hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Maria Josette Orsto
Maria Josette Orsto (30 October 1962 – 30 November 2020) was an aboriginal artist born at Pirlangimpi, on Melville Island (one of the Tiwi Islands in the Northern Territory). Her father, Declan Apuatimi, and her mother, Jean Baptiste Apuatimi, were also noted aboriginal artists from the Tiwi Islands. Orsto was one of the first female members of Tiwi Designs. Prior to her death she worked and lived at Wurrumiyanga (formerly Ngiui) on Bathurst Island.

Jean Baptiste Apuatimi
Jean Baptiste Apuatimi (1940–2013) was a significant Tiwi Island artist whose work is held at most major and several minor Australian galleries and the British Museum. Her works were first exhibited in 1991 in group shows. From 1997 until her death, Apuatimi worked full-time with the Tiwi Design Aboriginal Cooperative (now Tiwi Designs).
11β-Methoxyestradiol
11β-Methoxyestradiol (11β-MeOE2; developmental code name RU-2504) is a synthetic steroidal estrogen which was never marketed. It has about 86% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for the estrogen receptor. 11β-MeOE2 is structurally related to moxestrol (11β-methoxy-17α-ethynylestradiol). 11β-MeOE2 and moxestrol are substantially more potent than their non-methoxylated analogues (estradiol and ethinylestradiol, respectively) in mice.

Moxestrol
Moxestrol, sold under the brand name Surestryl, is an estrogen medication which has been used in Europe for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and menstrual disorders. It is taken by mouth. In addition to its use as a medication, moxestrol has been used in scientific research as a radioligand of the estrogen receptor.
Maha Singh
Maha Singh (Punjabi: Mahaṅ Singh; 1760 – 15 April 1790 or 1756 – April 1792), also spelt as Mahan or Mahn Singh, was the second Sardar of the Sukerchakia Misl, which as a Sikh grouping with its guerilla militia was one of twelve Sikh Misls that later became part of the Sikh Empire. He was the eldest son of Sardar Charat Singh and Sardarni Desan Kaur Warraich. He was the father of the Punjabi king Ranjit Singh.

Upon the death of his father, Charat Singh, he succeeded to the leadership of the Sukerchakia Misl. His son Ranjit Singh succeeded him and established the Sikh Empire. He is known for his alliance with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and for reducing the power of the Kanhaiya Misl. Maha Singh married firstly Mai Man Kaur, daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Mann of Mughalchak-Mananwala, and secondly Sardarni Raj Kaur, daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh of Jind and mother of Ranjit Singh.

Charat Singh
Sardar Charat Singh (1721–1770 or 1733–1774), also romanised as Charhat Singh, was the founder of Sukerchakia Misl, father of Mahan Singh, and the grandfather of Ranjit Singh, the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire. He distinguished himself at an early age in campaigns against Ahmad Shah Abdali and along with 150 horsemen split from the Singhpuria Misl to establish the Sukerchakia Misl, a separate grouping with its distinct guerilla militia.
Porto Venere
Porto Venere (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpɔrto ˈvɛːnere]; until 1991 Portovenere; Ligurian: Pòrtivene) is a town and municipality located on the Ligurian coast of Italy in the Province of La Spezia. It has a population of 3,208.

It comprises the three villages of Fezzano, Le Grazie and Porto Venere, and the three islands of Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto. In 1997 Porto Venere and the villages of Cinque Terre were designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Cinque Terre
The Cinque Terre (Italian: [ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈtɛrre]; Ligurian: Çinque Tære; meaning 'Five Lands') is a coastal area within Liguria, in the northwest of Italy. It lies in the west of La Spezia Province, and comprises five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola and Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Vernazza is also one of "I Borghi più belli d'Italia" ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

The Cinque Terre area is a popular tourist destination. Over the centuries, people have built terraces on the rugged, steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the Ligurian Sea. Paths, trains, and boats connect the villages as cars can only reach them with great difficulty from the outside via narrow and precarious mountain roads.
Identity (Sakanaction song)
"Identity" (Japanese: アイデンティティ, Hepburn: Aidentiti) (Japanese pronunciation: [aideꜜnti̥ti]) is a song by Japanese band Sakanaction. It was released in July and August 2010 as the band's first single after the release of their fourth album Kikuuiki in March 2010. The band's first summer-time release, "Identity" was an upbeat song featuring Latin percussion and lyrics about self-identity. In September 2011, it was added to the band's fifth studio album, Documentaly.

