hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fripp Island, South Carolina
Fripp Island is a 6.546 sq mi (16.954 km2) barrier island and census-designated place (CDP) located along the Atlantic coast of the lowcountry part of South Carolina. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 963.

It is approximately 21 miles from Beaufort, 96 miles south of Charleston, and 65 miles north of Savannah, Georgia. Some of the neighboring islands include Hunting Island, Harbor Island, Saint Helena Island, Lady's Island, and Pritchard's Island. The island mostly serves as a residential vacation resort, but several hundred residents make it their permanent home. It is also the most seaward of the South Carolina Sea Islands. Fripp is renowned for its resort amenities and natural conservation.

Beaufort, South Carolina
Beaufort (/ˈbjuːfərt/ BEW-fərt) is a city in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States, and its county seat. Chartered in 1711, it is the second-oldest city in South Carolina, behind Charleston. The city's population was 13,607 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Hilton Head Island metropolitan area.

Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, in the heart of the Sea Islands and South Carolina Lowcountry. The city is renowned for its scenic location and for maintaining a historic character by preservation of its antebellum architecture. The prominent role of Beaufort and the surrounding Sea Islands during the Reconstruction era after the U.S. Civil War is memorialized by the Reconstruction Era National Monument, established in 2017. The city is also known for its military establishments, being located in close proximity to Parris Island, a U.S. naval hospital, and the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort.
Dafydd ap Gruffudd
Dafydd ap Gruffudd, also known as Dafydd III (d. 3 October 1283), was a Prince of Gwynedd until after the death of his brother, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, when he proclaimed himself as the Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282. He became a fugitive after waging war against the English occupation of Wales, but was captured, and then hanged, drawn and quartered on 3 October 1283, which were on the orders of King Edward I of England. He was the last native Prince of Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I in 1283.

Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (died 11 December 1282), also known as Llywelyn II and Llywelyn the Last (Welsh: Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf), was Prince of Gwynedd from 1255 to 1282. After successful campaigns across Wales in 1257, Llywelyn proclaimed himself Prince of Wales in 1258, and was recognised as such by Henry III of England in 1267 as part of the Treaty of Montgomery. He remained in this position even after his humbling by Edward I of England in the 1277 Treaty of Aberconwy, remaining Prince of Wales in name until his killing at Cilmeri in 1282, one of the final events in Edward's conquest of Wales.
Robert Kalich
Robert Alan Kalich is an American novelist, journalist, and producer. His works include The Handicapper (1981), a novel centered around an obsessive gambler. He co-directs a film companywith his twin brother Richard Kalich.

Richard Kalich
Richard Kalich,  the author of The Nihilesthete (1987), Penthouse F (2010) and Charlie P (2005) published in 2014 in a single volume as Central Park West Trilogy, The Zoo (2001) and The Assisted Living Facility Library (2019). He has been nominated for the National Book Award and for a Pulitzer Prize. His novels are internationally acclaimed and widely translated: his novels have been published in Bulgaria, Denmark, England, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, and Japan. 
Kalich was born and lives in New York City where he co-directs a film company with his twin brother, Robert Kalich.
Cold Springs Station Site
The Cold Springs Station Site, west of Austin, Nevada, is a historic stagecoach station site that was active during 1861-1869 as a passenger and freight station, and later for freight.  Only stone ruins remain.  Nearby is the location of the original Cold Springs Pony Express Station Ruins.

Also known as the Rock Creek Stage Station, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972;  the listing included 120 acres (49 ha).

Cold Springs Pony Express Station Ruins
Cold Springs Pony Express Station Ruins, in Churchill County, Nevada near Frenchman, are the ruins of a Pony Express station built in 1860 or 1861. The ruins were listed as a 9.9-acre (4.0 ha) historic site on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.

In May 1860 the station keeper was killed, the station burned and the stock driven off.: 72–73  Robert Haslam was the rider who discovered the body during what is credited to be the longest round trip ride of the Pony Express.
Désiré Tsarahazana
Désiré Tsarahazana (born 13 June 1954) is a Malagasy prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been Archbishop of Toamasina since 2010 but served in that see prior to its elevation since 2008. Pope Francis appointed him a cardinal in 2018.

