hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Zero-width space
The zero-width space (rendered: ​; HTML entity: &ZeroWidthSpace; or &#8203;), abbreviated ZWSP, is a non-printing character used in computerized typesetting to indicate where the word boundaries are, without actually displaying a visible space in the rendered text. This enables text-processing systems for scripts that do not use explicit spacing to recognize where word boundaries are for the purpose of handling line breaks appropriately.

The zero-width space is Unicode character U+200B, and is located in the Unicode General Punctuation block. In HTML, it can be represented by the character entity reference &ZeroWidthSpace;.

Wrapping (text)
Text wrapping, also known as line wrapping, word wrapping or line breaking, is breaking a section of text into lines so that it will fit into the available width of a page, window or other display area. In text display, line wrap is continuing on a new line when a line is full, so that each line fits into the viewable area without overflowing, allowing text to be read from top to bottom without any horizontal scrolling. Word wrap is the additional feature of most text editors, word processors, and web browsers, of breaking lines between words rather than within words, where possible.  Word wrap makes it unnecessary to hard-code newline delimiters within paragraphs, and allows the display of text to adapt flexibly and dynamically to displays of varying sizes.
Department of Rural Development and Land Reform
The Department of Rural Development and Land Reform was, from 2009 to 2019, one of the departments of the South African government. It was responsible for topographic mapping, cadastral surveying, deeds registration, and land reform. The department fell under the responsibility of the Minister of Rural Development and Land Reform, which for most of the department's existence was Gugile Nkwinti (2010 to 2018). The department's name was commonly abbreviated DRDLR.

Significant components of the department included the Deeds Registries, the office of the Chief Surveyor-General, the Chief Directorate: National Geo-spatial Information (South Africa's national mapping agency), and the Land Claims Commission.

In June 2019, the DRDLR merged with the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) to become the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD).

Minister of Land Reform and Rural Development
The minister of land reform and rural development is a minister in the Cabinet of South Africa. The office was established as the minister of rural development and land reform in May 2009, though it was subsequently merged with the agriculture portfolio under the minister of agriculture, land reform and rural development from 2019 to 2024.

The same portfolio was previously the provenance of the minister of land affairs. Before President Jacob Zuma appointed the first minister of rural development and Land Reform in May 2009, land affairs were conjoined with agriculture under the minister of agriculture and land affairs between 1996 and 2009.

The minister has political responsibility for the Department of Land Reform and Rural Development. The incumbent minister is Mzwanele Nyhontso, who is the first opposition politician to hold the office; he was appointed on 30 June 2024.
Trigonosaurus
Trigonosaurus (meaning "triangle lizard" after Triangulo Mineiro, where it was found), is a genus of saltasaurid dinosaurs from the Maastrichtian Serra da Galga Formation of Brazil. The type species, Trigonosaurus pricei, was first described by Campos, Kellner, Bertini, and Santucci in 2005. It was based on two specimens, both consisting mainly of vertebrae. The two specimens were originally believed to have come from the same individual. However, one specimen was described as the holotype of Caieiria in 2022, while the holotype may have instead come from Baurutitan. Before its description, it was known as the "Peirópolis titanosaur", after the place it was found.

Baurutitan
Baurutitan is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now Brazil. The type species, Baurutitan britoi, was described in 2005 by Kellner and colleagues, although the fossil remains had already been discovered in 1957. Baurutitan is classified as a lithostrotian titanosaur, and is distinguished from related genera based on its distinctive caudal vertebrae. This South American dinosaur was found in the Serra da Galga Formation near Uberaba, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
819 line
819-line was an analog monochrome TV system developed and used in France as television broadcast resumed after World War II. Transmissions started in 1949 and were active up to 1985, although limited to France, Belgium and Luxembourg.  It is associated with CCIR System E and F.

