hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Melksham Without
Melksham Without is a civil parish in the county of Wiltshire, England. It surrounds, but does not include, the town of Melksham and is the largest rural parish in Wiltshire, with a population of 7,230 (as of 2011) and an area of 29 square kilometres (7,200 acres). The parish includes the villages of Beanacre, Berryfield, Shaw and Whitley, and the hamlets of Outmarsh and Redstocks. It also includes the outer Melksham suburbs of  Bowerhill and The Spa, and the dispersed settlement of Sandridge which includes Sandridge Common.

The northern boundary of the parish is the Roman road from Silchester to Bath; downstream from Melksham the Bristol Avon forms the southwestern boundary, and parts of the southern boundary are the Semington Brook and the Kennet and Avon Canal.

Melksham
Melksham (/ˈmɛlkʃəm/) is a town and civil parish on the River Avon in Wiltshire, England, about 4.5 miles (7 km) northeast of Trowbridge and 6 miles (10 km) south of Chippenham. The parish population was 18,113 at the 2021 census.
Mahakala omnogovae
Mahakala (from Sanskrit महाकाल, pronounced [mɐɦaːˈkaːlɐ]) is a genus of halszkaraptorine theropod dinosaur from the Campanian-age (about 80 million years ago) Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of Ömnögovi, Mongolia. It is based on a partial skeleton found in the Gobi Desert. Mahakala was a small dromaeosaurid, and its skeleton shows features that are also found in early troodontids and avialans. Despite its late appearance, it is among the most basal dromaeosaurids. Its small size, and the small size of other basal deinonychosaurians, suggests that small size appeared before flight capability in birds. The genus is named for Mahakala, one of eight protector deities (dharmapalas) in Tibetan Buddhism.

Halszkaraptorinae
Halszkaraptorinae is an extinct basal ("primitive") subfamily of Dromaeosauridae (or possibly Unenlagiidae) that includes the enigmatic genera Halszkaraptor, Natovenator, Mahakala, and Hulsanpes. Halszkaraptorines are definitively known only from Late Cretaceous strata in Asia, specifically in Mongolia. It is debated among researchers whether the group had a semiaquatic lifestyle.
David Jackson (footballer, born 1937)
David Jackson (23 January 1937 – 21 March 2024) was an English footballer whose career mirrored his twin brother Peter's. He was an inside forward. The pair played at Wrexham and Bradford City where their father Peter Jackson was manager.

Jackson also excelled at golf and cricket, playing in the Yorkshire Council League. He died in March 2024, at the age of 87.

Peter Jackson (footballer, born 1905)
Wilbert "Peter" Jackson (4 August 1905 – 9 May 1986) was an English football player and manager. He played for Southend United and Stoke City and managed Bradford City and Wrexham. His twin sons Peter and David were also professional footballers. Both played under their father at Wrexham and Bradford City.
Locotrol
Locotrol is a product of Wabtec Corporation that permits railway locomotives to be distributed throughout the length of a train (distributed power). It is installed on more than 20,000 locomotives around the world, sending signals from the lead locomotive and via radio to the remote control locomotives.

Remote control locomotive
A remote control locomotive (also called an RCL) is a railway locomotive that can be operated with a remote control. It differs from a conventional locomotive in that a remote control system has been installed in one or more locomotives within the consist, which uses either a mechanical or radio transmitter and receiver system. The locomotive is operated by a person not physically at the controls within the locomotive cab. They have been in use for many years in the railroad industry, including industrial applications such as bulk material load-out, manufacturing, process and industrial switching. The systems are designed to be fail-safe so that if communication is lost the locomotive is brought to a stop automatically.
Pennsylvania Impressionism
Pennsylvania Impressionism was an American Impressionist movement of the first half of the 20th century that was centered in and around Bucks County, Pennsylvania, particularly the town of New Hope. The movement is sometimes referred to as the "New Hope School" or the "Pennsylvania School" of landscape painting.

