hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ultrafilter
In the mathematical field of order theory, an ultrafilter on a given partially ordered set (or "poset")  is a certain subset of  namely a maximal filter on  that is, a proper filter on  that cannot be enlarged to a bigger proper filter on

If  is an arbitrary set, its power set  ordered by set inclusion, is always a Boolean algebra and hence a poset, and ultrafilters on  are usually called ultrafilters on the set . An ultrafilter on a set  may be considered as a finitely additive 0-1-valued measure on . In this view, every subset of  is either considered "almost everything" (has measure 1) or "almost nothing" (has measure 0), depending on whether it belongs to the given ultrafilter or not.: §4

Ultrafilters have many applications in set theory, model theory, topology: 186  and combinatorics.

Boolean algebra (structure)
In abstract algebra, a Boolean algebra or Boolean lattice is a complemented distributive lattice. This type of algebraic structure captures essential properties of both set operations and logic operations. A Boolean algebra can be seen as a generalization of a power set algebra or a field of sets, or its elements can be viewed as generalized truth values. It is also a special case of a De Morgan algebra and a Kleene algebra (with involution).

Every Boolean algebra gives rise to a Boolean ring, and vice versa, with ring multiplication corresponding to conjunction or meet ∧, and ring addition to exclusive disjunction or symmetric difference (not disjunction ∨). However, the theory of Boolean rings has an inherent asymmetry between the two operators, while the axioms and theorems of Boolean algebra express the symmetry of the theory described by the duality principle.
John Sephus Mack
John Sephus Mack (March 9, 1880 – September 27, 1940), was an American businessperson and philanthropist. He was the president of the G. C. Murphy Company, a prominent variety-store chain during the early 20th century.

G. C. Murphy
G.C. Murphy was a chain of five and dime or variety stores in the United States from 1906 to 2002. They also operated Murphy's Mart (full-scale discount stores), Bargain World (closeout merchandise), Terry & Ferris and Bruners (junior department stores), and Cobbs (specialty apparel) stores.

In April 1985, the company was acquired by Ames Department Stores Inc. Ames converted many of the larger "Murphy's Mart" stores and in 1989, sold the variety store division to former competitor McCrory Stores.
Rhodesian District Service Medal
The District Service Medal (DSM) was a medal awarded in lieu of the General Service Medal (Rhodesia) (GSM) for service on operations undertaken for the purpose of combating terrorists or enemy incursions into Rhodesia. It was awarded solely to African members of INTAF in uniform. This is unusual as non-whites in all other branches qualified for the  General Service Medal  or the  Prison General Service Medal . The DSM is therefore the only racially exclusive service medal in the Rhodesian Honours System.

General Service Medal (Rhodesia)
The Rhodesia General Service Medal was the most widely awarded military medal of Rhodesia. It was awarded to members of the security forces and British South Africa Police for service on operations undertaken for the purpose of combatting terrorists or enemy incursions into Rhodesia.

Some members of INTAF were conferred the Rhodesian District Service Medal instead of the General Service Medal.
Flights in Dreams and Reality
Flights in Dreams and Reality (Russian: «Полёты во сне и наяву», romanized: Polyoty vo sne i nayavu) is a 1983 Soviet drama film directed by Roman Balayan, written by Viktor Merezhko, dealing with the subject matter of midlife crisis.

The film features many highly acclaimed Soviet/Russian actors, with Oleg Yankovsky in the starring role, as well as Lyudmila Gurchenko, Oleg Tabakov, Aleksandr Adabashyan and Oleg Menshikov in supporting roles.

Oleg Yankovsky
Oleg Ivanovich Yankovsky (Russian: Оле́г Ива́нович Янко́вский; 23 February 1944 – 20 May 2009) was a Soviet and Russian actor who excelled in psychologically sophisticated roles of modern intellectuals. In 1991, he became, together with Sofia Pilyavskaya, the last person to be named a People's Artist of the USSR.
Île-d'Aix
Île-d'Aix (pronounced [il dɛks]) is a commune in the French department of Charente-Maritime, region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine (before 2015: Poitou-Charentes), off the west coast of France. It occupies the territory of the small Isle of Aix (French: île d'Aix), in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a popular place for tourist day-trips during the summer months.

