hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Straddling checkerboard
A straddling checkerboard is a device for converting an alphanumeric plaintext into digits whilst simultaneously achieving fractionation (a simple form of information diffusion) and data compression relative to other schemes using digits. It also is known as a monôme-binôme cipher.

Transposition cipher
In cryptography, a transposition cipher (also known as a permutation cipher) is a method of encryption which scrambles the positions of characters (transposition) without changing the characters themselves. Transposition ciphers reorder units of plaintext (typically characters or groups of characters) according to a regular system to produce a ciphertext which is a permutation of the plaintext. They differ from substitution ciphers, which do not change the position of units of plaintext but instead change the units themselves. Despite the difference between transposition and substitution operations, they are often combined, as in historical ciphers like the ADFGVX cipher or complex high-quality encryption methods like the modern Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).
Tales of the Dead
Tales of the Dead is an English anthology of horror fiction, abridged from the French book Fantasmagoriana and translated anonymously by Sarah Elizabeth Utterson, who also added one story of her own. It was published in 1813 by White, Cochrane and Co.

Fantasmagoriana
Fantasmagoriana is a French anthology of German ghost stories, translated anonymously by Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès and published in 1812. Most of the stories are from the first two volumes of Johann August Apel and Friedrich Laun's Gespensterbuch (1810–1811), with other stories by Johann Karl August Musäus and Heinrich Clauren.

It was read by Lord Byron, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John William Polidori and Claire Clairmont at the Villa Diodati in Cologny, Switzerland, during June 1816, the Year Without a Summer, and inspired them to write their own ghost stories, including "The Vampyre" (1819), and Frankenstein (1818), both of which went on to shape the Gothic horror genre.
Oliver Loving
Oliver Loving (December 4, 1812 – September 25, 1867) was an American rancher and cattle driver. Together with Charles Goodnight, he developed the Goodnight–Loving Trail. He was mortally wounded by Comanches while on a cattle drive.

Loving County, Texas, the least-populous county in the United States, is named in his honor.

Charles Goodnight
Charles Goodnight (March 5, 1836 – December 12, 1929), also known as Charlie Goodnight, was a rancher in the American West. In 1955, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet
Sir John Hotham, 1st Baronet (c. July 1589 – 3 January 1645) of Scorborough Hall, near Driffield, Yorkshire, was an English Member of Parliament who was Governor of Hull in 1642 shortly before the start of the Civil War. He refused to allow King Charles I or any member of his entourage to enter the town, thereby depriving the king of access to the large arsenal contained within. Later in the Civil War he and his son John Hotham the younger were accused of treachery to the Parliamentarian cause, found guilty and executed on Tower Hill.

John Hotham, the younger
Sir John Hotham the younger (1610, Yorkshire – 2 January 1645, London), known as Captain Hotham, was an English member of parliament and military commander who fought for the Parliamentarians during the First English Civil War. He was executed for treason in 1645.
Saad Hussain Rizvi
Saad Hussain Rizvi (Urdu: سعد حسین رضوی) is a Pakistani politician and the Second Ameer of Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP), a far-right Pakistani Islamist populist political party, succeeding his late father Khadim Hussain Rizvi, who founded it. Under his leadership, TLP has become the 3rd largest party in the province of Punjab and the 4th largest across Pakistan, following the 2024 Pakistani general election, after securing nearly 2.9 million votes.

Khadim Hussain Rizvi
Khadim Hussain Rizvi (Urdu: خادم حسین رضوی; 22 May 1966 – 19 November 2020) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar and the founder and Amir of Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan, a religiopolitical organization founded in 2015, known to protest against any change to Pakistan's blasphemy law.

Fluent in Urdu, Punjabi, Arabic and Persian, he was known for his speeches in the defense of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and apart from the Quran and hadith, for heavily quoting the poetry of Ahmad Raza Khan and Muhammad Iqbal, whom he considered to be his main influences.
Edward Tatum
Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. He shared half of the  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg. Tatum was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

George Beadle
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist. In 1958 he shared one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum for their discovery of the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells. He served as the 7th president of the University of Chicago from 1961 to 1968.

Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations.  In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways.  These experiments led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the One gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
Watlington Park
51°37′38.5″N 0°58′51.6″W﻿ / ﻿51.627361°N 0.981000°W﻿ / 51.627361; -0.981000

Watlington Park is an English country house with its surrounding grounds of approximately 500 acres (200 ha), located atop an escarpment in the Chiltern Hills, approximately 0.5 miles (0.80 km) southwest of Christmas Common and 1.4 miles (2.3 km) southeast of Watlington, Oxfordshire.

