hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bag-of-words model in computer vision
In computer vision, the bag-of-words (BoW) model, sometimes called bag-of-visual-words model (BoVW), can be applied to image classification or retrieval, by treating image features as words.  In document classification, a bag of words is a sparse vector of occurrence counts of words; that is, a sparse histogram over the vocabulary.  In computer vision, a bag of visual words is a vector of occurrence counts of a vocabulary of local image features.

Bag-of-words model
The bag-of-words (BoW) model is a model of text which uses  an unordered collection (a "bag") of words. It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). It disregards word order (and thus most of syntax or grammar) but captures multiplicity.

The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where, for example, the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier. It has also been used for computer vision.

An early reference to "bag of words" in a linguistic context can be found in Zellig Harris's 1954 article on Distributional Structure.
Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings
The Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings was a professional baseball team based in Harlingen, Texas, in the United States. The WhiteWings was a member of United League Baseball, an independent professional league which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball.  From the 1994 season to 2014, the WhiteWings played its home games at Harlingen Field.

United League Baseball
United League Baseball was an independent baseball league that operated in Texas. The league operated from 2006 to 2009.  The league then temporarily merged with the Northern League and the Golden Baseball League to form the North American League from 2011–2012. However, after the North American League folded at the end of the 2012 season, ULB was reformed. It dissolved for a second time in January 2015.
C Force
"C" Force was the Canadian military contingent involved in the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941. Members of this force were the first Canadian soldiers to see action against Japan in World War II. The major Canadian units involved in the defence of Hong Kong were the Winnipeg Grenadiers and the Royal Rifles of Canada. In addition to this the Canadians provided a Brigade HQ.

Winnipeg Grenadiers
The Winnipeg Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Army.

First formed on 1 April 1908 under General Order No. 20. Initially it was raised with headquarters at Morden, Manitoba, and companies at: A Company at Morden, B Company at Morden, C Company at Manitou, D Company at Carman, E Company at Roland, F Company at Pilot Mound, G Company at Cartwright and H Company at Boissevain. The unit did not have any active personnel enrolled at the formation.

On 1 February 1910, all companies and headquarters were moved to Winnipeg. On 2 May 1910, the designation was changed to the 100th Winnipeg Grenadiers. The first officers were gazetted to the regiment on 18 May 1910. Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Norlande Ruttan, who came from the Retired List, commanded the regiment on organization (General Order No. 57 (HQ 32-1-107)). The regiment was reorganized under General Order No. 120 (1915) on 1 October 1915 to establish four companies.
Radio Zeta Rock & Pop
Radio Zeta Rock & Pop (mostly known as "Z Rock & Pop" or simply as "Radio Z") is a most popular Peruvian rock and pop radio station in Peru. Z Rock & Pop characterises in broadcasting music from the 60's until 2020's and now at Rock & Pop format for 24 hours per day via internet. Actually it's the ownership of Monsefú's broadcaster Higinio Capuñay's Corporación Universal (Universal Corporation), since the broadcasting station was bought to the extinct Corporación Aeropuerto S.A. (Airport Corporation Inc.) where it belonged to with the departed radio stations like Radio A and R-700, both administrated by deceased politician and broadcaster Dr. Dagoberto Láinez.

Radio A La Radio del Amor
Radio "A" La Radio del Amor (The Radio of Love) was a radio station owned by Corporación Aeropuerto Inc., which broadcast its FM signal and was later acquired by Grupo Emisoras Perú via the internet through its official website from Peru to the entire world. Radio A was characterized by its unique style of promoting boleros and ballads from the 70s, 80s, 90s, and present-day Peru.
Wahine Piʻo
Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepiʻo (died 1826) was a Hawaiian chiefess and member of the royal family during the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.  Wahinepiʻo means captive women in Hawaiian.: 5 
Sometimes she is called Wahineopiʻo, or an extra ʻokina is added, calling her Kahakuhaʻakoʻi.
She was also called Kamoʻonohu.: 53 
She was considered Kamehameha I's third favorite wife: 11  and served as female Governor of Maui, an act unheard of at the time in the western world, but common in Hawaiian history.