Oléron
The Isle of Oléron or Oléron Island (French: île d'Oléron, [il dɔleʁɔ̃]; Saintongese: ilâte d'Olerun; Latin: Uliaros insula, [uliˈaːros ˈinsula]) is an island off the Atlantic coast of France (due west of Rochefort), on the southern side of the Pertuis d'Antioche strait.

It is the second largest island of metropolitan France, after Corsica, with a length of 30 km (19 mi) and a width of 8 km (5 mi). It has an area of 174 km2 (67 sq. mi.) and more than 21,000 permanent inhabitants.
Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec
Canadian Baptists of Ontario and Quebec (CBOQ) is a Baptist Christian denomination in central Canada. The organization's headquarters is based in Etobicoke, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. CBOQ is a partner of Canadian Baptist Ministries.

Canadian Baptist Ministries
Canadian Baptist Ministries (CBM; French: Ministères Baptistes Canadiens) is a mainline Protestant and Baptist denomination in Canada. It is a member of the Baptist World Alliance. The headquarters is located in Mississauga, Ontario.
Gangsters and Thugs
"Gangsters and Thugs" is the first single by American punk rock/hip hop band Transplants from their second album, Haunted Cities, and their third single overall. It was produced by Tim Armstrong and Dave Carlock, and released via LaSalle Records/Atlantic Records in 2005. The single peaked at number 25 on the US Alternative Songs (Billboard) and number 35 on the UK Singles Chart.

The song "Gangsters and Thugs" was written and performed by the Transplants (Robert "Skinhead Rob" Aston, Tim Armstrong, and Travis Barker), featuring backing vocals from Richard Stites.

Haunted Cities
Haunted Cities is the second studio album by the American punk rock/hip hop band Transplants. It was released on June 21, 2005, via LaSalle Records/Atlantic Records, and sold close to 34,000 copies in its first week and came in at #28 on the US Billboard 200, #72 on the UK Albums Chart, #140 on the Top 200 Albums France.
Kristina Penickova
Kristina Penickova (Czech: Kristína Pěničková; born September 11, 2009) is an American tennis player. She has a career-high ITF junior combined ranking of No. 3, achieved on January 27, 2025. She won the girls' doubles titles at the 2025 Australian Open and the 2025 Wimbledon Championships.

2025 Australian Open – Girls' doubles
Annika and Kristina Penickova won the title, defeating Emerson Jones and Hannah Klugman in the final, 6–4, 6–2.

Tyra Caterina Grant and Iva Jovic were the reigning champions, but they chose not to participate this year.
Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle
The United States Navy Mk 12 MOD 0/1/H Special Purpose Rifle (SPR) is a designated marksman rifle that was in service with United States Special Operations Forces in the designated marksman role until 2017, also designed to be shorter than standard weapons. SPR initially stood for Special Purpose Receiver as it referred to an add-on upper receiver assembly (part of the proposed SOPMOD upgrades), but that nomenclature changed to Special Purpose Rifle as the weapon became a stand-alone weapons system.

The SPR was eventually type-classified by the U.S. Navy as the Mk 12. The weapon was developed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division for US military special operations units.

The rifle is designed to fire semi-automatically, although it has the option to fire in full auto in case of emergencies.

SEAL Recon Rifle
The SEAL Recon Rifle (nicknamed the "Sniper M4" and "Recce") is an American designated marksman rifle and assault rifle used by the United States Navy SEALs. Essentially a heavily modified M16 rifle, it is intended to provide SEAL snipers and designated marksmen with a versatile, accurate, lightweight, and relatively compact weapon chambered in 5.56×45mm NATO.
Zambia Super League
The Zambia Super League, known as the MTN Super League for sponsorship purposes, is the top association football league created in 1962 by the Football Association of Zambia. The winners of the league each season receive ZMW1,000,000 ($40000) and a copper trophy engraved with their team name.

