hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Nebulae (computer)
Nebulae (Chinese: 星雲) is a petascale supercomputer located at the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Built from a Dawning TC3600 Blade system with Intel Xeon X5650 processors and Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPUs, it has a peak performance of 1.271 petaflops using the LINPACK benchmark suite. Nebulae was ranked the second most powerful computer in the world in the June 2010 list of the fastest supercomputers according to TOP500. Nebulae has a theoretical peak performance of 2.9843 petaflops. This computer is used for multiple applications requiring advanced processing capabilities. It is ranked 10th among the June 2012 list of top500.org.

Supercomputing in China
Since the early 2000s, China has expanded its presence in the TOP500 rankings of supercomputers, with systems such as Tianhe-1A reaching first place in 2010 and Sunway TaihuLight leading in 2016.

By 2018, China had the highest number of supercomputers listed on the TOP500, reflecting its commitment to advancing computational capabilities across various sectors, including scientific research, industrial applications, and national defense.  However, this progress has been met with challenges, notably from U.S. sanctions aimed at curbing China's access to advanced computing technologies. Since 2019, after the U.S. began levying sanctions on several Chinese companies involved with supercomputing, public information on the state of supercomputing in China had become less available.
The Seven Ravens
"The Seven Ravens" (German: Die sieben Raben) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm (KHM 25). It is of Aarne–Thompson type 451 ("The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers"), commonly found throughout Europe.

Other variants of the Aarne–Thompson type include The Six Swans, The Twelve Wild Ducks, Udea and her Seven Brothers, The Wild Swans, and The Twelve Brothers.

The 1937 animated feature film The Seven Ravens adapts the fairy tale.

The Twelve Brothers
"The Twelve Brothers" (German: Die zwölf Brüder) is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm in Grimm's Fairy Tales (KHM 9). Andrew Lang included it in The Red Fairy Book.

It is of Aarne-Thompson type 451 ("The Maiden Who Seeks Her Brothers"), which is commonly found throughout Europe. Other variants of the Aarne-Thompson type include The Six Swans, The Twelve Wild Ducks, Udea and her Seven Brothers, The Wild Swans, and The Seven Ravens.
Convoy OB 318
OB 318 was a North Atlantic convoy which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. During Operation Primrose Royal Navy convoy escorts HMS Bulldog, Broadway and Aubrietia captured U-110 with an intact Enigma machine and a wealth of signals intelligence, which led to the Allied breakthrough into cracking the German naval Enigma code.

HMS Bulldog (H91)
HMS Bulldog (H91) was a B-class destroyer built for the Royal Navy (RN) between 1929 and 1931. Initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, she transferred to the Home Fleet in 1936. During the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, the ship spent considerable time in Spanish waters, enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict. Bulldog saw service throughout World War II on convoy escort duty during the Battle of the Atlantic and in the Arctic. Her most notable actions were the capture of an Enigma machine and codebooks from the U-110 in 1941, sinking another German submarine in 1944 and taking the surrender of the German garrisons on the Channel Islands on 9 May 1945. Surplus after the war, she was broken up for scrap in 1946.
Rio Grande de Mindanao
The Rio Grande de Mindanao, also known as the Mindanao River, is the second-largest river system in the Philippines. Located on the southern island of Mindanao, with a total drainage area of 23,169 km2 (8,946 sq mi), draining the majority of the central and eastern portion of the island, and a total length of approximately 373 km (232 mi). It is an important transportation artery, used mainly in transporting agricultural products and, formerly, timber.

Its headwaters are in the mountains of Impasugong, Bukidnon, south of Gingoog in Misamis Oriental, where it is called the Pulangi River. Joining the Kabacan River, it becomes the Mindanao River. Flowing out of the mountains, it forms the center of a broad, fertile plain in the southcentral portion of the island. Before its mouth in Illana Bay, it splits into two parallel sections, the Cotabato and Tamontaka, separated by a 180 m (590 ft) hill.

Population centers along the river include Cotabato City, Datu Piang and Midsayap.

