hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zaner-Bloser (teaching script)
The Zaner-Bloser (also Zaner-Bloser Method) is a teaching script for handwriting based on Latin script as well as a system of penmanship instruction, which originated around 1904 at the Zanerian College of Penmanship in Columbus, Ohio. Charles P. Zaner (1864–1918) and Elmer W. Bloser (1865–1929), originally a Spencerian Method instructor, developed their teaching script with the aim of allowing learners an easier transition from print writing to cursive. The Zaner-Bloser Method  first teaches block letters and then cursive in order to enable written expression as quickly as possible and thus develop the ability to write. Material relating to the method of instruction practiced by Zaner and Bloser is still being published by the Zaner-Bloser Company, a subsidiary of Highlights for Children.

Cursive
Cursive (also known as joined-up writing) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters. It varies in functionality and modern-day usage across languages and regions, being used both publicly in artistic and formal documents as well as in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, but casual cursive is a combination of joins and pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided as "looped", "italic", or "connected".

The cursive method is used with many alphabets due to infrequent pen lifting which allows increased writing speed. However, more elaborate or ornamental calligraphic styles of writing can be slower to reproduce. In some alphabets, many or all letters in a word are connected, sometimes making a word one single complex stroke.
Giovanni Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano
Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano (27 August 1872 – 13 March 1952) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of Bologna from 1921 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1923.

Archdiocese of Bologna
The Archdiocese of Bologna (Latin: Archidioecesis Bononiensis; Italian: Arcidiocesi di Bologna) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Northern Italy. The cathedra is in the cathedral church of San Pietro, Bologna. The current archbishop is Cardinal Matteo Zuppi, who was installed in 2015.

The Archdiocese of Bologna is a metropolitan archdiocese and has three suffragan dioceses within its ecclesiastical province: the Diocese of Imola, the Diocese of Faenza-Modigliana, and the Archdiocese of Ferrara-Comacchio.
FTSE Global Equity Index Series
The FTSE Global Equity Index Series is a series of stock market indices provided by FTSE Group. It was launched in September 2003, and provides coverage of over 17,000 stocks in 48 countries, covering 98% of the world's investable market capitalization.

The series comprises various global and local indices, including:

FTSE Global Total Cap Index, a global index covering approximately 17,000 stocks from micro cap to large cap

FTSE Global All Cap Index, a global index covering approximately 9,000 stocks from small cap to large cap

FTSE All-World Index, a global index covering approximately 4,000 mid cap and large cap stocks

Several of the indices in the series are used by The Vanguard Group as bases of their mutual funds and ETFs.

Stock market index
In finance, a stock market index or stock index is an index that measures the performance of a stock market, or of a subset of a stock market. It helps investors compare current stock price levels with past prices to calculate market performance.

Two of the primary criteria of an index are that it is investable and transparent: The methods of its construction are specified. Investors may be able to invest in a stock market index by buying an index fund, which is structured as either a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund, and "tracks" an index. The difference between an index fund's performance and the index, if any, is called tracking error.
Shmyhal Government
The Shmyhal government (Ukrainian: Уряд Дениса Шмигаля, romanized: Uriad Denysa Shmyhalia) was the 5th government of Ukraine after 2014 revolution, formed on 4 March 2020 and led by Denys Shmyhal, who was previously serving as deputy prime minister in the Honcharuk government, and the Governor of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Shmyhal is the longest-serving prime minister in Ukrainian history.

The government was dismissed on 16 July 2025 with 261 votes "for", following the resignation of Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal.

Ministry of Strategic Industries
The Ministry of Strategic Industries of Ukraine (Ukrainian: Міністерство з питань стратегічних галузей промисловості, romanized: Ministerstvo z pytan stratehichnykh haluzei promyslovosti) is a former government ministry in Ukraine that existed from July 2020 to July 2025.
Dukhiram Majumder
Dukhiram Majumder (born Oomesh Chandra Majumder (Bengali: উমেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার); also Mazumdar; 1875 – 16 June 1929) was an Indian footballer, football manager, scout and club official, who is regarded as the first football coach in the country. He first understood the importance of Indian players wearing boots. During his coaching days, Majumder managed Calcutta Football League side Aryans Club, alongside nurturing talents like Gostha Pal, Shibdas Bhaduri, Syed Abdus Samad, Karuna Bhattacharya, and Balaidas Chatterjee.

