hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Firman on slavery (1830)
The Firman of 1830 refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued by Sultan Mahmud II in 1830. It declared the official liberation of Christian slaves of the Ottoman Empire. In practice it concerned the liberation of the Greek war captives who had been enslaved during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829).

It was one of the reforms representing the process of official abolition of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, including the Firman of 1830, the Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market (1847), the Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf (1847), the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian slave trade (1854–1855), the Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade (1857), and the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880.

Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade
The Firman of 1854, sometimes called the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade, refers to the Imperial Firman or Ferman (Decree) issued by Sultan Abdülmecid I in October 1854, prohibiting the slave trade in Circassian and Georgian slaves to the Ottoman Empire. It was specifically directed toward the Circassian slave trade in slave girls from the Caucasus, for sexual slavery as concubines in Ottoman harems. It did not ban slavery as such, only the trade in slaves. The decree was only enforced for four years, and retracted in 1858.

It was one of the reforms representing the process of official abolition of slavery in the Ottoman Empire, including the Firman of 1830, the Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market (1847), the Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf (1847), the Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian Slave Trade (1854–1855), the Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade (1857), and the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1880.
Malcolm Campbell
Major Sir Malcolm Campbell MBE (11 March 1885 – 31 December 1948) was a British racing motorist and motoring journalist. He gained the world speed record on land and on water at various times, using vehicles called Blue Bird, including a 1921 Grand Prix Sunbeam. His son, Donald Campbell, carried on the family tradition by holding both land speed and water speed records.

Donald Campbell
Donald Malcolm Campbell, CBE (23 March 1921 – 4 January 1967) was a British speed record breaker who broke eight absolute world speed records on water and on land in the 1950s and 1960s. He remains the only person to set both world land and water speed records in the same year (1964). He died during a water speed record attempt at Coniston Water in the Lake District, England.
Elijah Kellogg House
The Elijah Kellogg House is an historic house on Barton Lane in Harpswell, Maine. It is a well-preserved Greek Revival house, built in 1849 by Elijah Kellogg, a Congregationalist minister at the nearby church, and a lecturer and author of popular boy's adventure books. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 28, 1975.

Elijah Kellogg Church
The Elijah Kellogg Church is a historic Congregationalist church at 917 Harpswell Neck Road (Maine State Route 123) in Harpswell, Maine.  Built in 1843, it is a well-preserved example of Greek and Gothic Revival architecture, and is further notable for its longtime association with Rev. Elijah Kellogg, a well-known 19th-century writer of children's books.  The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  The church is affiliated with the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches; its pastor is John Carson.
Birmingham Bordesley
Birmingham Bordesley was a borough constituency in the city of Birmingham, which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Elections were held using the first-past-the-post voting system.

The constituency was created upon the abolition of the multi-member Birmingham seat in 1885 and abolished in 1918.

Birmingham (UK Parliament constituency)
Birmingham was a parliamentary constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for the city of Birmingham, in what is now the West Midlands Metropolitan County, but at the time was Warwickshire.
WWF Championship Wrestling
WWF Championship Wrestling  was a professional wrestling television program produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) that aired from 1971 to August 30, 1986, and was the original television show of the WWF. Originally produced under the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) banner, Championship Wrestling featured all the stars of the WWF, interviews and championship matches. It was the flagship program of the WWWF/WWF's syndicated programming until it was replaced by Superstars of Wrestling in 1986.

Select episodes are available for streaming on the WWE Network.

WWF Superstars of Wrestling
WWF Superstars of Wrestling, later shortened to WWF Superstars, is an American professional wrestling television program that was produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It debuted on September 6, 1986, as the flagship program of the WWF's syndicated programming, featuring original matches and storyline development taped at various arenas. This format ran until March 9, 1997, shortly after the show moved to cable network USA, after which Superstars was repackaged into a magazine-style recap show of other WWF programming.
The Beacon – Arnaiz Tower
The Beacon – Arnaiz Tower is a residential condominium skyscraper in Makati, Philippines. It is the second of three towers, and part of The Beacon complex. The Beacon was developed by Geo Estate Estate Development Corporation in cooperation with New Pacific Resources Management, Inc. Groundbreaking for the project was on January 28, 2008, while actual construction works for Arnaiz Tower started on May 14, 2008. The building was expected to be opened by 2011. The building was topped-off on June 15, 2012, and has started turn-over of units to its residents by August 2013.

Standing at 197m or 646ft high, Arnaiz Tower has 50 storeys above ground, taller than her two other sister towers, the Roces Tower and the Amorsolo Tower. Making it the 19th tallest skyscraper in Makati, and the 41st tallest in the Philippines as of 2024.