American Impressionism
American Impressionism was a style of painting related to European Impressionism and practiced by American artists in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century through the beginning of the twentieth. The style is characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors with a wide array of subject matters but focusing on landscapes and upper-class domestic life.
A6 road (England)
The A6 is one of the main north–south roads in England. It runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria, although it formerly started at a junction with the A1 at Barnet in north London, and is described as running from London to Carlisle.

Running north-west from Luton, the road passes through Bedford, bypasses Rushden, Kettering and Market Harborough, continues through Leicester, Loughborough, Derby and Matlock before passing through the Peak District to Bakewell, Buxton, Stockport, Manchester, Salford, Chorley, Preston, Lancaster, Kendal and Penrith before reaching Carlisle.

South of Derby, the road runs approximately parallel to the M1 motorway; between Manchester and Preston, it is close to the M6 and M61 motorways; and from Preston to its northern terminus in Carlisle, it is close to the M6.

M1 motorway
The M1 motorway connects London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford, to connect to Newcastle. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the UK; the first motorway in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.

The motorway is 193 miles (311 km) long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968. The southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999.

It is also the second longest motorway in the country with the M6 motorway being the longest at 232 miles (373 km).
Liu Youqiu
Liu Youqiu (Chinese: 劉幽求; 655 – December 6, 715), posthumous name Duke Wenxian of Xu (徐文獻公), was a Chinese official of the Tang dynasty and the Wu Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of the Emperor Ruizong and the Emperor Xuanzong.

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ([ɕwǎn.tsʊ́ŋ]; 8 September 685 – 3 May 762), personal name Li Longji, was an emperor of the Tang dynasty of China, reigning from 712 to 756. His reign of 44 years was the longest during the Tang dynasty. Through two palace coups, he seized the throne and inherited an empire still in its golden age. He was initially assisted by capable chancellors like Yao Chong, Song Jing and Zhang Yue who were already serving as government officials before Xuanzong ascended the throne. However, under Emperor Xuanzong, the empire reached its turning point and went into sharp decline and near collapse, due to numerous political missteps throughout his long reign, such as over-trusting chancellors Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and general An Lushan, with Tang's golden age ending in the An Lushan rebellion.
Shire of Tambo (Queensland)
The Shire of Tambo was a local government area located in central Queensland south-east of the town of Blackall. It covered an area of 14,083.8 square kilometres (5,437.8 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1881 until 2008, when it amalgamated with neighbouring Shire of Blackall to form the Blackall-Tambo Region.

The council consisted of a Mayor and 9 elected councillors. No wards or electoral divisions existed.

The Barcoo River travels through the shire's former area on its way to Cooper Creek and eventually Lake Eyre. Like much of the west, sheep became the mainstay of the economy. Today, cattle and tourism are of major importance to the region.

Shire of Blackall
The Shire of Blackall was a local government area located in central Queensland around the town of Blackall. It covered an area of 16,366.8 square kilometres (6,319.3 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008, when it amalgamated with neighbouring Shire of Tambo to form the Blackall-Tambo Region.

The council consisted of a Mayor and 9 elected councillors. No wards or electoral divisions existed.

The Barcoo River passes through the shire's former area and the dominant industry is sheep and cattle grazing.
Emperor Jianwen of Jin
Emperor Jianwen of Jin (simplified Chinese: 晋简文帝; traditional Chinese: 晉簡文帝; pinyin: Jìn Jiǎnwén Dì; Wade–Giles: Chin Chien-wen-ti; 320 – September 12, 372), personal name Sima Yu (司馬昱), courtesy name Daowan (道萬), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. He was the youngest son of Emperor Yuan of Jin, the founder of the Eastern Jin dynasty. Emperor Jianwen was also a younger half-brother of Emperor Ming (albeit with an age gap of about 21 years), and was installed by military leader Huan Wen.  Prior to taking the throne, he had served in important roles in the administrations of his grandnephews Emperor Mu, Emperor Ai, and Emperor Fei. Both in his service to his grandnephews and in his own reign as emperor, he is generally viewed as a weak-willed figure who showed enough wisdom to continue to survive and extend Jin rule, but whose effectiveness was also compromised by his over-dedication to philosophical discussions of Taoism and other related philosophies.

