hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indexed language
Indexed languages are a class of formal languages discovered by Alfred Aho; they are described by indexed grammars and can be recognized by nested stack automata.

Indexed languages are a proper subset of context-sensitive languages. They qualify as an abstract family of languages (furthermore a full AFL) and hence satisfy many closure properties. However, they are not closed under intersection or complement.

The class of indexed languages has practical importance in natural language processing as a computationally affordable generalization of context-free languages, since indexed grammars can describe many of the nonlocal constraints occurring in natural languages.

Gerald Gazdar (1988)  and Vijayashanker (1987) introduced a mildly context-sensitive language class now known as linear indexed grammars (LIG). Linear indexed grammars have additional restrictions relative to indexed grammars. LIGs are weakly equivalent (generate the same language class) as tree adjoining grammars.

Nested stack automaton
In automata theory, a nested stack automaton is a finite automaton that can make use of a stack containing data that can be additional stacks.  
Like a stack automaton, a nested stack automaton may step up or down in the stack, and read the current symbol; in addition, it may at any place create a new stack, operate on that one, eventually destroy it, and continue operating on the old stack. This way, stacks can be nested recursively to an arbitrary depth; however, the automaton always operates on the innermost stack only.

A nested stack automaton is capable of recognizing an indexed language, and in fact the class of indexed languages is exactly the class of languages accepted by one-way nondeterministic nested stack automata.

Nested stack automata should not be confused with embedded pushdown automata, which have less computational power.
Clann Zú
Clann Zú were an Australian-Irish band that formed in late 1999 in Melbourne. By early 2002 they had relocated to Dublin. The group issued two albums, Rua (2002) and Black Coats & Bandages (June 2004), before disbanding in May 2005.

Rua (Clann Zú album)
Rua is the first full-length album by Irish-Australian band Clann Zú. The album contains themes of resistance and desperation. The songs are sung mainly in English, though there is some use of Irish. The production gives the songs a heavily layered sound, with prominent use of violin tracks and Declan de Barra's emotive voice.

There is a video for the track "Five Thousand More" on the CD.
Sonechka
Sonechka is a novella and collection of short stories by Russian writer Lyudmila Ulitskaya. It was originally published in Russian in the literary journal Novy Mir in 1992, and translated into English by Arch Tait in 2005. Sonechka was nominated for the Russian Booker Prize.

Lyudmila Ulitskaya
Lyudmila Evgenyevna Ulitskaya (Russian: Людмила Евгеньевна Улицкая, born February 21, 1943) is an internationally acclaimed modern Russian novelist and short-story writer who, in 2014, was awarded the prestigious Austrian State Prize for European Literature for her oeuvre. In 2006 she published Daniel Stein, Interpreter (Даниэль Штайн, переводчик), a novel dealing with the Holocaust and the need for reconciliation between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. She won the 2012 Park Kyong-ni Prize.
McKellar Park (Canberra)
McKellar Park, formerly known as Belconnen Soccer Centre and McKellar Soccer Centre, is an association football stadium in the Canberra suburb of McKellar, in Australia.  The playing surface is rectangular in shape and is used almost exclusively for association football matches. The venue is the home ground of National Premier Leagues Capital Football club Belconnen United FC and A-League Women club Canberra United FC.

Belconnen United FC
Belconnen United Football Club (formerly Belconnen Blue Devils) is an Australian semi-professional association football club based in the northern Canberra region of Belconnen, ACT. The Men's and Women's First Grade team currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Capital Football.
Büyük Mecmua
Büyük Mecmua (Ottoman Turkish: بیوك مجموعه, 'Great periodical') was a magazine that was briefly published in the Ottoman Empire during the Independence War between 1919 and 1920. It is one of the many publications that were launched and edited by the Turkish journalist couple Sabiha and Zekeriya Sertel.

Zekeriya Sertel
Zekeriya Sertel, also known as Mehmet Zekeriya Sertel, (1890–1980) was a Turkish journalist. He is the first director of state press department and founder and editor of various periodicals. From 1950 to 1980 Sertel lived in exile.
Naiyo Lagda
"Naiyo Lagda" is an Indian Hindi-language song, composed by Himesh Reshammiya, with lyrics written by Shabbir Ahmed and sung by Kamaal Khan and Palak Muchhal for the soundtrack album of the 2023 Indian film Kisi Ka Bhai Kisi Ki Jaan. It was released on 12 February 2023, coinciding Valentine's Day as the first single from the album, through Zee Music Company.

Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. The track "Naiyo Lagda" created the record for reaching 40 million views, within 24 hours of its release. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

Palak Muchhal
Palak Muchhal (born 30 March 1992)  is an Indian playback singer and lyricist. 
Muchhal performs as a playback singer across Hindi films and other Indian film industries. She has rendered her voice in Hindi films such as Ek Tha Tiger (2012), Aashiqui 2 (2013), Kick (2014) and Action Jackson (2014) Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015) M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016) Kaabil (2017), Baaghi 2 (2018) and Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas (2019). Her rendition of the song "Kaun Tujhe" from the film"M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story has earned her much praise from fans as well as prominent personalities in the music industry. On 6 November 2022, she married music composer Mithoon, with whom she had earlier worked on the soundtrack of Aashiqui 2. Alongside her brother Palash Muchhal, she has also done philanthropic work by raising funds through her stage shows for children who need financial assistance for treatment of heart diseases.
Common goldfish
The common goldfish is a breed of goldfish and a family of Cyprinidae in the order cypriniformes. Goldfish are descendants of wild carp from East Asia. Most varieties of fancy goldfish were derived from this simple breed.  Common goldfish come in a variety of colors including red, orange, red/white, white/black, yellow/white, blue, grey/brown, olive green, yellow, white, and black, with the most common variation being orange, hence the name. The brightness, duration, and vividness of the color may be an indication of the fish's health status, but not always, as water conditions and quality of care affect the fish's appearance.

Goldfish
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of the order Cypriniformes. It is commonly kept as a pet in indoor aquariums, and is one of the most popular aquarium fish. Goldfish released into the wild have become an invasive pest in parts of North America and Australia.

Native to China, the goldfish is a relatively small member of the genus Carassius (which also includes the Prussian carp and the crucian carp). It was first selectively bred for color in imperial China more than 1,000 years ago, where several distinct breeds were developed. Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body shape, fin configuration, and coloration. Various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known.
Knoxville Giants
The Knoxville Giants were a Negro league baseball professional team based in Knoxville, Tennessee between 1920 and 1932. The Knoxville Giants were a member of the Negro Southern League from 1920 to 1922 and 1931 to 1932.

Negro Southern League (1920–1936)
The Negro Southern League (NSL) was one of the several Negro baseball leagues created during the time organized baseball was segregated.  The NSL was organized as a minor league in 1920 and lasted until 1936.  It is considered a major league for the 1932 season and it was the only organized league to finish its full schedule that season (primarily due to the Great Depression).  Prior to the season, several established teams joined the NSL, mainly from the collapsed Negro National League.
Expedition 3
Expedition 3 was the third expedition to the International Space Station. Commander Frank L. Culbertson Jr. was the only American crew member, and as such the only American not on Earth during the 9/11 attacks, which the crew photographed and videoed from the ISS.

Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
Frank Lee Culbertson Jr. (born May 15, 1949) (Capt, USN, Ret.) is an American former naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, NASA astronaut, graduate of the US Naval Academy, and member of the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame. He served as the commander of the International Space Station for almost four months in 2001 and was the only U.S. citizen not on Earth when the September 11 attacks occurred.
Naked Samoans
The Naked Samoans is a New Zealand comedy group made up of Polynesian entertainers, most of whom are Samoan. The group performs social humour and satire that attracts a broad audience, especially among white New Zealanders, without sacrificing the group's Pacific Island identity. The group has gained success in both television and film projects as well as in theatre, which remains their primary base in entertainment. The members of this group are David Fane, Mario Gaoa, Shimpal Lelisi, Oscar Kightley, Robbie Magasiva and Iaheto Ah Hi.

Oscar Kightley
Oscar Vai To'elau Kightley MNZM (born 1969) is a Samoan-New Zealand actor, television presenter, writer, journalist, director, and comedian. He acted in and co-wrote the successful 2006 film Sione's Wedding.
Slit drum
A slit drum, or slit gong, is a hollow percussion instrument, often made out of wood or bamboo. In spite of its often being called a drum, it is not a true drum, because it lacks a drumhead, the membrane (made out of animal skin or plastic) stretched across the top of a true drum. It is classed instead as an idiophone in which the entire instrument vibrates.

