hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stratemeyer Syndicate
The Stratemeyer Syndicate was an American book packaging company that produced a number of book series for children, including Nancy Drew, The Hardy Boys, the various Tom Swift series, the Bobbsey Twins, the Rover Boys, and others. It contracted the many pseudonymous authors who wrote the series from 1899 to 1987, and arranged the publishing by firms such as Grosset & Dunlap. In 1987 it was sold to Simon & Schuster.

Bobbsey Twins
The Bobbsey Twins are the principal characters of what was, for 75 years, the Stratemeyer Syndicate's longest-running series of American children's novels, written under the pseudonym Laura Lee Hope. The first of 72 books was published in 1904, the last in 1979, with a separate series of 30 books published from 1987 through 1992.  The books related the adventures of the children of the upper-middle-class Bobbsey family, which included two sets of fraternal twins: Bert and Nan, who were eight years old, and Flossie and Freddie, who were four when the first book was written. The two sets of twins aged as the series went on. As the series continued, the two sets of twins were perpetually aged at 12 and 6.
1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
On March 31, 1931, a Fokker F-10 belonging to Transcontinental and Western Air crashed near Bazaar, Kansas after taking off from Kansas City Municipal Airport, Kansas City, Missouri.

The scheduled flight was from Kansas City to Los Angeles, with a stopover in Wichita. On this first leg, the wooden structure of one wing failed, causing the plane to crash, killing all eight people on board, including Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne.

The investigation found that the wooden wing became moist over time, causing the glue connecting the wing to the fuselage to weaken, allowing the wing to separate. The crash brought about significant changes in airplane safety and the airplane industry. The death of Rockne and the crash's effect on the public perception of the safety of aircraft contributed to its cultural significance.

Fokker F-10
The Fokker F-10 was an enlarged development of the Fokker F.VII airliner, built in the late 1920s by the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America. It was a trimotor passenger aircraft, and it carried 12 passengers. This was four more than the F.VII it was based on, and it had a larger wing and more powerful engines than that design. A crash of this aircraft in 1931, led to widespread reforms in the U.S. aviation industry and hurt the reputation of wooden winged' aircraft, especially the Fokker Tri-motor types.
Pam Hemminger
Pamela Somers Hemminger (born March 20, 1960) is an American politician who served as the mayor of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from 2015 to 2023. She owns a small real-estate company and previously served on the Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools board of education and the Orange County Board of County Commissioners. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

In the town's 2015 mayoral race, Hemminger was endorsed by a new local political action committee and unseated Mark Kleinschmidt by a 9% margin. She won reelection three times, in 2017, 2019, and 2021.

Mark Kleinschmidt (politician)
Mark J. Kleinschmidt (born March 25, 1970) is an American lawyer, teacher, and politician. He served as the Mayor of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, from 2009 until 2015.

Kleinschmidt is the first openly gay mayor in the town's history. He is also the third openly gay candidate to be elected mayor in North Carolina, following Mike Nelson of Carrboro (1995) and Elic Senter of Franklinton (2007).
Aether (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Aether, Æther, Aither, or Ether (/ˈiːθər/; Ancient Greek: Αἰθήρ (Brightness) pronounced [ai̯tʰɛ̌ːr]) is the personification of the bright upper sky. According to Hesiod, he was the son of Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), and the brother of Hemera (Day). In Orphic cosmogony, Aether was the offspring of Chronos (Time) and the brother of Chaos and Erebus.

Hemera
In Greek mythology, Hemera (/ˈhɛmərə/; Ancient Greek: Ἡμέρα, romanized: Hēmérā, lit. 'Day' [hɛːméraː]) was the personification of day. According to Hesiod, she was the daughter of Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night), and the sister of Aether. Though separate entities in Hesiod's Theogony, Hemera and Eos (Dawn) were often identified with each other.
Hans Rosling
Hans Rosling (Swedish: [ˈhɑːns ˈrûːslɪŋ]; 27 July 1948 – 7 February 2017) was a Swedish physician, academic and public speaker. He was a professor of international health at Karolinska Institute and was the co-founder and chairman of the Gapminder Foundation, which developed the Trendalyzer software system. Widely regarded as one of the most influential physicians and geographers in the modern world, he held presentations around the world, including several TED Talks in which he promoted the use of data (and data visualization) to explore development issues. His posthumously published book Factfulness, coauthored with his daughter-in-law Anna Rosling Rönnlund and son Ola Rosling, became an international bestseller.

