hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies
M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies (MSRSAS), (now M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences) was a post graduate engineering school located in Bangalore, India, established in 1999. The degrees offered are from Coventry University, UK, and are Master's Degree and Ph.D. programmes. The postgraduate programmes have been evolved by MSRSAS in association with Coventry University of UK and Indian and UK industries. In 2013, multiple Ramaiah institutions, including MSRSAS, were combined together to form MSRUAS.

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences (MSRUAS), also known as RUAS, is a private university in Bangalore, India. It was created by an act in the State of Karnataka, India and was established in December 2013.

The university is sponsored by Gokula Education Foundation (Medical) trust. The university was created by integrating M.S. Ramaiah College of Hotel Management (1993), M.S. Ramaiah College of Pharmacy (1992), M.S. Ramaiah Dental College (1991), M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies (1999) and the M.S. Ramaiah Advanced Learning Centre (2012). The campuses of the university are located at Mathikere and Peenya, Bengaluru, India.
Paratrechina
Paratrechina is one of seven ant genera (alongside Euprenolepis, Nylanderia, Paraparatrechina, Prenolepis, Pseudolasius, and Zatania) in the Prenolepis genus-group from the subfamily Formicinae (tribe Lasiini). Six species are included in Paratrechina; one of which, the longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis), is a widespread, pantropical pest.

Longhorn crazy ant
The longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis), also known as the black crazy ant, is a species of small Formicine ant. These ants are commonly called "crazy ants" because instead of following straight lines, they dash around erratically. They have a broad distribution, including much of the tropics and subtropics, and are also found in buildings in more temperate regions, making them one of the most widespread ant species in the world. This species, as well as all others in the ant subfamily Formicinae, cannot sting. However, this species can fire/shoot a formic acid spray from its abdomen when under attack by other insects or attacking other insects. When the longhorn crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) bends its abdomen while aiming at an enemy insect, it is typically shooting its hard-to-see acid.

These ants can be touched safely, similar to the ghost ants.
North Tyneside
North Tyneside is a metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, England. It forms part of the greater Tyneside conurbation. North Tyneside Council is headquartered at Cobalt Park, Wallsend.

North Tyneside is bordered by Newcastle upon Tyne to the west, the North Sea to the east, the River Tyne to the south and Northumberland to the north. Within its bounds are the towns of Wallsend, North Shields, Killingworth, Tynemouth and Whitley Bay, which form a continuously built-up area contiguous with Newcastle upon Tyne.

Tynemouth
Tynemouth (/ˈtaɪnmaʊθ/) is a coastal town in the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside, in Tyne and Wear, England. Historically the easternmost town in Northumberland, it is located on the north side of the mouth of the River Tyne, hence its name. It is eight miles (13 kilometres) east-northeast of Newcastle upon Tyne. The medieval Tynemouth Priory and Castle stand on a headland overlooking both the mouth of the river and the North Sea, with the town centre lying immediately west of the headland.

Until 1974, the town was a county borough which included the nearby town of North Shields.

At the 2021 census the Tynemouth built-up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which also includes North Shields) had a population of 60,605. The population of Tynemouth itself at the 2021 census was 10,256.
Anasuya Shankar
Anasuya Shankar (1 September 1928 – 29 July 1963), popularly known by her pen name as Triveni, was an Indian writer of modern fiction in Kannada language. Many of her novels have been made into feature films, most prominently, Belli Moda (1967) and Sharapanjara (1971) – both directed by Puttanna Kanagal and featuring actress Kalpana. Her short-stories collection Samasyeya Magu won the Devaraja Bahadur Prize in 1950. Her novel Avala Mane earned the Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award in 1960.

