hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jerry Lundergan
Gerald G. Lundergan (born 1946 or 1947) is an American businessman, politician and member of the Democratic Party from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1980 to 1985 and 1987 to 1989 and has served as Chairman of the Kentucky Democratic Party on two occasions. In September 2019, he was convicted in federal court of providing illegal corporate campaign contributions to his daughter, then Secretary of State of Kentucky Alison Lundergan Grimes’ unsuccessful 2014 United States Senate campaign. Lundergan was pardoned by President Joe Biden in 2025.

2014 United States Senate election in Kentucky
The 2014 United States Senate election in Kentucky took place on November 4, 2014, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the Commonwealth of Kentucky, concurrently with elections to the United States Senate in other states, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections.

Incumbent Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, the Senate Minority Leader, ran for re-election to a sixth term. He faced Democratic nominee and Kentucky Secretary of State Alison Lundergan Grimes and Libertarian nominee David Patterson in the general election.

The race was initially seen as a possible pickup opportunity for Democrats, largely due to McConnell's unpopularity among Kentucky voters. By election day, however, both The Cook Political Report and the Rothenberg Political Report considered Republicans to be favored. McConnell ultimately defeated Grimes by a landslide margin of 56.2% to 40.7%.
Chaat
Chaat, or chāt (IAST:  cāṭ) (lit. 'lick, tasting, delicacy') is a family of fried dough snacks that originated in India, typically served as an hors d'oeuvre or at roadside tracks from stalls or food carts across South Asia. With its origins in Uttar Pradesh, chaat has become popular in the rest of South Asia.

Sooth (chutney)
Saunth (or sooth), is a sweet chutney used in Indian chaat fried dough snacks. It is made from dried ginger (sooth) and tamarind (or imli) paste, hence the name.  The chutney is brownish-red in colour.

Modern sooth is often made with dates. However, sooth made with dried ginger adds a special flavour to the chaat and is preferred in most parts of North India.
Maja Ostaszewska
Maja Ostaszewska (born 3 September 1972) is a Polish actress. She made her screen debut appearing in a small role in the 1993 historical drama film Schindler's List, before playing leading role in the drama film The Haven (1998), for which she received Polish Film Festival Award for Best Actress. She received her second Polish Film Festival Award for Best Actress for Prymas – trzy lata z tysiąca (2000). Since then, Ostaszewska has appeared in more than 30 motion pictures and received six Polish Academy Award for Best Actress nominations, winning twice: for Jack Strong (2014) and Body (2015).

Ostaszewska starred in films Katyn (2007), In the Name Of (2013), Never Gonna Snow Again (2020), The In-Laws (2021) and its sequel, Broad Peak (2022), Green Border (2023) and Colors of Evil: Red (2024).

Katyń (film)
Katyń (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkatɨɲ]) is a 2007 Polish historical drama film about the 1940 Katyn massacre, directed by Academy Honorary Award winner Andrzej Wajda. It is based on the book Post Mortem: The Story of Katyn by Andrzej Mularczyk. It was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film for the 80th Academy Awards.

Wajda’s Katyń is the first screen portrayal of the long-suppressed and “highly controversial historical event.”
Altoids
Altoids are a brand of mints, sold primarily in distinctive metal tins. The brand was created by the London-based Smith & Company in the 1780s, and became part of the Callard & Bowser company in the 19th century. Their advertising slogan is "The Original Celebrated Curiously Strong Mints", referring to the high concentration of peppermint oil used in the original flavour lozenge. The mints were originally conceived as a lozenge intended to relieve intestinal discomfort.

Callard & Bowser-Suchard
Callard and Bowser, LLC Inc. was a Scottish manufacturer of confectionery products, being mostly known for its Altoids mints. Other popular products by the company included toffees and butterscotch.

The business was originally established in Maryhill, Glasgow, and then based in several location through the years, and was ultimately a subsidiary of Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Since the mints became prominent in the mid-1990s, Callard and Bowser added a number of products under the Altoids name. The company was also the butterscotch leading manufacturer in the world.
Bowdoin Fjord
Bowdoin Fjord is a fjord in northern Greenland. To the south the fjord opens into the Inglefield Gulf of the Baffin Bay.

