hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Firehose of falsehood
The firehose of falsehood, also known as firehosing, is a propaganda technique in which a large number of messages are broadcast rapidly, repetitively, and continuously over multiple channels (like news and social media) without regard for truth or consistency. The firehose of falsehood is a contemporary model for Russian propaganda under Russian President Vladimir Putin.

Though similar in some ways, the American tactic of "flooding the zone" with misleading or false statements is distinct from firehosing in that flooding involves pushing out initiatives and policies at an overwhelming rate, rather than specifically falsehoods. The tactics may be combined.

While difficult to counter, the German Marshall Fund, RAND, and military strategists have described techniques to respond to the firehose of falsehood, generally involving preempting it with good information, strategically reducing or removing misinformation, and teaching digital literacy.

Propaganda in Russia
The propaganda of the Russian Federation promotes views, perceptions or agendas of the government. The media include state-run outlets and online technologies, and may involve using "Soviet-style 'active measures' as an element of modern Russian 'political warfare'". Notably, contemporary Russian propaganda  promotes the cult of personality of Vladimir Putin and positive views of Soviet history. Russia has established a number of organizations, such as the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests (active 2009-2012), the Russian web brigades, and others that engage in political propaganda to promote the views of the Russian government.
Indy Pride Festival
Indy Pride Festival (formerly Circle City IN Pride) is the annual week of LGBT pride events in Indianapolis. The week is organized by LGBTQ organization Indy Pride, Inc., and has been held under this name and organization for over a decade. In recent years, more than 95,000 gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and heterosexual people have attended the festival. Indy Pride's Parade and Festival is held the 2nd Saturday in June, with a week of events leading up to it, in honor of the Stonewall Riots and in accordance with other United States pride festivals. Indy Pride Festival is the largest LGBT pride event in Indiana.

According to former Indy Pride President, Gary Brackett, "The festival and events are to celebrate gay pride and bring the community together. We're trying to bring visibility to the greater Indianapolis community of how many gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people there are here."

Indy Pride
Indy Pride is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana. It is a community-based, non-profit organization that seeks "to unite and serve its members and the LGBTQ community of Central Indiana through leadership development, educational and support programs, and community events that achieve inclusivity, equality, strong community connections, and awareness of LGBTQ issues." The organization started in 1995 as the coordinator of the city's annual gay pride parade and event—Indy Pride Festival—but later grew into an umbrella for multiple LGBT community entities, including the Chris Gonzalez Library and Archives, Indy Bag Ladies, and Indianapolis LGBT Film Festival.
Granville station (SkyTrain)
Granville is an underground station on the Expo Line of Metro Vancouver's SkyTrain rapid transit system. The station is located in Downtown Vancouver on the portion of Granville Street that is known as the Granville Mall. The station is accessible from the surface via entrances on Granville Street and Seymour Street (both between Georgia and Dunsmuir Streets), and the Dunsmuir entrance between Granville and Seymour.

The station serves the shopping and entertainment districts along Granville and Robson Streets, as well as the office and shopping complexes of Pacific Centre and Vancouver Centre.  The station is also within walking distance of such amenities as Robson Square (home of the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Provincial Court of British Columbia, and a satellite campus of the University of British Columbia), the Orpheum Theatre, Vancouver Library Square, TD Tower, Scotia Tower and the HSBC Canada Building.

Pacific Centre
Pacific Centre (officially CF Pacific Centre since 2015) is a shopping mall located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned by Cadillac Fairview, the Ontario Pension Board, and the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, and is managed by Cadillac Fairview.

Based on the number of stores, most of which are underground, it is the largest mall in Downtown Vancouver, with over 100 stores and shops, and the seventh-busiest mall in Canada, with 22.1 million annual visitors as of 2018. The mall is directly connected to the Vancouver Centre Mall, two SkyTrain subway stations, and the former Four Seasons Hotel Vancouver.
Margaret Crittendon Douglass
Margaret Crittendon Douglass (born c. 1822; year of death unknown) was a  Southern white woman who served one month in jail in 1854 for teaching free black children to read in Norfolk, Virginia.  Refusing to hire a defense attorney, she defended herself in court and later published a book about her experiences. The case drew public attention to the highly restrictive laws against black literacy in the pre-Civil War American South.