Keʻelikōlani
Ruth Ke‘elikōlani, or sometimes written as Luka Ke‘elikōlani, also known as Ruth Ke‘elikōlani Keanolani Kanāhoahoa or Ruth Keanolani Kanāhoahoa Ke‘elikōlani (June 17, 1826 – May 24, 1883), was a member of the House of Kamehameha who served as Governor of the Island of Hawaiʻi and for a period, was the largest and wealthiest landowner in the Hawaiian Islands. Keʻelikōlani's genealogy is controversial. Her mother's identity is not disputed, while her grandfather Pauli Kaōleiokū's relationship to Kamehameha I is. While her father was legally identified as early as 1864, disputes to that lineage continued as late as 1919. As one of the primary heirs to the Kamehameha family, Ruth held much of the land that would become the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, funding the Kamehameha Schools.

Her name Keʻelikōlani means leaf bud of heaven.
Tai Wesley
Tai William Evans Wesley (born May 13, 1986) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Utah State Aggies, where he was named the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year in 2011. After beginning his career with successful stints in Europe, he made a name for himself in Australia and New Zealand, winning two Australian NBL championships and three New Zealand NBL championships. Wesley also represented the Guam national team on numerous occasions.

Mekeli Wesley
Mekeli Tiu Wesley (born 2 February 1979) is a Fijian-Samoan former basketball player who starred in the United States before embarking on an international professional career. In college, he was the 2001 Mountain West Conference Player of the Year while playing for Brigham Young (BYU). Professionally, Wesley's staggered career began in 2001 and officially ended in 2010. He now works in the insurance industry.
Bosal
A bosal (/boʊˈsɑːl/, /boʊˈsæl/, or /ˈboʊsəl/ bozal ) is a type of noseband used on the classic hackamore of the vaquero tradition.  It is usually made of braided rawhide and is fitted to the horse in a manner that allows it to rest quietly until the rider uses the reins to give a signal. It acts upon the horse's nose and jaw.  Though seen in both the "Texas" and the "California" cowboy traditions, it is most closely associated with the "California" style of western riding.  Sometimes the term bosal is used to describe the entire classic hackamore or jaquima. Technically, however, the term refers only to the noseband portion of the equipment.

Bosals come in varying diameters and weights, allowing a more skilled horse to "graduate" into ever lighter equipment. Once a young horse is solidly trained with a bosal, a bit is added and the horse is gradually shifted from the hackamore to a bit.

Rein
Reins are used to direct a horse (or other animal) when riding or driving. They are attached to a bridle's bit or noseband and are made of leather, nylon, or other materials. Reins are used to give subtle commands or cues—also known as rein aids—to ask for a turn, a slower speed, a halt, or to go backwards.: 402 : 178
Ethel Muggs
Ethel Muggs is a fictional character frequently featured in Archie Comics. She is a student of Riverdale High School, sometimes known to her schoolmates by the nickname Big Ethel, though this nickname has largely fallen out of use since the 1980s.

She was first drawn by cartoonist Samm Schwartz, probably modeled after a prototype designed by Bill Vigoda for a 1948 Archie Comics story. She has been voiced by Jane Webb, Jazzmin Lausanne, and Michele Phillips. Cindy Ambuehl played Ethel in the television film Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again, and Shannon Purser portrayed the character in a recurring capacity on The CW's Riverdale. In Zoya Akhtar's 2024 Teen Rom-Com movie adaptation of The Archies, which goes by the same name, she is played by actress Aditi Saigal.

Veronica Lodge
Veronica Cecilia Lodge is one of the main characters in the Archie Comics franchise, and is the keyboardist and one of the three vocalists of rock band The Archies.

