hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Classical republicanism
Classical republicanism, also known as civic republicanism or civic humanism, is a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero. Classical republicanism is built around concepts such as liberty as non-domination, self-government, rule of law, property-based personality, anti-corruption, abolition of monarchy, civics, civil society, common good, civic virtue, civic participation, popular sovereignty, patriotism and mixed government.

Civil society
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere. By other authors, civil society is used in the sense of
(1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or
(2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.

Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc., that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values.
Bailout at 43,000
Bailout at 43,000 is a 1957 American drama film directed by Francis D. Lyon and written by Paul Monash. The film stars John Payne, Karen Steele, Paul Kelly, Richard Eyer, Constance Ford and Eddie Firestone. The film was released on May 1, 1957, by United Artists.

It was the last film from Pine-Thomas Productions then known as Pine-Thomas-Shane.

Pine-Thomas Productions
Pine-Thomas Productions was a prolific B-picture unit of Paramount Pictures from 1940 to 1957, producing 81 films.  Co-producers William H. Pine (February 15, 1896 – April 29, 1955) and William C. Thomas (August 11, 1903 – April 2, 1984) were known as the "Dollar Bills" because none of their economically made films ever lost money. "We don't want to make million dollar pictures," they said. "We just want to make a million dollars."
Harvey and Clarke
Harvey and Clarke was an American architectural firm formed by Henry Stephen Harvey and L. Philips Clarke in West Palm Beach, Florida, in 1921. The firm was active in South Florida for only a few years, but in that time, designed a number of distinctive homes, apartments, churches, and commercial buildings. Harvey was a member of the West Palm Beach Planning Commission. An additional firm member and staff architect was Gustav Maass, who designed several local railroad stations and later became a noted South Florida architect in his own right.

Gustav Maass (architect)
Gustav Adam Maass Jr. (1893–1964) was an American architect working primarily in the Mediterranean Revival style who designed public buildings and private homes in and around Palm Beach, Florida, from the 1920s until his death in 1964.
Pista de remo y canotaje (Ciudad Guzmán)
The Rowing and Canoeing course is a rowing and canoeing venue in Lake Zapotlán built at a cost of 30-40 million pesos in Ciudad Guzmán, Jalisco, Mexico.   It was built to host the rowing and canoeing events at the 2011 Pan American Games.  The complex included temporary stands for 1,000 spectators, a return canal, gymnasium and boathouse.   After the games it will serve as a training center and host to national and international competitions.

Canoeing at the 2011 Pan American Games
Canoeing competitions at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara were held from October 26 to October 29 at the Rowing and Canoeing Course in Ciudad Guzmán. The Canoe Slalom event was dropped due to an anticipated low number of entries. The winners of some events (K1M 200m, K1M 1000m, K1W 200m, K1W 500m, C1M 200m, C1M 1000m) qualified to compete at the canoeing events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain. The Pan American Games were not a qualification tournament for the Olympics in the events K4M 1,000 and K4W 500.
Pierre Daret
Pierre Daret de Cazeneuve, a French portrait painter and engraver, was born in Paris in 1604. After receiving some instruction in engraving, he went to Rome to improve his skill, and spent a considerable time there. He was received into the Academy of Painting in 1663.

He died at the château of La Luque, near Dax (Landes) in 1678. Mariette says that this artist began and finished his career with painting. He engraved upwards of four hundred plates, not without merit, but very deficient in taste and correctness of drawing. They are frequently marked and among them are the following:

Simon Vouet
Simon Vouet (French pronunciation: [simɔ̃ vwɛ]; 9 January 1590 – 30 June 1649) was a French painter who studied and rose to prominence in Italy before being summoned by Louis XIII to serve as Premier peintre du Roi in France. He and his studio of artists created religious and mythological paintings, portraits, frescoes, tapestries, and massive decorative schemes for the king and for wealthy patrons, including Cardinal Richelieu. During this time, "Vouet was indisputably the leading artist in Paris," and was immensely influential in introducing the Italian Baroque style of painting to France. He was also, according to Pierre Rosenberg, "without doubt one of the outstanding seventeenth-century draughtsmen, equal to Annibale Carracci and Lanfranco."

A major international exhibition of Vouet's work is planned for 2027, co-organized by the Musée du Petit Palais in Paris and the Legion of Honor museum in San Francisco.
Zaum
Zaum (Russian: за́умь, lit. 'transrational') are the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian Cubo-Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh. Zaum is a non-referential phonetic entity with its own ontology. The language consists of neologisms that mean nothing. Zaum is a language organized through phonetic analogy and rhythm. Zaum literature cannot contain any onomatopoeia or psychopathological states.