Football Association of Zambia
The Football Association of Zambia is the governing body of association football in Zambia founded in 1929 and based at the "Football House" on Alick Nkhata Road in Lusaka, the country's capital.

Affiliated to CAF and FIFA in 1964 and COSAFA in 1997, it organizes the local league and the country's national team.
Secure Flight
Secure Flight is a passenger pre-screening program for flights in the United States, managed by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). It is a risk-based system that matches passenger information against watch lists maintained by the federal government. Results are used to communicate with airlines about high or low risk passengers.

Secondary Security Screening Selection
Secondary Security Screening Selection or Secondary Security Screening Selectee (SSSS) is an airport security measure in the United States which selects passengers for additional inspection. People from certain countries are subject to it by default. The passengers may be known as Selectee, Automatic Selectee or the Selectee list. The size and contents of the list fluctuates and is a secret, although the Transportation Security Administration has stated there are tens of thousands of names on it.

The Selectee list has been cited by civil liberties groups to be infringing on privacy rights and potential for racial and ethnic discrimination.
Frank Barnwell
Captain Frank Sowter Barnwell OBE AFC FRAeS BSc (23 November 1880 – 2 August 1938) was a British aeronautical engineer.  With his  elder brother Harold, he built the first successful powered aircraft made in Scotland and later went on to a career as an aircraft designer with the Bristol Aeroplane Company, designing aircraft such as the Bristol Fighter, the Bulldog and the Blenheim.

Bristol Bulldog
The Bristol Bulldog is a British Royal Air Force single-seat biplane fighter designed during the 1920s by the Bristol Aeroplane Company.  More than 400 Bulldogs were produced for the RAF and overseas customers, and it was one of the most famous aircraft used by the RAF during the inter-war period.
Battle of Middleburg
The Battle of Middleburg took place from June 17 to June 19, 1863, in Loudoun County, Virginia, as part of the Gettysburg campaign of the American Civil War.

Confederate Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, screening Robert E. Lee's invasion route, sparred with Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton's Union cavalry. On June 17, Col. Alfred N. Duffié's isolated 1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment was attacked by the brigades of Thomas T. Munford and Beverly Robertson. The 1st Rhode Island was routed, taking about 250 casualties. On June 19, J. Irvin Gregg's brigade advanced, driving Stuart's cavalry one mile beyond the town. Both sides were reinforced, and mounted and dismounted skirmishing continued. Stuart was gradually levered out of his position but fell back to a second ridge, still covering the approaches to the Blue Ridge gap.

1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment
The 1st Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment was a cavalry regiment that participated in the American Civil War. They were badly routed at the Battle of Middleburg, a blemish on an otherwise competent combat record.
Sal and Gabi Break the Universe
Sal and Gabi Break the Universe is a novel written by Carlos Hernandez. It is a science fiction novel that is also about Cuban mythology. It was published by Disney-Hyperion in March 2019. The book also won the Pura Belpré Award. A short story by Hernandez about the Sal and Gabi characters are featured in the anthology book, The Cursed Carnival and Other Calamities.

Rick Riordan Presents
Rick Riordan Presents is a book imprint of Disney-Hyperion (Disney Publishing Worldwide) that was launched in 2018 and is led by Stephanie Owens Lurie. The line publishes books that utilize the mythology of various cultures and countries in its storytelling akin to Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians. The first book published under the imprint, Aru Shah and the End of Time, was released on March 23, 2018.
Emphatic (band)
Emphatic was an American hard rock band from Omaha, Nebraska, founded by guitarist-songwriter Justin McCain in 2004. Their major label debut album Damage for Atlantic reached No. 9 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart in 2011. The band's second album Another Life climbed to No. 8 on Top Heatseekers chart in 2013. Justin McCain announced changing the band's name and continuing as Through Fire in December 2015.