Watlington, Oxfordshire
Watlington is a small market town and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, about 7 miles (11 km) south of Thame. It is near Oxfordshire's eastern edge and less than 2 miles (3 km) from its border with Buckinghamshire. The parish includes the hamlets of Christmas Common, Greenfield and Howe Hill, all of which are in the Chiltern Hills. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 2,727.
Valeria Sarmiento
Valeria Sarmiento (born 29 October 1948) is a film editor, director and screenwriter best known for her work in France, Portugal and her native Chile. She has worked both in film and television, directing 20 feature films, documentaries and television series'. She is the widow of Chilean film director Raúl Ruiz (1941-2011) with whom she collaborated for decades as regular editor and co-writer. She has also edited films for Luc Moullet, Robert Kramer and Ventura Pons and is a Guggenheim Fellow (1988).

Raúl Ruiz (director)
Raúl Ernesto Ruiz Pino (French: Raoul Ruiz; 25 July 1941 – 19 August 2011) was an experimental Chilean filmmaker, writer and teacher whose work is best known in France. He directed more than 100 films.
700 MHz auction in Canada
700 MHz auction in Canada was a spectrum auction that took place in 2014 from January 14 to February 13. During this auction, the government of Canada licensed the rights to the 700 MHz radio spectrum to eight telecommunication companies.

Spectrum auction
A spectrum auction is a process whereby a government uses an auction system to sell the rights to transmit signals over specific bands of the electromagnetic spectrum and to assign scarce spectrum resources. Depending on the specific auction format used, a spectrum auction can last from a single day to several months from the opening bid to the final winning bid. With a well-designed auction, resources are allocated efficiently to the parties that value them the most, the government securing revenue in the process. Spectrum auctions are a step toward market-based spectrum management and privatization of public airwaves, and are a way for governments to allocate scarce resources.

Alternatives to auctions include administrative licensing, such as the comparative hearings conducted historically (sometimes referred to as "beauty contests"), or lotteries.
University of Dayton School of Law
The University of Dayton School of Law (UDSL) is a private law school located in Dayton, Ohio at Keller Hall. It is affiliated with the University of Dayton, which is a Catholic university of the Society of Mary. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and is a member of the Association of American Law Schools.

The school's 2024 class is made up of students from across the country, with 51% coming from places other than Ohio, and the average student LSAT score being 156 and GPA being 3.66. For 2023, the first time bar examination pass rate was 86.49%.

University of Dayton
The University of Dayton (UD) is a private, Catholic research university in Dayton, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1850 by the Society of Mary, it is one of three Marianist universities in the US and the second-largest private university in Ohio. Its campus is located in southern Dayton and spans 388 acres on both sides of the Great Miami River. The campus is noted for the Immaculate Conception Chapel and the University of Dayton Arena.

As of 2023, the university enrolls approximately 11,300 undergraduate and postgraduate students from a variety of religious, ethnic and geographic backgrounds. It offers more than 80 academic programs in the arts, sciences, business, education, health sciences, engineering, and law. In 2009, UD offered what it believes to be one of the first undergraduate degree programs in human rights. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".
Jonathan Bartley
Jonathan Charles Bartley (born 16 October 1971) is a British politician who was a co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, a position he shared with Caroline Lucas from 2016 to 2018, and then, from 2018 to 2021, with Siân Berry. He was the Green Party's national Work and Pensions spokesperson and the party's Parliamentary candidate for Streatham in the 2015 general election. He was the Unite to Remain candidate for Dulwich and West Norwood at the 2019 general election.

Bartley was leader of the opposition and a councillor on Lambeth Council representing the St Leonard's ward in Streatham between 2018 and 2022.

Bartley is the founder and was (until 2016) co-director of Ekklesia, an independent think tank looking at the role of religion in public life and appears regularly on UK radio and television programmes. He is a member of the blues rock band The Mustangs.

Siân Berry
Siân Rebecca Berry (/ʃɑːn/; born 9 July 1974) is a British politician who has served as the member of Parliament for Brighton Pavilion since July 2024, succeeding Caroline Lucas. She was a co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales alongside Jonathan Bartley from 2018 to 2021, and was its sole leader from July to October 2021. From 2006 to 2007, she was one of the Green Party's principal speakers.

Berry was a member of the London Assembly (AM) from 2016 until she resigned in 2024, serving as a London-wide member elected under the Additional-member system.  She also served as a Green Party councillor on Camden Council, representing Highgate until October 2023.
Willamette University
Willamette University is a private liberal arts college in Salem, Oregon. Founded in 1842, it is the oldest college in the Western United States. Originally named the Oregon Institute, the school was an unaffiliated outgrowth of the Methodist Mission. The name was changed to Wallamet University in 1852, followed by the current spelling in 1870. Willamette founded the first medical school and law school in the Pacific Northwest in the second half of the 19th century.

