hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write, and illiteracy is the inability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of literacy as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (understanding the meanings of words without necessarily being able to use words); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as a wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading, writing, and functional literacy.

Literacy is essential in everyday life, as it enables individuals  to navigate the world easily and pursue the life they want. Its benefits goes beyond reading and writing; literacy is a key component to academic success and contributes significantly to confidence and self-esteem.

Reading
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.

For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), punctuation, alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol or an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (e.g., braille).

There is a growing body of evidence which illustrates the importance of reading for pleasure for both educational purposes as well as personal development.
Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Antoinette Amalie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Antoinette Amalie; 14 April 1696 – 6 March 1762) was a Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by marriage to Ferdinand Albert II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. She was the mother of the Queen of Prussia, the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and the Queen of Denmark and Norway.

Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (8 November 1715 – 13 January 1797) was Queen of Prussia (Queen in Prussia until 1772) and Electress of Brandenburg as the wife of Frederick the Great. She was the longest-serving Prussian queen, with a tenure of more than 46 years. She was praised for her charity work during the Seven Years' War.
Battle of Yehuling
41°06′13″N 114°43′01″E﻿ / ﻿41.1037°N 114.717°E﻿ / 41.1037; 114.717

The Battle of Yehuling, also known as the Battle of Wild Fox Ridge or the Battle of Badger Mouth, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jin dynasty in 1211, during the first stage of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. The battle took place in the northwest of present-day Wanquan District, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. It concluded with a Mongol victory, hastening the decline of the Jin dynasty.

Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, also known as the Mongol–Jin War, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and North China. The war, which started in 1211, lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.
Selbsanft
The Selbsanft is a large mountain massif in the Glarus Alps, overlooking the village of Linthal in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland. The mountain lies within the municipality of Glarus Süd.

The Selbsanft consists of several summits, of which the highest is named Hinderi Schibe. The massif is a buttress of the Bifertenstock and forms, along with the Schiben, the ridge that separates the valleys of the Sand (west) and Limmernsee (east). A small glacier lies east of the summit.

Schibe (mountain, Glarus)
The Schibe is a mountain of the Glarus Alps, located south of Linthal in the canton of Glarus. It lies north of the Bifertenstock, on the range separating the Sand valley from the Limmeren valley that also includes the Selbsanft.

The mountain is composed of two summits: the Hinderi Schibe at an elevation of 3,083 m (10,115 ft) and the Vorderi Schibe at an elevation of 2,987 m (9,800 ft). The mountain lies within the municipality of Glarus Süd. In a broader sense, they are part of the Selbsanft massif.
Konpa
Konpa (コンパ) are a type of Japanese drinking gathering held by university students in a casual drinking establishment called an izakaya, and are more relaxed than the traditional nomikai. It is often suggested that this word originally came from German: Kompanie, English: company, or French: compagnie, although the exact root is unknown. These gatherings are intended for developing friendships or deepening relationships with members of the same affiliated group or with the opposite sex that benefit Japanese socially in their careers and in their lives.

Nomikai
A nomikai (Japanese: 飲み会) is a type of drinking party popular in Japanese culture. Nomikai are a part of the culture of most places of employment, from schools to nightclubs. They are most often held in restaurants or izakaya, usually with everyone seated at one large table or occupying a separated section of the venue.

Employees are usually expected to participate to some extent in various nomikai, as it is considered a social aspect of work, although it is not expressly required. Such parties focus on the bond between coworkers as a group, and are not considered private or somehow non-work related (see Japanese values). Attendance does not necessarily imply that a person will drink any alcohol, however, and attendees generally pay a set amount for the food, drink, and venue regardless of consumption. Any leftover money may be put toward organizing the next nomikai.

The student version of the nomikai is called a konpa and contains some distinguishing characteristics.
WSMR (FM)
WSMR (89.1 FM) is a non-commercial radio station licensed to Sarasota, Florida, United States. It is owned by the University of South Florida and programs a classical music format.  WSMR broadcasts from a transmitter located near the intersection of US 41 and SR 681 in Laurel. Its programming is repeated on translator W280DW 103.9 FM in Tampa, from a 250 watt transmitter on the USF main campus. WSMR's programming can also be heard around the Tampa Bay Area on the second HD Radio channel of 89.7 WUSF.

WUSF (FM)
WUSF (89.7 FM) is a noncommercial educational radio station licensed to Tampa, Florida, United States, the primary NPR member for the Tampa Bay area. Owned by the University of South Florida, WUSF's format features news and talk programming 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, provided by NPR and other public radio networks. The studios and offices are on East Fowler Avenue in Tampa, inside room number 101 of the WRB building on the USF campus.