She is from New York but currently resides in the town of Riverdale, with her parents Hiram Lodge and Hermione Lodge. She is portrayed by Camila Mendes in Riverdale and Suhana Khan in The Archies.
Zerobaseone
Zerobaseone (stylized in all caps; abbreviated as ZB1; Korean: 제로베이스원) is a South Korean boy band formed through Mnet's reality competition program Boys Planet and managed by WakeOne. The group consists of nine members: Kim Ji-woong, Zhang Hao, Sung Han-bin, Seok Matthew, Kim Tae-rae, Ricky, Kim Gyu-vin, Park Gun-wook, and Han Yu-jin.

Zerobaseone debuted on July 10, 2023, with the extended play (EP) Youth in the Shade and was commercially successful upon release, selling over two million units, peaked number one on South Korean Circle Album Chart, and was among the best-selling albums worldwide, according to International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). In addition, the EP's lead single, "In Bloom", charted on Billboard Global 200. The group earned a "Rookie Grand Slam" (2023–2024) by sweeping the 10 Rookie of the Year awards from different domestic award ceremonies, including Golden Disc Awards, MAMA Awards, Melon Music Awards, and Seoul Music Awards.

Kim Ji-woong
Kim Ji-woong (Korean: 김지웅; born December 14, 1998) is a South Korean singer and actor. Kim is best known for competing on the reality competition show Boys Planet where he ranked 8th in the final episode, earning him a spot in the South Korean boy band Zerobaseone. Prior to this, Kim was a member of the boy group INX under the name Jinam until their disbandment in 2017. He made his debut as an actor in the web series The Sweet Blood (2021), and is best known for his role in Kissable Lips (2022).
Theme from Doctor Detroit
Theme from Doctor Detroit is an extended play (EP) by American new wave band Devo, released in 1983 by MCA Records. It includes the two songs from the Doctor Detroit film soundtrack recorded by the band (the title song and "Luv-Luv"), plus a dance mix of the title theme. A music video for the song, containing scenes from the movie as well as footage of the band, was released on the We're All Devo home video in 1984 and also appears on the 2014 re-release of The Complete Truth About De-Evolution video collection.

Doctor Detroit
Doctor Detroit is a 1983 American comedy film directed by Michael Pressman with writing by Bruce Jay Friedman, Carl Gottlieb, and Robert Boris. The film stars Dan Aykroyd, Howard Hesseman, Lynn Whitfield, Fran Drescher, and Donna Dixon, with a special appearance by James Brown. It was the first film Aykroyd made after the death of John Belushi, and the first one in which he is not sharing top bill with other actors. Aykroyd and his co-star Dixon married soon after the film's release.
Jonathan Cape
Jonathan Cape is a British publishing firm headquartered in London and founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death in 1960.

Cape and his business partner Wren Howard (1893–1968) set up the publishing house in 1921. They established a reputation for high-quality design and production and a fine list of English-language authors, fostered by the firm's editor and reader Edward Garnett. Cape's list of writers ranged from poets including Robert Frost and C. Day Lewis, to children's authors such as Roald Dahl, Hugh Lofting and Arthur Ransome, to James Bond novels by Ian Fleming, to heavyweight fiction by James Joyce and T. E. Lawrence.

After Cape's death, the firm later merged successively with three other London publishing houses. In 1987 it was taken over by Random House. Its name continues as one of Random House's British imprints.

Wren Howard
George Wren Howard (24 March 1893 – 30 July 1968) was a British publisher. He was a co-founder with Cape of the publishing house of Jonathan Cape in 1921, and took over as chairman when Cape died in 1960.
Parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire
The ceremonial county of Hampshire, which includes the unitary authorities of Portsmouth and Southampton, is divided into 19 parliamentary constituencies: 9 borough constituencies and 10 county constituencies. One of the county constituencies, Farnham and Bordon is split between Hampshire and Surrey

Farnham and Bordon
Farnham and Bordon is a constituency of the House of Commons in the UK Parliament. It is a cross-county constituency covering parts of Hampshire and Surrey. It was first contested in the 2024 general election and is currently represented by Greg Stafford of the Conservative Party.