The song was well reviewed by Japanese music critics, who enjoyed the Latin percussive elements and the song's upbeat melody. Commercially, the song reached number twelve on Oricon's single chart and number seven on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, performing worse than the band's previous single "Aruku Around" (2010), but better than their earlier singles "Sen to Rei" (2008) and "Native Dancer" (2009).

Aruku Around
"Aruku Around" (Japanese: アルクアラウンド, Hepburn: Aruku Araundo; "Walk Around") (Japanese pronunciation: [aɾɯkɯ aɾaɯndo]), also known as "A Look Around", is a song by Japanese band Sakanaction. It was initially released as a digital download on January 6, 2010, before a wide release on January 13 as the band's second physical single.

The song was praised by critics for its synth-based dance sound, as well as lead vocalist Ichiro Yamaguchi's introspective and poetic lyrics. The song's music video won an excellence prize at the Japan Media Arts Festival, and Best Video of the Year award at the Space Shower Music Video Awards.

The song was a commercial success for the band, peaking in the top five of the Japanese Oricon record charts, and receiving a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan.
Neil Carswell
Neil Loyd Carswell (October 6, 1968 – January 23, 2024) was an American singer-songwriter, best known as the lead singer of the southern rock band Copperhead signed to Mercury Records in the early 1990s. With Copperhead, Carswell released their 1992 self-titled debut album that spawned four singles with the singles "Whiskey," and "The Scar" achieving exceptional success on R&R's AOR Tracks Charts in 1993. After Copperhead's disbandment in 1995, Carswell resumed his career in the early 2000s as a solo artist and released two full-length solo albums and a handful of singles, and also curated the release of a new Copperhead album Live & Lost in 2002 that featured previously unreleased songs recording during the same sessions as the band's 1992 album Copperhead and live tracks recorded during their 1992 tour.

Copperhead (Southern rock band)
Copperhead was an American Southern rock band formed in Morganton, North Carolina in 1986. The band is often regarded as the last authentic Southern rock band before the genre's commercial decline in the 1990s. The group released their self-titled debut album in 1992 under Mercury Records, produced by Tom Dowd. The band is best known for their song "Long Way from Home" being featured in the 1991 movie starring Mickey Rourke and Don Johnson Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man.
Homotopy extension property
In mathematics, in the area of algebraic topology, the homotopy extension property indicates which homotopies defined on a subspace can be extended to a homotopy defined on a larger space.  The homotopy extension property of cofibrations is dual to the homotopy lifting property that is used to define fibrations.

Homotopy lifting property
In mathematics, in particular in homotopy theory within algebraic topology, the homotopy lifting property (also known as an instance of the right lifting property or the covering homotopy axiom) is a technical condition on a continuous function from a topological space E to another one, B. It is designed to support the picture of E "above" B by allowing a homotopy taking place in B to be moved "upstairs" to E.

For example, a covering map has a property of unique local lifting of paths to a given sheet; the uniqueness is because the fibers of a covering map are discrete spaces. The homotopy lifting property will hold in many situations, such as the projection in a vector bundle, fiber bundle or fibration, where there need be no unique way of lifting.
Shish Gumbad
Shish Gumbad ("glazed dome"), also spelt Shisha Gumbad, is a tomb from the Lodi dynasty and is thought to have possibly been constructed between 1489 and 1517 CE; the historian Simon Digby has argued on the basis of an inscription in the adjoining mosque that it was completed in 1494 CE. The Shish Gumbad (glass dome) houses graves, whose occupants are not unequivocally identifiable. Historians have suggested, the structure might have been dedicated either to an unknown family, which was part of the Lodi family and  of Sikandar Lodi's court, or to Bahlul Lodi (died 12 July 1489) himself, who was chief of the Afghan Lodi tribe, founder and Sultan of the Lodi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Shish Gumbad is situated in the Lodi Gardens in Delhi and the area where the tomb is situated was formally called village Khairpur.

