hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1996 eruption of Gjálp
Between 30 September and 13 October 1996, an Icelandic hyaloclastite ridge named Gjálp (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈcaul̥p]) erupted. Located under the Vatnajökull glacier shield, its present form resulted from the eruptions, and it is likely part of the Grímsvötn volcanic system. However, not all scientists are of this opinion, as seismic studies are consistent with a 10 km (6.2 mi) lateral dike intrusion at about 5 km (3.1 mi) depth from Bárðarbunga being the trigger event. This does not exclude a shallower secondary intrusion from Grímsvötn being important in the subaerial eruption itself.

Bárðarbunga
Bárðarbunga (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpaurðarˌpuŋka] ⓘ, alternative name Veiðivötn), is an active and productive stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull in Vatnajökull National Park which is Iceland's most extensive glacier. The second highest mountain in Iceland, 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of the Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system that is approximately 190 kilometres (120 mi) long and 25 kilometres (16 mi) wide.

Bárðarbunga erupted in late August 2014, the eruption style effusive, which is common in Iceland, but had not been seen for a few years. Lava covered the surrounding landscape northwest of the Vatnajökull glacier.
Durgeshgorer Guptodhon
Durgeshgorer Guptodhon (lit. 'The treasure of Durgeshgor') is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film directed by Dhrubo Banerjee  and produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni. It is a sequel to Guptodhoner Sandhane and the second film in the Sona Da franchise. This film was released on 24 May 2019 under the banner of SVF Entertainment and it was highest grossing movie of 2019.

Guptodhoner Sandhane
Guptodhoner Sondhane (transl. Quest for the hidden treasure) is a 2018 Indian Bengali-language action-adventure film written and directed by Dhrubo Banerjee and produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films. The film was a blockbuster at the box-office.
Wally Ladrow
Walter Paul Ladrow (October 16, 1895 – July 22, 1974) was an American professional football fullback. After attending Green Bay East High School, he played for local semi-professional teams and later joined the newly-formed Green Bay Packers in 1919. He played for the Packers from 1919 to 1921 and appeared in one game for the team while they were in the American Professional Football Association (APFA, now the National Football League). He was the final surviving member of the original Green Bay Packers, dying one month after his teammate Gus Rosenow in 1974.

Gus Rosenow
Gustave Adolph Rosenow (1892 – June 15, 1974) was an American professional football player. From Menasha, Wisconsin, he was a member of the first Green Bay Packers team in 1919. He played with the Packers as a halfback until 1921 and also played basketball. He played football and basketball with only one arm, having lost the other in an accident as a child.
Central African Armed Forces
The Central African Armed Forces (French: Forces armées centrafricaines; FACA) are the armed forces of the Central African Republic and have been barely functional since the outbreak of the civil war in 2012. Today they are among the world's weakest armed forces, dependent on international support to provide security in the country. In recent years the government has struggled to form a unified national army. It consists of the Ground Force (which includes the air service), the gendarmerie, and the National Police.

Its disloyalty to the president came to the fore during the mutinies in 1996–1997, and since then has faced internal problems. It has been strongly criticised by human rights organisations due to terrorism, including killings, torture and sexual violence. In 2013 when militants of the Séléka rebel coalition seized power and overthrew President Bozizé they executed many FACA troops.

Central African Republic Air Force
The Central African Republic Air Force (French: Force Aérienne Centrafricaine) is the aerial warfare branch of the Central African Republic Armed Forces. As of 2017 it has been a branch of the Ground Force. The CAAF is reported to be almost inactive due to the unserviceability of its aircraft.

Dassault Mirage F1s of the French Air Force regularly patrol troubled regions of the country and also participate in direct confrontations.
Saskatoon Southeast
Saskatoon Southeast is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. Since a boundary redraw in 2022, it currently encompasses the Saskatoon neighbourhoods of Lakeridge, Briarwood, Lakewood, Rosewood, and a small portion of Lakeview, which it lost to the redistributed riding of Saskatoon Eastview.

Saskatoon Eastview
Saskatoon Eastview is a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, Canada. This district includes the neighbourhoods of Queen Elizabeth, Eastview, Nutana Park, Adelaide/Churchill, and Avalon.
Vernon Richards
Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer and the companion of Marie-Louise Berneri.

Richards' founding of the paper Spain and the World in 1936 lead to the revival of the British anarchist publisher Freedom Press and the subsequent publishing of the newspaper War Commentary, followed in 1945 by the relaunch of Freedom newspaper.

Richards and Berneri were joined in Freedom Press by a group of regular contributors, including John Hewetson, Tony Gibson, Philip Sansom, George Woodcock and Colin Ward. Freedom remained under Richards' editorship until 1968 and he retained a strong influence over Freedom Press until his retirement. He also authored and translated a number of books including Lessons of the Spanish Revolution (1953) and Errico Malatesta: His Life & Ideas (1965).

