hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Robert Holborne
Sir Robert Holborne (died 1647) was an English lawyer and politician, of Furnival's Inn and Lincoln's Inn (where he was bencher and reader in English law). He acted, along with Oliver St John, as co-counsel for John Hampden in the ship money case. He  sat in the House of Commons between 1640 and 1642 and supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. He was attorney-general to the Prince of Wales, being knighted in 1643. He also published legal tracts.

Ship money
Ship money  was a tax of medieval origin levied intermittently in the Kingdom of England until the middle of the 17th century. Assessed typically on the inhabitants of coastal areas of England, it was one of several taxes that English monarchs could levy by prerogative without the approval of Parliament. Queen Elizabeth I levied this tax to pay for a navy. The attempt of King Charles I from 1634 onwards to levy ship money during peacetime and extend it to the inland counties of England without parliamentary approval provoked fierce resistance, and was one of the grievances of the English propertied class in the lead-up to the English Civil War.
Mesothelium
The mesothelium is a membrane composed of simple squamous epithelial cells of mesodermal origin, which forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (pleural cavity around the lungs), peritoneum (abdominopelvic cavity including the mesentery, greater and lesser omentum, falciform ligament and the perimetrium) and pericardium (around the heart).

Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male testis (as the tunica vaginalis) and occasionally the spermatic cord (in a patent processus vaginalis).  Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium, while one that covers the surrounding body walls is called the parietal mesothelium.  The mesothelium that secretes serous fluid as a main function is also known as a serosa.

Body cavity
A body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space, in an animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid.

The two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity, and the dorsal body cavity. In the dorsal body cavity the brain and spinal cord are located.

The membranes that surround the central nervous system organs (the brain and the spinal cord, in the cranial and spinal cavities) are the three meninges. The differently lined spaces contain different types of fluid. In the meninges for example the fluid is cerebrospinal fluid; in the abdominal cavity the fluid contained in the peritoneum is a serous fluid.

In amniotes and some invertebrates the peritoneum lines their largest body cavity called  the coelom.
Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer is a form of thyroid carcinoma which originates from the parafollicular cells (C cells), which produce the hormone calcitonin.
Medullary tumors are the third most common of all thyroid cancers and together make up about 3% of all thyroid cancer cases. MTC was first characterized in 1959.

Approximately 25% of medullary thyroid cancer cases are genetic in nature, caused by a mutation in the RET proto-oncogene. When MTC occurs by itself it is termed sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. Medullary thyroid cancer is seen in people with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, subtypes 2A and 2B. When medullary thyroid cancer due to a hereditary genetic disorder occurs without other endocrine tumours it is termed familial medullary thyroid cancer.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2; also known as Pheochromocytoma (codons 630 and 634) and amyloid producing medullary thyroid carcinoma, PTC syndrome, or Sipple syndrome) is a group of medical disorders associated with tumors of the endocrine system. The tumors may be benign or malignant (cancer).  They generally occur in endocrine organs (e.g. thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenals), but may also occur in endocrine tissues of organs not classically thought of as endocrine. MEN2 is a sub-type of MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) and itself has sub-types, as discussed below. Variants in MEN2A have been associated with Hirschsprung disease. Screening for this condition can begin as young as eight years old for pheochromocytoma.
Android Pie
Android 9 Pie (codenamed Android P during development) is the ninth major release and the 16th version of the Android mobile operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 7, 2018, and was released publicly on August 6, 2018.

On August 6, 2018, Google officially announced the final release of Android 9 under the title "Pie", with the update initially available for current Google Pixel devices, and releases for Android One devices and others to follow "later this year". The Essential Phone was the first third-party Android device to receive an update to Pie, notably coming day-and-date with its final release. The Sony Xperia XZ3 was the first device with Android Pie pre-installed.

As of January 2026, 4.5% of all Android devices were running Android Pie, which received its final security update on January 4, 2022.

