hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Festivali i Këngës 59
The Festivali i Këngës 59 was the 59th edition of the annual Albanian music competition Festivali i Këngës. It was organised by Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) in an open-air venue at the Sheshi Italia in Tirana, Albania, and consisted of two semi-finals on 21 and 22 December, respectively, and the final on 23 December 2020. The three live shows were hosted by Jonida Vokshi and Blendi Salaj. Due to the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the competition did not use the traditional symphonic orchestra and was not held as in the traditional location of the Pallati i Kongreseve but at the Sheshi Italia instead. Anxhela Peristeri with "Karma" emerged as the winner of the contest and represented Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021
Albania was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 with the song "Karma" performed by Anxhela Peristeri. Its entry was selected through the national selection competition Festivali i Këngës organised by Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) in December 2020. To this point, the nation had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest sixteen times since its first entry in 2004. Prior to the contest, the song was promoted by a music video and various television and radio appearances in Albania, Greece, Kosovo and San Marino.

Albania was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest, which took place on 20 May 2021. Performing as number 11, the nation was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the grand final. In the grand final on 22 May 2021, it performed as number two and placed 21st out of the 26 participating countries, scoring 57 points.
Bohra (mammal)
Bohra is an extinct genus of macropod from the Plio-Pleistocene of Australia. It is closely related to modern tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus), and like them is thought to have had an arboreal lifestyle, with some species of Bohra substantially exceeding living tree kangaroos in size.

Tree-kangaroo
Tree-kangaroos are marsupials of the genus Dendrolagus, adapted for arboreal locomotion. They inhabit the tropical rainforests of New Guinea and far northeastern  Queensland, Australia along with some of the islands in the region. Most species of tree-kangaroo are considered threatened due to hunting and habitat destruction. They are the only true arboreal macropods.
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase
Amidophosphoribosyltransferase (ATase), also known as glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (GPAT), is an enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) into 5-phosphoribosyl-1-amine (PRA), using the amine group from a glutamine side-chain. This is the committing step in de novo purine synthesis. In humans it is encoded by the PPAT (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase) gene. ATase is a member of the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family.

Phosphoribosylamine
Phosphoribosylamine (PRA) is a biochemical intermediate in the formation of purine nucleotides via inosine-5-monophosphate, and hence is a building block for DNA and RNA. The vitamins thiamine and cobalamin also contain fragments derived from PRA.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

It is the product of the enzyme amidophosphoribosyltransferase which attaches ammonia from glutamine to phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) at its anomeric carbon:

PRPP + glutamine → PRA + glutamate + PPi

The biosynthesis pathway next combines PRA with glycine in a process driven by ATP giving glycineamide ribonucleotide (GAR). The enzyme phosphoribosylamine—glycine ligase catalyses the reaction forming an amide bond:

PRA + glycine + ATP → GAR + ADP + Pi
Shore leave
Shore leave is the leave that professional sailors get to spend on dry land. It is also known as "liberty" within the United States Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps.

During the Age of Sail, shore leave was often abused by the members of the crew, who took it as a prime opportunity to drink in excess, indulge in prostitutes, and desert. Many captains were forced to take on new members of the crew to replace the ones lost due to shore leave.

R&R (military)
R&R, military slang for rest and recuperation (also rest and relaxation, rest and recreation, or rest and rehabilitation), is an abbreviation used for the free time of a soldier or international UN staff serving in unaccompanied (no family) duty stations. The term is used by a number of militaries such as the United States Armed Forces and British Armed Forces. In the UK, the term applies to a type of leave granted to personnel during an overseas deployment which allows them to return home to the UK to visit their family.
K2 R&D
K2 R&D is a Japanese racing team that competes in the GT300 class of Super GT together with lifestyle brand Leon, under the name K2 R&D LEON Racing.

The team has won the GT300 class championship two times, in 2018 and 2025.