CCIR System F
CCIR System F was an adaptation of System E used in Belgium (1953, RTB) and Luxembourg (1955, Télé Luxembourg). With only half the vision bandwidth and approximately half the sound carrier offset, it allowed French 819-line programming to squeeze into the 7 MHz VHF broadcast channels used in those neighboring countries, albeit with a substantial loss of horizontal resolution. Use of System F was discontinued in Belgium in February 1968, and in Luxembourg in September 1971.

Between 1976 and 1981 when French channel TF1 was switching area by area to the new analog 625-lines UHF network with SECAM colour, some transmitters and gapfillers broadcast the 819-line signal in UHF. When switching to 625-lines, most gapfillers did not change UHF channel (e.g. many gapfillers using this transmission located in French Alps near Grenoble, Mont Salève, and Geneva began broadcasting on UHF channel 42, and continue to use this frequency to this day). They were switched to 625-lines in June 1981.
Cherrapunji
Cherrapunji (/ˌtʃɛrəˈpʌndʒi, -ˈpʊn-/ ⓘ), also known as Sohra, is a sub-divisional town (Proposed District) in the East Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of Meghalaya. It was the traditional capital of ka hima Sohra (Khasi tribal kingdom).

Sohra has often been credited as being the wettest place on Earth, but currently, nearby Mawsynram holds that distinction. Sohra still holds the all-time record for the most rainfall in a calendar month and in a year, however. It received 9,300 millimetres (370 in; 30.5 ft) in July 1861 and 26,461 millimetres (1,041.8 in; 86.814 ft) between 1 August 1860 and 31 July 1861.

Mawsynram
Mawsynram (/ˈmɔːsɪnˌrʌm/) is a town in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya state in Northeastern India, 69 km (43 mi) from Shillong, the state capital. Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India. It is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,872 millimetres (467.4 in). According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Mawsynram received 26,000 millimetres (1,023.6 in) of rainfall in 1985.
Mawsynram received 745.3 millimetres (29.34 in) of rainfall on 19 August 2015. On 17 June 2022, Mawsynram set a new record by receiving 1,003.2 millimetres (39.50 in) in a span of 24 hours which has now become its highest single day record for the month of June and for its all-time single day record, beating its former record of 944.7 mm (37.19 in) on 7 June 1966.
Quedlinburg Abbey
Quedlinburg Abbey (German: Stift Quedlinburg or Reichsstift Quedlinburg) is a former abbey of secular canonesses (Frauenstift) in Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was founded in 936 on the initiative of Saint Matilda, the widow of the East Frankish King Henry the Fowler, as his memorial. For many centuries it and its abbesses enjoyed great prestige and influence. Quedlinburg Abbey was an Imperial Estate and one of the approximately forty self-ruling Imperial Abbeys of the Holy Roman Empire. It was disestablished in 1802/3. The church, known as Stiftskirche St Servatius, is now used by the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Germany.

The castle, abbey, church, and surrounding buildings are exceptionally well preserved and are masterpieces of Romanesque architecture. As a result, and because of their historical importance, the buildings were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994.

Matilda of Ringelheim
Matilda of Ringelheim (c. 892 – 14 March 968), also known as Saint Matilda, was a Saxon noblewoman who became queen of Germany. Her husband, Henry the Fowler, was the first king from the Ottonian dynasty, and their eldest son, Otto the Great, restored the Holy Roman Empire in 962. Matilda founded several spiritual institutions and women's convents. She was considered to be extremely pious, righteous and charitable. Matilda's two hagiographical biographies and The Deeds of the Saxons serve as authoritative sources about her life and work.
Schütting (Bremen)
The Schütting, situated on the Marktplatz (market square) in Bremen, initially served the city's merchants and tradesmen as a guild house. In 1849, it became Bremen's chamber of commerce. Since 1973, it has been under monument protection. It lies on the south site of the Bremen marketplaces directly across from the town hall.