This fjord was named by Robert Peary after his alma mater, Bowdoin College. It was the subject of paintings by Frank Wilbert Stokes at the end of the 19th century.

Inglefield Gulf
Inglefield Gulf or Inglefield Fjord (Danish: Inglefield Bredning;  Greenlandic: Kangerlussuaq) is a fjord in northwestern Greenland. To the west, the fjord opens into the Baffin Bay. Administratively it belongs to the Avannaata municipality.

Inglefield Gulf was named after English explorer Edward Augustus Inglefield.
Genovese basil
Genovese basil, known in Italian as basilico genovese, is a specific cultivation of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and a certified protected designation of origin (PDO) product. It is considered the essential ingredient for authentic Genovese pesto, a traditional sauce historically bonded with the italian city of Genoa and the broader region of Liguria.

Basil
Basil (Ocimum basilicum), also called great basil, is a culinary herb of the family Lamiaceae (mints). It is a tender plant, and is used in cuisines worldwide. In Western cuisine, the generic term "basil" refers to the variety also known as Genovese basil or sweet basil. Basil is native to tropical regions from Central Africa to Southeast Asia. In temperate climates basil is treated as an annual plant, but it can be grown as a short-lived perennial or biennial in warmer horticultural zones with tropical or Mediterranean climates.

There are many varieties of basil including sweet basil, Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora), and Mrs. Burns' Lemon (O. basilicum var. citriodora). O. basilicum can cross-pollinate with other species of the Ocimum genus, producing hybrids such as lemon basil (O. × africanum) and African blue basil (O. × kilimandscharicum).
Léman Express
The Léman Express is an S-Bahn-style commuter rail network for the transborder agglomeration of Grand Genève (Greater Geneva) in west Switzerland and the French Alps (Haute-Savoie and Ain). Seven lines serve Swiss and French towns along 230 kilometres (140 mi) of railway.

At the heart of the Léman Express system is the CEVA (Cornavin‒Eaux-Vives‒Annemasse) rail project linking Eaux-Vives station with Cornavin station in Geneva. This line, largely underground, was opened on 15 December 2019. The Léman Express marked the start of direct services from Genève-Cornavin station to the French cities of Évian, Thonon, Annemasse and Annecy as well as the population of the Arve Valley up to Saint-Gervais-les-Bains.

CEVA rail
CEVA (Cornavin‒Eaux-Vives‒Annemasse) is an orbital rail line designed to connect the main railway station of Geneva, Switzerland (Gare de Cornavin) on the north of Lake Geneva with the Gare d'Annemasse in Annemasse, France, to the south of Lake Geneva. The link allows through running between the main Swiss rail network and the until then isolated line east of Annemasse in Haute-Savoie, which was served until 2013 by French SNCF services. A new station was constructed on the route at Gare des Eaux-Vives and the line between this station and the border was replaced with a double track line in tunnel. Track already existed as far as Stade de Genève station; the full route opened on 15 December 2019 to Léman Express and RegioExpress services.
Pennsylvania Route 191
Pennsylvania Route 191 (PA 191) is a 111.54 mi (179.51 km)-long state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The route, a major non-freeway corridor connecting the Lehigh Valley to the Pocono Mountains in eastern Pennsylvania, is designated from U.S. Route 22 (US 22) in Brodhead near Bethlehem to the New York state line over the Delaware River at Hancock, New York.

Commissioned on April 17, 1961, the route replaced the PA 12 and PA 90 numbers that were in place from the late 1920s to the 1960s. From 1961 to 1976, PA 191 was routed south of US 22 through Bethlehem and terminated at PA 309 in Center Valley. PA 378 replaced the designation from Center Valley to the Lehigh River crossing in Bethlehem.

Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania
Bethlehem Township is a township in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population of Bethlehem Township was 25,861 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Bethlehem and is part of the Lehigh Valley metropolitan statistical area, which had a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.