2025 Super GT Series
The 2025 Autobacs Super GT Series was a motor racing championship based in Japan for grand touring cars. The series was sanctioned by the Japan Automobile Federation (JAF) and ran by the GT Association (GTA). It was the thirty-third season of the Super GT Series, which includes the All Japan Grand Touring Car Championship era, and the twenty-first season under the Super GT name. It was also the forty-third overall season of a JAF national sports car championship dating back to the All Japan Endurance/Sports Prototype Championship.

Sho Tsuboi and Kenta Yamashita of TGR Team au TOM'S entered the season as the defending champions of the GT500 class. Takashi Kogure and Yuya Motojima of JLOC entered the season as the defending champions of the GT300 class.
Pollokshaws
Pollokshaws (Scots: Powkshaws) is an area on the South side of the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is bordered by the residential neighbourhoods of Auldhouse to the east, Eastwood and Hillpark to the south and Shawlands to the north, with the Glasgow South Western Line railway and the open lands of Pollok Country Park to the west. The White Cart Water flows through the area.

The housing stock consists of some sandstone tenement housing, modern brick tenement-style buildings, low-rise social housing and high rise/multi-storey tower blocks. Previously eight tower blocks stood in an area known as the Shawbridge Corridor; the last of these blocks was demolished in March 2016. Four other tower blocks remain, near Pollokshaws East railway station.

According to the 2001 Census, Pollokshaws had a population of 4,295. Its residents are a mixture of working class and middle class social groups, and the area also had a large South Asian community.

Pollokshaws East railway station
Pollokshaws East railway station is a railway station in Glasgow, Scotland, serving parts of the Pollokshaws, Auldhouse, Newlands and Shawlands neighbourhoods of the city. The station is managed by ScotRail and is located on the Cathcart Circle Line. Services are provided by ScotRail and have previously been provided by ScotRail on behalf of Strathclyde Passenger Transport.
Satala
Located in Turkey, the settlement of Satala (Old Armenian: Սատաղ Satał, Ancient Greek: Σάταλα), according to the ancient geographers, was situated in a valley surrounded by mountains, a little north of the Euphrates, where the road from Trapezus to Samosata crossed the boundary of the Roman Empire, when it was a bishopric, which remains a Latin Catholic titular see. Later it was connected with Nicopolis by two highways. Satala is now Sadak, a village of 348 inhabitants (2022), in the Kelkit District of Gümüşhane Province in Turkey.

Gümüşhane Province
Gümüşhane Province (Turkish: Gümüşhane ili Romeika: Αργυρούπολη) is a province in northern Turkey, bordering Bayburt to the east, Trabzon to the north, Giresun and Erzincan to the west. Its area is 6,668 km2, and its population is 144,544 (2022). The population was 186,953 in 2000. Gümüşhane is the capital city of the province. The name Gümüşhane means silver house. The city has a rich mining (silver and bronze) history and was the source of exports for Trabzon. The current Governor is Alper Tanrısever, appointed in August 2023.
Samuel R. Gross
Samuel Raymond Gross (born 1946) is an American lawyer and the Thomas and Mabel Long Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School. Gross is best known for his work in false convictions and exonerations, notably the Larry Griffin death penalty case.

Gross is the editor of the National Registry of Exonerations project.

Samuel Gross has been leading a team of lawyers in statistics and in law, which determined the likely number of unjust convictions of prisoners on death row. The study determined that at least 4% of people on death row were and are innocent. The research was peer reviewed with the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences which later published it. Gross has stated that he firmly believes some innocent people have been executed.

Wrongful execution
Wrongful execution is a miscarriage of justice occurring when an innocent person is put to death by capital punishment. Opponents of capital punishment often cite cases of wrongful execution as arguments, while proponents argue that innocence concerns the credibility of the justice system as a whole and does not solely undermine the use of the death penalty.

A variety of individuals are claimed to have been innocent victims of the death penalty. Newly available DNA evidence has allowed the exoneration and release of more than 20 death-row inmates since 1992 in the United States, but DNA evidence is available in only a fraction of capital cases. At least 190 people who were sentenced to death in the United States have been exonerated and released since 1973, with official misconduct and perjury/false accusation the leading causes of their wrongful convictions.