Puttanna Kanagal
Shubraveshti Ramaswamiah Seetharama Sharma  (1 December 1933 – 5 June 1985), known popularly as S. R. Puttanna Kanagal, was an Indian filmmaker known for his work in Kannada cinema. He is often considered one of Indian cinema's most influential filmmakers.
Pygmalion (play)
Pygmalion is a play written by Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw in 1912, named after the Greek mythological figure. It was first presented onstage in German translation, premiering at the Hofburg Theatre in Vienna on 16 October 1913. Its English-language premiere took place at His Majesty's Theatre in London's West End in April 1914 and starred Herbert Beerbohm Tree as phonetics professor Henry Higgins and Mrs Patrick Campbell as Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle.

Pygmalion became the playwright's most popular play, enduring in popular culture as the heavily adapted and romanticized My Fair Lady (1956 musical and 1964 film).

Pygmalion (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Pygmalion (/pɪɡˈmeɪliən/; Ancient Greek: Πυγμαλίων Pugmalíōn, gen.: Πυγμαλίωνος) was a legendary figure of Cyprus. He is most familiar from Ovid's narrative poem Metamorphoses, in which Pygmalion was a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved.
Sankt Veit in der Südsteiermark
Sankt Veit in der Südsteiermark (Austrian German: [saŋkt ˈfaɪt ɪn deːɐ̯ ˈsyːdˌʃtaɪɐmark]) is a municipality since 2015 in the Leibnitz District of Styria, Austria. The population was 4,069 residents (as of 1 January 2016).

The municipality, Sankt Veit in der Südsteiermark, was created as part of the Styria municipal structural reform,
at the end of 2014, by merging the former towns Sankt Veit am Vogau and Sankt Nikolai ob Draßling, both in the political district Leibnitz, plus the town Weinburg am Saßbach in the political Südoststeiermark District.

The borders of the Südoststeiermark District and Leibnitz District were shifted, so that the new municipality would lie completely within Leibnitz District.

The former municipality Weinburg am Saßbach was until the end of 2012 in Radkersburg District and had the Kfz-code "RA". From the middle of 2013 until the end of 2014, the code had abbreviation "SO"; in 2015 it was set as "LB".

Sankt Nikolai ob Draßling
Sankt Nikolai ob Draßling is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in Styria, Austria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Sankt Veit in der Südsteiermark.
Foundations of Genetic Algorithms
Foundations of Genetic Algorithms (FOGA) is a biennial peer-reviewed research conference focusing on the theoretical principles underlying genetic algorithms, other evolutionary algorithms and related heuristics. It is organized by the ACM SIGEVO, the ACM special interest group on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation. Its relevance to the computer science research community has been reflected in an A-rating in the CORE computer science conference assessment system.

ACM SIGEVO
The ACM SIGEVO is a Special Interest Group of the Association of Computing Machinery for members of that organization who are practitioners, academics, students or others with interests in evolutionary computation and related algorithms.
Pediastrum
Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a photoautotrophic, nonmotile coenobial green alga that inhabits freshwater environments. The name Pediastrum comes from the Greek root words pedion, meaning "plane", and astron, meaning "star", referring to its overall shape.

Coenocyte
A coenocyte (/ˈsiːnəˌsaɪt/) is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. The word syncytium in animal embryology is used to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm of invertebrates. A coenocytic colony is referred to as a coenobium (pl.: coenobia), and most coenobia are composed of a distinct number of cells, often as a power of two (4, 8, etc.).

Research suggests that coenobium formation may be a defense against grazing in some species.
Major County, Oklahoma
Major County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, its population was 7,782. Its county seat is Fairview. The county was created in 1907.

Located in northwestern Oklahoma, Major County is bounded by Woods and Alfalfa counties in the north, Garfield County on the east, Kingfisher, Blaine, and Dewey on the south, and Woodward on the west. Major County has 957.87 square miles of land and water. It is drained by the North Canadian and Cimarron Rivers, and the Eagle Chief, Griever, and Sand Creeks.

Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
Kingfisher County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,184.  Its county seat is Kingfisher. The county was formed in 1890 and named Kingfisher by a vote of residents.