Android version history
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of its first beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. The operating system has been developed by Google on a yearly schedule since at least 2011.  New major releases are usually announced at Google I/O in May, along with beta testing, with the stable version released to the public between August and October. The most recent exception has been Android 16 with its release in June 2025.
Arthur W. Murray
Arthur Warren "Kit" Murray (December 26, 1918 – July 25, 2011) was a United States test pilot who flew test flights on the Bell X-1 and the Bell X-5 aircraft. He was the first pilot to see the curvature of the Earth and set an unofficial altitude record of more than 90,000 feet at over twice the speed of sound.

Bell X-1
The Bell X-1 (Bell Model 44) is a rocket engine–powered aircraft, designated originally as the XS-1, and was a joint National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics–U.S. Army Air Forces–U.S. Air Force supersonic research project built by Bell Aircraft. Conceived during 1944 and designed and built in 1945, it achieved a speed of nearly 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 km/h; 870 kn) in 1948. A derivative of this same design, the Bell X-1A, having greater fuel capacity and hence longer rocket burning time, exceeded 1,600 miles per hour (2,600 km/h; 1,400 kn) in 1954. The X-1 aircraft #46-062, nicknamed Glamorous Glennis and flown by Chuck Yeager, was the first piloted airplane to exceed the speed of sound in level flight and was the first of the X-planes, a series of American experimental rocket planes (and non-rocket planes) designed for testing new technologies.
Music of Iran
The music of Iran encompasses music produced by Iranian artists. In addition to the traditional folk and classical genres, it also includes pop and internationally celebrated styles such as jazz, rock, and hip hop.

Iranian music influenced other cultures in West Asia, building up much of the musical terminology of the neighboring Turkic and Arabic cultures, and reached India through the 16th-century Persianate Mughal Empire, whose court promoted new musical forms by bringing Iranian musicians.

Iranian hip-hop
Iranian hip hop (Persian: هیپ‌هاپ ایرانی), also known as Persian hip hop (هیپ‌هاپ فارسی), refers to hip hop music in the Persian language developed in Iran and the Iranian diaspora. It originated from American hip hop culture, but has developed into a distinct rap style that draws on Iranian cultural concepts and engages with the modern issues Iranians are facing today.
Nueva Vizcaya
Nueva Vizcaya, officially the Province of Nueva Vizcaya, is a landlocked province in the Philippines located in the Cagayan Valley region in Luzon. Its capital and largest town is Bayombong. It is bordered by Benguet to the west, Ifugao to the north, Isabela to the northeast, Quirino to the east, Aurora to the southeast, Nueva Ecija to the south, and Pangasinan to the southwest. Quirino province was created from Nueva Vizcaya in 1966.

Aurora (province)
Aurora, officially the Province of Aurora (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Aurora; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Aurora; Spanish: Provincia de Aurora), is a province in the Philippines located in the eastern part of Central Luzon region, facing the Philippine Sea. Its capital is Baler and borders, clockwise from the south, the provinces of Quezon, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, and Isabela. Maria Aurora is the only landlocked town in the province and yet, the most populous. It is the only province in Central Luzon that has no chartered cities.

Before 1979, Aurora was part of the province of Quezon. The province was named after Aurora Aragon, the wife of Manuel L. Quezon, the president of the Philippine Commonwealth, after whom the mother province was named.
MS GNV Cristal
MS  GNV Cristal is a cruiseferry owned by the Italy-based SNAV and operated by their Grandi Navi Veloci brand. She was built in 1989 by Schichau Seebeckwerft in Bremerhaven, West Germany as MS Olau Hollandia for Olau Line. From 1994 to 2005 she sailed as MS Pride of Le Havre for P&O Ferries. From 2005 to 2017 she operated as the SNAV Sardegna between Civitavecchia, Palermo and Olbia.

MS GNV Atlas
MV GNV Atlas is a Peter Pan-class cruiseferry currently owned and operated by the Italian shipping company SNAV.  She was launched on 28 October 1989 by Schichau Seebeckwerft in Bremerhaven, West Germany as Olau Britannia for Olau Line.

Following the closure of Olau Line in 1994, Olau Britannia was chartered to P&O Ferries and renamed Pride of Portsmouth. From 2005 to 2017 she has been operating as SNAV Lazio between Civitavecchia, Palermo and Olbia.
Lostock Gralam
Lostock Gralam (/ɡreɪləm/ GRAY-ləm) is a village and civil parish in Cheshire West and Chester, Cheshire, England; it is sited east of Northwich. The civil parish also includes the small hamlet of Lostock Green. At the 2011 census, the population was 2,298.