Pulangi River
The Pulangi River (Cebuano pronunciation IPA [puˈlaŋi]); (Maguindanaon pronunciation: [pʊˈlaːŋɪ]), also spelled Pulangui, is one of the major tributaries of the Rio Grande de Mindanao, an extensive river system in Mindanao, Philippines. With a length of 320 kilometres (199 mi), it is the longest river in Bukidnon and the 5th longest river in the Philippines. It traverses through majority of the cities and municipalities of Bukidnon from its source in Barangay Kalabugao, Impasugong, Bukidnon.
Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)
Nāṣir ad-Dīn Maḥmūd (Persian: ناصرالدين محمود) was the eldest son of the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish and his chief consort Turkan Khatun, (as the court historian Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani clearly mentioned in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri, the only contemporary source of history of that time), the daughter of Qutb ud-Din Aibak. He was, in all probabilities, the full brother of Razia Sultan. He was the governor of Awadh and later served as the governor of Bengal (Preceded by Iwaz Khalji) until his death in 1229. Then in 1230 the son of Ali Sher Khalji, Balka Khalji declared himself as independent king of Bengal. Thus in 1231 Iltutmish marched against him and defeated him and made Alauddin Jani as the next governor of Bengal.

Iwaz Khalji
Ḥusām ud-Dīn ʿIwaz bin Ḥusayn Khaljī (Bengali: হুসামউদ্দীন ইওজ বিন হোসেন খলজী, Persian: حسام الدین عوض بن حسین خلجی), later known by his regnal title as Ghiyās ud-Dīn ʿIwaz Shāh (Bengali: গিয়াসউদ্দীন ইওজ শাহ, Persian: غیاث الدین عوض شاه), was a two-time governor of Bengal under the Delhi Sultanate and a member of the Khalji dynasty of Bengal. During his second term, lasting from 1212 to 1227, Khalji declared himself as an independent ruler of Bengal.

His regime has been described as "constructive" as Khalji made major developments to Bengal by innovating flood defence systems and interlinking major cities by means of constructing South Asia's earliest-recorded embankments and extending the Grand Trunk Road. Khalji was also responsible for establishing Bengal's first naval force, the complete fortification of Lakhnauti (Gaur), and the founding of the fort-town of Basankot.
Mumbai–Pune Mail
Mumbai–Pune Mail (started as Bombay–Poona Mail) or Poona Mail was a luxurious train on Mumbai–Pune section by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway. It was the first intercity train started between Mumbai and Pune. This train and the famous Deccan Queen Express used to serve Mumbai Pune commuters for many years. Started as Mail in 1863, it was 303 Poona Mail in 1964. Got extension to Miraj past GC as 303 Bombay Mail in 1971 & become 303 Mahalaxmi Express during 1974 with final extension to Kolhapur.
During Poona–Bangalore MG era, this connects 902 MG Poona Mail (Poona–Bangalore till 1971), 304 MG Bombay Mail (Miraj–Bangalore 1971–1974) & 304 MG Mahalaxmi Express (Miraj–Bangalore 1974 onwards till Miraj–Bangalore GC)  by Section Carriage Interchanged at Poona & later at Miraj.

Mahalaxmi Express
The 17411/17412 Mahalaxmi Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Mumbai and Kolhapur in India. It is a daily service. It operates as train number 17411 from Mumbai CSMT to Kolhapur SCSMT and as train number 17412 in the reverse direction. Before gauge conversion, this train ran in two sections, with Sectional Carriage interchanged at Pune & later at Miraj, with timeline

Bombay-Pune (as 303 Mumbai–Pune Mail 1863–1971), Bombay-Miraj (as 303 Bombay Mail 1971–1974), Bombay-Kolhapur (as 303 Mahalaxmi Express since 1974)

902 Poona Mail (MG Service between Pune-Miraj & later Pune-Bangalore till 1974), 304 Bombay Mail (MG Service Miraj-Bangalore past 1971–73) & 304 Mahalaxmi Express (MG Service since 1974 till Miraj-Bangalore GC)

After gauge conversion, the Miraj–Bangalore train was discontinued and a new direct train between Kurla and Bangalore was introduced. It is named after Mahalakshmi temple in Kolhapur.
Kayah State
Kayah State (Burmese: ကယားပြည်နယ်, pronounced [kəjá pjìnɛ̀]), or Karenni State, is a state of Myanmar. Situated in eastern Myanmar, it is bounded on the north by Shan State, on the east by Thailand's Mae Hong Son Province, and on the south and west by Kayin State. It lies approximately between 18° 30′ and 19° 55′ north latitude and between 96° 50′ and 97° 50′ east longitude. The area is 11,670 km2 (4,510 sq mi). Its capital is Loikaw (also spelt Loi-kaw). The estimated population in the 2014 Myanmar Census was 286,738, the smallest among Myanmar's seven states. It is inhabited primarily by the Karenni ethnic group, also known as Red Karen or Kayah, a Sino-Tibetan people. Even though Kayah State is the smallest state in Myanmar, it is still larger than Yangon Region.

