hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kharif crop
Kharif crops, also known as monsoon crops or autumn crops, are domesticated plants that are cultivated and harvested in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh during the Indian subcontinent's monsoon season, which lasts from June to November depending on the area.  Monsoon rains may begin as early as May in some parts of the Indian subcontinent, and crops are generally harvested from the third week of September to October. Rice, maize, and cotton are some of the major Kharif crops in India. Unlike the Rabi crops, which are grown in the winter, the kharif crops require good rainfall.

Rabi crop
Rabi crops or the rabi harvest, also known as winter crops, are agricultural crops that are sown in winter and harvested in the spring in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Complementary to the rabi crop is the kharif crop, which is grown after the rabi and zaid crops are harvested one after another respectively.

The word rabi was borrowed from Persian: ربيع, romanized: rabī, lit. 'spring'.
Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
Liang, known in historiography as the Later Liang (simplified Chinese: 后梁; traditional Chinese: 後梁; pinyin: Hòu Liáng) (1 June 907 – 19 November 923) or the Zhu Liang (Chinese: 朱梁), was an imperial dynasty of China and the first of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It was founded by Zhu Wen (Emperor Taizu), after he forced the last emperor of the Tang dynasty to abdicate in his favour (and then murdered him). The Later Liang would last until 923 when it was destroyed by the Later Tang dynasty.

Later Tang
Tang, known in historiography as the Later Tang (Chinese: 後唐; pinyin: Hòu Táng), was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China and the second of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in Chinese history.

With the exception of its final ruler, the Later Tang was ruled by ethnically Shatuo Turk (沙陀) emperors. The name Tang was used to legitimize itself as the restorer of the Tang dynasty.  The official start of the Later Tang dynasty is in the year 923.
Oslo National Academy of the Arts
The Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Norwegian: Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo, KHiO) is a tertiary institution in Oslo, Norway, that provides education in visual arts, design and performing arts. It is one of two public institutes of higher learning in Norway that teaches in visual arts and design, the other being the Bergen National Academy of the Arts in Bergen.

KHiO was created by merging five former colleges, or national academies: of Arts and Crafts; Fine Arts; Opera;  Ballet, and Theatre (Statens teaterhøgskole).

Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts
The Norwegian National Academy of Arts (Norwegian: Statens kunstakademi) was a former Norwegian tertiary institution in Oslo, offering studies in the area of fine art. Along with four other academies, it merged to form the Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Norwegian: Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo, KHiO) in 1996. Although now a faculty  of KHiO, the Norwegian National Academy of the Arts is still referred to simply as Kunstakademiet (lit. 'Art Academy') by both staff and students.
City with special status
A city with special status (Ukrainian: місто зі спеціальним статусом, romanized: misto zi spetsial'nym statusom), formerly a "city of republican subordinance", is a type of first-level administrative division of Ukraine. Kyiv and Sevastopol are the only two such cities. Their administrative status is recognized in the Ukrainian Constitution in Chapter IX: Territorial Structure of Ukraine and they are governed in accordance with laws passed by Ukraine's parliament, the Verkhovna Rada. Most of Ukraine's 27 first-level administrative divisions are oblasts (regions).

Oblasts of Ukraine
An oblast (Ukrainian: область, romanized: oblast, pronounced [ˈɔblɐsʲtʲ] ⓘ; pl. області, oblasti), sometimes translated as region or province, is the main type of first-level administrative division of Ukraine. The country's territory is divided into 24 oblasts, as well as one autonomous republic and two cities with special status.

As Ukraine is a unitary state, oblasts do not have much legal scope of competence other than that which is established in the Ukrainian Constitution and devolved by law. Articles 140–146 of Chapter XI of the constitution deal directly with local authorities and their competence.

Oblasts are divided into raions, with each oblast having between three and eight raions following the July 2020 reform.
2023 Gabonese coup d'état
On 30 August 2023, a coup d'état occurred in Gabon shortly after the announcement that incumbent president Ali Bongo had won the general election held on 26 August. It was the eighth successful coup to occur in West and Central Africa since 2020.