The Beacon – Roces Tower
The Beacon – Roces Tower is a residential condominium skyscraper in Makati, Philippines, and has a height of 158 meters (518 ft). It is the first of three towers, and part of The Beacon complex. The Beacon was developed by Geo Estate Estate Development Corporation in cooperation with New Pacific Resources Management, Inc. Groundbreaking for the project was on January 28, 2008, while actual construction works for Roces Tower started on February 8, 2008. The building opened in 2011, while the initial hand-over of units to residents started in August 2011.

Roces Tower also has 44 stories above ground, and a sister twin tower, the Amorsolo Tower, which has the same dimensions as the Roces Tower. Topping-off ceremonies were held on July 21, 2009.
Annie Jump Cannon
Annie Jump Cannon (/ˈkænən/; December 11, 1863 – April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification. With Edward C. Pickering, she is credited with the creation of the Harvard Classification Scheme, which was the first serious attempt to organize and classify stars based on their temperatures and spectral types. She was nearly deaf throughout her career after 1893, as a result of scarlet fever. She was a suffragist and a member of the National Women's Party.

Edward Charles Pickering
Edward Charles Pickering (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother of William Henry Pickering. Along with Carl Vogel, Pickering discovered the first spectroscopic binary stars. He wrote Elements of Physical Manipulations (2 vol., 1873–76).
Trapped in the Closet (Chapter 1)
"Trapped in the Closet (Chapter 1 of 5)" is an R&B song written and produced by American singer R. Kelly for his seventh studio album TP.3 Reloaded. It was released in early 2005 as the album's lead single together with "In the Kitchen". The song is also featured on the soundtrack of the film inspired by the song "Trapped in the Closet 1–12". VH1 ranked it #41 on its list of the "100 Greatest Songs of the '00s".

Trapped in the Closet
Trapped in the Closet is a musical soap opera series by American R&B singer, songwriter and producer R. Kelly, with 33 "chapters" released sporadically from 2005 to 2012. Written, produced, and directed by Kelly, the series tells a story of a one-night stand which sets off a chain of events, gradually revealing a greater web of lies, affairs and deceit—a multitude of intertwined love triangles, extramarital affairs, and infidelities begin to unfold. The music follows a distinct E major pattern, and most chapters feature the same melodic theme.
Cities XL
Cities XL (originally Cities Unlimited) is a city-building video game developed by Monte Cristo as a sequel to their earlier title City Life. It was originally scheduled for release in the first quarter of 2009, but was eventually released on October 8, 2009. The game allowed players to play online and interact with others on massive persistent planets, and to work together by trading resources or building blueprints in order to satisfy the needs of city inhabitants. However, on March 8, 2010 the online service was closed and the game became single-player only.

Focus Home Interactive acquired the franchise in June 2010 and released Cities XL 2011 on October 14, 2010. The third installment, Cities XL Platinum, was released on February 14, 2013. A new version, Cities XXL, was announced on November 15, 2014, and released on February 5, 2015.

City Life (video game)
City Life is a city-building video game developed by Monte Cristo. It is the first modern building game to allow the player to work in full 3D environment. It was published in France by Monte Cristo, in the UK and Germany by Deep Silver and in North America by CDV. It was released in May 2006.

City Life allows players to zoom in and see every little bit of detail. The placement method allows buildings to be placed at an angle, as also seen in Sierra Games' Caesar IV.
Lima, Ohio
Lima (/ˈlaɪmə/ LY-mə) is a city in Allen County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It had a population of 35,579 at the 2020 census. The city is located in northwest Ohio along Interstate 75, approximately 72 miles (116 km) north of Dayton, 78 miles (126 km) southwest of Toledo, and 63 mi (101 km) southeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Lima was founded in 1831. It is the principal city of the Lima metropolitan area, which had 102,000 residents in 2020 and is included in the Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta combined statistical area. The Lima Army Tank Plant, officially called the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center, was built in 1941 and is the sole producer of the M1 Abrams tank.

Allen County, Ohio
Allen County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. Its county seat and largest city is Lima. The county was created in 1820 and organized in 1831. The county is named in honor of Colonel John Allen, who was killed leading his men at the Battle of Frenchtown during the War of 1812.

Allen County comprises the Lima metropolitan statistical area, and as of the 2020 census, the population was 102,206.  Allen County also comprises the entirety of the Lima, OH media market.
Jose Luis Rivera
Marcelino Rivera Alicea (born August 6, 1953), better known as Jose Luis Rivera, is a Puerto Rican retired professional wrestler. He is notable for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (today known as WWE) where he was also known as Conquistador #1 or Conquistador Uno when he teamed with fellow Puerto Rican José Estrada Sr.