Bremer Marktplatz
The Bremer Marktplatz (Bremen Market Square) is a square situated in the centre of the Hanseatic City of Bremen. One of the oldest public squares in the city, it covers an area of 3,484 m2 (37,500 sq ft). It is no longer used as a market place except for the Christmas market and the annual Freimarkt Fair at the end of October.
Noire River (Huron River tributary)
The Noire River (in French: rivière Noire) is a tributary of the north shore of the Huron River. The latter's current flows into the rivière du Chêne which flows onto the south shore of the St. Lawrence River.

The Rivière Noire flows through the municipalities of Notre-Dame-du-Sacré-Cœur-d'Issoudun and Sainte-Croix-de-Lotbinière, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Québec, in Canada.

Rivière du Chêne
The rivière du Chêne (in English: Oak River) is a tributary of the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. This river flows in the municipalities of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière, Saint-Gilles, Dosquet, Lyster (MRC de L'Érable Regional County Municipality), Saint-Janvier-de-Joly, Val-Alain, Saint-Édouard-de-Lotbinière, Lotbinière and Leclercville, in the Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.
Madina Mosque (Bengal)
The Madina Mosque are two mosques, located in the Nizamat Fort Campus in Murshidabad, in the state of West Bengal, India. The two mosques on the fort campus are the old Madina Mosque, built by Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah during the 18th century, and the new Madina Mosque, built by Nawab Mansur Ali Khan in 1847.

The old mosque was a part of the (now destroyed) Nizamat Imambara, built by Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, which was partially burnt in a fire in 1842, and was completely burnt when it caught fire on 23 December 1846. The old Madina Mosque survived the 1846 fire and was left in its place. When Nawab Mansur Ali Khan built the present Nizamat Imambara in 1847, he built another Madina Mosque inside the new building. Both of the mosques are parallel to the south face of the Hazarduari Palace, that is on the banks of the Bhagirathi River. The old Madina Mosque is situated a little south to the new one and on the west of the clock tower and beside the place where the Bacchawali Tope rests.

Hazarduari Palace
The Hazarduari Palace, earlier known as the Bara Kothi, is a former palace and now a national monument and public cultural museum, located in the campus of Kila Nizamat in Murshidabad, in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is situated near the bank of river Ganges. Based on designs by Colonel Duncan McLeod, the palace was built in the nineteenth-century Neoclassical Italianate style with Doric order influences, by Nawab Nazim Humayun Jah, the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa between 1824 and 1838.

Together with the Nizamat Imambara, the palace is a Monument of National Importance since 1977, and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India since 1985.
Tip Top Tailors
Tip Top Tailors is a Canadian retail clothing chain, selling primarily menswear: suits, tuxedos, casual wear, sportswear and outerwear; as well, most stores have an in-house tailor (provides tailoring for clothing purchased within the store).

Tip Top Tailors operates 102 stores across Canada and is a division of Grafton Apparel Ltd. The first Tip Top Tailors opened in 1909.

Grafton-Fraser
Grafton Apparel Ltd. is a Canadian seller of men's apparel.  Grafton Apparel Ltd. operates through its retail chains, Tip Top Tailors, George Richards Big and Tall, Mr. Big & Tall, and Kingsport Clothiers, which are located coast to coast in Canada. The company's leading competitor is Men's Wearhouse's Moores.
Yanomami women
The Yanomami people are an indigenous group who live in the Amazon Rainforest along the borders of Venezuela and Brazil. There are  estimated to be only approximately 35,000 indigenous people remaining.  They are interfluvial Indians who live in small villages along the Mavaca and Orinoco Rivers, with each village consisting of a single shabono, or communal dwelling. Largely uncontacted by the outside world, the Yanomami have been affected by illnesses introduced by gold miners since the 1980s. Anthropological studies have emphasized that the Yanomami are a violent people, and although this can be true, the women of the Yanomami culture generally abstain from violence and warfare. Although males dominate the Yanomami culture, Yanomami women play an important role in sustaining their lifestyle.

Yanomami
The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil.
Penistone Viaduct
Penistone Viaduct is a grade II listed railway viaduct that carries the Penistone Line over the River Don in Penistone, South Yorkshire, England. It is immediately north of Penistone station and was completed in 1850 to a design by John Hawkshaw. The viaduct was partially rebuilt in 1916 after one of the arches over the River Don collapsed.

