hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Crosslinguistic influence
Crosslinguistic influence (CLI) refers to the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker. It typically involves two languages that can affect one another in a bilingual speaker.  An example of CLI is the influence of Korean on a Korean native speaker who is learning Japanese or French. Less typically, it could also refer to an interaction between different dialects in the mind of a monolingual speaker. CLI can be observed across subsystems of languages including pragmatics, semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology, phonetics, and orthography. Discussed further in this article are particular subcategories of CLI—transfer, attrition, the complementarity principle, and additional theories.

Language transfer
Language transfer is the application of linguistic features from one language to another by a bilingual or multilingual speaker and may occur across both languages in the acquisition of a simultaneous bilingual. It may also occur from a mature speaker's first language (L1) to a second language (L2) they are acquiring, or from an L2 back to the L1. Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) is most commonly discussed in the context of English language learning and teaching, but it can occur in any situation when someone does not have a native-level command of a language, as when translating into a second language. Language transfer is also a common topic in bilingual child language acquisition as it occurs frequently in bilingual children especially when one language is dominant.
Dusit Thani College
Dusit Thani College (DTC) (Thai: วิทยาลัยดุสิตธานี) is a private institute in Bangkok, Thailand, specializing in hospitality and culinary arts management. It operates under Dusit International, a Thai-based hospitality group. Established over 40 years ago, the college has since expanded its programs internationally.

The college offers academic programs that combine theoretical instruction—delivered by faculty with professional experience in the hospitality and tourism industries—with practical training. Students also gain work experience through internships and training in real workplace settings, supported by dedicated facilities and equipment for hospitality and culinary education.

Dusit International
Dusit Thani Public Company Limited (Thai: บริษัท ดุสิตธานี จำกัด (มหาชน)), branded as Dusit International (Thai: ดุสิต อินเตอร์เนชั่นแนล), is a Thai multinational hospitality company headquartered in Bangkok. Dusit International has 57 hotels and resorts and approximately 240 villas in 18 countries. Founded by Thanpuying Chanut Piyaoui in 1948, the company is now led by Chanin Donavanik.
Snipe Loch
Snipe Loch (NS385173) or Loch Snipe is a freshwater loch. It is situated in a low-lying area close to the B742 road next to Clocaird Farm in the Parish of Coylton, East Ayrshire, Scotland. The loch lies to the north of Martnaham Loch, 5 miles (7 km) east of Ayr.

Martnaham Loch
Martnaham Loch (NS 396 172) is a freshwater loch lying across the border between East and South Ayrshire Council Areas, two kilometres (1+1⁄4 miles) from Coylton, in the parishes of Coylton and Dalrymple, three miles (five kilometres) from Ayr. The loch lies along an axis from northeast to southwest. The remains of a castle lie on a possibly artificial islet within the loch. The Campbells of Loudoun once held the lands, followed by the Kennedys of Cassillis.
Peter Schermerhorn
Peter Schermerhorn (October 1, 1749 – January 28, 1826) was an American merchant and landowner in New York City.  He was the father of Abraham Schermerhorn and the paternal grandfather of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor.

Caroline Schermerhorn Astor
Caroline Webster "Lina" Schermerhorn Astor (September 22, 1830 – October 30, 1908) was an American socialite who led the Four Hundred, high society of New York City in the Gilded Age. Referred to later in life as "the Mrs. Astor" or simply "Mrs. Astor", she was the wife of yachtsman William Backhouse Astor Jr. They had five children, including Colonel John Jacob Astor IV, who perished on the RMS Titanic. Through her marriage, she was a member of the Astor family and matriarch of the American Astors.
Shartegosuchidae
Shartegosuchidae is an extinct family of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous crocodyliforms. The family is named after the Late Jurassic Shar Teeg Beds in southwestern Mongolia, from which most shartegosuchid remains have been found. Five genera are currently assigned to Shartegosuchidae: Shartegosuchus, Nominosuchus,  Kyasuchus, Adzhosuchus, and Fruitachampsa. Shartegosuchus, Nominosuchus, and Adzhosuchus all come from Shar Teeg, while Kyasuchus is known from the Early Cretaceous of Russia. Fruitachampsa is known from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States.

Fruitachampsa
Fruitachampsa is a genus of shartegosuchid crocodyliform from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Colorado. It is known from multiple specimens that show it to have been a relatively long-limbed terrestrial quadrupedal predator less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, with a short face and a prominent pair of canine-like teeth in the lower jaw. Before it was formally described in 2011, it was also known as the "Fruita form". Its type species is F. callisoni.
Buck Pierce
Buck James Pierce (born November 15, 1981) is an American professional football coach who is the head coach and offensive coordinator of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is a former professional quarterback who played nine seasons for the Lions and Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He spent the first five years of his career with the Lions before signing with the Blue Bombers for the 2010 CFL season. During the 2013 CFL season, he rejoined the Lions when the Blue Bombers traded him for Akeem Foster. He played in two Grey Cup games, winning a championship in 2006 and also won as part of the coaching staff with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in 2019 and 2021. He played college football at New Mexico State from 2001–2004, starting at quarterback for most of his senior year.

