hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
PicoChip
Picochip was a venture-backed fabless semiconductor company based in Bath, England, founded in 2000. In January 2012 Picochip was acquired by Mindspeed Technologies, Inc and subsequently by Intel.

The company was active in two areas, with two distinct product families.

Picochip was one of the first companies to start developing solutions for small cell basestation (femtocells), for homes and offices.  These help combat reception issues such as: dropped calls, poor sound quality, delays, and slow downloads.  The idea is to increase the capacity of cellular networks and to address coverage holes.

Mindspeed Technologies
Mindspeed Technologies, Inc. was an American fabless semiconductor company that designed, manufactured, developed, and sold integrated circuits for communications applications in wireless and wired networks. The company's wireless portfolio was purchased by Intel in 2013.
Neuroterus quercusbaccarum
The common spangle gall on the underside of leaves and the currant gall on the male catkins or occasionally the leaves, develop as chemically induced distortions on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), or sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees, caused by the cynipid wasp Neuroterus quercusbaccarum which has both agamic and bisexual generations.

Previous names or synonyms for this species are Neuroterus baccarum, N. lenticularis, N. malpighii, Cynips lenticularis, C. quercus-baccarum, Spathegaster baccarum, S. varius, S. interruptor.

Quercus robur
Quercus robur, the pedunculate (or "English") oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is a large tree, native to most of Europe, North Africa and western Asia, and is widely cultivated in other temperate regions. It grows on soils of near neutral acidity in the lowlands and is notable for its value to natural ecosystems, supporting a very wide diversity of herbivorous insects and other pests, predators and pathogens.
Sangaldan
Sangaldan is a town near Ramban town in the Ramban district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It falls in the Gool-Gulabgarh area of the Chenab valley.

Gool valley as it is locally and largely known is famous for its lush green hills, snow laden mountains trails and famous tourist destinations like Jabbad, Gool, Digham (Ghoda gali), Rama Kunda, Dagan Top etc.

Movalkote, a village near the Sangaldan Railway Station is also a very beautiful place to be. M

Gool falls within the political boundaries of jammu province but has historically, culturally been a part of kashmir valley. Sangaldan is one of several towns which are within the territory of Gool Sub-block.

Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir
Ramban, previously known as Nashband, is a town in Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is the district headquarters of Ramban district. It lies on the banks of the Chenab river in Jammu Division on the National Highway-1A (now NH-44) at about 120 km from Jammu and about 130 km from Srinagar, making it almost the central point on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway.
DANIPS
The Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Police) Services, abbreviated as DANIPS, formerly called the Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service, is the police service of the Union Territories of India. It is part of the Central Civil Services (CCS).

Candidates are recruited directly through the Civil Services Examination. The selected Group B officers are responsible for the law and order and policing functions of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. They form a feeder cadre of the Indian Police Service.

Indian Police Service
The Indian Police Service (IPS) is a civil service under the All India Services. It replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India became independent from the British Empire.

Along with the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Forest Service (IFS), the IPS is part of the All India Services – its officers are employed by both the Union Government and by individual states governments.

The service provides leadership to various state and central police forces, including the Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, SSB, CRPF, CISF, and ITBP), the National Security Guard (NSG), Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), Special Protection Group (SPG), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
Victor Terence King
Victor Terence King (born 26 January 1949) is a British academic and Emeritus Professor of Southeast Asian Studies, University of Leeds and Visiting Professor of Borneo Studies, Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. King is listed as one of the University of Hull's Notable academics at List of University of Hull people.

Universiti Brunei Darussalam
The Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD or University of Brunei Darussalam) is a public national research university situated in Bandar Seri Begawan, the capital of Brunei, was founded in 1985 and is the oldest institution in the country. Nine research institutes, six academic service centres, and eight academic faculties make up the institution.
Birdy (bicycle)
The Birdy is a full suspension folding bicycle designed by Riese und Müller in Germany and produced by Pacific Cycles in Taiwan. As of 2010 over 100,000 had been sold. Three distinct models have been marketed, in addition to some specialist variations, with the third (Mk3) introduced in July 2015.

First released in 1995, it was the first fully suspended folding bike. The ride is regarded by some as more sporty than the Brompton, thanks in part to a stiff single-piece aluminium frame with road bike rider geometry and no hinge. Some prefer its stiff suspended ride and rapid acceleration to that of a full-sized bike.

