hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ground glass
Ground glass is glass whose surface has been ground to produce a flat but rough (matte) finish, in which the glass is in small sharp fragments.

Ground glass surfaces have many applications, ranging from ornamentation on windows and table glassware to scientific uses in optics and laboratory glassware.

Diffuser (optics)
In optics, a diffuser (also called a light diffuser or optical diffuser) is any material that diffuses or scatters light in some manner to transmit soft light. Diffused light can be easily obtained by reflecting light from a white surface, while more compact diffusers may use translucent material, including ground glass, teflon, opal glass, and greyed glass.
Julian Edelman
Julian Francis Edelman (born May 22, 1986) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons with the New England Patriots. He played college football for the Kent State Golden Flashes as a quarterback and was selected in the seventh round of the 2009 NFL draft by the Patriots, where he transitioned to a return specialist and wide receiver. Edelman became a primary offensive starter in 2013 and was a staple of the Patriots' receiving corps until his retirement after the 2020 season.

One of the NFL's most productive postseason receivers, Edelman ranks third in postseason receiving yards and receptions; he holds the Super Bowl records for punt returns and first-half receptions in a single game. A three-time Super Bowl winner, he was the receiving yards leader during his victories in Super Bowl XLIX and Super Bowl LIII. Edelman was named MVP of the latter, accounting for more than half his team's receiving yards.

Kent State Golden Flashes football
The Kent State Golden Flashes football team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. The team is a member of the Mid-American Conference East division, and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). The Golden Flashes played their first game in 1920 and since 1969 have played their home games at Dix Stadium. Kent State is coached by head coach Mark Carney.
A440 (pitch standard)
A440 (also known as Stuttgart pitch) is the musical pitch corresponding to an audio frequency of 440 Hz, which serves as a tuning standard for the musical note of A above middle C, or A4 in scientific pitch notation.  It is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 16.  While other frequencies have been (and occasionally still are) used to tune the first A above middle C, A440 is now commonly used as a reference frequency to calibrate acoustic equipment and to tune pianos, violins, and other musical instruments.

Pitch (music)
Pitch is the quality that makes it possible to judge sounds as "higher" and "lower" in the sense associated with musical melodies. Pitch is a perceptual property that allows sounds to be ordered on a frequency-related scale. 
Pitch is a major auditory attribute of musical tones, along with duration, loudness, and timbre.

Pitch may be quantified as a frequency, but pitch is not a purely objective physical property; it is a subjective psychoacoustical attribute of sound. Historically, the study of pitch and pitch perception has been a central problem in psychoacoustics, and has been instrumental in forming and testing theories of sound representation, processing, and perception in the auditory system.
Rittenhouse Square
Rittenhouse Square is a public park in Center City Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is the center of the eponymous Rittenhouse neighborhood. The square is one of the five original open-space parks planned by William Penn and his surveyor Thomas Holme during the late 17th century. Together with Fitler Square, the Rittenhouse neighborhood and the square comprise the Rittenhouse–Fitler Historic District.

Rittenhouse Square is maintained by the non-profit group The Friends of Rittenhouse Square. The square cuts 19th Street at Walnut Street and also at a half-block above Manning Street. Its boundaries are 18th Street to the east, Walnut Street to the north, and Rittenhouse Square West, a north–south boundary street, and Rittenhouse Square South, an east–west boundary street, making the park approximately two short blocks on each side. Locust Street is interrupted by Rittenhouse Square at 18th Street and Rittenhouse Square West.

Center City, Philadelphia
Center City includes the central business district and central neighborhoods of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It comprises the area that made up the City of Philadelphia prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854, which extended the city borders to be coterminous with Philadelphia County.
Tilling-Stevens
Tilling-Stevens was a British manufacturer of buses and other commercial vehicles, based in Maidstone, Kent.  Originally established in 1897, it became a specialist in petrol–electric vehicles.  It continued as an independent manufacturer until 1950, when it was acquired by the Rootes Group.

