hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grant Parish, Louisiana
Grant Parish is a parish located in the North Central portion of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,169. The parish seat is Colfax. The parish was founded in 1869 during the Reconstruction era.

Grant Parish is part of the Alexandria, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area and Red River Valley. From 1940 to 1960, the parish had a dramatic population loss, as many African Americans from the plantation areas left in the Great Migration to seek better opportunities in the North and West. Such migration continued until about 1970. One of the eleven parishes organized during Reconstruction, Grant was created from parts of Winn and Rapides parishes.

Grant Parish is the site of United States Penitentiary, Pollock.

Winn Parish, Louisiana
Winn Parish is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 13,755. The parish seat and largest city is Winnfield. The parish was founded in 1852. It is last in alphabetical order of Louisiana's sixty-four parishes. Winn is separated from Natchitoches Parish along U.S. Highway 71 by Saline Bayou, the first blackwater protected waterway in the American South.
Heinkel P.1078
The Heinkel P.1078 (He P.1078) was a single seat interceptor developed for the Luftwaffe by Heinkel aircraft manufacturing company under the Emergency Fighter Program during the last years of the Third Reich.

Emergency Fighter Program
The Emergency Fighter Program (German: Jägernotprogramm) was the program that resulted from a decision taken on July 3, 1944 by the Luftwaffe regarding the German aircraft manufacturing companies during the last year of the Third Reich.

This project was one of the products of the latter part of 1944, when the Luftwaffe High Command saw that there was a dire need for a strong defense against Allied bombing raids. Although opposed by important figures such as Luftwaffe fighter force leader Adolf Galland, the project went ahead owing to the backing of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring. Most of the designs of the Emergency Fighter Program never proceeded past the project stage.
St Catherine's Island
St Catherine's Island (Welsh: Ynys Catrin) is a small tidal island linked to Tenby in Pembrokeshire, Wales, by Castle beach at low tide. The island, which is known colloquially as St Catherine's Rock, is the location of St Catherine's Fort.

Tenby
Tenby (Welsh: Dinbych-y-pysgod, lit. 'fortlet of the fish') is a seaside town and community in the county of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It lies within Carmarthen Bay. In 2011 it had a population of 4696.

Notable features include three miles (five kilometres) of sandy beaches and the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, the 13th-century medieval town walls, including the Five Arches barbican gatehouse, Tenby Museum and Art Gallery, the 15th-century St. Mary's Church, and the National Trust's Tudor Merchant's House.

Boats sail from Tenby's harbour to the offshore monastic Caldey Island. St Catherine's Island is tidal and has a 19th-century Palmerston Fort.

The town has an operating railway station. The A478 road from Cardigan, Ceredigion, connects Tenby with the M4 via the A477, the A40 and the A48 in approximately 40 miles (60 kilometres).
Geometric stable distribution
A geometric stable distribution or geo-stable distribution is a type of leptokurtic probability distribution. These distributions are analogues for stable distributions for the case when the number of summands is random, independent of the distribution of summand, and having geometric distribution. The geometric stable distribution may be symmetric or asymmetric. A symmetric geometric stable distribution is also referred to as a Linnik distribution. The Laplace distribution and asymmetric Laplace distribution are special cases of the geometric stable distribution. The Mittag-Leffler distribution is also a special case of a geometric stable distribution.

The geometric stable distribution has applications in finance theory.

Laplace distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Laplace distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after Pierre-Simon Laplace.  It is also sometimes called the double exponential distribution, because it can be thought of as two exponential distributions (with an additional location parameter) spliced together along the x-axis, although the term is also sometimes used to refer to the Gumbel distribution.  The difference between two independent identically distributed exponential random variables is governed by a Laplace distribution, as is a Brownian motion evaluated at an exponentially distributed random time.  Increments of Laplace motion or a variance gamma process evaluated over the time scale also have a Laplace distribution.
Buenavista del Cayo Site
Buenavista del Cayo is a classic period Mayan urban center located in the Mopan River Valley of Belize. The site dates to 300-900AD and was used as a marketplace for merchants to sell material goods. Data suggests that the plazas were in use from the Middle Preclassic through the Terminal Classic Periods. The Maya lowlands fostered a diverse economy of individuals with different economic goals. Buenavista del Cayo attracted both merchants and consumers from other settlements in the surrounding valley. Evidence found at the site suggests that both practical and prestige items were sold at the marketplace, indicating the presence of both wealthy and poor individuals. Distinct platforms found in the plazas along with the differentiation of goods by material type support the theory that the site was used as a central marketplace in the Maya lowlands.