Through Fire
Through Fire is an American rock band from Omaha, Nebraska, founded in 2015 by songwriter, guitarist and producer Justin McCain and currently consists of vocalist Grant Joshua Kendrick, twins Tyler and Zach Halverson on guitar and drums respectively, and Kyle LeBlanc on bass. They signed a deal with Sumerian Records and released their debut record in 2016. Their debut single "Stronger" reached number 29 on the mainstream rock chart.
Usa, Ōita
Usa (宇佐市, Usa-shi) is a city located in Ōita Prefecture, Japan. As of 30 November 2023, the city had an estimated population of 52,808 in 26026 households, and a population density of 120 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 439.05 km2 (169.52 sq mi). It is notable for Usa Jingū, the head shrine of all 40,000 Hachiman shrines across Japan.

Bungotakada, Ōita
Bungotakada (豊後高田市, Bungotakada-shi) is a city located in Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. As of 30 November 2023, the city had an estimated population of 21,980 in 11038 households, and a  population density of 96 persons per km². The total area of the city is 206.24 km2 (79.63 sq mi).
Porrostoma rhipidius
Porrostoma rhipidius is a species of net-winged beetle in the family Lycidae, found widely in Australia. The name is sometimes misspelled as "rhipidium" but under ICZN Article 31 species names that are nouns, such as rhipidius, must retain their original spelling regardless of generic placement.

Lycidae
The Lycidae are a family in the beetle order Coleoptera, members of which are commonly called net-winged beetles. These beetles are cosmopolitan, being found in Nearctic, Palearctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian ecoregions.
Inductive programming
Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.

Depending on the programming language used, there are several kinds of inductive programming. Inductive functional programming, which uses functional programming languages such as Lisp or Haskell, and most especially inductive logic programming, which uses logic programming languages such as Prolog and other logical representations  such as description logics, have been more prominent, but other (programming) language paradigms have also been used, such as constraint programming or probabilistic programming.

Probabilistic programming
Probabilistic programming (PP) is a programming paradigm based on the declarative specification of probabilistic models, for which inference is performed automatically. Probabilistic programming attempts to unify probabilistic modeling and traditional general purpose programming in order to make the former easier and more widely applicable. It can be used to create systems that help make decisions in the face of uncertainty. Programming languages following the probabilistic programming paradigm are referred to as "probabilistic programming languages" (PPLs).
Levittown, Pennsylvania
Levittown is a census-designated place (CDP) and planned community in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community includes portions of the municipalities of Bristol Township, Falls Township, Middletown Township and Tullytown Borough, but is not itself an independent municipality. Levittown is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area with a population was 52,699 at the 2020 census, which is down from 52,983 at the 2010 census.

Levittown is 40 feet (12 m) above sea level. While not an independent municipality, it is sometimes recognized as the largest suburb of Philadelphia while Upper Darby, Lower Merion, Bensalem, Abington, and Bristol townships are municipalities larger in size within the three surrounding Pennsylvania counties. Starting with land purchased in 1951, it was planned and built by Levitt & Sons. The brothers William Levitt and architect Alfred Levitt designed its six typical houses.

Bristol Township, Pennsylvania
Bristol Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 54,291 at the 2020 census, making it the 13th largest municipality in the state. Bristol Township, along with Bristol Borough, is a cultural hub for Lower Bucks County, hosting celebrations of African and Latino heritage. Parts of the township consist of the neighborhoods of Fairless Hills and Levittown. It is located within the Delaware Valley (i.e. the Philadelphia metropolitan area).
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (/ˈkɑːrnæp/; German: [ˈkaʁnaːp]; 18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.

Richard Jeffrey
Richard Carl Jeffrey (August 5, 1926 – November 9, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and probability theorist. He is best known for developing and championing the philosophy of radical probabilism and the associated heuristic of probability kinematics, also known as Jeffrey conditioning.
Enhanced avionics system
The Enhanced Avionics System (or EASy) is an integrated modular avionics suite and cockpit display system used on Dassault Falcon business jets since Falcon 900EX, and later used in other newer Falcon aircraft such as Falcon 2000EX and Falcon 7X.