Ola Rosling
Ola Rosling (born 1 November 1975 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish statistician known for his work for the Gapminder Foundation on changing global quality of life. He is the chairman, director and co-founder of the foundation.
Mickley, Northumberland
Mickley is a cluster of villages in the civil parish of Prudhoe, in Northumberland, England. It lies south of the River Tyne and is accessible via the A695. The electoral ward of Mickley comprises the hamlets of Mickley Square, West Mickley (including Mount Pleasant), High Mickley, plus Cherryburn and Eltringham Farm. The population is a little under one thousand.

The Mickley settlements are served by St George's Church, which was built in 1830. Other facilities in Mickley include a First School, garden centre, two social clubs and a cafe on the A695. There is a public house (The Blue Bell Inn), dating from the 1820s, at Mount Pleasant.

The Mickley area is physically situated on a steep, north-facing hill that reaches 203 metres above sea level on Mickley Moor, where views over to both the Simonside Hills and even the Cheviot Hills are often visible on a clear day.

West Mickley
West Mickley /ˈmɪkliː/ is a hamlet east of Stocksfield, in the southern part of Northumberland, England. Along with the neighbouring settlements of High Mickley and Mickley Square, it forms part of the electoral ward of Mickley, Northumberland. It is just over half a mile from the town of Prudhoe and is south of the River Tyne. It is not a big village, being nearly half a mile in length with a main road stretching the full length of it (A695).

The small settlement of Mount Pleasant forms part of West Mickley. It has one of the few pubs in the area, the two-centuries-old Blue Bell Inn, though this is closed at the time of writing (2025). On foot, Mount Pleasant is directly accessible from the main part of West Mickley via a steep but paved uphill path alongside High Close Woods and the Belasis Burn. When driving or cycling, however, one needs to take Stonybank Way, which goes uphill just east of the petrol station at Branch End in the neighbouring village of Stocksfield.
Red Eclipse
Red Eclipse is an open-source first-person shooter that is forked from Cube 2: Sauerbraten. Like the original Cube 2, it features multiplayer gameplay as well as in-game level editing, but with improved graphics and a focus on parkour movement. The game is free and open-source software, released under the zlib license, and developed by an open community of contributors. Its content is free, and released under a CC BY-SA license.

Cube 2: Sauerbraten
Cube 2: Sauerbraten (German for "sour roast", also known as Sauer) is a first-person shooter released for Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and Mac OS X using OpenGL and SDL.

In the style of Quake, the game features single-player and multiplayer game modes and contains an in-game level editor. The game engine is free and open-source software under the zlib License with commercial support available from the developer's business counterpart, Dot3 Labs.

The game media is released under various non-free licenses. The aim of the project is not to produce the most features and highest-quality graphics possible but rather to provide real-time, in-game map editing while keeping the engine source code small and elegant.
Angèle (singer)
Angèle Joséphine Aimée Van Laeken (French: [ɑ̃ʒɛl vɑ̃ lakɛn], Flemish: [ɑ̃ːˈʑɛːlə vɑn ˈlaːkə(n)]; born 3 December 1995), known simply as Angèle, is a Belgian singer and songwriter. She was one of 2018's biggest breakout acts in French and Belgian pop music, breaking Stromae's record for weeks at the top of the Belgian singles charts with her 2018 single "Tout oublier" which features her brother, Roméo Elvis.

Roméo Elvis
Roméo Johnny Elvis Kiki Van Laeken (Dutch pronunciation: [vɑn ˈlaːkə(n)]; born 13 December 1992), better known by his stage name Roméo Elvis (French: [ʁɔmeo ɛlvis]), is a Belgian rapper and record producer.