Bethlehem Township is located 13.6 miles (21.9 km) northeast of Allentown, 73.2 miles (117.8 km) north of Philadelphia, and 79.5 miles (127.9 km) west of New York City.
Appalachian Trail Museum
The Appalachian Trail Museum is located in Pine Grove Furnace State Park near Gardners, Pennsylvania, United States, and commemorates the builders, maintainers and hikers of the Appalachian Trail, including those in the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame.  Features include a 1959 trail shelter from Peters Mountain built by Earl Shaffer, the first A.T. thru-hiker, vintage hiking and trail building equipment, historic A.T. signs, A.T. displays on permanent loan from the Smithsonian Institution, a recreation of A.T. founder Benton MacKaye's Sky Parlor office and a display on the National Trails System Act of 1968. The museum also has an extensive research library.

Earl Shaffer
Earl Victor Shaffer (November 8, 1918 – May 5, 2002), was an American outdoorsman and author known from 1948 as The Crazy One (and eventually as The Original Crazy One) for attempting what became the first publicized claimed hiking trip in a single season over the entire length of the Appalachian Trail (AT).  He also worked as a carpenter, a soldier specializing in radar and radio installation, and an antique dealer.
Sushanta Kumar Dattagupta
Sushanta Kumar Dattagupta, known better as Sushanta Dattagupta, is an Indian condensed matter physicist. He was Director of the S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Kolkata between 1999 and 2005 and then he was appointed Program Co-ordinator by the Ministry of Human Resources and Development (MHRD) for the newly evolving system of Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER). Subsequently, in 2006 he was made the founding director of IISER Kolkata. After serving one full term there the same ministry of HRD made him the Vice-chancellor of Visva-Bharati, which is served between September 2011 and February 2016.

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (known as IISERK or IISER Kolkata) is a public autonomous research institute in science and education field located in Mohanpur near the town of Kalyani in Nadia, West Bengal, India. It was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India on 11 July 2006 and promoted to the status of an Institute of National Importance in 2012 vide the NIT Amendment Act. It is one of seven Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research, and was one of the first IISERs to be established along with IISER Pune. It is considered to be one of the leading institutes of India in terms of research output. In 2022, it was ranked fourth among the academic institutions in India by the Nature Index in 2022. The current director of IISER Kolkata is Prof Sunil Kumar Khare.
Charles L. Purce
Charles L. Purce (July 4, 1856 – August 7, 1905) was an American educator and academic administrator, active in Louisville, Kentucky, and Selma, Alabama. He was a leader in the Baptist church, and served as president of Selma University and Simmons College of Kentucky, both Baptist institutions.

Simmons College of Kentucky
Simmons College of Kentucky, formerly known as Kentucky Normal Theological Institute, State University at Louisville, and later as Simmons Bible College, is a private, historically black college in Louisville, Kentucky. Founded in 1879, it is the nation's 107th HBCU and is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education.
Adrasteia
In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Adrasteia (/ˌædrəˈstiːə/; Ancient Greek: Ἀδράστεια, Ionic Greek: Ἀδρήστεια), also spelled Adrastia, Adrastea, Adrestia, Adrestea, Adastreia or Adrasta, originally a Phrygian mountain goddess, probably associated with Cybele, was later a Cretan nymph, and daughter of Melisseus, who was charged by Rhea with nurturing the infant Zeus in secret, to protect him from his father Cronus. By at latest the fifth century BC, she became identified with Nemesis, the goddess of divine retribution.

Melisseus
In Greek mythology, Melisseus (Ancient Greek: Μελισσεύς means 'bee-man' or 'honey-man'), the father of the nymphs Adrasteia, Ida, Melissa, and Althaea who were nurses of the infant Zeus on Crete. His parentage differs from telling to telling, ranging from Gaia and Uranus, to Karystos the eponym of Karystos, and Socus and Combe.
Mesa Drive/Main Street station
Mesa Drive/Main Street station, also known as Pioneer Park, is a station on the A Line of the Valley Metro Rail system in Mesa, Arizona, United States. The station is located one block east of the intersection of East Main Street and North Mesa Drive, and opened as part of the Central Mesa Extension on August 22, 2015. The station consists of one island platform in the median of Main Street. It served as the eastbound terminus of the line until the Gilbert Road Extension opened in late Spring 2019.