Syed Abdus Samad (footballer)
Syed Abdus Samad (Bengali: সৈয়দ আবদুস সামাদ; 6 December 1895 – 2 February 1965) was a football player from Bengal. Dubbed "Football Jadukor" (lit. 'Football Magician'), he played for India national football team in 1924 and captained it in 1926. He played as a forward. After the partition of India in 1947, Samad settled in Dinajpur in East Pakistan, where he spent the rest of his life.  He was recipient of the Pakistan Pride of Performance award in 1960.

Samad also played for Aryans Club, joining the team in 1915. His football career primarily lasted from 1915–1938.
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Cuyahoga County (/ˌkaɪ.əˈhɒɡə/ KY-ə-HOG-ə or /ˌkaɪ.əˈhoʊɡə/ KY-ə-HOH-gə, see Cuyahoga River § Pronunciation) is a large urban county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The county seat and most populous city is Cleveland. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,264,817, making it the second-most populous county in the state.

Cuyahoga County is situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S.–Canada maritime border. The county is bisected by the Cuyahoga River, after which it was named. "Cuyahoga" is an Iroquoian word meaning "crooked river". It is the core county of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area.

Northeast Ohio
Northeast Ohio is a geographic and cultural region that comprises the northeastern counties of the U.S. state of Ohio. Definitions of the region consist of 16 to 23 counties between the southern shore of Lake Erie and the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, home to over 4.5 million people. It is anchored by the metropolitan area of Cleveland, the most populous city in the region with over 372,000 residents in 2020. Other metropolitan centers include Akron, Canton, Mansfield, Sandusky, and Youngstown. Northeast Ohio includes most of the area known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve.
Eburonian
The Eburonian (German: Eburon or Eburonium), or, much less commonly, the Eburonian Stage, is a glacial complex in the Calabrian age of the Pleistocene epoch and lies between the Tegelen and the Waalian interglacial. The transition from the Tegelen to the Eburonian started about 1.78 million years ago, lasted 480,000 years (to 1.3 million years ago). In geologic strata, at its base, from its startpoint, the Neogene underlies different Gelasian deposits starkly in much of the Netherlands.

Waalian interglacial
The Waalian interglacial (German: Waal-Warmzeit or Waal-Interglazial)  or Waalian Stage was an interglacial period of the Early Pleistocene in north-west Europe. It was preceded by the Eburonian Stage and succeeded by the Menapian Stage. It coincides with part of the much longer Beestonian stage in Britain. It is variously dated by different authorities. Oxford Reference gives 1.3 to 0.9 million years ago and the British Geological Survey 1.6 to 1.36 million years ago. However, the 2020 chart of the international authority on stratigraphic dating, the International Commission on Stratigraphy shows it as c. 1.6 to 1.4 million years ago. It is distinct from other Pleistocene periods in its complexity, vegetational composition, and vegetational succession.

Its name is derived from a major branch of the Rhine delta, the Waal.
Bangong suture
The Bangong suture zone is a key location in the central Tibet conjugate fault zone. Approximately 1,200 km long, the suture trends in an east–west orientation. Located in central Tibet between the Lhasa (southern block) and Qiangtang (northern block) terranes, it is a discontinuous belt of ophiolites and mélange that is 10–20 km wide, up to 50 km  wide in places. The northern part of the fault zone consists of northeast striking sinistral strike-slip faults while the southern part consists of northwest striking right lateral strike-slip faults.  These conjugate faults to the north and south of the Bangong intersect with each other along the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.