Approximately 2,400 students are enrolled at Willamette between its undergraduate and graduate programs. It has an additional campus in Portland, Oregon, which contains a graduate education center and the Pacific Northwest College of Art. The college is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division III Northwest Conference.

Oregon Institute
The Oregon Institute was an American school located in the Willamette Valley of the Oregon Country during the 19th century. Begun in 1842, it was the first school built for European Americans west of Missouri. Founded by members of the Methodist Mission, it was located in what is now Salem, Oregon. The school began as a pre-college institution, but by 1853 was developed as Willamette University. The school's three-story building was a prominent feature in the early days of Oregon; it served as a meeting place for the Oregon Territorial Legislature when it first moved to Salem.
Spike protein
In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer projecting from the surface of an enveloped virus.: 29–33  The proteins are usually glycoproteins that form dimers or trimers.: 29–33

Viral envelope
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. A viral envelope protein or E protein is a protein in the envelope, which may be acquired by the capsid from an infected host cell.
CKY-FM
CKY-FM (102.3 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Winnipeg, Manitoba, branded as KiSS 102.3.  The station airs a hot adult contemporary format, switching to Christmas music for much of November and December.  It is owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media, which also owns sister station 92.1 CITI-FM. The studios are in Osborne Village south of Downtown Winnipeg.

CKY-FM is a Class C station.  It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 70,000 watts (100,000 watts maximum).   The transmitter is off St. Mary's Road in Duff Roblin Provincial Park near Saint Germain.

CITI-FM
CITI-FM (92.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station broadcasting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media, the station broadcasts a mainstream rock format branded as 92.1 CITI. Its studios are located on Osborne Street south of Downtown Winnipeg, while its transmitter is located at Duff Roblin Provincial Park just south of Winnipeg.
Viacom18 Studios
Viacom18 Studios was an Indian film distribution and production company. It was a subsidiary of JioStar, a joint venture between Reliance Industries, Viacom18 and Disney India. Based in Mumbai, it was one of the first studio model based motion picture & content production business in India, with an operation that involves acquisition, production, syndication, marketing and worldwide distribution of full-length feature films as well as digital only films, web series, short films.

Due to Viacom being one of the partners in the company at that time, they also distribute films from Paramount Pictures in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka since 2011, starting with Transformers: Dark of the Moon.

Following the merger of Viacom18 and Disney Star, the company was merged with Star Studios, Disney Star's production company, to form Star Studio18.

Star Studio18
Star Studio18 (formerly known as Star Studios and Fox Star Studios) is an Indian motion picture production and distribution company. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of JioStar (a joint-venture between Reliance and Disney India). The studio produces Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and other South Asian language films through acquisitions, co-productions and in-house productions for worldwide distribution.

Star Studio18 was one of the 21st Century Fox and Star India film production companies that was acquired by Disney on March 20, 2019. The studio's current name was adopted in August 2025.

Starting with the international release of Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva (2022), all of Star Studios' films are now handled in the United States, Canada and internationally (outside of India) by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.
Latin trap
Latin trap is a subgenre of Latin hip hop music that originated in Puerto Rico. A direct descendant of southern hip hop and trap, and influenced by reggaeton, R&B and urbano music. it gained popularity after 2007, and has since spread throughout Latin America. The trap is slang for a place where drugs are sold. Latin trap is similar to mainstream trap with lyrics about life on la calle (the street), drugs, sex and violence.

Urbano music
Urbano music (Spanish: música urbana [ˈmusika uɾˈβana]; Portuguese: música urbana [ˈmuzikɐ uʁˈbɐ̃nɐ]) or Latin urban is a transnational umbrella category including many different genres and styles. As an umbrella term it includes a wide and diverse set of genres and styles such as dancehall, dembow, urban champeta, funk carioca, Latin hip hop and reggaeton. The commercial breakthrough of this music took place in 2017 with artists from Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Puerto Rico, the United States, Venezuela and even non-Spanish-speaking nations, such as Brazil, where Portuguese is spoken.
Marine World/Africa USA
Marine World/Africa USA was an animal theme park located in the Redwood Shores area of Redwood City, California. The park was named Marine World when it first opened in 1968, before merging with a land-animal park called Africa USA in 1972. In 1986, the park relocated to Vallejo, California, and is now known as Six Flags Discovery Kingdom.

Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (formerly known as Six Flags Marine World, Marine World, The New Marine World Theme Park, and Marine World Africa USA) is a 135-acre (55 ha) animal theme park located in Vallejo, California, off of Interstate 80 between San Francisco and Sacramento. The park includes a variety of roller coasters and other amusement rides. Six Flags Discovery Kingdom has been part of the Six Flags chain of amusement parks since 1999.
Água de Pau Massif
Água de Pau Massif is a stratovolcanic complex, located in the central part of the island of São Miguel, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. More recognizable for the Lagoa do Fogo at its centre, the volcanic complex includes centuries of geomorphological structures that include lava domes, cones and encrusted lava flows that have marked its history from, the last, 45,000 years BC.

Lagoa do Fogo
Lagoa do Fogo ("Lake of Fire") is a crater lake within the Água de Pau Massif stratovolcano in the center of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The highest lake located on the island of São Miguel, the region is protected by governmental regulation that does not permit any constructions around the lake.
Indira Sundaram
Indira Sundaram (28 March 1914 - 1975) was the subject of several paintings completed by her sister, Amrita Sher-Gil, photographs by her father Umrao Singh Sher-Gil, and art works by her son Vivan Sundaram.

Vivan Sundaram
Vivan Sundaram (28 May 1943 – 29 March 2023) was an Indian contemporary artist. He worked in many different media, including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation, and video art, and his work was politically conscious and highly intertextual in nature. His work constantly referred to social problems, popular culture, problems of perception, memory, identification and history. He was married to art historian and critic Geeta Kapur.
Bent Formby
Bent Formby is a biochemist and researcher.  He was born in Copenhagen, and came to the U.S. as a visiting professor in 1979.  He co-authored two books and several articles on endocrinology with T. S. Wiley.

T. S. Wiley
Teresa S. Wiley is the author of Lights Out: Sleep, Sugar and Survival, and Sex, Lies and Menopause. She writes about women's health, particularly sleep and hormonal issues, hormone replacement therapy and bioidentical hormone replacement therapy.  Wiley has developed her own version of BHRT known as the Wiley Protocol, though she has been strongly criticized for lacking the relevant credentials and potentially putting women at risk with an unproven, untested intervention that uses possibly dangerously high doses of hormones.
Corporate Ministry
The Corporate Ministry was a villainous stable in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) in late spring and summer of 1999 during the Attitude Era.

It was formed after a merger between The Corporation and the Ministry of Darkness factions, who united while facing common adversaries Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, The Union, and Mr. McMahon. In an infamous swerve, the latter was revealed as the power behind the Corporate Ministry, who intended it to destroy Austin.

The Corporation (professional wrestling)
The Corporation was a villainous professional wrestling stable in the late 1990s in the Attitude Era in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It was led by the McMahon family and was characterized by an authoritarian and corrupt attitude towards more rebellious wrestlers. The Corporation existed from mid-November  1998 to late April 1999 and feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin, Mankind, D-Generation X (DX), and The Ministry of Darkness, eventually merging with the latter and forming The Corporate Ministry.
Hidimba Devi Temple
Hidimba Devi Temple, locally known as Dhungari Temple, also known variously as the Hadimba Temple, is a Hindu Temple, located in Manāli, a hill station in the State of Himāchal Pradesh in north India. It is an ancient cave temple dedicated to Hidimbi Devi, wife of Bhima, a figure in the Indian epic Mahābhārata. The temple is surrounded by a cedar forest called Dhungiri Van Vihar at the foot of the Himālayas. The sanctuary is built over a huge rock jutting out of the ground which was worshiped as an image of the deity. The structure was built in 1553 by Maharaja Bahadur Singh.

The Hidimba Devi temple is 24 meters tall.

Manali, Himachal Pradesh
Manali (Hindi: manālī, pronounced [mənaːliː]) is a resort town, near Kullu town in the Kullu district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. It is situated at the northern end of the Kullu Valley, formed by the Beas River. The town is located in the Kullu district, approximately 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of the state capital of Shimla and 544 kilometres (338 mi) northeast of the national capital of New Delhi. Manali is a popular tourist destination in India and serves as the gateway to the Lahaul and Spiti district as well as the city of Leh in Ladakh.

Manali is the beginning of an ancient trade route through Lahaul (H.P.) and Ladakh, over the Karakoram Pass and onto Yarkand and Hotan in the Tarim Basin of China. As per the 2011 Census of India, the Manali Municipal Council had a population of 8,096, comprising 4,717 males and 3,379 females. Updated estimates suggest the town’s population is approximately 11,700 as of 2025.