hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Error of impunity
An error of impunity is a lapse in the justice system that results in criminals either remaining at large or receiving sanctions that are below a socially optimal level. The term is used in Brian Forst's book Errors of Justice and in Robert Bohm's introduction to a special edition of The Journal of Criminal Justice on miscarriages of justice. If convicting an innocent person, called a miscarriage of justice, is a Type I error for falsely identifying culpability (a "false positive"), then an error of impunity would be a Type II error of failing to find a culpable person guilty (a "false negative").

Miscarriage of justice
A miscarriage of justice occurs when an unfair outcome occurs in a criminal or civil proceeding. Examples of miscarriage of justice include conviction of an innocent person, error of impunity, sentencing disparity, and delayed justice.

Innocent people have sometimes ended up in prison for years before their conviction has eventually been overturned. They may be exonerated if new evidence comes to light or it is determined that the police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial. In some jurisdictions this leads to the payment of compensation.

Academic studies have found that the main factors contributing to miscarriages of justice are: eyewitness misidentification; faulty forensic analysis; false confessions by vulnerable suspects; perjury and lies stated by witnesses; misconduct by police, prosecutors or judges; and/or ineffective assistance of counsel (e.g., inadequate defense strategies by the defendant's or respondent's legal team).
Men of Dignity
The Men of Dignity (Arabic: رجال الكرامة, romanized: Rijāl al-Karāma) is a Druze militia operating primarily in the Suwayda Governorate of southern Syria, which was described in 2020 as a third way faction, neither opposed nor aligned with the Assad regime. Nonetheless, it previously allied with the Assad regime in fighting against the Al-Nusra Front. Though the group initially cooperated with the Syrian caretaker government and the Syrian transitional government after the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024, the militia took up arms against it following the July 2025 Southern Syria clashes. In August 2025, the group allied with the Druze-led National Guard.

National Guard (Suwayda)
The National Guard (Arabic: الحرس الوطني, romanized: al-Ḥaras al-Waṭanī) is a Druze paramilitary group and united front based in Sweida Governorate, southern Syria. It was announced on 23 August 2025 as a unified force of multiple local factions to coordinate military and security efforts in the governorate.
Ibity ground gecko
The Ibity ground gecko (Paroedura ibityensis) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. Though initially described in 1998 as a subspecies of the Mocquard's Madagascar ground gecko, it has been recognized as a distinct species within the species complex since 2008. It is endemic to Ibity and Itremo in the Central Highlands of Madagascar, and is named after Mount Ibity where it was first discovered.

This species reaches a snout–vent length of just over 6 cm and has enlarged keeled scales. While not currently deemed an endangered species, it has a limited and specialized habitat which could be easily impacted the climate change in the future.

Mocquard's Madagascar ground gecko
Mocquard's Madagascar ground gecko (Paroedura bastardi) is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is a moderately-sized reptile reaching just over 7 cm (2.8 in) in snout–vent length. The species is endemic to southeastern Madagascar, where it can be found on the ground or climbing tree trunks.

Although it was formerly thought to be a widespread species throughout much of west and south Madagascar, morphological and genetic analyses have found that this was due to misclassification, and that this definition of the species is actually a species complex comprising several cryptic species. Today, it is known that P. bastardi in the strict sense is actually restricted to the extreme southeast of the country.
Brighouse Rangers RFC
Brighouse Rangers was a rugby league club in Brighouse, West Yorkshire, England.

The club was involved in the meeting at the George Hotel, Huddersfield in 1895, and after the schism became founder members of the Northern Rugby Football Union (now Rugby Football League), playing for eleven seasons from 1895–96 to 1905–06.

After a break, a new club, also called Brighouse Rangers, appeared in 1915 and played in the Emergency War Leagues in 1915–16, 1916–17, 1917–18 and 1918–19.

Brighouse Rangers (1915)
Brighouse Rangers was a (semi) professional rugby league club. This club was based in Brighouse, a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England.