Archdiocese of Toamasina
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toamasina (Latin: Toamasinen(sis)) is one of five Latin Metropolitan archdioceses on Madagascar, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Its cathedral archiepiscopal see is the Cathédrale Saint Joseph, dedicated to Saint Joseph in the city of Toamasina. It was elevated to the rank of Metropolitan Archdiocese by Pope Benedict XVI on Friday, February 26, 2010.
Charles Auguste de Goyon, Count of Gacé
Charles Auguste de Goyon, Count of Gacé (1647–1729), was the French soldier, diplomat and Marshal of France from 1693 after which he was known as the Maréchal de Matignon.

The youngest son of François de Goyon, sieur of Matignon (died 1675) by his wife Anne de Malon. and he was descended from the ancient noble Norman Bricquebec family.

A career soldier, Goÿon rose to become Governor of Aunis (1688), Marshal of the French Army (1691), before being appointed Field Marshal (1708).

A portrait of him by Hyacinthe Rigaud hangs in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen.

Marshal of France
Marshal of France (French: Maréchal de France, plural Maréchaux de France) is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) and for a period dormant (1870–1916). It was one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France during the Ancien Régime and Bourbon Restoration, and one of the Grand Dignitaries of the Empire during the First French Empire (when the title was Marshal of the Empire, not Marshal of France).

Between the end of the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, six Marshals of France were given the even more exalted rank of Marshal General of France: Biron, Lesdiguières, Turenne, Villars, Saxe, and Soult.

The distinction of Admiral of France is the equivalent in the French Navy.
Acetabuloplasty
Acetabuloplasty are surgical techniques, categorized under pelvic osteotomy, used to treat hip dysplasia (HD) in children. These include several technically similar procedures, such as the Lance, Pemberton, and Dega osteotomies. The Salter osteotomy, while broadly considered part of this group, differs significantly in its approach.

Osteotomy
An osteotomy is a surgical operation whereby a bone is cut to shorten or lengthen it or to change its alignment. It is sometimes performed to correct a hallux valgus, or to straighten a bone that has healed crookedly following a fracture. It is also used to correct a coxa vara, genu valgum, and genu varum. The operation is done under a general anaesthetic.

Osteotomy is one method to relieve pain of arthritis, especially of the hip and knee. It is being replaced by joint replacement in the older patient.

Due to the serious nature of this procedure, recovery may be extensive. Careful consultation with a physician is important in order to ensure proper planning during a recovery phase. Tools exist to assist recovering patients who may have non–weight bearing requirements and include bedpans, dressing sticks, long-handled shoe-horns, grabbers/reachers and specialized walkers and wheelchairs.
William Maclay (Pennsylvania politician, born 1737)
William Maclay (July 20, 1737 – April 16, 1804) was a politician from Pennsylvania during the eighteenth century. Maclay, along with Robert Morris, was a member of Pennsylvania's first two-member delegation to the United States Senate. He assisted John Harris Jr. with the planning the layout of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1785, where Maclay Street is named for him. Following his tenure in the Senate, he served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on two occasions, as a county judge, and as a presidential elector. He is known for his journal providing historical information on the 1st United States Congress.

Journal of William Maclay
The Journal of William Maclay is a published version of a diary kept by William Maclay during his tenure as a United States Senator representing Pennsylvania, a position in which he served from 1789 to 1791. Maclay began keeping the diary within two months of taking office and kept it almost daily during the 1st United States Congress. It is one of few accounts of the early United States Senate; sessions would not become open to the public until 1795.
Clifford Etienne
Clifford Etienne (born March 9, 1970) is an American former professional boxer and convicted robber, who is currently serving a 105-year prison sentence without the possibility of parole. Known for his aggressive, high-volume style despite being a heavyweight, he fought Mike Tyson, Francois Botha, Nikolay Valuev, Calvin Brock, and Lamon Brewster.

