hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms
The Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition (Firearms Protocol) is a treaty on anti-arms trafficking including Small Arms and Light Weapons that is supplemental to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It is one of the so-called Palermo protocols.

The Protocol was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as Resolution 55/255 on 31 May 2001; the treaty entered into force on 3 July 2005. It was signed by 52 parties and as of October 2022 it has 122 parties, including the European Union.

The states that have signed the protocol but have not yet ratified it are Australia, Canada, China, Iceland, Japan, Monaco, Seychelles, and United Kingdom. As February 2022, among the top six arms exporting countries, only France (since February 2019) and Germany (since October 2021) have ratified the protocol. The other four—United States, Russia, China, and United Kingdom—have not.

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime
The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC, also called the Palermo Convention) is a 2000 United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty against transnational organized crime.
Queen's Own Mercian Yeomanry
The Queen's Own Mercian Yeomanry was a cavalry regiment of the Territorial Army, formed in 1971 by the reconstitution of squadrons from the Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry, the Staffordshire Yeomanry and the Shropshire Yeomanry. It amalgamated into the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry in 1992.

Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry
The Queen's Own Warwickshire and Worcestershire Yeomanry (QOWWY) was a regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps, forming part of the Territorial Army (TA). Following reductions in 1969 and 1971 respectively, the regiment was reduced to two and later one company sized sub-unit in 1999. Following a reorganisation in 2021, there are now two successors to the regiment: one squadron in the Royal Yeomanry (Royal Armoured Corps) as light cavalry, and one squadron in the 37th Signal Regiment (Royal Corps of Signals) as a support squadron.
Neutron reflector
A neutron reflector is any material that reflects neutrons. This refers to elastic scattering rather than to a specular reflection. Neutron reflectors include graphite, beryllium, steel, tungsten carbide, and gold. A neutron reflector can make an otherwise subcritical mass of fissile material critical or increase the amount of nuclear fission that a critical or supercritical mass will undergo. Such an effect was exhibited twice in accidents involving the Demon Core, a subcritical plutonium pit that went critical in two separate fatal incidents when the pit's surface was momentarily surrounded by too much neutron reflective material.

Critical mass
In nuclear engineering, critical mass is the minimum mass of the fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a particular setup. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surroundings. It is an important parameter of a nuclear reactor core or nuclear weapon. The concept is important in nuclear weapon design.

Critical size is the minimum size of the fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a particular setup. If the size of the reactor core is less than a certain minimum, too many fission neutrons escape through its surface and the chain reaction is not sustained. A perfect sphere, which has the lowest surface-area-to-volume ratio, gives the minimal critical size.
Newbury (town), Vermont
Newbury is a town in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 2,293 at the 2020 census. Newbury includes the villages of Newbury, Center Newbury, West Newbury, South Newbury, Boltonville, Peach Four Corners, and Wells River.

Wells River, Vermont
Wells River is a village in the town of Newbury in Orange County, Vermont, United States. The population was 431 at the 2020 census. The village center is located at the junction of U.S. Routes 5 and 302.

The village center (the portion near the confluence of the Wells River and the Connecticut River) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as Wells River Village Historic District.  The district covers 84 contributing properties over an area of 390 acres (1.6 km2). It includes examples of Classical Revival, Federal, and Late Victorian styles.
Warner Bros. Games
Warner Bros. Games (formerly Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment) is an American video game publisher based in Burbank, California. The publisher was founded as a division of Warner Bros. on January 14, 2004, as well as the WB Games brand. Warner Bros. Games manages the wholly owned game development studios TT Games, Rocksteady Studios, NetherRealm Studios, WB Games Boston, Avalanche Software and WB Games Montréal among others.

WB Games Montréal
Warner Bros. Games Montréal Inc. is a Canadian video game developer based in Montreal, Canada. It was founded as a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Games in 2010 and is best known for developing Batman: Arkham Origins and Gotham Knights.
Business oligarch
A business oligarch is generally a business magnate who controls sufficient resources to influence national politics. A business leader can be considered an oligarch if some of the following conditions are satisfied:

uses monopolistic tactics to dominate an industry;

possesses sufficient political power to promote their own interests, often exacerbating income inequality and corruption, particularly through policies that benefit the elite at the expense of the majority.

controls multiple businesses, which intensively coordinate their activities.

More generally, an oligarch (from Ancient Greek  ὀλίγος (oligos) 'few' and  ἄρχειν (archein) 'rule') is a "member of an oligarchy; a person who is part of a small group holding power in a state".

Oligarchy
Oligarchy (from Ancient Greek  ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) 'rule by few'; from  ὀλίγος (olígos) 'few' and  ἄρχω (árkhō) 'to rule, command') is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people. Leaders of such regimes are often referred to as oligarchs, and generally are characterized by having titles of nobility or high amounts of wealth.
Earl of Dunmore
Earl of Dunmore is a title in the Peerage of Scotland.