The club played in the Wartime Emergency Leagues from 1915–16 to 1918–19 (January) but not the "Victory" League.
Magkano ang Iyong Dangal?
Magkano ang Iyong Dangal? (lit. 'How Much Is Your Dignity?') is a 1988 Filipino romantic drama film directed by Laurice Guillen and starring Christopher de Leon, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Joel Torre, Jestoni Alarcon, Princess Punzalan, and Michael Locsin. Adapted from the "komik" of the same name by Gilda Olvidado, the film is about the adulteries committed by married couple Paolo and Era, played by de Leon and Padilla respectively. It was released on December 25, 1988, as part of the 14th Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF).

Magkano ang Iyong Dangal? won five MMFF awards, for Second Best Picture, Best Director (Guillen), Best Music (Willy Cruz), Best Cinematography (Romeo Vitug), and Best Editing (Ike Jarlego Jr.). Though de Leon's performance in the film was praised by many, including critic Lav Diaz, he lost the award for Best Actor to Baldo Marro in Patrolman.

Patrolman (film)
Patrolman is a 1988 Filipino action film directed by Cesar SB. Abella and starring stuntman Baldo Marro as the titular patrolman. It also stars Melissa Mendez, Sunshine, Raoul Aragonn, Dick Israel, Zandro Zamora, Arwin Rogelio, and Odette Khan. Based on a true story, the film is about a dedicated and honest policeman who becomes a target of the New People's Army's Sparrow Unit. The film was produced by El Niño Films and released on December 25, 1988, as part of the 14th Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF).

Patrolman won three MMFF awards, for Best Picture, Best Actor (Marro), and Best Supporting Actor (Israel). Marro's win for Best Actor is considered an upset by many, as Christopher de Leon was more critically favored for his performance in Magkano ang Iyong Dangal?. Critic Lav Diaz gave a negative review for the film, criticizing its excessive moralizing and unclear reason as to why the enemies would target the titular character.
Nanji Kalidas Mehta
Nanji Kalidas Mehta, Raj Ratna, MBE (17 November 1887 – 25 August 1969) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist from Gujarat. He founded the Mehta Group in British East Africa, with its head office in India. Known as Sheth Nanjibhai. His son Mahendra Mehta, daughter in-law Sunayana Mehta and grandson Jay Mehta now own the Mehta Group.

Jay Mehta
Jay Mehta (born 18 January 1961) is an Indian businessman. He is the son of Mahendra Mehta and Sunayana Mehta and grandson of Nanji Kalidas Mehta, who own the Mehta Group which is spread over Africa, India, Canada and United States. He is the cousin of late Kenyan race car driver, Shekhar Mehta. He is married to actress Juhi Chawla.
André plane
In mathematics, André planes are a class of finite translation planes found by André. The Desarguesian plane and the Hall planes are examples of André planes; the two-dimensional regular nearfield planes are also André planes.

Hall plane
In mathematics, a Hall plane is a non-Desarguesian projective plane constructed by Marshall Hall Jr. (1943). There are examples of order p2n for every prime p and every positive integer n provided p2n > 4.
Streaky Bay, South Australia
Streaky Bay (formerly Flinders) is a coastal town on the western side of the Eyre Peninsula, in South Australia just off the Flinders Highway, 303 km (188 mi) north-west of Port Lincoln and 727 km (452 mi) by road from Adelaide. At the 2021 census, Streaky Bay recorded a population of 1,436.

The town of Streaky Bay is the major population centre of the District Council of Streaky Bay, and the centre of an agricultural district farming cereal crops and sheep, as well as having established fishing and tourism industries.

Port Lincoln
Port Lincoln is a city on the Lower Eyre Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia. Known as Galinyala by the Barngarla people who hold native title rights, it is situated on the shore of Boston Bay, which opens eastward into Spencer Gulf. It is the largest city in the West Coast region, and is located approximately 280 km (170 mi) from the state's capital city of Adelaide (646 km (401 mi) by road).

In June 2019 Port Lincoln had an estimated population of 26,418, having grown at an average annual rate of 0.55% year-on-year over the preceding five years. The city claims to be Australia's "Seafood Capital".
South Perth, Western Australia
South Perth is an inner suburb of Perth, the capital of the Australian state of Western Australia. Its local government area is the City of South Perth.