The coup's leader Brice Oligui Nguema is part of the Bongo family and overthrew his cousin Ali Bongo. The coup brought an end to the 56-year-long rule of the father-and-son duo Omar and Ali Bongo over Gabon. It has been described by some as a palace coup.

2023 Gabonese general election
General elections were held in Gabon on 26 August 2023. Incumbent president Ali Bongo ran for re-election, representing the Gabonese Democratic Party, which had ruled the country continuously since its independence from France in 1960, including 41 years under Bongo's father, Omar.

Bongo was declared the winner on 30 August. However, a coup d'état began shortly afterward, leading to the election results being annulled.

Local and departmental elections were held the same day.
Power of arrest
The power of arrest is a mandate given by a central authority that allows an individual to remove a criminal's (or suspected criminal's) liberty. The power of arrest can also be used to protect a person, or persons from harm or to protect damage to property. However, in many countries, a person also has powers of arrest under citizen's arrest or any person arrest / breach of the peace arrest powers.

Citizen's arrest
A citizen's arrest is an arrest made by a private citizen – a person who is not acting as a sworn law-enforcement official. In common law jurisdictions, the practice dates back to medieval England and the English common law, in which sheriffs encouraged ordinary citizens to help apprehend law breakers.
Tejon Pass
The Tejon Pass /teɪˈhoʊn, təˈhoʊn, ˈteɪ.hoʊn/, previously known as Portezuelo de Cortes, Portezuela de Castac, and Fort Tejon Pass is a mountain pass between the southwest end of the Tehachapi Mountains and northeastern San Emigdio Mountains, linking Southern California north to the Central Valley. Both the pass and the grade north of it to the Central Valley are commonly referred to as "the Grapevine". It has been traversed by major roads such as the El Camino Viejo, the Stockton – Los Angeles Road, the Ridge Route, U.S. Route 99, and now Interstate 5.

Grapevine, California
Grapevine is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California, United States, at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley. The small village is directly adjacent to Interstate 5 and consists mainly of gas stations, motels and other roadside services. At an elevation of 1,499 ft (457 m), the community is located at the foot of a grade known as The Grapevine that lies in Grapevine Canyon through the Tejon Pass.
Open-ended question
An open-ended question is a question that cannot be answered with a "yes" or "no" response, or with a static response. Open-ended questions are phrased as a statement which requires a longer answer. They can be compared to closed-ended questions which demand a “yes”/“no” or short answer.

Closed-ended question
A closed-ended question is any question for which a researcher provides research participants with options from which to choose a response. Closed-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement that requires a response.

A closed-ended question contrasts with an open-ended question, which cannot easily be answered with specific information.
Ichneutica sapiens
Ichneutica sapiens is a moth of the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. I. sapiens is found in the central North Island, in the South Island in Westland and also the southern parts of the South Island, and in Stewart Island. This species inhabits wetland habitat but its life history is unknown as are the host species of its larvae. The adult moths are on the wing between December and early January and are attracted to sugar traps and to light. I. sapiens is very similar in appearance to I. micrastra but is a smaller moth with a shorter wingspan, has differently formed antennae and slightly different forewing markings.

Ichneutica micrastra
Ichneutica micrastra is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to New Zealand. This species has been found only in the North Island and has been collected in the Northland, Auckland, Whanganui and Wellington regions. The preferred habitat of this species is wetlands and heathlands including gum fields in Northland. Adults of this species are on the wing from October to December. The life history of this species is unknown as are the host species of its larvae however it has been hypothesised that the likely larval host is a grass or grass like plant. This species is very similar in appearance to I. phaula and I. sapiens but can be distinguished as a result of differences in male antennae, the shape, colour and size of forewings, the range of the species as well as differences in genital shape.
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (Italian: Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita, DL), commonly known simply as The Daisy (La Margherita), was a centrist political party in Italy. The party was formed from the merger of three parties within the centre-left coalition: the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal.