Mopan River
The Mopan River is a river in Central America spanning the Petén Department of Guatemala and the Cayo District of Belize. It merges with the Macal River at Branch Mouth, Belize, forming the Belize River, which ultimately discharges into the Caribbean Sea. The drainage area of the combined watershed is 9,434.2 km2 (3,642.6 sq mi). Tributaries of the Mopan include Chiquibul Branch, Ceiba Grande, Salisipuedes, and Delores.
Vileyka
Vileyka or Vilyeyka is a town in Minsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Vileyka District. It is located on the Viliya River, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Minsk. The first historical record dates from 16 November 1460. As of 2025, the town has a population of 26,375.

The Vileyka VLF transmitter operated by the Russian Navy is located near Vileyka. It provides VLF communication between Russian Navy's headquarters and atomic submarines in the Atlantic, Indian and parts of the Pacific Ocean.

Vileyka district
Vileyka district or Viliejka district (Belarusian: Вілейскі раён; Russian: Вилейский район) is a district (raion) of Minsk region in Belarus. The administrative center of the district is the town of Vileyka. As of 2024, it has a population of 46,075.
Elderly care
Elderly care, or simply eldercare (also known in parts of the English-speaking world as aged care), serves the needs of old adults. It encompasses assisted living, adult daycare, long-term care, nursing homes (often called residential care), hospice care, and home care.

Elderly care emphasizes the social and personal requirements of senior citizens who wish to age with dignity while needing assistance with daily activities and with healthcare. Much elderly care is unpaid.

Elderly care includes a broad range of practices and institutions, as there is a wide variety of elderly care needs and cultural perspectives on the elderly throughout the world.

Home care
Homecare (also known as home care, in-home care, care at home, domiciliary care, personal care, community care, or social care) is health care or supportive care provided in the individual home where the patient or client is living, generally focusing on paramedical aid by professional caregivers, assistance in daily living for ill, disabled or elderly people, or a combination thereof. Depending on legislation, a wide range of other services can also be included in homecare.

Homecare can be organised by national or local government, by volunteer organizations or on a market basis.
159th Street (Chicago)
159th Street is a major east–west street in the southern suburbs of Chicago.  It runs east from Thornton Street in Lockport, crossing Interstate 355 (Veterans Memorial Tollway) in Lockport, Interstate 57 in Markham, Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Harvey and Interstate 94 (Bishop Ford Freeway) in South Holland, on its way to its east end at U.S. Route 6 and Illinois Route 83 (Torrence Avenue) in Calumet City. The road carries no routes from Hopkins Road to Broadway, Independence Boulevard, Illinois Route 7 from Thornton Street to Wolf Road, and carries U.S. Route 6 from Wolf Road to Torrence Avenue, and no routes again from Torrence Avenue to Cline Avenue. The street intersects 4 Interstate Highways. Interstate 355, Interstate 57, Interstate 294, and Interstate 94.

U.S. Route 6 in Illinois
U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in the state of Illinois is an east–west arterial surface road that runs 179.88 miles (289.49 km) from the city of Moline in the Quad Cities area to Lansing at the Indiana state line.
Handwritten Annals of the City of Toulouse
The Handwritten Annals of the City of Toulouse, also known as the Annals of the Capitouls, were held from 1295 to 1787. They consist of a collection of books on which were recorded each year the administrative acts as well as the rights and privileges of the capitouls, the municipal consuls of Toulouse.

These Annals are particularly renowned for the illuminations that decorate them, an original and unique example in Europe of miniature portraits of municipal consuls in the exercise of their office. Although a revolutionary autodafé destroyed most of them on August 10, 1793, the surviving sample nonetheless constitutes an exceptional testimony to Toulouse's past.

