hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American philosophy
American philosophy is the activity, corpus, and tradition of philosophers affiliated with the United States. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy notes that while it lacks a "core of defining features, American Philosophy can nevertheless be seen as both reflecting and shaping collective American identity over the history of the nation". The philosophy of the Founding Fathers of the United States is largely seen as an extension of the European Enlightenment. A small number of philosophies are known as American in origin, namely pragmatism and transcendentalism, with their most prominent proponents being the philosophers William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively.

Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often attributed to philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. In 1878, Peirce described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."
VMLY&R
VMLY&R was an American marketing and communications company specializing in advertising, digital and social media, sales promotion, direct marketing and brand identity consulting, formed from the 2020 merger of VML, founded in 1992, and Y&R (Young & Rubicam), founded in 1923. It was a subsidiary of WPP plc, a multinational advertising and public relations holding company.

Before the merger with Wunderman Thompson, VMLY&R employed more than 13,000 employees in 80-plus offices worldwide. Principal offices were set in Kansas City, New York, London, São Paulo, Shanghai, Singapore, and Sydney.

On October 17, 2023, WPP announced the merger of Wunderman Thompson and VMLY&R into a new agency, VML.

WPP plc
WPP plc is a British multinational communications, advertising, public relations, technology, and commerce holding company headquartered in London, England. It is the world's largest advertising company, as of 2023. WPP plc owns many companies, which include advertising, public relations, media, and market research networks such as AKQA, Burson, Hogarth, Landor, Ogilvy, VML, and WPP Media (EssenceMediacom, Mindshare, Wavemaker, choreograph and more). It is one of the "Big Three" agency companies, alongside Publicis and Omnicom. WPP has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
Rachel Proctor
Rachel Christine Proctor (born August 11, 1974) is an American country music artist. Before signing to a record deal, she co-wrote Martina McBride's 2002 single "Where Would You Be". By 2003, Proctor had signed to BNA Records, releasing her debut single "Days Like This" that year. This song, which peaked at number 24 on the country charts, was the first of four singles from her 2004 debut album Where I Belong. Proctor's only album for the label, it also produced her highest-charting single in the number 18 "Me and Emily". Although she has not charted a single since 2004, she has written singles for Jessica Simpson and Jesse Lee. Proctor has also had songs recorded by Blake Shelton, Gary Allan, Jana Kramer, Lauren Alaina, and Kenny Loggins. In March 2013 Rachel signed an exclusive songwriting agreement with Big Tractor Music Publishing. Big Tractor is owned by producer Scott Hendricks.

Jesse Lee (singer)
Jesse Lee (born c. 1986) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Signed to Atlantic Nashville in 2007, she released her debut single "It's a Girl Thing" in 2009, which debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated for June 6, 2009. A second single, "Like My Mother Does," was released in 2010, which failed to chart.  Jesse and Atlantic Records parted ways after three and a half years together. She is signed as a songwriter with Disney Music Group. In addition to her solo career, Lee co-wrote Kelsea Ballerini's "Peter Pan".
Tiergarten (Berlin)
Tiergarten (German: [ˈtiːɐ̯ˌɡaʁtn̩] ⓘ, literally Animal Garden, historically meaning deer park or hunting game park) is a locality within the borough of Mitte, in central Berlin (Germany). Notable for the great and homonymous urban park, before German reunification, it was a part of West Berlin. Until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, Tiergarten was also the name of a borough (Bezirk), consisting of the current locality (Ortsteil) of Tiergarten (formerly called Tiergarten-Süd) plus Hansaviertel and Moabit. A new system of road and rail tunnels runs under the park towards Berlin's main station in nearby Moabit.

Tiergarten (park)
The Tiergarten (German: [ˈtiːɐ̯ˌɡaʁtn̩] ⓘ, English: Animal Garden), formal German name: Großer  Tiergarten (English: Greater Animal Garden, or deer park, game hunting park), is a prominent park in Berlin's inner-city area, located completely in the district of the same name. It is one of the most popular parks in the city and at 210 hectares (520 acres) in size, is among the largest urban gardens in Germany. Only the Tempelhofer Park (previously Berlin's Tempelhof airport) and Munich's Englischer Garten are larger.
Prince George, Duke of Kent
Prince George, Duke of Kent (George Edward Alexander Edmund; 20 December 1902 – 25 August 1942), was a member of the British royal family, the fourth son of King George V and Queen Mary, and a younger brother of Kings Edward VIII and George VI. He served in the Royal Navy during the 1920s before briefly working as a civil servant, and in 1934 was created Duke of Kent. That same year he married Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, with whom he had three children: Edward, Alexandra, and Michael. In the late 1930s he joined the Royal Air Force, holding staff appointments at RAF Training Command and, from 1941, in the Welfare Section of the Inspector General's Staff. George was killed in an air crash in Scotland in 1942, aged 39, becoming the first member of the royal family in more than four centuries to die on active service.