The land was given to the Creek Nation by the federal government, but was taken back after the American Civil War.
Kohat Tunnel
The Kohat Tunnel (Urdu: کوہاٹ سرنگ, Kohat Surang) is a 1.9-kilometre-long (1+1⁄8-mile) highway tunnel under the Khigana Mountains between Kohat District and Dara Adam Khel Tehsil in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The tunnel carries northbound and southbound traffic along N-55 National Highway (Indus Highway) under the Kohat Pass. The tunnel is also referred to as the Pak-Japan Friendship Tunnel, as it was constructed with assistance from the Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan.

Indus Highway
The Indus Highway (Urdu: شاہراہ سندھ), also known as National Highway 55 (N-55) (Urdu: قومی شاہراہ ۵۵), is a 1264 km long two to four-lane national highway that runs along the Indus River in Pakistan, connecting the port city of Karachi with the northwestern city of Peshawar via Dera Ghazi Khan. It is part of Pakistan's national highways network and is maintained and operated by National Highway Authority (NHA). The Indus Highway passes through the Kohat Tunnel.
MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)
MS-DOS 4.0 was a multitasking release of MS-DOS developed by Microsoft based on MS-DOS 2.0. Lack of interest from OEMs, particularly IBM (who previously gave Microsoft multitasking code on IBM PC DOS included with TopView), led to it being released only in a scaled-back form. It is sometimes referred to as European MS-DOS 4.0, as it was primarily used there. It should not be confused with PC DOS 4.00 or MS-DOS 4.01 and later, which did not contain the multi-tasking features.

Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.

An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by Digital Research and acquired and further developed by Novell in 1991. Its ancestry lies in the earlier Digital Research 8-bit operating systems CP/M and MP/M, and the 16-bit single-tasking CP/M-86 which evolved from CP/M.

When Novell abandoned Multiuser DOS in 1992, the three master value-added resellers (VARs) DataPac Australasia, Concurrent Controls and Intelligent Micro Software were allowed to take over and continued independent development into Datapac Multiuser DOS and System Manager, CCI Multiuser DOS, and IMS Multiuser DOS and REAL/32.

The FlexOS line, which evolved from Concurrent DOS 286 and Concurrent DOS 68K, was sold off to Integrated Systems, Inc. (ISI) in July 1994.
Taksing
Taksing is a village and headquarters of an eponymous Circle in the Upper Subansiri district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. The region of Taksing is populated by Tagin people.

The village is on the bank of the Subansiri River, shortly after the river from China enters India from the west. Road access to the village from Limeking was provided by the Border Roads Organisation in 2018. Taksing is on the eastern edge of the Asaphila area.

Subansiri River
The Subansiri (Chayul Chu in Tibet) is a trans-Himalayan river and a tributary of the Brahmaputra River that flows through Tibet's Lhuntse County in the Shannan Prefecture in Southwestern China, and the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam. The Subansiri is approximately 518 kilometres (322 mi) long, with a drainage basin 32,640 square kilometres (12,600 sq mi). It is the largest tributary of the Brahmaputra contributing 7.92% of the Brahmaputra's total flow.
Belt-driven bicycle
A belt-driven bicycle is a chainless bicycle that uses a flexible belt, typically of synchronous toothed design, instead of a chain to transmit power from the pedals to the drive wheel.

The application of belt drives to bicycles is growing, especially in the commuter bicycle market, because of the low maintenance and lubrication-free benefits. Belt drives are also available for stationary and fitness bicycles.

Belt (mechanical)
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel.

In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction (the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). The belt drive can also be used to change the speed of rotation, either up or down, by using different sized pulleys.

As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to carry a load continuously between two points.
Rämismühle-Zell railway station
Rämismühle-Zell railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich. The station is situated in the municipality of Zell. It is located on the Töss Valley railway line (Tösstalbahn) between Winterthur and Rüti ZH, within fare zone 170 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV).

