hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong English
Hong Kong English or Honglish is a variety of the English language native to Hong Kong. The variant is either a learner interlanguage or emergent variant, primarily a result of Hong Kong's British colonial history and the influence of native Hong Kong Cantonese speakers.

Hong Kong Cantonese
Hong Kong Cantonese is a dialect of Cantonese spoken primarily in Hong Kong. As the most commonly spoken language in Hong Kong, it shares a recent and direct lineage with the Guangzhou (Canton) dialect.

Due to the colonial heritage of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Cantonese exhibits distinct differences in vocabulary and certain speech patterns. Over the years, Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed foreign terminology and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms. Code-switching with English is also common.

As of 2021, 88.2% of Hong Kong's population identified Cantonese as their "usual spoken language," while 93.7% reported being able to speak it.

The specific IETF code for Cantonese written with traditional Han characters as used in Hong Kong is yue-Hant-HK.
Lollardy
Lollardy was a proto-Protestant Christian religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation. It was initially led by John Wycliffe, a Catholic theologian who was later dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for heresy. The Lollards' demands were primarily for reform of Western Christianity. They formulated their beliefs in the Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards.

Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards is a Middle English religious text written in 1395 containing statements by leaders of the English medieval movement, the Lollards, inspired by some of the teachings of John Wycliffe. The text was presented to the Parliament of England and nailed to the doors of Westminster Abbey and St Paul's Cathedral as a placard (a typical medieval method for publishing). The manifesto suggests the expanded treatise Thirty-Seven Conclusions (Thirty-seven Articles against Corruptions in the Church), for those that wished more in-depth information.
Bates distribution
In probability and business statistics, the Bates distribution, named after Grace Bates, is a probability distribution of the mean of a number of statistically independent uniformly distributed random variables on the unit interval. This distribution is related to the uniform, the triangular, and the normal Gaussian distribution, and has applications in broadcast engineering for signal enhancement.

The Bates distribution on  and of parameter  is sometimes confused with the Irwin–Hall distribution of parameter , which is the distribution of the sum (not the mean) of  independent random variables uniformly distributed on the unit interval . More precisely, if  has a Bates distribution on , then  has an Irwin-Hall distribution of parameter  (and support on ). For , both the Bates distribution and the Irwin-Hall distribution coincide  with the uniform distribution on the unit interval .

Irwin–Hall distribution
In probability and statistics, the Irwin–Hall distribution, named after Joseph Oscar Irwin and Philip Hall, is a probability distribution for a random variable defined as the sum of a number of independent random variables, each having a uniform distribution. For this reason it is also known as the uniform sum distribution.

The generation of pseudo-random numbers having an approximately normal distribution is sometimes accomplished by computing the sum of a number of pseudo-random numbers having a uniform distribution; usually for the sake of simplicity of programming. Rescaling the Irwin–Hall distribution provides the exact distribution of the random variates being generated.

This distribution is sometimes confused with the Bates distribution, which is the mean (not sum) of n independent random variables uniformly distributed from 0 to 1.
Arif Abd al-Raziq
Arif Abd al-Raziq (born in Tulkarem, 1894, died in Bulgaria 1944) was one of the Palestinian leaders of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. He was one of the first commanders of the uprising in 1936 and served as a regional commander. After the uprising resumed in 1937, he competed with the considered commander-in-chief, Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad, for the title of "General Commander of the Uprising".

Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad
Abd al-Rahim al-Hajj Muhammad Al Saif (Arabic: عبد الرحيم الحج محمد ال سيف; 1892 – March 1939), also known by his kunya Abu Kamal, was a prominent Palestinian Arab commander of rebel forces during the 1936–39 Arab revolt against British Mandate rule and increased levels of Jewish settlement in Palestine. Most of his activities were based in the areas of Tulkarm, Nablus and Jenin (modern-day northern West Bank). In September 1938, he became the General Commander of the Revolt, although he shared the post in rotation with Arif Abd al-Raziq. In February 1939, al-Hajj Muhammad was given sole title to the post by the revolt's political leadership, but was killed the following month in a fire-fight with British forces.
Erik Segerstedt
Mats Erik Segerstedt (born 20 April 1983) is a Swedish singer.

