hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Oblique shock
An oblique shock wave is a shock wave that, unlike a normal shock, is inclined with respect to the direction of incoming air. It occurs when a supersonic flow encounters a corner that effectively turns the flow into itself and compresses.  The upstream streamlines are uniformly deflected after the shock wave.  The most common way to produce an oblique shock wave is to place a wedge into supersonic, compressible flow.  Similar to a normal shock wave, the oblique shock wave consists of a very thin region across which nearly discontinuous changes in the thermodynamic properties of a gas occur.  While the upstream and downstream flow directions are unchanged across a normal shock, they are different for flow across an oblique shock wave.

It is always possible to convert an oblique shock into a normal shock by a Galilean transformation.

Compressible flow
Compressible flow (or gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is smaller than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive blasting, and many other fields.
Cico of Ternate
According to historical tradition, Cico was the first king (Kolano) of Ternate in Maluku Islands, Indonesia. His regnal years are given as 1257–1277. Being originally chief of Sampalu village by the coast, he was acknowledged as ruler by the other village leaders in Ternate, starting a dynasty that is still in existence. There are however, several versions of the foundation story, some of which say that Mashur-ma-lamo (Jawi: مشهور ملامو‎), son of the Arab immigrant Jafar Sadik, was the first king.

Sultanate of Ternate
The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi: کسلطانن ترناتي‎), previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi, is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.

The Ternate kingdom was established by Momole Cico, the first leader of Ternate, with the title Baab Mashur Malamo, traditionally in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries.

The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power.
Hair straightening
Hair straightening is a hair styling technique used since the 1890s involving the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth, streamlined, and sleek appearance. It became very popular during the 1950s among black men and among women of all races. It is accomplished using a hair iron or hot comb, chemical relaxers, Japanese hair straightening, Brazilian hair straightening, or roller set/blowdryer styling. In addition, some shampoos, conditioners, and hair gels can help to make hair temporarily straight.

The process is often called "rebonding" in some countries from Southeast Asia (e.g. Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and Philippines). If done often, flat irons and chemicals can be damaging to hair. Excessive straightening often results in split ends. However, heat protectant sprays can decrease the damage.

Hot comb
A hot comb (also known as a straightening comb or pressing comb) is a metal comb that is used to straighten moderate or coarse hair and create a smoother hair texture. A hot comb is heated and used to straighten the hair from the roots. It can be placed directly on the source of heat or it may be electrically heated.
Woodstock, Illinois
Woodstock is a city in and the county seat of McHenry County, Illinois, United States. It is located 51 miles (82 km) northwest of Chicago, making it one of the city's outermost suburbs. Per the 2020 census, the population was 25,630. The city's historic downtown district and turn-of-the-century town square is anchored by the landmark Woodstock Opera House and the Old McHenry County Courthouse. In 2007 Woodstock was named one of the nation's Dozen Distinctive Destinations by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Old McHenry County Courthouse
The Old McHenry County Courthouse, in McHenry County, Illinois, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 1, 1974. Once the courthouse in Woodstock, the county seat of McHenry County, the former courthouse is occupied by various private tenants including a restaurant and an art gallery. It is one of the key structures in the Woodstock Square Historic District.
Frasqueirão
Estádio Maria Lamas Farache, usually known as Frasqueirão is a multi-purpose stadium in the Brazilian city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has an initial capacity of 18,000 people and will be expanded to 24,000 spectators.

Estádio Frasqueirão is owned by ABC Futebol Clube. The stadium is named after Maria Lamas Farache, who was the wife of ABC's former chairman Vicente Farache.

ABC Futebol Clube
ABC Futebol Clube, commonly referred to as ABC, is a Brazilian professional club based in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte founded on 29 June 1915. It competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, the third tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Potiguar, the top flight of the Rio Grande do Norte state football league.

ABC is the top ranked team from Rio Grande do Norte in CBF's national club ranking, at 44th overall.
Tampa and Gulf Coast Railroad
The Tampa and Gulf Coast Railroad (T&G) was a railroad company in the Tampa Bay Area of Florida in the United States. It initially built and operated a line that ran from the Tampa Northern Railroad main line in Lutz (just north of Tampa) west to Tarpon Springs and into Pasco County.  Additional track starting from Sulphur Springs running west towards Clearwater and south to St. Petersburg was built shortly after. The railroad was informally known as the "Tug n' Grunt" and the "Pea Vine" due to its frequent twists and turns. While it was the second railroad to serve St. Petersburg and Clearwater after the Orange Belt Railway, it had the advantage of being the first to connect the area directly with Tampa.