The title Earl of Dunmore was created in 1686 for Lord Charles Murray, son of John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl. The title passed down through generations, with various earls serving in the House of Lords as Scottish Representative Peers and holding other political positions. The 4th Earl was a colonial governor in New York, Virginia, and the Bahamas, while the 5th Earl bought the Estate of Harris in 1834. The 7th Earl served under Benjamin Disraeli and was the Lord Lieutenant of Stirlingshire. The 8th Earl received the Victoria Cross and held political office as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. The barony of Dunmore became extinct after the 9th Earl's death in 1980, but the other titles passed to his distant relatives in Tasmania, Australia. The family seat was located at Amhuinnsuidhe Castle on the Isle of Harris and Dunmore Tower near Falkirk.

Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore
Charles Adolphus Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore VD DL (24 March 1841 – 27 August 1907), styled Viscount Fincastle from birth until 1845, was a Scottish peer, Conservative politician, explorer, author, and artist.
Shire of Burnett
The Shire of Burnett was a local government area located in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia. It surrounded, but did not include, the regional city of Bundaberg, and covered an area of 2,000.8 square kilometres (772.5 sq mi). It existed as a local government entity from its creation through the amalgamation of the Shire of Gooburrum and the Shire of Woongarra in 1994 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Bundaberg and other councils in the region to form the Bundaberg Region.

Shire of Gooburrum
The Shire of Gooburrum was a local government area to the north and west of the regional city of Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia. The shire covered an area of 1,312.6 square kilometres (506.8 sq mi). It was administered from Bundaberg. It existed as a local government entity from 1886 until 1994, when it amalgamated with the Shire of Woongarra to form the Shire of Burnett.
Tymee
Lee Ok-joo (born December 6, 1985), better known by her stage name Tymee (formerly known as E.via and Napper), is a South Korean rapper, songwriter, and pianist. She is currently represented by Outsider's label ASSA Communication and is known for being Korea's fastest female rapper.

Outsider (rapper)
Shin Ok-cheol (Korean: 신옥철; born March 21, 1983), known by his stage name Outsider (아웃사이더), is a South Korean rapper. He is known for his speed-rapping and is able to rap at over 16 syllables per second. After a conflict between Outsider and MC Sniper's label, Sniper Sound, in July 2013, he was also the founder of Blockbuster Records and its successor, ASSA Communication.
Fayetteville Guard
The Fayetteville Guard was a professional indoor football team in the National Indoor Football League (NIFL) and American Indoor Football Association (AIFA). They played home games at the Cumberland County Crown Coliseum from 2005 to 2010.

The Guard were replaced by the Fayetteville Force in the Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL) for the 2011 season. After a 3–0 start to the 2011 SIFL season, the Force collapsed and was eventually sold to the AIFA. The Force did not return in 2012 and were replaced the Cape Fear Heroes expansion team as part of American Indoor Football.

Cape Fear Heroes
The Cape Fear Heroes were a professional indoor football team based in Fayetteville, North Carolina. They last played in the American Arena League in 2019. The Heroes were owned by Barbara Spigner.

They began play in 2012 as an expansion member of American Indoor Football (AIF). The Heroes fared very well in their first three seasons of play, going to back-to-back-to-back AIF Championship Games, going undefeated in 2012. The Heroes finished as runner-up in 2013 and 2014. In 2015, it was announced that the Heroes would be leaving the AIF, and joining the X-League Indoor Football (X-League). In June 2015, the team's season was abruptly ended when they were suspended by the league.

They have won one conference title, in their only season playing in a conference, while finishing with the best regular season record in the AIF for three consecutive seasons. The Heroes played their home games at the Crown Coliseum.
Octopath Traveler
Octopath Traveler is a 2018 role-playing video game developed by Square Enix in collaboration with Acquire. Utilizing an "HD-2D" visual style, the game follows the stories of eight playable characters as they venture through the fantasy world of Orsterra.

The game was released for the Nintendo Switch in July 2018, for Windows in June 2019, for Stadia in April 2020, for Xbox One in March 2021, and for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 in June 2024. It received generally favorable reviews, with praise for its presentation, music, and battle system, while its story received more mixed responses. The game had sold over 3 million copies worldwide by September 2022.

A prequel, Octopath Traveler: Champions of the Continent, launched for Android and iOS in 2020 in Japan, followed by a worldwide release in 2022. A sequel, Octopath Traveler II, was released in 2023. Octopath Traveler 0, a console adaptation of Champions of the Continent, was released December 4, 2025.

