hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Howard Lee Chuan How
Howard Lee Chuan How (Chinese: 李存孝; pinyin: Lǐ Cúnxiào; Jyutping: Lei5 Cyun4 Haau3; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí Chûn-hàu; born 3 January 1983) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ipoh Timor since November 2022. He served as member of the Perak State Executive Council (EXCO) in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) state administration under former Menteri Besar Ahmad Faizal Azumu from May 2018 to March 2020 and Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Pasir Pinji from May 2013 to November 2022. He is a member of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), a component party of the PH coalition. He has served as the National Political Education Director of DAP since March 2025 and is the State Treasurer of DAP of Perak. He served as the Youth Chief of PH from September 2021 to July 2022 and the Youth Chief of DAP from December 2018 to March 2022. He was also the 24th President of International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY).

International Union of Socialist Youth
The International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) is an international youth labour organization, whose activities include publications, supporting member organizations and organization of meetings. Originally named the Socialist Youth International, the union was formed at the 1907 International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart as the youth wing of the Second International.

IUSY claims to have 145 member organizations, including 122 full members and 23 observer members, from 106 countries. IUSY gained prominence as an international youth non-governmental organization (NGO) with UN ECOSOC consultative status in 1993.
Previous question
In US parliamentary procedure, the previous question (also known as "calling for the question", "calling the question", "close debate", "calling for a vote", "vote now", or other similar forms) is generally used as a motion to end debate on a pending proposal and bring it to an immediate vote. The meaning of this specialized motion has nothing to do with any question previously considered by the assembly.

In the United States Senate and Commonwealth parliaments, a motion for "cloture", or "closure", is used instead to end debate. In those bodies, the "previous question" has a different use and is rarely used or not used at all.

Motion (parliamentary procedure)
In parliamentary procedure, a motion is a formal proposal by a member of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take a particular action. These may include legislative motions, budgetary motions, supplementary budgetary motions, and petitionary motions.

The possible motions in a deliberative assembly are determined by a pre-agreed volume detailing the correct parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order; The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure; or Lord Citrine's The ABC of Chairmanship. Motions are used in conducting business in almost all legislative bodies worldwide, and are used in meetings of many church vestries, corporate boards, and fraternal organizations.

Motions can bring new business before the assembly or consist of numerous other proposals to take procedural steps or carry out other actions relating to a pending proposal (such as postponing it to another time) or to the assembly itself (such as taking a recess).
Altham, Lancashire
Altham is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Hyndburn, in Lancashire, England.   The village is 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Burnley, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Accrington, and 2 miles (3.2 km) north-east of Clayton-le-Moors, and is on the A678 Blackburn to Burnley road.

The village is located in the north east corner of the parish on the River Calder, and in the south west is Altham West, a suburb of Accrington. The census of 2001 recorded a population for the parish of 897, increasing to 1,137 at the 2011 Census. However the village's 2011 population was only 343.
The Ham class minesweeper HMS Altham was named after the village.

Clayton-le-Moors
Clayton-le-Moors is an industrial town in the Borough of Hyndburn in the county of Lancashire, England. located two miles north of Accrington. The town has a population of 8,522 according to the 2011 census.

To the west lies Rishton, to the north Great Harwood, and two miles to the south, Accrington. Clayton-le-Moors is situated on the A680 road alongside the M65 motorway.
Channar revolt
The Channar Lahala or Channar revolt, also called Maru Marakkal Samaram, refers to the fight from 1813 to 1859 of Nadar climber  women in Travancore kingdom of India for the right to wear upper-body clothes covering their breasts.