Velimir Khlebnikov
Viktor Vladimirovich Khlebnikov, better known by the pen name Velimir Khlebnikov (Russian: Велими́р Хле́бников, IPA: [vʲɪlʲɪˈmʲir ˈxlʲɛbnʲɪkəf]; 9 November [O.S. 28 October] 1885 – 28 June 1922), was a Russian poet and playwright, a central part of the Russian Futurist movement, but his work and influence stretch far beyond it. Influential linguist Roman Jakobson hailed Khlebnikov as "the greatest world poet of our century".
Grachtengordel
The Grachtengordel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɣrɑxtə(ŋ)ˈɣɔrdəl] ⓘ, lit. 'canal belt/girdle'), known in English as the Canal District, is a neighborhood in Amsterdam, Netherlands located in the Centrum district. The seventeenth-century canals of Amsterdam, located in the center of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in August 2010. The Amsterdam Canal District consists of the area around the city's four main canals: the Singel, the Herengracht, the Keizersgracht, and the Prinsengracht. From the Brouwersgracht, the canals are generally parallel with one another, leading gradually southeast into the Amstel river.

Many of the canal houses in the Amsterdam Canal District are from the Dutch Golden Age, 17th century. Many of these buildings, however, underwent restoration or reconstruction in various centuries, meaning that the buildings display many different architectural styles and facades.

Keizersgracht
The Keizersgracht (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkɛizərsˌxrɑxt]; "Emperor's canal") is a canal in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It is the second of the three main Amsterdam canals that together form the Grachtengordel, or canal belt, and lies between the inner Herengracht and outer Prinsengracht.
Zong (mobile network)
CMPak Limited, doing business as Zong (Urdu: زونگ), is a Pakistani mobile network operator. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Mobile.

It is the first overseas setup of China Mobile through acquisition of a license from Millicom to operate a GSM network in Pakistan in 2008.

It is Pakistan's second-largest mobile service provider with a subscriber base of 53 million, among which 43 million are 4G/LTE subscribers. With over 14,000 4G enabled sites across the country, it has a market share of 26% among cellular operators in the country.

China Mobile
China Mobile is the trade name of both China Mobile Limited and its ultimate controlling shareholder, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., a Chinese state-owned telecommunications company. It provides mobile voice and multimedia services through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China and Hong Kong. China Mobile is the largest wireless carrier in China, with 945.50 million subscribers as of June 2021. China Mobile was ranked #25 in Forbes' Global 2000 in 2023.

China Mobile Limited is listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange as A-shares and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange as H shares. It is the world's largest mobile network operator by total number of subscribers, and the world's largest telecommunications company by revenue.

As of 8 July 2025, China Mobile Limited's total market value stood at US$240 billion.
St Etheldreda's Church, London
St Etheldreda's Church is a Catholic church in Ely Place, off Charterhouse Street in Holborn, London. The building is one of only two surviving in London from the reign of Edward I, and dates from between 1250 and 1290. It is dedicated to Æthelthryth, or Etheldreda, the Anglo-Saxon saint who founded the monastery at Ely in 673.  It was the chapel of the London residence of the Bishops of Ely.

In the early 17th century it served briefly as an embassy chapel for the Spanish Ambassador, and a haven for English Catholics. The chapel was purchased by the Catholic Church in 1874 and opened in 1878 and is one of the oldest churches in England to be in current use by the Catholic Church.

Ely Place
51°31′7″N 0°6′25″W﻿ / ﻿51.51861°N 0.10694°W﻿ / 51.51861; -0.10694

Ely Place /ˈiːli/ ⓘ is a gated road of multi-storey terraces at the southern tip of the London Borough of Camden in London, England. It hosts a 1773-rebuilt public house, Ye Olde Mitre, of Tudor origin and is adjacent to Hatton Garden.

It is privately managed by its own body of commissioners and beadles.

Ely Place sits on the site of the London residence of the Bishops of Ely, who regularly lived there between 1290 and 1772. The bishop's palace and surrounding land was then sold and redeveloped into Ely Place, with only the bishop's medieval chapel being preserved.
Me Julie
"Me Julie" is a single released by Ali G and Jamaican musician Shaggy from the soundtrack to the 2002 film Ali G Indahouse. The single was written in reference to the love interest in the film, Julie. "Me Julie" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and sold 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom, as stated by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Shaggy (musician)
Orville Richard Burrell CD (born October 22, 1968), known professionally as Shaggy, is a Jamaican-American reggae musician who scored hits with the songs "It Wasn't Me", "Boombastic", "In the Summertime", "Oh Carolina", and "Angel". He has been nominated for eight Grammy Awards, winning twice for Best Reggae Album with Boombastic in 1996 and 44/876 with Sting in 2019, and has won the Brit Award for International Male Solo Artist in 2002.