South Perth is separated from the Perth central business district (CBD) by Perth Water, a section of the Swan River. It is connected to the CBD via the Narrows Bridge which carries the Kwinana Freeway and Mandurah railway line. Public ferries are also operated by Transperth between the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth and Elizabeth Quay Jetty in the CBD.

South Perth is primarily residential, with commercial areas along major thoroughfares such as Canning Highway, Mill Point Road and Angelo Street. It has extensive river frontage, including the South Perth Esplanade and Sir James Mitchell Park, with high-density areas around Mill Point and Point Belches facing the Perth skyline. The suburb also includes the Perth Zoo and Royal Perth Golf Club.

Perth Zoo
Perth Zoo is a 17-hectare (41-acre) zoological park in South Perth, Western Australia.  The zoo first opened in 1898, and by 2011 housed 1258 animals of 164 species and an extensive botanical collection.
It is a full institutional member of the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA) and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
Electric Love Hogs
Electric Love Hogs were a short-lived American funk rock band formed in San Diego, California, in 1991. The band's lineup consisted of John Feldmann (vocals, guitar), Dave Kushner (guitar), Donny Campion (guitar), Kelly LeMieux (bass) and Bobby Hewitt (drums, percussion). They released one self-titled album in 1992, followed by a tour of the United States and United Kingdom, before they disbanded the following year.

Orgy (band)
Orgy is an American rock band formed in 1997, from Los Angeles, California. The band is best known for their cover version of the New Order song "Blue Monday", and their original song "Stitches", both from their 1998 album Candyass. In 2000, they released their second album, Vapor Transmission, with "Fiction (Dreams in Digital)", "Opticon", and "Eva" as singles.
Raj Bhavsar
Stephen Raj Bhavsar (born September 7, 1980) is an American artistic gymnast. He was a member of the United States men's national artistic gymnastics team and competed at the 2001 and 2003 World Championships U.S. team. He earned a bronze medal as a member of the 2008 U.S. Olympic Team. He was originally an alternate but was named to the team following the injury withdrawal of Paul Hamm. At the Games, Bhavsar earned a bronze medal with the U.S. team in Artistic Gymnastics with teammates Alexander Artemev, Joey Hagerty, Jonathan Horton, Justin Spring, and Kai Wen Tan. He was a contender for the 2004 Olympic Team and was named as an alternate.

Paul Hamm
Paul Elbert Hamm (born September 24, 1982) is a retired American artistic gymnast and member of the United States men's national artistic gymnastics team. He is the 2004 Olympic all-around champion, a three-time Olympic medalist, and the 2003 World all-around champion. Hamm is the most decorated U.S. male gymnast in history, one of only two American gymnasts (along with Simone Biles) to win the all-around title at both the Olympics and the World Championships, and the only male American gymnast to do so.
Free Libyan Air Force
The Free Libyan Air Force (Arabic: القوات الجوية الليبية الحرة) was the air force of the National Transitional Council during the First Libyan Civil War. It was established by and was a collection of Libyan Air Force defectors with captured aircraft that aligned themselves with the anti-Gaddafi forces in the civil war.

Anti-Gaddafi forces
The Anti-Gaddafi forces, also known as the Libyan opposition or Libyan rebels, were NATO/Qatari-backed Libyan groups that opposed and militarily defeated the government of Muammar Gaddafi during the First Libyan Civil War in 2011, killing him in the process. The Anti-Gaddafi forces were represented by the National Transitional Council and their National Liberation Army, which claimed to be the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state". These opposition forces included organized and armed militia groups, participants in the Libyan Civil War, Libyan diplomats who switched their allegiance from the Gaddafi-led government, and Libyan military units that switched sides to support the protesters.
KCNQ5
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNQ5 gene.

This gene is a member of the KCNQ potassium channel gene family that is differentially expressed in subregions of the brain and in skeletal muscle. The protein encoded by this gene yields currents that activate slowly with depolarization and can form heteromeric channels with the protein encoded by the KCNQ3 gene. Currents expressed from this protein have voltage dependences and inhibitor sensitivities in common with M-currents. They are also inhibited by M1 muscarinic receptor activation. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of only one has been determined.

KvLQT3
Kv7.3 (KvLQT3) is a potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ3.