Valley Metro Rail
Valley Metro Rail is a 38.5-mile (62 km) light rail system serving the Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona, USA. The network, which is part of the Valley Metro public transit system, began operations on December 27, 2008. In 2025, the system had a ridership of 11,100,300, or about 35,300 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025.

In the years since it opened in 2008, the system has undergone six expansions (including the infill station at 50th Street/Washington and the Valley Metro Streetcar). An extension is underway into West Phoenix to the Desert Sky Mall, which was expanded due to obtaining funding under the Proposition 104 sales tax increase.
Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Chicago
Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of Chicago is the largest in a nationwide network of faith-based social service providers that form Catholic Charities.  Together they form the largest private network of social service providers in the United States.  More than 1,400 agencies, institutions, and organizations make up the Catholic Charities network, which provides services to nearly 10 million people in need each year regardless of religious, social, or economic backgrounds. The network also seeks to advocate for issues of importance to those in need.

Catholic Charities USA
Catholic Charities USA is the national voluntary membership organization for Catholic Charities agencies throughout the United States and its territories. Catholic Charities USA is a member of Caritas Internationalis, an international federation of Catholic social service organizations. Catholic Charities USA is the national office of 167 local Catholic Charities agencies nationwide.

Founded in 1910 as the National Conference of Catholic Charities (NCCC), the organization changed its name in 1986 to Catholic Charities USA (CCUSA). Donna Markham was the first female president to lead CCUSA. She held the position from 2015 to 2023. On July 25, 2023, Catholic Charities USA announced that Kerry Alys Robinson, an expert in Catholic leadership and philanthropy, would succeed Markham as the next president and CEO of CCUSA beginning on August 23, 2023.

The organization's archives are housed at the Catholic University of America.
Mike Lithgow
Michael John Lithgow, OBE (30 August 1920 – 22 October 1963) was a British aviator and chief test pilot for Vickers Supermarine who became the holder of the World Absolute Air Speed Record in 1953 flying a Supermarine Swift. He died when the prototype BAC One-Eleven airliner crashed in 1963.

1963 BAC One-Eleven test crash
The 1963 BAC One-Eleven test crash was a fatal accident of a British Aircraft Corporation prototype aircraft on 22 October 1963, near Chicklade in Wiltshire, England while it was undertaking a test flight. All seven crew members on board the BAC One-Eleven were killed.
Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the formula TiCl4. It is an important intermediate in the production of titanium metal and the pigment titanium dioxide. TiCl4 is a volatile liquid. Upon contact with humid air, it forms thick clouds of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and hydrochloric acid, a reaction that was formerly exploited for use in smoke machines. It is sometimes referred to as "tickle" or "tickle 4", as a phonetic representation of the symbols of its molecular formula (TiCl4).

Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania /taɪˈteɪniə/, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. It is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black. As a pigment, it has a wide range of applications, including paint, sunscreen, and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes. It has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $13.2 billion.
Umbrail Pass
Umbrail Pass (German: Umbrailpass or Wormserjoch, Italian: Giogo di Santa Maria) is a high mountain pass on the Italy–Switzerland border, connecting Santa Maria in Val Müstair with Bormio in the Adda valley. On the Italian side, it connects to the Stelvio Pass road and the Valtellina. It is currently the highest paved road in Switzerland.

The sign at the top of the pass gives its elevation as 2,503 metres (8,212 ft) above sea level, but the reference level for Swiss elevation measurements has changed since the sign was erected, leaving 2,501 metres (8,205 ft) as the correct value according to current elevation.

The pass is named after the "Piz Umbrail", a nearby mountain peak.

Stelvio Pass
The Stelvio Pass (Italian: Passo dello Stelvio [ˈpasso dello ˈstɛlvjo, - ˈstelvjo] or Giogo dello Stelvio [ˈdʒoːɡo dello ˈstɛlvjo, - ˈstelvjo]; German: Stilfser Joch [ˈʃtɪlfsɐ ˈjɔx]) is a mountain pass in northern Italy bordering Switzerland at an elevation of 2,757 m (9,045 ft) above sea level. It is the highest paved mountain pass in the Eastern Alps, and the second highest in the Alps, 7 m (23 ft) below France's Col de l'Iseran (2,764 m (9,068 ft)).
Chuck Davis (businessman)
Chuck Davis (born 1960) is an Internet entrepreneur, and chairman and CEO of Prodege, LLC, an El Segundo, California-based online marketing and consumer research company.

