hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
La Foncalada
The Foncalada  is a fountain of potable water located outside the city walls of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; it was built by king Alfonso III of Asturias in the 9th century. This building remains the only surviving civil architectural item for public use of the Early Middle Ages. Its name was given after the inscription in Latin: fontem calatam written on it. Built in Pre-Romanesque style, it has been included with other Asturian Pre-Romanesque sites on the UNESCO World Heritage Site List since 1998.

It was originally placed near the city walls, next to an ancient Roman road. The decoration on top depicts the Victory Cross, symbol of Asturias.

Oviedo
Oviedo (Spanish: [oˈβjeðo] ⓘ) or Uviéu (Asturian: [uˈβjew]) is the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain and the administrative and commercial centre of the region. With a population of 220,027, it is also the 2nd-largest city in Asturias.

Oviedo is located approximately 24 km (15 mi) southwest of Gijón and 23 km (14 mi) southeast of Avilés, both of which lie on the shoreline of the Bay of Biscay. Oviedo's proximity to the ocean of less than 30 kilometres (19 mi) in combination with its elevated position with areas of the city more than 300 metres above sea level causes the city to have a maritime climate, even though it does not sit directly on the shore.
Kushalanagar
Kushalanagar or Kushalanagara is a city located in the Kodagu district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Surrounded by Kaveri river, it is the gateway to Kodagu district. It also serves as the headquarters of Kushalanagar Taluk. By population, Kushalanagar is the second largest town in Kodagu district after Madikeri and the fastest developing town in the district. Kushalnagar is an important commercial centre in Kodagu.

Kodagu district
Kodagu district (Kodava: [koɖɐɡɨ, -ʋɨ], also known by its former name Coorg, Kodava: koḍagï, koḍavï) is an administrative district in the Karnataka state of India. Before 1956, it was an administratively separate Coorg State at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State.
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991
Sweden was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1991 with the song "Fångad av en stormvind", written by Stephan Berg, and performed by Carola. The Swedish participating broadcaster, Sveriges Television (SVT), selected its entry through Melodifestivalen 1991. Carola had already represented Sweden at the 1983 contest. The entry eventually won the Eurovision Song Contest after having to apply the tiebreaker rule because it ended with the same number of points as the entry from France. This was the third ever victory for Sweden in the contest.

Le Dernier qui a parlé...
"Le Dernier qui a parlé..." (French pronunciation: [lə dɛʁnje ki a paʁle]; "The last to have spoken...") is a song recorded by singer-songwriter Amina, with music composed by Wasis Diop and lyrics by Amina herself. It represented France in the Eurovision Song Contest 1991, performed as "C'est le dernier qui a parlé qui a raison" ("It's the last to have spoken who is right").
Empress Dowager Zheng
Empress Dowager Zheng (鄭太后, personal name unknown) (died December 26, 865), formally Empress Xiaoming (孝明皇后, "the filial and understanding empress"), was an empress dowager of the Chinese dynasty Tang dynasty.  She was a concubine to Emperor Xianzong and, after her son Emperor Xuānzong became emperor, she became empress dowager and continued to serve in that role until her death, during the reign of her grandson Emperor Yizong (when she was grand empress dowager).

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century)
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (27 July 810 – 7 September 859) was an emperor of China's Tang dynasty, reigning from 25 April 846 until his death. Personally named Li Yi, later renamed Li Chen (Chinese: 李忱), and known before his reign as the Prince of Guang, he was considered the last capable emperor of Tang China. Succeeding emperors after Xuanzong would either be too young or be dominated by eunuchs or warlords. Emperor Xuanzong was the 13th son of Emperor Xianzong (r. 806–820) and an uncle of the previous three emperors, Emperor Jingzong, Emperor Wenzong, and Emperor Wuzong.