Penistone railway station
Penistone railway station serves the town of Penistone, in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. The current station, at the junction of the Woodhead Line and Penistone Line, opened in 1874; it replaced a station solely on the Woodhead Line, dating from the line's opening by the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1845. The station currently  hosts services between Huddersfield, Barnsley and Sheffield.
Cedar Lawn
Cedar Lawn, also known as Berry Hill and Poplar Hill, is one of several houses built near Charles Town, West Virginia for members of the Washington family.  Cedar Lawn was built in 1825 for John Thornton Augustine Washington, George Washington's grand-nephew.  The property was originally part of the Harewood estate belonging to Samuel Washington.  The property that eventually became Cedar Lawn was left to Samuel's son, Thornton Washington, who built "Berry Hill", named for his wife's family. Berry Hill was destroyed by fire, and John Thornton Augustine built Cedar Lawn when he inherited.

In the 1940s, the house was bought by R.J. Funkhouser, an industrialist who had a taste for Washington family estates, who also owned Blakeley and Claymont Court.  The property remains in the Funkhouser family and is known as O'Sullivan Farms, after Funkhouser's principal venture, the O'Sullivan Corporation.

Claymont Court
Claymont Court, or simply Claymont, is a Georgian-style brick mansion, the grandest of several built near Charles Town, West Virginia for members of the Washington family. The current "Big House" was built in 1840 for Bushrod Corbin Washington, nephew of Supreme Court justice Bushrod Washington and grand-nephew of George Washington, to replace the 1820 main house on his plantation that burned in 1838.

In 1899 author Frank Stockton purchased the house and lived there until he died in 1902. In 1943, Claymont was bought by West Virginia industrialist Robert Joseph Funkhouser, who at the same time bought the adjacent Blakeley and Cedar Lawn, other Washington descendant houses and large properties. He combined the properties into a 7,000-acre (28 km2) estate.

In 1974 John G. Bennett purchased Claymont to create an intentional community. It is currently used as a retreat center by the Claymont Society for Continuous Education.
Italian cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi
Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi  was an Italian Duca degli Abruzzi-class light cruiser, which served in the Regia Marina during World War II. After the war, she was retained by the Marina Militare and decommissioned in 1961. She was built by OTO at La Spezia and named after Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, an Italian explorer and Admiral of World War I.

Condottieri-class cruiser
The Condottieri class was a sequence of five light cruiser classes of the Regia Marina (Italian Navy), although these classes show a clear line of evolution. They were built before World War II to gain predominance in the Mediterranean Sea. The ships were named after condottieri (military commanders) of Italian history.

Each class is known after the first ship of the group:

Giussano class:

Alberto di Giussano

Alberico da Barbiano

Bartolomeo Colleoni

Giovanni delle Bande Nere

Cadorna class:

Luigi Cadorna

Armando Diaz

Montecuccoli class:

Raimondo Montecuccoli

Muzio Attendolo

Duca d'Aosta class:

Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta

Eugenio di Savoia

Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi class:

Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi

Giuseppe Garibaldi
Kurt Hahn
Kurt Matthias Robert Martin Hahn (5 June 1886 – 14 December 1974) was a German educator. He was decisive in founding Stiftung Louisenlund, Schule Schloss Salem, Gordonstoun, Outward Bound, the Duke of Edinburgh's Award, and the first of the United World Colleges, Atlantic College.

Outward Bound
Outward Bound (OB) is an international network of outdoor education organisations that was founded in the United Kingdom by Lawrence Holt in 1941 based on the educational principles of Kurt Hahn. Today there are organisations, called schools, in over 35 countries which are attended by more than 150,000 people each year. Outward Bound International is a non-profit membership and licensing organisation for the international network of Outward Bound schools. The Outward Bound Trust is an educational charity established in 1946 to operate the schools in the United Kingdom. Separate organisations operate the schools in each of the other countries in which Outward Bound operates.