John Hewetson
John Christopher Hewetson (10 January 1913 – 20 December 1990) was a British anarchist physician, writer and newspaper editor. During the Second World War he was an editor of the anarchist newspaper War Commentary, which saw him imprisoned on three occasions. From the 1940s onwards he was active in advocating for freely available contraception and abortions.
Snag (ecology)
In forest ecology, a snag is a standing dead or dying tree, often missing a top or most of the smaller branches. In freshwater ecology the term snag refers to trees, branches, and other pieces of naturally occurring wood found sunken in rivers and streams; it is also known as coarse woody debris. Snags provide habitat for a wide variety of wildlife but pose hazards to river navigation. When used in manufacturing, especially in Scandinavia, they are often called dead wood and in Finland, kelo wood.

Coarse woody debris
Coarse woody debris (CWD) or coarse woody habitat (CWH) refers to fallen dead trees and the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and in rivers or wetlands. A dead standing tree, known as a snag, provides many of the same functions as coarse woody debris. The minimum size required for woody debris to be defined as "coarse" varies by author, ranging from 2.5–20 cm (1–8 in) in diameter.

Since the 1970s, forest managers worldwide have considered it best environmental practice to allow dead trees and woody debris to remain in woodlands, recycling nutrients trapped in the wood and providing food and habitat for a wide range of organisms, thereby improving biodiversity. The amount of coarse woody debris is an important criterion for the evaluation and restoration of temperate deciduous forest. Coarse woody debris is also important in wetlands, particularly in deltas where woody debris accumulates.
Flat Brook
Flat Brook, also spelled as Flatbrook, is an 11.6-mile-long (18.7 km) tributary of the Delaware River in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States.

Upstream of the inflow of Little Flat Brook, the brook is known as Big Flat Brook.

Historically, the watershed of the Flat Brook, and its two main tributaries, the 12.7 miles (20.4 km) Little Flat Brook and 16.5 miles (26.6 km) Big Flat Brook, has been known as the Walpack Valley and is part of the historic Minisink region.

The Appalachian Trail passes through the watershed of the Flat Brook along Kittatinny Mountain.

The Flat Brook flows into the Delaware River near Walpack Bend in the Flatbrookville section of Walpack Township.

Little Flat Brook
Little Flat Brook is a 12.7-mile-long (20.4 km) tributary of Flat Brook in Sussex County, New Jersey in the United States.

Upstream of the confluence with Little Flat Brook, Flat Brook is known as Big Flat Brook.
Pot pie
A pot pie or potpie  is a type of savory pie, usually a meat pie, covered by a pie crust consisting of flaky pastry. Pot pies may be made with a variety of fillings including poultry, beef, seafood or plant-based meat substitute fillings, and may also differ in the types of crust.

Meat pie
A meat pie is a pie baked with pastry with a filling of meat and often other savory ingredients. They are found in cuisines worldwide.

Meat pies are usually baked, fried, or deep-fried to brown them and develop the flavour through the Maillard reaction. Many varieties have a flaky crust due to the incorporation of butter to develop a flaky texture when baking.
Jack Kelly (actor)
John Augustus Kelly Jr. (September 16, 1927 – November 7, 1992) was an American film and television actor most noted for the role of Bart Maverick in the television series Maverick, which ran on ABC from 1957 to 1962.

Kelly shared the series, rotating as the lead from week to week, first with James Garner as Bret Maverick (1957–1960) then with Roger Moore as Beau Maverick (1960–1961) and Robert Colbert as Brent Maverick (1961, for two episodes), before becoming the only Maverick (alternating with reruns from the Garner era) in the fifth season.

Kelly later became a politician, serving from 1983 to 1986 as the mayor of Huntington Beach, California.

James Garner
James Scott Garner (né Bumgarner; April 7, 1928 – July 19, 2014) was an American actor. He played leading roles in more than fifty theatrical films, including The Great Escape (1963), The Americanization of Emily (1964), Grand Prix (1966), Support Your Local Sheriff! (1969), Victor/Victoria (1982), and Murphy's Romance (1985), for which he received an Academy Award nomination. He also starred on television in Maverick and The Rockford Files.
Al-Nadirah
The medieval story and myth of al-Nadirah is about the fall of Hatra and its princess, who fell in love with the young king Shapur I while he was besieging the city.

This mostly fictional narrative is recorded in Persian and Arabic sources of the early Islamic period, and some of its elements inspired some modern stories. Its general theme has common features with some Greek and Roman legends. According to historian Robert G. Hoyland, the story of al-Nadirah was merely a rumor.