The party president and leader was Francesco Rutelli, former mayor of Rome and prime minister candidate during the 2001 general election for The Olive Tree coalition, within which The Daisy electoral list won 14.5% of the national vote. The Daisy became a single party in February 2002. It was set up by former left-leaning Christian Democrats, centrists,  and social-liberals, including former Liberals and Republicans, as well as other left-wing politicians from the former Italian Socialist Party and Federation of the Greens. On 14 October 2007, DL merged with the Democrats of the Left to form the Democratic Party (PD).

Italian People's Party (1994)
The Italian People's Party (Italian: Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI) was a Christian-democratic, centrist and Christian-leftist political party in Italy. The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP).

The PPI was the formal successor of the Christian Democracy (DC), but was soon deprived of its conservative elements, which successively formed the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) in 1994 and the United Christian Democrats (CDU) in 1995. The PPI was finally merged into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) in 2002, and DL was later merged with the Democrats of the Left (DS) and minor centre-left parties into Democratic Party (PD) in 2007.
Ernakulam Terminus railway station
Ernakulam Terminus (Station Code:ERG), also called as Ernakulam Goods Station or Ernakulam Old Station, is an abandoned railway station in the Indian city of Kochi, Kerala. It is one of the first railway stations in Kochi, built by the Maharaja Rama Varma XV of Kochi. The first passenger trains started service from the station on 16 July 1902. The station lost its prominence with the commissioning of Ernakulam Junction railway station in 1932 and Cochin Harbour Terminus in 1943. Though a few passenger-trains used to halt at the old station till the 1960s, it was ignored with the passage of time and was abandoned in 1990. Many historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi, Swami Vivekananda and Rabindranath Tagore have visited Kochi through this station.

Ernakulam Junction railway station
Ernakulam Junction railway station (also known as Ernakulam South, station code: ERS) is an NSG–2 category Indian railway station in Thiruvananthapuram railway division of Southern Railway zone. It is the main railway terminus in the city of Kochi, Kerala. Controlling 376 train routes at a time, it is one of busiest railway stations in South India and an important railway hub. At ₹158 crore (equivalent to ₹196 crore or US$23 million in 2023) in financial year 2018–19, it is the second largest in terms of passenger revenues in Kerala and the fifth largest in Southern Railway. Ernakulam Junction is an NSG-2 classified station operated by the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways and comes under the Thiruvananthapuram railway division. It is also the first fully disabled-friendly railway station in India.
Odd Lindbäck-Larsen
Odd Lindbäck-Larsen (21 April 1897 – 18 August 1975) was a Norwegian military officer and war historian. He participated in the Norwegian Campaign in Northern Norway during the Second World War as the chief-of-staff, under general Fleischer. He spent most of the war in Norwegian and German concentration camps. He continued his military career after the war, eventually with the rank of major general and military attaché in Stockholm. He wrote several books on Norwegian military history.

Carl Gustav Fleischer
Carl Gustav Fleischer KCB (28 December 1883 – 19 December 1942) was a Norwegian general and is considered first land commander to win a major victory against the Germans in the Second World War. Having followed the Norwegian government into exile at the end of the Norwegian Campaign, Fleischer committed suicide after being bypassed for appointment as commander-in-chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces in exile and being sent to the insignificant post as commander of Norwegian forces in Canada.
Cornwall Minerals Railway
The Cornwall Minerals Railway (CMR) owned and operated a network of 45 miles (72 km) of standard gauge railway lines in central Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It started by taking over an obsolescent horse-operated tramway in 1862, and it improved and extended it, connecting Newquay and Par Harbours, and Fowey. Having expended considerable capital, it was hurt by a collapse in mineral extraction due to a slump in prices. Despite its title, it operated a passenger service between Newquay and Fowey.

After a period in bankruptcy it returned to normal financial arrangements and acquired the moribund Lostwithiel and Fowey line.