Segerstedt was born in Uddevalla.  As a student he attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. He was the runner-up to Markus Fagervall on the third season of Swedish version of Idol 2006.

Erik was part of the Swedish band E.M.D., alongside two other Idol contestants, Danny Saucedo from  Idol 2006 and Mattias Andréasson from Idol 2007. The band took a break in late 2010.

Erik was a contestant in Let's Dance 2013. He also voiced Prince Hans in the Swedish dub of Disney's Frozen.

Mattias Andréasson
Mattias Andréasson (born 29 March 1981), also known as dmaSOUL, is a Swedish singer known for participating in Swedish Idol 2007, in which he came in the 5th place.  As a student, he attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. He was part of Swedish band E.M.D., which was active between 2007 and 2010.
M3 howitzer
The 105 mm Howitzer M3 was a U.S. light howitzer designed for use by airborne troops. The gun utilized the barrel of the 105 mm Howitzer M2, shortened and fitted to a slightly modified split trail carriage of the 75 mm pack howitzer.

The howitzer was used by the U.S. Army during World War II. It was issued to airborne units and the cannon companies of infantry regiments.

M116 howitzer
The 75mm pack howitzer M1 (redesignated the M116 in 1962) was a pack howitzer designed in the United States. The gun saw combat in World War II with the United States Army (primarily in airborne units) and the United States Marine Corps, and was also supplied to foreign militaries. Initially designed to be moved across difficult terrain, the gun and carriage could be broken down into several pieces to be carried by pack animals, and this ability as well as its compact size allowed it to be used by paratroop and glider forces.

In addition to the pack or air-portable configuration, the gun was also mounted on a split-trail carriage to serve as a field artillery piece. The M1 in its original version was mated to a number of self-propelled carriages, though only one of those – 75 mm HMC T30 – reached mass production, while he M2 and M3 variants were vehicle-mounted in the 75 mm HMC M8 and some LVT models.
Werewolf by Night
The Werewolf by Night (also known as the Werewolf) is the name of two fictional werewolves appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first incarnation of Werewolf by Night, Jack Russell, first appeared in Marvel Spotlight #2 (February 1972). The second incarnation, Jake Gomez, first appeared in Werewolf by Night #1 (October 2020).

The Jack Russell incarnation of Werewolf by Night appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe TV special Werewolf by Night (2022), portrayed by Gael García Bernal.

Marvel Spotlight
Marvel Spotlight is a comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics as a try-out book. It stood out from Marvel's other try-out books in that most of the featured characters made their first appearance in the series. The series originally ran for 33 issues from November 1971 to April 1977. A second volume ran for 11 issues from July 1979 to March 1981.
Hinda Miller
Hinda Miller (née Hinda Schreiber; born 18 April 1950) is a Canadian-born American politician, entrepreneur, costume designer, and inventor. She was a member of the Vermont Senate from the Chittenden senate district, from 2002 until 2013. Miller finished second in the 2006 Burlington mayoral election behind Progressive Bob Kiss.

In 1977, Miller co-created the "Jogbra", the first sports bra, working alongside Lisa Lindahl and Polly Smith. She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2022.

Polly Smith (inventor)
Polly Smith (born November 10, 1949) is an American inventor and costume designer. Smith was the costume designer for The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.

In 1977, Smith co-created the "Jogbra", the first sports bra, working alongside Lisa Lindahl and Hinda Miller. She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2022.
Something Else Press
Something Else Press was founded by Dick Higgins in 1963. It published many important intermedia texts and artworks by such Fluxus artists as Higgins, Ray Johnson, Alison Knowles, Allan Kaprow, George Brecht, Daniel Spoerri, Robert Filliou, Al Hansen, John Cage, Emmett Williams and by such important modernist figures as Gertrude Stein, Henry Cowell, and Bern Porter.

Daniel Spoerri
Daniel Spoerri (German pronunciation: [ˈʃpœʁi]; 27 March 1930 – 6 November 2024) was a Romanian-born Swiss visual artist and writer. He is considered to be an important figure among the artists within the so-called "second wave" of the Pop art movement.