Lodi dynasty
The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan royal family that ruled the Sultanate of Delhi from 1451 to 1526. It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
Central constituency (Tatarstan)
The Central constituency (No.31) is a Russian legislative constituency in Tatarstan. The constituency covers northern and western Kazan and suburban and exurban areas to the west of the city. Central constituency was created in 2015 from parts of former Moskovsky, Nizhnekamsk and Privolzhsky constituencies.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by United Russia deputy Marat Nuriyev, housing and utilities businessman, who won the open seat, succeeding one-term United Russia incumbent Irshat Minkin.

Moskovsky constituency
The Moskovsky constituency (No. 27) is a Russian legislative constituency in Tatarstan. The constituency covers western Kazan as well as the entirety of western Tatarstan.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Ildar Gilmutdinov, a five-term State Duma member.
Interstate 49 in Louisiana
Interstate 49 (I-49) is an Interstate Highway that currently spans 244.021 miles (392.714 km) in a north–south direction in the US state of Louisiana. Currently, I-49 runs from I-10 in Lafayette to the Arkansas state line. I-49 greatly parallels the older US Highway 71 (US 71) corridor, and connects the state's two east–west Interstates at two of its metropolitan centers. Along the way, it serves the cities of Opelousas, Alexandria, and Natchitoches, intersecting several cross-state highways, such as I-20, US 190, US 167, US 165, and US 84.

I-49 was an intrastate Interstate Highway until December 12, 2012, when the designation was officially approved for an upgraded portion of US 71 in Missouri running from Joplin north to Kansas City. A southern extension of the route from Lafayette to New Orleans is planned along the US 90 corridor, when completed, I-49 will run continuous from Texarkana to New Orleans.

Interstate 10 in Louisiana
Interstate 10 (I-10), is a major transcontinental Interstate Highway in the Southern United States that runs across the southern part of Louisiana for 274.42 miles (441.64 km) from Texas to Mississippi. It passes through Lake Charles, Lafayette, and Baton Rouge, dips south of Lake Pontchartrain to serve the New Orleans metropolitan area, then crosses Lake Pontchartrain and goes into Mississippi.
Evgeny Pashukanis
Evgeny Bronislavovich Pashukanis (Russian: Евгений Брониславович Пашуканис; Lithuanian: Eugenijus Pašukanis; 23 February [O.S. 10 February] 1891 – 4 September 1937) was a Soviet and Lithuanian legal scholar, best known for his work The General Theory of Law and Marxism. He advocated for a philosophy of law that the Soviet authorities considered threatening to their regime. He was executed in 1937 after Stalinists, including Andrey Vyshinsky, accused him of plotting to overthrow the Soviet state.

Andrey Vyshinsky
Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky (Russian: Андре́й Януа́рьевич Выши́нский; Polish: Andrzej Wyszyński) (10 December [O.S. 28 November] 1883 – 22 November 1954) was a Soviet politician, jurist and diplomat. He is best known as a state prosecutor of Joseph Stalin's Moscow Trials and in the Nuremberg trials. He was the Soviet Foreign Minister from 1949 to 1953, after having served as Deputy Foreign Minister under Vyacheslav Molotov since 1940. He also headed the Institute of State and Law in the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.
Sarah Selwyn
Sarah Harriet Selwyn (née Richardson; 2 September 1809 – 24 March 1907) was the wife of George Augustus Selwyn, the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand and later of the Diocese of Lichfield, in England. Often left behind to manage missionary stations while her husband travelled throughout New Zealand and the islands of the western Pacific Ocean, Sarah Selwyn contributed to the work of building the hierarchy of the Church of England in New Zealand from 1841 to 1868.

Her humanitarian idealism as well as her own personal experiences among the Māori people fuelled her criticism of British and New Zealand policy. Together with Mary Ann Martin and Caroline Abraham, Sarah Selwyn contributed her private correspondence for a publication protesting at the British colonial policies of land confiscation and military conquests against the Māori in New Zealand.

