hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Francis Robbins Upton
Francis Robbins Upton (1852 in Peabody, Massachusetts – March 10, 1921, in Orange, New Jersey) was an American physicist and mathematician. Upton worked alongside Thomas Edison in the development of incandescent light bulbs, electric generators, and electric power distribution. He was the first president of the Edison Pioneers.

Edison Pioneers
The Edison Pioneers was an organization composed of former employees of Thomas Edison who had worked with the inventor in his early years. Membership was limited to people who had worked closely with Edison before 1885. 
On February 11, 1918, the Edison Pioneers met for the first time, on the 71st birthday of Edison. There were 37 people at the first meeting.
Edison himself was not present; it was announced he was "engaged in important government service".
It was suspected he was working on a military project since World War I was still in progress. The organization had 100 members although in later years descendants of Edison Pioneers were also allowed membership.
Ton of refrigeration
A ton of refrigeration (TR or TOR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power used in some countries (especially in North America) to describe the heat-extraction rate of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
It was originally defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing or melting of 1 short ton (2,000 lb; 907 kg) of pure ice at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours.

The modern definition is exactly 12,000 BtuIT/h (3.516853 kW). Air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment capacity in the U.S. is often specified in "tons" (of refrigeration). Many manufacturers also specify capacity in Btu/h, especially when specifying the performance of smaller equipment.

Power (physics)
Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt (symbol W), equal to one joule per second (J/s). Power is a scalar quantity.

The output power of a motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft.  Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a circuit is the product of the current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element.
Nigrita (bird)
The nigritas, formerly called negrofinches, are small passerine birds belonging to the genus Nigrita in the estrildid finch family Estrildidae. There are four species which occur across the African tropical rainforest.

They are 10-15 centimetres long. The bill is short and black and is fairly slender in some species. The colour of the plumage varies but all have a dark tail. The upperparts are grey or brown and the underparts are black, grey, white or reddish brown. The grey-headed nigrita and male pale-fronted nigrita have a black face and the white-breasted nigrita has a black cap. Nigritas have whistling or trilling songs and calls.

They feed on insects, fruit and seeds. They often forage high in the treetops, usually alone or in pairs.

Grey-headed nigrita
The grey-headed nigrita (Nigrita canicapillus) is a common species of estrildid finch found in Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 3,700,000 km2.

It is widespread throughout the African tropical rainforest.

The status of the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Lickey Incline
The Lickey Incline, south of Birmingham, is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain.  The climb is a gradient of 1 in 37.7 (2.65% or 26.5‰ or 1.52°) for a continuous distance of two miles (3.2 km). Constructed originally for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (B&GR) and opened in 1840, it is located on the modern Cross Country Route between Barnt Green and Bromsgrove stations in Worcestershire.

In earlier times many trains required the assistance of banking locomotives with associated logistical considerations to ensure that the train reached the top; now only the heaviest of freight trains require such assistance.

Bromsgrove railway station
Bromsgrove railway station serves the town of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, England. It is located at the foot of the two-mile Lickey Incline which ascends at a gradient of 1-in-37.7 towards Barnt Green on the line between Birmingham and Worcester. Bromsgrove is managed by West Midlands Railway. The current station opened on 12 July 2016, replacing an older station located slightly to the north.
Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano
Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano (1889-1956) was an Italian industrialist, son of Giovanni Ceirano, co-founder of Fabbrica Automobili Ceirano, co-owner of Aurea (Fabrica Anonima Torinese Automobili -F.A.T.A.) and two-time winner of the Targa Florio.

Ceirano GB & C
Ceirano GB & C was a historic automobile company, founded in October 1888 by Giovanni Battista Ceirano, Emanuele di Bricherasio, Attilio Calligaris, Pietro Fenoglio and Cesare Goria Gatti.

The new company was based in Turin, where it began to build bicycles under the Welleyes brand name. In 1899, the company hired Aristide Faccioli to design a small car with two seats. Welleyes was a success for Ceirano, but they were unable to cope with volume production,  so, in July 1899, Ceirano sold the company, plans and patents to Giovanni Agnelli, for launch as the first F.I.A.T. automobile.
Exchangeable random variables
In statistics, an exchangeable sequence of random variables (also sometimes interchangeable) is a sequence X1, X2, X3, ... (which may be finitely or infinitely long) whose joint probability distribution does not change when the positions in the sequence in which finitely many of them appear are altered. In other words, the joint distribution is invariant to finite permutation. Thus, for example the sequences

both have the same joint probability distribution.

It is closely related to the use of independent and identically distributed random variables in statistical models. Exchangeable sequences of random variables arise in cases of simple random sampling.