Spoerri is best known for his "snare-pictures," a type of assemblage or object art, in which he captured a group of objects, such as the remains of meals eaten by individuals, including the plates, silverware, and glasses, all of which are fixed to the table or board, which is then displayed on a wall. He also is widely acclaimed for his book, Topographie Anécdotée* du Hasard (An Anecdoted Topography of Chance), a literary analog to his snare-pictures, in which he mapped all the objects located on his table at a particular moment, describing each with his personal recollections evoked by the object.
Shinshokan
Shinshokan (株式会社新書館, Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan) is a Japanese publishing company. It was established on June 14, 1961. In April 2009, the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan, to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan's Wings, Dear, and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint (the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat).

Wings (Japanese magazine)
Wings (ウィングス, Uingusu) is a shōjo manga magazine published by Shinshokan. Published bi-monthly, it features action and fantasy manga aimed at women in the age group of 16–20 years. Headquartered in Tokyo, the magazine previously had the following editions namely Shinshokan South (aka South), Phantom Club, Huckleberry, Un Poco and Wings: Story; however, currently, only Un Poco and Wings:Story are still being published.

At its inception, Wings established itself as a science-fiction and fantasy magazine. Its more fantastical settings and sense of wonder helped it to stand out, and Wings began to accept stories from a diverse mix of genres. Due to its high popularity with female readers, in the mid-2010s the magazine began using the tagline "Shōjo Manga for Adults".
Saskatchewan Highway 342
Highway 342 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 42 to Range Road 3183 near Plato and Highway 44. It is about 123 kilometres (76 mi) long.

The highway passes near Beechy, White Bear, Kyle, Lacadena, Tyner, Plato, and Clearwater Lake Regional Park. It connects with Highways 647, 4, and 737.

Saskatchewan Highway 42
Highway 42 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from the intersection of Highway 2 in Tuxford in a north-west direction to Highway 15 near Milden. Even though the section between Lucky Lake and Milden is predominantly north–south, the entirety of Hwy 42 is signed east–west. The highway is about 205 kilometres (127 mi) long.

Highway 42 passes by the communities of Marquis, Keeler, Brownlee, Eyebrow, Central Butte, Lawson, Riverhurst, Lucky Lake, and Dinsmore, Saskatchewan. It crosses Lake Diefenbaker on the 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) long Riverhurst Ferry route. That crossing is an ice road in the winter.
Van Vleck paramagnetism
In condensed matter and atomic physics, Van Vleck paramagnetism refers to a positive and temperature-independent contribution to the magnetic susceptibility of a material, derived from second order corrections to the Zeeman interaction. The quantum mechanical theory was developed by John Hasbrouck Van Vleck between the 1920s and the 1930s to explain the magnetic response of gaseous nitric oxide (NO) and of rare-earth salts. Alongside other magnetic effects like Paul Langevin's formulas for paramagnetism (Curie's law) and diamagnetism, Van Vleck discovered an additional paramagnetic contribution of the same order as Langevin's diamagnetism. Van Vleck contribution is usually important for systems with one electron short of being half filled and this contribution vanishes for elements with closed shells.

Curie's law
For many paramagnetic materials, the magnetization of the material is directly proportional to an applied magnetic field, for sufficiently high temperatures and small fields. However, if the material is heated, this proportionality is reduced. For a fixed value of the field, the magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional to temperature, that is

where

is the (volume) magnetic susceptibility,

is the magnitude of the resulting magnetization (A/m),

is the magnitude of the applied magnetic field (A/m),

is absolute temperature (K),

is a material-specific Curie constant (K).

Pierre Curie discovered this relation, now known as Curie's law, by fitting data from experiment. It only holds for high temperatures and weak magnetic fields. As the derivations below show, the magnetization saturates in the opposite limit of low temperatures and strong fields. If the Curie constant is null, other magnetic effects dominate, like Langevin diamagnetism or Van Vleck paramagnetism.
Robert Fripp
Robert Fripp (born 16 May 1946) is an English musician, composer, record producer, and author, best known as the guitarist, founder and only constant member of the progressive rock band King Crimson. He has worked extensively as a session musician and collaborator, notably with David Bowie, Blondie, Brian Eno, Peter Gabriel, Peter Hammill, Daryl Hall, the Roches, Talking Heads, and David Sylvian. He also composed the startup sound of Windows Vista, in collaboration with Tucker Martine and Steve Ball. His discography includes contributions to more than 700 official releases.