Northwich
Northwich is a market town and civil parish in the Cheshire West and Chester borough of Cheshire, England. It lies on the Cheshire Plain, at the confluence of the rivers Weaver and Dane, 18 miles (29 km) east of Chester, 15 miles (24 km) south of Warrington, 19 miles (31 km) south of Manchester, 69 miles (111 km) north of Birmingham, and 36 miles (58 km) south-east of Liverpool. The population of the parish was 22,726 at the 2021 census.

The area around Northwich was exploited for its salt pans by the Romans, when the settlement was known as Condate. The town had been severely affected by salt mining and subsidence was historically a significant problem. Mine stabilisation work was completed in 2007.
Seasteading
Seasteading is the creation of permanent dwellings in international waters, so-called seasteads, that are   independent of established governments. No structure on the high seas has yet been created and recognized as a sovereign state. Proposed structures have included modified cruise ships, refitted oil platforms, and custom-built floating islands.

Some proponents say seasteads can "provide the means for rapid innovation in voluntary governance and reverse environmental damage to our oceans ... and foster entrepreneurship." Some critics fear seasteads may function primarily as a refuge for the wealthy to evade taxes or other national legislation.

While seasteading may guarantee some freedom from unwanted rules, the high seas are regulated internationally through bodies of admiralty law and law of the sea.

The term seasteading  is a blend of sea and homesteading, and dates back to the 1960s.

Floating island
A floating island is a mass of floating aquatic plants, mud, and peat ranging in thickness from several centimeters to a few meters. Sometimes referred to as tussocks, floatons, or suds, floating islands are found in many parts of the world. They exist less commonly as an artificial island. Floating islands are generally found on marshlands, lakes, and similar wetland locations, and can be many hectares in size.
Southern American English
Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a regional dialect or collection of dialects of American English spoken throughout the Southern United States, primarily by White Southerners and increasingly concentrated in more rural areas. As of 2000s research, its most innovative accents include southern Appalachian and certain Texas accents. Such research has described Southern American English as the largest American regional accent group by number of speakers. More formal terms used within American linguistics include Southern White Vernacular English and Rural White Southern English. However, more commonly in the United States, the variety is recognized as a Southern accent, which technically refers merely to the dialect's sound system, often also called a Southern twang, or simply Southern.

Older Southern American English
Older Southern American English is a diverse set of English dialects of the Southern United States spoken most widely during the mid-19th century, gradually transforming among its White speakers—possibly first due to economy-driven migrations following the American Civil War—up until the mid-20th century. By then, these local dialects had largely consolidated into, or been replaced by, a more regionally unified Southern American English. Meanwhile, among Black Southerners, these dialects transformed into a fairly stable African-American Vernacular English, now spoken nationwide among Black people. Certain features unique to older Southern U.S. English persist today, like non-rhoticity, though typically only among Black speakers or among very localized White speakers.
Star Trek Explorer
Star Trek Explorer is an authorized periodical, published quarterly by Titan UK in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand devoted to the Star Trek franchise; a separate North American version is also published, differing primarily in issue number, but otherwise synchronised in content. In terms of content, the magazine features news, interviews, and reviews covering all the live-action series, the animated series, the film series, and other official media, including books and computer games. The magazine ceased publication in December, 2024.

Titan Publishing Group
Titan Publishing Group is the publishing division of the British entertainment company Titan Entertainment, which was established as Titan Books in 1981. The books division has two main areas of publishing: film and television tie-ins and cinema reference books; and graphic novels and comics references and art titles. Its imprints are Titan Books, Titan Comics, Titan Magazines and Titan Manga.
Zanaga District
Zanaga is a district in the Lékoumou Region of the Republic of the Congo. The capital lies at Zanaga. The district is well-known for its substantial iron ore deposits, and the Zanaga Iron Ore Project is a significant potential economic driver for the area.