WUSF's transmitter is sited on Boyette Road at Mosaic Drive in Riverview, Florida. WUSF broadcasts in HD Radio: the HD2 digital subchannel simulcasts WSMR's classical music format, which is fed over low-power FM translator W280DW at 103.9 MHz.
Nikolai Baskakov (painter)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Baskakov (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Баска́ков; May 8, 1918 – October 14, 1993) was a Soviet painter, a member of the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists (before 1992 known as the Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation), who lived and worked in Leningrad,  regarded as one of the leading representatives of the Leningrad school of painting, most famous for his genre and portrait painting.

Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
Union of Artists of Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский Союз художников) was established on August 2, 1932, as a creative union of the Leningrad artists and arts critics. Prior to 1959, it was called "Leningrad Union of Soviet Artists". From 1959 (when it joined the Union of Artists of the RSFSR), it was called as Leningrad branch of Union of Artists of Russian Federation. After the renaming of the city in 1991, it became known as the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists.
Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse
Barbie: Life in the Dreamhouse is a web series of CGI-animated shorts produced by Arc Productions and Mattel. The series was released on YouTube and the official Barbie website from January 20, 2012, to November 27, 2015.

The series is currently available on Netflix, though Netflix streams the series only as specialized bundles of episodes instead of in the original chronological order. Nickelodeon aired two "continuity" specials on September 1, 2013. The series later spawned a continuation, titled Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures, released from May 3, 2018, to April 12, 2020, on Netflix.

Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures
Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, Barbie: Dreamhouse Adventures or just Dreamhouse Adventures, is a CGI-animated adventure comedy children's television series released between 3 May 2018 and 12 April 2020 on Netflix in the United States, while it debuted on YTV in Canada on 22 June 2018.

Created to complement the Barbie Dreamtopia web-based franchise, this series is rather centered on the activities and adventures of Barbie, her sisters, other family members and friends, and it follows up from the 2017 film, Barbie: Dolphin Magic. The 4th and 5th seasons of the series were referred to on-screen as Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures: Go Team Roberts!  After completion of its Netflix run, the series got adapted into 4 television films which featured a portion of the core family and friends going along with Barbie on certain adventures.
Nambala Keshava Rao
Nambala Keshava Rao (1955 – 21 May 2025), commonly known by his nom de guerre Basavraj or Gaganna, was an Indian militant, Maoist politician and the general secretary of the Communist Party of India (Maoist). He was on the Indian National Investigation Agency's list of most wanted criminals.

Earlier, he had been the chief of the CPI's Central Military Commission. In November 2018, he became the supreme commander of the party after the resignation of Muppala Lakshmana Rao (alias Ganapathy).

Rao was killed in a gunfight with government forces in the 21 May 2025 Abujhmarh clash, alongside 27 other Naxals.

Ganapathy (Maoist)
Muppala Lakshmana Rao, commonly known by his nom de guerre Ganapathy (otherwise spelt Ganapathi), is a major figure in the Indian Maoist movement and former General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Maoist), a banned Maoist insurgent communist party in India. He resigned from the post in November 2018.
Possible Nahuatl etymologies of Guadalupe
Because Juan Diego did not speak Spanish, it has been proposed by multiple authors that the name "Guadalupe", referring to the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, was likely derived from a word in Nahuatl. While it is not the ultimate origin of the name, as prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire it was already associated with the veneration of Mary at the Our Lady of Guadalupe in Extremadura in Guadalupe, Cáceres, Spain, some authors have proposed that a similar-sounding Nahuatl word was interpreted by the Spanish as "Guadalupe" due to the connection.

Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe), also known as the Virgin of Guadalupe (Spanish: Virgen de Guadalupe) and as La Virgen Morena, is a Catholic title of the Blessed Virgin Mary associated with four Marian apparitions to Juan Diego and one to his uncle, Juan Bernardino reported in December 1531, when the Mexican territories were part of the Spanish Empire.

A venerated image on a cloak (tilmahtli) associated with the apparition is enshrined in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City.

Pope Leo XIII granted a decree of canonical coronation for the image on 8 February 1887. The rite of coronation was executed by the former Archbishop of Mexico, Próspero Alarcón y Sánchez de la Barquera on 12 October 1895. Pope Paul VI raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica via his Pontifical decree titled Sacra illa Ædes on 6 October 1976. It is the most-visited Catholic shrine in the world, and the world's third most-visited sacred site.
Kathleen Antonelli
Kathleen Rita Antonelli (née McNulty; formerly Mauchly; 
12 February 1921 – 20 April 2006), known as Kay McNulty, was an Irish computer programmer and one of the six original programmers of the ENIAC, one of the first general-purpose electronic digital computers. The other five ENIAC programmers were Betty Holberton, Ruth Teitelbaum, Frances Spence, Marlyn Meltzer, and Jean Bartik.