Judicial murder is a type of wrongful execution.
Saalbach-Hinterglemm
Saalbach-Hinterglemm is a municipality in the district of Zell am See (Pinzgau region), in the Austrian state of Salzburg.  It is well known for its skiing and other winter sports. A four-piste network consisting of Saalbach, Hinterglemm, Fieberbrunn and Leogang is located in the municipality, adding up to 270 kilometres (170 mi) of ski slopes. It is short transfer to resort from Salzburg Airport.

Salzburg (state)
Salzburg (Austrian German: [ˈsaltsbʊrɡ], Northern German: [ˈzaltsbʊʁk] ⓘ; Bavarian: Soizbuag, also known as Salzburgerland; Italian: Salisburghese) is a state (Land) of Austria bordering Germany and Italy. In German, its official name is Land Salzburg, to distinguish it from its eponymous capital Salzburg.

The state of Salzburg is closely tied to the former Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg, an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed for centuries until its secularization in 1803. After the Napoleonic Wars, the territory changed hands several times, becoming part of Austria, then briefly Bavaria, before being permanently incorporated into the Austrian Empire in 1816. In the 20th century, the region became a federated state of Austria and is today known for its Alpine landscapes, cultural heritage, and the annual Salzburg Festival.
Pi Recordings
Pi Recordings is a jazz record label founded by Seth Rosner in 2001. He was soon joined as partner by Yulun Wang. Pi specializes in avant-garde jazz. Its first two albums were by Henry Threadgill.

Pi's roster includes Amir ElSaffar, Anthony Braxton, Corey Wilkes, James Blood Ulmer, Leroy Jenkins, Liberty Ellman, Marc Ribot, Muhal Richard Abrams, Roscoe Mitchell, Rudresh Mahanthappa, Steve Lehman, Art Ensemble of Chicago, Steve Coleman, Vijay Iyer, and Wadada Leo Smith.

In its first twenty years, Pi released fewer than a hundred recordings. In 2021, DownBeat wrote that "Pi releases rigorous, pathbreaking music that stretches the boundaries of jazz while honoring its history."

Vijay Iyer
Vijay Iyer ([ˌvɪdʒeɪ ˈaɪjər]; born Vijay Raghunathan, October 26, 1971) is a composer, pianist, bandleader, producer, writer, and professor based in New York City. The New York Times has called him a "social conscience, multimedia collaborator, system builder, rhapsodist, historical thinker and multicultural gateway". Iyer received a 2013 MacArthur Fellowship, a Doris Duke Performing Artist Award, a United States Artists Fellowship, a Grammy nomination, and the Alpert Award in the Arts. He was voted Jazz Artist of the Year in the Downbeat magazine international critics' polls in 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2018. In 2014, he was jointly appointed with tenure to Harvard University's departments of music and African American studies as the Franklin D. and Florence Rosenblatt Professor of the Arts.
Franz Werfel
Franz Viktor Werfel (German: [fʁant͡s ˈvɛʁfl̩] ⓘ; 10 September 1890 – 26 August 1945) was a Czech novelist, playwright, and poet whose career spanned World War I, the Interwar period, and World War II. He is primarily known as the author of The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933, English tr. 1934, 2012), a novel based on events that took place during the Armenian genocide of 1915, and The Song of Bernadette (1941), a novel about the life and visions of the French Catholic saint Bernadette Soubirous, which was made into a Hollywood film of the same name.

The Song of Bernadette (film)
The Song of Bernadette is a 1943 American biographical drama film based on the 1941 novel of the same name by Franz Werfel. It stars Jennifer Jones in the title role, which portrays the story of Bernadette Soubirous, who reportedly experienced eighteen visions of the Blessed Virgin Mary from February to July 1858 and was canonized in 1933. The film was directed by Henry King, from a screenplay by George Seaton.

The novel was extremely popular, spending more than a year on The New York Times Best Seller list and thirteen weeks heading the list. The story was also turned into a Broadway play, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in March 1946.
Mulberry, Florida
Mulberry is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Lakeland–Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area, with parts of unincorporated Lakeland on its northern boundary. The population was 3,952 at the 2020 census. Mulberry is home to the 334-acre Alafia River Reserve.