Fall of Hatra
The fall of Hatra, capital of the Kingdom of Hatra under Sanatruq II, took place in the 3rd century AD after a lengthy siege by the Sasanian king Shapur I. Hatra was plundered and abandoned, and its kingdom dissolved.
Kim Schatzel
Kim E. Schatzel is an American academic administrator who was the 19th president of the University of Louisville. She joined Eastern Michigan University in January 2012 as provost and executive vice president of academic and student affairs, and became interim president on July 8, 2015, following the resignation of Susan Martin. Schatzel was previously dean of the college of business at University of Michigan–Dearborn. On November 30, 2022, she was announced as the next president of University of Louisville and began her tenure on February 1, 2023. She resigned as president of the University of Louisville on March 26, 2025.

Susan Martin
Susan Work Martin (born October 24, 1950) is an American academic administrator who was most recently the interim president of San José State University. Previously, Martin served as president of Eastern Michigan University in Ypsilanti, Michigan from 2008 to 2015. She was the first female president in the university’s 160-year history. She held a simultaneous appointment as Professor of Accounting in the College of Business during her tenure at Eastern.
Naval flag signalling
Naval flag signalling covers various forms of flag signalling, such as semaphore or flaghoist, used by various navies; distinguished from maritime flag signalling by merchant or other non-naval vessels or flags used for identification.

Maritime flag signalling
Maritime flag signalling, generally flaghoist signalling, is the principal means other than radio by which ships communicate to each other or to shore (distinguished from flags showing nationality, ownership, or (for naval vessels) organizational status).  Virtually all signalling by non-naval vessels is now organized under the International Code of Signals (whether by flaghoist, semaphore, signal lamp, or other means), which specifies a standard set of flags and codes. Naval vessels generally use an extended set of flags and their own codes.  This article will touch on the historical development of maritime flag signalling.
Microprocessor complex
The microprocessor complex is a protein complex involved in the early stages of processing microRNA (miRNA) and RNA interference (RNAi) in animal cells. The complex is minimally composed of the ribonuclease enzyme Drosha and the dimeric  RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (also known as Pasha in non-human animals), and cleaves primary miRNA substrates to pre-miRNA in the cell nucleus. Microprocessor is also the smaller of the two multi-protein complexes that contain human Drosha.

Drosha
Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene. It is the primary nuclease that executes the initiation step of miRNA processing in the nucleus. It works closely with DGCR8 and in correlation with Dicer. It has been found significant in clinical knowledge for cancer prognosis. and HIV-1 replication.
Newell Brands
Newell Brands Inc. is an American conglomerate of consumer and commercial products. The company's brands and products include Rubbermaid storage/or waste disposal containers; home organization and reusable container products; Contigo and Bubba water bottles; Coleman outdoor products; writing instruments (Berol, Expo Markers, Paper Mate, Dymo, Mr. Sketch, Parker Pens, Sharpie, Reynolds, Prismacolor, Rotring, X-acto, Waterman) glue (Elmer's, Krazy Glue); children's products (Aprica, NUK, Tigex, Babysun, Baby Jogger and Graco); cookware and small appliances (Calphalon, Sunbeam, Rival, Crock-Pot; Holmes, FoodSaver, Oster, Osterizer, and Mr. Coffee) and fragrance products (Yankee Candle, Chesapeake Bay Candle, Millefiori Milano, and WoodWick).

The company's global headquarters is in Atlanta.

Waterman Pen Company
The Waterman Pen Company is a major French manufacturing company of luxury fountain pens and inks, based in Paris, France. The firm was established in 1884 in New York City by Lewis Waterman, being one of the few remaining first-generation fountain pen companies, as "Waterman S.A."

Since 2000 Waterman has been owned by the American group Newell Brands, through its subsidiary, Sanford L.P.
Chapman Museum
The Chapman Museum presents the history of the Glens Falls – Queensbury community and its connection to the Adirondack region. By encouraging discovery, understanding, and appreciation of the region's heritage, the museum provides perspective for the present and the future. The museum is owned and operated by the Glens Falls-Queensbury Historical Association. The historic home attached to the museum was originally built by Zopher DeLong who made his living as a hardware merchant in Glens Falls.

Zopher Delong House
Zopher Delong House is a historic home located at Glens Falls, Warren County, New York, United States. It was built about 1870 and is a 2+1⁄2-story, three-bay brick residence with a frame service wing. It has Italianate- and Second Empire–style design elements, including a mansard roof. It features a 2-story central pavilion and bracketed entrance portico. Also on the property is the original carriage house.  It is maintained as a historic house museum known as the Chapman Historical Museum by the Glens Falls-Queensbury Historical Association.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Becky (slang)
In some areas of American popular culture, the name Becky is a pejorative slang term for a young white woman. The term has come to be associated with a "white girl who loves Starbucks and Uggs"; for this reason, "Becky" is often associated with the slang term "basic", which has many similar connotations.