Tösstal railway line
The Tösstal railway line (Töss Valley Railway, German: Tösstalbahn or TTB) is a railway in the Swiss canton of Zurich, which serves the communities of the upper Töss Valley and the upper Jona Valley. Passenger service on the line now forms part of the Zurich S-Bahn, branded as the S26, and the standard Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) zonal fare tariffs apply to the line. It is one of the network's less-heavily traveled lines, and most of the route is single-tracked.
Academic integrity
Academic integrity is a moral code or ethical policy of academia. Academic integrity supports the enactment of educational values through behaviours such as the  avoidance of cheating, plagiarism, and contract cheating, as well as the maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing.

The term was popularized by Rutgers University professor Donald McCabe who is considered to be the "grandfather of academic integrity".  Other academic integrity scholars and advocates include Tracey Bretag (Australia), Cath Ellis (Australia), Sarah Elaine Eaton (Canada), Thomas Lancaster (UK), Tomáš Foltýnek (Czech Republic), and Tricia Bertram Gallant (US).

Contract cheating
Contract cheating is a form of academic dishonesty in which students pay others to complete their coursework. The term was coined in a 2006 study by Thomas Lancaster and Robert Clarke as a more inclusive way to talk about all forms of academic work, as opposed to more outdated terms such as "term paper mill" or "essay mill", which refer to text-based academic outsourcing. In contrast, Lancaster and Clarke are computer scientists who found evidence of students systematically outsourcing coding assignments. Hence, they coined the term "contract cheating" to include all outsourced academic work, regardless of whether it is from text-based or non-text-based disciplines.
XERC-FM
XERC-FM (97.7 MHz) is a radio station in Mexico City. XERC-FM is owned by MVS Radio and is the national flagship for its La Mejor Regional Mexican format.

XERC-FM broadcasts in HD. The transmitter is located atop a tower in La Mesa/Villa Alpina site at the outskirts west of Mexico City, sharing site with Grupo Radio Centro.

Though approved to begin broadcasting in 1963, the station was not on the air until 1974. Founded by Grupo Radio Centro, the station had primarily contemporary hit formats in English and Spanish in its history until 2018, when it switched to a news format as part of a major shuffle of Radio Centro's programming. In 2020, Radio Centro sold XERC-FM to MVS Radio, giving the latter company three FM stations in the capital and allowing it to bring La Mejor on FM to the market.

MVS Radio
MVS Radio are a group of four international Spanish-language radio networks owned by the mass media conglomerate MVS Comunicaciones. The group of radio networks consists of Exa FM, La Mejor FM, Globo and MVS Noticias and are broadcast in a various Latin American countries including Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico and the United States.
Skullyville, Oklahoma
Skullyville (also spelled Scullyville) is an unincorporated rural community in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. It is approximately one mile east of Spiro and 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Fort Smith, Arkansas. The community is within the Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The name is derived from Iskuli, the Choctaw word for money, because originally this was the place where members collected their annuity payments at the Choctaw Agency.

Spiro, Oklahoma
Spiro is a town in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2020 census, Spiro had a population of 2,102.

Developed as a railroad station in an agricultural area in the late 19th century, the small town is notable for its proximity to the Spiro Mounds, a Mississippian culture center that was active from about 900 to 1450 CE that was part of a culture in Eastern Oklahoma and Western Arkansas. Today, the 80-acre site, with several earthwork mounds, is preserved as Oklahoma's only State Archeological Park and one of North America's most important archaeological sites. It is the westernmost site of the expansive Mississippian culture, which had associated centers through the Mississippi and tributary river valleys.
Istana Iskandariah
Istana Iskandariah or Iskandariah Palace is the royal palace of the Perak Sultanate and the official residence of the Sultan of Perak since its completion in 1933. It is located in the royal town of Kuala Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia. All the Sultans of Perak have been installed in the palace since its completion.  The palace is named after Sultan Iskandar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah I Rahmatullah (1918–1938) who initiated its construction.