Emperor Fei of Jin
Emperor Fei of Jin (simplified Chinese: 晋废帝; traditional Chinese: 晉廢帝; pinyin: Jìn Fèi Dì; Wade–Giles: Chin Fei-ti; 342 – November 23, 386), personal name Sima Yi (司馬奕), courtesy name Yanling (延齡), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in ancient China. He was the younger full-brother of Emperor Ai; he was later deposed by military leader and regent Huan Wen.  The title that he is normally referred to, "Emperor Fei", is not a posthumous name or temple name as is usually the case with Chinese imperial titles, but rather signified that he was deposed (with "Fei" (廢) meaning "depose(d)").  He is also commonly known by the title he was given after his removal, Duke of Haixi (海西公); he is also the last descendant of Emperor Ming (his grandfather) to become emperor of the Eastern Jin.
SS Prince Rupert
The Grand Trunk steamship Prince Rupert and her sister ship SS Prince George served the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. Prince Rupert had a 45-year career serving northern ports from Vancouver, British Columbia, from 1910 to 1955. The ship was considered "unlucky" and suffered several incidents during her career, including two significant ones that left large portions of the vessel underwater. The ship was broken up in 1956.

SS Prince George
The Grand Trunk Steamship Prince George, and sister ship SS Prince Rupert, provided passenger service along the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. In service from 1910 until 1945, the vessel saw brief service as a hospital ship for the Royal Canadian Navy during World War I. In 1945 the ship caught fire in the harbour of Ketchikan, Alaska. The burned hulk was beached on Gravina Island where it remained for the next few years until it was towed to Seattle, Washington, and broken up for scrap.
March of Carniola
The March of Carniola (Kranjska krajina (Slovene); Markgrafschaft Krain (German)) was a southeastern frontier district (march, or margraviate) of the Carolingian Empire, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire, centered in the region of Carniola (in modern Slovenia). The region came under Carolingian influence in 788, being gradually organized as a county, that was originally placed under Friulian jurisdiction (828), but later transferred to East Francia and reorganized into a frontier march. In the middle of the 10th century, it was under the jurisdiction of the Duchy of Bavaria, but in 976 it was placed under the jurisdiction of the newly created Duchy of Carinthia. At the time of its creation, the march served as a frontier defense against the Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia. The March of Carniola was later transformed into the Duchy of Carniola (1364).

Duchy of Carniola
The Duchy of Carniola (Slovene: Vojvodina Kranjska, German: Herzogtum Krain, Hungarian: Krajna) was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire, established under Habsburg rule on the territory of the former East Frankish March of Carniola in 1364. A hereditary land of the Habsburg monarchy, it became a constituent land of the Austrian Empire in 1804 and part of the Kingdom of Illyria until 1849. A separate crown land from 1849, it was incorporated into the Cisleithanian territories of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until the state's dissolution in 1918. Its capital was Laibach, today Ljubljana.
Manoranjan Sengupta
Manoranjan Sengupta (1898 – 3 December 1915) was a revolutionary and a participant in the Indian independence movement. He was a colleague of revolutionary Purnachandra Das and a member of the Madaripur Samiti, a secret revolutionary organization led by Purnachandra; a secret unit of Jugantar. He was arrested as an accused in the first Faridpur conspiracy case in December 1913 and spent five months in jail. He attached with senior Bengali revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee alias Bagha Jatin in Christmas Day Plot for procuring arms from Germany, Japan, America. He was involved in the collection of arms and ammunition from the German ship "Maverick" off the coast of Baleshwar in Orissa in September 1915 under the leadership of the revolutionary Bagha Jatin.

Bagha Jatin
Bagha Jatin (lit. 'Tiger Jatin'; pronounced [ˈbaɡʰa ˈd͡ʒot̪in]) or Baghajatin, born Jatindranath Mukherjee (pronounced [ˈd͡ʒot̪ind̪roˌnatʰ ˈmukʰoˌpaddʰae̯]); 7 December 1879 – 10 September 1915) was an Indian independence activist.