Duke of Kent
Duke of Kent is a title that has been created several times in the peerages of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, most recently as a royal dukedom for the fourth son of King George V. Since 1942, the title has been held by Prince Edward (born 1935), a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.
R495 road (Ireland)
The R495 is a regional road in Ireland. Running entirely within County Tipperary, it starts in Nenagh at Richmond Cross, a junction with the R494, and ends at Dromineer on the shores of Lough Derg. The road is approximately 7.6 km (4.7 mi) long, passing through Ballycommon, Carrkirk, Annaghly Cross and Ballyartella.

Regional road (Ireland)
A regional road (Irish: bóthar réigiúnach) in the Republic of Ireland is a class of road not forming a major route (such as a national primary road or national secondary road), but nevertheless forming a link in the national route network. There are over 11,600 kilometres (7,200 miles) of regional roads. Regional roads are numbered with three-digit route numbers, prefixed by "R" (e.g. R105). The equivalent road category in Northern Ireland are B roads.
Judith Pallot
Judith Pallot FAcSS is professor emerita of the School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, expert in Soviet, East Central European, and Russian geography, in particular, Russia's penal geography and the  geography of the Russian peasantry.

She studied her bachelor's degree at the University of Leeds. She earned her PhD from the University College London.

In 2008, she was awarded the title of distinction of Professor of the Human Geography of Russia by the University of Oxford. She was elected Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences in 2012.

Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences
The Fellowship of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS) is an award granted by the Academy of Social Sciences to leading academics, policy-makers, and practitioners of the social sciences.

Fellows were previously known as Academicians and used the post-nominal letter "AcSS". This was changed in July 2014 to bring the academy in line with other British learned societies.
The Tooth Fairy (novel)
The Tooth Fairy is a fantasy and horror novel by English writer Graham Joyce. It was first published in the United Kingdom in paperback in 1996 by Signet Books, and in hardcover in the United States in 1998 by Tor Books. It is about Sam and his friends growing up in Coventry, England in the 1960s, and a mischievous fairy who torments Sam.

The Tooth Fairy was generally well received by critics, and won the 1997 British Fantasy Society August Derleth Award for Best Novel. It was also nominated for the 1998 International Horror Guild Award for Best Novel, and was placed third in the 1999 Locus Award for Best Dark Fantasy/Horror Novel.

The book was translated into French by Michel Pagel as L'intercepteur de cauchemars  and published by Presses Pocket in November 1998. Another French translation, also by Pagel as La fée des dents  was published by Bragelonne in March 2008. L'intercepteur de cauchemars won the Grand prix de l'Imaginaire: Traduction in 2000.

Graham Joyce
Graham William Joyce (22 October 1954 – 9 September 2014) was a British writer of speculative fiction and the recipient of numerous awards, including the O. Henry Award, the World Fantasy Award, and six times the British Fantasy Award for both his novels and short stories.
Inspiration Point (Hudson River Greenway)
40°51′31″N 73°56′14″W﻿ / ﻿40.858604°N 73.937345°W﻿ / 40.858604; -73.937345

The Inspiration Point Shelter is a popular rest stop for cyclists along the Hudson River Greenway within Fort Washington Park in Manhattan, which extends to Inwood Hill Park to the north and Riverside Park to the south. The Inspiration Point Shelter provides mostly unobstructed views of the Palisades across the river and of the George Washington Bridge to the south.

Manhattan Waterfront Greenway
The Manhattan Waterfront Greenway is a waterfront greenway for walking or cycling, 32 miles (51 km) long, around the island of Manhattan, in New York City. The largest portions are operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It is separated from motor traffic, and many sections also separate pedestrians from cyclists.  There are three principal parts — the East, Harlem and Hudson River Greenways.

The non-profit organization Shorewalkers NYC, launched in 1982, works to promote and preserve the Manhattan waterfront. It organizes every year The Great Saunter, a 32-mile hike around Manhattan close to the waterline.
ʻOkina
The ʻokina (Hawaiian pronunciation: [ʔoˈkinɐ]) is the letter that transcribes the glottal stop consonant in Hawaiian. It does not have distinct uppercase and lowercase forms, and is represented electronically by the modifier letter turned comma: ʻ.

A phonemic glottal stop exists in many other Polynesian languages as well; these are usually written by a similar apostrophe-like letter.