George Selwyn (bishop of New Zealand)
George Augustus Selwyn (5 April 1809 – 11 April 1878) was the first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand. He was Bishop of New Zealand (which included Melanesia) from 1841 to 1869. His diocese was then subdivided and Selwyn was Metropolitan (later called Primate) of New Zealand from 1858 to 1868. Returning to Britain, Selwyn served as Bishop of Lichfield from 1868 to 1878.

After his death, Selwyn College, Cambridge and Selwyn College, Otago were founded to honour his life and contribution to scholarship and the church. The colleges and other educational facilities uphold the legacy of the bishop.
KDWY
KDWY is an American FM radio station broadcasting on 105.3 MHz FM and is licensed to Diamondville, Wyoming. It primarily broadcasts a country music format, but occasionally broadcasts local high school football and basketball games from Kemmerer or Diamondville as well. KDWY has sister stations, KMER, KVSI, KRSV-FM, and KRSV. The transmitter is located northeast of downtown Kemmerer on Quealy Peak.

KRSV (AM)
KRSV (1210 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format, and is licensed to Afton, Wyoming, United States. The station is currently owned by Dan and Kim Dockstader, through licensee SVI Media, LLC, and features programming from Cumulus Media.
The station is simulcast on KMER 940 kHz in Kemmerer and KDWY 105.3 in Diamondville. KRSV had long simulcast on KRSV-FM, until it became known as "The Spur" under current owners SVI Media LLC.
Monks (Oliver Twist)
Edward "Monks" Leeford is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists (alongside Bill Sikes) in the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. He is actually the criminally-inclined half-brother of Oliver Twist, but he hides his identity. Monks' parents separated when he was a child, and his father had a relationship with a young woman, Agnes Fleming. This resulted in Agnes' pregnancy. She died in childbirth after giving birth to the baby that would be named Oliver Twist.

Bill Sikes
William Sikes is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists (alongside Monks) in the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. Sikes is a malicious criminal in Fagin's gang, and a vicious robber and murderer. Throughout much of the novel Sikes is shadowed by his “bull-terrier” dog Bull's-eye.
World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture
The World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture, also called Cloud Fortress, was a sculpture created by Japanese artist Masayuki Nagare in 1975. It was located at the World Trade Center complex at the Church Street entrance to the Austin J. Tobin Plaza.

Having survived the September 11 attacks, the sculpture was demolished during subsequent emergency efforts to access and clear the site.

Austin J. Tobin Plaza
The Austin J. Tobin Plaza, also known as the World Trade Center Plaza, was a large elevated public square that was located within the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York City, from 1966 until its destruction during the September 11 attacks in 2001. It covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha), making it the largest plaza in New York City by acreage at the time.

The plaza opened as part of the original World Trade Center on April 4, 1973, and was renamed after Austin J. Tobin in 1982. Several sculptures were located there, including The Sphere and Ideogram. The plaza was damaged during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and destroyed eight years later during the September 11 terrorist attacks, which saw over 1,000,000,000 pounds (450,000,000 kg) of debris fall onto the plaza's floor. Fires that erupted from the large pile of debris ended up destroying the plaza permanently.
ACC Capital Holdings
ACC Capital Holdings (ACCCH) was a national mortgage lender based in Orange, California. The company is the largest privately held retail mortgage lender in the United States and the largest subprime lender by volume.   ACCCH was founded by Roland Arnall.

As well as Ameriquest Mortgage, the company also owned Argent Mortgage which made wholesale loans through mortgage brokers, and AMC Mortgage Services which carried out customer services activities for all ACCCH mortgages. Ameriquest closed in 2007, and the rest of the company was acquired by Citigroup.

Ameriquest Mortgage
Ameriquest was one of the largest United States sub-prime mortgage lenders until its dissolution in September 2007. Among the first mortgage companies employing computers to solicit prospective borrowers and hasten the loan application process, Ameriquest was accused of predatory lending practices by United States banking regulators. The company was notable for its promotion of the stated income loan, whereby potential borrowers were allowed to claim income without verification of employment. The proliferation of lending to customers with marginal creditworthiness proved to be not only a key factor leading to the subprime mortgage crisis, but also a catalyst to Ameriquest's own demise.