Nadar climber
Nadar climbers, or Pannayeri Nadars, are a sub-caste of today's Nadar community. They were regarded as the largest Nadar sub-caste. Their traditional occupation was climbing trees and gathering the sap of coconuts to make palm wine. Due to new economic opportunities, the majority of Nadar climbers have given up their traditional occupation.
Pak Chesun
Pak Chesun (Korean: 박제순; Hanja: 朴濟淳; 7 December 1858 – 20 June 1916) was a Korean politician and diplomat during the late Joseon period. His art name was P'yŏngjae (평재; 平齋). In modern South Korea, he is regarded as one of the Five Eulsa Traitors who betrayed the country into Japanese domination in 1905.

Yi Wanyong
Yi Wanyong (Korean: 이완용; Hanja: 李完用; pronounced [iː wɐɲoŋ]; 17 July 1858 – 12 February 1926), also spelled Lee Wan-yong or Ye Wan-yong, was a Korean politician who served as the 7th Prime Minister of Korea. He is best remembered for signing the Eulsa Treaty and the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, which placed Korea under Japanese rule in 1910. Yi's name has since become a byword for Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan.
John F. McKeon
John F. McKeon (born June 3, 1958) is an American Democratic Party politician who represents the 27th Legislative District in the New Jersey Senate, which primarily covers the western portion of Essex County. McKeon previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2002 to 2024, where he was Assistant Majority Whip (2004–05), Assistant Majority Leader (2006–07), Majority Whip (2008–09), Deputy Speaker (2010–11) and was the Parliamentarian from 2022 to 2024. He is also a former mayor of West Orange.

West Orange, New Jersey
West Orange is a suburban township in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 48,843, an increase of 2,636 (+5.7%) from the 2010 census count of 46,207, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,264 (+2.8%) from the 44,943 counted in the 2000 census.

West Orange is both an inner-ring suburb of New Jersey's largest city, Newark, and a commuter suburb of New York City; it is approximately 12 miles (19 km) west of Manhattan. West Orange was home to the inventor Thomas Edison, who also maintained a laboratory and workshop in town.
Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
In enzymology, a leucine 2,3-aminomutase (EC 5.4.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

(2S)-alpha-leucine  (3R)-beta-leucine

Hence, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of L-leucine to β-leucine.

This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring amino groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is (2S)-alpha-leucine 2,3-aminomutase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation.  It employs one cofactor, cobamide.

Β-Leucine
β-Leucine (beta-leucine) is a beta amino acid and positional isomer of L-leucine which is naturally produced in humans via the metabolism of L-leucine by the enzyme leucine 2,3-aminomutase. In cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficient individuals, plasma concentrations of β-leucine are elevated.
Lødingen Municipality
Lødingen (Northern Sami: Lodegak) is a municipality in Nordland county in Norway. Lødingen is located on the southeastern corner of the island of Hinnøya, and is part of the traditional district of Ofoten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lødingen. Other villages in the municipality include Våge and Ytterstad. Lødingen has the nickname "Biketown" because it hosts several annual bicycle races, including "Lofoten Insomnia" and Vestbygd-rittet.

The 527-square-kilometre (203 sq mi) municipality is by area the 201st largest out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Lødingen Municipality is the 279th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,060. The municipality's population density is 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (10/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 8.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Hinnøya
Hinnøya (Norwegian; Northern Sami: Iinnasuolu) is the fourth-largest island in Norway, and the largest outside the Svalbard archipelago. The 2,204.7-square-kilometre (851.2 sq mi) lies just off the western coast of Northern Norway.  The island sits on the border of Nordland and Troms counties. The western part of the island is in the district of Vesterålen, the southwestern part is in the Lofoten district, the southeastern part is in the Ofoten district, and the northeastern part is in Troms. As of 2017, Hinnøya had a population of 32,688. The only town on the island is the town of Harstad. Some of the larger villages include Borkenes, Lødingen, Sigerfjord, and Sørvik. The island is split between several municipalities: Harstad, Tjeldsund and Kvæfjord in Troms county, as well as Andøy, Hadsel, Lødingen, Sortland, and Vågan in Nordland county.
Jan Farský
Jan Farský (born 11 July 1979) is a Czech politician. He has been a Member of the European Parliament since June 2024, representing the Mayors and Independents (STAN). He was previously a member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from May 2010 to February 2022, and has been vice-chair of STAN since April 2019. He was previously a representative in the Liberec Regional Assembly from 2008 to 2010 and again from 2016 to 2018, and the Mayor of Semily from 2006 to 2014.

