hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
1997 Winter Universiade
The 1997 Winter Universiade, the XVIII Winter Universiade, took place in Muju and Chonju (Jeonju), Jeonbuk province, South Korea. The snow sport events were held in Muju Resort in Muju. The ice events were held in Chonju, the provincial capital about 55 kilometers from Muju Resort.

On 6 July 1993 during the 1993 Summer Universiade in Buffalo, USA, FISU decided that South Korea would host the 1997 Winter Universiade. These were both the first winter multi-sport event and Universiade held in South Korea. The games were the largest sport event in South Korea in the 1990s, along with the 1999 Asian Winter Games.

Muju Resort
Muju Resort (Korean: 무주리조트), officially Muju Deogyusan Resort (무주덕유산리조트) is a ski resort in Muju, South Korea. It is located on the north face of the Seolcheon Peak at an elevation of 1,520 metres (4,990 ft) above sea level on the Deogyu Mountain. Also located in the Deogyu Mountain National Park, it is the only ski resort in South Korea situated in national park.

The resort is one of the largest ski resorts in South Korea. It has the second-highest vertical drop in South Korea after the 2018 Winter Olympic downhill slopes and the highest vertical drop of the commercial resorts.
Merchiston Tower
Merchiston Tower, also known as Merchiston Castle, was probably built by Alexander Napier, the 2nd Laird of Merchiston, around 1454.  It serves as the seat for Clan Napier. It was the home of John Napier, the 8th Laird of Merchiston, and the inventor of logarithms, who was born there in 1550.

The tower stands at the centre of Edinburgh Napier University's Merchiston campus.

Edinburgh Napier University
Edinburgh Napier University (Scottish Gaelic: Oilthigh Napier Dhùn Èideann) is a public university in Edinburgh, Scotland. Napier Technical College, the predecessor of the university, was founded in 1964, taking its name from 16th-century Scottish mathematician and philosopher John Napier. The technical college was inaugurated as a university in 1992 by Lord Douglas-Hamilton, becoming Napier University. In 2009, the university was renamed Edinburgh Napier University.

The university is based around its three main Edinburgh campuses: Merchiston, Craiglockhart, and Sighthill. It has over 21,000 students, including those on-campus in Scotland and others studying transnational programmes abroad and online. In 2018 this included nearly 9,500 international and EU students, from more than 140 nations worldwide.

Sue Rigby replaced Andrea Nolan as Principal and Vice Chancellor in January 2025.
Sơn Tây campaign
The Sơn Tây campaign (11 December 1883 to 17 December 1883) was a campaign fought by the French to capture the strategically important city of Sơn Tây in Tonkin (northern Vietnam) from Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and allied contingents of Vietnamese and Chinese troops.  The campaign was one of several clashes between the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps and the Black Flag Army during the Tonkin campaign (1883–1886), and took place during the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885).

Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
The Tonkin Expeditionary Corps (French: corps expéditionnaire du Tonkin) was a French military command based in northern Vietnam (Tonkin) from June 1883 to April 1886.  The expeditionary corps fought the Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) taking part in campaigns against the Black Flag Army and the Chinese Yunnan and Guangxi Armies during the Sino-French War (August 1884–April 1885) and the period of undeclared hostilities that preceded it (August 1883–June 1884), and in important operations against Vietnamese guerrilla bands during the subsequent 'Pacification of Tonkin' (May 1885–February 1886).
Ernak
Ernak was the last known ruler of the Huns, and the third son of Attila. After Attila's death in AD 453, his Empire crumbled and its remains were ruled by his three sons, Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak. He succeeded his older brother Ellac in AD 454, and probably ruled simultaneously over Huns in dual kingship with his brother Dengizich, but in separate divisions in separate lands.

Priscus, during his stay at Attila's court in AD 448 or 449, recorded a personal occasion between Attila and Ernak. At a banquet Attila looked on him with serene eyes, while taking small account of his other sons. He was Attila's favorite son, because as a certain Hun explained to him, the Hunnic prophets prophesied his genos would fail, but would be restored by this son.

Ernak has often been identified with Irnik from the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans, who is noted as a descendant of the Dulo clan and leader of the Bulgars for 150 years, starting approximately from AD 437.