He was one of the principal leaders of the Jugantar party that was the central association of revolutionary independence activists in Bengal.
Promyshlenniki
The promyshlenniki (Russian: промышленники, sg. промышленник, promyshlennik) were Russian and Indigenous Siberian artel members, or self-employed workers drawn largely from the state serf and townsman class who engaged in the  Siberian,  maritime, and later fur trades.

Initially, the Russians in Russian America were Siberian fur-hunters, river-merchants, and mercenaries, although many later worked as sailors, carpenters, artisans, and craftsmen. The promyshlenniki formed the backbone of Russian trading-operations in Russian Alaska. Some of them worked on preliminary request contracts, including for the Russian-American Company, and their duties and activities became less involved in the company's fur-gathering activities.

Siberian fur trade
The Siberian fur trade is an exchange concerned with the gathering, buying and selling of valuable animal furs that originate from Siberia. The Siberian fur trade expanded from localized trade, and Siberian fur is now traded around the world. The Siberian fur trade had a significant impact on the development of Siberia through exploration and colonization. The fur trade also precipitated a decline in the number of fur-bearing animals and resulted in Siberia being conquered by Russia.
Bobby Osborne
Bobby Van Osborne (December 7, 1931 – June 27, 2023) was an American bluegrass musician. He was the co-founder (with his brother Sonny) of the Osborne Brothers, a member of the Grand Ole Opry, and the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.  Osborne was a member of the United States Marine Corps, received a Purple Heart for his service, and was honorably discharged in 1953.

Osborne was an instructor of bluegrass music at the Kentucky School of Bluegrass and Traditional Music in Hyden, Kentucky, and his primary instrument was the mandolin.

Osborne Brothers
The Osborne Brothers, Sonny (October 29, 1937 – October 24, 2021) and Bobby (December 7, 1931 – June 27, 2023), were an influential and popular bluegrass act during the 1960s and 1970s and until Sonny retired in 2005. They are probably best known for their No. 33 1967 country hit song, "Rocky Top", written by Felice and Boudleaux Bryant and named after a Tennessee location.
Izod
The Izod Corporation (officially stylized as IZOD; /ˈaɪzɒd/ EYE-zod) is an American midrange clothing company that produces dressy-casual clothing, sportswear for men, and footwear and accessories. It is a division of Authentic Brands Group, and is currently marketed and manufactured by Centric Brands under a long-term licensing agreement for most products. Other Izod classics include the Harrington jacket G-9 model and V-neck and cardigan sweaters. Today, the closest competitor of the Izod brand is the Chaps brand owned by Ralph Lauren Corporation, while the U.S. Polo Assn. brand is also an indirect competitor.

On June 23, 2021, it was announced that the Izod brand would be sold to Authentic Brands Group alongside Van Heusen, Arrow, and Geoffrey Beene. The sale was completed on August 2, 2021. Under ABG, Centric Brands was granted the license to market and manufacture IZOD men's sportswear.

Ralph Lauren Corporation
Ralph Lauren Corporation is a publicly traded American fashion and lifestyle brand founded in 1967 by Ralph Lauren in New York City. The company markets products in apparel, home, accessories, and fragrances, and is most known for its flagship brand, Polo Ralph Lauren. The company's brands include mid-range, sub-premium, and premium labels up to its highest priced luxury Ralph Lauren Purple Label apparel.

Ralph Lauren licenses its name and branding to Luxottica for eyewear; L'Oréal for fragrances and cosmetics; Hanesbrands for underwear and sleepwear; O5 Apparel for its Chaps brand; Kohl's and Hollander Sleep Products for bedding; Designers Guild for fabric and wallpaper; and Theodore Alexander for home furniture.
Bolle's pigeon
Bolle's pigeon, Bolle's laurel pigeon or dark-tailed laurel pigeon (Columba bollii) is a species of pigeon in the genus Columba that is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain. This bird is named after the German naturalist Carl Bolle, who was the first to distinguish it from the laurel pigeon. This wood pigeon is endemic to the laurel forest habitat.