Polk County, Florida
Polk County (/poʊk/) is located in the central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. The county population was 725,046 in the 2020 census, and was estimated to be 818,330 in July 2023. Its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland–Winter Haven metropolitan statistical area (MSA). This MSA is the 77th-most populous one and the 89th-most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1, 2012.

The center of Florida's population is located in Polk County, near the city of Lake Wales. Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities.
Paddington: The Musical
Paddington: The Musical is a musical with music and lyrics by Tom Fletcher and a book by Jessica Swale. It is based on the 1958 children's book A Bear Called Paddington by Michael Bond and the 2014 film Paddington distributed by StudioCanal. It is the second stage adaptation of the book series, following the 1983 musical Paddington Bear's Magical Musical by Shirlie Roden.

The musical premiered in previews at the Savoy Theatre in London's West End on 1 November 2025.

Michael Bond
Thomas Michael Bond CBE (13 January 1926 – 27 June 2017) was an English author. He is best known for a series of children's books featuring the character of Paddington Bear. More than 35 million books in the series have been sold worldwide, and the characters have also appeared in several animated television series, a film series, and a stage musical.
Tommaso Palamidessi
Tommaso Palamidessi (February 16, 1915 – April 29, 1983) was an Italian philosopher who studied Western esotericism. He worked in astrology, parapsychology, and yoga–tantric doctrines, and developed archeosophy, which he described as a form of esoteric Christianity. In 1968, he founded the Archeosophical Society in Rome, which remains active with several thousand members in Europe.

Archeosofica
Archeosofica is a school of esoteric Christianity founded by Tommaso Palamidessi in 1968 in Rome. It offers a program of research on Archeosophy.

The school is free and supplies booklets and other texts.
Arthur Hopton (diplomat)
Sir Arthur Hopton (c. 1588-6 March 1650) was an English diplomat who spent most of his career in Madrid, where he was Resident Agent from 1630 to 1636, then Ambassador from 1638 to 1645.

Uncle of Sir Ralph Hopton, a Royalist general during the 1642 to 1646 First English Civil War, Sir Arthur was rarely paid, and was unable to achieve much, but left detailed memoranda on his activities. He returned to England in 1648, where he died on 6 March 1650.

Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton
Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton KB, JP, DL, MP (1596 – 28 September 1652) was an English politician, military officer and peer. During the First English Civil War, he served as Royalist commander in the West Country, and was made Baron Hopton of Stratton in 1643.

Along with his close friend Sir Edward Hyde (later the Earl of Clarendon), he was made advisor to the future Charles II, when he was appointed to rule the West in early 1644. He commanded the last significant Royalist field army, and followed Charles into exile after surrendering in March 1646. A devout supporter of the Church of England, his personal opposition to Catholicism and Presbyterianism meant he took no further part in the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. He died in Bruges in 1652.

In his stated account of the war, Clarendon described him as 'a man of great honour, integrity, and piety, of great courage and industry, and an excellent officer for any command but the supreme, to which he was not equal'.
Criterion-referenced test
A criterion-referenced test is a style of test that uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score.  Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests.  In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material. Criterion-referenced assessment can be contrasted with norm-referenced assessment and ipsative assessment.

Criterion-referenced testing was a major focus of psychometric research in the 1970s.

Ipsative
In psychology, ipsative questionnaires (/ˈɪpsətɪv/; from Latin: ipse, 'of the self') are those where the sum of scale scores from each respondent adds to a constant value. Sometimes called a forced-choice scale, this measure contrasts Likert-type scales in which respondents score—often from 1 to 5—how much they agree with a given statement (see also norm-referenced test).
Crystal River Tourist Camp
Crystal River Tourist Camp (formerly Crystal River Cave Court, today Cave Courts Motel) is a motor inn built in 1932 in Cave City, Arkansas. It is the oldest operating motor court in the state. It is built of fieldstones from the Ozarks.