Akeem Foster
Akeem Foster (born March 20, 1987) is a Canadian former professional football wide receiver who played in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was drafted 25th overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25, 2010. During the 2013 CFL season, the Lions traded him in exchange for Buck Pierce. He played college football for the St. Francis Xavier X-Men. Foster played for the Tri-Cities Fever of the Indoor Football League in 2016. Foster also played for the Kotka Eagles of the Finnish 1st Division.
Jessie M. King
Jessie Marion King (20 March 1875 – 3 August 1949) was a Scottish illustrator known for her illustrated children's books. She also designed bookplates, jewellery and fabric, and painted pottery. King was one of the artists known as the Glasgow Girls. She was described in 1927 in the Aberdeen Press and Journal as "the pioneer of batik in Great Britain".

Glasgow School
The Glasgow School was a circle of influential artists and designers that began to coalesce in Glasgow, Scotland in the 1870s, and flourished from the 1890s to around 1910. Representative groups included The Four (also known as the Spook School), the Glasgow Girls and the Glasgow Boys. Part of the international Art Nouveau movement, they were responsible for creating the distinctive Glasgow Style (see Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)).

Glasgow experienced an economic boom at the end of the 19th century, resulting in an increase in distinctive contributions to the Art Nouveau movement, particularly in the fields of architecture, interior design and painting.
Wang Delin
Wang Delin (Chinese: 王德林; pinyin: Wáng Délín; Wade–Giles: Wang Teh-ling, 1875－1938) was a bandit, soldier, and leader of the Chinese People's National Salvation Army resisting the Japanese pacification of Manchukuo.

Counterinsurgency in Manchuria
The Counterinsurgency in Manchuria (also referred to as the Pacification of Manchukuo by some sources) was a Japanese counterinsurgency campaign to suppress any armed resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo from various anti-Japanese volunteer armies in occupied Manchuria and later the communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army.  The operations were carried out by the Imperial Japanese Kwantung Army and the collaborationist forces of the Manchukuo government from March 1932 until 1942, and resulted in a Japanese victory.
Charing Cross Hospital Medical School
Charing Cross Hospital Medical School (CXHMS) was the oldest of the constituent medical schools of Imperial College School of Medicine.

Charing Cross remains a hospital on the forefront of medicine; in recent times pioneering the clinical use of CT scanning, reflective of its position as one of the most important neuroscience centres in London; and advances in oncology and chemotherapy. Students of the medical school have benefited from this expertise, with many taking a research interest in these areas during their training.

Imperial College School of Medicine
The Imperial College School of Medicine (ICSM) is the undergraduate medical school of Imperial College London in England and one of the United Hospitals. It is part of the college's Faculty of Medicine and was formed by the merger of several historic medical schools. Its core campuses are located at South Kensington, St Mary's, Charing Cross, Hammersmith and Chelsea and Westminster.
Marne (river)
The Marne (/mɑːrn/; French pronunciation: [maʁn] ⓘ) is a river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris. It is 514 kilometres (319 mi) long. The river gave its name to the departments of Haute-Marne, Marne, Seine-et-Marne, and Val-de-Marne.

The Marne starts in the Langres plateau, runs generally north then bends west between Saint-Dizier and Châlons-en-Champagne, joining the Seine at Charenton just upstream from Paris. Its main tributaries are the Rognon, the Blaise, the Saulx, the Ourcq, the Petit Morin and the Grand Morin.

Near the town of Saint-Dizier, part of the flow is diverted through the artificial Lake Der-Chantecoq. This ensures both flood prevention and the maintenance of minimum river flows in periods of drought.

The Marne is famous as the site of two eponymous battles during World War I. The first battle was a turning point of the war, fought in 1914. The second battle was fought four years later, in 1918.

Grand Morin
The Grand Morin (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ mɔʁɛ̃]; lit. 'Great Morin') is a 118-kilometre (73 mi) long river in France, left tributary of the Marne. Its source is near the village of Lachy. Its course crosses the departments of Marne and Seine-et-Marne. It flows westwards through the towns of Esternay, La Ferté-Gaucher, Coulommiers and Crécy-la-Chapelle, finally flowing into the Marne in Esbly.