Dengizich
Dengizich (died in 469), was a Hunnic ruler and son of Attila. After Attila's death in 453 AD, his empire crumbled and its remains were ruled by his three sons, Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak. Dengizich succeeded his older brother Ellac in AD 454, and probably ruled simultaneously over the Huns in dual kingship with his brother Ernak, but separate divisions in separate lands.
Daniel Friberg
Daniel Friberg (born 1978) is a Swedish businessman, publisher, and writer, and a leading figure of the Swedish neo-fascist movement and global alt-right movements. He is the CEO and co-founder (in 2010) of Arktos Media. He co-founded the AltRight Corporation with American white supremacist Richard Spencer in 2017 but severed ties in May 2018. He is a former CEO of the mining company Wiking Mineral.

At the head of an international far-right media, literature, and music empire, Friberg is influenced in particular by the "metapolitical" strategy of the French Nouvelle Droite ("New Right"), defined by Guillaume Faye as the "social diffusion of ideas and cultural values for the sake of provoking profound, long-term, political transformation." Scholar Benjamin R. Teitelbaum has described Arktos Media as the "uncontested global leader in the publication of English-language Nouvelle Droite literature."

Arktos Media
Arktos Media is a publishing company known for publishing authors of the European New Right, as well as translating European far-right literature into English. It has been described by historian Mark Sedgwick as a "radical-right publisher".
Paul Johnson (writer)
Paul Bede Johnson CBE (2 November 1928 – 12 January 2023) was a British journalist, popular historian, speechwriter and author. Although associated with the political left in his early career, he became a popular conservative historian.

Johnson was educated at the Jesuit independent school Stonyhurst College, and at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied history. He first came to prominence in the 1950s as a journalist writing for and later editing the New Statesman magazine. A prolific writer, Johnson wrote more than 50 books and contributed to numerous magazines and newspapers. His sons include the journalist Daniel Johnson, founder of Standpoint magazine, and the businessman Luke Johnson, former chairman of Channel 4.

Daniel Johnson (journalist)
Daniel Benedict Johnson (born 26 August 1957) is a British journalist and author who was the founding editor of Standpoint magazine.
Since 2018, he has been founding editor of the online journalism platform TheArticle, an associate editor of The Critic magazine and commentator for The Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday, and The Daily Telegraph.
Dialectics of Liberation Congress
The congress on the Dialectics of Liberation was an international congress organised in London between 15 and 30 July 1967.  It was organised by R. D. Laing, David Cooper, the American educationalist Joe Berke, and Leon Redler.  The scope of the conference was to "demystify human violence in all its forms, and the social systems from which it emanates, and to explore new forms of action". Significant speakers included Black Power leader Stokely Carmichael, beat poet Allen Ginsberg and humanist Marxist Herbert Marcuse. A short book of the conference was published in 1968 by Penguin Books, and some documentaries were made of the event, including Anatomy of Violence and Ah, Sunflower.

R. D. Laing
Ronald David Laing (7 October 1927 – 23 August 1989), usually cited as R. D. Laing, was a British psychiatrist who wrote extensively on mental illness, particularly psychosis and schizophrenia.

Laing's views on the causes and treatment of psychopathological phenomena were influenced by his study of existential philosophy and ran counter to the chemical and electroshock methods that had become psychiatric orthodoxy. Laing took the expressed feelings of the individual patient or client as valid descriptions of personal experience rather than simply as symptoms of mental illness. Though associated in the public mind with the anti-psychiatry movement, he rejected the label. Laing regarded schizophrenia as the normal psychological adjustment to a dysfunctional social context.

Politically, Laing was regarded as a thinker of the New Left. He has been theatrically portrayed by Mike Maran, Alan Cox, Billy Mack and by David Tennant in the 2017 film Mad to Be Normal.
D405 road
D405 branches off to the southwest from D8 near Jablanac towards Stinica ferry port - ferry access to Mišnjak, island of Rab (D105). The road is 4.8 km long.

This road, like all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, state owned company.