Modifier letter turned comma
The modifier letter turned comma ʻ is a character found in Unicode resembling a comma that has been turned. Unlike a comma, it is a letter, not a piece of punctuation. It is used in a number of Polynesian alphabets as the letter ʻokina to represent the glottal stop, and in the Uzbek alphabet to form the letters Oʻ and Gʻ, which correspond to Ў and Ғ respectively in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet.
The Ann Sothern Show
The Ann Sothern Show is an American sitcom starring Ann Sothern that aired on CBS for three seasons from October 6, 1958, to March 30, 1961. Created by Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf, the series was the second starring vehicle for Sothern, who had previously starred in Private Secretary, which also aired on CBS from 1953 to 1957.

Sothern portrayed the character Katy O'Connor, the assistant manager of the upscale New York City hotel The Bartley House. Co-stars for the series included Ann Tyrrell,  Don Porter and Jesse White who had also co-starred with her in Private Secretary.

Private Secretary (TV series)
Private Secretary (also known as Susie) is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from February 1, 1953, to March 17, 1957. Created by Ned Marin, the series stars Ann Sothern as Susan Camille "Susie" MacNamara, devoted secretary to handsome talent agent Peter Sands, played by Don Porter.
Tardive psychosis
Tardive psychosis is a hypothetical form of psychosis caused by long-term use of neuroleptics. It was first proposed in 1978 but was questioned by the late 1980s. It was hypothesized that psychosis could arise as neuroleptic medication become decreasingly effective, requiring higher doses, or when not responding to higher doses.

Evaluation suggests that "tardive psychosis" is better described as a combination of "several different and not necessarily correlated phenomena related to neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenia."

Some articles equated tardive psychosis to supersensitivity psychosis. However, descriptions of symptoms of the latter do not match the former. Specific supersensitivity psychosis articles focus on psychotic episodes in the wake of psychotic medication withdrawal associated with Clozapine, rather than on medication resistance. A hypothetical condition related to tardive psychosis, tardive dysmentia, has also been questioned.

Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis
Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis is a hypothesis that attempts to explain the phenomenon in which psychosis (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) occurs despite treatment with escalating doses of antipsychotics. Dopamine supersensitivity may be caused by the dopamine receptor D2 antagonizing effect of antipsychotics, causing a compensatory increase in D2 receptors within the brain that sensitizes neurons to endogenous release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Because psychosis is thought to be mediated—at least in part—by the activity of dopamine at D2 receptors, the activity of dopamine in the presence of supersensitivity may paradoxically give rise to worsening psychotic symptoms despite antipsychotic treatment at a given dose. This phenomenon may co-occur with tardive dyskinesia, a rare movement disorder that may also be due to dopamine supersensitivity.
NOFV-Oberliga
The NOFV-Oberliga is a division at step 5 of the German football league system. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, it became the successor of the DDR-Oberliga, and functions today as a 5th division in the former territory of East Germany and the city of Berlin.

This league is named after the Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband (NOFV: North-East German Football Association), the regional association of the DFB in the former East German territories.

The league is currently split in two groups, north and south, the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and NOFV-Oberliga Süd. A third league, the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte existed from 1991 to 1994.

Oberliga (football)
The Oberliga (German: [ˈoːbɐˌliːɡa], "Upper League"; plural: Oberligen) is the fifth tier of the German football league system. Before the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the fourth tier.  At the end of the 2011–12 season, the number of Oberligas was increased from eleven to fourteen.

With the exception of the Nazi-era Gauliga, the term Oberliga (equivalent to Premier League in English) was used prior to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 for first-division leagues in West Germany. Between 1978–94 the term Amateuroberliga was used for third-tier leagues, which were then the highest level of amateur play in the country. The current usage of the designation Oberliga was introduced in 1994. In East Germany a separate league structure was in place from 1948–1990 and the top flight division there was known as the DDR-Oberliga.
Shenzhen Stock Exchange
The Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shenzhen, in the People's Republic of China. It is one of three stock exchanges operating independently in Mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It is situated in the Futian district of Shenzhen. The SZSE is the world's 6th largest stock exchange with a market capitalization exceeding US$4.4 trillion in July 2024.

Shanghai Stock Exchange
The Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) is a stock exchange based in the city of Shanghai, China. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third-largest stock market by market capitalization, exceeding $6 trillion in July 2024. It is also Asia's biggest stock exchange. Unlike the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Shanghai Stock Exchange is still not entirely open to foreign investors and is often affected by the decisions of the central government due to capital account controls exercised by the Chinese authorities.

In 1891, Shanghai founded China's first exchange system. The current stock exchange was re-established on November 26, 1990, and was in operation on December 19 of the same year. It is a non-profit organization directly administered by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).
Monumental Sports & Entertainment
Monumental Sports & Entertainment (MSE) is an American sports and venue management company founded by Ted Leonsis in June 2010. Monumental owns and operates the NHL team Washington Capitals, the NBA team Washington Wizards, the WNBA team Washington Mystics, the NBA G League team Capital City Go-Go and the NBA 2K League team Wizards District Gaming. Other properties owned include Monumental Sports Network, Capital One Arena, EagleBank Arena, and the defunct Arena Football League (AFL) teams Washington Valor and Baltimore Brigade. Monumental is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and had $7.84 billion in assets as of 2025.