Calvin Brock
Calvin Vance Brock (born January 22, 1975) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2007. He was ranked as the world's No.7 heavyweight by The Ring at the conclusion of 2005. Calvin Brock was trained by Tom Yankello. In 2006, he won Ring Magazine's Knockout of the Year for his win against Zuri Lawrence and challenged for the IBF and IBO heavyweight titles. Brock was forced to retire after receiving retinal damage in his right eye following his loss to Eddie Chambers.
WSTC
WSTC (1400 kHz) is a public AM radio station in Stamford, Connecticut.  It serves the Stamford-Norwalk area with a non-commercial, listener-supported news/talk radio format, simulcast with co-owned WSHU (1260 AM) in Westport, Connecticut. WSTC is owned by Sacred Heart University.

Programming on WSTC and WSHU includes NPR shows Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Fresh Air with Terry Gross and 1A. A local staff supplies Connecticut news updates.

WSHU (AM)
WSHU (1260 AM), is an NPR member radio station licensed to Westport, Connecticut. It is owned and operated by Sacred Heart University. By day, WSHU is powered at 688 watts. However, at night, to avoid interference with other stations on 1260 AM, it reduces power to 72 watts. Programming is also heard on 150-watt FM translator W276DY at 103.1 MHz in Westport.

WSHU primarily features news, talk and informational programming from National Public Radio with local news updates throughout the day.  It holds periodic fundraisers on the air to support the running of the station.  AM 1260 is one of the WSHU news and talk frequencies, which also includes the HD2 digital subchannel of WSHU-FM 91.1 in Fairfield, WSTC (1400 AM) in Stamford, WSUF (89.9 FM) in Greenport, New York, and WYBC (1340 AM) in New Haven.
Tanah Merah Constituency
Tanah Merah Constituency was a constituency in Singapore. It was created in 1980 by merging parts of Bedok and Changi constituencies. In 1988, it was abolished and merged into Bedok Group Representation Constituency (GRC).

Bedok Constituency
Bedok Constituency was a single member constituency in Bedok South, Singapore. It was formed in the 1976 general elections by carving a portion from Siglap constituency and continued throughout the period prior to 1988 general elections where the constituency, along with neighbouring constituencies namely: Kampong Chai Chee and Tanah Merah were merged to form the Bedok Group Representation Constituency.
Acontia
Acontia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. The genus was named by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. Eusceptis, Pseudalypia and Spragueia are sometimes included in the present genus, but here they are tentatively treated as different pending further research. Many species of Tarache were also once placed here (see below).

Tarache
Tarache is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae erected by Jacob Hübner. It includes most former New World Acontia species. Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms and The Global Lepidoptera Names Index report this name as a synonym of Acontia.
JsMath
jsMath was a JavaScript library for displaying mathematics in browsers in a cross-platform way. It was free software released under the Apache License.

Produced by Union College Professor, Davide P. Cervone in 2004, jsMath was built as a cross-platform solution to add mathematical equations in standard TeX notation to HTML pages. As an alternative to MathML, jsMath was built to support different browsers on Microsoft Windows, Macintosh OS X, and Linux.

While not officially discontinued, jsMath has not been updated since Version 3.6e on March 21st, 2010.

jsMath was succeeded by MathJax, another program that Cervone would contribute to.

MathJax
MathJax is a cross-browser JavaScript library that displays mathematical notation in web browsers, using MathML,  LaTeX, and ASCIIMathML markup. MathJax is released as open-source software under the Apache License.

The MathJax project started in 2009 as the successor to an earlier JavaScript mathematics formatting library, jsMath, and is managed by the American Mathematical Society. The project was founded by the American Mathematical Society, Design Science, and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and is supported by numerous sponsors such as the American Institute of Physics and Stack Exchange.

MathJax is used by web sites including arXiv, Elsevier's ScienceDirect, MathSciNet, n-category cafe, MathOverflow, Wikipedia (on the backend), Scholarpedia, Project Euclid journals, IEEEXplore, Publons, Coursera, and the All-Russian Mathematical Portal.
Hilario Davide III
Hilario "Junjun" Perez Davide III (born August 25, 1964) is a Filipino politician and lawyer who served as the 17th Vice Governor of Cebu from 2019 to 2025, and previously as its 26th Governor from 2013 to 2019. He is the son of former Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr.