D105 road
D105 is a state road on Rab Island in Croatia connecting the town of Rab to Mišnjak ferry ports, from where Rapska Plovidba ferries fly to the mainland, docking in Jablanac and the D405 state road and to Lopar ferry port from where Jadrolinija ferries fly to Valbiska, Krk and the D104. The road is 22.7 km (14.1 mi) long.

The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.
Rakesh Jhaveri
Rakesh Jhaveri, also known as Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshji, (born 26 September 1966) is a spiritual leader, mystic, scholar of Jainism, author and orator from India. Spiritually inclined from a young age, he is a follower of Shrimad Rajchandra, a Jain spiritual teacher. He completed doctoral studies on Shrimad's work Atmasiddhi. He founded Shrimad Rajchandra Mission, Dharampur which supports spiritual and social activities.

Shrimad Rajchandra
Shrimad Rajchandra (9 November 1867 – 9 April 1901), also known as Param Krupalu Dev, was a Jain poet, mystic, philosopher, scholar, and a major reformer from India. Born in Vavaniya, a village near Morbi, he attained recollection of his past lives at the age of seven. He performed Avadhāna, a memory retention and recollection test that gained him popularity, but he later discouraged it in favour of his spiritual pursuits. He wrote much philosophical poetry including Ātma-Siddhi-Śāśtra. He also wrote many letters and commentaries and translated some religious texts. He is known for his teachings on Jainism and his spiritual guidance to Mahatma Gandhi.
Alsace Grand Cru AOC
Alsace Grand Cru (French pronunciation: [alzas ɡʁɑ̃ kʁy]) is an Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée for wines made in specific parcels of the Alsace wine region of France. The Grand Cru AOC was recognized in 1975 by the INAO with subsequent expansion in 1983, 1992 and 2007.

The wines come from selected sites in the Alsace AOC region, located at altitudes between 200 m and 300 m. To qualify for Grand Cru status, a wine must first meet the Alsace AOC rules and then other strict requirements. For example, the yield of the vineyards has to be 55 hectoliters per hectare or less, the wine has to come from a single named vineyard (called a lieu-dit in Alsace) of Grand Cru status, and the name of the vineyard must be on the label.

As of 2018, 51 lieux-dits are listed as Grand Cru, the latest addition being Kaefferkopf of Ammerschwihr in January 2007.

Alsace wine region
The wine region of Alsace produces wines under three different Appellations d'Origine Contrôlées (AOCs): Alsace AOC for white, rosé and red wines, Alsace Grand Cru AOC for white wines from certain classified vineyards and Crémant d'Alsace AOC for sparkling wines. This region is the only French wine region allowed to label its wines based on variety (i.e., varietal wines).
Rudersdal Municipality
Rudersdal Municipality (Danish: Rudersdal Kommune) is a part suburban, part rural municipality (Danish, kommune) located on the northern outskirts of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 73 km2 and has a population of 57,342 (1 January 2025). The distance from Copenhagen City Hall Square is approximately 20 km. The western part of the municipality is served by the Hillerød radial of the S-train network while the eastern part is served by the Coast Line. Administratively Rudersdal Municipality belongs to Region Hovedstaden.

On 1 January 2007 Rudersdal municipality was created as the result of 2007 Danish Municipal Reform, consisting of the former municipalities of Søllerød and Birkerød.

Its mayor as of 2022 is Ann Sofie Orth. She is a member of the Conservative Party political party. Rudersdal Town Hall (formerly Søllerød Town Hall), completed in 1942, was designed by Arne Jacobsen and Flemming Lassen.

Søllerød Municipality
Until 1 January 2007 Søllerød was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in Copenhagen County on the east coast of the island of Zealand (Sjælland) in eastern Denmark.   The municipality covered an area of 39.77 km2, and had a total population of 31,920 (2006).  Its mayor was Erik Fabrin, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party.
Royal Tongan Marines
The Royal Tongan Marines is the primary light infantry force of the His Majesty's Armed Forces of Tonga, it is headquartered at Taliai Military Camp Fuaʻamotu.

Tonga is an island country in Polynesia, The country is made up of 171 islands of which 45 are inhabited, Tonga was first inhabited about 400 years BC and grew into a regional power. It was a thalassocracy that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, including parts of the Solomon Islands and the whole of New Caledonia and Fiji in the west to Samoa and Niue its military history is of expeditionary warfare from the Sea, up to European discovery in 1616 and the bringing of Christianity to the Tonga Islands

His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)
His Majesty's Armed Forces (HMAF) is the military of Tonga. It is composed of three operational components and two support elements (logistics and training ).