Education during the slave period in the United States
During the era of chattel slavery in the United States, the proper education of enslaved African Americans (with exception made for religious instruction) was highly discouraged, and eventually made illegal in most of the Southern states.

After 1831, the prohibition against educating enslaved persons was extended in some states to free blacks as well. Regardless of the legality of educating people of color, people in this demographic ultimately received limited access to education in both the north and south.
Sault Ste. Marie Soos
The Sault Ste. Marie Soos were a minor league baseball team based in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. In 1905, Sault Ste. Marie played as members of the Copper Country Soo League, hosting minor league home games at Brady Park. The 1905 minor league Soos team was preceded by an integrated 1904 independent team.

Copper Country Soo League
The Copper Country Soo League was a minor league baseball league which operated in four Michigan cities in 1905. The league had four teams in their lone season. Three Major League Baseball players, Donie Bush, Fred Luderus, and Pat Paige, are known to have played in the league.
Brorupgaard
Brorupgaard is a manor house and estate situated close to Slagelse in Denmark. It was owned by Ludvig Holberg from 1740 until 1754. The current main building was constructed by August Willads Bech in 1856 and the estate has remained in the hands of the Bech family since then.

Ludvig Holberg
Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 December 1684 – 28 January 1754) was a writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and playwright born in Bergen, Norway, during the time of the Dano–Norwegian dual monarchy. He was influenced by Humanism, the Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg is considered the founder of modern Danish and Norwegian literature. He was also a prominent Neo-Latin author, known across Europe for his writing. He is best known for the comedies he wrote in 1722–1723 for the Lille Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's works about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish law students over two hundred years, from 1736 to 1936.
Rosi Sexton
Rosemary Ann Sexton (born 16 July 1977) is a British politician, mathematician, sports therapist, osteopath, and former mixed martial artist.

Sexton obtained a degree in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1998, before later obtaining a Master of Science in  mathematical logic in 2000 from the University of Manchester and eventually a PhD in theoretical computer science. She began her professional mixed martial arts (MMA) career in 2002, becoming the first Cage Warriors Women's 132 lbs Champion in 2005 in addition to becoming the first British woman to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championships (UFC) in 2013. She retired from MMA in 2014.

A member of the Green Party of England and Wales, Sexton was elected as a councillor in the Shirley West ward of the Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council in 2019. In 2020, she ran in the Green Party leadership election and came second.

2020 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election
The 2020 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election took place in August 2020 to determine the leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, while an election for the party's deputy leader also took place simultaneously. Jonathan Bartley and Siân Berry, who were elected on a joint ticket in 2018, were re-elected as co-leaders while Amelia Womack was re-elected as the party's deputy leader.
Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape
Baigneuses: Deux nus dans un paysage exotique (also called Bañistas: dos desnudos en un paisaje exótico and Bathers: Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape) is an oil painting created circa 1905 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956). Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape is a Proto-Cubist work executed in a highly personal Divisionist style during the height of the Fauve period. The painting is part of Carmen Cervera's art collection and its exhibited in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

Coucher de soleil no. 1
Coucher de soleil no. 1 (also called Landscape, Paysage, Landschap, or Sunset No. 1) is an oil painting created circa 1906 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956). Coucher de soleil no. 1 is a work executed in a mosaic-like Divisionist style with a Fauve palette. The reverberating image of the Sun in Metzinger's painting is an homage to the decomposition of spectral light at the core of Neo-Impressionist color theory.

Coucher de soleil was exhibited in Paris during the spring of 1907 at the Salon des Indépendants (n. 3457), along with Bacchante and four other works by Metzinger.