Riese und Müller
Riese & Müller is a bicycle manufacturer in Mühltal, Germany. Founded by Markus Riese and Heiko Müller, it designs and makes suspended bicycles. Frames are produced by companies such as Triangle's, Portugal. All of their bikes are assembled by hand in Germany.
Sgian-dubh
The sgian-dubh (/ˌskiːən ˈduː/ skee-ən-DOO; Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [s̪kʲənˈt̪u]) – also anglicized as skene-dhu – is a small, single-edged knife (Scottish Gaelic: sgian) worn as part of traditional Scottish Highland dress. It is now worn tucked into the top of the kilt hose with only the upper portion of the hilt visible. The sgian-dubh is normally worn on the same side as the dominant hand.

Dirk
A dirk is a long-bladed thrusting dagger.  Historically, it gained its name from the Highland dirk (Scottish Gaelic biodag) where it was a personal weapon of officers engaged in naval hand-to-hand combat during the Age of Sail as well as the personal sidearm of Highlanders. It was also the traditional sidearm of the Highland Clansman and later used by the officers, pipers, and drummers of Scottish Highland regiments around 1725 to 1800 and by Japanese naval officers.
FK Viktoria Žižkov
FK Viktoria Žižkov is a Czech professional football club from the district of Žižkov in Prague. The club competes in the Czech National Football League, the second tier of football in the country. It won the Czechoslovak First League title in the 1927–28 season, and has also won two editions of the Czech Cup.

Žižkov
Žižkov (German: Zischkaberg or Zizkow, between 1939 and 1945 Veitsberg) is a cadastral district of Prague, Czech Republic.

Most of Žižkov lies in the municipal and administrative district of Prague 3, except for very small parts which are in Prague 8 and Prague 10. Prior to 1922, Žižkov was an independent city. The district is named after Hussite military leader Jan Žižka. It is situated south of Vitkov hill, site of the Battle of Vitkov Hill on 14 July 1420, where Žižka's peasant army decisively defeated the forces of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor.
Štadión Lokomotívy
Štadión Lokomotívy v Čermeli is a multi-purpose stadium in Košice, Slovakia.  It is currently used mostly for football matches. From 1997 it was the home stadium for Lokomotiva's rival, FC VSS Košice, until its dissolvation 20 years later. It was then used by the newly founded FC Košice and from the summer of 2022, FC Lokomotíva Košice returned to the stadium after 25 years. The stadium holds 9000 people and was built in 1970.

FC Lokomotíva Košice
FC Lokomotíva Košice is a Slovak football club, based in Košice and competing in the 3rd tier of Slovak football, 3. liga. The club was founded in 1946 and spent 25 seasons playing in the Czechoslovak First League.

The club also had several appearances in Europe, playing the 1977–78 European Cup Winners' Cup and the 1978–79 UEFA Cup.
Downton, Wiltshire
Downton is a village and civil parish on the River Avon in southern Wiltshire, England, about 6 miles (10 km) southeast of the city of Salisbury. The parish is on the county boundary with Hampshire and is close to the New Forest; it includes the villages of Wick and Charlton-All-Saints, and the small ancient settlement of Witherington. The Trafalgar Park estate erased the former settlement of Standlynch. The parish church, Trafalgar House, and two more houses are Grade I listed.

Downton village is on the east bank of the river. Wick lies on the opposite bank, and is linked to Charlton by the A338 Poole–Oxfordshire road, which accompanies the river north–south through the parish.

Salisbury
Salisbury (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee, locally /ˈsɔːzbəri/ SAWZ-bər-ee) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne. The city is approximately 20 miles (30 kilometres) from Southampton and 30 miles (50 kilometres) from Bath.

Salisbury is in the southeast of Wiltshire, near the edge of Salisbury Plain. An ancient cathedral was north of the present city at Old Sarum. A new cathedral was built near the meeting of the rivers and a settlement grew up around it, which received a city charter in 1227 as New Sarum. This continued to be its official name until 2009, when Salisbury City Council was established. Salisbury railway station is an interchange between the West of England Line and the Wessex Main Line.

Stonehenge, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is 8 miles (13 kilometres) northwest of Salisbury.
Snowland (Leipsic, Delaware)
Snowland is a historic home located near Leipsic, Kent County, Delaware.  It was built about 1790, and consists of a two-story, five-bay, brick main house with a lower wing that extends the main axis.  It was originally built as a three-bay dwelling, but later expanded to five bays and a center-hall Georgian-style structure.  It was the birthplace of U.S. Senator Arnold Naudain. (1790-1872)

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Arnold Naudain
Arnold Snow Naudain (January 6, 1790 – January 4, 1872) was an American physician and politician from Odessa in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a veteran of the War of 1812, and a member of the Whig Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as U.S. Senator from Delaware.
Soweto Pride
Soweto Pride is an annual pride parade held in Soweto, a historical black township in Johannesburg, South Africa. The inaugural Soweto Pride was held in 2004 and it happens annually, on the last Saturday of September.