Frances Spence
Frances V. Spence (née Bilas; March 2, 1922 – July 18, 2012) was an American physicist and computer scientist. She was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC (the first electronic digital computer). She is considered one of the first computer programmers in history.

The other five ENIAC programmers were Betty Holberton, Ruth Teitelbaum, Kathleen Antonelli, Marlyn Meltzer, and Jean Bartik.
Mundubbera
Mundubbera (/mʌnˈdʌbərə/ mun-DUB-ər-ə) is a rural town and a locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Mundubbera had a population of 1,120 people.

Mundubbera is the self-proclaimed "Citrus Capital of Queensland", although this is disputed by the neighbouring (and rival) town of Gayndah.

Gayndah
Gayndah (/ɡeɪndə/) is a town and locality in the North Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. It is the administrative centre for the North Burnett Region. In the 2021 census, the locality of Gayndah had a population of 1,949 people.
The King & the Commissioner
The King & the Commissioner is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film written by Renji Panicker and directed by Shaji Kailas, starring Mammootty and Suresh Gopi. The film is a crossover of the films The King (1995), Commissioner (1994) and Bharathchandran I.P.S. (2005).

The film was a failure at the box office.

The King (1995 film)
The King is a 1995 Indian Malayalam-language political action thriller film directed by Shaji Kailas, written by Renji Panicker and produced by Manjalamkuzhi Ali. The film stars Mammootty, alongside Murali, Vijayaraghavan, K. B. Ganesh Kumar, Vani Viswanath, Devan and Kazan Khan.

The King was released on 23 October 1995, coinciding with Diwali, and became the highest-grossing Malayalam film of the year setting several box office records ever, surpassing Spadikam.
Little Langdale
Little Langdale is a valley in the Lake District, England, containing Little Langdale Tarn and a hamlet also called Little Langdale. A second tarn, Blea Tarn, is in a hanging valley between Little Langdale and the larger Great Langdale to the north. Little Langdale is flanked on the south and southwest by Wetherlam and Swirl How, and to the north and northwest by Lingmoor Fell and Pike of Blisco. The valley descends to join with Great Langdale above Elter Water.

Great Langdale
Great Langdale is a valley in the Lake District National Park in North West England, the epithet "Great" distinguishing it from the neighbouring valley of Little Langdale. Langdale is also the name of a valley in the Howgill Fells, elsewhere in Cumbria.

It is a popular location for hikers, climbers, fell-runners and other outdoor enthusiasts who are attracted by the many fells ringing the head of the valley. Among the best-known features of Great Langdale are the Langdale Pikes, a group of peaks on the northern side of the dale. England's highest mountain, Scafell Pike, can be climbed by a route from Langdale. Langdale has views of, in particular, Dungeon Ghyll Force waterfall, Harrison Stickle and Pike of Stickle.

Great Langdale was an important site during the Neolithic period for producing stone axes and, later, was also one of the centres of the Lakeland slate industry.
Lord George Russell
Major-General Lord George William Russell GCB (8 May 1790 – 16 July 1846) was a British soldier, politician and diplomat.  He was the second son of the 6th Duke of Bedford and brother to John Russell, the Whig and Liberal Prime Minister. Among his children were Francis Russell, 9th Duke of Bedford, Arthur Russell, MP and diplomat Odo Russell.

Odo Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill
Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill, GCB, GCMG, PC (20 February 1829 – 25 August 1884), styled Lord Odo Russell between 1872 and 1881, was a British diplomat and the first British Ambassador to the German Empire.
Rosenheim–Kufstein railway
The Rosenheim–Kufstein railway (German: Bahnstrecke Rosenheim–Kufstein) is a 32 kilometre-long double-track main line of the German railways. It connects the Munich–Rosenheim and the Rosenheim–Salzburg lines at Rosenheim with the line to Innsbruck, thus connecting Germany, Salzburg and eastern Austria with Innsbruck and the Brenner line to Italy and the Arlberg line to far western Austria. The line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). It is electrified at 15 kV, 16.7 Hz.