Kagul
The kagul is a type of Philippine bamboo scraper gong/slit drum of the Maguindanaon and Visayans with a jagged edge on one side, played with two beaters, one scraping the jagged edge and the other one making a beat. The Maguindanaon and the Banuwaen use it in the rice paddies to guard against voracious birds, using the sound it produces to scare them away. The Maguindanaon and the indigenous inhabitants of Bukidnon also used to use it for simple dance rhythms during social occasions. The rhythms were usually simplistic in nature, consisting of one rhythmic pattern sometimes combined with another. Use of the kagul in the former way is no longer practiced.

Also called tagutok (Maranao), bantula or tagungtung (Bukidnon) and kuratung (Banuwaen).
Lauterbach (Hess) Nord station
Lauterbach (Hess) Nord station is a through station on the Vogelsberg Railway (Vogelsbergbahn) from Gießen to Fulda in the German state of Hesse. Until the closure of the Oberwald Railway (Oberwaldbahn) to Glauburg-Stockheim it was a rail junction.

Alsfeld station
Alsfeld station is in the town of Alsfeld in the German state of Hesse. It is at line-km 60.3 of the Vogelsberg Railway (Vogelsbergbahn) and line-km 0.0 of the Niederaula–Alsfeld railway, which was closed in 1988. The entrance building, which was built in 1914/15 at Bahnhofstraße 14, is a protected monument.
Mwei Thin
Dala Thuddhamaya Mwei Thin (Burmese: ဒလ သုဒ္ဓမာယာ မွေ့သင်, pronounced [dəla̰ θouʔda̰ màjà mwḛ θɪ̀ɴ]; also spelled Tala Thuddhamaya (တလ သုဒ္ဓမာယာ, Pali: Tala Suddhamāyā) was a junior queen consort of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy. She was also the mother of King Binnya Ran I and Queen Regnant Shin Sawbu.

Binnya Ran I
Binnya Ran I (Mon: ပထမ ဗညာရာံ; Burmese: ပထမ ဗညားရံ, Burmese pronunciation: [pətʰəma̰ bəɲá jàɰ̃]; 1393–1446) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1424 to 1446. As crown prince, he ended the Forty Years' War with the rival Ava Kingdom in 1423. He came to the throne after poisoning his brother King Binnya Dhammaraza in 1424. As king, Binnya Ran largely kept his kingdom at peace for much of his 20-year reign when Ava was struggling to keep its territories intact. He pursued an opportunistic policy to keep Ava weak, helping Toungoo's rebellion against Ava between 1437 and 1442 during which he placed his son as the viceroy of Toungoo. When Ava reconquered Toungoo in 1442, he did not resume a large-scale war against Ava.
AMOS (programming language)
AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language for the Amiga computer. Following on from the successful STOS BASIC for the Atari ST, AMOS BASIC was written for the Amiga by François Lionet with Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Europress Software in 1990.

The language was notable for its focus on media and game development capabilities, allowing users to easily create demanding multimedia software and games. It featured full structured code and numerous high-level functions for loading and manipulating images, animations, and sounds. These capabilities made it a popular choice among Amiga enthusiasts, particularly beginners, for creating video games (especially platformers and graphical adventures), multimedia applications, and educational software.

STOS BASIC
STOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language for the Atari ST personal computer. It was designed for creating games, but the set of high-level graphics and sound commands it offers is suitable for developing multimedia software without knowledge of the internals of the Atari ST.

STOS BASIC was developed by Jawx–François Lionet, and Constantin Sotiropoulos–and published by Mandarin Software (now known as Europress Software).
Tangier International Zone
The Tangier International Zone (Arabic: منطقة طنجة الدولية, romanized: Minṭaqat Ṭanja ad-Duwaliyya; French: Zone internationale de Tanger; Spanish: Zona Internacional de Tánger) was a 382 km2 (147 sq mi) international zone centered on the city of Tangier, Morocco, which existed from 1925 until its reintegration into independent Morocco in 1956, with interruption during the Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945), and special economic status extended until early 1960. Surrounded on the land side by the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, it was governed under a unique and complex system that involved several European nations, the United States (mainly after 1945), and the Sultan of Morocco, himself under a French protectorate. Due to its status as an international zone, Tangier played a crucial role for Moroccan nationalists, who wanted independence, to establish international contacts and recruit allies as well as organising gatherings and events.