His career includes having been CEO of movie ticket site Fandango, and Shopzilla, also known as Bizrate.com.

Prodege
Prodege, LLC (/proʊdeɪˈʒeɪ/) is an American online marketing, consumer polling, and market research company based in El Segundo, California. The company develops consumer rewards and polling programs under various brands including Swagbucks, MyPoints, InboxDollars, CouponCause, Tada, Ysense, Upromise, and Pollfish.
The Amalgamut
The Amalgamut is the third studio album by the American rock band Filter, released on July 30, 2002, by Reprise Records. Unlike their first two albums Short Bus (1995) and Title of Record (1999), which were both certified platinum, the album stalled prior to hitting 100,000 copies sold, in part due to frontman Richard Patrick cancelling its main tour in order to enter a rehab facility. The album still had two singles released in its promotion: "Where Do We Go from Here" and "American Cliché". The Amalgamut was the last album to feature band members Geno Lenardo, Frank Cavanagh, and Steve Gillis, with Patrick starting up the band Army of Anyone upon getting out of rehab. It was the last Filter album to be released until six years later, when Patrick reformed the band with new members and released 2008's Anthems for the Damned.

Anthems for the Damned
Anthems for the Damned is the fourth studio album by American rock band Filter. Started in 2003, the album saw many delays, as the band's sole member, frontman and founder Richard Patrick, took several breaks to pursue other musical interests, notably The Damning Well in 2003 and Army of Anyone from 2005 to 2007. Upon the breakup of Army of Anyone, Patrick decided to revisit the old material and finish it up for a final release. It was released to the public on May 13, 2008 through Pulse Records. It sold 13,000 copies its first week and debuted at number 42 on the Billboard 200.
Diocese of Auckland (Catholic)
The Diocese of Auckland is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in New Zealand. It was one of two dioceses in the country that were established on 20 June 1848. Auckland became a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Wellington in 1887. A large area of the diocese south of Auckland was split from the diocese on 6 March 1980 to form the Diocese of Hamilton. As of 2021, almost 40 per cent of New Zealand’s 471,000 Catholics lived within the diocese of Auckland.

Diocese of Hamilton, New Zealand
The Latin Church Catholic Diocese of Hamilton, New Zealand is  a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wellington. It is centred in Hamilton, New Zealand and was formed on 6 March 1980 from a portion of the territory in the Diocese of Auckland. The Cathedral of the Diocese is the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
4OS2
4OS2 is the OS/2 analogue of 4NT and 4DOS by JP Software, Inc.  JP Software discontinued 4OS2, TCMDOS2 and TCMD16, making version 3.0, 2.0, 2.0 the final version of these.  The code for 4OS2 has been released, and is maintained, first by SciTech, and then by NetLabs.

Take Command Console
Take Command Console (TCC), formerly known as 4DOS for Windows NT (4NT), is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed as a substitute for the default command interpreter in Microsoft Windows, CMD.EXE.

Take Command was the name that JP Software used for their GUI command-line interpreters for Windows 3.1 (TC16), Windows 32-bit (TC32) and later OS/2 Presentation Manager (TCOS2).  These were released concurrently with version 4DOS 5.5, 4NT 2.5 and 4OS2 2.52.  The OS/2 and Windows 16-bit survived until version 2.02, they are still available for download from the FTP site on JP Software.
Argyrochosma pallens
Argyrochosma pallens is a fern endemic to Mexico. It has narrow, divided leaves with brown axes; the leaves are dusted with white powder above and coated in it below. First described as a species in 1956, it was transferred to the new genus Argyrochosma in 1987.

Argyrochosma
Argyrochosma is a genus of ferns known commonly as false cloak ferns. The genus is included in the Cheilanthoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae.  Species now in this genus were previously treated as members of related genera Notholaena or Pellaea but were segregated into their own genus in 1987.