hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Avisio
The Avisio is an 89.4-kilometre-long (55.6 mi) Italian stream (a torrente), a left tributary of the Adige, whose course is in Trentino.

It rises from Marmolada and runs through the Fascia Valley, the Fiemme Valley and the Cembra Valley before joining the Adige in the town of Lavis, a small town 8 kilometres (5 mi) north of Trento.

Adige
The Adige is the second-longest river in Italy, after the Po. It rises near the Reschen Pass in the Vinschgau in the province of South Tyrol, near the Italian border with Austria and Switzerland, and flows 410 kilometres (250 mi) through most of northeastern Italy to the Adriatic Sea.

The name of the river is of unknown origin. Nineteenth-century theories, such as a derivation from the Proto-Celtic *yt-ese 'the water', and alleged to be cognate with the River Tees in England (anciently Athesis, Teesa), have never been accepted by Celtic onomasts and are now completely obsolete.
Carlo Filangieri, 6th Prince of Satriano
Carlo Filangieri (10 May 1784 – 9 October 1867), Prince of Satriano, was a Neapolitan soldier and statesman. He was the son of Gaetano Filangieri, 5th Prince of Satriano, a celebrated philosopher and jurist, and father of Gaetano Filangieri, 7th Prince of Satriano, an art historian and collector.

Gaetano Filangieri, 5th Prince of Satriano
Gaetano Filangieri, 5th Prince of Satriano (22 August 1753 – 21 July 1788) was an Italian jurist and philosopher. Highly polemical in regard to the political and legal system of the ancien régime, and opposed to the privilege of the aristocracy and the extreme power of the magistracy, Filangieri fought in favor of a constitutional system based on the rights of man.
Herbert MacNair
James Herbert "Bertie" MacNair, also spelt as McNair (23 December 1868 – 22 April 1955), was a Scottish artist, designer and teacher whose work contributed to the development of the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) during the 1890s. He formed the Glasgow-based artist group The Four together with his wife, Frances MacDonald, and his in-laws; Margaret MacDonald and Charles Rennie Mackintosh.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Mackintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the most important figures of the Modern Style.
Jack E. Davis
Jack Emerson Davis is an American author and distinguished professor of history in Florida. He holds the Rothman Family Endowed Chair in the Humanities and teaches environmental history and sustainability studies at the University of Florida. In 2002-2003, he taught on a Fulbright award at the University of Jordan in Amman, Jordan.

Davis received the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for History for his book The Gulf: The Making of an American Sea. He also wrote An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century, a dual biography of Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the Florida Everglades; and Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez since 1930. With Raymond Arsenault, he edited Paradise Lost?: The Environmental History of Florida, a collection of essays on the history of the human relationship with Florida nature.

Raymond Arsenault
Raymond Ostby Arsenault (born January 6, 1948) is an American historian and academic in Florida, United States of America. He has taught at the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg campus since 1980, co-founding the Florida Studies Program (with Gary Mormino). Arsenault is a specialist in the political, social, and environmental history of the American South.

Arsenault wrote about the 1961 Freedom Rides in a 2006 book, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. His work on this critical period in the civil rights movement became the basis of a two-hour 2010 television documentary film, Freedom Riders. He appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in an episode dedicated to Freedom Riders. He has been awarded the Frank L. and Harriet C. Owsley Award of the Southern Historical Association and the 2006 PSP Award for Excellence Honorable Mention History & American Studies.
West Mountain (Hamilton County, New York)
West Mountain is a 2,923-foot-tall (891 m) mountain located in Adirondack Mountains of New York. It is located in the northwest of the hamlet of Raquette Lake in Hamilton County. In 1920, the Conservation Commission built a 47-foot-tall (14 m) fire lookout tower on the mountain. Due to aerial detection, the tower ceased fire lookout operations at the end of the 1970 season. The tower was later removed, and portions of the tower along with the tower from Kempshall Mountain were used to build the tower that is at the Essex County Historical Museum in Elizabethtown.