Mayors and Independents
Mayors and Independents (Czech: Starostové a nezávislí, STAN) is a liberal political party in the Czech Republic, focused on localism, regionalism and subsidiarity. It holds 20 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and is the third strongest party by number of seats following the 2025 election. In the Senate, STAN is represented by 19 Senators.

The party grew out of four minor parties, including the Independent Mayors for the Region, and the liberal-conservative SNK European Democrats. Until 2016, the party cooperated in national elections with another liberal-conservative party, TOP 09. STAN contested the 2021 Czech parliamentary election as part of the coalition Pirates and Mayors with the Czech Pirate Party.
Widukind
Widukind, also known as Wittekind and Wittikund, was a leader of the Saxons and the chief opponent of the Frankish king Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 777 to 785. Charlemagne ultimately prevailed, organized Saxony as a Frankish province, massacred thousands of Saxon nobles, and ordered conversions of the pagan Saxons to Christianity. In later times, Widukind became a symbol of Saxon independence and a figure of legend. He is also venerated as a Blessed in the Catholic Church.

Massacre of Verden
The Massacre of Verden was an event during the Saxon Wars where the Frankish king Charlemagne ordered the death of 4,500 Saxons in October 782. Charlemagne claimed suzerainty over Saxony and in 772 destroyed the Irminsul, an important object in Saxon paganism, during his intermittent thirty-year campaign to Christianize the Saxons. The massacre occurred in Verden in what is now Lower Saxony, Germany. The event is attested in contemporary Frankish sources, including the Royal Frankish Annals.

Beginning in the 870s, some scholars have attempted to exonerate Charlemagne of the massacre by way of a proposed manuscript error but these attempts have since been generally rejected. While the figure of 4,500 victims has generally been accepted, some scholars regard it as an exaggeration.
ORF (broadcaster)
Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF [oːɛʁˈɛf] ⓘ; German pronunciation: [ˌøːstəʁaɪçɪʃɐ ˈʁʊntfʊŋk], lit. 'Austrian broadcasting') is the national public broadcaster and news website of Austria. Funded from a combination of television licence fee revenue and limited on-air advertising, ORF is the dominant player in the Austrian broadcast media. Austria was the last country in continental Europe after Albania to allow nationwide private television broadcasting, although commercial TV channels from neighbouring Germany have been present in Austria on pay-TV and via terrestrial overspill since the 1980s.

Television licence
A television licence or broadcast receiving licence is a payment required in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts or the possession of a television set. In some countries, a licence is also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts. In such countries, some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fees. Licence fees are effectively a hypothecated tax to fund public broadcasting.
Tsing Sha Highway
Tsing Sha Highway (Chinese: 青沙公路) is a major expressway in Hong Kong, which links the island of Tsing Yi to Sha Tin. The road is part of Route 8, which starts in Sha Tin and terminates in Tung Chung. It was opened in March 2008 and extended in December 2009.

Eagle's Nest Tunnel and Sha Tin Heights Tunnel
Eagle's Nest Tunnel and Sha Tin Heights Tunnel are road tunnels in the New Territories of Hong Kong. Both tunnels were officially opened on 21 March 2008. The tunnels connect Cheung Sha Wan through Eagle's Nest hill to Tai Wai, and are linked by a shared toll plaza. Eagle's Nest Tunnel is connected at its southern end to Stonecutters Bridge and Ching Cheung Road, whereas Sha Tin Heights Tunnel is linked at the northern end to Che Kung Miu Road and Tai Po Road. The tunnels are part of the Tsing Sha Highway of Route 8, and were constructed in anticipation of future traffic demands generated by development in the northeast New Territories. The combined toll for the two tunnels is HK$8 (for private cars).
Ortigas Avenue
Ortigas Avenue is a 12.1 km (7.5 mi) highway connecting eastern Metro Manila and western Rizal in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest highways in Metro Manila, serving as the main thoroughfare of the metro's east–west corridor, catering mainly to traffic to and from Rizal.