The painting had been in the collection of Helene Kröller-Müller since 1921 or prior, now in the collection of the Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands.
Unhitched (book)
Unhitched: The Trial of Christopher Hitchens is a 2013 book about Christopher Hitchens by the British writer Richard Seymour. The book focuses on Hitchens's work on religion, his engagement with British politics and his alleged embrace of American imperialism. In January 2013, Seymour said of Unhitched, "It is written in the spirit of a trial ... I do attempt to get a sense of the complexity and gifts of the man, but it is very clearly a prosecution, and you can guess my conclusion."

Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)
Richard Seymour (born 1977) is a Northern Irish author, commentator and owner of the blog Lenin's Tomb. His books included The Meaning of David Cameron (2010), Unhitched (2013), Against Austerity (2014) and Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics (2016). Seymour was born in Ballymena, Northern Ireland to a Protestant family, and currently lives in London. A former member of the Socialist Workers Party, he left the organisation in March 2013. He completed his PhD in sociology at the London School of Economics under the supervision of Paul Gilroy. His thesis, dated 2016, was titled Cold War anticommunism and the defence of white supremacy in the southern United States. In the past he has written for publications such as The Guardian and Jacobin.
Propellant mass fraction
In aerospace engineering, the propellant mass fraction is the portion of a vehicle's mass which does not reach the destination, usually used as a measure of the vehicle's performance. In other words, the propellant mass fraction is the ratio between the propellant mass and the initial mass of the vehicle. In a spacecraft, the destination is usually an orbit, while for aircraft it is their landing location. A higher mass fraction represents less weight in a design.  Another related measure is the payload fraction, which is the fraction of initial weight that is payload. It can be applied to a vehicle, a stage of a vehicle or to a rocket propulsion system.

Payload fraction
In aerospace engineering, payload fraction is a common term used to characterize the efficiency of a particular design. The payload fraction is the quotient of the payload mass and the total vehicle mass at the start of its journey. It is a function of specific impulse, propellant mass fraction and the structural coefficient. In aircraft, loading less than full fuel for shorter trips is standard practice to reduce weight and fuel consumption. For this reason, the useful load fraction calculates a similar number, but it is based on the combined weight of the payload and fuel together in relation to the total weight.

Propeller-driven airliners had useful load fractions on the order of 25–35%. Modern jet airliners have considerably higher useful load fractions, on the order of 45–55%.

For orbital rockets the payload fraction is between 1% and 5%, while the useful load fraction is perhaps 90%.
The Oh, Hello Show
The Oh, Hello Show is a comedy act created by American comedians Nick Kroll and John Mulaney that was popularized on Comedy Central's Kroll Show. A fictional New York One cable access show stars Gil Faizon (Kroll) and George St. Geegland (Mulaney), elderly men from the Upper West Side of Manhattan who are known for their turtlenecks, misinformed beliefs, and tendency to say "Oh, hello" in unison. The characters appeared on several shows and in a Broadway play called Oh, Hello that ran for 138 performances at the Lyceum Theatre from September 2016 to January 2017.

Kroll Show
Kroll Show is an American sketch comedy television series created by and starring comedian Nick Kroll. John Levenstein and Jonathan Krisel served as the show's executive producers. The series aired on the American cable television network Comedy Central from January 16, 2013, to March 24, 2015.
FOCUS
FOCUS is a fourth-generation programming language (4GL) computer programming language and development environment that is used to build database queries. Produced by Information Builders Inc., it was originally developed for data handling and analysis on the IBM mainframe. Subsequently versions for minicomputers and such as the VAX and other platforms were implemented. FOCUS was later extended to personal computers and (in 1997) to the World Wide Web: the WebFOCUS product.

Information Builders
Information Builders (ibi), founded in 1975, was a privately held software company headquartered in New York City. Information Builders (ibi) provided services in the fields of Business Intelligence, Data Integration and Data Quality solutions.
Tropical gnatcatcher
The tropical gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea) is a small active insectivorous songbird, which is a resident species throughout a large part of northern South America. It was formerly considered as conspecific with the white-browed gnatcatcher and the Marañón gnatcatcher.