Dar Niaba
Dar Niaba (lit. 'home of the Naib') refers both literally and metaphorically to the office of the Naib (Arabic: نائب "deputy", plural Nawab) or representative of the Sultan of Morocco to the foreign communities in Tangier, under the Moroccan diplomatic arrangements in place from the 1840s to the Treaty of Fez that ended the country's sovereignty in 1912. The office of the Naib was maintained in a symbolic capacity until the creation in 1925 of the Tangier International Zone, when its last holder Mohammed Tazi became Tangier's Mendoub.

Dar Niaba also refers to a Portuguese-era urban mansion on the central rue Es-Siaghine in the medina of Tangier, one of the city's oldest buildings still standing. The office of the Naib was located there from 1851 until 1920, when it moved to the former German legation building later known as the Mendoubia. After a long period of neglect, it was repurposed as the Dar Niaba Museum, opened in 2022.
Jaysh al-Sunna
Jaysh al-Sunna (Arabic: جيش السنة, lit. 'Army of the Sunnah') was a Homs-based Islamist rebel group that was established as a merger between different rebel groups, some of which originally came from the Free Syrian Army's Farouq Brigades, and was active during the Syrian Civil War. It joined the Army of Conquest on 24 March 2015, and took part in the Second Battle of Idlib. It lost 14 fighters in the battle. The group became part of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in 2018.

Army of Conquest
The Army of Conquest (Arabic: جيش الفتح) or Jaish al-Fatah, abbreviated JaF, was a joint command center of Sunni Islamist Syrian rebel factions participating in the Syrian Civil War.

The alliance was formed in March 2015 under the supervision and coordination of Saudi cleric Abdullah al-Muhaysini. It consisted of Islamist rebel factions mainly active in the Idlib Governorate, with some factions active in the Hama and Latakia Governorates. In the course of the following months, it seized most of Idlib Governorate.

The Institute for the Study of War described the Army of Conquest as an "anti-regime" and "anti-Hezbollah" powerbroker operating in the Idlib, Hama, Daraa and Quneitra Governorates. The Army of Conquest was described by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change as an "al-Qaeda led coalition" which was working towards the ultimate goal of creating an "Islamic state."
Sonia & Selena
Sonia & Selena, also known as Sonia y Selena, was a Spanish Latin pop duo consisting of Sonia Basseda (Madoc) and Selena Leo. They gained success with their album Yo quiero bailar (2001) (Spanish: I want to dance), which featured the title track, "Yo quiero bailar". The duo dissolved in 2002 but reunited in 2011 and then again in 2024.

Yo quiero bailar (album)
Yo Quiero Bailar is a debut album of the Spanish singers Sonia & Selena. This album was a big success. It achieved gold and platinum certification in countries such as Spain, Latin America and Europe and sold over 1,000,000 copies there.
Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters
Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters is the debut studio album by Casseurs Flowters, a French hip hop duo consisting of rappers Orelsan and Gringe. It was released on 15 November 2013 by 7th Magnitude and Wagram Music in France and on 18 November 2013 on iTunes.

Entering the French Albums Chart at number 8 in its first week, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, and has sold more than 100,000 copies in France to date.

Gringe
Guillaume Tranchant (French pronunciation: [ɡijom tʁɑ̃ʃɑ̃]; born 20 February 1980), better known by his stage name Gringe ([ɡʁɛ̃ʒ]), is a French rapper and songwriter. He is one half of the French hip hop duo Casseurs Flowters, along with Orelsan, with whom he has released two studio albums: Orelsan et Gringe sont les Casseurs Flowters in 2013 and the original soundtrack for their 2015 film Comment c'est loin.
Sue Thompson
Sue Thompson (born Eva Sue McKee; July 19, 1925 – September 23, 2021) was an American pop and country music singer. She is best known for the million selling 1961 hits "Sad Movies (Make Me Cry)" and "Norman", "James (Hold The Ladder Steady)" (1962), and "Paper Tiger" (1965).