In 2007, he was awarded the Jamaican Order of Distinction with the rank of Commander. In 2022, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree from Brown University.
Bloomfield, Queensland
Bloomfield is a rural town in the Shire of Cook and a coastal locality which is split between the Shire of Cook and the Shire of Douglas in Queensland, Australia. The neighbourhood of Ayton is within the locality (15°55′17″S 145°21′11″E﻿ / ﻿15.92139°S 145.35306°E﻿ / -15.92139; 145.35306﻿ (Ayton, Queensland)). In the 2021 census, the locality of Bloomfield had a population of 228 people.

The neighbourhood of China Camp is an abandoned tin mining area within the locality (16°02′42″S 145°18′00″E﻿ / ﻿16.045°S 145.300°E﻿ / -16.045; 145.300﻿ (China Camp)).

Cooktown, Queensland
Cooktown is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repairs in 1770. Both the town and Mount Cook (431 metres or 1,415 feet) which rises up behind the town were named after James Cook.

Cooktown is one of the few large towns in the Cape York Peninsula and was founded on 25 October 1873 as a supply port for the goldfields along the Palmer River. It was called "Cook's Town" until 1 June 1874.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Cooktown had a population of 2,746 people.
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya, is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital and largest town is Bayombong. It is bordered by Benguet to the west, Ifugao to the north, Isabela to the northeast, Quirino to the east, Aurora to the southeast, Nueva Ecija to the south, and Pangasinan to the southwest. Quirino province was created from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966.

Benguet
Benguet (/bɛŋˈɡɛt/), officially the Province of Benguet (Ibaloi: Probinsya ne Benguet; Kankanaey: Probinsyan di Benguet; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Benguet; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Benguet), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad.

The highland province is known as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production of upland vegetables.

Situated within the interior of Benguet is the highly urbanized city of Baguio, which is administered independent from the province and also its largest city and regional center of Cordillera Administrative Region.
1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment
The 1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment was a Union Army regiment during the American Civil War, formed by General Rufus Saxton.  It was composed of Gullah Geechee recruits and escaped slaves from South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.  The 1st SC Volunteer Infantry black regiment was formed in 1862 and became the 33rd United States Colored Troops Regiment in February 1864. It has the distinction of being the first black regiment to fight in the Civil War at the Skirmish at Spaulding's on the Sapelo River GA. It was one of the first black regiments in the Union Army.

Rufus Saxton
Rufus Saxton (October 19, 1824 – February 23, 1908) was a Union Army brigadier general during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions defending Harpers Ferry during Confederate General Jackson's Valley Campaign. He was appointed military governor of the Department of the South in May 1862 and was involved with the Port Royal Experiment.

After the war, Saxton was a strong advocate for the enfranchisement of African Americans and served as the Freedmen's Bureau's first assistant commissioner. He was removed from his position in the government agency by President Andrew Johnson. Saxton died in Washington, D.C. in 1908.
Edrophonium
Edrophonium, formerly sold under the brand name Tensilon among others, is a readily reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It prevents breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, mainly at the neuromuscular junction.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) is a type of cholinesterase inhibitors, that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase from breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine into choline and acetate. This increases both the level and duration of action of acetylcholine in the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions, which are rich in acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are one of two types of cholinesterase inhibitors; The other type is the butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitor.
Acetylcholinesterase is the primary member of the cholinesterase enzyme family.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are classified as reversible, irreversible, or quasi-irreversible (also called pseudo-irreversible).
Quinten Hermans
Quinten Hermans (born 29 July 1995) is a Belgian road and cyclo-cross cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Alpecin–Deceuninck.

Starting his career in cyclo-cross, he won the 2015 and 2016 European Under-23 Cyclo-cross Championships, as well as taking home the bronze medal in the men's under-23 event at the 2016 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Heusden-Zolder. He won his first UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup race in Fayetteville in 2021.

Since 2023, Hermans has raced primarily on the road. His most notable achievements are winning stage 3 of the 2024 Tour of the Basque Country and placing second at the 2022 Liège–Bastogne–Liège.

In 2024, he won the bronze medal at the UCI Gravel World Championships in Flanders.