José Estrada Sr.
José Estrada Sr. (born 1946) is a Puerto Rican retired professional wrestler who was a longtime mainstay of the World Wrestling Council as well as having stints in North American promotions, most notably two separate periods of time for the World Wide Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Federation (WWWF/WWF). First from 1976 until 1983, holding the now inactive Junior Heavyweight Championship under his real name. From 1987 until 1990 he worked as Conquistador Dos, working as part of a masked team known as Los Conquistadores. He has also worked extensively in his native Puerto Rico, primarily for the World Wrestling Council (WWC) where he played the masked "Super Medico I", where he teamed both with a masked Don Kent in 1984 and his son José Estrada Jr. in 1990. He worked briefly in an early IWA as commissioner of the company then with the WWC in 2007 as a wrestling manager. His son is also a retired professional wrestler, who worked primarily in Puerto Rico.
Nepenthes stenophylla
Nepenthes stenophylla /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌstɛnoʊˈfɪlə/, or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo and occurs at elevations of 900–2,100 m (3,000–7,000 ft). The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Nepenthes stenophylla belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. maxima, N. platychila, and N. vogelii.

Nepenthes fusca
Nepenthes fusca /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈfʌskə/, or the dusky pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. It is found throughout a wide altitudinal range and is almost always epiphytic in nature, primarily growing in mossy forest.

The specific epithet fusca is derived from the Latin word fuscus, meaning "dark brown" or "dusky", and refers to the colour of the pitchers.
Diocese of Yakima
The Diocese of Yakima (Latin: Dioecesis Yakimensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in central Washington State in the United States. It is a suffragan see in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Seattle. The mother church is St. Paul Cathedral in Yakima. As of 2026, the bishop is Joseph J. Tyson.

Archdiocese of Seattle
The Archdiocese of Seattle (Latin: Archidiœcesis Seattlensis) is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western Washington State in the United States. The diocese was known as the Diocese of Nesqually from 1850 to 1907. The mother church of the archdiocese is St. James Cathedral in Seattle. Its archbishop is Paul D. Etienne. The archdiocese succeeded to the Diocese of Nesqually headquartered in Vancouver, Washington, established in 1850 as a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Oregon City. The diocese was elevated to metropolitan archdiocesan status in 1951.
MIT Monarch B
The Monarch B was a human-powered aircraft, designed and built by graduates and undergraduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and won the £20,000 first prize for the Kremer World Speed Competition. It is a successor to the Monarch A HPA which preceded it.

MIT Monarch A
The Monarch A was a human-powered aircraft, designed and built by graduates and undergraduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with Professors Walter Hollister and Ed Crawley acting as Project Advisers. Professor Eugene Larrabee, who had been the adviser for the 1979 MIT Chrysalis HPA, also provided support.
Archdiocese of Freiburg
The Archdiocese of Freiburg im Breisgau (Latin Archidioecesis Friburgensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in Baden-Württemberg comprising the former states of Baden and Hohenzollern. The Archdiocese of Freiburg is led by an archbishop, who also serves as the metropolitan bishop of the Upper-Rhine ecclesiastical province for the suffragan dioceses of Mainz and Rottenburg-Stuttgart. Its seat is Freiburg Minster in Freiburg im Breisgau.

The 14th Archbishop of Freiburg, Robert Zollitsch, followed his predecessor Oskar Saier, who served from 1978 to 2002. On May 30, 2014 Stephan Burger was elected by the Chapter as the new Archbishop of Freiburg. He was ordained as bishop on June 29, 2014.

Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
The Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Germany. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Freiburg in Baden-Württemberg, Bundesland. It covers the same territory of the former Kingdom of Wurttemberg.
Asturica Augusta
Asturica Augusta was a Roman city corresponding to the Spanish city of Astorga, in the province of León. Founded around 14 BC as a camp of the Legio X Gemina, at the beginning of the first century it developed as a civil center and was the capital of the Asturicense conventus iurudicus, within the province of Tarraconense.

Located on a hill overlooking a large territory, from the mountains of León to the plains of the Páramo, during the first and second centuries it acquired great importance due to the control of gold mining in the northwest of the peninsula. It was an important communications hub, which, via numerous roads, linked the city with some of the most important centers of Roman Hispania.

Its ruins are hidden under the present city and among these are the Roman Ergastula, the two thermal complexes and the sewage system, as well as the domus of the Mosaic of the Bear and the Birds.