Norman (song)
"Norman" is a popular song written by John D. Loudermilk. Recorded by Sue Thompson in 1961, the song reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. The next year, Carol Deene released her version of the song in the United Kingdom on His Master's Voice, where it reached No. 24 on the UK Singles Chart. A cover version by British singer Carol Deene (who also had a hit in the UK with her version of Thompson's Sad Movies (Make Me Cry) the previous year) would be a hit in the UK in early 1962.
The Nashville Sound
The Nashville Sound is the sixth studio album by Jason Isbell, and the third credited to "Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit" (the first since Here We Rest in 2011). It was released on June 16, 2017. The album was produced by Dave Cobb, who had produced Isbell's previous two albums: Southeastern (2013) and Something More Than Free (2015). At the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, the album won the award for Best Americana Album, and the song "If We Were Vampires" won the award for Best American Roots Song.

Dave Cobb
Dave Cobb (born July 9, 1974) is an American record producer based in Nashville, Tennessee, best known for producing the work of Chris Stapleton, Brandi Carlile, John Prine, Sturgill Simpson, Jason Isbell, The Highwomen, Take That, Rival Sons, The Oak Ridge Boys, Shooter Jennings, and Zayn Malik.  Cobb contributed to the six million-selling 2018 A Star Is Born soundtrack and produced "Always Remember Us This Way" for Lady Gaga.
Julian Hunte
Sir Julian Robert Hunte, SLC, KCMG, OBE, (born 14 March 1940) was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Saint Lucia from April 2001 to 26 October 2004, when he was succeeded by Petrus Compton.  He is the Permanent Representative (or Ambassador) for Saint Lucia to the United Nations, after presenting his credentials to the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 7 December 2004.

Hunte was the President  of the United Nations General Assembly during its 58th regular session (2003–2004).  He was awarded the Order of the British Empire (OBE), in recognition of service to the Government and people of Saint Lucia, in 1979. The Saint Lucia Cross (SLC) for distinguished and outstanding service. Pope John Paul II conferred the Papal Honor of Knight of the Grand Cross Pian on him in September 2004.

Petrus Compton
Petrus Compton also known by his nickname, "Papo", is a Saint Lucian politician and senator. He was the Foreign Minister of Saint Lucia from October 26, 2004, when he was appointed to succeed Julian Hunte, until December 2006, when a new government took office. Compton was previously the attorney general and minister of justice from July 1997 to October 2004, until he became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Compton is a graduate of the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, where he received a bachelor's degree in English, and the Cave Hill, Barbados, campus where he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree (LLB).  Mr. Compton pursued graduate studies at the University College London which culminated in the award of the Master of Laws degree (LLM).  He was called to the British Bar at Gray's Inn in London.
Acorralados
Acorralados (English: Corralled) is the third Spanish season of The Farm. This season aired on Telecinco after the two first seasons were aired on Antena 3 under the name La Granja, being the actual format its spin-off. The season began on 15 September 2011, taking over from Supervivientes 2011. Magnolia TV España bought the format from Strix. The hosts were Jorge Javier Vázquez, at the central studio in Madrid, and Raquel Sánchez Silva, from the farm. The Farm was located in a 30 inhabitants mountain village named Lodeña, in Asturias.

La Granja (2004 TV series)
La Granja is the local version of the reality show The Farm in Spain. Two seasons of the show were aired on Antena 3, in 2004 and 2005. The format would be brought back by rival channel Telecinco in 2011, under the title Acorralados, and once more by Telecinco in 2022 as Pesadilla en el paraíso.
53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam
The 53rd International Film Festival Rotterdam, is the 2024 edition of the International Film Festival Rotterdam, which began on 25 January 2024. The festival opened with Head South a New Zealand film by Jonathan Ogilvie. The complete line-up of films competing in the festival was revealed on 18 December 2023. The festival closed on 4 February 2024 with La Luna  by M. Raihan Halim.

Rei by Tanaka Toshihiko of Japan won the Tiger Award whereas, Kiss Wagon by Midhun Murali from India and Flathead by Jaydon Martin from Australia won the Special Jury Awards. The VPRO Big Screen Award was awarded to The Old Bachelor by Oktay Baraheni from Iran. Green Border by Agnieszka Holland won the Audience Award.

Rei (film)
Rei is a 2024 Japanese drama film directed by Toshihiko Tanaka. The film had its world premiere in the Tiger Competition section at the 2024 International Film Festival Rotterdam. The film also won the Tiger Award at the 53rd edition of the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The film opened to generally positive reviews from critics while the direction, screenplay and Ikeda Akio's cinematography were praised.