Outward Bound helped to shape the U.S. Peace Corps and numerous other outdoor adventure programs. Its aim is to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors.
WGYM
WGYM (1580 kHz) is a non-commercial AM radio station broadcasting a religious format aimed at Catholic listeners.  The station is licensed to Hammonton, New Jersey, and serves parts of Atlantic County and Camden County. The station is owned by the Domestic Church Media Foundation, which also owns three other stations, also in New Jersey: WFJS in Trenton, WFJS-FM in Freehold, and WSMJ in North Wildwood.  All four broadcast Catholic programming, mostly supplied by the EWTN Radio Network.

WGYM operates at 1,000 watts by day from a transmitter located off Grand Street South. Because AM 1580 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Canada, WGYM must reduce power to 6 watts at night, when AM radio waves travel farther.

WFJS
WFJS (1260 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a religious radio format, focusing on the Catholic Church and carrying EWTN Radio Network programs.  The station is owned by the Domestic Church Media Foundation, a Catholic-based organization in Trenton, New Jersey.  Programming is simulcast on WFJS-FM (89.3) in Freehold, New Jersey, as well as WGYM (1580 AM) in the Atlantic City area and WSMJ (91.9 FM) in North Wildwood.

By day, WFJS is powered at 5,900 watts.  To protect other stations on 1260 AM from interference, at night it reduces power to 2,500 watts.  It uses a directional antenna with a four-tower array.  The transmitter is on Ewingville Road in Ewing Township, New Jersey.
Photokeratitis
Photokeratitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense direct or reflected sunlight) or artificial (e.g. the electric arc during welding) sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva.

The injury may be prevented by wearing eye protection that blocks most of the ultraviolet radiation, such as welding goggles with the proper filters, a welder's helmet, sunglasses rated for sufficient UV protection, or appropriate snow goggles. The condition is usually managed by removal from the source of ultraviolet radiation, covering the corneas, and administration of pain relief. Photokeratitis is known by a number of different terms, including snow blindness, arc eye, welder's flash, sand eyes, bake eyes, corneal flash burns, flash burns, niphablepsia, or keratoconjunctivitis photoelectrica.

Welding helmet
A welding helmet is a piece of personal protective equipment used by welders to protect the user from concentrated light and flying particles. Different welding processes need stronger lens shades with auto-darkening filters, while goggles suffice for others. OSHA and ANSI regulate this technology, defining shades based on the transmittance of light.
Cyber-arms industry
The cyber-arms industry are the markets and associated events surrounding the sale of software exploits, zero-days, cyberweaponry, surveillance technologies, and related tools for perpetrating cyberattacks. The term may extend to both grey and black markets online and offline.

For many years, the burgeoning dark web market remained niche, available only to those in-the-know or well-funded. Since at least 2005, governments including the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, France, and Israel have been buying exploits from defence contractors and individual hackers. This 'legitimate' market for zero-day exploits exists but is not well advertised or immediately accessible.

Attempts to openly sell zero-day exploits to governments and security vendors to keep them off the black market have so far been unsuccessful.

Cyberweapon
Cyberweapons are commonly defined as malware agents employed for military, paramilitary, or intelligence objectives as part of a cyberattack. This includes computer viruses, trojans, spyware, and worms that can introduce malicious code into existing software, causing a computer to perform actions or processes unintended by its operator.
Peter Sterry
Peter Sterry (1613 –  19 November 1672) was an English independent theologian, associated with the Cambridge Platonists prominent during the English Civil War era. He was chaplain to Parliamentarian general Robert Greville, 2nd Baron Brooke and then Oliver Cromwell, a member of the Westminster Assembly, and a leading radical Puritan preacher attached to the English Council of State. He was made fun of in Hudibras.

Cambridge Platonists
The Cambridge Platonists were an influential group of Platonist philosophers and Christian theologians at the University of Cambridge that existed during the 17th century. The leading figures were Ralph Cudworth and Henry More.