Capitoul
The capitouls, sometimes anglicized as capitols which is also the Occitan and Catalan word, were the chief magistrates of the commune of Toulouse, France, during the late Middle Ages and early Modern period. Their council and rule was known as the Capitoulate (French: capitoulat). They were suppressed in 1789 amid the French Revolution.
Surigaonon language
Surigaonon (Filipino: Surigawnon) is an Austronesian language spoken by Surigaonon people. As a regional Philippine language, it is spoken in the province of Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Dinagat Islands, and some portions of Agusan del Norte, especially the towns near Lake Mainit, Agusan del Sur and Davao Oriental. The language, along with Butuanon and Tausug, are the only Visayan languages geographically native to Mindanao.

Surigaonon is a member of the Bisayan languages. It has been heavily influenced by Cebuano due to the influx of many Cebuanos in the region. However, most Cebuano speakers can hardly understand Surigaonon speakers, except for Cebuanos who have been living in the region for years.

Surigaonon is very closely related to the Tausug language of Sulu and the Butuanon language of Butuan.

Tausug language
Tausūg (Bahasa Sūg, بَهَسَ سُوْغْ, Filipino: Bahása Sug, Malay: Bahasa Suluk, بهاس سولوق, lit. 'Language of Sulu/the Tausūg people') is an Austronesian language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines and in the eastern area of the state of Sabah, Malaysia. It is widely spoken in the Sulu Archipelago (Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, and Basilan), the Zamboanga Peninsula (Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Zamboanga del Sur, and Zamboanga City), southern Palawan, Malaysia (eastern Sabah), and Indonesia (Tarakan City and Nunukan Regency, province of North Kalimantan).

Tausūg has some lexical similarities or near similarities with Surigaonon language of the provinces Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, and Agusan del Sur and with the Butuanon language of Agusan del Norte; it has also some vocabulary similarities with Sugbuanon, Bicolano, and with other Philippine languages. Many Malay and Arabic words are found in Tausug language.
Shepherd's whistle
A shepherd's whistle is a specialized, modulatable, variable-pitch whistle used to train and transmit commands to working dogs and other animals. Unlike other whistles, they are placed inside the mouth. The pitch is controlled by the placement of the tongue; physically, shepherd's whistles are vessel flutes with the tongue forming one side of the resonating chamber, and controlling its size. Like tin whistles, while simple, they can be used as musical instruments in their own right.

Vessel flute
A vessel flute is a type of flute with a body which acts as a Helmholtz resonator. The body is vessel-shaped, not tube- or cone-shaped; that is, the far end is closed.

Most flutes have cylindrical or conical bore (examples: concert flute, shawm). Vessel flutes have more spherical hollow bodies.

The air in the body of a vessel flute resonates as one, with air moving alternately in and out of the vessel, and the pressure inside the vessel increasing and decreasing. This is unlike the resonance of a tube or cone of air, where air moves back and forth along the tube, with pressure increasing in part of the tube while it decreases in another.

Blowing across the opening of empty bottle produces a basic edge-blown vessel flute. Multi-note vessel flutes include the ocarina.

A Helmholtz resonator is unusually selective in amplifying only one frequency. Most resonators also amplify more overtones. As a result, vessel flutes have a distinctive overtoneless sound.
North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor
The North-South Dedicated Freight Corridor or North-South DFC is a proposed freight specific railway connecting New Delhi and Chennai. The approximate length of the corridor is 2,343 km with 43 proposed stations. Ministry of Railways has assigned Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) to undertake Preliminary Engineering & Traffic Survey (PETS) for four additional corridors:

East-West Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai): 2,330 km

North-South Corridor (Delhi-Chennai): 2,343 km

East Coast Corridor (Kharagpur-Vijayawada): 1,100 km

Southern Corridor (Chennai-Goa): 899 km

It was announced by then Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu, while presenting the Railway Budget of India 2016-17. The estimated project cost is US$13 Billion. The Government has indicated that they are likely to use a foreign direct investment for funding the project. The project would be undertaken through Public Private Partnerships (PPP) model.