Petrol–electric transmission
Petrol–electric transmission (UK English), or gasoline–electric transmission or gas–electric transmission (US English), is a transmission system for vehicles powered by petrol engines. Petrol–electric transmission was used for a variety of applications in road, rail, and marine transport in the early 20th century. After World War I, it was largely superseded by diesel–electric transmission, a similar transmission system used for diesel engines; but petrol–electric has become popular again in modern hybrid electric vehicles.

Petrol–electric transmission was used in certain niche markets in the early 20th century, such as in the petrol–electric railway locomotives produced in Britain for use on the War Department Light Railways during World War I or for privately owned Arad & Csanad United Railways. In France, the Crochat petrol–electric transmission system was used for standard-gauge locomotives (up to 240 kW of electrical power).
WRC Promoter GmbH
WRC Promoter GmbH is a media company based in Munich, jointly owned by Red Bull GmbH and KW25. The company is responsible for all commercial aspects of the World Rally Championship and European Rally Championship.

European Rally Championship
The European Rally Championship (officially FIA European Rally Championship) is an automobile rally competition held annually on the European continent and organized by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA).
The championship has been organized since 1953 and has competed in different European countries, alternating between rallies on asphalt and gravel. It was the first supranational rally championship that was organized in the world and therefore the oldest one. In 2012 it had 60 editions and in 2013 it was renewed with the merger with the Intercontinental Rally Challenge.
Lake Mendota
Lake Mendota is a freshwater eutrophic lake that is the northernmost and largest of the four lakes in Madison, Wisconsin. The lake borders Madison on the north, east, and south, Middleton on the west, Shorewood Hills on the southwest, Maple Bluff on the northeast, and Westport on the northwest. The lake was historically known as Wąąkšikhomįkra (Where the Person Rests) by the Ho-Chunk people. Lake Mendota acquired its present name in 1849 following a proposal by a surveyor named Frank Hudson, who claimed to be familiar with local Native American languages; Lyman C. Draper, the first corresponding secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, proposed that 'Mendota' could have been a Chippewa word meaning 'large' or 'great.'

Middleton, Wisconsin
Middleton is a city in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 21,827 at the 2020 census. A suburb northwest of Madison, it is part of the Madison metropolitan area. Middleton's motto is "The Good Neighbor City."
Salman (rocket motor)
The Salman (Persian: سلمان) is a solid-propellant rocket motor designed and built by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. It is used as the second stage of the Qased and Qaem-100 satellite launch vehicles. The system was announced on 9 February 2020 and was launched for the first time on 22 April 2020, placing Iran's first military satellite, named Noor, into orbit.

Qased (rocket)
The Qased (also Ghased, Persian: قاصد, lit. 'messenger') rocket is an Iranian expendable small-lift orbital space launch vehicle. It made its maiden flight in 2020, lofting Iran's first military satellite named Noor (Persian: نور, lit. 'light') into orbit.
2024–25 CAF Champions League qualifying rounds
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League qualifying rounds began on 16 August and ended on 22 September 2024. 59 teams competed in the qualifying rounds to decide the 16 places in the group stage of the 2024–25 CAF Champions League.

All times are local.

2024–25 CAF Champions League group stage
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League group stage began on 26 November 2024 and ended on 19 January 2025. 16 teams competed in the group stage to decide the eight places in the knockout stage of the 2024–25 CAF Champions League.
Eiō
The Eiō (叡王) is one of the eight major titles of professional shogi cosponsored by Fujiya Co. and the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). The tournament initially started out as a non-title tournament in 2015, but was upgraded to major title status in May 2017. The current Eiō title holder is Takumi Itō.

Professional shogi player
A professional shogi player (将棋棋士 shōgi kishi or プロ棋士 puro kishi "professional player") is a shogi player who is usually a member of a professional guild of shogi players.