In 1896 it sold its line to the Great Western Railway. Its main passenger line from Par to Newquay is still in use as the Atlantic Coast Line, and also carries some mineral traffic, but the Par to Fowey line has been converted to a private road.

Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway
The Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway opened in 1869 as a broad gauge railway linking the port of Fowey in Cornwall with the Cornish Main Line at Lostwithiel. Its main traffic was china clay. The company ran into financial difficulties and closed in 1880, but the line was purchased by the Cornwall Minerals Railway and reopened in 1895.

A passenger service operated, but it was withdrawn in 1965, and the line reverted to the conveyance of china clay; it remains open for that traffic at the present day.
King Xian of Zhou
History portal

King Xian of Zhou (Chinese: 周顯王; pinyin: Zhōu Xiǎn Wáng), personal name Ji Bian, was a king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty.

Very little is known about him. He succeeded his brother King Lie in 368 BC and ruled until his death in 321 BC.

He sent gifts to many of the feudal states, supposedly his vassals, particularly the Qin and Chu states. Late in his reign, the rulers of the states declared themselves kings, and ceased to recognise the king of Zhou as even nominally their overlord.

After his death, he was succeeded by his son, King Shenjing.

King Shenjing of Zhou
King Shenjing of Zhou (Chinese: 周慎靚王; pinyin: Zhōu Shènjìng Wáng), personal name Ji Ding, was the penultimate king of China's Zhou dynasty.

He was a son of his predecessor, King Xian, and thus nephew of King Lie; his paternal grandfather was King An. He reigned from 320 BC until his death in 315 BC.

King Shenjing was succeeded by his son, King Nan, who went on to have a very long reign.
Egyptian medical papyri
Egyptian medical papyri are ancient Egyptian texts written on papyrus which permit a glimpse at medical procedures and practices in ancient Egypt. These papyri give details on disease, diagnosis, and remedies of disease, which include herbal remedies, surgery, and magical incantations. Many of these papyri have been lost due to grave robbery. The largest study of the medical papyri to date has been undertaken by Humboldt University of Berlin and was titled Medizin der alten Ägypter ("Medicine of ancient Egypt").

Early Egyptian medicine was based mostly on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful behavior or actions. Afterwards, doctors performed various medical treatments if necessary. The instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions.

Ancient Egyptian medicine
The medicine of the ancient Egyptians is some of the oldest documented. From the beginnings of the civilization in the late fourth millennium BC until the Persian invasion of 525 BC, Egyptian medical practice went largely unchanged and included simple non-invasive surgery, setting of bones, dentistry, and an extensive set of pharmacopoeia. Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the Greeks.
Afro-Haitians
Afro-Haitians or Black Haitians (French: Afro-Haïtiens or Haïtiens Noirs; Haitian Creole: Afwo-Ayisyen, Ayisyen Nwa) are Haitians who have ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. They form the largest racial group in Haiti and together make up the largest subgroup of Afro-Caribbean people.

The majority of Afro-Haitians are descendants of west and central Africans brought to the island by the French and Spanish Empire to work on plantations. Since the Haitian Revolution, Afro-Haitians have been the largest racial group in the country, accounting for 95% of the population in the early 21st century. The remaining 5% of the population is made up of mixed persons (mixed African and European descent) and other minor groups (European, Arab, and Asian descent).

Mulatto Haitians
Mulatto (French: mulâtre, Haitian Creole: milat) is a term in Haiti that is historically linked to Haitians who are born to one white European parent and one black African parent, or two mulatto parents. As of 2016, people of mulatto or white descent constitute a minority of 5 percent of the Haitian population. Mulattoes have long been characterized as an elite class, aristocracy or even caste within Haitian society.
High Fashion (Roddy Ricch song)
"High Fashion" is a song by American rapper Roddy Ricch, featuring production from Mustard. The song was released on May 19, 2020, as the fifth single from Ricch's debut studio album, Please Excuse Me for Being Antisocial (2019). It marks Ricch and Mustard's second collaboration, following the Grammy-nominated single "Ballin'".