Washington Valor
The Washington Valor were a professional arena football team based in Washington, D.C. that played in the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2017 to 2019. The team's home arena was the Capital One Arena. The Valor were owned by Ted Leonsis through Monumental Sports & Entertainment.

The initial announcement was made in February 2016 of being close to a deal. The official announcement was made on March 10, 2016. The team name "Valor", and colors of red, white, blue and silver were announced in July 2016. The Valor were the first AFL franchise to play in the DC market since the Washington Commandos folded in 1990.  The Valor have one Arena Football League title, having defeated fellow Monumental property Baltimore in ArenaBowl XXXI.

Following the 2019 season, the AFL ceased operations.
Skat (card game)
Skat (German pronunciation: [ˈskaːt]), historically Scat, is a three-player trick-taking card game of the ace–ten family, devised around 1810 in Altenburg in the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. It is the national game of Germany and, along with Doppelkopf, it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia and one of the most popular in the rest of Poland. A variant of 19th-century Skat was once popular in the US. John McLeod considers it one of the best and most interesting card games for three players, and Kelbet described it as "the king of German card games." The German Skat Association assesses that it is played by around 25 million Germans – more than play football.

German Skat Association
The German Skat Association (German: Deutscher Skatverband) or DSkV is the umbrella organisation for German Skat clubs. It was founded on 12 March 1899 in Halle an der Saale and the headquarters of the club is the Skat town of Altenburg. From 1954 to 2001, Bielefeld was the location of the Association's headquarters due to the division of Germany. The offices in Bielefeld were closed in 2005; since then, Altenburg has once again become the only head office location.
The Official Stardew Valley Cookbook
The Official Stardew Valley Cookbook is a cookbook written by Eric "ConcernedApe" Barone and Ryan Novak and published by Random House Worlds on May 14, 2024. The book is based on dishes from Barone's 2016 video game Stardew Valley.

Eric Barone
Eric Lorenz Barone (/bəˈroʊni/ bə-ROH-nee, born December 3, 1987), known professionally as ConcernedApe, is an American video game developer and musician. He is best known for solo developing the 2016 video game Stardew Valley.

A self-taught developer with a degree in computer science, Barone handled every aspect of the game, from coding to composing its soundtrack. He continues to support Stardew Valley while working on his next project, Haunted Chocolatier.
Always and Forever, Lara Jean
Always and Forever, Lara Jean is a 2017 novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on May 2, 2017. It is the third and final installment of the To All the Boys I've Loved Before trilogy, following To All the Boys I've Loved Before, released on April 15, 2014, and P.S. I Still Love You, released on May 26, 2015.

A film adaptation of the book titled To All the Boys: Always and Forever was released on Netflix on February 12, 2021. It is a direct sequel to the film adaptation of the second book P.S. I Still Love You.

P.S. I Still Love You
P.S. I Still Love You is a 2015 young adult romance novel by American author Jenny Han, first published by Simon & Schuster and released on May 26, 2015. It is the sequel to the novel To All the Boys I've Loved Before, released on April 15, 2014, and was followed by a third installment, Always and Forever, Lara Jean, released on May 2, 2017.

A film adaptation of the book titled To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You was released on February 12, 2020, on Netflix. It is a direct sequel to To All the Boys I've Loved Before.
SuperSPARC
The SuperSPARC is a microprocessor that implements the SPARC V8 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Sun Microsystems. 33 and 40 MHz versions were introduced in 1992. The SuperSPARC contains 3.1 million transistors. It was fabricated by Texas Instruments (TI) at Miho, Japan in a 0.8 micrometre triple-metal BiCMOS process.

There are two derivatives of the SuperSPARC: the SuperSPARC+ and SuperSPARC-II. The SuperSPARC+ was developed to remedy some of the design flaws that limited the SuperSPARC's clock frequency and thus performance. The SuperSPARC-II, introduced in 1994, was a major revision with improvements that enabled the microprocessor to reach 85 MHz in desktop systems and 90 MHz in the more heavily cooled SPARCserver-1000E.

SuperSPARC CPU modules are used in both the SPARCstation 10 and SPARCstation 20.

The SuperSPARC-II was replaced in 1995 by the 64-bit UltraSPARC, an implementation of the 64-bit SPARC V9 ISA.

SPARC
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture originally developed by Sun Microsystems. Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental Berkeley RISC system developed in the early 1980s. First developed in 1986 and released in 1987, SPARC was one of the most successful early commercial RISC systems, and its success led to the introduction of similar RISC designs from many vendors through the 1980s and 1990s. After acquiring Sun, Oracle Corporation ended SPARC development in 2017.