There are two categories of professional players: regular professional and women's professional. All regular professional shogi players are members of the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). However, only regular professional players, who are as of yet all male, are considered to be full-fledged members. Women's professional players belong to groups distinct from regular professional players. In Japanese, the term 棋士 kishi only refers to regular professional players to the exclusion of women's professionals, who are termed 女流棋士 joryū kishi.
Urethral cancer
Urethral cancer is a rare cancer originating from the urethra. The disease has been classified by the TNM staging system and the World Health Organization.

Symptoms include blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, or bloody penile discharge.

Diagnosis is established by transurethral biopsy.

The most common type is papillary urothelial carcinoma. Risk factors suggested include prolonged irritations of the urethra due to urinary catheterization, chronic inflammation due to infection, radiation, diverticula of the urethra, and urethral strictures.

Penile discharge
Penile discharge is fluid that comes from the urethra at the end of the penis that is not urine, pre-ejaculate or semen.

Common causes include infections due to gonorrhea, chlamydia, or trichomoniasis. In gonorrhea the discharge may be white, yellow, or green.

A swab of the discharge is usually performed.

Treatment depends on the cause. Spread of infection is reduced by also treating sexual contacts.

Risk factors include being sexually active men under the age of 25, having a recent new sexual partner, or having unprotected sex.
Paul Abel Mamba Diatta
Paul Abel Mamba Diatta (born 5 December 1960) is a Senegalese Catholic prelate who is the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tambacounda, Senegal since 4 November 2021. Before that, from 25 January 2012 until 4 November 2021, he was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor, Senegal. Prior to then he served as Apostolic Administrator of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor from 21 July 2010 until 25 January 2012. He was appointed bishop on 25 January 2012	 by Pope Benedict XVI and was consecrated at Ziguinchor on 21 April 2012. His installation as Bishop of Tambacounda, took place on 6 February 2022.

Diocese of Tambacounda
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tambacounda (Latin: Tambacundan(us), French: Diocèse catholique romain de Tambacounda) is a diocese located in the city of Tambacounda in the ecclesiastical province of Dakar in Senegal.
Keelung Islet
Keelung Islet (Chinese: 基隆嶼; pinyin: Jīlóng Yǔ; Wade–Giles: Chi1-lung2 Yü3, also 基隆島, in Taiwanese Hokkien: 雞籠杙/Ke-lâng-khit) is a small island in Zhongzheng District, Keelung, Taiwan and 4.9 km (3.0 mi) away from the Port of Keelung. It has an area of 27,005.593 m2 (0.010426918 sq mi) or 23.91 ha (59.08 acres). It is 910 m (2,986 ft) in length, and 410 m (1,345 ft) in width including the artificial harbor, the highest point is 182 m (597 ft) above sea level.

Port of Keelung
The Port of Keelung (Chinese: 基隆港; Hanyu Pinyin: Jīlóng gǎng; Tongyong Pinyin: Jilóng Gǎng; Wade–Giles: Chi-lung-kang; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng-káng), also known as Keelung Harbor, is located in the vicinity of Keelung City, Taiwan. It is operated by Taiwan International Ports Corporation, Taiwan's state-owned port management company.
Crazzy Steve
Steven Scott (born March 4, 1984) is a Canadian professional wrestler who performs under the ring name Crazzy Steve. He is best known for his tenures in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he is a former TNA Digital Media Champion and a former TNA World Tag Team Champion. He also wrestles on the independent circuit for various other promotions.

TNA Digital Media Championship
The TNA Digital Media Championship was a professional wrestling television championship created and promoted by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It was an intergender tertiary championship, openly available to both male and female wrestlers.

On March 29, 2025, during the TNA iMPACT! tapings, Director of Authority Santino Marella stripped final champion Steph De Lander of the title, retired it and replaced it with the TNA International Championship.
Radiocontrast agent
Radiocontrast agents are substances used to enhance the visibility of internal structures in X-ray-based imaging techniques such as computed tomography (contrast CT), projectional radiography, and fluoroscopy. Radiocontrast agents are typically iodine, or more rarely barium sulfate. The contrast agents absorb external X-rays, resulting in decreased exposure on the X-ray detector. This is different from radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine which emit radiation.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functions through different principles and thus MRI contrast agents have a different mode of action. These compounds work by altering the magnetic properties of nearby hydrogen nuclei.