The aim of Soweto Pride is to create a space for primarily black lesbian, queer, and trans women, as well as non-binary people, to participate in pride events, engage with the Soweto community, and unite their voices on issues that affect them.

Soweto
Soweto (/səˈwɛtoʊ, -ˈweɪt-, -ˈwiːt-/) is a township of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa, bordering the city's mining belt in the south. Its name is an English syllabic abbreviation for South Western Townships. Formerly a separate municipality, it is now incorporated in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality since 2002 and is one of the suburbs of Johannesburg.
Hasbara
The public diplomacy of Israel, or hasbara (Hebrew: הַסְבָּרָה), includes mass communication and individual interaction with foreign nationals through social and traditional media, as well as cultural diplomacy. Organizations involved include the IDF Spokesperson's Unit, Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and pro-Israel civil society organizations. Historically, these efforts have evolved from being called "propaganda" by early Zionists (when the term was considered neutral), with Theodor Herzl advocating such activities in 1899, to the more contemporary Hebrew term hasbara introduced by Nahum Sokolow, which roughly means "explaining". This communicative strategy seeks to justify actions and is considered reactive and event-driven.

IDF Spokesperson's Unit
The IDF Spokesperson's Unit (Hebrew: דובר צה"ל, Dover Tzahal, abbr. Dotz) is the unit in the Operations Directorate of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), responsible for information policy and media relations. The unit is led by the IDF Spokesperson, a brigadier general and member of the General Staff, and by the Deputy Spokesperson, a colonel. Since March 2025 and as of June 2025 the spokesperson is Effie Defrin.

The International Media Branch of the unit is responsible for the administration of IDF communications with international media outlets, and for shaping the image of the IDF in the foreign public arena.
Krama
A krama (/krɑːˈmɑː/ krah-MAH; Khmer: ក្រមា [krɑːmaː]) is a sturdy traditional Cambodian garment with many uses, including as a scarf, bandanna, to cover the face, for decorative purposes, and as a hammock for children. It may also be used as a garrote by Bokator fighters, who also wrap the krama around their waists, heads and fists. It is worn by men, women and children, and can be fairly ornate, though most typical kramas contain a gingham pattern of some sort, and traditionally come in either red or blue. It is the Cambodian national symbol.

Scarf
A scarf (pl.: scarves or scarfs) is a long piece of fabric that is worn on or around the neck, shoulders, or head. A scarf is used for warmth, sun protection, cleanliness, fashion, religious reasons, or to show support for a sports club or team. Scarves can be made from materials including wool, linen, silk, and cotton. It is a common type of neckwear and a perennial accessory.
Ray County, Missouri
Ray County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,158. Its county seat is Richmond. The county was organized November 16, 1820, and named for John Ray, a Missouri state legislator and member of the first state Constitutional Convention.

Lafayette County, Missouri
Lafayette County is a county in the western portion of Missouri, part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 32,984. Its county seat is Lexington. The county was organized November 16, 1820, from Cooper County and originally named Lillard County for James Lillard of Tennessee, who served in the first state constitutional convention and first state legislature. It was renamed Lafayette County on February 16, 1825, in honor of Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de La Fayette, who was then visiting the United States.
Glossary of Riemannian and metric geometry
This is a glossary of some terms used in Riemannian geometry and metric geometry — it doesn't cover the terminology of differential topology.

The following articles may also be useful; they either contain specialised vocabulary or provide more detailed expositions of the definitions given below.

Connection

Curvature

Metric space

Riemannian manifold

See also:

Glossary of general topology

Glossary of differential geometry and topology

List of differential geometry topics

Unless stated otherwise, letters X, Y, Z below denote metric spaces, M, N denote Riemannian manifolds, |xy| or  denotes the distance between points x and y in X. Italic word denotes a self-reference to this glossary.

A caveat: many terms in Riemannian and metric geometry, such as convex function, convex set and others, do not have exactly the same meaning as in general mathematical usage.

Exponential map (Riemannian geometry)
In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space TpM of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself.  The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical affine connection, and the exponential map of the (pseudo) Riemannian manifold is given by the exponential map of this connection.
Belfield (Philadelphia)
Belfield, also known as the Charles Willson Peale House,  was the home of Charles Willson Peale from 1810 to 1826, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.
The Belfield Estate was a 104-acre (42 ha) area of land in the Logan section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, much of which is now a part of La Salle University’s campus.