Kuala Kangsar (town)
Kuala Kangsar (Perak Malay: Kole Kangso) is the royal town of Perak, Malaysia. It is located at the downstream of Kangsar River where it joins the Perak River, approximately 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Ipoh, Perak's capital, and 98 km (61 mi) southeast of George Town, Penang. It is the main town in the administrative district of Kuala Kangsar, about 235 km (146 mi) from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The town is administered by the Kuala Kangsar Municipal Council (Malay: Majlis Perbandaran Kuala Kangsar), formerly known as Kuala Kangsar District Council (Malay: Majlis Daerah Kuala Kangsar) from 1 January 1980 until 17 February 2004.
Miguel de Lili
Miguel de Lili e Idiáquez, 9th Count of Alacha (c. 1756 – 14 October 1818), was a Spanish military officer who served during the Peninsular War, among other military campaigns. Most historians, including the Count of Toreno, Arteche, Oman (who spells his name Lilli), etc., consider Lili's capitulation to General Suchet at the Siege of Tortosa (1810–1811) weak-spirited and unnecessary.

Siege of Tortosa (1810–1811)
The siege of Tortosa (16 December 1810 – 2 January 1811) pitted an Imperial French army under General Louis Gabriel Suchet against the Spanish defenders of Tortosa led by General Miguel de Lili Idiáquez, Conde de Alacha. The siege progressed swiftly and Alacha surrendered on 2 January 1811. The action took place during the Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
Gerstner Field
Gerstner Field is a former World War I military airfield, located 11.1 miles (17.9 km) southeast of Lake Charles, Louisiana.  It operated as a training field for the Air Service, United States Army between 1917 until 1919.  The airfield was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I.

United States Army World War I Flight Training
With the purchase of its first airplane, built and successfully flown by Orville and Wilbur Wright, in 1909 the United States Army began the training of flight personnel.  This article describes the training provided in those early years, though World War I, and the immediate years after the war until the establishment of the United States Army Air Corps Flight Training Center in San Antonio, Texas during 1926.
Waitin' on a Sunny Day
"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen that was first released in a recording with the E Street Band on his 2002 album The Rising.  Although the song was not released as a single in the United States, it was released as a single in Europe, and was a hit in Sweden.

The Rising (album)
The Rising is the twelfth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on July 30, 2002, on Columbia Records. The album is based in large part on Springsteen's reflections in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks the year before. The album was a critical and commercial success, representing Springsteen's first album to top the US Billboard 200 since Tunnel of Love in 1987.

Hailed as a triumphant return to form for Springsteen, the album won two Grammy Awards and marked the start of a successful collaboration with producer Brendan O'Brien. The Rising came seven years after The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995), the longest interlude between studio albums for the artist, and was his first in almost two decades with the E Street Band, with whom he had recently completed a highly successful reunion tour.
Dinkelsbühl
Dinkelsbühl (German pronunciation: [ˈdɪŋkl̩sˌbyːl] ⓘ) is a historic town in Central Franconia, a region of Germany that is now part of the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany. Dinkelsbühl is a former free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. In local government terms, Dinkelsbühl lies near the western edge of the Landkreis (or local government district) of Ansbach, north of Aalen.

Dinkelsbühl lies on the northern part of the Romantic Road, and is one of three particularly striking historic towns on the northern part of the route, the others being Rothenburg ob der Tauber and Nördlingen. These three, along with Berching, are today the only towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls. All four are in Bavaria.

The town lies on the southern edge of the Franconian Heights and on the River Wörnitz, which rises in the town of Schillingsfürst. The population in 2013 was 11,315.

Free imperial city
In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (German: Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, Latin: urbs imperialis libera), was used from the 15th century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

An imperial city held the status of imperial immediacy, and was subordinate only to the Holy Roman Emperor, as opposed to a territorial city or town (Landstadt), which was subordinate to a territorial prince – be it an ecclesiastical lord (prince-bishop, prince-abbot), or a secular prince (duke (Herzog), margrave, count (Graf), etc.).