Contrast CT
Contrast CT, or contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), is X-ray computed tomography (CT) using radiocontrast. Radiocontrasts for X-ray CT are generally iodine-based types. This is useful to highlight structures such as blood vessels that otherwise would be difficult to delineate from their surroundings. Using contrast material can also help to obtain functional information about tissues. Often, images are taken both with and without radiocontrast. CT images are called precontrast or native-phase images before any radiocontrast has been administered, and postcontrast after radiocontrast administration.
Von Mises–Fisher distribution
In directional statistics, the von Mises–Fisher distribution (named after Richard von Mises and Ronald Fisher), is a probability distribution on the -sphere in . If 
the distribution reduces to the von Mises distribution on the circle.

Directional statistics
Directional statistics (also circular statistics or spherical statistics) is the subdiscipline of statistics that deals with directions (unit vectors in Euclidean space, Rn), axes (lines through the origin in Rn) or rotations in Rn. More generally, directional statistics deals with observations on compact Riemannian manifolds including the Stiefel manifold.

The fact that 0 degrees and 360 degrees are identical angles, so that for example 180 degrees is not a sensible mean of 2 degrees and 358 degrees, provides one illustration that special statistical methods are required for the analysis of some types of data (in this case, angular data). Other examples of data that may be regarded as directional include statistics involving temporal periods (e.g. time of day, week, month, year, etc.), compass directions, dihedral angles in molecules, orientations, rotations and so on.
The Lodge RSPB reserve
RSPB The Lodge is a nature reserve run by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), named after the building there, The Lodge, which is their headquarters. It is located south-east of the town of Sandy, Bedfordshire, in England.

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a charitable organisation registered in England and Wales and in Scotland. It was founded in 1889. It works to promote conservation and protection of birds and the wider environment through public awareness campaigns, petitions and through the operation of nature reserves throughout the United Kingdom.

In 2023/24 the RSPB had revenue of £169 million, 2,517 employees, 13,500 volunteers and 1.1 million members (including 195,000 youth members), making it one of the world's largest wildlife conservation organisations. The RSPB has many local groups and maintains 222 nature reserves.
Lima Phillies
The Lima Phillies were a minor league baseball team based in Lima, Ohio. The Lima "Phillies" were a minor league affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies, playing as members of the Class D level Ohio-Indiana League in 1950 and 1951. The Phillies were preceded in Ohio–Indiana League play by the 1948 Lima Terriers, who were a minor league affiliate of the Chicago White Sox and the 1949 Lima Chiefs. Failing to qualify for the playoffs in each season, the Lima Ohio–Indiana League teams hosted minor league home games at Allen County Park.

Ohio–Indiana League
The Ohio–Indiana League was a Class D level minor league baseball league that operated from 1948 to 1951. The league was composed of six teams from Ohio and two teams from Indiana. The Marion Red Sox won three consecutive league championships beginning in 1949. There was also a six–team Ohio–Indiana League that played the 1907 season.
Cocoa production in Japan
Cocoa production in Japan is limited to the subtropical islands of Hahajima (of the Ogasawara Islands) and Okinawa (of the Ryukyu Islands). The Sōka-based Hiratsuka Confectionery Company was the first to attempt domestic cocoa production in Japan, with cultivation on Hahajima beginning in earnest in 2011. The company's "Tokyo Cacao" bean-to-bar products are marketed as being made from Tokyo-sourced cocoa, as Hahajima is administratively a part of the metropolis. Cocoa cultivation on Okinawa is a relatively newer operation, with chocolates made from Okinawan-sourced cocoa only being announced in 2025.