The western terminus of the highway is at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. The highway then traverses through Ortigas Center and along the cities of Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Pasig, followed by the municipality of Cainta, and finally ending in the municipality of Taytay.

The portion of Ortigas Avenue from EDSA–Ortigas Interchange, Quezon City to the Buli Bridge at the Pasig–Cainta boundary is designated as Radial Road 5 (R-5). The highway is also designated as National Route 60 (N60) and National Route 184 (N184) of the Philippine highway network, respectively.

Taytay, Rizal
Taytay, officially the Municipality of Taytay (Filipino: Bayan ng Taytay; IPA: [taɪˈtaɪ]), is a municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 397,111 people. It is the 2nd most populous municipality in the country, after Rodriguez, Rizal. It is also known as the Garments Capital of the Philippines.

While economically, demographically and politically qualified, plans to convert it into a city was set aside, pending social and administrative reforms in the municipality.

According to the 2022 Commission on Audit (COA) Annual Financial Report, Taytay is the seventh richest municipality in the Philippines with a total asset of Php 3.67 billion.

In 2023, the National Competitiveness Council has named Taytay as the "2nd Most Competitive Municipality (1st & 2nd Class)".
Significs
Significs (Dutch: significa) is a linguistic and philosophical term introduced by Victoria, Lady Welby in the 1890s. It was later adopted by the Dutch Significs Group (or movement) of thinkers around Frederik van Eeden, which included L. E. J. Brouwer, founder of intuitionistic logic, and further developed by Gerrit Mannoury and others.

Frederik van Eeden
Frederik Willem van Eeden (3 April 1860, Haarlem – 16 June 1932, Bussum) was a late 19th-century and early 20th-century Dutch writer and psychiatrist. He was a leading member of the Tachtigers and the Significs Group, and had top billing among the editors of De Nieuwe Gids (The New Guide) during its celebrated first few years of publication, starting in 1885. Van Eeden adopted vegetarianism in 1890 for health reasons, later promoting it as an ethical stance in works like Het Vegetariaat (1896), but gradually distanced himself from it in the early 20th century as his philosophical views shifted.
Francis Gillot
Francis Gillot (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃sis ʒilo]; born 9 February 1960) is a football manager and former player who most recently managed Ligue 2 team AJ Auxerre.

As a player, he was a defender and predominantly associated with his time at Valenciennes and Lens while  having brief periods with Strasbourg as well as Mulhouse before ending his career with Montauban. Since retiring he initially moved into youth coaching before moving into assistant management and then gaining his first head coaching position with his former club Lens. He has gone on to manage Sochaux and went on to win the 2012–13 Coupe de France with Bordeaux.

RC Lens
Racing Club de Lens (French pronunciation: [ʁasiŋ klœb də lɑ̃s]), commonly referred to as RC Lens or simply as Lens, is a French professional football club based in the northern city of Lens in the department of Pas-de-Calais. The club's nickname, Les Sang et Or (transl. The Blood and Gold), comes from its traditional colours of red and gold. As of the 2024–25 season, Lens competes in Ligue 1, the highest tier of French football.

Lens won the Division 1 (now Ligue 1) title in the 1997–98 season, and has finished as runner-up on five occasions, most recently in the 2022–23 season. The club has a strong rivalry with neighbors Lille OSC, with whom they contest the Derby du Nord.
BL (logic)
In mathematical logic, basic fuzzy logic (or shortly BL), the logic of the continuous t-norms, is one of the t-norm fuzzy logics. It belongs to the broader class of substructural logics, or logics of residuated lattices; it extends the logic MTL of all left-continuous t-norms.