La Salle University
La Salle University (/ləˈsæl/) is a private, Catholic university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The university was founded in 1863 by the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools and named for St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle.
Raúl Grijalva
Raúl Manuel Grijalva (/rɑːˈuːl ɡrɪˈhælvə/ rah-OOL grih-HAL-və; February 19, 1948 – March 13, 2025) was an American politician and activist who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona from 2003 until his death in 2025. As member of the Democratic Party, Grijalva represented Arizona's 7th congressional district from 2003 to 2013, Arizona's 3rd congressional district from 2013 to 2023, and the 7th district again from 2023 to 2025. The two districts included the western third of Tucson, part of Yuma and Nogales, and some peripheral parts of metropolitan Phoenix.

In October 2024, Grijalva announced that he would not run for re-election in 2026, amid treatments for lung cancer, but died before he could complete his final term. The 2025 Arizona's 7th congressional district special election was held on September 23, 2025, in which Adelita Grijalva, his daughter, was elected to serve the remainder of his term.

2025 Arizona's 7th congressional district special election
A special election was held on September 23, 2025, to fill Arizona's 7th congressional district for the remainder of the 119th United States Congress. The result was certified by the Arizona Secretary of State, Adrian Fontes, on October 14.

This followed the July 15, 2025, primary election which results were certified by Fontes 16 days later on July 31.

The seat became vacant following the death of incumbent Democrat Raúl Grijalva on March 13, 2025. It is considered a safely Democratic district.

The election was won by former Pima County supervisor Adelita Grijalva, Raúl Grijalva's daughter. The younger Grijalva won by 40%, a significant overperformance from Kamala Harris's 22% victory in the district in the 2024 presidential election.
Piper PA-20 Pacer
The PA-20 Pacer and PA-22 Tri-Pacer, Caribbean, and Colt are an American family of light strut-braced high-wing monoplane aircraft built by Piper Aircraft from 1949 to 1964.

The Pacer is essentially a four-place version of the two-place PA-17 Vagabond, with conventional landing gear, a steel tube fuselage and an aluminum frame wing covered with fabric, much like Piper's famous Cub and Super Cub. The Tri-Pacer is a development of the Pacer with tricycle landing gear, while the Colt is a two-seat flight training version of the Tri-Pacer. Prized for their ruggedness, spacious cabins, and, for the time, impressive speed, many of these aircraft continue to fly.

Factory installed 108 hp (81 kW), 125 hp (93 kW), 135 hp (101 kW), 150 hp (110 kW), and 160 hp (120 kW) engine options were available, and 180 hp (130 kW) engine after-market conversions have been offered.

Conventional landing gear
Conventional landing gear, also known as tailwheel-type landing gear or taildragger, is a type of aircraft undercarriage (landing gear) consisting of two wheeled main gears forward of the center of gravity and a small wheel or skid at the rear end under the tail boom.

Taildraggers are the default undercarriage arrangements of almost all early aircraft up to the first half of the 20th century and the term "conventional" persists for this historical reason, but all modern jet aircraft and most modern propeller fixed-wing aircraft use tricycle landing gears instead, which have a single front gear (nose gear) and two aft main gears.
History of the western steppe
This article summarizes the history of the western steppe, which is the western third of the Eurasian Steppe, that is, the grasslands of Ukraine and southern Russia. It is intended as a summary and an index to the more-detailed linked articles. It is a companion to history of the central steppe and history of the eastern steppe. All dates are approximate since there are few exact starting and ending dates. This summary article does not list the uncertainties, which are many. For these, see the linked articles.

History of the central steppe
This is a short history of the central steppe, an area roughly equivalent to modern Kazakhstan. Because the history of the central steppe is complex, this article mainly serves an outline and index to the more detailed articles given in the links. It is a companion to history of the western steppe and history of the eastern steppe and is parallel to the history of Kazakhstan and the history of Central Asia.
Garhwali language
Garhwali (गढ़वळि, IPA: [gɜɽʱʋɜɭiˑ], in native pronunciation) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Central Pahari subgroup. It is primarily spoken by over 2.4 million Garhwali people in the Garhwal division of the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand in the Indian Himalayas.

Garhwali has a number of regional dialects. It is not an endangered language (Ethnologue lists it as "vigorous"), it is nonetheless designated as "vulnerable" in UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, which indicates that the language requires consistent conservation efforts.

Kumaoni language
Kumaoni (Kumaoni-Devanagari: कुमाऊँनी, pronounced [kuːmaːʊ̃ːniː]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in Northern India, and the distant northwestern Sudurpashchim Province and Karnali Province of Nepal. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.0 million in 2011.

Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as a language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.