A love song, "High Fashion" incorporates 90s R&B, with Ricch employing high-pitched vocals, which were compared to the work of Young Thug.
The song topped four Billboard charts: R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, Rap Airplay, Rhythmic Songs and the Mainstream R&B/Hip-Hop chart.

Ballin' (Mustard and Roddy Ricch song)
"Ballin'" is a song by American record producer Mustard featuring American rapper Roddy Ricch. The track was released as the third single from Mustard's third studio album, Perfect Ten, on August 20, 2019, though it was available as early as the end of June 2019. The song and its accompanying video received acclaim from music critics, with Complex magazine naming it the Best Song of 2019. It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking Mustard's highest charting song in the US. The song received a nomination for Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 2020 Grammy Awards, making it the first time Ricch has been nominated for a Grammy and Mustard's first nomination as an artist.

Later in 2019, the two released another collaboration, "High Fashion".
Department of Arequipa
Arequipa (Quechua: Ariqipa) is a department of Peru. Located to the country's southwest, it is the sixth largest department in Peru, after Puno, Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto, its sixth most populous department, and its eleventh least densely populated department. It is bordered by the departments of Ica, Ayacucho, Apurímac and Cuzco to the north, Puno to the east, the Department of Moquegua to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital, also called Arequipa, is Peru's second-largest city.

Department of Ayacucho
Ayacucho (Spanish pronunciation: [aʝaˈkutʃo] ⓘ; Quechua: Ayakuchu), known as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanqa) from its creation in 1822 until 1825, is a department of Peru. It is located in the south-central Andes of the country. The region was one of the hardest hit in the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path. It is administered by a regional government. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho.
Dacology
Dacology (Romanian: Dacologie) is a branch of Thracology which focuses on the scientific study of Dacia and Dacian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is a Dacologist. Dacology investigates the range of ancient Dacian culture (language, literature, history, religion, art, economics, and ethics) from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule in the 4th-7th centuries. It is directly subordinated to Thracology, since Dacians are considered a branch of the Thracians by most mainstream research and historical sources. Other theories sustain that the Daco-Thracian relation is not as strong as originally thought and as such Dacology has the potential to evolve as an independent discipline from Thracology.

Thracology
Thracology (Greek: Θρακολογία; Bulgarian: Тракология, romanized: Trakologiya; Romanian: Tracologie) is the scientific study of Ancient Thrace and Thracian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is a Thracologist. Thracology investigates the range of ancient Thracian culture (language, literature, history, religion, art, economics and ethics) from 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule in the 4th–7th centuries AD. It is believed 'modern' Thracology (as opposed to an 'antiquarian' interest in the land of Thrace) started with the work of Wilhelm Tomaschek in the late 19th century.
Yakovlev UT-2
The Yakovlev UT-2 (Russian: Яковлев УТ-2; NATO reporting name "Mink") is a single-engine tandem two-seat low-wing monoplane that was the standard Soviet trainer during World War II. It was used by the Soviet Air Force from 1937 until replaced by the Yakovlev Yak-18 during the 1950s.

Yakovlev Yak-18
The Yakovlev Yak-18 (Russian: Яковлев Як-18; NATO reporting name Max) is a tandem two-seat military primary trainer aircraft manufactured in the Soviet Union. Originally powered by one 119 kW (160 hp) Shvetsov M-11FR-1 radial piston engine, it entered service in 1946. It was also produced in China as the Nanchang CJ-5.
Penelope Knatchbull, Countess Mountbatten of Burma
Penelope Meredith Mary Knatchbull, Countess Mountbatten of Burma (née Eastwood; born 16 April 1953) is a British aristocrat and the wife of Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma. Since 2010, she has served as High Steward of Romsey.

Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Norton Louis Philip Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma (born 8 October 1947), known until 2005 as Lord Romsey and until 2017 as the Lord Brabourne, is a British peer. He is a second cousin of King Charles III.