Lower Inn Valley Railway
The Lower Inn Valley Railway (German: Unterinntalbahn) is a two-track, electrified railway line that is one of the major lines of the Austrian railways. It was originally opened as the k.k. Nordtiroler Staatsbahn (Imperial and Royal North Tyrolean State Railway). It begins at the German border near the Austrian city of Kufstein as a continuation of the Rosenheim–Kufstein line and runs in a generally south-westerly direction through Tyrol along the Inn valley to Innsbruck. The line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T). The line is owned and operated by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB).
United States men's national under-18 soccer team
The United States U-18 men's national soccer team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The U.S. under-18 men's national team serves as a transition for players between the under-17 and the under-20 national teams. Though the team does not compete in a world championship, it competes in international tournaments and holds several domestic training camps throughout the year.

United States men's national under-20 soccer team
The United States U-20 men's national soccer team is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The highest level of competition in which the team competes is the FIFA U-20 World Cup, which is held every two years.

The United States' best finish came in the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship, when the U.S. beat Iraq in the quarterfinal before losing to Nigeria in overtime in the semifinal and Brazil in the third-place match. Steve Snow tied for second in the tournament with three goals.

The U.S. reached the quarterfinals in 1993 but lost to Brazil. After missing out in 1995, the U.S. began a run of six consecutive qualifications in 1997, reaching the second round in five consecutive tournaments. Of those tournaments, the best U.S. performance came in 2003, when the U.S. reached the quarterfinal and led Argentina 1–0 in the final minutes before falling 2–1 in extra time. The U.S. also reached the quarterfinal of the 2007 Cup before losing 2–1 in extra time to Austria.
Morphogram
A morphogram is the representation of a morpheme by a grapheme based solely on its meaning. Kanji is a writing system that makes use of morphograms, where Chinese characters were borrowed to represent native morphemes because of their meanings. Thus, a single character can represent a variety of morphemes which originally all had the same meaning. An example of this in Japanese would be the grapheme 東 [east], which can be read as higashi or azuma, in addition to its logographic representation of the morpheme tō. Additionally, in Japanese, the logographic (Chinese-derived) reading is called the on'yomi reading, and the morphographic reading (native Japanese) is called the kun'yomi reading.

Logogram
In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek logos 'word', and gramma 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme. Chinese characters as used in Chinese as well as other languages are logograms, as are Egyptian hieroglyphs and characters in cuneiform script. A writing system that primarily uses logograms is called a logography. Non-logographic writing systems, such as alphabets and syllabaries, are phonemic: their individual symbols represent sounds directly and lack any inherent meaning. However, all known logographies have some phonetic component, generally based on the rebus principle, and the addition of a phonetic component to pure ideographs is considered to be a key innovation in enabling the writing system to adequately encode human language.
Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."

Richard E. Taylor
Richard Edward Taylor (2 November 1929 – 22 February 2018), was a Canadian physicist and Stanford University professor. He shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics with Jerome Friedman and Henry Kendall "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
Henry G. Martin
Henry G. Martin (Henry Goule Martin) (3 April 1952 – 13 May 2022) was a Black British independent filmmaker in the 1980s and early 1990s. In addition to directing and producing films, he is known for starting the production company Kuumba in 1982 along with filmmakers Menelik Shabazz and Imruh Bakari, which later led to the founding of the noted Ceddo Film and Video Workshop.

Menelik Shabazz
Menelik Shabazz (30 May 1954 – 28 June 2021) was a Barbados-born British film director, producer, educator, and writer, acknowledged as a pioneer in the development of independent Black British cinema, having been at the forefront of contemporary British filmmaking for more than 30 years. Shabazz is best known for the 1981 film Burning an Illusion, his first feature.

He was also co-founder in the 1980s of Kuumba film production company and Ceddo Film and Video Workshop, as well as being "founding father of the BFM media project" as the publisher of Black Filmmaker Magazine (BFM) and creator of BFM International Film Festival.
Emperor Go-Daigo
Emperor Go-Daigo (後醍醐天皇 Go-Daigo-tennō) (26 November 1288 – 19 September 1339) was the 96th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He successfully overthrew the Kamakura shogunate in 1333 and established the short-lived Kenmu Restoration to bring the Imperial House back into power. This was to be the last time the emperor had real power until the Meiji Restoration in 1868. The Kenmu restoration was in turn overthrown by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336, ushering in the Ashikaga shogunate. The overthrow split the imperial family into two opposing factions between the Ashikaga backed Northern Court situated in Kyoto and the Southern Court based in Yoshino. The Southern Court was led by Go-Daigo and his later successors.

Genkō War
The Genkō War (元弘の乱, Genkō no Ran), also known as the Genkō Incident (元弘の變, Genkō no Hen), was a civil war fought in Japan between the Emperor Go-Daigo and the Kamakura Shogunate from 1331 to 1333. The Genkō War was named after Genkō, the Japanese era corresponding to the period of 1331 to 1334 when the war occurred.