Kayin State
Kayin State, formerly known as Karen State, is a state of Myanmar. The capital city is Hpa-An, also spelled Pa-An.

The terrain of the state is mountainous, with the Dawna Range running along the state in a NNW–SSE direction, and the southern end of the Karen Hills in the northwest. It is bordered by the Mae Hong Son, Tak, and Kanchanaburi provinces of Thailand to the east; Mon State and Bago Region to the west and south; and Mandalay Region, Shan State and Kayah State to the north.
Greater Pittsburgh
Greater Pittsburgh is the metropolitan area surrounding the city of Pittsburgh in Western Pennsylvania, United States. The region includes Allegheny County,  Pittsburgh's urban core county and economic hub, and seven adjacent Pennsylvania counties: Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Lawrence, Washington, and Westmoreland in Western Pennsylvania, which constitutes the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area MSA as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.

As of the 2020 census, the Greater Pittsburgh region had a population of over 2.45 million people. Pittsburgh, the region's core city, has a population of 302,971, the second-largest in the state after Philadelphia. Over half of the region's population resides within Allegheny County, which has a population of 1.24 million and is the state's second-largest county after Philadelphia County.

Butler County, Pennsylvania
40°55′N 79°55′W﻿ / ﻿40.91°N 79.91°W﻿ / 40.91; -79.91

Butler County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 193,763. Its county seat is Butler. Butler County was created on March 12, 1800, from part of Allegheny County and named in honor of General Richard Butler, a hero of the American Revolution. The county is part of the Greater Pittsburgh region of the commonwealth.
Zinc transporter ZIP9
Zinc transporter ZIP9, also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene. This protein is the ninth member out of 14 ZIP family proteins, and is a membrane androgen receptor (mAR) coupled to G proteins that is classified as a zinc transporter protein. ZIP family proteins transport zinc metal from the extracellular environment into cells through cell membrane.

Zinc transporter protein
Zinc transporter proteins (Zrt), or simply zinc transporters, are membrane transport proteins of the solute carrier family which control the membrane transport of zinc and regulate its intracellular and cytoplasmic concentrations. They include two major groups: (1) the zinc transporter (ZnT) or solute carrier 30 (SLC30) family, which controls the efflux of zinc from the cytoplasm out of the cell and from the cytoplasm into vesicles; and (2) the zinc importer, Zrt- and Irt-like protein (ZIP), or solute carrier 39A (SLC39A) family, which controls the influx of zinc into the cytoplasm from outside the cell and from vesicles.

At least one zinc transporter, ZIP9, is also a G protein-coupled receptor and membrane androgen receptor.
HM Land Registry
His Majesty's Land Registry is a non-ministerial department of His Majesty's Government, created in 1862 to register the ownership of land and property in England and Wales. It reports to the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG). The land register contains information on 87% (by area) of the freehold land in England and Wales as of 2019.

While HM Land Registry reports to MHCLG, it is operationally independent. The fees it charges for the registration and information services it provides are returned to HM Treasury. The current interim Chief Land Registrar (and interim CEO) is Ian Banfield.

The equivalent office in Scotland is the Registers of Scotland. Land and Property Services maintain records for Northern Ireland.

Land registration
Land registration is any of various systems by which matters concerning ownership, possession, or other rights in land are formally recorded (usually with a government agency or department) to provide evidence of title, facilitate transactions, and prevent unlawful disposal. The information recorded and the protection provided by land registration varies widely by jurisdiction.

In common law countries, particularly in jurisdictions in the Commonwealth of Nations, when replacing the deeds registration system, title registrations are broadly classified into two basic types: the Torrens title system and the English system, a modified version of the Torrens system.

