hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2018 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification
The 2018 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification was a series of motorcycle speedway meetings that were used to determine the three riders that qualified for the 2018 Speedway Grand Prix. The series consisted of four qualifying rounds at Esbjerg, Žarnovica, Lonigo and Abensberg, two semi-finals at Olching and Terenzano and the Grand Prix Challenge at Togliatti. The three riders that qualified were Przemysław Pawlicki, Artem Laguta and Craig Cook.

2018 Speedway Grand Prix
The 2018 Speedway Grand Prix season was the 24th season of the Speedway Grand Prix era, and decided the 73rd FIM Speedway World Championship. It was the eighteenth series under the promotion of Benfield Sports International, an IMG company.

The world title was won by Tai Woffinden, who finished 10 points ahead of Bartosz Zmarzlik in second with Fredrik Lindgren taking the bronze medal. It was Woffinden's third world title, following his wins in 2013 and 2015, making him the most successful British rider in history. Defending champion Jason Doyle finished the season in seventh place.
Union School (Fort Washington, Pennsylvania)
The  Union School is an historic, American building that is located at 516-518 Bethlehem Pike in the Fort Washington section of Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania.

The Union School has been listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places since 1980.

Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania
Whitemarsh Township is a home-rule township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It retains its former classification of "Township" in its official name despite being a home rule municipality. The population was 19,707 at the 2020 census. Whitemarsh is adjacent to the neighborhood of Andorra in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia, and is bordered in Montgomery County by Springfield, Upper Dublin, Whitpain, and Plymouth townships, Conshohocken, and the Schuylkill River, which separates it from Lower Merion Township.

Communities in Whitemarsh Township include Barren Hill, Lafayette Hill, part of Miquon, which straddles Whitemarsh and Springfield townships, Spring Mill, part of Plymouth Meeting, which straddles Whitemarsh and Plymouth townships, and part of Fort Washington, some of which is in Whitemarsh, but which is chiefly in Upper Dublin Township.
Shakhtarsk urban hromada
Shakhtarsk urban hromada (Ukrainian: Шахтарська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Shakhtarsk.

The hromada contains 22 settlements: 1 city (Shakhtarsk), 4 urban-type settlements (Kontarne, Moskovske, Serdyte, and Stizhkivske), 3 villages (Velyka Shyshivka, Ternove, and Shaposhnykove), and 14 rural-type settlements:

Shakhtarsk
Shakhtarsk (Ukrainian: Шахтарськ, IPA: [ʃɐxˈtɑrsʲk]) or Shakhtyorsk (Russian: Шахтёрск) is a city in Horlivka Raion, Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine, currently occupied by Russia. Regionally, the city is the administrative center of the Shakhtarsk urban hromada. Population: 48,208 (2022 estimate).
Joe Soto
Joseph Angel Soto (born March 22, 1987) is an American professional mixed martial artist who most recently competed in the bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2006, Soto has also formerly competed for Bellator Fighting Championships, where he was the inaugural Bellator Featherweight World Champion and first ever winner of their Featherweight Tournament, and for Tachi Palace Fights where he is the former Tachi Palace Fights Bantamweight Champion.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Gates v. Collier
Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir. 1974), was a landmark decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals that brought an end to the trusty system as well as flagrant inmate abuse at Mississippi State Penitentiary, also known as Parchman Farm, in Sunflower County, Mississippi. It was the first case in a body of law developed in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals holding that a variety of forms of corporal punishment against prisoners constituted cruel and unusual punishment and a violation of Eighth Amendment rights. This case was also the first broad-scale intervention by a court in the supervision of prison practices.

In Gates v. Collier, the Court of Appeals found certain forms of corporal punishment violate the Eighth Amendment, including "handcuffing inmates to the fence and to cells for long periods of time, ... and forcing inmates to stand, sit or lie on crates, stumps, or otherwise maintain awkward positions for prolonged periods."