Dedicated freight corridors in India
The dedicated freight corridors in India are a network of electric broad gauge freight railway lines that solely serve freight trains, thus making the freight service in India faster and efficient. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL) a public sector company is responsible for undertaking planning, development, mobilisation of financial resources and construction, maintenance and operation of these corridors.

In fiscal year 2024, an average of 241 trains used the dedicated freight corridors daily. The number increased to an average of 403 freight trains per day in fiscal year 2025.
Anglezarke
Anglezarke is a sparsely populated civil parish in the Borough of Chorley in Lancashire, England. It is an agricultural area used for sheep farming and is also the site of reservoirs that were built to supply water to Liverpool. The area has a large expanse of moorland with many public footpaths and bridleways. The area is popular with walkers and tourists; it lies in the West Pennine Moors in Lancashire, sandwiched between the moors of Withnell and Rivington, and is close to the towns of Chorley, Horwich and Darwen. At the 2001 census it had a population of 23, but at the 2011 census the population was included within Heapey civil parish. The area was subjected to depopulation after the reservoirs were built.

Chorley
Chorley is a town and the administrative centre of the wider Borough of Chorley in Lancashire, England, 8 miles (13 km) north of Wigan, 11 miles (18 km) south west of Blackburn, 11 miles (18 km) north west of Bolton, 12 miles (19 km) south of Preston and 20 miles (32 km) north west of Manchester. The town's wealth came principally from the cotton industry. In 2020 it had a population of 36,682.

In the 1970s, the skyline was dominated by factory chimneys, but most have now been demolished: remnants of the industrial past include Morrisons chimney and other mill buildings, and the streets of terraced houses for mill workers. Chorley is the home of the Chorley cake.
Jan Svěrák
Jan Svěrák (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjan ˈsvjɛraːk]; born 6 February 1965) is a Czech film director and screenwriter. He is the son of screenwriter and actor Zdeněk Svěrák, with whom he collaborated on his most successful films. He is among the most recognized Czech filmmakers. His best-known films are the Oscar-winning Kolya and the Oscar-nominated The Elementary School.

Zdeněk Svěrák
Zdeněk Svěrák (born 28 March 1936) is a Czech actor, humorist, playwright and screenwriter. He is one of the most well-known and popular Czech cultural personalities. Since 1968 he has appeared in 32 films.
DR Byen
DR Byen (Danish pronunciation: [ˈte̝ˀˌɛɐ̯ ˈpyˀən]; lit. 'the DR city') is the headquarters of the Danish Broadcasting Corporation, DR, located in Copenhagen, Denmark, in the northwestern part of Amager. The first employees moved into DR Byen in 2006 and 2007, but the entire building, including the Koncerthuset Concert Hall, was not completed until 2010.

The construction industry's enormous budget overruns have been widely discussed, and were also one of the main reasons of former CEO Kenneth Plummer's announcement on March 13, 2007, that 521 positions would be cut, and that 300 employees would be dismissed. DR Byen replaced Radiohuset in Frederiksberg and TV-Byen in Søborg.

Koncerthuset
DR Koncerthuset (Danish pronunciation: [ˈte̝ˀˌɛɐ̯ kʰʌnˈsɛɐ̯tˌhuˀsð̩, - kʰɔnˈ-]), previously known in English as Copenhagen Concert Hall, is a concert hall designed by Jean Nouvel. It forms part of the new DR Byen (DR Town) complex, which houses the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR) and is located in the northern part of Ørestad – an ambitious development area in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Construction commenced in February 2003. The official opening was celebrated on January 17, 2009, making the total time of construction just a little under 6 years. The concert complex consists of four halls with the main auditorium seating 1,800 people. It is the home of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra.
Maison de la Radio et de la Musique
Maison de la Radio et de la Musique (French pronunciation: [mɛzɔ̃ də la ʁadjo e də la myzik]), nicknamed “maison ronde” (“the round house”) is the headquarters of Radio France. It is located in the 16th arrondissement of Paris near the Eiffel Tower. Built in the shape of huge ring 500 meters in circumference, with a central utility tower, the building houses the administrative offices, broadcasting studios, and performance spaces for all of Radio France's national stations and its four permanent ensembles—Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France, Orchestre national de France, Chœur de Radio France and Maîtrise de Radio France. The building was designed by Henry Bernard and completed in 1963. It underwent a major renovation beginning in 2005 and began reopening to the public in 2014 with the inauguration of its new auditorium.

