hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James P. Eisenstein
James P. Eisenstein (born May 15, 1952) is an American physicist. He is currently the Frank J. Roshek Professor of Physics and Applied Physics, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology. He received a share of the 2025 Wolf Prize in Physics for his experimental research on strongly interacting two-dimensional electron systems. He co-discovered the 5/2 filling factor state of the fractional quantum Hall effect and demonstrated the Bose–Einstein condensation of excitons in two dimensions.

Fractional quantum Hall effect
The fractional quantum Hall effect (fractional QHE or FQHE) is the observation of precisely quantized plateaus in the Hall conductance of 2-dimensional (2D) electrons at fractional values of , where e is the electron charge and h is the Planck constant. 
At the same time, longitudinal resistance drops to zero (for low enough temperatures) as for the integer QHE.
It is a property of a collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasiparticles, and excitations have a fractional elementary charge and possibly also fractional statistics. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Robert Laughlin, Horst Störmer, and Daniel Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". 
The microscopic origin of the FQHE is a major research topic in condensed matter physics.
Simon Pollak
Simon Pollak (April 14, 1814 – October 31, 1903) was a St. Louis doctor who helped to found the Missouri Institute for the Education of the Blind in 1850 and who was involved in the development of the Western Sanitary Commission during the American Civil War. The Missouri Institute for the Education of the Blind was the first institute to adopt the Braille System in the United States. The Western Sanitary Commission provided military camps with trained nurses, hospitals, and sanitary conditions.

Missouri School for the Blind
The Missouri School for the Blind (MSB, Braille: ⠍⠊⠎⠎⠕⠥⠗⠊ ⠎⠉⠓⠕⠕⠇ ⠋⠕⠗ ⠞⠓⠑ ⠃⠇⠊⠝⠙) is a school for the blind and visually impaired in St. Louis, Missouri, operated by the State of Missouri. It has served the state of Missouri from the Greater St. Louis area for more than 150 years as a governmental agency of the state of Missouri. In 1860, the Missouri School became the first educational institution in the nation to adopt the braille system. It also owned, developed and operated one of the nation's earliest braille printing presses.
National Chiao Tung University
National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) was a public research university in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Established in 1896 as Nanyang Public School by an imperial edict of the Guangxu Emperor, it was one of China's leading universities. After the Chinese Civil War, NCTU was re-established by former Chiao Tung University faculty and alumni in Taiwan in 1958.

NCTU was selected by Taiwan's Ministry of Educations as one of the seven national universities focused on research in 2002. It was subsequently chosen to pursue all-around excellence with "versatile international competitiveness to continuously strengthen international academic influence and visibility".

NCTU was merged with National Yang-Ming University into the newly formed National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University on 1 February 2021.

National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU) is a public research university in Hsinchu and Taipei, Taiwan. It was created in 2021 through the merger of National Chiao Tung University and National Yang-Ming University. At present, there are 19 colleges, 74 university/college level research centers, and 1 hospital in Yilan.

NYCU is one of six national universities in research selected by the Ministry of Education. The university is also one of four universities selected by the Ministry of Education to participate in the Global Taiwan Program.
John Carr (architect)
John Carr (1723 – 22 February 1807) was an English architect. He is best known for Buxton Crescent in Derbyshire and Harewood House in West Yorkshire. Much of his work was in the Palladian style. In his day he was considered to be the leading architect in the north of England. Dr. Ivan Hall published in 2023 a study of John Carr after a lifetime's work (John Carr of York: Collected Essays).

Buxton Crescent
Buxton Crescent is a Grade-I-listed building in the town of Buxton, Derbyshire, England. It owes much to the Royal Crescent in Bath, but has been described by the Royal Institution of British Architects as "more richly decorated and altogether more complex". It was designed by the architect John Carr of York, and built for the 5th Duke of Devonshire between 1780 and 1789. In 2020, following a multi-year restoration and redevelopment project supported by the National Heritage Memorial Fund and Derbyshire County Council, The Crescent was reopened as an 81-bedroom 5-star hotel, a spa, shops, and a visitor experience.
2013 in Bellator MMA
2013 in Bellator MMA was the eighth installment of the Bellator MMA, which began on January 17, 2013 and ended on April 4, 2013.

Mixed martial arts tournaments were held in five weight classes and all of the champions, except the heavyweight champion, placed their titles on the line during this season.

This season marked the beginning of Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) airing on Spike TV.

Bellator MMA
Bellator MMA (formerly Bellator Fighting Championships) was an American mixed martial arts promotion founded in 2008 by Bjorn Rebney and operated until 2025. The promotion takes its name from bellātor, the Latin word for "warrior". Bellator's first event was in 2009, and the promotion held 313 "numbered" events.

Bellator was considered the second largest MMA promotion in the United States, and one of the largest combat sport promotions in the world. Paramount Global (formerly Viacom) purchased majority ownership of Bellator from Rebney in 2011, with Paramount's television networks serving as the promotion's media broadcasters in the United States. On November 20, 2023, after then-broadcast home Showtime announced the discontinuation of its sports division, Bellator MMA was acquired by the Professional Fighters League (PFL).
Colorado State Highway 113
State Highway 113 (SH 113) is an 18.8-mile-long (30.3 km) state highway in northeastern Colorado. It runs from U.S. Highway 138 (US 138) in rural Logan County north to Nebraska Highway 19 (N-19) at the Nebraska state line.