Lékoumou Department
Lékoumou (can also be written as Lekumu) is a department of the Republic of the Congo in the southern part of the country. It borders the departments of Bouenza, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, and the nation of Gabon. The regional capital is Sibiti.  Principal cities and towns include Komono and Zanaga.
Pantosteus
Pantosteus, the mountain suckers, is a genus of North American freshwater ray-finned fish in the family Catostomidae. Long treated as a subgenus of Catostomus, phylogenetic evidence has found them to a form a monophyletic group that diverged from other members of Catostomus during the Miocene, and they are thus treated better as a distinct genus.

They are native to mountainous regions of western North America, from southern Canada to north-central Mexico. They are primarily found in the Interior West, where they are known from the Black Hills, Rocky Mountains,parts of the Sierra Madre Occidental, much of the Great Basin, and parts of the Cascade Range. However, a single isolated species (the Santa Ana sucker) is found west of the Cascades, in the San Gabriel Mountains.

Pantosteus species tend to be smaller than those in Catostomus. They inhabit cool, fast-flowing streams located in high-elevation environments.

Santa Ana sucker
The Santa Ana sucker (Pantosteus santaanae)  is a freshwater ray-finned fish, endemic to California. It is closely related to the mountain sucker and has dark grey upper parts and silvery underparts. It grows to a maximum length of 25 cm (10 in), but most adults are much smaller than this. It feeds on algae, diatoms and detritus on the floor of shallow streams with sand, gravel or cobble bottoms. It is found in only a few streams in southern California, and many of these in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area have been restricted to concrete channels. Because of its small area of occupancy and vulnerability, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated this fish as "endangered".

Often placed in the genus Catostomus, it is now placed in the genus Pantosteus, in which it was originally described. It is the only member of the genus found west of the Pacific Coast Ranges.
The 317th Platoon
The 317th Platoon (French: La 317ème section) is a 1965 French black-and-white war film set during the First Indochina War (1946–54) written and directed by Pierre Schoendoerffer. The film was based on Schoendoerffer's 1963 novel of the same name.

Pierre Schoendoerffer
Pierre Schoendoerffer (French: Pierre Schœndœrffer, pronounced [pjɛʁ ʃœ̃dœʁfɛʁ]; 5 May 1928 – 14 March 2012) was a French film director, a screenwriter, a writer, a war reporter, a war cameraman, a renowned First Indochina War veteran, a cinema academician. He was president of the Académie des Beaux-Arts for 2001 and for 2007.

In 1967, he was the winner of the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for The Anderson Platoon. The film followed a platoon of American soldiers for six weeks at the height of fighting in Vietnam during 1966.
National Health Research Institutes
The National Health Research Institutes (NHRI; Chinese: 國家衛生研究院; pinyin: Guójiā Wèishēng Yánjiùyuàn) in Zhunan Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan, is a non-profit foundation dedicated to medical research and improved healthcare in Taiwan. Established by the Taiwan government in 1995, NHRI is under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.

Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)
The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW; Chinese: 衛生福利部; pinyin: Wèishēng Fúlì Bù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ōe-seng Hok-lī Pō͘) is the Executive Yuan ministry responsible for the administration of the public health system, social welfare, affordable and universal health care, hospitals, pharmaceutical, immunization programs, disease prevention, supervision and coordination of local health agencies in Taiwan.
Fletcher-Vane baronets
The Fletcher-Vane (previously Vane-Fletcher) baronetcy, of Hutton in the Forest in the County of Cumberland, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 27 June 1786 for Lionel Vane-Fletcher. His son, the second Baronet, was a Member of Parliament for Winchelsea and Carlisle. He assumed the surname of Fletcher-Vane in lieu of Vane-Fletcher. The fifth Baronet was involved in the Scouting movement. The title became extinct on his death in 1934.

The family estates at Hutton in the Forest passed to William Vane, a distant kinsman of the Fletcher-Vane baronets, who took the surname Fletcher-Vane in 1931 and was created Baron Inglewood in 1964. The surname reflects descent from the Fletcher baronets of Hutton, but Inglewood was not a descendant of the Fletcher family, unlike the Fletcher-Vane baronets who were direct descendants.