Trusty system (prison)
The "trusty system" (sometimes incorrectly called "trustee system") was a penitentiary system of discipline and security enforced in parts of the United States until the 1980s, in which designated inmates were given various privileges, abilities, and responsibilities not available to all inmates.

It was made compulsory under Mississippi state law but was used in other states as well, such as Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, New York and Texas. The method of controlling and working inmates at Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman was designed in 1901 to replace convict leasing. The case Gates v. Collier (1974) ended the flagrant abuse of inmates under the trusty system and other prison abuses that had continued essentially unchanged since the building of the Mississippi State Penitentiary. Other states using the trusty system were also forced to give it up under the ruling.
Blue Sapphire (ship)
Blue Sapphire is a cruise ship owned and operated by ANEX Tour. She was originally built in 1981 by Bremer Vulkan of Germany for Hapag-Lloyd Cruises as Europa. In 1999, Europa was sold to Star Cruises and she was renamed SuperStar Europe and a year later, Superstar Aries. In 2004, she was sold to Pullmantur Cruises and renamed Holiday Dream. In May 2008, she was transferred to the fleet of CDF Croisières de France and renamed Bleu de France. In November 2010, she was sold to Saga Cruises, but retained on charter by CDF for a further 12 months. Following an extensive refit in Italy from November 2011 to March 2012, the vessel was renamed Saga Sapphire. Most recently, she was sold to ANEX Tour in June 2020 and renamed Blue Sapphire, scheduled for an official debut in 2021.

CDF Croisières de France
CDF Croisières de France was a cruise line that catered to the French cruise market, with French as the primary language used on board. CDF was a subsidiary of Pullmantur Cruises, and offered cruises to the Mediterranean operating from mid-March until November. Most CDF cruises were all inclusive. in many, but not all cases, the price included airfare. However, cruises could be purchased without airfare as well. CDF ceased operations in 2017.
Massimo Carminati
Massimo Carminati (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmassimo karmiˈnaːti]; born 31 May 1958), referred by the press as one of "the kings of Rome", and in the context of the onset of the "Mafia Capitale" investigation nicknamed as il Cecato ("The Blinded One"), is an Italian underworld figure and former member of far-right terrorist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari and criminal gang Banda della Magliana, which were at the centre of sensational allegations of state collusion and Masonic conspiracy during Italy's Years of Lead. Carminati was investigated for match fixing in 2012. In 2014, he was arrested with 36 others on allegations of running a corrupt network that infiltrated Rome's public administration. He was charged with fraud, money laundering, embezzlement, and the bribing of public officials. In 2017, Carminati was sentenced to 20 years in jail. In 2020, he was released due to the expiry of his pre-trial detention terms.

Mafia Capitale
The Mafia Capitale is the name given to an organized crime organization, and subsequent investigation, involving the government of the city of Rome, in which members stole money destined for city services and carried out other criminal activities such as racketeering, conspiracy, money laundering, illegal works, and bribery in the public administration. It operated in the city of Rome. In 2020, Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation ruled out the mafia character of the criminal acts.
Cephissus (Boeotia)
The Cephissus (Ancient Greek: Κήφισσος), called the Boeotian Cephissus to distinguish it from other rivers of the same name, or Kifisos (Greek: Βοιωτικός Κηφισός) is a river in central Greece. Its drainage basin is 1,958 km2 (756 sq mi).  The river rises at Lilaia in Phocis, on the northwestern slope of Mount Parnassus. It flows east through the Boeotian plain, passing the towns Amfikleia, Kato Tithorea and Orchomenos. It drained into Lake Copais, which was therefore also called the Cephisian Lake, until 1887, when the lake was eliminated in favor of agricultural land. An artificial outflow has been created to Lake Yliki (ancient Hylice), further east.