Kempshall Mountain
Kempshall Mountain is a 3,350-foot-tall (1,020 m) mountain located in Adirondack Mountains of New York. It is located in the northwest of the hamlet of Long Lake in Hamilton County. In 1918, a 35-foot-tall (11 m) Aermotor LS40 tower was built on the mountain for fire lookout purposes. Due to aerial detection being used, the tower ceased fire lookout operations at the end of the 1971 season. The tower was later removed, and portions of the tower along with the tower from West Mountain were used to build the tower that is at the Essex County Historical Museum in Elizabethtown.
Denel Land Systems
Denel Land Systems is a division of the Denel group.

It was formerly Lyttelton Engineering Works (LIW—from Afrikaans: Lyttelton Ingenieurswerke), a subsidiary part of the commercial network from Armscor. It then became the Systems division of the Land Systems Group of Denel.

They are responsible for the design and manufacture of systems ranging from artillery (such as G5 howitzer and G6 howitzer) to small arms such as the R4 assault rifle.

G5 howitzer
The G5 is a South African towed howitzer of 155 mm calibre developed in South Africa by Denel Land Systems. The G5 design was based on the Canadian GC-45 155 mm gun which was highly modified to suit southern African conditions.
Victoria Highlanders FC (women)
Victoria Highlanders FC is a Canadian women's soccer team based in Victoria, British Columbia.

The team was founded in 2001 as the Victoria Stars FC. In 2010, the team was acquired by the Victoria Highlanders and re-branded to serve as their women's team. In 2012, they became known as the Peninsula Co-Op Women's Soccer Highlanders. The team was dissolved after the 2014 season. In 2021, the women's team was re-founded following a merger with Vancouver Island FC.

Victoria Highlanders FC
Victoria Highlanders FC is a Canadian soccer team based in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The club was founded in 2008.

The team had played in the American USL League Two from 2009 to 2019 (except 2015) and in League1 British Columbia from 2022 to 2023. The team's colours are white, black, and gold.
Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon
Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1942) is the fourth in the Basil Rathbone/Nigel Bruce series of 14 Sherlock Holmes films which updated the characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to the then present day. The film is credited as an adaptation of Conan Doyle's 1903 short story "The Adventure of the Dancing Men," though the only element from the source material is the dancing men code. Rather, it is a spy film taking place on the background of the then ongoing Second World War with an original premise. The film concerns the kidnapping of a Swiss scientist by their nemesis Professor Moriarty, to steal a new bomb sight and sell it to Nazi Germany. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson have to crack a secret code in order to save the country.

The film is one of four films in the series which are in the public domain.

The Adventure of the Dancing Men
"The Adventure of the Dancing Men" is a Sherlock Holmes story written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as one of 13 stories in the cycle published as The Return of Sherlock Holmes in 1905. It was first published in The Strand Magazine in the United Kingdom in December 1903, and in Collier's in the United States on 5 December 1903.

This is one of only two Sherlock Holmes short stories where Holmes' client dies after seeking his help. Holmes's solution to the riddle of the dancing men rests on reasoning that closely resembles that of Legrand in Poe's "The Gold Bug."

The original title was The Dancing Men, when it was published as a short story in The Strand Magazine in December 1903.
2K Czech
2K Czech, s.r.o. (formerly Illusion Softworks, a.s.) was a Czech video game developer based in Brno, founded as Illusion Softworks in 1997 by Petr Vochozka and Jan Kudera. The company was acquired by Take-Two Interactive in January 2008 and subsequently organised under the 2K label, becoming 2K Czech. The studio was merged into 2K's Hangar 13 in 2017. The developer is best known for creating the Mafia series.

Hangar 13
Hangar 13 is a video game developer with offices in England and the Czech Republic. 2K established the studio in Novato, California, in December 2014 with Haden Blackman at the helm. It developed its debut game, Mafia III, in collaboration with the series's creator, 2K Czech, which it absorbed in 2017. The Brighton location was opened in 2018. Hangar 13 has since developed Mafia: Definitive Edition, TopSpin 2K25, and Mafia: The Old Country.
Alabama State Route 40
State Route 40 (SR 40) is a 21.184-mile-long (34.092 km) state highway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The western terminus of the highway is at its intersection with SR 35 near Scottsboro. The eastern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with SR 117 at Hammondville, just north of the intersection of SR 117 with Interstate 59 (I-59).

Alabama State Route 117
State Route 117 (SR 117) is a 50-mile-long (80 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Alabama. It travels northwest from the Georgia state line eight miles (13 km) southeast of Mentone to the Tennessee state line four miles (6.4 km) north of Bass.
Container compression test
The container compression test measures the compressive strength of packages such as boxes, drums, and cans. It usually provides a plot of  deformation vs compressive force.

It is commonly used to evaluate shipping containers made of corrugated fiberboard as well as wooden boxes and crates. Industrial and consumer packages other than boxes can also be subjected to compression testing: drum, pail, bottle, tub etc. Package components are also evaluated for compression resistance.

It is usually a laboratory test involving a special machine, a compression tester, to apply controlled compression on a test specimen. A universal testing machine is sometimes configured to perform a package compression test.   Compression testing can also involve a superimposed dead load to a test package.

Corrugated fiberboard
Corrugated fiberboard, corrugated cardboard, or corrugate is a type of paper packaging material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards. It is used for making corrugated boxes. Corrugated (also called pleated) paper was patented in England in 1856, but corrugated boxboard for use in shipping material was not patented until 1871. Several properties and characteristics can be measured for corrugated board, including moisture content and burst strength. Corrugated board is manufactured on large high-precision machinery lines called corrugators. Packaging engineers design corrugated boxes to meet the particular needs of the product being shipped. Old corrugated containers (OCC) are an excellent source of fiber for recycling.
Trichlorophenol
A trichlorophenol is any organochloride of phenol that contains three covalently bonded chlorine atoms. Trichlorophenols are produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with chlorine. Different isomers of trichlorophenol exist according to which ring positions on the phenol contain chlorine atoms. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, for example, has two chlorine atoms in the ortho positions and one chlorine atom in the para position.

There are six different isomers:

2,3,4-Trichlorophenol

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol

2,3,6-Trichlorophenol

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

3,4,5-Trichlorophenol

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, also known as TCP, phenaclor, Dowicide 2S, Dowcide 2S, omal, is a chlorinated phenol that has been used as a fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, antiseptic, defoliant, and glue preservative. It is a clear to yellowish crystalline solid with a strong, phenolic odor. It decomposes on heating to produce toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and chlorine.
John Abbott (The Young and the Restless)
John Abbott is a fictional character from the American CBS Daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless. He was the patriarch of the Abbott family, one of the core families introduced to the series in 1980. After a brief portrayal by Brett Halsey, the role was portrayed by Jerry Douglas. After the character's onscreen death, Douglas has continued in the role as a hallucination to various other characters. John's children are Jack, Traci, Ashley, and Billy Abbott.

Traci Abbott
Traci Abbott is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera, The Young and the Restless. Created and introduced by William J. Bell, the role has been portrayed by Beth Maitland since 1982. Traci is the daughter of John Abbott and Dina Mergeron.

Initially a short-term role that would last three months, Maitland impressed the series' producers and was placed on contract, remaining until 1996. Traci was known for her relationship with Danny Romalotti and her marriages to Brad Carlton, with whom she had a daughter, Colleen. Both relationships caused a notable rivalry with Lauren Fenmore.

Since 2006, Maitland has remained on a recurring status with the soap opera. Described as a fan favorite by Soaps in Depth, Maitland's portrayal has garnered praise, including a Daytime Emmy Award in 1985.
Mayor of Montreal
The mayor of Montreal is head of the executive branch of the Montreal City Council. The current mayor is Soraya Martinez Ferrada, who was elected into office in 2025. The office of the mayor administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and provincial laws within Montreal, Quebec. The mayor is directly elected by citizens, by a plurality of votes, for a four-year term (unless a vacancy occurs). The mayor's office is located in Montreal City Hall.

Montreal City Council
The Montreal City Council (French: Conseil municipal de Montréal) is the governing body in the mayor–council government in the city of Montreal, Quebec. The head of the city government in Montreal is the mayor, who is first among equals in the city council. The council is a democratically elected institution and is the final decision-making authority in the city, although much power is centralized in the executive committee. The council consists of 65 members from all boroughs of the city. The council has jurisdiction over many matters, including public security, agreements with other governments, subsidy programs, the environment, urban planning, and a three-year capital expenditure program. The city council is also required to supervise, standardize or approve certain decisions made by the borough councils.
Çavuştepe
Sardurihinilli, also known as Haykaberd (Armenian: Հայկաբերդ, lit. 'Fortress of Hayk') or Çavuştepe Kalesi, is an ancient Urartian fortified site located on a ridge on the northeastern edge of the village of Çavuştepe in the Gürpınar district of Van Province in eastern Turkey. It is located approximately 25 kilometers southeast of Van along the road leading to the city of Hakkâri, in a valley once known as Hayots Dzor in historic Armenia. It was founded by the Urartian king Sarduri II (r. 764–735) some time during his reign in the 8th century BC and is believed to be identical with the fortress of Sardurihurda mentioned in the same king's cuneiform inscriptions.

In Armenian folklore it is identified with Haykaberd or Haykʻ, the fortress built by Hayk, the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, close to the site where he slew the invading Babylonian king Bel.

Urartu
Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia, the southern regions of Georgia, and western regions of Azerbaijan. Its kings left behind cuneiform inscriptions in the Urartian language, a member of the Hurro-Urartian language family.

The kingdom emerged in the mid-9th century BC and dominated the Armenian highlands in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Urartu frequently warred with Assyria and became, for a time, the most powerful state in the Near East. Weakened by constant conflict, it was eventually conquered, either by the Iranian Medes in the early 6th century BC or by Cyrus the Great in the middle of the 6th century BC. Archaeologically, it is noted for its large fortresses and sophisticated metalwork.
Oturehua
Oturehua is a small settlement in the Ida Valley of the Maniototo, in Central Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. The settlement is 500 m (1,600 ft) above sea level, and is located 25 km (16 mi) from Ranfurly, via the Ida Valley - Omakau Road and State Highway 85. The Otago Central Rail Trail passes through the settlement. The population was 112 residents at last count.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place where the summer star stands still" for Ōturēhua.

Otago Central Rail Trail
The Otago Central Rail Trail is a 150-kilometre walking, cycling and horse riding track in the South Island of New Zealand. A pioneering project for New Zealand, the successful rail trail joined the New Zealand Cycle Trail umbrella organisation in 2012, having been one of the inspirations for it.

The trail runs in an arc between Middlemarch and Clyde, along the route of the former Otago Central Railway. The trail has become a popular tourist attraction, with 10,000–12,000 users per year as a conservative estimate, and yearly (and ongoing) user increases for 6 out of the last 7 years (as of 2011). The trail is also accepted as being, by a large margin, the biggest non-farming economic factor in the Maniototo-Alexandra area.
Monophysitism
Monophysitism (/məˈnɒfɪsaɪtɪzəm/ mə-NOF-ih-seye-tih-zəm) or monophysism (/məˈnɒfɪzɪzəm/ mə-NOF-ih-zih-zəm; from Greek μόνος monos, "solitary" and φύσις physis, "nature") is a Christological doctrine that states that there was only one nature—the divine—in the person of Jesus Christ, who was the incarnated Word. It is rejected as heretical by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglicanism, Lutheranism, Reformed Christianity (Calvinist), and all mainstream Protestant denominations, which hold to the dyophysitism of the 451 Council of Chalcedon—as well by Oriental Orthodoxy, which holds to miaphysitism.

Miaphysitism
Miaphysitism (/maɪˈæfɪsaɪtɪzəm, miː-/) is the Christological doctrine that holds Jesus, the Incarnate Word, is fully divine and fully human, in one nature or physis (Greek: φύσις). It is the position held by the Oriental Orthodox Churches. It differs from the dyophysitism of the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, the Church of the East and major Protestant denominations, which holds that Jesus is one person with two natures (divine and human) as defined by the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

While historically a major point of controversy within Christianity, some modern declarations by both Chalcedonian and Miaphysite churches claim that the difference between the two Christological formulations does not reflect any significant difference in belief about the nature of Christ. Other statements from both Chalcedonian and Miaphysite churches claim that such difference is indeed theological but has been "widened by non-theological factors".
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Begum Hazrat Mahal (c. 1820 – 7 April 1879), also known as the Begum of Awadh, was the second wife of Nawab of Awadh Wajid Ali Shah, and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

After her husband was exiled to Calcutta and the Indian Rebellion broke out, she made her son, Prince Birjis Qadr, the Wali (ruler) of Awadh, with herself as regent during his minority. However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign. By way of Hallaur, she finally found asylum in Nepal, where she died in 1879. Her role in the rebellion has given her a heroine status in the post-colonial history of India.

Birjis Qadr
Birjis Qadr (20 August 1845 – 14 August 1893) was the son of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh. He was a put on the throne after his father had been deposed by the East India Company in 1856 under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse and Oudh State was annexed into the Bengal Presidency.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Birjis Qadr was raised as a figurehead monarch of Oudh by his mother Begum Hazrat Mahal, who became his regent. Despite stiff resistance to Company forces, he had to flee to Kathmandu in the Kingdom of Nepal after the Capture of Lucknow in March 1858. He became a poet and organised mushairas (poetry recitals).

In 1887, he returned to India and moved to the Metiabruz neighbourhood of Kolkata, where his father had also lived in exile and imprisonment since 1856. In 1893, he was allegedly murdered by his own relatives.
Jerry Reed
Jerry Reed Hubbard (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008), known professionally as Jerry Reed, was an American country singer, guitarist, composer, songwriter, and actor who appeared in more than a dozen films. His signature songs included "Guitar Man", "U.S. Male", "A Thing Called Love", "Alabama Wild Man", "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot, You're Hot" (which garnered a Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male), "Ko-Ko Joe", "Lord, Mr. Ford", "East Bound and Down" (the theme song for the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit, in which Reed co-starred), "The Bird", and "She Got the Goldmine (I Got the Shaft)".

Reed was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. He was announced as an inductee into the Country Music Hall of Fame in April 2017, and he was officially inducted by Bobby Bare on October 24.

Bobby Bare
Robert Joseph Bare Sr. (born April 7, 1935) is an American country music singer and songwriter, best known for the songs "Marie Laveau", "Detroit City", and "500 Miles Away from Home". He is the father of Bobby Bare Jr., also a musician.
Pasco eSchool
Pasco eSchool is a public K–12 online school in Pasco County, Florida, United States. Founded in 2009 as part of Pasco County Schools, the school operates as a district franchise of Florida Virtual School. The school maintains office space at Angeline Academy of Innovation, which it uses for administrative and occasional in-person activities. Enrollment significantly increased during the COVID–19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021.

Pasco eSchool has full-time and part-time enrollment options for students. The school has about 150 staff members and over 100 teachers. As of 2025, Pasco eSchool has a total of 1,480 students in the school's full-time K–12 program. The school is funded by the Pasco County School District and the State of Florida. Pasco eSchool offers Advanced Placement (AP) courses and dual enrollment by cooperating with local colleges around the county.

Pasco eSchool is accredited by the SACS-CASI and Advanced ED organizations. It operates on a 180-day school year.

Pasco County Schools
Pasco County Schools, also known as District School Board of Pasco County, is a school district that serves all of Pasco County in the U.S. state of Florida. It was founded in 1887 and has 106 schools as of the 2025-2026 school year.