A majority of the population, of the electorate and of the land area of this constituency come from the Borough of Waverley in Surrey, with the relevant wards of the District of East Hampshire making up a significant minority of the seat.
King's American Dragoons
The King's American Dragoons were a British provincial military unit, raised for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War.  They were founded by Colonel Benjamin Thompson, later Count Rumford, in 1781. They were initially formed from the remnants of other British Loyalist units, including Black Loyalist soldiers.

The King's American Dragoons primarily served on Long Island in 1782 and early 1783. While in Huntington, Thompson ordered the church dismantled to provide timber for the construction of Fort Golgotha. The burial ground was levelled for it, and the old tombstones used to build fireplaces, ovens, and floors. Before they left, Thompson ordered all the woods burnt.

They were evacuated from New York and resettled in Saint John, New Brunswick, in July 1783.  They were disbanded there in October.

Benjamin Thompson
Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (26 March 1753 – 21 August 1814), was an American-born British military officer, scientist and inventor. Born in Woburn, Massachusetts, he supported the Loyalist cause during the American War of Independence, commanding the King's American Dragoons during the conflict. After the war ended in 1783, Thompson moved to London, where he was recognised for his administrative talents and received a knighthood from George III in 1784.

A prolific scientist and inventor, Thompson also created several new warship designs. He subsequently moved to the Electorate of Bavaria and entered into the employ of the Bavarian government, heavily reorganising the Bavarian Army. Thompson was rewarded for his efforts by being made an Imperial Count in 1792 before dying in Paris in 1814.
MTV (UK & Ireland)
MTV is a British and Irish pay television channel focusing on reality TV and music programming operated by Paramount Networks UK & Australia.

The channel launched as part of MTV Networks Europe localisation strategy in 1997. MTV UK (previously MTV UK & Ireland; MTV One) was launched on 1 July 1997. The channel was set up to provide audiences with local artists and more relevant music content. Prior to the localisation of MTV in Europe, the region was served by MTV Europe which was launched on 1 August 1987. Since February 2011 MTV has been solely an entertainment channel.

The channel is currently available in over 10 million homes in the UK and Ireland.

Paramount Networks EMEAA
Paramount Networks EMEAA is a Spanish-based division of Paramount International Networks (representing its media operations across Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia) which is fully owned by Paramount Skydance Corporation. The unit's headquarters are in Madrid, with additional offices in Berlin, Lisbon, Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Dubai, Johannesburg, Lagos, Budapest, Warsaw, Singapore, Stockholm, Tokyo, Beijing, Manila, Copenhagen, Prague, Helsinki, and Hong Kong. The company was originally founded under the name MTV Networks Europe in 1987.

In 2011, the division was renamed Viacom International Media Networks Europe. Also in 2011, Viacom created an Italian subdivision in order to purchase a 30% ownership stake in the Rainbow S.p.A. animation studio until it sold the stake in 2023.

It currently operates in 31 countries across Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz
Irmgard Flügge-Lotz, née Lotz (16 July 1903 – 22 May 1974) was a German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer. She was a pioneer in the development of the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which has found wide application in hysteresis control systems; such applications include guidance systems, electronics, fire-control systems, and temperature regulation.

Bang–bang control
In control theory, a bang–bang controller (hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either completely on or completely off. Most common residential thermostats are bang–bang controllers. The Heaviside step function in its discrete form is an example of a bang–bang control signal. Due to the discontinuous control signal, systems that include bang–bang controllers are variable structure systems, and bang–bang controllers are thus variable structure controllers.
Nadezhda Agaltsova
Nadezhda Alekseyevna Agaltsova (Russian: Надежда Алексеевна Агальцова; born 3 February 1938) is a Russian scientist. In 1982 she won the Lenin Prize for the development of wide-angle aerial survey lenses for cartographic purposes.

Mikhail Rusinov
Mikhail Mikhailovich Rusinov (Russian: Михаил Михайлович Русинов, 11 February 1909 – 29 September 2004) was a Russian scientist specialising in optics. He co-founded the USSR Science School of Computational Optics and discovered several optical phenomena, including aberration vignetting (1938), projection centre distortion (1957), and existence of second-order aberration (1986). The phenomenon of projection centre distortion became the basis for engineering photometry.
Bernini (crater)
Bernini is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 146 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1976. Bernini is named for the Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who lived from 1598 to 1680.