Tampa Northern Railroad
The Tampa Northern Railroad was a historic railroad line running from just east of downtown Tampa north to the city of Brooksville in Hernando County.  The line continues to operate today and is under the ownership of the CSX Corporation, who operates it as their Brooksville Subdivision north of Sulphur Springs and part of their Clearwater Subdivision south of there.
Radiant exitance
In radiometry, radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area, whereas spectral exitance or spectral emittance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. This is the emitted component of radiosity. The SI unit of radiant exitance is the watt per square metre (W/m2), while that of spectral exitance in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz (W·m−2·Hz−1) and that of spectral exitance in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre (W·m−3)—commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre (W·m−2·nm−1). The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second (erg·cm−2·s−1) is often used in astronomy. Radiant exitance is often called "intensity" in branches of physics other than radiometry, but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity.

Radiosity (radiometry)
In radiometry, radiosity is the radiant flux leaving (emitted, reflected and transmitted by) a surface per unit area, and spectral radiosity is the radiosity of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. The SI unit of radiosity is the watt per square metre (W/m2), while that of spectral radiosity in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz (W·m−2·Hz−1) and that of spectral radiosity in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre (W·m−3)—commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre (W·m−2·nm−1). The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second (erg·cm−2·s−1) is often used in astronomy. Radiosity is often called intensity in branches of physics other than radiometry, but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity.
Morocco women's national under-20 football team
The Morocco women's national under-20 football team, nicknamed the Atlas Lionesses, represents Morocco in international youth women's football competitions. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior women's national team. The team competes in a variety of competitions, including the biennial FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup and African U-20 Women's World Cup qualification, which is the top competitions for this age group.

The team has qualified for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup to represent the country for the first time in this competition. The team won the bronze medal in the women's tournament at the 2019 African Games held in Rabat, Morocco.

Morocco women's national football team
The Morocco women's national football team (Arabic: منتخب المغرب لكرة القدم للسيدات) represents Morocco in international women's football and is managed by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation.

The team played its first international match in 1998 during the inaugural Women's Africa Cup of Nations. They later achieved runners-up finishes in the 2022 and 2024 editions of the tournament. They made their debut at the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2023, where they advanced to the knock-out stage after finishing second in their group, before being eliminated in the Round of 16 by France.
Lucchese crime family New Jersey faction
The New Jersey faction of the Lucchese crime family, also known as the Jersey Crew, is a powerful crew of Italian-American mobsters which operates throughout the Northern New Jersey area. During the 1970s into the late 1980s, the crew was led by Anthony Accetturo and his protégé Michael Taccetta. In 1987, Victor Amuso took over the family and began demanding a higher percentage of tribute from the crew. Accetturo refused and a war erupted between the New Jersey members and the New York members. This left brothers Michael and Martin Taccetta in charge of the crew as they tried to have Accetturo and his family murdered. In 1993, Accetturo defected and became a government witness. He helped convict Michael and Martin Taccetta. The crew is currently controlled by Joseph R. "Big Joe" Perna.

Anthony Accetturo
Anthony "Tumac" Accetturo (born February 14, 1938) is an American former mobster who was caporegime of the New Jersey faction of the Lucchese crime family, popularly called "The Jersey Crew." Accetturo was demoted as leader of the Jersey Crew after falling afoul of Lucchese family leaders Vittorio "Vic" Amuso and Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso. With a murder contract placed upon the lives of him, his son and his wife, and facing a lengthy prison sentence after being convicted of racketeering, Accetturo became a cooperating government witness in 1993.
Joy buzzer
A  joy buzzer (also called a  hand buzzer) is a practical joke device that consists of a coiled mainspring inside a disc worn in the palm of the hand. When the wearer shakes hands with another person, a button on the disc releases the spring, which rapidly unwinds creating a vibration that mimics an electric shock to the unsuspecting victim.

Practical joke device
A practical joke device is a toy intended to confuse, frighten, or amuse individuals as a prank. Often, these toys are harmless facsimiles of otherwise potentially disgusting or terrifying objects, such as vomit or spilled nail polish. In other instances, they are created as seemingly harmless items designed to humorously malfunction in such a way as to confuse or harm the target of a prank. The devices are frequently sold in magic or specialty shops, purchased over the Internet, or crafted for oneself.  One notable joke device is the whoopee cushion.