Octopath Traveler: Champions of the Continent
Octopath Traveler: Champions of the Continent is a free-to-play role-playing video game developed by Acquire and published by Square Enix. The game, which serves as a prequel to the original Octopath Traveler, was released in October 2020 in Japan for Android and iOS, in the West in July 2022 and in December 2023 in Southeast Asia, which later became the global version after Square Enix transferred the global publishing rights to that version's publisher, Netease Games, in January 2025.

The game's story and mechanics were used as a foundation for Octopath Traveler 0, a console game that modified Champions of the Continent's presentation and structure to remove its gacha game systems. The game released on December 4, 2025 for Nintendo Switch, Nintendo Switch 2, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows and Xbox Series X/S.
Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA; Principal Investigator Aaron Parsons) is a radio telescope dedicated to observing large scale structure during and prior to the epoch of reionization. HERA is a Square Kilometre Array (SKA) precursor instrument, intended to observe the early universe and to assist in the design of the full SKA. Along with MeerKAT, also in South Africa, and two radio telescopes in Western Australia, the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) and the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), the HERA is one of four precursors to the final SKA. It is located in the Meerkat National Park.

Murchison Widefield Array
The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a joint project between an international consortium of organisations to construct and operate a low-frequency radio array. "Widefield" refers to its very large field of view (on the order of 30 degrees across). Operating in the frequency range 70–300 MHz, the main scientific goals of the MWA are to detect neutral atomic hydrogen emission from the cosmological Epoch of Reionization (EoR), to study the Sun, the heliosphere, the Earth's ionosphere, and radio transient phenomena, as well as map the extragalactic radio sky. It is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO).

Along with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), also at the MRO, and two radio telescopes in South Africa, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and MeerKAT, the MWA is one of four precursors to the international project known as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
Lithuanian Civil War (1697–1702)
The Lithuanian Civil War of 1697–1702 refers to the conflict between the powerful Sapieha family, which dominated the internal affairs of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the anti-Sapieha coalition, so-called Republicans or Confederates. The latter were composed of opposing noble families (Radziwiłł, Wiśniowiecki, Pac and Ogiński) that disliked Sapieha family's hegemony in the country. The szlachta was mostly on the side of the Republicans as they were angry at Sapieha's abuse and the taxes imposed on them to finance the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army, which was mostly loyal to the Sapiehas.

Sapieha
The House of Sapieha is a Polish–Lithuanian noble and magnate family of Ruthenian origin, descending from the medieval boyars of Smolensk and Polotsk. The family acquired great influence and wealth in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 16th century.
Docat
Docat is a catechism for youth of Catholic social doctrine, released in 2016. It is a follow-up and companion volume to Youcat.

Docat is a popular adaptation of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church. It draws on Scripture, Youcat, the Catechism and the Compendium of Catholic Social Teaching, and features a foreword by Pope Francis. It was officially released at World Youth Day 2016 in Kraków, Poland. Docat is written with help from church and business leaders, social activists and young people. It shows Catholics how to apply Gospel values to poverty, imbalance of wealth, employment and unemployment, the use of natural resources and environmental concerns, terrorism, immigration and abortion, among other topics. As part of the release, a DOCAT app has been made available. The app helps readers to start groups, participate in discussions, and do acts of justice.

Youcat
Youcat, short for Youth Catechism of the Catholic Church, also styled as YOUCAT, is a 2011 publication that aims to be an aid for youth to better understand the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The book, presented in the form of questions and answers, is intended for use by Catholic youths around the world and is available in 25 languages, including Arabic and Chinese. Youcat is based on the Catechism of the Catholic Church and the Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (2005). The catechism has 304 pages and consists of four chapters with 527 questions and answers.

The guide, whose foreword was written by Pope Benedict XVI, was authored by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn and others. Approximately 700,000 copies of Youcat were distributed in thirteen different languages on behalf of the Pope during World Youth Day 2011 in Madrid.

YouCat books are published and distributed by the YouCat foundation, a subsidiary of Aid to the Church in Need foundation.
Cyrus Vance Jr.
Cyrus Roberts Vance Jr. (born June 14, 1954) is an American attorney and retired politician who served as the District Attorney of New York County, New York. He was previously a principal partner at the law firm of Morvillo, Abramowitz, Grand, Iason, Anello, & Bohrer, P.C. He is the son of Cyrus Vance, former Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter. Vance did not seek reelection as District Attorney in the 2021 election, and was succeeded by Alvin Bragg. He is currently a partner at Baker McKenzie.

Alvin Bragg
Alvin Leonard Bragg Jr. (born October 21, 1973) is an American politician and lawyer who serves as the New York County District Attorney, covering Manhattan. In 2021, he became the first African American elected to that office. Bragg had previously served as Chief Deputy Attorney General of New York and as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of New York. In 2024, he became the first and only district attorney to secure a conviction of a former United States president.
Machine head
A machine head (also referred to as a tuning machine, tuner, or gear head) is a geared apparatus for tuning stringed musical instruments by adjusting string tension. Machine heads are used on mandolins, guitars, double basses, and others, and are usually located on the instrument's headstock. Other names for guitar tuners include pegs, gears, machines, cranks, knobs, tensioners, and tighteners.