Lhasa terrane
The Lhasa terrane is a terrane, or fragment of crustal material, sutured to the Eurasian plate during the Cretaceous that forms present-day southern Tibet. It takes its name from the city of Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China. The northern part may have originated in the East African Orogeny, while the southern part appears to have once been part of Australia. The two parts joined, were later attached to Asia, and then were impacted by the collision of the Indian plate that formed the Himalayas.
Nissan P35
The Nissan P35 was a planned Group C car built by Nissan Motors for competition in the World Sportscar Championship.  Developed by Nissan Performance Technology Inc. (NPTI), which had formerly raced under the name Electramotive in the United States, the cars were intended to be completed by the middle of 1992, with competition starting in 1993.  However economic troubles for Nissan led to the cancellation of the project soon after testing of the first cars had begun, meaning that the P35s never raced.

During the development of the P35, Nissan's own motorsports division, Nismo, began work on a modified P35 design that would be adapted to the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship.  This car, known as the NP35, would be allowed to race only once before it too was cancelled.  These would be the final prototypes built by Nissan until 1997.

Nissan R90C
The Nissan R90C was a platform used for Group C racing cars built in 1990 by Nissan Motors for competition in World Sportscar Championship (WSC) based in Europe and the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship (JSPC). The cars based on the basic R90C platform would compete until 1993 before Nissan chose to withdraw from sports car racing, not returning until 1997. It won three JSPC championships and several significant endurance races during its career.
Worn Me Down
"Worn Me Down" is a song by American singer Rachael Yamagata. It was released as a single from her debut EP, Rachael Yamagata (EP) and was the first single from her first full-length album, Happenstance, which was released on June 8, 2004 in the U.S, and it is considered to be her most famous song to date.

Rachael Yamagata (EP)
Rachael Yamagata EP, otherwise referred to as Rachael Yamagata or EP, is an extended play by American recording artist Rachael Yamagata, released by Private Music on October 7, 2003. All songs and lyrics were written by Yamagata except "These Girls", which was co-written by Chris Holmes. The album was produced by Malcolm Burn except the song "Collide", which was produced by Doug McBride. "Collide" appears on the Bumpus album Stereoscope, and "Worn Me Down" and "The Reason Why" were re-recorded for Yamagata's debut album Happenstance.
Breck Road
53°51′07″N 2°59′13″W﻿ / ﻿53.852020°N 2.986905°W﻿ / 53.852020; -2.986905

Breck Road (formerly Breck Street; colloquially known as The Breck) is a road in Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire, England. Originally known as Breck Street, it runs for about 0.79 miles (1.27 km) from Chapel Street, Ball Street and Vicarage Road in the south to Amounderness Way (the A585) in the north.

The road is one-way northbound between its Chapel Street/Ball Street/Vicarage Road junction and Victoria Road, just beyond Poulton-le-Fylde railway station.

It is part of the A588, a designation it picks up from Chapel Street. Amounderness Way eastbound inherits the A588 designation.

Sources differ as to whether Breck Street was the former name of Breck Road or Station Road. An October 1926 edition of The London Gazette lists all three streets.

A585 road
The A585 is a primary road in England which runs from Kirkham to Fleetwood in Lancashire.

The road runs a total distance of just under 14 miles (23 km), on a mixture of rural and urban residential/commercial streets.  The 12-mile (19 km) section north of the M55 formerly carried large amounts of container traffic to and from the Fleetwood container port, until operations ceased in 2010.
Church of São Cosme e São Damião
The Church of Saints Cosme and Damião (Portuguese: Igreja dos Santos Cosme e Damião), officially called the Igreja Matriz de São Cosme e São Damião, is a Catholic church located in the city of Igarassu, Pernambuco, Brazil. The church dates to 1535, early in the settlement of Pernambuco, and survived the Dutch invasion of the 17th century. It is the oldest functioning church in Brazil, according to the Brazilian National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage. The church is dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olinda and Recife. It sits adjacent to the Church and Convent of Saint Antony, now a sacred art museum. The church was listed as a historic structure by the National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute in 1945.

Cosmas and Damian
Cosmas and Damian (c. 3rd century – c. 287 or c. 303 AD) were two Arab physicians and early Christian martyrs. They practised their profession in the seaport of Aegeae, then in the Roman province of Cilicia.