To distinguish Emperor Xuanzong from his ancestor Emperor Xuánzong (personal name Li Longji), as their temple names are rendered identically in Wade–Giles and when pinyin tonal marks are not used, Xuanzong is occasionally referred to as Xuanzong II in western sources; in Chinese, however, their memorial titles (宣宗 for him and 玄宗 for Li Longji) are clearly distinct and this device is not used.
Erzurum Province
Erzurum Province (Turkish: Erzurum ili) is a province and metropolitan municipality in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Its area is 25,006 km2, and its population is 749,754 (2022). The capital of the province is the city of Erzurum. It is the fourth largest province in all of Turkey. It is bordered by the provinces of Kars and Ağrı to the east, Muş and Bingöl to the south, Erzincan and Bayburt to the west, Rize and Artvin to the north and Ardahan to the northeast. The governor of the province is Mustafa Çiftçi, appointed in August 2023. The province has a Turkish majority.

Ağrı Province
Ağrı Province (Turkish: Ağrı ili, Armenian: Արարատ մարզ, Kurdish: Parêzgeha Agirîyê) is located in eastern Turkey, bordering Iran to the east and the provinces of Kars to the north, Erzurum to the northwest, Muş and Bitlis to the southwest, Van to the south, and Iğdır to the northeast. Its area is 11,099 km2, and its population is 511,238 (2023). The provincial capital is Ağrı, situated on a 1,650 metres (5,410 ft) high plateau. Doğubayazıt was the capital of the province until 1946. The current governor is Mustafa Koç.

The province is considered part of Western Armenia and was part of the ancient province of Ayrarat of Kingdom of Armenia. Before the Armenian genocide, modern Ağri Province was part of the six Armenian vilayets. The province is part of Turkish Kurdistan and has a Kurdish majority.
U.S. Route 84 in Alabama
U.S. Route 84 (US 84) in Alabama travels west to east across southern Alabama for 237.400 miles (382.058 km). US 84 enters the state from Mississippi west of Silas and exits into Georgia southeast of Gordon. Along its route, US 84 passes through the limits of the towns and cities of Silas, Coffeeville, Grove Hill, Repton, Evergreen, River Falls, Andalusia, Sanford, Babbie, Opp, Elba, New Brockton, Enterprise, Level Plains, Daleville, Dothan, Cowarts, Avon, Ashford.

Between Mississippi and River Falls, with the exception of a small segment near Grove Hill, US 84 is largely a rural two-lane road. Between River Falls and Georgia, the route is a major four-lane divided highway connecting major towns of southeastern Alabama. For most of its route through Alabama, excluding a section in Dothan where it is alternatively known as East and West Main Street, US 84 is internally designated by the state of Alabama as State Route 12 (SR 12).

U.S. Route 43
U.S. Route 43 (US 43) is a 410-mile-long (660 km) north–south United States Highway in the Southern states of Alabama and Tennessee. It travels from Prichard, Alabama, to Columbia, Tennessee. The highway's southern terminus is in Prichard, at an intersection with US 90, and its northern terminus is in Columbia at an intersection with US 31/US 412/US 412 Bus.

In Alabama and Tennessee, all of the U.S. Highways in each state have one or more unsigned state highways designated along its length. US 43 travels concurrently with Alabama State Route 13 (SR 13) from its southern terminus to an intersection in southeastern Fayette County. For the rest of its length in the state, US 43 is concurrent with signed state highways. In Tennessee, US 43 travels concurrently with Tennessee State Route 6 (SR 6) along its entire length in the state. It also has an unsigned concurrency with SR 227 between Saint Joseph and Loretto.
Mercer Art Gallery
The Mercer Art Gallery, formerly the Mercer Gallery and locally known as The Mercer, is an art gallery in Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England. It was established in Lower Harrogate's Old Town Hall building in 1991. Owned by North Yorkshire Council, it has a collection of over 2,000 items, mainly 19th- to 21st-century artworks, including pieces by local artists. It hosts a rolling series of exhibitions of its own and borrowed artworks, keeping most of its own collection in storage for much of the time, or loaned out to exhibitions at other galleries, and to local establishments.