Its main tributary is the Aubetin.
Donald Aronow
Donald Joel Aronow (March 3, 1927 – February 3, 1987) was an American designer, builder, and racer of Formula, Donzi, Magnum Marine, Cary, and Cigarette Racing Team speedboats. Aronow built speedboats for the Shah of Iran, Charles Keating, Robert Vesco, Malcolm Forbes, George H. W. Bush, and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Formula (boats)
Formula Boat is a brand of pleasure boats produced in Miami, Florida, United States, having its headquarters at Decatur, Indiana, U.S and sold globally. Thunderbird Products owns and operates the Formula brand.
Hefe Heetroc
Justin Bacik (born August 25, 1976), better known as Hefe Heetroc (stylized as HEFE HƏƏTROC) and formerly known as Wez Nilez, is an American rapper from New Mexico. His musical style has been described as a fusion of hip-hop, glitch-hop, and vaporwave, amongst other styles.

He grew up in Rochester, NY, moving to California and then Albuquerque, New Mexico. His musical pursuits began by studying guitar at age 19, and at age 27, he shifted his focus towards hip-hop. He has collaborated with fellow emcee Loose Logic, his music has been featured on numerous blogs such as Thisis50, and his single ‘Space Energy’ has been aired on WRIU FM by Dj Padrino (of the Coke Boys).

Loose Logic
Ian Westbrook (born June 2, 1983), better known by his stage name Loose Logic, is an American hip hop emcee from California.  At his parents insistence he began piano lessons at the age of 8. His career started when the song he recorded as a high school senior, "The O.C. Anthem", was widely downloaded.  In 2006 he was nominated as "Best Hip Hop Artist of the Year" by the Orange County Music Awards. He describes his work as "poetry over music".
Logone River
The Logon or Logone River is a major tributary of the Chari River. The Logone's sources are located in the western Central African Republic, northern Cameroon, and southern Chad.  It has two major tributaries: the Pendé River (Eastern Logone) in the prefecture Ouham-Pendé in the Central African Republic and the Mbéré River (Western Logone) in the east of Cameroon.  Many swamps and wetlands surround the river.

Settlements on the river include Kousseri, Cameroon's northernmost city, and Chad's capital city, N'Djaména, which is located at the site where the Logone empties into the Chari River.

The Logone forms part of the international border between Chad and Cameroon.

Chari River
The Chari River, or Shari River, is a 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long river, flowing in Central Africa. It is the main source of water of Lake Chad, which is located at the junction of four countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon.
IDEF1X
Integration DEFinition for information modeling (IDEF1X) is a data modeling language for the development of semantic data models. IDEF1X is used to produce a graphical information model which represents the structure and semantics of information within an environment or system.

IDEF1X permits the construction of semantic data models which may serve to support the management of data as a resource, the integration of information systems, and the building of computer databases. This standard is part of the IDEF family of modeling languages in the field of software engineering.

IDEF
IDEF, initially an abbreviation of ICAM Definition and renamed in 1999 as Integration Definition, is a family of modeling languages in the field of systems and software engineering. They cover a wide range of uses from functional modeling to data, simulation, object-oriented analysis and design, and knowledge acquisition. These definition languages were developed under funding from U.S. Air Force and, although still most commonly used by them and other military and United States Department of Defense (DoD) agencies, are in the public domain.

The most-widely recognized and used components of the IDEF family are IDEF0, a functional modeling language building on SADT, and IDEF1X, which addresses information models and database design issues.
Northeast State Community College
Northeast State Community College is a public community college based in Blountville, Tennessee.  It offers technical education and college transfer programs in Blountville and at teaching sites in Elizabethton, Gray, and Kingsport. The school enrolls more than 6,000 students.

Northeast State offers associate degrees in more than 130 programs of study, which can be transferred to a number of local and regional four-year colleges and universities. The school also offers associate of applied science degrees in more than 30 programs of study. In addition, Northeast State offers academic and technical certificates in more than a dozen areas of study.

Blountville, Tennessee
Blountville is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Sullivan County, Tennessee. The population was 3,074 at the 2010 census and 3,120 at the 2020 census.   It is the only Tennessee county seat not to be an incorporated city or town.

Blountville is part of the Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol metropolitan area, which is a component of the Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA Combined Statistical Area, commonly known as the "Tri-Cities" region.
Dasharatha
Dasharatha (Sanskrit: दशरथ, IAST: Daśaratha; born Nemi) was the king of Kosala, with its capital at Ayodhya, in the Hindu epic Ramayana. Dasharatha married Kausalya, Sumitra and Kaikeyi. He was the father of Rama, the protagonist of the epic Ramayana, Bharata, Lakshmana, and Shatrughna. Dasharatha also finds mention in the Vishnu Purana.

Sumitra
Sumitra (Sanskrit: सुमित्रा, IAST: Sumitrā) is a princess of Kashi and the queen of Kosala in the Hindu epic Ramayana. Sumitra is the second queen consort of Dasharatha, the king of Kosala, who ruled from Ayodhya. Regarded to be a wise and dedicated woman, she is the mother of the twins Lakshmana and Shatrughna.
Border Field State Park
Border Field State Park is a state park of California, United States, containing beach and coastal habitat on the Mexico–United States border.  The park is within the city limits of Imperial Beach in San Diego County, next to the suburb of Playas de Tijuana in Mexico. It contains the southernmost point in the state of California. The refuge forms the southern part of Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve.