Cadastral systems and land registration are both types of land recording and complement each other.
Diocese of Aachen
The Diocese of Aachen (Latin: Dioecesis Aquisgranensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in Germany and one of the six dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Cologne. The incumbent bishop is Helmut Dieser, who was appointed by Pope Francis on 23 September 2016. The bishop's seat is Aachen.

Archdiocese of Cologne
The Archdiocese of Cologne (Latin: Archidioecesis Coloniensis; German: Erzbistum Köln) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.
Hazel Creek (Great Smoky Mountains)
Hazel Creek is a tributary stream of the Little Tennessee River in the southwestern Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina.  The creek's bottomlands were home to several pioneer Appalachian communities and logging towns before their incorporation into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.  Hazel Creek is now a backcountry campsite and historical area.

Little Tennessee River
The Little Tennessee River (known locally as the Little T) is a 135-mile (217 km) tributary of the Tennessee River that flows through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the southeastern United States from Georgia, into North Carolina, and then into Tennessee.  Reaching its confluence with the Tennesssee River at Lenoir City, Tennessee, it drains portions of three national forests— Chattahoochee, Nantahala, and Cherokee— and provides the southwestern boundary of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Numerous dams were erected on the river in the 20th century for flood control and hydropower generation. The river flows through five major impoundments: Fontana Dam, Cheoah Dam, Calderwood Dam, Chilhowee Dam, and Tellico Dam, and one smaller impoundment, Porters Bend Dam.
Starfleet
Starfleet is a fictional organization in the Star Trek media franchise. Within this fictional universe, Starfleet is a uniformed space force maintained by the United Federation of Planets (often called "the Federation" in the franchise) as the principal means for conducting deep space exploration, research, defense, peacekeeping, and diplomacy (although Starfleet predates the Federation, having originally been an Earth organization, as shown by the television series Star Trek: Enterprise). While most of Starfleet's members are human and it has been headquartered on Earth, hundreds of other species are also represented. Most of the franchise's protagonists are Starfleet commissioned officers.

United Federation of Planets
In the fictional universe of Star Trek, the United Federation of Planets (UFP) is the interstellar government with which, as part of its space force Starfleet, most of the characters and starships of the franchise are affiliated. Commonly called "the Federation", it was introduced in the original Star Trek television series. The survival, success, and growth of the Federation and its principles of freedom have become some of the Star Trek franchise's central themes.

The Federation is an organization of numerous planetary sovereignties, including Earth and Vulcan. The franchise focuses on Starfleet, the exploration and defense arm of the Federation, rather than the Federation's government. Viewers are rarely given details of the internal workings of the government; however, many episodes refer to the rules and laws that the Federation imposes on the characters and their adventures.
Leessang
Leessang (Korean: 리쌍) was a South Korean hip hop duo, composed of Kang Hee-gun ("Gary" or "Garie") and Gil Seong-joon ("Gil"). Formed in 2002, the duo has released eight albums to date: two self-titled records in 2002 and 2003, Library of Soul in 2005, Black Sun in 2007, Baekajeolhyeon (백아절현) in 2009, Hexagonal in late 2009, Asura Balbalta in 2011 and Unplugged in 2012. Their last three albums broke numerous records and guided their entry to the mainstream Korean music industry.

Gary (rapper)
Kang Hee-gun (Korean: 강희건; born February 24, 1978), better known by his stage name Gary (Korean: 개리, often spelled as Garie), is a South Korean rapper, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, and television personality. Besides being a solo artist, he is also the rapper and lyricist of the former hip hop duo Leessang. Since their formation in 2002, the group has produced a total of eight albums and had several hits under their belt. In 2014, Gary made his debut as a solo artist with the mini-album Mr.Gae. Despite the album being banned by all major TV broadcast stations for its 19+ content, his songs still managed to top several charts. He and long time collaborator Jung-in later went on to form the duo, Jung In & Gary. The two released the singles "Your Scent" and "Bicycle."

Aside from his own work, Gary has been featured in works by famous artists such as Psy, Baek Ji-young, Lee Hyori, Dynamic Duo, and MC Mong. He is also a former cast member of the variety show Running Man.
Edinburgh Theological Seminary
Edinburgh Theological Seminary, formerly known as the Free Church College, is a theological seminary in Edinburgh connected to the Free Church of Scotland. It traces its origins back to the foundation of New College, Edinburgh at the time of the Disruption of 1843. At the formation of the United Free Church, the United Free Church was granted the New College buildings, and so the continuing Free Church moved to new premises in 1907. It acquired its present name in 2014.

Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)
The Free Church of Scotland  (Scottish Gaelic: An Eaglais Shaor; Scots: Free Kirk o Scotland) is a conservative evangelical Calvinist denomination in Scotland. It is the continuation of the original Free Church of Scotland that remained outside the union with the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland in 1900, and remains a distinct Presbyterian denomination in Scotland.

From 1900, when the majority of the Free Church joined the United Presbyterians to form the United Free Church, The Free Church became known, pejoratively, as "The Wee Frees", even though, in 21st century Scotland, it is the largest Presbyterian denomination after the Church of Scotland. As this term was originally used in comparing the Free Church unfavourably with the United Free Church, the Free Church of Scotland now deprecates its use.
Luke Chia-Liu Yuan
Luke Chia-Liu Yuan (simplified Chinese: 袁家骝; traditional Chinese: 袁家騮; pinyin: Yuán Jiāliú; Wade–Giles: Yüan Chia-liu; April 5, 1912 – February 11, 2003) was a Chinese-American physicist. He was the husband of the famous physicist Chien-Shiung Wu, who disproved the conservation of parity.

Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu (Chinese: 吳健雄; pinyin: Wú Jiànxióng; Wade–Giles: Wu2 Chien4-Hsiung2; May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American particle and experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the fields of nuclear and particle physics. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which proved that parity is not conserved. This discovery resulted in her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang winning the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics, while Wu herself was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. Her expertise in experimental physics evoked comparisons to Marie Curie. Her nicknames include the "First Lady of Physics", the "Chinese Marie Curie" and the "Queen of Nuclear Research".
Apache Cassandra
Apache Cassandra is a free and open-source database management system designed to handle large volumes of data across multiple commodity servers. The system prioritizes availability and scalability over consistency, making it particularly suited for systems with high write throughput requirements due to its LSM tree indexing storage layer. As a wide-column database, Cassandra supports flexible schemas and efficiently handles data models with numerous sparse columns. The system is optimized for applications with well-defined data access patterns that can be incorporated into the schema design. Cassandra supports computer clusters which may span multiple data centers, featuring asynchronous and masterless replication. It enables low-latency operations for all clients and incorporates Amazon's Dynamo distributed storage and replication techniques, combined with Google's Bigtable data storage engine model.

Wide-column store
A wide-column store (or extensible record store) is a type of NoSQL database. It uses tables, rows, and columns, but unlike a relational database, the names and format of the columns can vary from row to row in the same table. A wide-column store can be interpreted as a two-dimensional key–value store.
Google's Bigtable is one of the prototypical examples of a wide-column store.
Patent Reform Act of 2005
The Patent Reform Act of 2005 (H.R. 2795) was United States patent legislation proposed in the 109th United States Congress. Texas Republican Congressman Lamar S. Smith introduced the Act on 8 June 2005. Smith called the Act "the most comprehensive change to U.S. patent law since Congress passed the 1952 Patent Act." The Act proposed many of the recommendations made by a 2003 report by the Federal Trade Commission and a 2004 report by the National Academy of Sciences.

The 109th Congress concluded on January 3, 2007  without enacting H.R. 2795. Much of the proposed Act was carried into the proposed Patent Reform Act of 2007 (H.R. 1908, S. 1145), which was introduced in the 110th Congress  on 18 April 2007. A similar act was introduced as the Patent Reform Act of 2009 in the 111th Congress.

Patent Reform Act of 2007
The Patent Reform Act of 2007 (H.R. 1908, S. 1145) was a bill introduced in the 110th United States Congress to introduce changes in United States patent law. Democratic Congressman Howard Berman introduced the House of Representatives bill on April 18, 2007. Democratic Party Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the Senate bill on April 18, 2007.   The bill passed the house but died in the Senate.

The bills broadly resembled the proposed Patent Reform Act of 2005 which would have enacted many of the proposals recommended by a 2003 report by the Federal Trade Commission and a 2004 report by the National Academy of Sciences. Similar acts were introduced as the Patent Reform Act of 2009 in the 111th Congress and as the America Invents Act in the 112th.