Bernini is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury.

Mariner 10 image  with Bernini at right and Cervantes at left

Exaggerated color image by MESSENGER with Bernini, Cervantes, and Van Gogh at top

Cervantes (crater)
Cervantes is a crater on Mercury. It has a diameter of 181 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976. Cervantes is named for the Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes, who lived from 1547 to 1616.

Cervantes is one of 110 peak ring basins on Mercury.

Mariner 10 image with Bernini at right and Cervantes at left

Exaggerated color image by MESSENGER with Bernini, Cervantes, and Van Gogh at top
Nøtterøy (island)
Nøtterøy is the largest island in Vestfold county, Norway. The 44-square-kilometre (17 sq mi) island is mostly located in Færder Municipality, but a small area on the far northern shore belongs to Tønsberg Municipality. The island is between the Ytre Oslofjord (to the east) and the Tønsbergfjorden (to the west). Most of the northern part of the island is considered part of the city of Tønsberg metropolitan area which spans parts of Tønsberg and Færder municipalities. In the southern part of the island, there are three larger urban villages: Glomstein on the west coast, Kjøpmannskjær on the south coast, and Årøysund on the east coast. Historically, the island was part of the old Nøtterøy Municipality which existed from 1838 until 1 January 2018 when it became part of Færder Municipality.

Årøysund
Årøysund is a village in Færder Municipality in Vestfold county, Norway. The village is located on the southeastern coast of the island of Nøtterøy. The village lies about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) to the northeast of the village of Torød and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southeast of the village of Oterbekk.

The 1.28-square-kilometre (320-acre) village has a population (2023) of 1,582 and a population density of 1,232 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,190/sq mi).
Western Region, Malta
The Western Region (Maltese: Reġjun Punent) is one of the six regions of Malta. Spread over an area of 72.47 km2 (27.98 sq mi), it is located in the southwestern part of the main island of Malta. The region borders the Northern and Southern regions. While the region is amongst the largest regions by land area, it is the least populated region in the main island. It was created by the Act No. XIV of 2019 and carved from parts of the Central Region in 2022. The region was one of the shooting locations of the popular television series Game of Thrones.

Northern Region, Malta
The Northern Region (Maltese: Reġjun Tramuntana) is one of six regions of Malta. The region includes the northwestern part of the main island of Malta. The region borders the Eastern, Southern and Western Regions, and is also close to Gozo Region.

It was created by the Act No. XVI of 2009 out of part of Malta Majjistral. Act No. XIV of 2019, which led to a regional reform in 2021, altered the region's composition and reduced its local councils from 12 to 9.
Akita International University
39°37′39″N 140°11′52″E﻿ / ﻿39.62750°N 140.19778°E﻿ / 39.62750; 140.19778
Akita International University (国際教養大学, Kokusai Kyōyō Daigaku), or AIU, is a public university located in Akita City, Akita Prefecture, Japan. Established in 2004 and modeled on American liberal arts colleges, AIU is one of the few universities in Japan offering all of its courses in English. It has currently 208 international partner institutions in 52 different countries and regions. As of September 2025, the president of AIU is Monte Cassim.

Akita Prefecture
Akita Prefecture (秋田県, Akita-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [aꜜ.kʲi̥.ta, a.kʲi̥.taꜜ.keɴ]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Its population is estimated 915,691 as of 1 August 2023 and its geographic area is 11,637 km2 (4,493 sq mi). Akita Prefecture is bordered by Aomori Prefecture to the north, Iwate Prefecture to the east, Miyagi Prefecture to the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture to the south.

Akita is the capital and largest city of Akita Prefecture.  Other major cities include Yokote, Daisen, and Yurihonjō. Akita Prefecture is located on the coast of the Sea of Japan and extends east to the Ōu Mountains, the longest mountain range in Japan, at the border with Iwate Prefecture. Akita Prefecture formed the northern half of the historic Dewa Province with Yamagata Prefecture.