Orchomenus (Boeotia)
Orchomenus (Ancient Greek: Ὀρχομενός; Modern Greek: Ορχομενός, Orchomenos) is a town and a municipality in Boeotia, Greece. It is best known today for its rich archaeological site, that was inhabited from the Neolithic through the Hellenistic periods and is the setting for many early Greek myths. It is often referred to as "Minyan Orchomenus", to distinguish it from a later city of the same name in Arcadia. It is located at the base of Akontion near snow-capped Mount Parnassos.
Robert W. Peterson (politician)
Robert W. Peterson (January 18, 1929 – April 18, 2013) was an U.S. politician serving as a public servant and politician from North Dakota. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the North Dakota State Auditor from 1973 to 1996. Prior to his tenure as Auditor, he served in the North Dakota House of Representatives from 1967 to 1972. His son, Robert R. Peterson, was his successor as State Auditor; he began serving in 1997.

North Dakota State Auditor
The state auditor of North Dakota is an independently elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of government of the U.S. state of North Dakota. Seventeen individuals have occupied the office of state auditor since statehood. The incumbent is Josh Gallion, a Republican.
New Brunswick Route 470
Route 470 is an 18-kilometre (11 mi) long west–east secondary highway in the northwest portion of New Brunswick, Canada.

The route's eastern terminus starts at the intersection of Route 465, west of Fords Mills. The road crosses the St. Nicholas River heading north-east into the community of Clairville. The road then crosses the Coal Branch River then enters the community of Fords Mills where it intersects with Route 510 then continues east through the community of Pine Ridge at the intersection of Route 490. The road here follows the West Branch River on the north bank as the road begins to travel north east through the communities of Ford Bank and West Branch. The Road then begins to follow the St. Nicholas River north passing the western terminus of Route 510 in Mundleville. The last stretch crosses the St. Nicholas River and ends at the intersection with Route 495

New Brunswick Route 510
Route 510 is a 40-kilometre (25 mi) long north–south secondary highway in the northwest portion of New Brunswick, Canada.

The route's northern terminus is at Route 470 in the community of Mundleville.  The road runs parallel to the south bank of the Richibucto River as it travels south-west. The road continues to the community of Lower Main River and continues on to Targettville and Browns Yard. In Browns Yard, the road merges with Route 490 near Jerrys Island. The road then continues following the Richibucto River, separates from Route 490, and eventually ends in Fords Mills at Route 470.
J. Welles Wilder Jr.
John Welles Wilder Jr. (June 11, 1935 – April 18, 2021) was an American mechanical engineer, 
turned real estate developer. He is best known, however, for his work in technical analysis. 
Wilder is the father of several technical indicators that are now considered to be the core tenets of technical analysis software. 
These include Average True Range, the Relative Strength Index (RSI), Average Directional Index, and the Parabolic SAR.

Average directional movement index
The average directional movement index (ADX) was developed in 1978 by J. Welles Wilder as an indicator of trend strength in a series of prices of a financial instrument. ADX has become a widely used indicator for technical analysts, and is provided as a standard in collections of indicators offered by various trading platforms.
Shizuhama Air Base
Shizuhama Air Base (静浜基地, Shizuhama-kichi) (ICAO: RJNY) is a Japan Air Self-Defense Force base located in the city of Yaizu, Shizuoka Prefecture, in central Japan. It is the smallest air base in Japan with a functional runway.

Japan Air Self-Defense Force
The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Japanese: 航空自衛隊, Hepburn: Kōkū Jieitai), JASDF (空自, Kūji), also referred to as the Japanese Air Force, is the air and space branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, responsible for the defense of Japanese airspace, other air and space operations, cyberwarfare and electronic warfare. The JASDF carries out combat air patrols around Japan, while also maintaining a network of ground and air early-warning radar systems. The branch also has an aerobatic team known as Blue Impulse and has provided air transport in UN peacekeeping missions.

The JASDF had an estimated 49,913 personnel as of 2018, and as of 2023 operates about 712 aircraft, approximately 321 of them being fighter aircraft.