In 2022, local historian Malcolm Neesam bequeathed the Walker Neesam Archive to the gallery. The Mercer also continues to acquire and exhibit items of contemporary and local art. One of its recent acquisitions is a set of drawings by Eva Leigh, which it exhibited in 2024.

Eva Leigh (artist)
Eva Mary Walker (18 October 1895 – 9 August 1981), known professionally as Eva Leigh, was an English portrait and silhouette artist in Harrogate, North Yorkshire. An exhibition of her portraits was shown at the Mercer Art Gallery, Harrogate, from May to September 2024, using examples of her work from the gallery's collection.
Terekty River
The Terekty River (Kazakh: Теректi өзенi, Russian: река Теректы), also known under the Sinified spelling Tielieketi (Chinese: 铁列克提河; pinyin: Tiělièkètí hé), is a small river that flows from China to Kazakhstan. In its lower course the river is also known as the Kusak (Kazakh: Қусақ, Russian: Кусак, Chinese: 库萨克; pinyin: Kùsàkè). Along most of its course, the river flows through the very sparsely populated mountainous terrain of the southern part of Xinjiang's Yumin County; by the time it crosses the China–Kazakhstan border and enters a flat desert east of  Lake Zhalanashkol, its bed is usually dry, with little water ever reaching Lake Zhalanashkol.

The Terekty is mainly known as the site of a Sino-Soviet border conflict that occurred in August 1969.

Lake Zhalanashkol
Lake Zhalanashkol (Kazakh: Жалаңашкөл, literally "Bare Lake", or "Exposed Lake"; Russian: Жаланашколь) is a freshwater lake in the eastern part of Kazakhstan, on the border of Almaty Province (Alakol District) and East Kazakhstan Province (Urzhar District). It is the smallest out of the four major lakes of the Alakol depression (the other three being the Alakol,  Sasykkol, and Koshkarkol). It is also the southernmost of the four, the one closest to the Dzungarian Gate and the Aibi Lake on the other, Chinese, side of the Gate.

On the maps compiled in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Zhalanashkol is labeled Taskol (literally "Stone Lake"); this name is now obsolete.
Ngamalacinus
Ngamalacinus is an extinct genus of thylacinid that lived in Australia from about 26 to 16 million years ago. Its fossils are solely known from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland. Two species are currently known, the Early Miocene N. timmulvaneyi and the Late Oligocene N. nigelmarveni.  In appearance it resembled a dog with a long snout. Its molar teeth were specialized for carnivory, the cups and crest were reduced or elongated to give the molars a cutting blade.

Wabulacinus
Wabulacinus is a poorly known genus of thylacinid marsupial from Early Miocene and possibly Late Oligocene deposits at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland. It consists of two species, the type species W. ridei and W. macknessi. The snout of W. ridei was relatively broad, while W. macknessi had a noticeably elongated skull. Both species are thought to have been hypercarnivorous.
Charge based boundary element fast multipole method
The charge-based formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) is a dimensionality reduction numerical technique that is used to model quasistatic electromagnetic phenomena in highly complex conducting media (targeting, e.g., the human brain) with a very large (up to approximately 1 billion) number of unknowns. The charge-based BEM solves an integral equation of the potential theory written in terms of the induced surface charge density. This formulation is naturally combined with fast multipole method (FMM) acceleration, and the entire method is known as charge-based BEM-FMM. The combination of BEM and FMM is a common technique in different areas of computational electromagnetics and, in the context of bioelectromagnetism, it provides improvements over the finite element method.

Computational electromagnetics
Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment using computers.