Independent and identically distributed random variables
In probability theory and statistics, a collection of random variables is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d., iid, or IID) if each random variable has the same probability distribution as the others and all are mutually independent. IID was first defined in statistics and finds application in many fields, such as data mining and signal processing.
Lixouri
Lixouri (Greek: Ληξούρι) is a town and a municipality in the island of Kefalonia, the largest of the Ionian Islands of western Greece.

It is the main town on the peninsula of Paliki, and the second largest town in Kefalonia after Argostoli and before Sami. It is located south of Fiskardo and west of Argostoli. Since the 2019 local government reform it is one of the three municipalities on the island. It has one municipal unit that is coterminous with the municipality: Paliki.

This region is renowned for its numerous beaches, including Xi, Fteri, and Petani, which are celebrated for their natural beauty and crystal-clear waters.

Cephalonia
Kefalonia or Cephalonia (Greek: Κεφαλονιά [kefaloˈɲa]), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (Κεφαλληνία), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th-largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region. It was a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos (Cefalonia–Zante) and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The largest cities of Cephalonia are Argostoli and Lixouri.
Highland Heights, Ohio
Highland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The city's population was 8,719 as of the 2020 census. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Cuyahoga County (/ˌkaɪ.əˈhɒɡə/ KY-ə-HOG-ə or /ˌkaɪ.əˈhoʊɡə/ KY-ə-HOH-gə, see Cuyahoga River § Pronunciation) is a large urban county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The county seat and most populous city is Cleveland. As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,264,817, making it the second-most populous county in the state.

Cuyahoga County is situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, across the U.S.–Canada maritime border. The county is bisected by the Cuyahoga River, after which it was named. "Cuyahoga" is an Iroquoian word meaning "crooked river". It is the core county of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area.
Newaygo County, Michigan
Newaygo County (/nəweɪɡoʊ/ nə-WAY-goh) is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 49,978. The county seat is White Cloud. The county was created in 1840, and was organized in 1851. It was either named for an Ojibwe leader who signed the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819 or for an Algonquian word meaning "much water".

White Cloud, Michigan
White Cloud is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan, a small town on the bank of the White River.  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 1,479.  It is the county seat of Newaygo County. Being designated a trail town, the outdoors are a big part of life in White Cloud, with the 4,600 mile North Country Trail stretching nearby, the Mill Pond Park with a beach and playground, and the White Cloud County Park and Campground, being major draws to the area. White Cloud was recognized by the North Country Trail Association as a "Trail Town".
Jerry Coyne
Jerry Allen Coyne (born December 30, 1949) is an American biologist and skeptic known for his work on speciation and his commentary on intelligent design.  A professor emeritus of ecology and evolution at the University of Chicago, he has published on the theory of evolution. His concentration is speciation and ecological and evolutionary genetics, particularly as they involve the fruit fly, Drosophila. In 2023 he became a fellow with the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.

He is the author of the text Speciation and the bestselling non-fiction book Why Evolution Is True.  Coyne maintains a website and writes for his blog, also called Why Evolution Is True. He is a hard determinist.

Coyne gained attention outside of the scientific community as a public critic of religion. As a proponent of New Atheism, he is often cited with atheists such as Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris. He is the author of the book Faith Versus Fact.

Faith Versus Fact
Faith Versus Fact: Why Science and Religion Are Incompatible is a 2015 book by the biologist Jerry Coyne concerning the relationship between science and religion. Coyne argues that religion and science are incompatible, by surveying the history of science and stating that both religion and science make claims about the universe, yet only science is open to the fact that it may be wrong.

Coyne was astonished that after having published his book Why Evolution is True that the proportion of creationists in the United States still remained between 40 and 46 percent. He felt that faith was the main reason many people continued to reject the facts and evidence for evolution.
Solar eclipse of April 18, 1931
A partial solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's ascending node of orbit between Friday, April 17 and Saturday, April 18, 1931, with a magnitude of 0.5107. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

A partial eclipse was visible for parts of East Asia and North Asia.

Solar eclipse of September 12, 1931
A partial solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Saturday, September 12, 1931, with a magnitude of 0.0471. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth.

A partial eclipse was visible for parts of Alaska. This was the 72nd and final event from Solar Saros 114.
Museo Casa de Moneda
The Museo Casa de Moneda  (Spanish for Mint Museum) is a numismatics museum located in La Candelaria neighborhood of Bogotá, Colombia. It is managed by the Bank of the Republic of Colombia and used to display its numismatic collection that is composed by around 18,600 objects that include artwork, banknotes, bonds, coins, derivatives, medals, negotiable instruments, and printing instruments from various periods and regions of the world.

The museum is located in the same building that served as the main mint for the New Kingdom of Granada, New Granada and modern-day Colombia between 1621 and 1987. Coin minting was moved to the Fábrica de Moneda in Ibagué in 1987.