Legio X Gemina
Legio X Gemina ("10th Twin(s) Legion" in English), was a Roman legion, which was active during the late Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire as part of the Imperial Roman army. It was one of the four legions used by Julius Caesar in 58 BC, during the Roman invasion of Gaul. After being briefly disbanded, the legion was reconstituted by Augustus (also known as Octavian) and fought on the side of the Second Triumvirate during the Liberators' Civil War and later on the side of Augustus during the War of Actium which ended the Crisis of the Roman Republic. The legion remained active for centuries, with surviving records of its continued existence in Vienna as late as the 5th century AD. The legion's symbol was a bull. Early on in its history, the legion was called X Equestris (mounted), because Caesar once used the legionaries as cavalry.
November 2020 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Monday, November 30, 2020, with an umbral magnitude of −0.2602. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 3.6 days after apogee (on November 26, 2020, at 19:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

This eclipse was the last of four penumbral lunar eclipses in 2020, with the others occurring on January 10, June 5, and July 5.

June 2020 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Friday, June 5, 2020, with an umbral magnitude of −0.4036. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 2.8 days after perigee (on June 2, 2020, at 23:40 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

This eclipse was the second of four penumbral lunar eclipses in 2020, with the others occurring on January 10, July 5, and November 30.
Deathbed confession
A deathbed confession is confession made by a person when they are nearing death.

Such confessions may help alleviate any guilt or regrets the dying person has, by allowing them to spend their last moments free from any secrets or sins they have been hiding for a long part of their life. If religious, the confessor may believe that confessing will earn them forgiveness from a higher power, granting them entrance to a better place after death. Further rationale may be that a person nearing death will not be able to face any significant punishments for the confession, such as shame or imprisonment. Deathbed confessions can be given to anyone, with family members and medical staff particularly likely to hear them, as they are often present in a person's last moments. In some cases, a deathbed confession may be legally admissible in a court of law despite rules on hearsay. Like other types of confessions, some deathbed confessions are false confessions.

Dying declaration
In the law of evidence, a dying declaration is testimony that would normally be barred as hearsay, but may in common law nonetheless be admitted as evidence in criminal law trials because it constituted the last words of a dying person. The rationale is that someone who is dying or believes death to be imminent would have less incentive to fabricate testimony, and as such, the hearsay statement carries with it some reliability.
Director (military)
A director, also called an auxiliary predictor, is a mechanical or electronic computer that continuously calculates trigonometric firing solutions for use against a moving target, and transmits targeting data to direct the weapon firing crew.

Fire-control system
A fire-control system (FCS) is an integrated system of components that assists a gunner in executing tasks needed to achieve accurate firing by means of full or semi automation. It performs the same task as a human gunner firing a weapon, but attempts to do so faster and more accurately.
SS Warrimoo
SS Warrimoo was a passenger and refrigerated cargo liner that was launched in 1892 in England for Australian owners, was later owned by two of New Zealand's foremost shipping companies, and finally belonged to a Singaporean company.

Warrimoo was the subject of a claim that she crossed the intersection of the International Date Line and the Equator precisely at the turn of the year from 1899 to 1900 on a voyage from Vancouver to Sydney.

Warrimoo was a troop ship in the First World War. In 1918 the French destroyer Catapulte collided with Warrimoo in the Mediterranean. In the collision some of Catapulte's depth charges broke loose and fell into the sea, where they detonated and sank both ships.

French destroyer Catapulte
Catapulte was a Arquebuse-class destroyer contre-torpilleur d'escadre built for the French Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Completed in 1903, the ship was assigned to the Northern Squadron (Escadre du Nord).
Oinoi–Chalcis railway
The Oinoi–Chalcis railway is an 21.69-kilometre-long (13.48 mi) railway line that connects Oinoi (Boeotia) with Chalcis, capital of Euboea in Greece. It is one of the most important railway lines in Central Greece. Its southern terminus is Oinoi, where there are connections to Athens and Thessaloniki.

Oinoi railway station
Oinoi railway station (Greek: Σιδηροδρομικός σταθμός Οινόης, romanized: Sidirodromikós stathmós Oinois) is a station on the Piraeus–Platy railway line in Oinoi in Boeotia, Greece. Located near the A1 motorway, and a short distance south of Oinoi. It is situated at the junction of the main Piraeus–Platy railway and the branch line to Chalcis (Oinoi–Chalcis railway). It is served by InterCity trains between Athens and Thessaloniki, and by Athens Suburban Railway services to Chalcis.