His compositions often feature unusual asymmetric rhythms, influenced by classical and folk traditions. His innovations include a tape delay system known as "Frippertronics" (superseded in the 1990s by a more sophisticated digital system called "Soundscapes") and New Standard Tuning.

Fripp is married to English singer and actress Toyah Willcox.

Toyah Willcox
Toyah Ann Willcox (born 18 May 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, actress, and television presenter. In a career spanning more than 40 years, she has had eight top 40 singles, released more than 20 albums, written two books, appeared in more than 40 stage plays and 10 feature films, and voiced and presented numerous television shows.

Between 1977 and 1983, Willcox fronted the eponymous band Toyah, before embarking on a solo career in the mid-1980s. At the Brit Awards 1982, Willcox was nominated for British Breakthrough Act, and Best Female Solo Artist. She was nominated a further two times in this category in 1983, and in 1984. Her hit singles, which she co-wrote, include "It's a Mystery", "Thunder in the Mountains" and "I Want to Be Free".

Willcox is married to English guitarist Robert Fripp.
U.S. Route 319
U.S. Route 319 (US 319) is a spur of US 19. It runs for 303 miles (488 km) from US 98 at the foot of the John Gorrie Memorial Bridge across from downtown Apalachicola, Florida to US 1/SR 4 in Wadley, Georgia, through the Panhandle of Florida and the southern portion of Georgia.

John Gorrie Memorial Bridge
29°43′48″N 84°56′22″W﻿ / ﻿29.73008°N 84.939423°W﻿ / 29.73008; -84.939423

The John Gorrie Bridge carries US 98 and US 319 over the Apalachicola Bay. It connects Apalachicola, Florida, with Eastpoint, Florida.  The original John Gorrie Bridge was built in 1935, replacing a ferry service between the two towns.  It included a rotating section to allow passage of ships with high masts.  The current bridge was built in 1988.
Billy Miske
Billy Miske, alias The Saint Paul Thunderbolt (April 12, 1894 – January 1, 1924), was a professional boxer from Saint Paul, Minnesota. During his tenure as a pugilist he had multiple-bout series with a plethora of all-time greats including Harry Greb, Jack Dempsey, Fred Fulton, Jack Dillon, Tommy Gibbons, Bill Brennan and Battling Levinsky, among others. Despite a career shortened by illness and an early death, statistical website BoxRec still lists Miske as the No. 26 ranked heavyweight of all time.

Jack Dillon
Ernest Cutler Price (February 2, 1891 – August 7, 1942), better known as Jack Dillon, was an American boxer who held the Light Heavyweight Championship of the World. Dillon was often referred to as "Jack the Giant Killer" for his ability to handle the most dangerous heavyweights of his era. Ring Magazine founder Nat Fleischer ranked Dillon as the #3 Light Heavyweight of all time, while boxing promoter Charley Rose placed him at #2. The International Boxing Research Organization rates Dillon as the 16th best Light-Heavyweight ever.  He was inducted into the Ring Magazine Hall of Fame in 1959 and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1995. His managers included Sam Murbarger, and later Steve Harter.
George Mills (RAF officer)
Air Chief Marshal Sir George Holroyd Mills, GCB, DFC (26 March 1902 – 14 April 1971) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. After his retirement from the RAF, Mills served as Black Rod in the Houses of Parliament until 1970. He was also a trustee of the Imperial War Museum.