It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy and autism.

The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability. The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and one of two related proteins encoded by the KCNQ2 and KCNQ5 genes, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 2 (BFNC2), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 2 (EBN2).
Central Party School
The Central Party School, officially the Party School of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is a higher education institution that trains Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres. It is located in Haidian, Beijing, close to Summer Palace and Old Summer Palace.

The current president is Chen Xi, a former member of the CCP Politburo.

President of the Central Party School
The President of the Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party is the head of the Central Party School. The President of the Central Party School also leads the three training centers for Party cadres; the China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong, the China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an, and the China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan.
Eugenia Butler
Eugenia Louise Butler (née Jefferson; 1922 – December 21, 2001) was an American art dealer and collector. In 1963, she became the American representative of Galleria Del Deposito, which featured work by European artists who made functional art objects, such as trays or jewels. She co-directed the Los Angeles Gallery 669 with founder Riko Mizuno from 1967. Butler ran the Eugenia Butler Gallery on La Cienega from 1968 to 1971. Her gallery showed the work of conceptual artists, including John Baldessari, James Lee Byars, Douglas Huebler, and her daughter, Eugenia P. Butler.

Riko Mizuno
Riko Mizuno (born 1932) is a gallerist, art dealer, and artist. Born in Tokyo, Japan, she moved to Los Angeles in the 1950s to study ceramics at Chouinard Art Institute. Between 1966 and 1984, Mizuno operated galleries at three locations in Los Angeles.

Artist Vija Celmins characterized Mizuno's contribution to the art world in a 1993 interview with Susan Morgan of the Los Angeles Times: "Riko Mizuno was very important to artists in Los Angeles. She created an incredibly nurturing atmosphere. We would sit around her kitchen, drinking sake, eating her delicious food, and always talking, talking."
Boogiepop Phantom
Boogiepop Phantom (Japanese: ブギーポップは笑わない Boogiepop Phantom, Hepburn: Bugīpoppu wa Warawanai; lit. "Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh") is a Japanese anime television series animated by Madhouse, based on the Boogiepop light novel series by Kouhei Kadono. The series is directed by Takashi Watanabe, from a screenplay by Sadayuki Murai, with original character designs by the light novel's illustrator Kouji Ogata, and sound direction by Yota Tsuruoka. Chronologically, the story follows immediately after the events of the series's first volume, Boogiepop and Others, while also making references to the prequel sixth volume, Boogiepop at Dawn.

Boogiepop and Others
Boogiepop and Others (Japanese: ブギーポップは笑わない, Hepburn: Bugīpoppu wa Warawanai) is a Japanese light novel written by Kouhei Kadono and illustrated by Kouji Ogata. The first in the Boogiepop series, it was released in 1998 by MediaWorks and won the fourth Dengeki Game Novel Contest. A manga adaptation by Kouji Ogata began serialization in 1999. It is licensed in English by Seven Seas Entertainment under the title Boogiepop Doesn't Laugh.

The story takes place in an unnamed Japanese city, and follows five students at Shinyo Academy as they try to piece together the puzzle of a new drug and recent disappearances among the student populace. While the teachers believe them to only be runaways, the female students whisper among themselves about the urban legend Boogiepop, who is said to be a shinigami.
Kevin Godley
Kevin Michael Godley (born 7 October 1945) is an English singer-songwriter, drummer and music video director. He was a singer and drummer of the art rock band 10cc and later was part of collaboration duo Godley & Creme with Lol Creme.

Lol Creme
Laurence Neil "Lol" Creme (/ˈkriːm/ KREEM; born 19 September 1947) is an English musician and music video director, best known for his work in 10cc. He was later one half of the duo Godley & Creme, with 10cc drummer Kevin Godley. Creme has collaborated with Trevor Horn's Band. He sings and plays guitar, bass and keyboards.
Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk
Major-General Miles Francis Stapleton Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk (21 July 1915 – 24 June 2002), known between 1971 and 1972 as the Lord Beaumont and until 1975 as the Lord Beaumont and Howard of Glossop, was a British Army general and peer. He was the eldest son of Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Glossop, and his wife Mona Fitzalan-Howard, 11th Baroness Beaumont.