In 2019, dictionary publisher Merriam-Webster wrote that "Becky" was "increasingly functioning as an epithet, and being used especially to refer to a white woman who is ignorant of both her privilege and her prejudice." The term "Karen" has a similar connotation but is associated with older women.

Karen (slang)
Karen is a pejorative slang term typically used to refer to a middle class woman who is perceived as entitled or excessively demanding. The term is often portrayed in memes depicting middle-class white women who use their white and class privilege to demand their own way. Depictions include demanding to "speak to the manager", being racist, or wearing a particular bob cut hairstyle. It was popularized in the aftermath of the Central Park birdwatching incident in 2020, when a woman called the police during a disagreement over the requirement for her dog to be leashed in an area of the park.

The term has been criticized by some as racist, sexist, ageist, classist, and controlling women's behavior. The term has occasionally been applied to male behavior.

During 2020, the term increasingly appeared in media and social media, including during the COVID-19 pandemic and George Floyd protests. The Guardian called 2020 "the year of Karen".
Plaza Italia, Buenos Aires
Plaza Italia is a small park in the city of Buenos Aires in the barrio of Palermo on the confluence of  Santa Fe Avenue and Avenida Sarmiento. Next to the plaza are the main entrances to the Zoo and the Botanical Gardens, and the la Rural Expo Center. The area is very busy with traffic, as it is a public transportation hub for the city.

In the center of the park there is an equestrian statue to Giuseppe Garibaldi, which opened on 19 June 1904 in a ceremony attended by Presidents Julio Argentino Roca and Bartolomé Mitre.

Under the park there is a metro station of the same name in the "D" line of the system.

On the corner of the Plaza and the Exposition Center there is a Roman column, original from the Roman Forum, donated by the city of Rome. More than 2,000 years old, it is one of the oldest monument in the city.

Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi (Buenos Aires)
The Monumento a Giuseppe Garibaldi is an equestrian sculpture featuring Giuseppe Garibaldi, located on Plaza Italia, a landmark in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then led the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe.

Donated to the city by Italian residents, it was built by Italian sculptor Eugenio Maccagnani as a replica of the one located in Brescia, Italy, and was inaugurated on June 19, 1904.
Poshak
Poshak (पोशाक), also called Vāstra (वस्त्र)  is the Hindi term used for the complete attire used in the vedic period. As mentioned in Sanskrit literature and Buddhist Pali literature during the 6th century BC, the costumes belonging to the Vedic and post-Vedic period 1500 BCE to 350 BCE consisted of the antariya, which is the lower garment, the uttariya, which is a veil worn over the shoulder or the head, and the stanapatta, which is a chest band. The modernday Sari is one of the evolved poshak earlier known as Sattika (which means women's attire) that was single garment to wrap around the waist and cover the head.

Stanapatta
Stanapatta (Stanmasuka) was a loose wrap cloth for the upper body. It was a chest band used in ancient India. It was a simple upper garment of the females during the ancient time similar to the strophium or mamillare used by the Roman women. Stanapatta was a part of Poshaka (the women's attire). Kālidāsa mentions kurpasika, another form of breastband that is synonymized with uttarasanga and stanapatta by him. Innerwears for lower parts were called nivi or nivi bandha. The Skandamata sculpture of Malhar depicts the use of stanapatta and kanchuki in ancient times. Similar surviving garment wrapped around the chest by women is called "Risha" in Tripura.
Euler's totient function
In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer  that are relatively prime to . It is written using the Greek letter phi as  or , and may also be called Euler's phi function. In other words, it is the number of integers  in the range  for which the greatest common divisor  is equal to 1. The integers  of this form are sometimes referred to as totatives of .

For example, the totatives of  are the six numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8. They are all relatively prime to 9, but the other three numbers in this range, 3, 6, and 9 are not, since  and . Therefore, . As another example,  since for  the only integer in the range from 1 to  is 1 itself, and .

Euler's totient function is a multiplicative function, meaning that if two numbers  and  are relatively prime, then .
This function gives the order of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n (the group of units of the ring ). It is also used for defining the RSA encryption system.

Greatest common divisor
In mathematics, the greatest common divisor (GCD), also known as greatest common factor (GCF), of two or more integers, which are not all zero, is the largest positive integer that divides each of the integers. For two integers x, y, the greatest common divisor of x and y is denoted . For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4, that is, gcd(8, 12) = 4.

In the name "greatest common divisor", the adjective "greatest" may be replaced by "highest", and the word "divisor" may be replaced by "factor", so that other names include highest common factor (HCF), etc. Historically, other names for the same concept have included greatest common measure.

This notion can be extended to polynomials (see Polynomial greatest common divisor) and other commutative rings (see § In commutative rings below).