Cosmas and Damian were third century Arabian-born twin brothers who embraced Christianity and practiced medicine and surgery without a fee. This led them to being named anargyroi (from the Greek Ἀνάργυροι, "the silverless" or "unmercenaries"); by this, they attracted many to the Christian faith. They reputedly cured blindness, fever, paralysis and reportedly expelled a serpent. They were arrested by Lysias, governor of Cilicia (modern-day Çukurova, Turkey) during the Diocletian persecution because of their faith and fame as healers. Emperor Diocletian, who favoured the worship of the Olympian gods, issued a series of edicts that condemned the Christians with the goal of eliminating Christianity from the Roman Empire.
Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Karl Georg August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (English: Charles George Augustus; 8 February 1766 – 20 September 1806) was the heir to the Duchy of Brunswick as the eldest son of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta of Great Britain.

Princess Augusta of Great Britain
Augusta of Great Britain (Augusta Frederica; 31 July 1737 – 23 March 1813) was a British princess, granddaughter of George II and the only elder sibling of George III. She was Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by marriage to Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick. Her daughter Caroline was the wife of George IV.
Glarus Süd
Glarus Süd is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Glarus. It comprises the upper Linth valley, and the entire Sernf valley, and includes the villages of Betschwanden, Braunwald, Diesbach, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Hätzingen, Leuggelbach, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Nidfurn, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool.

Glarus Süd is one of three municipalities of the canton of Glarus, the others being Glarus and Glarus Nord.

Sernftal
46°57′40″N 9°10′16″E﻿ / ﻿46.961°N 9.171°E﻿ / 46.961; 9.171

The Sernftal or Kleintal is an alpine valley within Glarus Süd, in the  canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is formed by the Sernf, a right tributary of the Linth. Situated in the Sernftal are the villages of Elm (977 m) and Engi (812 m). The Panix Pass at 2407 m connects the Sernftal with the anterior Rhine valley in Grisons.
Vakhtapur State (Rewa Kantha)
Vakhtapur State  was a minor princely state during the British Raj in what is today Gujarat State India. It was initially administered by the Rewa Kantha Agency and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the Pandu Mehwas, petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.

The state had a population of 390 and an area of 1.5 sq miles.

Rewa Kantha Agency
Rewa Kantha was a political agency of British India, managing the relations (indirect rule) of the British government's Bombay Presidency with a collection of princely states. It stretched for about 150 miles between the plain of Gujarat and the hills of Malwa, from the Tapti River to the Mahi River crossing the Rewa (or Narmada) River, from which it takes its name.

The political agent, who was also District collector of the prant (British District) of the Panchmahal, resided at Godhra.
Jacopo Riccati
Jacopo Francesco Riccati (28 May 1676 – 15 April 1754) was a Venetian mathematician and jurist from Venice, known for his widely influential work on solving differential equations. He is best known for having studied the equation that bears his name.

Riccati equation
In mathematics, a Riccati equation in the narrowest sense is any first-order ordinary differential equation that is quadratic in the unknown function. In other words, it is an equation of the form

where  and .   If  the equation reduces to a Bernoulli equation, while if  the equation becomes a first order linear ordinary differential equation.

The equation is named after Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754).

More generally, the term Riccati equation is used to refer to matrix equations with an analogous quadratic term, which occur in both continuous-time and discrete-time linear-quadratic-Gaussian control.  The steady-state (non-dynamic) version of these is referred to as the algebraic Riccati equation.
Tandoor
A tandoor (/tænˈdʊər/ or /tɑːnˈdʊər/) is a large vase-shaped oven, usually made of clay. Since antiquity, tandoors have been used to bake unleavened flatbreads, such as roti and traditional lavash, as well as leavened ones, such as naan and tandoor bread or matnakash. It is also used to roast meat and vegetables. Tandoors are predominantly used in South Asia, Western Asia, Central Asia, and the Horn of Africa.