Although commonly employed at events and gatherings, practical joke devices are sometimes seen in everyday life, for example as a mechanism of play by children, or among adult co-workers in a work environment. In addition to commercially manufactured practical joke devices, everyday objects have been converted into joke devices by purveyors of pranks.
Donae'o
Ian Greenidge, better known by his stage name Donae'o (/doʊ.ˈneɪ.oʊ/ doh-NAY-oh; meaning Gift from God), is a British singer, songwriter and rapper from North-West London. He has worked with numerous British musicians throughout his career including The Streets, Giggs, Lethal Bizzle, Dizzee Rascal, Jme, and Calvin Harris.

Giggs (rapper)
Nathaniel Thompson (born 11 May 1983), better known professionally as Giggs, is a British rapper and songwriter from Peckham, London. He released his debut studio album Walk in da Park in 2008 and released a follow-up album Let Em Ave It the following year.

Giggs released his third studio album When Will It Stop in October 2013. In 2016, Giggs released his fourth album Landlord, which entered and peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart – becoming the highest-charting album of his career.

His mixtape Wamp 2 Dem was released in 2017 and also debuted at No. 2. His latest album Now or Never was released in 2020. Giggs is also the frontman and founder of record label and rap collective SN1 (Spare No 1), which includes Gunna Dee, Joe Grind, Kyze and Tiny Boost.

While sometimes referred to as a grime MC, Giggs has repeatedly stated the music he makes is not grime, but rather falls under the UK rap umbrella.
Earthworm Jim (video game)
Earthworm Jim is a 1994 run and gun platform game developed by Shiny Entertainment, featuring an earthworm named Jim, who wears a robotic suit and battles the forces of evil. The game was released for the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System, before being subsequently ported to several other video game consoles.

It had a positive reception from critics and received a sequel, Earthworm Jim 2, in 1995. In 2009, Gameloft developed and released a remake for mobile phones and Nintendo DSi which was later ported to PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 as Earthworm Jim HD. In February 2018, Gameloft's contract with Interplay ended and all of the ports developed by Gameloft were removed from digital stores.

Earthworm Jim 2
Earthworm Jim 2 is a 1995 run and gun platform game. It is the sequel to Earthworm Jim, and the second and final game in the Earthworm Jim series developed by original creators Doug TenNapel, David Perry, and Shiny Entertainment. It was released in late 1995 and early 1996 depending on the region and video game console, initially for the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System, before being ported to other platforms.
Las Vertientes Private Nature Reserve
Las Vertientes Private Nature Reserve (Spanish: Reserva Natural Privada Las Vertientes) is a private Chilean nature reserve located in the Los Lagos Region, part of Chilean Patagonia. Created in 2009 as a nature reserve operated by the Corporación Nacional Forestal, its purpose is to protect the plants and animals of the Valdivian temperate rainforest. The 100 square kilometres (39 mi2) reserve's work emphasizes restoration of the temperate rainforest ecosystem over being a public amenity. It is the only private protected area in Los Muermos.

Valdivian temperate forests
The Valdivian temperate forests (NT0404) is an ecoregion on the west coast of southern South America, in Chile and Argentina. It is part of the Neotropical realm. The forests are named after the city of Valdivia. The Valdivian temperate rainforests are characterized by their dense understories of bamboos, ferns, and for being mostly dominated by evergreen angiosperm trees with some deciduous specimens, though conifer trees are also common.
Deb Fischer
Debra Lynelle Fischer (née Strobel; born March 1, 1951) is an American politician serving as the senior United States senator from Nebraska, a seat she has held since 2013. A member of the Republican Party, Fischer served in the Nebraska Legislature from 2005 to 2013 and on the Valentine Rural High School Board of Education from 1990 to 2004. She is the third woman to represent Nebraska in the U.S. Senate (after Eva Bowring and Hazel Abel) and the first to be reelected.

Fischer was first elected to the Senate in 2012, defeating former Democratic U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey after an upset victory against state attorney general Jon Bruning in the Republican primary. She was reelected in 2018 and 2024.

Jon Bruning
Jon Cumberland Bruning (born April 30, 1969) is an American politician who served as the 32nd Attorney General of Nebraska from 2003 to 2015. A member of the Republican Party, he previously represented the 3rd district in the Nebraska Legislature from 1997 until 2003. He was a candidate in the 2012 United States Senate election in Nebraska, losing the Republican nomination to Deb Fischer and in the 2014 Nebraska gubernatorial election, also losing the nomination to Pete Ricketts.
Charlotte Hill O'Neal
Charlotte Hill O'Neal (born March 9, 1951) is co-director of the United African American Community Center, now called the United African Alliance Community Center (UAACC). The UAACC, a non-profit NGO, was founded in 1991 by O'Neal and her husband, Pete O’Neal, with the goal of empowering black urban and rural youth in Tanzania. She and Pete have two children together, Malcolm and AnnWood "Stormy" O'Neal.