Marañón gnatcatcher
The Marañón gnatcatcher (Polioptila maior) is a small active insectivorous songbird, that is found in the upper valleys of the Marañón River in northwest Peru. The species was formerly considered to be conspecific with the tropical gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea).
Ivan VI Frankopan
Giovanni Frangipani or in croatian language Ivan VI Frankapan or Ivan Anž Frankapan (also known as Ivaniš; died 20 November 1436): 12  was a Croatian nobleman who ruled as Ban of Croatia from 1432 to 1436. He was one of the nine sons of the Croatian viceroy, Nikola Frankopan.: 160  Scandinavian sources use the names Gian Franchi and Johan Franke when discussing him; elsewhere Giovanni Franco or (Swedish: Johan Vale. He been a bailiff in service of Eric of Pomerania service, who in the 1420s held Stegeborg.

Erik of Pomerania
Erik of Pomerania (c. 1381/1382 – 24 September 1459) ruled over the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439. He was initially co-ruler with his great-aunt Margaret I until her death in 1412. Erik is known as Erik III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Erik VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and has been called Erik XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434, 1436–39). Erik was ultimately deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death in 1459. His epithet of Pomerania was a pejorative intended to insinuate that he did not belong in Scandinavia.
Cultural depictions of Medusa and Gorgons
Medusa and the other Gorgon sisters, Stheno and Euryale, have been featured in art and culture spanning from the days of ancient Greece to present day. Medusa is the most well-known of the three mythological monsters, having been variously portrayed as a monster, a protective symbol, a rallying symbol for liberty, and a sympathetic victim of rape and/or a curse.

The Gorgons are best known by their hair of living venomous snakes and ability to turn living creatures to stone. Medusa herself is an ancient icon that remains one of the most popular and enduring figures of Greek mythology.  She continues to be recreated in pop culture and art, surpassing the popularity of many other mythological characters. Her likeness has been immortalized by artists including Leonardo da Vinci, Peter Paul Rubens, Caravaggio, Pablo Picasso, Auguste Rodin, and Benvenuto Cellini.

Stheno and Euryale
In Greek mythology, Stheno (/ˈsθiːnoʊ, ˈsθɛnoʊ/; Ancient Greek: Σθενώ, romanized: Sthenṓ, lit. 'forceful') and Euryale (/jʊəˈraɪəli/ yuu-RY-ə-lee; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυάλη, romanized: Euryálē, lit. 'far-roaming')  were two of the three sister Gorgons, the third being Medusa, who were able to turn anyone who looked at them to stone. When Perseus beheaded Medusa, the two Gorgons pursued him but were unable to catch him.
Wabasso, Florida
Wabasso is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The population was 609 at the 2010 census, down from 918 at the 2000 census. It is located at the intersection of U.S. 1 and SR 510.

Wabasso is part of the Sebastian–Vero Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Indian River County, Florida
Indian River County (Spanish: Condado de Río Indio) is a county located in the southeastern and east-central portions of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 159,788. Its seat is Vero Beach.

Indian River County comprises the Sebastian-Vero Beach-West Vero Corridor, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The MSA was first defined as the Vero Beach, Florida MSA in 2003. It was renamed Sebastian-Vero Beach, Florida MSA in 2005, and Sebastian-Vero Beach-West Vero Corridor, Florida MSA in 2023. The MSA is included in the Miami-Port St. Lucie-Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Combined Statistical Area.

On November 16–17, 2023, northern Indian River County was severely impacted by flooding after 14” of rain fell in less than 24 hours.
Iran Bioinformatics Center
Iran Bioinformatics Center (IBC) is the only academic center in Iran working on Bioinformatics. Although there are some independent research groups such as Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Unit in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences working on Bioinformatics but IBC is a part of Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) in Tehran University. IBC offers a Ph.D. program for Bioinformatics.

Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
The Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) 
is an Iranian research institute founded in 1976 to conduct research in cellular and molecular biology. It is affiliated with University of Tehran and is located in the university campus.