Sir Lionel Vane-Fletcher, 1st Baronet
Sir Lionel Wright Vane-Fletcher, 1st Baronet (born Lionel Wright Vane; 28 June 1723 – 19 July 1786) was a British landowner. The son of a successful merchant in London and Rotterdam, he was the owner of a large estate in Cumberland. He was created a baronet, of Hutton in the County of Cumberland, on 27 June 1786.  According to the literature of his ancestral seat, Hutton in the Forest, Lionel was a friend of John Howard, the prison reformer, and was made a baronet "through the influence" of his cousin, Henry Vane, 2nd Earl of Darlington, who made the request to William Pitt the Younger. The baronetcy was then created by George III.
Battle of Marib (2021–2022)
The Battle of Marib was a battle that began in February 2021 following the advance of the Houthis towards the city of Marib, the capital of Marib Governorate in Yemen controlled by the Cabinet of Yemen. On April 1, a United Nations sponsored two-month nationwide truce took place until October 2022.

Marib
Marib (Arabic: مَأْرِب, romanized: Maʾrib; Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩧𐩨/𐩣𐩧𐩺𐩨 Mryb/Mrb) is the capital city of Marib Governorate, Yemen. It was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Sabaʾ (Arabic: سَبَأ), which some scholars believe to be the ancient Sheba of biblical fame. It is about 120 kilometres (75 miles) east of Yemen's modern capital, Sanaa, and is in the region of the Sarawat Mountains. In 2005 it had a population of 16,794. However, in 2021, it had absorbed close to a million refugees fleeing the Yemeni Civil War.

The ancient city of Mirwah is one of the most important places for Arabian archaeology, and in 2023, was added by the UNESCO to its World Heritage Site List, as one of the Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib.
Koe-thaung Temple
Kouthaung (Burmese: ကိုးသောင်းဘုရား kui:saung:bhu.ra: [kóðáʊɰ̃ pʰəjá] Koùthaùñ hpăyà) is the largest Buddhist temple in Mrauk U, Myanmar. The name means "Temple of 90,000 Buddha Images". The temple was built between 1554 and 1556 by King Dikkha.

Shite-thaung Temple
The Shaitthaung Temple (Rakhine and Burmese: ရှစ်သောင်းဘုရား, MLCTS: hrac saung bhu. ra:, Rakhine pronunciation: [ʃaɪʔθáʊɰ̃ pʰəɹá]), also spelled Shitthaung (Okell: Hyiʔthaùñ hpăyà [ʃɪʔθáʊɴ pʰəjá]) according to Standard Burmese pronunciation, is a Buddhist temple in Mrauk U. The name means 'Temple of 80,000 Buddha Images', and is also known as the 'Temple of Victory'.
Ya Boy
William Joseph Crawford (born January 28, 1984), known by his stage name Ya Boy (also known as Rich Rocka), is an American rapper from Fillmore District, California. He is best known for his 2011 single "Lock Down" (with DJ Drama featuring Akon). The year prior, he signed with the latter's record label, Konvict Muzik, having first signed with San Quinn's Done Deal Entertainment to release his debut studio album, Rookie of the Year (2005). The following year, he signed with the Game's Black Wall Street Records, and later Mack 10's Hoo-Bangin' Records in 2009, although he released no albums with both labels.

Third Power (album)
Third Power is the third studio album by American hip-hop disc jockey DJ Drama. It was released on October 11, 2011. It marks his first album not to be released in the Gangsta Grillz series, after his previous two studio albums Gangsta Grillz: The Album (2007) and Gangsta Grillz: The Album (Vol. 2) (2009). Featured guests on the album include Fabolous, Wiz Khalifa, Roscoe Dash, Freddie Gibbs, Young Jeezy, Wale, J. Cole, Chris Brown, Pusha T, French Montana, Crooked I, B.o.B, Gucci Mane, Ya Boy, Akon, Trey Songz, and Big Sean, among others.
2014 Men's U23 South American Volleyball Championship
The 2014 Men's U23 South American Volleyball Championship was the 1st edition of the tournament, organised by South America's governing volleyball body, the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV).

Men's U23 South American Volleyball Championship
The Men's U23 South American Volleyball Championship is a sport competition for national volleyball teams with players under 23 years, currently held biannually and organized by the Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV), the South American volleyball federation.