2022 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
The 2022 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was a one-day Belgian road cycling race that took place on 24 April 2022 and was won by Remco Evenepoel. It was the 108th edition of Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the 17th event of the 2022 UCI World Tour.
S. D. Shibulal
S. D. Shibulal (born 1 March 1955), better known as Shibulal, is an Indian business executive. He was the chief executive officer and managing director of Infosys, and one of its seven founding members. He stepped down from the post of CEO and MD on 31 July 2014 and was succeeded by the first non-founder CEO of Infosys Dr. Vishal Sikka. He is the president of the Infosys Science Foundation for the year 2015.

Infosys
Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational technology company that offers information technology, business consulting, and outsourcing services. Founded in 1981 by seven engineers, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru and considered one of the Big Six Indian IT companies.

Infosys has also attracted controversies due to allegations of visa and tax fraud in the United States and for creating malfunctioning government websites.
Church of Our Lady of Protection (São Cristóvão)
The Church of Our Lady of Protection (Portuguese: Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Amparo) is an 18th-century Roman Catholic church in São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. It is located the cidade alta, or upper city, of the town in close proximity to the Carmelite complex of the First Order Church and Convent of Mount Carmel and the Third Order of Mount Carmel. The church is dedicated to Our Lady of Protection and is the property of the Archdiocese of Aracaju. In the rigidly socially stratified society of colonial Brazil the churches of Our Lady of Protection were built by and for people of mixed race. The church is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of São Francisco Square; it was separately listed as a historic structure by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1962.

Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black Men (São Cristóvão)
The Church of Our Lady of the Rosary of Black Men (Portuguese: Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos) is an 18th-century Roman Catholic church located in São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. The church is located on Rua Cel. Erondino Prado 187. It is one of numerous churches across Brazil constructed by the Afro-Brazilian brotherhoods associated with Our Lady of the Rosary (Nossa Senhora do Rosário). The Church of Our Lady of the Rosary was listed as a historic structure by National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) in 1943. It is located near, but not within the zone of São Francisco Square UNESCO World Heritage Site.
B42 (New York City bus)
The Rockaway Parkway Line is a public transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, running mostly along Rockaway Parkway between Canarsie Pier and the Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway terminal of the BMT Canarsie Line of the New York City Subway. Originally a streetcar line, it is now the B42 bus route, operated by the New York City Transit Authority.

The Wilson Avenue Line (now the B60 bus) continues north on Rockaway Parkway from the end of the B42 to Williamsburg.

Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway station
The Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway station is the southern terminal station of the BMT Canarsie Line of the New York City Subway, and is one of the few grade-level stations in the system. Located at the intersection of Rockaway Parkway and Glenwood Road in the Canarsie neighborhood of Brooklyn, it is served by the L train at all times.

The Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway station was constructed by Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), later Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). It opened on July 28, 1906.
Plain Folk of the Old South
Plain Folk of the Old South is a 1949 book by American Vanderbilt University historian Frank Lawrence Owsley, one of the Southern Agrarians.  In it he used statistical data to analyze the makeup of Southern United States of America society, contending that yeoman farmers made up a larger middle class than was generally thought.

Frank Lawrence Owsley
Frank Lawrence Owsley (January 20, 1890 – October 21, 1956) was an American historian who taught at Vanderbilt University for most of his career, where he specialized in Southern history and was a member of the Southern Agrarians.  He is notorious for his essay "The Irrepressible Conflict" (1930) in which he lamented the economic loss of slavery for the defeated Confederacy and of the "half savage blacks" that had been freed. He is also known for his study of Confederate diplomacy based on the idea of "King Cotton" and especially his quantitative social history of the middling "plain people" of the Old South.
Hamburgische Münze
The Hamburgische Münze is a European coin mint located in the city of Hamburg. It is one of the four German coin mints, the others being the Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg, the Bavarian State Mint, and the Staatliche Münze Berlin.

The earliest coins minted by the Hamburgische Münze are dated 834 CE, making it the oldest mint in Germany currently in operation. Since 1875 CE, all coins minted at the Hamburgische Münze have had a 'J' mint mark stamped on them for tracing purposes.

Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg
The Staatliche Münzen Baden-Württemberg (SMBW) is a coin mint in Germany, producing coins of the euro currency.

It was established in 1998 as the result of a merger between the Karlsruhe and Stuttgart mints. Nonwithstanding the merger, the two formerly separate mints have retained their respective mint marks: 'F' for Stuttgart and 'G' for Karlsruhe.

The SMBW has been chosen by the Latvian government to mint its euro coins, since Latvia joined the eurozone on 1 January 2014.