Laurel pigeon
The laurel pigeon or white-tailed laurel pigeon (Columba junoniae)  is a species of bird in the Columba genus in the family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). It  is endemic to the Canary Islands, Spain, and resides in laurel forest habitat. It is the animal symbol of the island of La Gomera.
Battle of Renty
The Battle of Renty was fought on 13 August 1554, between France and the Holy Roman Empire at Renty, in the northern theatre of the Italian Wars. French commander Francis, Duke of Guise, had already forced the emperor to abandon the Siege of Metz in 1552. King Henry II of France had occupied the city according to the terms of the Treaty of Chambord he had signed with several Protestant Imperial princes.

The French were led by Francis, Duke of Guise, while the Imperial forces were led by Emperor Charles V of Habsburg. About 30,000 men took part on both sides.

Italian War of 1551–1559
The Italian War of 1551–1559 began when Henry II of France declared war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, with the intent of recapturing parts of Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs. The war ended following the signing of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis between the monarchs of Spain, England and France in 1559. Historians have emphasized the importance of gunpowder technology, new styles of fortification to resist cannon fire, and the increased professionalization of the soldiers.
Russian famine of 1921–1922
The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine (Russian: Голод в Поволжье 'Volga region famine'), was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922. The famine resulted from the combined effects of severe drought, the continued effects of World War I, economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and failures in the government policy of war communism (especially prodrazvyorstka). It was exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently.

The famine killed an estimated five million people and primarily affected the Volga and Ural River regions. Many of the starving resorted to cannibalism. The outbreaks of diseases such as cholera and typhus were also contributing factors to famine casualties.

1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan
The 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan was a period of mass starvation and drought that took place in the Tatar ASSR as a result of the Russian Civil War, in which 500,000 to 2,000,000 peasants died. The event was part of the greater Russian famine of 1921–22 that affected other parts of what became the Soviet Union, in which up to  5,000,000 people died in total. According to Roman Serbyn, a professor of Russian and East European history, the Tatarstan famine was the first man-made famine in the Soviet Union and systematically targeted ethnic minorities such as Volga Tatars and Volga Germans.
Second Military District
The Second Military District of the U.S. Army was one of five temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department that existed in the American South. The district was stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War. It included the territories of North and South Carolina, and acted as the de facto military government of those states while a new civilian government was being re-established. It was headquartered in Charleston, South Carolina. Originally commanded by Major General Daniel Sickles, after his removal by President Andrew Johnson on August 26, 1867, Brigadier General Edward Canby took over command until both states were readmitted in July 1868.

Its successor was the Department of the South.

Reconstruction military districts
Following the end of the American Civil War, five Reconstruction Military Districts of the U.S. Army were established as temporary administrative units of the U.S. War Department in the American South. The districts were stipulated by the Reconstruction Acts during the Reconstruction period following the American Civil War.
Richtmyer–Meshkov instability
The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) occurs when two fluids of different density are impulsively accelerated.  Normally this is by the passage of a shock wave. The development of the instability begins with small amplitude perturbations which initially grow linearly with time. This is followed by a nonlinear regime with bubbles appearing in the case of a light fluid penetrating a heavy fluid, and with spikes appearing in the case of a heavy fluid penetrating a light fluid. A chaotic regime is reached eventually and the two fluids mix.

This instability can be considered the impulsive-acceleration limit of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability.

Rayleigh–Taylor instability
The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, or RT instability (after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor), is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid. Examples include the behavior of water suspended above oil in the gravity of Earth, mushroom clouds like those from volcanic eruptions and atmospheric nuclear explosions, supernova explosions in which expanding core gas is accelerated into denser shell gas, merging binary quantum fluids in metastable configuration, instabilities in plasma fusion reactors and inertial confinement fusion.