IBB is an educational and research oriented center for training postgraduate students both nationally and internationally. Interdisciplinary research is one of the main themes at the institute.
Samos (town)
Samos (Greek: Σάμος, before 1958: Λιμήν Βαθέος - Limin Vatheos) is a port town on the island of Samos in Greece. It is the capital of the regional unit of Samos and of the municipality of East Samos. It is also known by its old name of Vathy (Βαθύ), though this now usually refers to the old hillside suburb of Ano Vathy.

East Samos
East Samos (Greek: Ανατολική Σάμος Anatoliki Samos) is a municipality on the island of Samos in the North Aegean region in Greece. The municipality was formed at the 2019 local government reform, when the pre-existing municipality of Samos was divided in two. Its seat is the town Samos.

The municipality consists of the following two subdivisions (municipal units):

Pythagoreio

Vathy
Untere Burg
Untere Burg ("Lower Castle"), also known colloquially as Burg Alt-Schellenberg ("Castle of Alt-Schellenberg"), is a castle ruin located in the municipality of Schellenberg, Liechtenstein. It lies at the edge of a local forest, a few hundred metres north of the main road between Vorderer Schellenberg and Mittleler Schellenberg (two of the burroughs in the village of Alt-Schellenberg). It is freely open to tourists and accessible by foot or mountain bike via a local footpath. Untere Burg is one of the five existing castles in Liechtenstein and one of the three ruined ones in the country.

Schellenberg
Schellenberg (Swiss Standard German pronunciation: [ˈʃɛlənˌbɛrɡ] ⓘ; dialectal: Schällabärg) is a municipality in the lowland area of Liechtenstein, on the banks of the Upper Rhine. As of 2019, it has a population of 1,107 and covers an area of 3.5 km2 (1.4 sq mi)
Travels in the Congo (book)
Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) is a travel diary by the French author André Gide. It was published 1927 by Gallimard in France. It is often published together with another one of his travel diaries called Return from Chad (French: Retour du Tchad).

It describes his journey that started in July 1926 and ended in May 1927, during which he travelled through the French Equatorial Africa colony and then successively to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic), briefly to Chad and then to Cameroon before returning to France.

French Equatorial Africa
French Equatorial Africa (French: Afrique équatoriale française, or  AEF) was a federation of French colonial territories in Equatorial Africa which consisted of Gabon, French Congo, Ubangi-Shari, and Chad. It existed from 1910 to 1958 and its administration was based in Brazzaville.
Getrag 420G transmission
The 420G is a 6-speed manual transmission manufactured by Getrag. It is designed for longitudinal engine applications and for use on engines producing up to 499 N⋅m (368 lb⋅ft) of torque.

BMW used this transmission with M60 V8 models such as the European manual 840i, European manual 740i, 540i; as well as the M62 powered 5 series sedans, and S62 powered vehicles such as the Z8 and M5. This gearbox was also used in the E34 M5, E36 M3, and E46 M3s with the S38B38, S50B32, and S54B32 engines respectively.

Applications:

1996-1999 BMW E36 M3 (Euro)

2001-2006 BMW E46 M3

1993-1996 BMW E34 540i and M5

1996-2004 BMW E39 540i and M5

1994–1998 BMW E38 7 Series

1993–1999 BMW E31 8 series

2000–2003 BMW E52 Z8

BMW M3
The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3 Series, developed by BMW's in-house motorsport division, BMW M GmbH. M3 models have been produced for every generation of 3 Series since the E30 M3 was introduced in 1986.

The initial model was available in a coupé body style, with a convertible body style made available soon after. M3 saloons were offered initially during the E36 (1994–1999) and E90 (2008–2012) generations. Since 2014, the coupé and convertible models have been rebranded as the 4 Series range, making the high-performance variant the M4. Variants of the 3 Series since then have seen the M3 produced as a saloon, until 2020, when the M3 was produced as an estate (Touring) for the first time, alongside the saloon variant.