Border Field State Park contains Friendship Park, which is just inland from the place where the border meets the ocean. Immediately adjacent is the Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico.

Imperial Beach, California
Imperial Beach is a beach city in San Diego County, California, United States, with a population of 26,137 as of the 2020 census. It is in the South Bay area of San Diego County, 14.1 miles (22.7 km) south of downtown San Diego and 5 miles (8 km) northwest of downtown Tijuana, Mexico. Imperial Beach is the southernmost city in California and the West Coast of the United States.
Complete bipartite graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete bipartite graph or biclique is a special kind of bipartite graph where every vertex of the first set is connected to every vertex of the second set.

Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete bipartite graphs were already printed as early as 1669, in connection with an edition of the works of Ramon Llull edited by Athanasius Kircher. Llull himself had made similar drawings of complete graphs three centuries earlier.

Complete graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge.  A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).

Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.
Alresford railway station (Hampshire)
Alresford railway station (/ˈɔːlsfərd/ or /ˈɒlzfərd/) is in the town of New Alresford, in the City of Winchester district, Hampshire, England.

The station was opened in 1865 by the Alton, Alresford and Winchester Railway and operated as part of the London and South Western Railway and later Southern Railway and the Southern Region of British Railways until its closure in 1973. In official literature it is shown as Alresford (Hampshire) in order to distinguish it from the station of the same name in Essex.

It was reopened in 1977 as the terminus of the Watercress Line from Alton.

Alton railway station
Alton railway station serves the market town of Alton, in the English county of Hampshire. The station is the terminus for two railway lines: the Alton Line, which runs to Brookwood and on to London Waterloo, and the Mid Hants Watercress Railway which runs to Alresford. The latter once ran through to Winchester, but was closed to passengers in February 1973; it reopened as a heritage line in 1985. Two other routes, both now closed, also served the station: the Meon Valley line to Fareham and the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway.

Services operate along the Alton Line to Brookwood and join the South West Main Line towards London Waterloo. The line was single-tracked as far as Farnham by British Rail in the early 1980s.
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH or The Brigham) is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and the largest hospital in the Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Along with Massachusetts General Hospital, it is one of the two founding members of Mass General Brigham, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts. Giles Boland, MD, serves as the hospital's current president.

Brigham and Women's Hospital conducts the second largest hospital-based research program in the world, with an annual research budget of more than $630 million.

Massachusetts General Hospital
Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General or MGH) is a teaching hospital located in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is the original and largest clinical education and research facility of Harvard Medical School/Harvard University, and houses the world's largest hospital-based research program with an annual research budget of more than $1.2 billion in 2021. It is the third-oldest general hospital in the United States with a patient capacity of 999 beds. Along with Brigham and Women's Hospital, Mass General is a founding member of Mass General Brigham, formerly known as Partners HealthCare, the largest healthcare provider in Massachusetts.
Okinawan cuisine
Top row: mozuku, sakurazuke, Okinawa spinach, jimami tofu

Bottom row: Okinawa seasoned rice, goya salad, Okinawa soba

Okinawan cuisine (Japanese: 沖縄料理, Hepburn: Okinawa ryōri) is the food culture of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The cuisine is also known as Ryukyuan cuisine (琉球料理, Ryūkyū ryōri), a reference to the Ryukyu Kingdom. Due to differences in culture, historical contact between other regions, climate, vegetables and other ingredients, Okinawan cuisine differs from Japanese cuisine.

Momordica charantia
Momordica charantia (commonly called bitter melon, gouya,  cerassee, goya, bitter apple, bitter gourd, bitter squash, balsam-pear, karela, karavila and many more names listed below) is a tropical and subtropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceae, widely grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit. Its many varieties differ substantially in the shape and bitterness of the fruit.

Bitter melon originated in Africa, where it was a dry-season staple food of ǃKung hunter-gatherers. Wild or semi-domesticated variants spread across Asia in prehistory, and it was likely fully domesticated in Southeast Asia. It is widely used in the cuisines of East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Melaleuca similis
Melaleuca similis is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It is a small shrub, similar to Melaleuca stramentosa with its narrow, almost cylindrical leaves and heads of pink to purple flowers but lacks the matted, silky hairs on the young leaves and outer edge of the flower cup.

Melaleuca stramentosa
Melaleuca stramentosa is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, bushy shrub similar to Melaleuca similis with its cylindrical leaves and heads of pink to purple flowers but differs in have matted, woolly hairs around the flowers and on the young leaves.