Hahajima
Hahajima, Haha Jima, or Haha-jima (母島; meaning Mother Island) is the second-largest island within the Bonin or Ogasawara Islands SSE of the Japanese Home Islands. The steeply-sloped island, which is about 21 km2 (8 sq mi) in area, has a population of 440. It is part of Ogasawara Village in Ogasawara Subprefecture, which is approximately 1,000 km (620 mi) south of Tokyo, Japan.

The highest peaks Hahajima are Chibusayama (lit. Breast Mountain), approximately 462 metres (1,516 ft), and Sakaigatake, 443 metres (1,453 ft). It is part of an archipelago that includes Chichijima approximately 50 km (31 mi) to the north and the nearby smaller islands such as Anejima and Imōtojima and Mukōjima. The group forms the Hahajima Rettō (母島列島; formerly the "Baily Group").
Tony Buzan
Anthony Peter "Tony" Buzan (/ˈbuːzən/; 2 June 1942 – 13 April 2019) was an English author and educational consultant.

Buzan popularised the idea of mental literacy, radiant thinking, and a technique called mind mapping, inspired by techniques used by Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, and Joseph D. Novak's "concept mapping" techniques.

Mind map
A mind map is a  diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often based on a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those major ideas.

Mind maps can also be drawn by hand, either as "notes" during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, or as higher quality pictures when more time is available. Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram.
Xvid
Xvid (formerly "XviD") is a video codec library following the MPEG-4 video coding standard, specifically MPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile (ASP). It uses ASP features such as b-frames, global and quarter pixel motion compensation, lumi masking, trellis quantization, and H.263, MPEG and custom quantization matrices.

Xvid is a primary competitor of the DivX Pro Codec. In contrast with the DivX codec, which is proprietary software developed by DivX, LLC, Xvid is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License. This also means that unlike the DivX codec, which is only available for a limited number of platforms, Xvid can be used on all platforms and operating systems for which the source code can be compiled.

Quantization (image processing)
Quantization, involved in image processing, is a lossy compression technique achieved by compressing a range of values to a single quantum (discrete) value. When the number of discrete symbols in a given stream is reduced, the stream becomes more compressible. For example, reducing the number of colors required to represent a digital image makes it possible to reduce its file size. Specific applications include DCT data quantization in JPEG and DWT data quantization in JPEG 2000.
Nassau Plantation (Texas)
Nassau Plantation was a 4,428 acres (17.92 km2; 6.919 sq mi) endeavor purchased by the Adelsverein on January 9, 1843,  in Fayette County, Texas, near what is now Round Top. A Texas State Historical Marker was installed in 1968, Marker 3550.

Adelsverein
The Mainzer Adelsverein at Biebrich am Rhein (Verein zum Schutze Deutscher Einwanderer in Texas; "Society for the Protection of German Immigrants in Texas"), better known as the Mainzer Adelsverein (German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪntsɐ ˈʔaːdl̩sfɐˌʔaɪn]; "Nobility Society of Mainz"), organized on April 20, 1842, was a colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement within the borders of Texas.
Donna Jean Godchaux
Donna Jean Thatcher Godchaux-MacKay (August 22, 1947 – November 2, 2025) was an American singer best known as a member of the rock band the Grateful Dead from 1972 to 1979. In addition to the Dead, she performed with the Jerry Garcia Band and the short-lived Heart of Gold Band, all alongside her first husband, Keith Godchaux. She formed the Donna Jean Godchaux Band in 2006.

Donna Jean Godchaux Band
The Donna Jean Godchaux Band was an American rock band that featured vocalist Donna Jean Godchaux.

The band formed in 2007 and comprised Donna Jean Godchaux, formerly of the Grateful Dead, and members of the Zen Tricksters. Originally named Kettle Joe's Psychedelic Swamp Revue, they soon changed their name to Donna Jean and the Tricksters.  They released a self-titled album in 2008.  In March 2009, the group changed their name to the Donna Jean Godchaux Band.  In 2014, they released the album Back Around.