Non-geared tuning devices as used on violins, violas, cellos, lutes, older Flamenco guitars, and ukuleles are known as friction pegs, which hold the string to tension by way of friction caused by their tapered shape and the string pull created by the tight string.

Headstock
A headstock or peghead is part of a guitar or similar stringed instruments such as a lute, mandolin, banjo, ukulele and others of the lute lineage. The main function of a headstock is to house the tuning pegs or other mechanism that holds the strings at the "head" of the instrument; it corresponds to a pegbox in the violin family. At the "tail" of the instrument the strings are usually held by a tailpiece or bridge. Machine heads on the headstock are commonly used to tune the instrument by adjusting the tension of strings and, consequently, the pitch of sound they produce.
Massachusetts Route 225
Route 225 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The highway runs 31.100 miles (50.051 km) from Route 2A in Lunenburg in northeastern Worcester County east to Route 2 in Lexington. Route 225 serves the western Middlesex County towns of Shirley, Groton, Westford, and Carlisle. The highway also passes through Bedford along its concurrency with Route 4, which ends at the same junction with Route 2.

Massachusetts Route 4
Route 4 is an 18.26-mile-long (29.39 km) state highway in northeastern Massachusetts. It runs south to north, serving many of Boston's western and northwestern suburbs, from an interchange with Route 2 in Lexington northwest to an intersection with Route 3A in North Chelmsford.  Much of it, north of Lexington, runs parallel to U.S. Route 3 (the Northwest Expressway).  The entire route is contained within Middlesex County.
564th Air Defense Group
The 564th Air Defense Group  is a disbanded United States Air Force organization.  Its last assignment was with the 4707th Air Defense Wing, at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, where it was inactivated in 1955.  The group was originally activated as the 564th Air Service Group, a support unit for a combat group at the end of World War II but never deployed before it was inactivated in 1945.

The group was activated once again in 1952 as the 564th Air Base Group to replace the support elements of the inactivating 33d Fighter-Interceptor Wing.  A year later Air Defense Command (ADC) established it as an operational headquarters for fighter-interceptor squadrons as well.  It was replaced in 1955 when ADC transferred its mission, equipment, and personnel to the 33d Fighter Group in a project that replaced air defense groups commanding fighter squadrons with fighter groups with distinguished records during World War II.

4707th Air Defense Wing
The 4707th Air Defense Wing is a discontinued United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the 26th Air Division of Air Defense Command (ADC) at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts where it was discontinued in 1956.

The wing was established in 1952 at Otis as the 4707th Defense Wing in a general reorganization of ADC, which replaced wings responsible for a base with wings responsible for a geographical area. It assumed control of several fighter Interceptor squadrons that had been assigned to the 33d Fighter-Interceptor Wing. In early 1953 it also was assigned six radar squadrons in New England, some of which were Air National Guard squadrons mobilized for the Korean War and its dispersed fighter squadrons were combined with colocated air base squadrons into air defense groups. The wing was discontinued in 1956 and its units transferred to other ADC commands, primarily the 33d Fighter Wing for units at Otis and the 26th Air Division for units at other locations.
Stadion Spartak (Varna)
Stadion Spartak (Bulgarian: Стадион „Спартак“, English: 'Spartak Stadium') is a multi-purpose stadium in Varna, Bulgaria.

It is currently used mostly for football games and is the home ground of FC Spartak Varna and FC Fratria. The stadium was built in 1962 and opened in 1964, with capacity of 10,000 people. The stadium includes also fan bar-cafe and modern artificial fields. It is located not far from the city center.

On 2 September 2025, Spartak Varna announced they made a deal with Fratria play on Spartak Stadium  and takes full responsibility for the maintenance and condition of the base.

FC Spartak Varna
FC Spartak Varna (Bulgarian: Футболен клуб „Спартак“ Варна) is a Bulgarian association football club based in Varna, which currently competes in the First League, the top level of Bulgarian football league system. Spartak plays its home matches at the local Stadion Spartak.

Founded in 1918, Spartak Varna established itself as one of the early pioneering clubs in Bulgarian football. Spartak won the Bulgarian league in 1932, and was runner up in 1931 and 1933. Spartak has spent the majority of its existence in the first tier of Bulgarian football, with the club’s most recent top flight participation being season 2022–2023.

Spartak's nickname is the "Falcons", and the club has a rivalry with fellow Varna-based club, Cherno More Varna. Matches between the two sides are known as the "Derby of Varna". The two sides even used to share the Yuri Gagarin Stadium before it was demolished.