Ameriquest was widely known throughout the United States for its promotional activity. It advertised widely on television; flew blimps over football and baseball stadiums; and sponsored the Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang tour, the Super Bowl XXXIX halftime show, and NASCAR drivers.
Draco (legislator)
Draco was the first legislator of Athens in Ancient Greece according to Athenian tradition and was active about 625 to 600 BC.  He replaced the system of oral law and blood feud by the Draconian constitution, a written code to be enforced only by a court of law. His laws were supposed to have been very harsh, establishing the death penalty for most offenses. Tradition held that all of his laws were repealed by Solon, save for those on homicide. An inscription from 409/8 BC contains part of the current law and refers to it as "the law of Draco about homicide". Nothing is known about the specifics of other laws established by Draco.

According to some scholars, Draco may have been a fictional figure, entirely or in part. Biographical information about him is almost entirely lacking; he was held to have established his legal code in the year 621/620 BC. Since the 18th century, the adjective draconian (δρακόντειος, drakónteios) refers to similarly unforgiving rules or laws.

Draconian constitution
The Draconian constitution, or Draco's code, was a written law code enforced by Draco in Athens near the end of the 7th century BC; its composition started around 621 BC. It was written in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of oral law by Athenian aristocrats. As most societies in Ancient Greece codified basic law during the mid-seventh century BC, Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy until the emergence of Draco's code. Around 621 BC the people of Athens commissioned Draco to devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of Athens. The literate could read the code at a central location accessible to anyone. This enactment of a rule of law was an early manifestation of Athenian democracy.

Punishments for breaking the laws were severe, often death. The term "draconian", meaning excessively severe, thus derives from Draco's name and his law code. It is often applied to laws or other government measures.
Amy Gardner
Amelia Gardner is a fictional character portrayed by Mary-Louise Parker on The West Wing, an American serial political drama. Created in the show's third season after a voicemail from Parker to the show's creator, Amy serves as both a feminist viewpoint on the show and a love interest for Josh Lyman. While critics generally approved of her feminist ideals, they were split on whether her romance with Josh was better or worse than his relationship with his former assistant, Donna Moss.

Josh Lyman
Joshua Lyman is a fictional character played by Bradley Whitford on the television drama series The West Wing. The role earned Whitford the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2001. For most of the series, he is White House Deputy Chief of Staff and Chief Political Advisor in the Josiah Bartlet administration.

Josh is portrayed as having one of the sharpest minds on the President's staff; he is a witty, somewhat cocky, boyishly charming know-it-all.
Jacobi's formula
In matrix calculus, Jacobi's formula expresses the derivative of the determinant of a matrix A in terms of the adjugate of A and the derivative of A.

If A is a differentiable map from the real numbers to n × n matrices, then

where tr(X) is the trace of the matrix X and  is its adjugate matrix.  (The latter equality only holds if A(t) is invertible.)

As a special case,

Equivalently, if dA stands for the differential of A, the general formula is

The formula is named after the mathematician Carl Jacobi.

Adjugate matrix
In linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint adj(A) of a square matrix A is the transpose of its cofactor matrix. It is occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though that normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the transpose.

The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix:

where I is the identity matrix of the same size as A. Consequently, the multiplicative inverse of an invertible matrix can be found by dividing its adjugate by its determinant.
Carleton College
Carleton College (/ˈkɑːrltɪn/ KARL-tin) is a private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1866, the 200-acre (81 ha) main campus is between Northfield and the approximately 800-acre (320 ha) Cowling Arboretum, which became part of the campus in the 1920s.

The college offers courses from 33 major programs and 39 minor programs, and has the option for students to design their own majors. Carleton's varsity sports compete at the NCAA Division III level in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference.

Carleton College Cowling Arboretum
Cowling Arboretum (or The Arb) is an arboretum of 800 acres (320 ha) adjacent to Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota. It is located on a natural border between prairie and forest habitat, and in part on the floodplain of the Cannon River. Its 15 miles (24 km) of trails are open to the public for free year-round.

The Arboretum was established by Donald J. Cowling and Harvey E. Stork in the 1920s for education, conservation, and recreation.  It is a Minnesota State Game Refuge.