Hilario Davide Jr.
Hilario Gelbolingo Davide Jr. GCSS KGCR (born December 20, 1935) is a Filipino lawyer, professor, diplomat, constitutionalist and former politician, who served as the 20th chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and Permanent Representative of the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations. As constitutionalist, Davide led the creation of the Legislative branch, and also wrote the most resolutions and the bulk of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, becoming its father and primary author.
Independence/Democracy
Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) was a Eurosceptic political group that operated in the European Parliament between 2004 and 2009. At its height in 2004, it had 37 MEPs and it only existed during the European Parliament's 6th term. It was affiliated with the Eurosceptic Europeans United for Democracy party.

Ideologically, IND/DEM was strongly opposed to the European Union and positioned on the radical right within the right-wing spectrum. It was a very heterogeneous grouping; it also included parties such as the UK Independence Party, Greek Popular Orthodox Rally, French Movement for France, League of Polish Families, and Lega Nord. After the 2009 European Parliament election, IND/DEM lost many of its MPs and was dissolved in favour of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD). In comparison, EFD was far-right group that was nationalist and more strongly opposed immigration than IND/DEM.

Europe of Freedom and Democracy
Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) was a far-right, Eurosceptic political group that operated in the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014. It was composed of 34 MEPs and it existed during the European Parliament's 7th and 8th terms. After 2011, EFD had a loose relationship with the Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy political party.

Ideologically, EFD was conservative, right-wing populist and strongly opposed to European integration. Its members included parties such as the UK Independence Party and Lega Nord. Founded as a merger of the Independence/Democracy (IND/DEM) and Union for Europe of the Nations after the 2009 European Parliament election, EFD was more nationalistic and strongly opposed to immigration than its main predecessor, IND/DEM. In the aftermath of the 2014 European Parliament election, EFD became the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group, though only two EFD parties continued their membership in the EFDD.
Khushalii Kumar
Khushalii Kumar is an Indian film actress and fashion designer. Born to the Kumar family, she is the daughter of Gulshan Kumar. Her siblings are Bhushan Kumar and Tulsi Kumar, and her uncle is Krishan Kumar. She has also appeared in music videos.

Tulsi Kumar
Tulsi Kumar Dua popularly known as Tulsi Kumar, is an Indian playback singer, radio jockey, musician, and actress in the Bollywood industry. She was born to businessman Gulshan Kumar, the former owner of T Series who also worked as a singer, and his wife Sudesh Kumari. She is also the sister of film producer Bhushan Kumar and actress Khushalii Kumar. She also owns Kids Hut, a YouTube channel owned by record label T-Series, featuring children's content including nursery rhymes and stories.
Washington State Route 96
State Route 96 (SR 96) is a 6.75-mile-long (10.86 km) state highway located within Snohomish County in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels east from an interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5) in Paine Field-Lake Stickney through Mill Creek and an intersection with SR 527 to end at SR 9 south of Snohomish. SR 96 was established in 1991 and follows the route of a wagon road constructed by Snohomish County in the late 1880s to connect Snohomish to Seattle. The highway was closed during the Great Coastal Gale of 2007 after a culvert was damaged and its eastern terminus was re-constructed in 2009 to serve increasing volumes of traffic.

State highways in Washington
The State Highways of Washington in the U.S. state of Washington comprise a network of over 7,000 miles (11,270 km) of state highways, including all Interstate and U.S. Highways that pass through the state, maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The system spans 8.5% of the state's public road mileage, but carries over half of the traffic. All other public roads in the state are either inside incorporated places (cities or towns) or are maintained by the county.  The state highway symbol is a white silhouette of George Washington's head (whom the state is named after).
Gebze Technical University
Gebze Technical University (Turkish: Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi (GTÜ)), formerly known as Gebze Institute of Technology (GIT), is one of two institutes of technology in Turkey, the other being İzmir Institute of Technology. Located in Gebze, one of the most industrialized regions of the Marmara Region, the university focuses on undergraduate and graduate studies as well as research activities.