The Museo Casa de Moneda is part of the Banrepcultural Network along with the Botero Museum, the Gold Museum, the Luis Ángel Arango Library, and the Miguel Urrutia Art Museum in Bogotá.

Bank of the Republic (Colombia)
The Bank of the Republic (Spanish: Banco de la República) is the central bank of Colombia. It was initially established under the regeneration era in 1880. Its main modern functions, under the new Colombian constitution were detailed by Congress according to Ley 31 de 1992. One of them is the issuance of the Colombian currency, the peso. The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.
Utami Hayashishita
Utami Hayashishita (林下詩美, Hayashishita Utami; born September 14, 1998) is a Japanese professional wrestler. She is signed to Dream Star Fighting Marigold where she is a former Marigold World Champion. She is best known for her time in World Wonder Ring Stardom, where she is the former leader of Queen's Quest.

Since making her debut on August 12, 2018, she became a one-time World of Stardom Champion, three-time Goddesses of Stardom Champion, one-time Artist of Stardom Champion, one-time Future of Stardom Champion and one-time SWA World Champion. She is the winner of the 2020 5Star Grand Prix, the 2018 Goddesses of Stardom Tag League and the 2019 Trios Tag Team Tournament. Hayashishita is also a former one-time Pro-Wrestling: EVE International Champion.

Pro-Wrestling: EVE
Pro-Wrestling: EVE (EVE) is a British independent women's professional wrestling promotion founded in 2010 and run by Dann and Emily Read. The promotion runs out of various venues in London, and also promotes events in theatres and town halls. It incorporates feminism, punk rock, and professional wrestling. It held the first all-female professional wrestling event to take place in London in March 2016.
Thought-terminating cliché
A thought-terminating cliché is a form of loaded language — often passing as folk wisdom — intended to end an argument and reinforce cognitive dissonance with a cliché rather than a point. Some such clichés are not inherently terminating and only become so when used to intentionally dismiss dissent or justify fallacies.

The term was popularized by Robert Jay Lifton in his 1961 book Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism, who referred to the use of the cliché, along with "loading the language", as "the language of non-thought".

Loaded language
Loaded language is rhetoric used to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strong connotations. This type of language is very often made vague to more effectively invoke an emotional response and/or exploit stereotypes. Loaded words and phrases have significant emotional implications and involve strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.
Jo Bamford
Joseph Cyril Edward Bamford CBE (born December 1977) is a British businessman. He is the owner of Wrightbus, a UK-based bus manufacturer.

He founded a green hydrogen investment fund in 2021 and subsequently became involved in a number of hydrogen-focused businesses. Bamford is also a board member of JCB, which was founded by his grandfather.

Wrightbus
Wrightbus (stylized WRIGHT, or simply Wright) is a Northern Irish bus manufacturer and a pioneer of the low-floor bus. The company was established in 1946 by Robert Wright and was later run by his son William Wright, until it was acquired in 2019 by British businessman Jo Bamford.
Season of Storms
Season of Storms (Polish original title: Sezon burz) is the sixth novel and eighth overall book in the Witcher series  written by Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski, first published in Poland on 6 November 2013. It is not a sequel to the original Witcher Saga; rather, it is set between the short stories in the first book in the series, The Last Wish.

Fox Children, the second installment of The Witcher comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics, is based on one of the chapters of Season of Storms. The book, with translations by David French, was published in May 2018 in hardcover format in the US and paperback format by UK Orbit (US) and Gollancz (UK). It is also available in both territories as an e-book and audiobook.

The Last Wish
The Last Wish (Polish: Ostatnie życzenie) is the first short story collection in Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher series. Published by SuperNowa in 1993, it was preceded by 1992's Sword of Destiny, but is officially considered the first entry in the series and Sword of Destiny the second. The collection contains seven short stories interspersed with a continuing frame story: Geralt of Rivia, after having been injured in battle, rests in a temple. During that time he has flashbacks to recent events in his life, with each flashback forming a short story.

The Last Wish was first published in English on 7 June 2007 by Gollancz; it has also been translated into several other languages. In 2003, it won the Premio Ignotus for Best Anthology.
Adomnán
Adomnán or Adamnán of Iona (Old Irish: [ˈaðəβ̃ˌnaːn]; Latin: Adamnanus, Adomnanus; c. 624 – 704), also known as Eunan (/ˈjuːnən/ YOO-nən; from Naomh Adhamhnán), was an abbot of Iona Abbey (r. 679–704), hagiographer, statesman, canon jurist, and saint. He was the author of the Life of Columba (Latin: Vita Columbae), probably written between 697 and 700. This biography is by far the most important surviving work written in early-medieval Scotland, and is a vital source for our knowledge of the Picts, and an insight into the life of Iona and the early-medieval Gaelic monk.