Cave City, Arkansas
Cave City is a city in Independence and Sharp counties in the U.S. state of Arkansas.  The population was 1,922 at the 2020 U.S. Census. The city was named for a large cave underneath the Crystal River Tourist Camp, which is the oldest motor court in Arkansas. Cave City is known for its award-winning "world's sweetest" watermelons and holds an annual watermelon festival in July.
Bacteriostatic agent
A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise. Depending on their application, bacteriostatic antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives can be distinguished. When bacteriostatic antimicrobials are used, the duration of therapy must be sufficient to allow host defense mechanisms to eradicate the bacteria. Upon removal of the bacteriostat, the bacteria usually start to grow rapidly. This is in contrast to bactericides, which kill bacteria.

Bacteriostats are often used in plastics to prevent growth of bacteria on surfaces. Bacteriostats commonly used in laboratory work include sodium azide (which is acutely toxic) and thiomersal.

Bactericide
A bactericide or bacteriocide, sometimes abbreviated Bcidal, is a substance which kills bacteria. Bactericides are disinfectants, antiseptics, or antibiotics.
However, material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their physical surface structure, as for example biomaterials like insect wings.
Vela (constellation)
Vela is a constellation in the southern sky, which contains the Vela Supercluster. Its name is Latin for the sails of a ship, and it was originally part of a larger constellation, the ship Argo Navis, which was later divided into three parts, the others being Carina and Puppis. With an apparent magnitude of 1.8, its brightest star is the hot blue multiple star Gamma Velorum, one component of which is the closest and brightest Wolf-Rayet star in the sky. Delta and Kappa Velorum, together with Epsilon and Iota Carinae, form the asterism known as the False Cross. 1.95-magnitude Delta is actually a triple or quintuple star system.

Kappa Velorum
Kappa Velorum (κ Velorum, abbreviated Kappa Vel, κ Vel; proper name Markeb /ˈmɑːrkɛb/) is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Vela. The two components are designated Kappa Velorum A and B.

From parallax measurements, this system is located at a distance of roughly 572 light-years (175 parsecs) from the Sun. The apparent visual magnitude is 2.48, making it readily visible to the naked eye in the southern hemisphere. It forms part of an asterism known as the False Cross along with Delta Velorum, Iota Carinae and Epsilon Carinae, so called because it is sometimes mistaken for the Southern Cross, causing errors in astronavigation.
Hilbert transform
In mathematics and signal processing, the Hilbert transform  is a specific singular integral that takes a function, u(t) of a real variable and produces another function of a real variable H(u)(t). The Hilbert transform is given by the Cauchy principal value of the convolution with the function   (see § Definition).  The Hilbert transform has a particularly simple representation in the frequency domain: It imparts a phase shift of ±90° (π/2 radians) to every frequency component of a function, the sign of the shift depending on the sign of the frequency (see § Relationship with the Fourier transform).  The Hilbert transform is important in signal processing, where it is a component of the analytic representation of a real-valued signal u(t).  The Hilbert transform was first introduced by David Hilbert in this setting, to solve a special case of the Riemann–Hilbert problem for analytic functions.

Cauchy principal value
In mathematics, the Cauchy principal value, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a method for assigning values to certain improper integrals which would otherwise be undefined. In this method, a singularity on an integral interval is avoided by limiting the integral interval to the non singular domain.
Mera Naseeb
Mera Naseeb (transl. My fate) is a Pakistani television series, written by Samira Fazal, inspired by the novel Sister of My Heart by Chitra Divakaruni. It originally broadcast on Hum TV from 1 April 2011 to 21 August 2011. The serial has an ensemble cast of Syra Yousuf, Sanam Saeed, Imran Abbas, Adeel Husain, Sakina Samo, Samina Peerzada, Rubina Ashraf, Imran Aslam and Bushra Ansari. The story revolves around two half-sisters who were born at same time and whose fate is bound by a family secret.

Adeel Husain
Adeel Husain (Urdu: عدیل حسین; born 30 June 1978) is a Pakistani actor and director. He is best known for his roles in Mera Naseeb (2011), Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu (2012), Mohabat Subh Ka Sitara Hai (2013-2014), Jackson Heights (2014-2015) and Daasi (2019).