The mission of HMAF is to: "Defend the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Tonga".

The HMAF is partially supported by defence co-operation agreements with Australia, the United States, China, India, New Zealand and Fiji. The co-operation aims at capacity development through training of HMAF personnel in leadership, academic and trades while support for infrastructure development is another part of the security co-operation.

Since 2001, members of HMAF have supported the coalition of the willing in Operation Iraqi Freedom, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, and the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands.
Commercial Driver's License Information System
Mandated by the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act 1986 (CMVSA) and revised in accordance with various other federal laws subsequent to CMVSA, CDLIS helps document the issuance of a Commercial driver's license (CDL) and the withdrawal of a commercial driver by the State Driver Licensing Agencies (SDLAs) of the CDLIS jurisdictions (the 50 U.S. States and the District of Columbia). The purpose of CDLIS is to keep a record of each driver nationwide and help ensure only one driver license and one record for each driver and to enable authorized users nationwide, such as local law enforcement officials, to check whether a driver is withdrawn, through the cooperative exchange of commercial driver information between the CDLIS jurisdictions.

CDLIS has operated in all 51 CDLIS jurisdictions since April 1, 1992. As of February 25, 2013, CDLIS had 14.6 million driver records, growing at an average rate of nearly 40,000 new records per month.

Commercial driver's license
A commercial driver's license (CDL) is a driver's license required under 49 CFR Parts 300-399 in the United States to operate large and heavy vehicles (including trucks, buses, and trailers) or a vehicle of any size that transports hazardous materials or more than 16 passengers (driver included).
Chap Petersen
John Chapman "Chap" Petersen (born March 27, 1968) is an American politician. A Democrat, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates 2002–06, was elected to the Virginia State Senate in November 2007, and was reelected in 2011. He represented the state's 34th district, made up of the city of Fairfax and large parts of Fairfax County. In June 2023, Petersen lost the Democratic primary for District 37 to Saddam Azlan Salim. Salim won the general election, and assumed office on January 10, 2024.

Petersen was regarded in office as a political moderate, and broke with his party on several issues.

Saddam Azlan Salim
Saddam Azlan Salim (born January 1, 1990) is an American Democratic politician from Virginia. He was elected to the Virginia Senate in the 2023 Virginia Senate election from the 37th district.

He is a first-generation immigrant from Bangladesh. Prior to running for office, Saddam served as the South Asians for State Co-Director for Virginia with Delegate Kannan Srinivasan.
Stree (1972 film)
Stree is a 1972 Indian Bengali-language period action drama film directed by Salil Dutta. The film is based on the novel of Bimal Mitra by the same title and the era of the plot showing during the Second World War. Produced by Baby June Productions marking their second venture, it stars Uttam Kumar, Soumitra Chatterjee and Arati Bhattacharya in lead roles. The soundtrack of the film was composed by  Nachiketa Ghosh, with the lyrics penned by Gauriprasanna Mazumder and Pulak Bandyopadhyay.

The film showed Uttam's one of the best performance and clash with Soumitra. The film became a blockbuster hit at the box office. The film had dominated at the BFJA Award 1973 and went on to win seven awards. It was later remade in Hindi in 1982 as Ayaash starring Sanjeev Kumar, Arun Govil and Rati Agnihotri in lead roles.

Ayaash
Ayaash (transl. Debauch) is a 1982 Indian Bollywood drama film produced and directed by Shakti Samanta. It stars Sanjeev Kumar and Rati Agnihotri in pivotal roles. The movie is based on the novel of Bimal Mitra and the remake of 1972 Bengali movie Stree.  The lyrics are by Anand Bakshi and music director is Ravindra Jain
Nepenthes izumiae
Nepenthes izumiae /nɪˈpɛnθiːz iˈzuːmiaɪ/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows in montane forest at 1,700–1,900 m above sea level. It appears to be most closely related to N. lingulata and N. singalana.