Besides inheriting the lordships from his father and mother, in 1975, he inherited the Dukedom of Norfolk from his second cousin once removed, making him the premier duke in the Peerage of England.

Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Norfolk is a title in the Peerage of England. The premier non-royal peer, the Duke of Norfolk is additionally the premier duke and earl in the English peerage. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex, although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes have historically been Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England.

All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I. The son of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, was Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey; the earl was descended from Edward III. As all subsequent dukes after Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk are descendants of the Earl of Surrey, this means they are also descended from Edward III.
New Mexico State Road 14
New Mexico State Road 14 (NM 14) is an approximately 54-mile-long (87 km) state road located in northern New Mexico. The highway connects Albuquerque to Santa Fe and comprises most of the Turquoise Trail, a National Scenic Byway which also includes NM 536 (Sandia Crest Scenic Byway).

New Mexico State Road 536
State Road 536 (NM 536) is a 13.392 mi (21.552 km) long state highway in the US state of New Mexico. NM 536's western terminus is a dead end at Sandia Crest and the eastern terminus is in San Antonito, at NM 14.
Nora Sun
Nora Sun (Chinese: 孫穗芬; August 6, 1937 – January 29, 2011) was a Chinese-American diplomat, businesswoman, and daughter of Sun Fo with Shanghai property developer Rosa Lam/Lan Yi, and granddaughter of Republic of China founder Sun Yat-sen.  She was the founder of the Hong Kong–based Nora Sun Associates and a longtime resident of Shanghai, San Francisco, and Hong Kong.  Chinese-American entrepreneur Yue-Sai Kan called Sun a "Sino-US trade matchmaker".

Sun Fo
Sun Fo (Chinese: 孫科; pinyin: Sūn Kē; Jyutping: Syun1 Fo1; 21 October 1891 – 13 September 1973), courtesy name Zhesheng (哲生), was a Chinese politician and high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. He was the son of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China, and his first wife Lu Muzhen. He was considered the leader of the liberal wing of the Kuomintang.
Hiroyuki Nishimura
Hiroyuki Nishimura (西村 博之, Nishimura Hiroyuki; born 16 November 1976) is a Japanese internet entrepreneur. He founded the message board 2channel, and is an administrator of 4chan. He is also a self-help author and TV personality.: PT38  He is often known by his given name, hiroyuki (ひろゆき), which he uses, rendered intentionally in lowercase, both as a pen name and as a username.

Until February 2013, he was a director of, and advisor to, Niwango, operator of the video-sharing service niconico.

Christopher Poole, the founder of 4chan, formally announced on 21 September 2015, that he had sold the website to Nishimura. After a dispute with 2channel's hosting provider, Nishimura no longer administrates 2channel, but instead operates a competitor to it, 2ch.sc.

Christopher Poole
Christopher Poole (born 1987 or 1988), also known online as moot, is an American Internet entrepreneur and developer. He founded the anonymous English-language imageboard 4chan in October 2003 when he was a teenager and served as the site's head administrator until January 2015. He also founded the online community Canvas Networks, active from 2011 to 2014. Poole was hired by Google in 2016 to work on Google+ and serve as a product manager. He left the company in 2021.
Blackfen
Blackfen is an area of South East London, England, within the London Borough of Bexley. It is located north of Sidcup and south of Welling. Prior to the creation of Greater London in 1965 it was in the historic county of Kent.

"Blackfen" means a black, marshy area. The soil is dark and fertile and the area around Blackfen Road and Wellington Avenue is prone to flooding in extreme conditions. The housing stock is almost exclusively owner-occupied houses of conventional British design. The sale of the Danson Estate in 1922 marked the beginning of a major period of house building in the area and most of the houses date from the 1930s.

At the junction of Blackfen Road and Westwood Lane, is the George Staples (formerly known as The Woodman). The original Woodman pub dates from 1845; the present building was completed in 1931.

Welling
Welling is a town in South East London, England, in the London Borough of Bexley, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Bexleyheath, 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of Woolwich and 10.5 miles (16.9 km) of Charing Cross. It was part of Kent prior to the creation of Greater London in 1965.