The service was to be renamed in 2027 to the Japan Air and Space Self-Defense Force (航空宇宙自衛隊, Kōkū Uchū Jieitai), in recognition of the increasing importance of the space domain. However, the schedule was then changed to 2026 in the 2026 defense budget.
MEX (windowing system)
mex (multiple exposure) is a windowing system created by Silicon Graphics, used on 68k-based IRIS systems and early IRIS 4D systems. Mex was originally loaded over a network through the use of GL1 routines kept on a remote host machine, usually a VAX. When the IRIS 1400 workstation and GL2-W (IRIX) were introduced, mex was allowed to run locally.  Mex was used in IRIX from the GL2-W2.1.0 release to the 4D1-2.3 release.

With the introduction of 4D1-3.0 (IRIX 3.0), and the complete migration to MIPS processors, support for the GL / GL2 powered mex ended in the late 1980s, replaced by Sun Microsystems' NeWS and the 4Sight window manager.

IRIX
IRIX (/ˈaɪrɪks/, EYE-ricks, a portmanteau of IRIS and UNIX) is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run on the company's proprietary MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. In IRIX, SGI originated the XFS file system and the now industry-standard OpenGL graphics API.
Gmina Sochaczew
Gmina Sochaczew is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sochaczew County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Sochaczew, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.

The gmina covers an area of 91.41 square kilometres (35.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,764.

The village of Żelazowa Wola, which is within Gmina Sochaczew, is the birthplace of the composer Frédéric Chopin.

Sochaczew
Sochaczew (Polish pronunciation: [sɔˈxat͡ʂɛf] ⓘ) is a town in central Poland, with 33,456 inhabitants (as of 2023). In the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Skierniewice Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is the capital of Sochaczew County and is located approximately 50 km (31 mi) west from the capital of Poland Warsaw

Sochaczew has a narrow-gauge railway museum with a line that runs as far as Wilcze Tułowskie. 750 mm-gauge steam trains run on the line on Saturdays from spring to the end of summer.
Rivonia Trial
The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in apartheid-era South Africa between 9 October 1963 and 12 June 1964, after a group of anti-apartheid activists were arrested on Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia. The farm had been the secret location for meetings of uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the newly-formed armed wing of the African National Congress. The trial took place in Pretoria at the Palace of Justice and the Old Synagogue.

Men who were convicted and sentenced to prison for their activities included Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Govan Mbeki, Ahmed Kathrada, Denis Goldberg, Raymond Mhlaba, Elias Motsoaledi, Andrew Mlangeni. Many were convicted of sabotage and sentenced to life.

Liliesleaf Farm
26°02′38″S 28°03′13″E﻿ / ﻿26.04389°S 28.05361°E﻿ / -26.04389; 28.05361

Liliesleaf Farm, also spelt Lilliesleaf and also known simply as Liliesleaf, is a location in northern Johannesburg, South Africa, which is most noted for its use as a safe house for African National Congress (ANC) activists during the apartheid years in the 1960s. In 1963, the South African police raided the farm, arresting more than a dozen ANC leaders and activists, who were then tried and prosecuted during the Rivonia Trial.

After the end of apartheid, the property was restored and turned into a museum and national heritage site. It was closed to visitors in September 2021, but was scheduled to reopen a year later.
Radha Paudel
Radha Paudel (Nepali: राधा पौडेल) is a Nepalese nurse, activist and writer. She won the Madan Puraskar for her memoir Khalangama Hamala. She has actively worked for raising awareness related to various women-related issues.

Jumla: A Nurse's Story
Jumla: A Nurse's Story (Original title: Khalangama Hamala; Nepali: खलंगामा हमला, lit. 'Attack on Khalanga') is a 2013 Nepali war memoir by Radha Paudel. Paudel worked as health worker written during the Maoist insurgency in Jumla district in mid-western region of Nepal. It was published on May 23, 2013, by Nepa~laya publication. It won the Madan Puraskar which is the most recognized literary award in Nepal.
Maine Road
Maine Road was a football stadium in Moss Side, Manchester, England, that was home to Manchester City from 1923 to 2003. It hosted FA Cup semi-finals, the Charity Shield, a League Cup final and England matches. Maine Road's highest attendance of 84,569 was set in 1934 at an FA Cup sixth round match between Manchester City and Stoke City, a record for an English club ground.