The standard heating element of a tandoor is an internal charcoal or wood fire, which cooks food with direct heat and smoke. Tandoors can be fully above ground, or partially buried below ground, often reaching over a meter in height/depth. Temperatures in a tandoor can reach 480 °C (900 °F; 750 K), and they are routinely kept lit for extended periods. Therefore, traditional tandoors are usually found in restaurant kitchens. Modern tandoors are often made of metal. Variations, such as tandoors with gas or electric heating elements, are more common for at-home use.

Samosa
A samosa (/səˈmoʊsə/) (listenⓘ) is a fried Indian pastry with a savoury filling that mostly consists of vegetables like spiced potatoes, onions, and peas, but can include cheese such as paneer, meat or even fish. Its name originates from the Middle Persian word sambosag (سنبوسگ) (meaning 'triangular pastry'). It is made in different shapes, including triangular, cone, or crescent, depending on the region. Samosas are often accompanied by chutney, and have origins in medieval times or earlier. Sweet versions containing traditional Indian flavours or even chocolate are also made. Samosas are popular snacks in South Asia and within the Indian diaspora across the world.
Sensation (band)
Sensation is the band title and the music project proposed by the Malaysian Chinese singer and songwriter Gary Chaw with his teacher and the Taiwanese music producer Michael Tu in 2011. As the vocal of the band, he collaborates and performs with the members from MUSA's - with the band-leading pianist Martin "Musa" Musaubach and bassist Lautaro "LuKa" Bellucca from Argentina; and drummer/ percussionist Adriano "Gaofei" Moreira from Brazil.

Guitarist Fabio Moreira, from Brazil, joined in Project 2 started in May 2013. Danny Deysher from the USA teamed up as the quintet member in Aug 2013 as trumpeter. Guitarist Liu Li-Min "Niu-Niu" from Beijing was officially introduced as new SENSATION member in Gary Chaw Sensationally Live Tour Macau 2013.

MUSA's
MUSA's is a musical band led by piano/ keyboardist Martin "Musa" Musaubach. Members combination in MUSA's varies in different live shows.

While the band members' origins are from different countries, currently they are usually staying in Taipei, Taiwan, playing lives, producing self-own projects or collaborating with different musicians and vocalists as the leading band.
Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations
The Intra-European Organisation of Tax Administrations (IOTA), is a non-profit intergovernmental organisation, which provides a forum to assist members in European countries to improve their fiscal functionality. The IOTA headquarters are located in Budapest.

Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations
The Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT) is an international organization specialized in training and exchanges of information between national tax administrations.

The CIAT is an international public, non-profit organization that provides specialized technical assistance for the updating and modernization of tax administrations. It is a founding member of the Network of Tax Organizations (NTO), a network of regional and international tax administrations that aims to develop and promote effective and fair tax systems around the world.
Bernhard Meyer (publisher)
Bernhard Meyer (5 October 1860 in Fraureuth, Kingdom of Saxony – 19 April 1917 in Leipzig) was a German publisher and motor- and aviation-industrialist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
He is notable for being the first publisher in Germany to successfully combine a magazine subscription with an accident insurance in 1899.
Later in his life he invested in the early German motor- and aviation-industry and, most notably, together with Erich Thiele founded the  Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke (DFW). Upon his death, his publishing and aviation businesses were inherited and managed by his son-in-law, Kurt Herrmann.

Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke
Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke, usually known as DFW, was a German aircraft manufacturer of the early twentieth century. It was established by Bernhard Meyer and Erich Thiele at Lindenthal in 1910, and initially produced Farman designs under licence, later moving on to the Etrich Taube and eventually to its own designs. One of these, the DFW C.V reconnaissance aircraft, was produced to the extent of several thousand machines, including license production by other firms. When Bernhard Meyer died in April 1917, his son-in-law Kurt Herrmann became general director of DFW.

After the end of the First World War, under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the DFW had to cease operations by 18 December 1919. Plans to develop civil aircraft after the war proved fruitless. On Herrmann's initiative, the company was bought by Allgemeine Transportanlagen Gesselschaft on 16 June 1919.