Monoidal t-norm logic
In mathematical logic, monoidal t-norm based logic (or shortly MTL), the logic of left-continuous t-norms, is one of the t-norm fuzzy logics. It belongs to the broader class of substructural logics, or logics of residuated lattices; it extends the logic of commutative bounded integral residuated lattices (known as Höhle's monoidal logic, Ono's FLew, or intuitionistic logic without contraction) by the axiom of prelinearity.
1920 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election
The 1920 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election was a by-election held on 31 January 1920 for the British House of Commons constituency of Ashton-under-Lyne.

The by-election was triggered by the elevation to the peerage of the town's Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) Albert Stanley, who was ennobled as Baron Ashfield.

The result was a victory for the Conservative candidate Sir Walter de Frece, who held the seat with a massively reduced majority.

British Pathe has a newsreel clip of Sir Walter de Frece campaigning in the by-election with his wife Vesta Tilley.

Ashton-under-Lyne (UK Parliament constituency)
Ashton-under-Lyne is a constituency in Greater Manchester that was created in 1832. It has been represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Angela Rayner of the Labour Party since 2015. Rayner served as Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government in the cabinet of Keir Starmer from July 2024, and was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in 2020, serving in all positions until her resignation in September 2025.
Downside ball game
The Downside ball game is an outdoor racquet sport played by Gregorians at Downside School, Stratton-On-The-Fosse, Somerset since 1820. It bears some similarities to Rugby fives; however, it is played with a solid wooden bat rather than one's hand.

Downside School
Downside School (formally The College of St Gregory the Great, Downside but simply referred to as Downside) is a Catholic public school, for pupils aged 11–18 in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Somerset, England. It was established in 1614 and is located in the Diocese of Clifton.

Originally a school for English Catholic boys, it was established by English and Welsh monks living in exile at Douai, France. The monastic community returned to England in 1795, with both the community and its school initially housed in the Shropshire home of Sir Edward Smythe, a former pupil. By 1814, the abbey and school had been re-established at their present site, in Somerset. Downside School became fully co-educational in all year groups in 2005.
Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31
45°59′46″N 63°33′51″E﻿ / ﻿45.99611°N 63.56417°E﻿ / 45.99611; 63.56417

Baikonur Site 31, also designated as Site 31/6, is a launch complex at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. It serves as a key launch site, supporting Soyuz-2 launches for both crewed and uncrewed missions. The site was first utilized on 14 January 1961 for a test flight of the R-7A, an intercontinental ballistic missile on which the Soyuz rocket family was based. Since 2020, following Roscosmos' transition from the Soyuz-FG to the Soyuz-2 rocket for crewed missions, Site 31 has become the primary launch site for Soyuz flights to the International Space Station (ISS). This shift occurred after Site 1/5, also known as Gagarin's Start, failed to secure funding for upgrades to accommodate the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. Before that, it only saw a handful of crewed flights when Site 1/5 was unavailable.

Gagarin's Start
Gagarin's Start (Russian: Гагаринский старт, Gagarinskiy start), also known as Baikonur Site 1 or Site 1/5 was a launch site at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan that was used by the Soviet space program and Roscosmos.
South African National Biodiversity Institute
The South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) is an organisation tasked with research and dissemination of information on biodiversity, and legally mandated to contribute to the management of the country's biodiversity resources.

It was established in 2004 in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004, under the South African Department of Environmental Affairs (later named Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment).

Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment
The Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) is one of the departments of the South African government. It is responsible for protecting, conserving and improving the South African environment and natural resources.

The department was created in 2019, through the merger of the Department of Environmental Affairs with the forestry and fisheries components of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

In 2025, the DFFE had an annual budget of R9 billion.