The specific epithet izumiae honours Izumi Davis, wife of Troy Davis, one of the describing authors.

Nepenthes lingulata
Nepenthes lingulata /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌlɪŋɡjʊˈlɑːtə/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to northern Sumatra. The species is characterised by the highly developed appendage present on the underside of the lid. The specific epithet lingulata is derived from the Latin word lingula, meaning "small tongue", and refers to this unique morphological feature.
Essence–energies distinction
In Eastern Orthodox (Palamite) theology, there is a distinction between the essence (ousia) and the energies (energeia) of God. It was formulated by Gregory Palamas (1296–1359) as part of his defense of the Athonite monastic practice of Hesychasm against the charge of heresy brought by the humanist scholar and theologian Barlaam of Calabria.

Eastern Orthodox theologians generally regard this distinction as a real distinction, and not just a conceptual distinction. Historically, Western Christian thought, since the time of the Great Schism, has tended to reject the essence–energies distinction as real in the case of God, characterizing the view as a heretical introduction of an unacceptable division in the Trinity and suggestive of polytheism.

Hesychasm
Hesychasm (/ˈhɛsɪkæzəm, ˈhɛzɪ-/) is a contemplative monastic tradition in the Eastern Christian traditions of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches in which stillness (hēsychia) is sought through uninterrupted Jesus prayer. While rooted in early Christian monasticism, it took its definitive form in the 14th century at Mount Athos.
Sandhai Muslims
The Sandhi/Sindhi Muslims are a community found in the state of Gujarat in India. Sandhi Muslims belong to a Samma tribe from Sindh in Pakistan. They are one of a number of communities of pastoral nomads found in the Banni region of Kutch.

Surnames: The Sandhai Muslims have 82 ataks (clans) some of them are:

Bafan, Rayshipotra, Chaniya, Dal, Gothi, Hala, Halaypotra, Jadeja, Khad, Khakkar, Nareja, Nayi, Othi, Rayasipotra, Samma, Sanejha, Shetha, Solanki, Sumra, Theba, Virsad, and Visiad.

Samma (tribe)
Sammā (Sindhi: سما) is a tribe that has origins in Sindh, Pakistan. The Samma are spread across Pakistan and North-West India. The Sandhai Muslims are Samma who converted to Islam. Offshoots of the main branch of Samma include the Jadejas and Chudasamas of India.
27th Punjabis
The 27th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 19th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 27th Punjabis in 1903 and became 3rd Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 11th Battalion The Punjab Regiment.

Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
The Punjab Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army. The regiment takes its name from the historic Punjab region, which is now divided into the Punjab province of Pakistan and the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. It was raised in its current form in 1956, following the amalgamation of the 1st, 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab regiments that were inherited by the Dominion of Pakistan from the British Indian Army upon the Partition of India. Since then, the regiment has expanded in size to 63 battalions.

It is the oldest regiment in the Pakistan Army, tracing its lineage to as far back as 1751, during the reign of the Mughal Empire. The regiment's battalions have a distinguished record of military service, spanning the rise and decline of British colonial rule in South Asia, both World War I and World War II, as well as post-independence Pakistan.
Australian ringneck
The Australian ringneck (Barnardius zonarius) is a parrot native to Australia. Except for extreme tropical and highland areas, the species has adapted to all conditions. Treatments of genus Barnardius have previously recognised two species, the Port Lincoln parrot (Barnardius zonarius) and the mallee ringneck (Barnardius barnardi), but due to these readily interbreeding at the contact zone they are usually regarded as a single species B. zonarius with subspecific descriptions. Currently, four subspecies are recognised, each with a distinct range.

In Western Australia, the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet, an introduced species.  To protect the ringneck, culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region. Overall, though, the ringneck is not a threatened species.

Rainbow lorikeet
The rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus) is a species of parrot found in Australia. It is common along the eastern seaboard, from northern Queensland to South Australia. Its habitat is rainforest, coastal bush and woodland areas. Six taxa traditionally listed as subspecies of the rainbow lorikeet are now treated as separate species (see Taxonomy).

Rainbow lorikeets have been introduced to Perth, Western Australia; Tasmania; Auckland, New Zealand; and Hong Kong.