Adomnán promulgated the Law of Adomnán or "Law of Innocents" (Latin: Lex Innocentium). He also wrote the treatise De Locis Sanctis ('On Holy Places'), an account of the great Christian holy places and centres of pilgrimage. Adomnán got much of his information from a Frankish bishop called Arculf, who had personally visited Egypt, Rome, Constantinople and the Holy Land, and visited Iona afterwards.

Cáin Adomnáin
The Cáin Adomnáin (Old Irish pronunciation: [ˈkaːnʲ ˈaðəβ̃ˌnaːnʲ], KAWN AH-thuv-nawn, "Law of Adomnán"), also known as the Lex Innocentium (Law of Innocents), was promulgated amongst a gathering of Gaelic and Pictish notables at the Synod of Birr in 697. It is named after its initiator Adomnán of Iona, ninth Abbot of Iona after St. Columba. It is called the "Geneva Accords" of the ancient Irish and Europe's first human rights treaty, for its protection of women and non-combatants, extending the Law of Patrick, which protected monks, to civilians. The legal symposium at the Synod of Birr was prompted when Adomnáin had an Aisling dream vision wherein his mother excoriated him for not protecting the women and children of Ireland.
Dynamic perfect hashing
In computer science, dynamic perfect hashing is a programming technique for resolving collisions in a hash table data structure.
While more memory-intensive than its hash table counterparts, this technique is useful for situations where fast queries, insertions, and deletions must be made on a large set of elements.

Universal hashing
In mathematics and computing, universal hashing (in a randomized algorithm or data structure) refers to selecting a hash function at random from a family of hash functions with a certain mathematical property (see definition below). This guarantees a low number of collisions in expectation, even if the data is chosen by an adversary. Many universal families are known (for hashing integers, vectors, strings), and their evaluation is often very efficient. Universal hashing has numerous uses in computer science, for example in implementations of hash tables, randomized algorithms, and cryptography.
LLM Communications
LLM Communications (until 2000 Lawson Lucas Mendelsohn) was a political lobbying firm founded after the May 1997 general election by Neal Lawson, Ben Lucas, and Jonathan Mendelsohn. LLM was prominently involved in the Lobbygate scandal of 1998.

Jon Mendelsohn
Jonathan Neil Mendelsohn, Baron Mendelsohn (born 30 December 1966), best known as Jon Mendelsohn, is a British lobbyist and Labour political organiser. He was appointed the Director of General Election Resources for the party in 2007.

Mendelsohn is a life peer member of the House of Lords and chairman of 888 Holdings, a gambling company.
Kristina Dmitruk
Kristina Dmitruk (born 25 September 2003) is a Belarusian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking by the WTA of 196, achieved June 2025. She won the Wimbledon girls' doubles title in 2021.

2021 Wimbledon Championships – Girls' doubles
Kristina Dmitruk and Diana Shnaider won the title, defeating Sofia Costoulas and Laura Hietaranta in the final, 6–1, 6–2.

Savannah Broadus and Abigail Forbes were the defending champions from when the event was last held in 2019, but were no longer eligible to participate in junior tournaments.
Ramdhuni-Bhasi
Ramdhuni is a municipality located in the Sunsari district, Koshi Province of Eastern Nepal. It was established in 2014.  Ramdhuni  previously known as Jhumka Bazar. It is approximately 356km far from Kathmandu.  This town lies in the middle of two famous cities Itahari and Inaruwa. Mahendra highway passes right through the heart of the town. Chatara Canal (Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project) originates all the way from Koshi River and flows through the town from north to south. This canal plays an important role in the agriculture of Sunsari and Morang district. Ramdhuni has a total area of 91.69 square kilometers. It has a population of 63,452 of which 29,820 are males and 29,820 are females living in 11,491 individual houses.

Sunsari District
Sunsari District is one of 14 districts in Koshi province of eastern Nepal. The district is located in the eastern part of the Outer Terai and covers an area of 1,257 km2 (485 sq mi).
According to the 2011 Nepal census, the population was 753,328. The district headquarters is located in Inaruwa.

The area was originally part of Morang District but became its own district in 1962 when Nepal was divided into 14 zones and 75 districts.
Major cities in Sunsari district are Inaruwa, Itahari, Jhumka, Dharan, and Duhabi. Some religious places of this district are Budha Subba Temple, Ramdhuni, Chataradham, Baraha, Bishnupaduka, Dantakali, and Pindeshor Babadham.

The lowlands of Limbuwan, present day Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa Districts was collectively known as Morang District since the time of King Mung Mawrong Hang of the 7th century.