At the time of its closure in 2003, Maine Road was an all-seater stadium with a capacity of 35,150 and of haphazard design with stands of varying heights due to the ground being renovated several times over its 80-year history. The following season Manchester City moved to the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester, a mile from the city centre and near Ardwick, where the club originally formed in 1880.

1984 Football League Cup final
The 1984 Football League Cup final (billed as the Milk Cup Final) was an association football match between Liverpool and Everton.  The initial final was a dour affair in which Liverpool had more chances but Everton saw what seemed a clear-cut penalty claim waved away by the referee when Alan Hansen used his hand to steer Adrian Heath's goal-bound shot off the Liverpool goal line. The replay was equally dour but Liverpool won the game through a first-half Graeme Souness goal at Maine Road. This was Liverpool's fourth consecutive success in the competition and also the third consecutive final in which they had defeated that season's eventual FA Cup winners.
Tandag
Tandag, officially the City of Tandag (Tandaganon/Surigaonon: Siyudad nan Tandag; Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Tandag; Filipino: Lungsod ng Tandag), is a  component city and capital of the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 62,669 people.

Farming and fishing are the main economic activity for most of the people in Tandag. The chief farm products are rice, corn, and coconut. Livestock- and poultry-raising are also important sources of income. Tandag has a national secondary airport and a seaport.

Tandag has a land area of 291.73 square kilometers or 112.64 square miles. This constitutes 5.91% of the land area of Surigao del Sur. The population density of the city is at 193 inhabitants per square kilometer or 500 inhabitants per square mile.

Tandag Airport
Tandag Airport (IATA: TDG, ICAO: RPMW) is an airport serving the general area of Tandag, the capital city of Surigao del Sur in the Philippines. It is one of two airports in Surigao del Sur - the other being Bislig Airport.  The airport is classified as a Class 2 principal (minor domestic) airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a body of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines except the major international airports.
Valley Central School District
The Valley Central School District serves most of the Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York, United States, and its three villages: Maybrook, Montgomery and Walden. Students also come from adjacent areas of the towns of Newburgh, Crawford, Wallkill, Hamptonburgh, and New Windsor. A small portion of Ulster County's Town of Shawangunk also sends students to this district.
There is also another school named Valley Central Public School in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

It operates six schools:

Montgomery, New York
Montgomery is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. Located roughly 60 miles (97 km) northwest of New York City, the town of Montgomery is a historical and cultural hub of the Hudson Valley region and has been a steadily growing outer-ring commuter suburb within the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was listed as 23,322.

The town was named in the honor of Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 at the Battle of Quebec. The northern town line is contiguous with the Ulster County border. Montgomery is immediately west of the town of Newburgh. Within its borders are three villages, one eponymous, as well as Walden and most of Maybrook.
Clark Family Library
The Clark Family Library, formerly U. Grant Miller Library is the academic library for Washington & Jefferson College, located in Washington, Pennsylvania. The library traces its origins back to a donation from Benjamin Franklin in 1789. The Archives and Special Collections contain significant holdings of historical papers dating to the college's founding.  The Walker Room contains the personal library of prominent industrialist John Walker, complete with all of his library's fixtures and furniture, installed exactly how it had been during Walker's life.

Washington & Jefferson College
Washington & Jefferson College (W&J College or W&J) is a private liberal arts college in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. It traces its origin to three Presbyterian missionaries of the 1780s, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dod, and Joseph Smith, whose early schools evolved into two rival institutions: Washington College in Washington, and Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. The two colleges merged in 1865 to form Washington & Jefferson College.

The 60-acre (24 ha) Washington & Jefferson College campus has more than 40 buildings, with the oldest dating to 1793. The college enrolled over 1,100 students as of fall 2022. It has a longstanding tradition of literary societies, dating back before the union of the two colleges. Nearly all of the college's students live on campus, and roughly one-third are members of fraternities or sororities. The W&J athletic program competes in NCAA Division III.