Gebze Technical University holds the designation of "research university" a title awarded by the Council of Higher Education in recognition of its academic output and contributions to research and development.

İzmir Institute of Technology
İzmir Institute of Technology (Turkish: İzmir Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, commonly referred to as IZTECH) is a public research university in İzmir, Turkey. The university places a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering, and it is the only institution of its kind in Turkey with a specific focus on scientific research. İzmir Institute of Technology is frequently recognized among Turkey's leading universities. The medium of instruction in all departments is English.
Squamosal bone
The squamosal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In fishes, it is also called the pterotic bone.

In most tetrapods, the squamosal and quadratojugal bones form the cheek series of the skull. The bone forms an ancestral component of the dermal roof and is typically thin compared to other skull bones.

The squamosal bone lies ventral to the temporal series and otic notch, and is bordered anteriorly by the postorbital. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates with the quadrate and pterygoid bones. The squamosal is bordered anteroventrally by the jugal and ventrally by the quadratojugal.

Quadrate bone
The quadrate bone is a skull bone in most tetrapods, including amphibians, sauropsids (reptiles, birds), and early synapsids.

In most tetrapods, the quadrate bone connects to the quadratojugal and squamosal bones in the skull, and forms upper part of the jaw joint. The lower jaw articulates at the articular bone, located at the rear end of the lower jaw. The quadrate bone forms the lower jaw articulation in all classes except mammals.

Evolutionarily, it is derived from  the hindmost part of the primitive cartilaginous upper jaw.
ZF Ecomat
The ZF Ecomat automotive transmission was specifically designed by ZF Friedrichshafen AG primarily for city-buses and motorcoaches.  It has several generations – all of the automatic transmission type, and many variants.  The latest variants use a lock-up torque converter along with a retarder.  Some variants are listed below.

ZF Friedrichshafen
ZF Friedrichshafen AG, also known as ZF Group, originally Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (lit. 'Friedrichshafen Gear Factory'), and commonly abbreviated to ZF, is a German technology manufacturing company that supplies systems for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and industrial technology. It is headquartered in Friedrichshafen, in the south-west German state of Baden-Württemberg. Specializing in engineering, it is primarily known for its design, research and development, and manufacturing activities in the automotive industry and is one of the largest automotive suppliers in the world.

Its products include driveline and chassis technology for cars and commercial vehicles, along with specialized plant equipment such as construction equipment. It is also involved in the rail, marine, defense and aviation industries, as well as general industrial applications. ZF has 162 production locations in 31 countries with approximately 156,000 (2025) employees.
Duchy of Legnica
The Duchy of Legnica (Polish: Księstwo Legnickie, Czech: Lehnické knížectví) or Duchy of Liegnitz (German: Herzogtum Liegnitz) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed during the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, ruled by a local line of the Piast dynasty between 1248 and 1675. Its capital was Legnica in Lower Silesia.

Legnica Castle had become a residence of the Silesian dukes in 1163 and from 1248 was the seat of a principality in its own right, ruled by the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty until the extinction of the line in 1675. Formed by Bolesław II the Bald, Duke of Lower Silesia at Wrocław, Legnica shared the fate of most of the others Silesian duchies, falling into Bohemian, Austrian and eventually—after the First Silesian War—Prussian spheres of influence.

Duchy of Silesia
The Duchy of Silesia (Silesian: Ślōnski firsztyntōm, German: Herzogtum Schlesien, Czech: Slezské knížectví, Polish: Księstwo śląskie) with its capital at Wrocław was a medieval provincial duchy of Poland located in the region of Silesia.

Soon after it was formed under the Piast dynasty in 1138, it fragmented into various Silesian duchies. In 1327, the remaining Duchy of Vratislava as well as most other duchies ruled by the Silesian Piasts passed under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Bohemia as the Duchies of Silesia. The acquisition was completed when King Casimir III the Great of Poland renounced his rights to Silesia in the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin.