hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health and Social Care of the United Kingdom.

As the national health technology assessment body of England, it is responsible for judging the cost-effectiveness of medicines and making them available on the NHS through reimbursement, with its judgements informing decisions in Wales and Northern Ireland. It also provides a range of clinical guidance to the NHS in England and Wales, which are considered by Northern Ireland.

Quality-adjusted life year
The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). QALYs can be used to inform health insurance coverage determinations, treatment decisions, to evaluate programs, and to set priorities for future programs.

Critics argue that the QALY oversimplifies how actual patients would assess risks and outcomes, and that its use may restrict patients with disabilities from accessing treatment. Proponents of the measure acknowledge that the QALY has some shortcomings, but that its ability to quantify tradeoffs and opportunity costs from the patient, and societal perspective make it a critical tool for equitably allocating resources.
HGTV (UK & Ireland)
HGTV (formerly Home) was a British free-to-air interior home and garden-orientated lifestyle television channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel originally launched on 1 November 1997 as UK Style, and then was rebranded Home on 30 April 2009, and was rebranded to its final form on 21 January 2020. HGTV was broadcast 24 hours a day on Sky.

UK Style was transmitted by terrestrial provider ITV Digital 24 hours a day until the company's collapse in 2002. After a slight rebrand to UKTV Style, the channel returned to terrestrial television for a time in the mid-2000s as part of the now-defunct Top Up TV system. Before 2016, Home was a pay channel. Home became available as a free-to-air linear service on Freeview from 1 March 2016.

The channel closed on 13 January 2026, with its programming moved to Really and its channel slot on Freeview replaced by a new generalist version of TLC.

HGTV
HGTV (Home & Garden Television) is an American basic cable channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts reality programming related to home improvement and real estate. It was formerly owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, which spun off its cable networks, including HGTV, into Scripps Networks Interactive. As of November 2023, HGTV was available to approximately 72,000,000 pay television households in the United States, down from its 2011 peak of 100,000,000 households.
Caroline Colman
Caroline Colman (9 May 1831 – 5 July 1895) was the wife of Jeremiah James Colman, the third member of the family in charge of the eponymous company Colman's mustard. Caroline Colman had exerted significant influence over the social welfare of the  company and later go on to introduce numerous social measures for the employees of Carrow Works, between 1857 and her death in 1895.

Jeremiah Colman (MP)
Jeremiah James Colman (14 June 1830 – 18 September 1898) was an English mustard manufacturer and the third member of the family in charge of the eponymous company Colman's. He was a popular philanthropist in his home City of Norwich and a Liberal politician who represented the city in parliament.
Reno Aces
The Reno Aces are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks. They are located in Reno, Nevada, and play their home games at Greater Nevada Field, which opened in 2009. The Aces have been members of the PCL since 2009, including the 2021 season in which it was known as the Triple-A West. They won the PCL championship in 2012 and 2022. Reno went on to win the Triple-A National Championship Game in 2012.

Greater Nevada Field
Greater Nevada Field is a Minor League Baseball venue located in Reno, Nevada, in the Western United States. Opened on April 17, 2009, it is the home of the Triple-A Reno Aces of the Pacific Coast League. Greater Nevada Field is on the north bank of the Truckee River and welcomes over 500,000 ticketed fans per year.
Risus sardonicus
Risus sardonicus or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning. It may be caused by tetanus, strychnine poisoning, or Wilson's disease, and has been reported after execution by hanging.

The condition's name derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin", which can appear sardonic or malevolent to the lay observer, displayed by those experiencing these muscle spasms.

Sardonicism
Sardonicism is form of wit or humour with a degree of cynicism or disdainfulness. It is more biting and negative than sarcasm, yet not entirely malicious. A sardonic person might participate in funny yet scornful mocking, or express uncomfortable truth in a clever way. The style of expression can be both spoken and written, and is featured in a literary genre.
Andros Town International Airport
Andros Town Airport or Andros Town International Airport (IATA: ASD, ICAO: MYAF) is an airport serving Andros Town on Andros Island in the Bahamas. It is also known as Fresh Creek Airport.

It is one of commercial airports on Andros Island, where the other airports are San Andros Airport at Nicholls Town, the Clarence A. Bain Airport at Mangrove Cay and Congo Town Airport in South Andros. San Andros Airport is served by one airline, but few tourists actually fly there. The airport is like any small Bahamian airport, with check-in, restrooms, and customs/immigration. There are no gift shops or restaurants.

Andros, The Bahamas
Andros is an archipelago in The Bahamas, the largest of the Bahamian Islands. Politically considered a single island, Andros in total has an area greater than all the other 700 Bahamian islands combined. The land area of Andros consists of hundreds of small islets and cays connected by mangrove estuaries and tidal swamplands, together with three major islands: North Andros, Mangrove Cay, and South Andros. The three main islands are separated by bights, estuaries that trifurcate the island from east to west. It is 167 kilometres (104 mi) long by 64 km (40 mi) wide at the widest point.
Rape myth
Rape myths are prejudicial, stereotyped, and false beliefs about sexual assaults, rapists, and rape victims. They often serve to excuse sexual aggression, create hostility toward victims, and bias criminal prosecution.

Extensive research has been conducted about types, acceptance, and impact of rape myths. Rape myths significantly influence the perspectives of jurors, investigative agencies, judges, perpetrators, and victims. False views about rape lead to victim blaming, shaming, questioning of the victim's honesty, and other problems. Determination of the guilt of the accused, and sentencing for sexual crimes, are also influenced by these beliefs.

Victim blaming
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm done to them. There is historical and current prejudice against the victims of domestic violence and sex crimes, such as the greater tendency to blame victims of rape than victims of robbery if victims and perpetrators knew each other prior to the commission of the crime. The Gay Panic Defense has been characterized as a form of victim blaming.
Ishwardi Upazila
Ishwardi (Bengali: ঈশ্বরদী, Ish-shordi,  officially Ishurdi) is an upazila of Pabna District in Rajshahi Division. It is the westernmost upazila of Pabna district. The River Padma and its tributaries run through it. Ruppur Nuclear Powerplant is also located in Ishwardi upazila.

Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant
The Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant (Bengali: রূপপুর পারমাণবিক বিদ্যুৎ কেন্দ্র) is a 2.4 GWe nuclear power plant currently under construction in Bangladesh. It consists of two 1200 MWe VVER-1200 reactors. The nuclear power plant is being constructed at Rooppur in Ishwardi Upazila on the bank of the river Padma, about 160 km northwest of Dhaka. It will be the country's first nuclear power plant, and the first of the two units is expected to become operational in March 2026.

Safety review by the IAEA was successfully completed in late 2025.
Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo
Baltazar Enrique Porras Cardozo (Spanish pronunciation: [baltaˈsaɾ enˈri.ke ˈporas kaɾˈðoso]; born 10 October 1944) is a Venezuelan Catholic retired prelate who served as Archbishop of Caracas from 2023 to 2024. He previously served there as apostolic administrator from 2018 to 2023. Cardozo served as an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of Mérida from 1983 to 1991 and as Archbishop of Mérida from 1991 to 2023. Pope Francis made him a cardinal in 2016.

Archdiocese of Caracas
The Archdiocese of Caracas is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Venezuela. It was founded as the Diocese of Caracas on June 20, 1637, and was later elevated to the rank of a metropolitan see on November 27, 1803. It is a metropolitan see.

This episcopal see occupies a territory of about 790 square kilometers and is not unlikely to be given several auxiliary bishops. The most recent archbishop had been Raúl Biord Castillo, appointed by Pope Francis on June 28, 2024.

Its cathedral episcopal see is the Catedral Metropolitana de Santa Ana, in national capital Caracas, Distrito Federal, which also has three minor basilicas: Basílica de Santa Teresa,  Basílica San Pedro Apóstol and Basílica Santuario de Santa Capilla (also a national shrine).
Crown Point Press
Crown Point Press is a long-established printmaking workshop, primarily creating  and publishing etched, intaglio prints. Located in San Francisco since 1986, Crown Point Press was first established in 1962 in Richmond California by Kathan Brown. Crown Point Press works with artists by invitation-only and has published prints by over 100 artists including Anne Appleby, John Baldessari, Robert Bechtle, Chuck Close, John Cage, Elaine de Kooning, Richard Diebenkorn, Alex Katz, Ed Ruscha,  and Pat Stier.

They are identified as the publisher of a fictional collection of letters featured in the Spike Jonze 2013 film, Her.

Former printmakers or employees of Crown Point Press include Renee Bott (formerly of Paulson Bott Press), Pamela Paulson (of Paulson Fontaine Press), Brian Shure, Linda Geary, Paul Mullowney, John Silvon, Patrick Foy, Daria Sywulak, Stephen Thomas (formerly of Oxbow School), Tadashi Toda, and Hidekatsu Takada.

Paulson Fontaine Press
Paulson Fontaine Press (formerly Paulson Bott Press) is a printmaking studio, gallery, and publisher of contemporary fine art prints in Berkeley, California. Many of their publications are etchings. More than half of their published editions have been produced with minority or female artists. In a 2011 interview, Pam Paulson stated: "We plan projects with emerging, mid-career, and blue-chip artists. We keep a balance."
Classic X-Men
Classic X-Men, originally titled X-Men Classics and later retitled X-Men Classic, is a reprint comic book series published by Marvel Comics. The first volume was a limited series which collected stories from the Thomas/Adams/Palmer run on X-Men (originally published in 1969). The second volume was an unlimited series and reprinted stories from the post–Giant-Size X-Men era (originally published in 1975). Both volumes frequently supplemented the reprinted stories with new material. The series lasted 110 issues.

Giant-Size X-Men
Giant-Size X-Men #1 is a special issue of the X-Men comic book series, published by Marvel Comics in 1975. It was written by Len Wein and illustrated by Dave Cockrum. Chris Claremont contributed to the plot, having conceived the idea of Polaris using her powers to propel Krakoa into space, but went uncredited. Though not a regular issue, it contained the first new X-Men story in five years, titled "Second Genesis." The issue serves as a link between the original X-Men and a new team. Chronologically it is placed after X-Men #66 and before X-Men #94. The 68-page book was published with a May 1975 cover date and distributed to newsstands in February of that year. The issue has been cited as a start point of the bronze age of comics, and is notable for expanding the membership of the X-Men from beyond the white American cast to one of a more international flavor, an attempt to attract more readers from outside the US, even if some characters were portrayed somewhat stereotypically.
71st World Science Fiction Convention
The 71st World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as LoneStarCon 3, was held on 29 August–2 September 2013 at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center and Marriott Rivercenter in San Antonio, Texas, United States.

The convention committee was chaired by Randall Shepherd. The convention was organized by Alamo Literary Arts Maintenance Organization, Inc. (ALAMO) which had previously organized LoneStarCon 2, the 55th World Science Fiction Convention, held in San Antonio in 1997.

73rd World Science Fiction Convention
The 73rd World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Sasquan, was held on August 19–23, 2015 at the Spokane Convention Center in Spokane, Washington, United States.

The convention was chaired by Sally Woehrle.
Tourbet el Bey
The Tourbet el Bey (Arabic: تربة الباي) is a Tunisian royal mausoleum in the southwest of the medina of Tunis.

It is the last resting place of most of the Husainid dynasty rulers of Tunisia.  Among those not buried there are the last two - Moncef Bey, who is buried in the Jellaz Cemetery and Lamine Bey who is buried in La Marsa. The building,  constructed in the reign of Ali II ibn Hussein (1759-1782) is the largest funerary monument in Tunis. The first tourba of Al-Husayn I ibn Ali stands opposite it.

Medina of Tunis
The Medina of Tunis is the medina quarter of Tunis, the capital of Tunisia. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.

The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasas and fountains dating from various periods.
Aura, Finland
Aura (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈɑu̯rɑ]) is a municipality of Finland. The name derives from the river Aura and the plough (aura in Finnish) reminiscent shape of the municipality. The municipality was established in 1917 from parts of Lieto and Pöytyä.

It is part of the Varsinais-Suomi region. The municipality has a population of 3,965 (31 December 2024) and covers an area of 95.58 square kilometres (36.90 sq mi) of which 0.59 km2 (0.23 sq mi) is water. The population density is 41.73 inhabitants per square kilometre (108.1/sq mi).

The municipality is unilingually Finnish.

Lieto
Lieto (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈlie̯to]; Swedish: Lundo) is a town and municipality of Finland.

It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality has a population of 20,694 (30 June 2025) and covers an area of 302.56 square kilometres (116.82 sq mi) of which 1.66 km2 (0.64 sq mi) is water. The population density is 68.86 inhabitants per square kilometre (178.3/sq mi).

Neighbour municipalities are Aura, Kaarina, Marttila, Paimio, Pöytyä and Turku.

The town is unilingually Finnish.

Lieto has a medieval stone church, St. Peter's church, that originates from around 1500 near the town center.

The  is also home to the largest local scout troop in Finland, called LEK or Liedon Eränkävijät.

Lieto was changed to a town in July 2022.
Duke of la Alcudia
Duke of la Alcudia (Spanish: Duque de la Alcudia) is a title of Spanish nobility, Grandee of Spain 1st class. It was created by King Charles IV of Spain in 1792 for Manuel Godoy, who was the Prime Minister of Spain from 1792 to 1797 and from 1801 to 1808. Its name refers to the Valle de Alcudia in the Province of Ciudad Real in Spain.

It is used as a waiting title by the first-born of the house of Sueca and Chinchón.

Carlos Ruspoli, 3rd Duke of Alcudia and Sueca
Don Carlos Luis (Carlo Luigi) Ruspoli y Álvarez de Toledo, de Godoy (di Bassano) y Silva-Bazán, dei Principi Ruspoli (1 March 1858 – 10 November 1936) was a Spanish aristocrat, son of Adolfo Ruspoli y Godoy, 2nd Duke of Alcudia, and wife Dona Rosalia Álvarez de Toledo y Silva-Bazán, de Palafox-Portocarrero y Téllez-Girón.

He was 3rd Duke of Sueca (Letter of 31 March 1887), 3rd Duke of Alcudia (Letter of 25 February 1915), with a Coat of Arms of de Godoy, and 17th Count of Chinchón with a Coat of Arms of de Borbón (Letter of 31 March 1887), three times Grandee of Spain First Class  and 4th Count of Évoramonte in Portugal de Juro e Herdade with Honours of Relative both in succession of his father, Senator of the Realm by his own right, etc. And Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.
Kamancheh
The kamancheh is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Turkmen, and Uzbek music with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.

The kamancheh is related to the rebab which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra. The strings are played with a variable-tension bow.

In 2017, the art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Iran and Azerbaijan.

Music of Armenia
The music of Armenia (Armenian: հայկական երաժշտություն haykakan yerazhshtut’yun) has its origins in the Armenian highlands, dating back to the 3rd millennium BCE, and is a long-standing musical tradition that encompasses diverse secular and religious, or sacred, music (such as the sharakan Armenian chant and taghs, along with the indigenous khaz musical notation). Folk music was notably collected and transcribed by Komitas Vardapet, a prominent composer and musicologist, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who is also considered the founder of the modern Armenian national school of music. Armenian music has been presented internationally by numerous artists, such as composers Aram Khachaturian, Alexander Arutiunian, Arno Babajanian, Haig Gudenian, and Karen Kavaleryan as well as by traditional performers such as duduk player Djivan Gasparyan.
Deciduous teeth
Deciduous teeth or primary teeth, also informally known as baby teeth, milk teeth, or temporary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth and development of humans and other diphyodonts, which include most mammals but not elephants, kangaroos, or manatees, which are polyphyodonts. Deciduous teeth develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt (break through the gums and become visible in the mouth) during infancy. They are usually lost and replaced by permanent teeth, but in the absence of their permanent replacements, they can remain functional for many years into adulthood.

Permanent teeth
Permanent teeth or adult teeth are the second set of teeth formed in diphyodont mammals. In humans and old world simians, there are thirty-two permanent teeth, consisting of six maxillary and six mandibular molars, four maxillary and four mandibular premolars, two maxillary and two mandibular canines, four maxillary and four mandibular incisors.
The Salton Sea (2002 film)
The Salton Sea is a 2002 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso, and starring Val Kilmer and Vincent D'Onofrio.

The film was shot on location in Los Angeles, at LA Center Studios, and the Salton Sea.

D. J. Caruso
Daniel John Caruso Jr. (/kəˈruːsoʊ/; born January 17, 1965) is an American film and television director, screenwriter, and producer. His work encompasses a variety of genres, including thriller (Disturbia, Taking Lives), drama (Standing Up), horror (The Disappointments Room), and action (I Am Number Four, XXX: Return of Xander Cage). He has also directed episodes of television series such as The Shield, Over There, Smallville, and Dark Angel.
Hamdallah Mustawfi
Hamdallah Mustawfi Qazvini (Persian: حمدالله مستوفى قزوینی, romanized: Ḥamdallāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī; 1281 – after 1339/40) was a Persian official, historian, geographer and poet. He lived during the last era of the Mongol Ilkhanate, and the interregnum that followed.

A native of Qazvin, Mustawfi belonged to family of mustawfis (financial accountants), thus his name. He was a close associate of the prominent vizier and historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani, who inspired him to write historical and geographical works. Mustawfi is the author of three works; Tarikh-i guzida ("Excerpt History"), Zafarnamah ("Book of Victory") and Nuzhat al-Qulub ("Hearts' Bliss"). A highly influential figure, Mustawfi's way of conceptualizing the history and geography of Iran has been emulated by other historians since the 13th century.

He is buried in a dome-shaped mausoleum in his native Qazvin, Iran.

Tomb of Hamdallah Mustawfi
The Tomb of Hamdallah Mustawfi (Persian: آرامگاه حمدالله مستوفی) is a 14th century mausoleum in Qazvin, Iran. The mausoleum belongs to Hamdallah Mustawfi. It has a square base and a conical roof. It was listed in Iran's national heritage sites with the number 332 on 10 February 1940.
Nubkheperre Intef
Nubkheperre Intef (or Antef, Inyotef, sometimes referred to as Intef VI) was an Egyptian king of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt at Thebes during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided by rival dynasties including the Hyksos in Lower Egypt.

Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef (or Antef, Inyotef, sometimes referred to as Intef VII) was an ancient Egyptian king of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled during the Second Intermediate Period, when Egypt was divided between the Theban-based 17th Dynasty in Upper Egypt and the Hyksos 15th Dynasty who controlled Lower and part of Middle Egypt.

Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef is referred to as Intef VII in some literature, while others refer to him as Intef VIII.
Nicolas Born
Nicolas Born (31 December 1937 in Duisburg – 7 December 1979 in Lüchow-Dannenberg) was a German writer.

Nicolas Born was – together with Rolf Dieter Brinkmann – one of the most important and most innovative German poets of his generation. His two novels, Die erdabgewandte Seite der Geschichte, and Die Fälschung, have been translated into more than a dozen languages, and count among the most important works of German literature of the 1970s.

Circle of Deceit (1981 film)
Circle of Deceit (German title: Die Fälschung, 'the deception'; French title: Le Faussaire) is an anti-war film directed by Volker Schlöndorff and internationally released in 1981. An international co-production, it was an adaptation of Nicolas Born's novel The Deception, which had appeared in 1979. The film follows a German journalist sent to Beirut to report on the Lebanese Civil War, which had begun in 1975.