His career began with the release of two EPs in 2013 and 2014, titled Bruxelles c'est devenu la jungle and Famille nombreuse. In 2016, his album EP Morale was released. In 2017 and 2018, two more albums were released: Morale 2 and his reissue Morale 2 luxe (released from his collaboration with producer Le Motel). In 2019, he released an album titled Chocolat and another album in 2022 titled Tout Peut Arriver. He has close connections with Belgian band L'Or du Commun, hip hop duo Caballero & JeanJass, and French rapper Lomepal.
Zherai District
Zheray, also written as Zherai, Zheri or Zhari (Pashto: ژړۍ; Dari: ولسوالی ژری), is one of the districts of Kandahar Province in southern Afghanistan. It has an estimated population of 105,701 people. The village of Pasab serves as its center.

Zheray district was created in 2004 from parts of Maywand and Panjwayi districts. The Kandahar–Herat Highway runs in the district. Panjwayi Bazaar is the closest town to Zherai and Kandahar the closest city.

Panjwayi District
Panjwayi (Pashto: پنجوايي) is one of the districts of Kandahar Province, in southern Afghanistan. It has an estimated population of 107,294 people. Panjwayi Bazaar serves as the district center, which is located about 35 km (22 mi) west of Kandahar.

Panjwayi borders Helmand Province to the southwest, Maywand District to the west, Zhari District to the north, Arghandab, Kandahar and Daman districts to the east and Reg District to the south. Panjwayi was reduced in size in 2004 when Zhari District was created out of the northern part of it, on the northern side of the Arghandab River, which now forms the northern boundary. The area is irrigated by the Helmand and Arghandab Valley Authority.
Bellevue Medical Center (Nebraska)
Bellevue Medical Center is a general hospital that is located in Bellevue, Nebraska, United States. It has 91 licensed beds. The hospital is owned and operated by Nebraska Medicine, a private, not-for-profit, healthcare organization that is affiliated with University of Nebraska Medical Center.

Bellevue, Nebraska
Bellevue (French for 'beautiful view'; previously named Belleview) is a suburban city in Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area, and had a population of 64,176 as of the 2020 census, making it the 3rd most populous city in Nebraska, behind Omaha and Lincoln.
Ed Davis (criminal)
Ed Davis (July 30, 1900 – December 16, 1938) was an American burglar, bank robber, and Depression-era outlaw. He was particularly active in Oklahoma, referred to by authorities as "The Fox", and frequently teamed with Jim Clark and Frank Sawyer during the early 1930s. Eventually captured in 1934, he was involved in a failed escape attempt from Folsom State Prison, resulting in the deaths of one guard and two inmates, and was executed at San Quentin.

Frank Sawyer (criminal)
James Franklin "Frank" Sawyer (May 1, 1899 – 1979) was an American Depression-era bank robber and prison escapee. An associate of Jim Clark, Ed Davis and other fellow Oklahoma bandits, he was a participant in countless bank robberies throughout Kansas and Oklahoma between 1917 and 1933. He was wrongfully imprisoned for a 1932 bank robbery in Fort Scott, Kansas and spent almost 40 years in prison before he was pardoned by Governor Robert Docking in 1969.
Girmay Zahilay
Girmay Hadish Zahilay (/ˈɡɜːrmaɪ ˈzɑːhɪlaɪ/ GUR-my ZAH-hil-eye; born May 6, 1987) is an American politician who has served as the King County Executive since 2025. He was formerly a member of the King County Council from District 2. He was elected to King County Council in 2019, defeating longtime incumbent Larry Gossett. In 2025, Zahilay was elected King County Executive, succeeding interim appointee Shannon Braddock.

Larry Gossett
Lawrence Edward Gossett (born February 21, 1945) is an American politician and activist who served as a member of the nonpartisan King County Council, representing District 10 from 1994 to 2006 and District 2 from 2006 to 2020. Gossett served as chair of the council in 2007 and 2013. He is also a member of the Gang of Four, a coalition of influential Seattle activists.
Garnet McEwen
Garnet Douglas McEwen (25 September 1945 – 27 January 2012), nicknamed "Mother", was a Canadian outlaw biker, gangster and police informer, most notable as a longtime member of Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club before serving as the first national president of the Outlaws Motorcycle Club in Canada.

Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club
Satan's Choice Motorcycle Club (SCMC) is a Canadian outlaw motorcycle club. Once the dominant outlaw club in Ontario, with twelve chapters based in the province, and another in Montreal, Quebec, at its peak strength in 1977. Satan's Choice grew to more than 400 members by 1970, making it the second largest outlaw motorcycle club in the world, behind only the Hells Angels.

The club was involved in the first major outlaw biker conflict in Canadian history, when it engaged the country's second largest club, the Popeyes, from 1974 to 1976. Satan's Choice's power began to diminish during the late 1970s, with some of the club's chapters "patching over" to the Outlaws in 1977. The remaining chapters would eventually become members of the Hells Angels, along with most of the other major outlaw clubs in Ontario, in 2000. In 2017 the club was reactivated briefly but quickly shut down. In 2025 the club was reactivated by Harley Davidson Guindon, son of former President Bernie Guindon.
Woodhull Medical Center
Woodhull Medical Center, branded as NYC Health + Hospitals/Woodhull, is a health care system located in the Bedford–Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn, New York City, United States. Its focus is on preventing disease and promoting healthy lifestyles in the community of North Brooklyn through its fifteen centers. Woodhull Medical and Mental Health Center falls administratively under New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation. As of 2025, the CEO is Sandra Sneed.

NYC Health + Hospitals
NYC Health + Hospitals, officially the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC), operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City as a public benefit corporation. NYC Health + Hospitals is the largest municipal health system in the United States with about 45,000 employees. Its main mission is to ensure healthcare access through its network of safety net hospitals, long-term/rehabilitation centers and outpatient clinics.

HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation. It is similar to a municipal agency, but has a board of directors.
Mathematical descriptions of opacity
When an electromagnetic wave travels through a medium in which it gets attenuated (this is called an "opaque" or "attenuating" medium), it undergoes exponential decay as described by the Beer–Lambert law. However, there are many possible ways to characterize the wave and how quickly it is attenuated. This article describes the mathematical relationships among:

attenuation coefficient;

penetration depth and skin depth;

complex angular wavenumber and propagation constant;

complex refractive index;

complex electric permittivity;

AC conductivity (susceptance).

Note that in many of these cases there are multiple, conflicting definitions and conventions in common use. This article is not necessarily comprehensive or universal.

Penetration depth
Penetration depth is a measure of how deep light or any electromagnetic radiation can penetrate into a material. It is defined as the depth at which the intensity of the radiation inside the material falls to 1/e (about 37%) of its original value at (or more properly, just beneath) the surface.

When electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface of a material, it may be (partly) reflected from that surface and there will be a field  containing energy transmitted into the material. This electromagnetic field interacts with the atoms and electrons inside the material. Depending on the nature of the material, the electromagnetic field might travel very far into the material, or may die out very quickly. For a given material, penetration depth will generally be a function of wavelength.
Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands
Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands (Greek: Κεντρική Κέρκυρα και Διαπόντια Νησιά, Kentriki Kerkyra kai Diapontia Nisia) is a municipality in the Ionian Islands region in Greece. It covers the central part of the island of Corfu and the Diapontian Islands. The municipality was formed at the 2019 local government reform, when the pre-existing municipality of Corfu was divided in three. Its seat is the city Corfu.

The municipality consists of the following eight subdivisions (municipal units):

Achilleio

Corfu (city)

Ereikoussa

Faiakes

Mathraki

Othonoi

Palaiokastritsa

Parelioi

Corfu (city)
Corfu (/kɔːrˈf(j)uː/, also US: /ˈkɔːrf(j)uː/) or Kerkyra (Greek: Κέρκυρα, romanized: Kérkyra, pronounced [ˈcercira] ⓘ; Ancient Greek: Κόρκυρα, romanized: Kórkyra, pronounced [kórkyra]; Medieval Greek: Κορυφώ, romanized: Koryfó; Italian: Corfù; Latin: Corcyra) is a city and a former municipality on the island of Corfu, Ionian Islands, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands. It is the capital of the municipality and of the Corfu regional unit. The city also serves as a capital for the region of the Ionian Islands. The city (with a population of 23,541 residents, while the whole island has a population of 101,600 residents) is a major tourist attraction and Greek regional centre and has played an important role in Greek history since antiquity.
St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R
St Catharines Milling and Lumber Co v R was the leading case on Aboriginal title in Canada for more than 80 years. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, affirming a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada, held that Aboriginal title over land was allowed only at the Crown's pleasure and could be taken away at any time. The case, involving Ojibway Treaty No. 3, which had never been previously litigated before any court, is a leading decision in Canada on the differences between the division of legislative powers and property rights under the Constitution of Canada.