Orchestre philharmonique de Radio France
The Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France (French pronunciation: [ɔʁkɛstʁ filaʁmɔnik də ʁadjo fʁɑ̃s]) is a French radio orchestra, affiliated with Radio France.  The orchestra performs principally at the auditorium of the Maison de la Radio in Paris, along with several concerts at the Philharmonie de Paris.
Grotto (National Speleological Society)
A Grotto is an internal organization of the National Speleological Society (NSS). They generally function as the local NSS chapter/club. Many Grottos however, operate in areas outside their local area, with many operating in several states. Most Grottos also participate in Regions which are loose associations of Grottos. Regions are also an internal organization of the National Speleological Society.

National Speleological Society
The National Speleological Society (NSS) is an organization formed in 1941 to advance the exploration, conservation, study, and understanding of caves in the United States. Originally headquartered in Washington D.C., its current offices are in Huntsville, Alabama. The organization engages in the research and scientific study, restoration, exploration, and protection of caves. It has more than 10,000 members in more than 250 grottos.

Since 1974 there has been a cave diving section of the society.
Bhisho
Bhisho, formerly Bisho, is the capital of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The Office of the Premier, Provincial Legislature and many other government departments are headquartered in the town. The town, three kilometres from Qonce and 70 kilometres from East London, is also part of Buffalo City.

Qonce
Qonce, formerly King William's Town, is a town in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa along the banks of the Buffalo River. The town is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of the Indian Ocean port of East London. It has a population of around 35,000 inhabitants and forms part of the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality.

The town lies 389 m (1,276 ft) above sea level at the foot of the Amathole Mountains in an area known for its agriculture. The town has one of the oldest post offices in the country developed by missionaries led by Charles Brownlee.
Cromemco DOS
Cromemco DOS or CDOS (an abbreviation for Cromemco Disk Operating System) is a CP/M-like operating system by Cromemco designed to allow users of Cromemco microcomputer systems to create and manipulate disk files using symbolic names.

Cromemco
Cromemco, Inc. was a Mountain View, California microcomputer company known for its high-end Z80-based S-100 bus computers and peripherals in the early days of the personal computer revolution.

The company began as a partnership in 1974 between Harry Garland and Roger Melen, two Stanford Ph.D. students. The company was named for their residence at Stanford University (Crothers Memorial, a Stanford dormitory reserved for engineering graduate students). Cromemco was incorporated in 1976 and their first products were the Cromemco Cyclops digital camera, and the Cromemco Dazzler color graphics interface  - both groundbreaking at the time - before they moved on to making computer systems.

In December 1981, Inc. magazine named Cromemco in the top ten fastest-growing privately held companies in the U.S. In 1987, it was acquired by Dynatech Corporation of Boston.
New York State Route 111
New York State Route 111 (NY 111) is a state highway located in Suffolk County, New York, in the United States. It runs north–south for 9.42 miles (15.16 km) through the towns of Islip and Smithtown, connecting NY 27A in the town seat of Islip to the east end of the NY 25 and NY 25A concurrency in Smithtown's Village of the Branch. Most of the road is a two-lane highway, save for several short four-lane stretches in the vicinity of interchanges along the route. NY 111 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York as an East Islip–Village of the Branch highway, using what is now County Route 17 (CR 17) south of Hauppauge. It was realigned to serve the hamlet of Islip in 1966.

New York State Route 27A
New York State Route 27A (NY 27A) is a state highway between Massapequa in Nassau County and Great River in Suffolk County, on Long Island, New York, in the United States. Its two most prominent components are Merrick Road and Montauk Highway.