Pete O'Neal
Felix Lindsey "Pete" O'Neal, Jr. (born 1940), is the former chairman of the Kansas City chapter of the Black Panther Party in the late 1960s. He led implementation of many free programs, such as providing free breakfast to children around the city.
Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill
Maighread Ní Dhomhnaill (Irish pronunciation: [ˈmˠəiɾʲəd̪ˠ n̠ʲiː ˈɣoːnˠəl̠ʲ]; born 1955) is an Irish traditional singer from Kells, County Meath. She is known for her work with the short-lived, but very highly regarded Skara Brae and her collaborations with her sister Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill, as well as other traditional musicians. She has recorded and performed with the West Ocean String Quartet (WOSQ).

With her sister, Moya Brennan and Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh, she is part of the Celtic supergroup T with the Maggies, which has released a CD in October 2010.

Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill
Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill (borm 1953) is an acclaimed Irish traditional singer, keyboard player, and composer. She is considered one of the most influential female vocalists in the history of Irish music. Throughout her career, Tríona Ní Dhomhnaill has worked with renowned traditional Irish groups such as Skara Brae, The Bothy Band, and Nightnoise. In February 2024 it was announced that she was to be recognised with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 6th RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards.
Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota
Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota is a non-fiction book on Dakota history in Minnesota which focuses on the Dakota connection to location and language. The book is written by Dakota historian and professor Gwen Westerman (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate) and Bruce M. White, with a foreword by Glenn Wasicuna (Sioux Valley Dakota Nation). It was published in 2012 by Minnesota Historical Society Press. The book analyzes and translates back into English the Dakota-language version of the 1851 Treaty of Traverse des Sioux for the first time, highlighting discrepancies between what the Dakota and treaty negotiators thought they were agreeing with. Although the U.S.–Dakota War of 1862 is alluded to, the war isn't covered. Mni Sota Makoce focuses on Dakota history outside the war, including events that led to the war, and the aftermath for Dakota people.

Treaty of Traverse des Sioux
The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux (10 Stat. 949) was signed on July 23, 1851, at Traverse des Sioux in Minnesota Territory between the United States government and the Upper Dakota Sioux bands. In this land cession treaty, the Sisseton and Wahpeton Dakota bands sold 21 million acres of land in present-day Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota to the U.S. for $1,665,000.

The treaty was instigated by Alexander Ramsey, the first governor of Minnesota Territory, and Luke Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. They were assisted by territorial Congressional delegate Henry Hastings Sibley and the traders who sought compensation for business losses which appeared on their books as "Indian debts."

Governor Ramsey and Commissioner Lea justified the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the Treaty of Mendota to the United States Congress on the basis of an "overwhelming tide of migration...increasing and irresistible in its westward progress."
Vermilion County, Illinois
Vermilion County is a county in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Illinois, between the Indiana border and Champaign County. It was established in 1826 and was the 45th of Illinois' 102 counties. According to the 2020 United States census, it had a population of 74,188. It contains 21 incorporated settlements; the county seat and largest city is Danville.

Vermilion County is part of the Danville, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the larger Champaign–Urbana–Danville combined statistical area.

Champaign County, Illinois
Champaign County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2020 Census, its population was 205,865, making it the 10th-most populous county in Illinois. Its county seat is Urbana.

Champaign County is part of the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area. The twin cities of Urbana and Champaign are the only cities in the county, and they nearly surround the campus of the University of Illinois.
Baron Howard of Penrith
Baron Howard of Penrith, of Gowbarrow in the County of Cumberland, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1930 for the diplomat Sir Esmé Howard, who had previously served as British Ambassador to the United States. A member of the famous Howard family, he was the grandson of Lord Henry Howard-Molyneux-Howard, younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk. As of 2010 the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999. Lord Howard of Penrith is also in remainder to the dukedom of Norfolk and its subsidiary titles.

Henry Howard and Sir Stafford Howard, brothers of the first Baron, were both Members of Parliament. The first baron's sons included Henry Howard and Hubert Howard.

Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Norfolk is a title in the Peerage of England. The premier non-royal peer, the Duke of Norfolk is additionally the premier duke and earl in the English peerage. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes have historically been Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England.

All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I. The son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey; the earl was descended from Edward III. As all subsequent dukes after Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk are descendants of the Earl of Surrey, this means they are also descended from Edward III.