Black Rod
The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the Black Rod, often shortened to Black Rod, is a senior parliamentary officer similar to a serjeant-at-arms, responsible for ceremonial protocol and maintaining order within a legislative chamber. The role originated in the House of Lords of the Parliament of England during the 14th century, and was exported to the upper houses of other Westminster system legislatures. Besides the British House of Lords, the office now exists in Australia's federal and state upper houses, in Canada's federal upper house and some unicameral provincial houses, and for ceremonial purposes in New Zealand and the Cook Islands. The position is named after the staff of office carried by the official, a black rod. The Gentleman/Lady Usher often has a deputy called the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod.
Rathmines Athletic F.C.
Rathmines Athletic Football Club were an Irish association football club based in Rathmines, Dublin. Together with YMCA, Frankfort and Reds United, Rathmines Athletic are one of only four clubs to have played just one season in the top level of the League of Ireland. The 1922–23 season saw Rathmines Athletic finish in 12th and last place and withdraw from the league without playing their last game.

YMCA F.C. (Dublin)
YMCA Football Club was an Irish association football club based in Sandymount, Dublin. The club was founded in 1893 and, together with the YMCA Cricket Club and the YMCA Hockey Club, it was part of the YMCA group of sports clubs based at Claremount Road, Sandymount. Today this group also includes Mount Merrion YMCA F.C. who play in the Leinster Senior League.

In 2023, the YMCA grounds at Claremount Road were sold to Landsdowne F.C., a rugby union club.
Hải Dương province
Hải Dương was a former province in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. Its name derives from the Sino-Vietnamese 海陽 phrase "ocean sun", though the modern province is in fact landlocked. Located in the Northern Key Economic Region, Hai Duong Province has a dynamic economy with a focus on industrial manufacturing.

On June 12, 2025, Hải Dương was incorporated into Haiphong.

Haiphong
Haiphong or Hai Phong (Vietnamese: Hải Phòng, pronounced [hǎːj fɔ̀ŋ͡m] ⓘ) is the third-largest city in Vietnam and is the principal port city of the Red River Delta. The municipality has an area of 3,194.72 km2 (1,233.49 mi2). The city includes Bạch Long Vĩ and Cát Hải islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. It has a population of 4,664,124 in 2025.
The Land That Time Forgot (2009 film)
The Land That Time Forgot (promotionally titled Edgar Rice Burrough's The Land That Time Forgot, released in other countries as Dinosaur Island) is a 2009 science fiction film by independent American film studio The Asylum, directed by and starring C. Thomas Howell. It is an adaptation of the 1918 Edgar Rice Burroughs novel of the same name, and a remake of the 1974 film starring Doug McClure.

The Land That Time Forgot (novel)
The Land That Time Forgot is a fantasy novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first of his Caspak trilogy. His working title for the story was "The Lost U-Boat". The sequence was first published in Blue Book Magazine as a three-part serial in the issues for August (vol. 27 #4), October (vol. 27 #6), and December (vol. 28 #2) 1918. The complete trilogy was later combined for publication in book form under the title of the first part by A. C. McClurg in June 1924. Beginning with the Ace Books editions of the 1960s, the three segments have usually been issued as separate short novels.
Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov
Abdulmanap Magomedovich Nurmagomedov (Russian: Абдулманап Магомедович Нурмагомедов; 10 December 1962 – 3 July 2020) was a Russian military veteran, former judoka, and combat sports coach. 
In September 2019, he was named by 
the Russian Book of Records as the most successful combat sambo coach in the country. He was the head coach of Eagles MMA and had coached two UFC world champions, his son Khabib Nurmagomedov as well as Islam Makhachev.

Islam Makhachev
Islam Ramazanovich Makhachev (Russian: Ислам Рамазанович Махачев; born 27 October 1991) is a Russian professional mixed martial artist and former sambo competitor. He currently competes in the Welterweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), where he is the current UFC Welterweight Champion and former UFC Lightweight Champion. A professional since 2010, along with becoming a combat sambo world champion in 2016 and two-time Russian national champion at 74 kg (2014, 2016). As of 18 November 2025, he is #1 in the UFC men's pound-for-pound rankings.

Makhachev holds several UFC lightweight records, including the longest winning streak (14), the most title-fight victories (5), the most successful title defenses (4), and the highest significant-strike accuracy (59.5%). After defeating Jack Della Maddalena at UFC 322 to become the eleventh double champion in UFC history, he also tied Anderson Silva's mark for the longest winning streak in UFC history (16).