egyptian saint named Psoi (Coptic: ⲯⲟⲓ) or Pishoy (Coptic: ⲡⲓϣⲱⲓ), not to be confused with Pishoy, Bishop of Sketis (now the Wadi al-Natrun). It is located near the Upper Egyptian city of Souhag, and about two and a half miles (4.0 km) north-west of the White Monastery. The monastery's name is derived from the colour of the construction material of its outside walls, consisting of red (burnt) brick. These walls are considerably thicker at the base than at the top, and, just like the walls of Egyptian temples, they are surmounted by cavetto moldings. The Red Monastery is architecturally similar to the White Monastery.

White Monastery
The Coptic White Monastery (Arabic: الدير أبيض), also The Monastery of Abba Shenouda (Coptic: ⲡⲙⲟⲛⲁⲥⲧⲏⲣⲓⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲁⲡⲁ ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ) and The Athribian Monastery (Coptic: ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ̀ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ, romanized: eptōw enatʰrebi, lit. 'the mountain of Athribis') is a Coptic Orthodox monastery named after Saint Shenoute. It is located near the Upper Egyptian cities of Tahta and Sohag, and about two and a half miles (4.0 km) south-east of the Red Monastery.

The name of the monastery is derived from the colour of the white limestone of its outside walls. The White Monastery is architecturally similar to the Red Monastery. The monastery had one of the largest Coptic libraries ever known with over 1,000 codices of which 10% survive.
Switching lemma
In computational complexity theory, Håstad's switching lemma is a key tool for proving lower bounds on the size of constant-depth Boolean circuits. It was first introduced by Johan Håstad to prove that AC0 Boolean circuits of depth k require size  to compute the parity function on  bits. He was later awarded the Gödel Prize for this work in 1994.

The switching lemma describes the behavior of a depth-2 circuit under random restriction, i.e. when randomly fixing most of the coordinates to 0 or 1. Specifically, from the lemma, it follows that a formula in conjunctive normal form (that is, an AND of ORs) becomes a formula in disjunctive normal form (an OR of ANDs) under random restriction, and vice versa. This "switching" gives the lemma its name.

Boolean circuit
In computational complexity theory and circuit complexity, a Boolean circuit is a mathematical model for combinational digital logic circuits. A formal language can be decided by a family of Boolean circuits, one circuit for each possible input length.

Boolean circuits are defined in terms of the logic gates they contain. For example, a circuit might contain binary AND and OR gates and unary NOT gates, or be entirely described by binary NAND gates. Each gate corresponds to some Boolean function that takes a fixed number of bits as input and outputs a single bit.

Boolean circuits provide a model for many digital components used in computer engineering, including multiplexers, adders, and arithmetic logic units, but they exclude sequential logic. They are an abstraction that omits many aspects relevant to designing real digital logic circuits, such as metastability, fanout, glitches, power consumption, and propagation delay variability.
2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby
The 2018 Road to the Kentucky Derby was a series of races through which horses qualified for the 2018 Kentucky Derby, which was held on May 5. The field for the Derby was limited to 20 horses, with up to four 'also eligibles' in case of a late withdrawal from the field. There were three separate paths for horses to take to qualify for the Derby: the main Road consisting of 34 races in North America plus one in Dubai, the Japan Road consisting of three races in Japan, and a new European Road consisting of seven races in England, Ireland and France.

The races in the Road to the Kentucky Derby were held from September 2017 (when the horses were two) through April 2018 (when they had turned three). The top four finishers in the specified races earned points, with the highest point values awarded in the major preparatory races held in late March or early April. Earnings in non-restricted stakes acted as a tie breaker.

2018 Kentucky Derby
The 2018 Kentucky Derby (officially, the 2018 Kentucky Derby presented by Woodford Reserve) was the 144th running of the Kentucky Derby, and took place on Saturday, May 5, 2018, in Louisville, Kentucky. The field was open to 20 horses, with a purse of US$2 million. The Derby is held annually in Louisville on the first Saturday in May, at the end of the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. It is a Grade I stakes race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds at a distance of 1+1⁄4 miles (2.0 km), and has been run at Churchill Downs racetrack since its inception in 1875.

The race was broadcast by NBC, with coverage by NBCSN of undercard races beginning at 12:30pm EDT and main network coverage of pre-race activities starting at 2:30pm EDT. Post time was 6:52pm EDT. The race was won by Justify, who was the post-time favorite, in a time of 2:04.20 over a sloppy track. It is the first time since 1882 that the race was won by a horse that did not race at the age of two.