EASy has been jointly developed by Dassault and Honeywell, and is based on Honeywell Primus Epic.

Dassault Falcon 7X
The Dassault Falcon 7X is a large-cabin, 5,950-nautical-mile (11,019 km; 6,847 mi) range business jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation. Unveiled at the 2001 Paris Air Show, its first flight took place on 5 May 2005 and it entered service on 15 June 2007. The Falcon 8X, first delivered on 5 October 2016, is derived from the 7X and has an extended range of 6,450 nmi (11,945 km; 7,423 mi) made possible through engine optimization, aerodynamic refinements as well as an increase in fuel capacity.
Happy Camp, California
Happy Camp (Karuk: athithúf-vuunupma) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Siskiyou County, California, United States. Its population is 905 as of the 2020 census, down from 1,190 from the 2010 census.

The town of Happy Camp, "The Heart of the Klamath," is located on State Route 96, about 70 miles (110 km) west of Interstate 5 and 100 miles (160 km) northeast of Willow Creek. The town of Takilma, Oregon is accessible from Happy Camp (which is nearly 40 miles (64 km) away). The shortest route to Oregon, over the Grey Back Pass, is a seasonal summer road and is not cleared or maintained in snowy conditions. The Forest Service, located in Happy Camp on SR 96, provides road closure information.

California State Route 96
State Route 96 (SR 96) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that follows the Trinity and Klamath Rivers between State Route 299 in Willow Creek and Interstate 5 near Yreka in Northern California. For most of the route it goes through the Karuk Tribal Reservation, the Yurok Tribal Reservation, and the Hoopa Tribal Reservation. Over half of the length is the Bigfoot Scenic Byway, passing through "the region boasting the most sightings of Bigfoot of anywhere in the country" according to the National Forest Scenic Byway Program.
Ernesto Paternò Castello di Carcaci
Ernesto Paternò Castello di Carcaci (7 August 1882 – 9 April 1971) was Lieutenant of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta from 1955 to 1962 (succeeding Antonio Hercolani Fava Simonetti). In 1962 Paternò retired from the post on the election of Angelo de Mojana di Cologna as Grand Master.

Antonio Hercolani Fava Simonetti
Count Antonio Hercolani Fava Simonetti (22 January 1883 – 18 June 1962), born Antonio Hercolani, was a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.

Born into a noble family from Bologna, he never took the Order's vows but held several diplomatic and institutional posts within it. On 15 June 1912, in Bologna, he married Marianna Ghislieri Fava Simonetti, daughter of count Alessandro Fava Ghislieri and lady Isotta Simonetti of the principality of Musone. Thanks to this marriage Antonio Hercolani was allowed to add Fava Simonetti to his surname on 29 August 1921. They had one son, Filippo Rinaldo (1913–2002), who also had issue.

On the death of Ludovico Chigi Albani della Rovere in 1951, Simonetti temporarily held the post of lieutenant general of the order until the election of della Rovere's successor as grand master, but that election was long-delayed and so in 1955 Hercolani retired and Ernesto Paternò Castello di Carcaci was elected to replace him as lieutenant general.
Sal Glacier
Sal Glacier (72°3′S 25°31′E﻿ / ﻿72.050°S 25.517°E﻿ / -72.050; 25.517) is a glacier, 7 nmi (13 km; 8 mi) long, flowing north between Salen Mountain and Mount Bergersen in the Sor Rondane Mountains. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1957 from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named Salbreen (the saddle glacier), probably for its association with Salen Mountain.

Sør Rondane Mountains
The Sør Rondane Mountains are a group of mountains about 100 miles (160 km) long with main peaks rising to 3400 m, between the Queen Fabiola Mountains and Wohlthat Mountains in Queen Maud Land. They were discovered and photographed from the air by members of the Lars Christensen Expedition (LCE) on February 6, 1937, and named after Rondane, a mountain massif in southern Norway. The mountains and their constituent features were mapped in greater detail and named in 1957 by Norwegian cartographers working with air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47.