Aboriginal land title in Canada
In Canada, aboriginal title is considered a sui generis interest in land. Aboriginal title has been described this way in order to distinguish it from other proprietary interests, but also due to the fact its characteristics cannot be explained by reference either to only the common law rules of real property, or to only the rules of property found in Indigenous legal systems. The Supreme Court of Canada has characterised the idea that aboriginal title is sui generis as the unifying principle underlying the various dimensions of that title. Aboriginal title is properly construed as neither a real right nor a personal right, despite the fact that it appears to share characteristics of both real and personal rights.  Aboriginal title refers to the concept of a sui generis right in land that originates from the exclusive occupation and use of a specific territory by an aboriginal group over which the group has a native historic attachment.
Alnwick branch line
The Alnwick branch line is a partly closed railway line in Northumberland, northern England. A heritage railway currently operates along one mile of the line, which originally ran from Alnmouth railway station, on the East Coast Main Line, to the town of Alnwick, a distance of 2+3⁄4 miles (4.4 km).

Alnmouth railway station
Alnmouth (also known as Alnmouth for Alnwick) is a railway station on the East Coast Main Line, which runs between London King's Cross and Edinburgh Waverley. The station, situated 34 miles 69 chains (34.9 miles; 56.1 kilometres) north of Newcastle, serves the coastal and rural villages of Alnmouth and Lesbury and the market town of Alnwick in Northumberland, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.
Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger
Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger (17 February 1752 – 9 March 1831) was a German dramatist and novelist. His play Sturm und Drang (1776) gave its name to the Sturm und Drang artistic epoch. He was a childhood friend of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and is often closely associated with Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz. Klinger worked as a playwright for the Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft for two years, but eventually left the Kingdom of Prussia to become a General in the Imperial Russian Army.

Seyler Theatre Company
The Seyler Theatre Company, also known as the Seyler Company (German: Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft, sometimes Seylersche Truppe), was a travelling theatrical company founded in 1769 by Abel Seyler. It was one of the most famous and ambitious theatrical companies of Europe in the years from 1769 to 1779, and played a crucial role in theatrical innovation, the development of a serious German opera tradition, and the Sturm und Drang movement. The Sturm und Drang period is named for a play commissioned by the Seyler company.
Toru Yamashita
Toru Yamashita (Japanese: 山下 亨, Hepburn: Yamashita Tōru; born December 7, 1988, in Osaka), better known by his stage name Toru, is the guitarist and leader of the Japanese rock band One Ok Rock.

He was in the hip-hop dance group Heads along with Ryota Kohama from One Ok Rock before they disbanded in 2002.

Ryota Kohama
Ryota Kohama (Japanese: 小浜良太, Hepburn: Kohama Ryōta; born 4 September 1989), better known by his stage name Ryota, is a Japanese musician who is best known for being the bassist of the rock band One Ok Rock.

He was in the hip-hop dance group Heads along with Toru Yamashita (guitarist of One Ok Rock) before they disbanded in 2002.
Neil Carpenter
Neil B. Carpenter (born September 17, 1944 in Galt, Ontario) is a Canadian former pair skater. With partner Linda Ann Ward, he won a bronze medal at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships in 1963, captured a silver the following year, and competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics.

Carpenter was the head coach at the Hamilton Skating Club in Hamilton, Ontario. In August 2007, he signed a three-year contract to serve as head coach and head of skater development for the Dutch national team.

Linda Ann Ward
Linda Ann Ward (born May 24, 1947 in Puslinch, Ontario) is a Canadian former pair skater. With partner Neil Carpenter, she won a bronze medal at the Canadian Figure Skating Championships in 1963, captured a silver the following year, and competed at the 1964 Winter Olympics.