It typically involves using computer programs to compute approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations to calculate antenna performance, electromagnetic compatibility, radar cross section and electromagnetic wave propagation when not in free space.  A large subfield is antenna modeling computer programs, which calculate the radiation pattern and electrical properties of radio antennas, and are widely used to design antennas for specific applications.
Benchmarking (hobby)
Benchmarking, also known as benchmark hunting, is a hobby activity in which participants find benchmarks (also known as survey markers or geodetic control points). The term "benchmark" is used only to refer to survey markers that designate a certain elevation, but hobbyists often use the term benchmarks to include triangulation stations or other reference marks. Like geocaching, the activity has become popular since 1995, propelled by the availability of online data on the location of survey marks (with directions for finding them) and by the rise of hobbyist-oriented websites.

In 2022 Geocaching HQ informed that they will remove Benchmarking from the Geocaching.com website.

Benchmark (surveying)
The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately repositioned in the same place in the future. These marks were usually indicated with a chiseled arrow – specifically a broad arrow – below the horizontal line. A benchmark is a type of survey marker.

The term is generally applied to any item used to mark a point as an elevation reference. Frequently, bronze or aluminum disks are set in stone or concrete, or on rods driven deeply into the earth to provide a stable elevation point. If an elevation is marked on a map, but there is no physical mark on the ground, it is a spot height.
Ashridge Priory
Ashridge Priory was a medieval college of Austin canons called variously the "Brothers of Penitence" or the "Boni Homines". It was founded by Edmund of Almain in 1283 who donated, among other things, a phial of Christ's blood to the abbey. It was granted to Mary Tudor, Queen of France and later became the private residence of the future queen Elizabeth I. It was acquired by Sir Thomas Egerton in 1604 and then passed down to the Duke of Bridgewater before being demolished.

Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall
Edmund of Almain (26 December 1249 – 1300) was the second Earl of Cornwall of the fourth creation from 1272. He joined the Ninth Crusade in 1271, but never made it to the Holy Land. He was the regent of the Kingdom of England from 1286 to 1289 and the High Sheriff of Cornwall from 1289 to 1300.
Superman: War of the Worlds
Superman: War of the Worlds is a DC Comics Elseworlds graphic novel, published in 1998, written by Roy Thomas with Michael Lark as the artist. The story is a rough adaptation of the H. G. Wells 1898 novel The War of the Worlds, but is primarily based on the Superman mythology. Wells' story is transported from early 20th century Britain to Metropolis in 1938, where the Martian invasion is met with a Golden Age-style Superman who is not blessed with the full range of powers that he typically has in modern comics.

Martian (The War of the Worlds)
The Martians, also known as the Invaders, are the main antagonists from the H.G. Wells 1898 novel The War of the Worlds. Their efforts to exterminate the populace of the Earth and claim the planet for themselves drive the plot and present challenges for the novel's human characters. They are notable for their use of extraterrestrial weaponry far in advance of that of mankind at the time of the invasion.
Jackie Hunter
Ann Jacqueline Hunter CBE FMedSci FBPharmacolS FRSB is a British scientist who is a board director of BenevolentAI. Hunter is also a visiting professor at St George's Hospital Medical School and Imperial College. She is Chair of the Trustees of the Sainsbury Laboratories at Norwich, chair of the board of the Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst and chair of the board of Brainomix. She was previously CEO of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), is a council of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology. It is the largest UK public funder of non-medical bioscience. It predominantly funds scientific research institutes and university research departments in the UK.
2017–18 PSA World Tour
The 2017–18 PSA World Tour is the international squash tour organised circuit organized by the Professional Squash Association (PSA) for the 2017 squash season. It's the 3rd PSA season since the merger of PSA and WSA associations in 2015.

The most important tournaments in the series are the Men's and Women's PSA World Championship. The tour also features three categories of regular events - PSA World Series, which feature the highest prize money and the best fields; PSA 25-100 (formerly International) and PSA 5-15 (formerly Challenger). In the middle of the year, the PSA World Series tour is concluded by the Men's and Women's PSA World Series Finals in Dubai, the World Series-ending championships for the top 8 rated players.  Players' performances in the tour are rated by World Rankings for men and women.

2017 Women's PSA World Series Finals
The 2017 Women's PSA World Series Finals is the women's edition of the 2017 PSA World Series Finals (Prize money : $160 000). The top 8 players in the 2016–17 PSA World Series are qualified for the event. The event took place in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates from 6 to 10 June 2017.
XLRI – Xavier School of Management
XLRI – Xavier School of Management, formerly Xavier Labour Relations Institute, is a private business school run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It was founded in 1949 in the steel city of Jamshedpur and is the oldest business school in India. In 2020, the same society has started a new campus in Jhajjar, Delhi.

The institute is a signatory of PRME – Principles for Responsible Management Education. It takes up several social initiatives round the year and focuses on sustainability. The campus plans to go carbon neutral by 2020.

Business school
A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.

A business school may also be referred to as school of business, school of management, management school, school of business administration, college of business, business college, or colloquially b-school or biz school.
Director string
In mathematics, in the area of lambda calculus and computation, directors or director strings are a mechanism for keeping track of the free variables in a term.  Loosely speaking, they can be understood as a kind of memoization for free variables; that is, as an optimization technique for rapidly locating the free variables in a term algebra or in a lambda expression. Director strings were introduced by Kennaway and Sleep in 1982 and further developed by Sinot, Fernández and Mackie as a mechanism for understanding and controlling the computational complexity cost of beta reduction.

Memoization
In computing, memoization or memoisation is an optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs. It works by storing the results of expensive calls to pure functions, so that these results can be returned quickly should the same inputs occur again. It is a type of caching, normally implemented using a hash table, and a typical example of a space–time tradeoff, where the runtime of a program is reduced by increasing its memory usage. Memoization can be implemented in any programming language, though some languages have built-in support that make it easy for the programmer to memoize a function, and others memoize certain functions by default.

Memoization has also been used in other contexts (and for purposes other than speed gains), such as in simple mutually recursive descent parsing. In the context of some logic programming languages, memoization is also known as tabling.
Apache Bull Ramos
Manuel Ramos (August 3, 1937 – May 27, 2006) was an American professional wrestler, better known as Apache Bull Ramos. From his debut in 1956 until the 1970s, he primarily worked as a heel and had notable feuds with Bruno Sammartino, Dutch Savage, Jimmy Snuka, Terry Funk, and Mil Máscaras. He traveled to Japan, Korea, and Australia to wrestle.

Dutch Savage
Frank Stewart (June 9, 1935 – August 3, 2013) was an American professional wrestler and wrestling promoter, best known for his time spent competing in Pacific Northwest Wrestling under the ring name Dutch Savage.
Procyonidae
Procyonidae (/ˌproʊsiːˈɒnɪdiː/ PROH-see-ON-i-dee) is a New World family of the order Carnivora. It includes the raccoons, ringtails, cacomistles, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, and olinguitos. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments and are generally omnivorous.

Procyon (genus)
Procyon is a genus of nocturnal mammals comprising three species commonly known as raccoons in the family Procyonidae. The most familiar species, the common raccoon (P. lotor), is often known simply as "the" raccoon, as the two other raccoon species in the genus are native only to the tropics and are less well known. Genetic studies have shown that the closest relatives of raccoons are the ring-tailed cats and cacomistles of genus Bassariscus, from which they diverged about 10 million years ago.
Taningia
Taningia is a genus of squid, one of the two referred to as octopus squid (family Octopoteuthidae), the other being Octopoteuthis, its sister genus. Both Octopoteuthis and Taningia are characterized by their lack of tentacles for the majority of their life cycle, which led to their common name.

Octopoteuthidae
The Octopoteuthidae are a family of squid comprising two genera. The family is characterized by tentacles which cease to grow after the paralarval stage which leads to the adult having eight arms; thus, members of this family are commonly named as octopus squids.