U.S. Route 138
U.S. Highway 138 (US 138), commissioned in 1926, is an east–west U.S. Highway in Colorado and Nebraska that travels predominantly northeast to southwest, paralleling the South Platte River and Interstate 76 (I-76). Similarly to the spurs of the former US 66 and US 99, US 138 is an orphan route. US 38 was commissioned in 1926, but US 6 was extended over it to Long Beach, California (it was subsequently truncated to Bishop, California in 1964). Therefore, US 138 still meets its former parent route's path.
Thirumalachari Ramasami
Thirumalachari Ramasami is a former Indian science and technology secretary. He assumed charge in May 2006. Prior to this assignment, he served as the director of the Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India. He is a distinguished researcher and leather scientist.
He was awarded India's National Civilian Honour the Padma Shri for excellence in Science and Engineering in 2001 and the Padma Bhushan in 2014. He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, the highest award for science in India, for notable and outstanding research in Chemical Sciences in 1993.

Central Leather Research Institute
Central Leather Research Institute or CLRI is the world's largest leather research institute in terms of research papers and patents. The institute located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu was founded on 24 April 1948 as a constituent laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Miami Fusion
Miami Fusion F.C. was an American professional soccer club based in the Miami metropolitan area. The club competed in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. The team played from 1998 to 2001. Announced in 1997 as one of the league's first two expansion teams, their best season was 2001, when they won the Supporters' Shield with the best regular season finish. In 2002, after four years of lackluster ticket sales and revenues, MLS contracted the Fusion along with its other Florida-based team, the Tampa Bay Mutiny. The Fusion played their home games at Lockhart Stadium.

Eastern Conference (MLS)
The Eastern Conference (French: Association de l'Est) is one of Major League Soccer's two conferences, along with the Western Conference. The division of the conferences broadly follows the path of the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, with clubs east of the river in the Eastern Conference.

As of 2023, the Eastern Conference contains 15 teams. The conference has produced 17 Supporters' Shield champions and 12 MLS Cup winners in Major League Soccer's first 30 seasons. In 2000 and 2001, the conference was referred to as the Eastern Division when Major League Soccer briefly reorganized into three divisions.
Central Luzon Link Expressway
The Central Luzon Link Expressway (CLLEX), also known as the Central Luzon Link Freeway, is a partially operational expressway in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines.

It is currently toll-free but will be tolled and opened to other classes of vehicles in the future. The section from Tarlac City to the La Paz–Zaragoza boundary is designated as National Route 308 (N308) of the Philippine highway network.

In the future, it will also connect the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX) and the Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway (TPLEX) to the proposed North Luzon East Expressway in Cabanatuan towards San Jose, Nueva Ecija.

San Jose, Nueva Ecija
San Jose, officially the City of San Jose (Filipino: Lungsod ng San Jose; Ilocano: Siudad ti San Jose; Pangasinan: Siyudad na San Jose), is a  component city in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 156,714 people, making it the second most populous city in Nueva Ecija after Cabanatuan, and a key urban center in the northern part of the province.
Catamorphism
In functional programming, the concept of catamorphism (from the Ancient Greek: κατά "downwards" and μορφή "form, shape") denotes the unique homomorphism from an initial algebra into some other algebra.

Catamorphisms provide generalizations of folds of lists to arbitrary algebraic data types, which can be described as initial algebras. 
The dual concept is that of anamorphism that generalize unfolds. A hylomorphism is the composition of an anamorphism followed by a catamorphism.

F-algebra
In mathematics, specifically in category theory, F-algebras generalize the notion of algebraic structure. Rewriting the algebraic laws in terms of morphisms eliminates all references to quantified elements from the axioms, and these algebraic laws may then be glued together in terms of a single functor F, the signature.

F-algebras can also be used to represent data structures used in programming, such as lists and trees.

The main related concepts are initial F-algebras which may serve to encapsulate the induction principle, and the dual construction F-coalgebras.
Residual neural network
A residual neural network (also referred to as a residual network or ResNet) is a deep learning architecture in which the layers learn residual functions with reference to the layer inputs. It was developed in 2015 for image recognition, and won the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) of that year.

As a point of terminology, "residual connection" refers to the specific architectural motif of , where  is an arbitrary neural network module. The motif had been used previously (see §History for details). However, the publication of ResNet made it widely popular for feedforward networks, appearing in neural networks that are seemingly unrelated to ResNet.

The residual connection stabilizes the training and convergence of deep neural networks with hundreds of layers, and is a common motif in deep neural networks, such as transformer models (e.g., BERT, and GPT models such as ChatGPT), the AlphaGo Zero system, the AlphaStar system, and the AlphaFold system.

ImageNet
The ImageNet project is a large visual database designed for use in visual object recognition software research. More than 14 million images have been hand-annotated by the project to indicate what objects are pictured and in at least one million of the images, bounding boxes are also provided. ImageNet contains more than 20,000 categories, with a typical category, such as "balloon" or "strawberry", consisting of several hundred images. The database of annotations of third-party image URLs is freely available directly from ImageNet, though the actual images are not owned by ImageNet. Since 2010, the ImageNet project runs an annual software contest, the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC), where software programs compete to correctly classify and detect objects and scenes. The challenge uses a "trimmed" list of one thousand non-overlapping classes.
Upper Midhope
Upper Midhope (archaic Over Midhope) is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bradfield within the Stocksbridge and Upper Don electoral ward in the borough of the City of Sheffield, England. It lies just on the edge of the Peak District national park.

Historically the habitation, together with Nether Midhope (Midhopestones), were collectively known as Midhope.

Bradfield, South Yorkshire
Bradfield is a civil parish in the City of Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, England.

The civil parish is extensive, the western half is situated in the moorlands of the Peak District, the eastern half is in lower agricultural land and contains the parish's significant habitations, which include the Sheffield suburb of Stannington, as well as Oughtibridge and Worrall, and the villages of High Bradfield and Low Bradfield. The parish also includes several reservoirs, and a number of minor settlements, such as Ewden. Bradfield is located 8 miles (13 km) from Sheffield city centre and 14 miles (23 km) from Barnsley.

On 6 July 2014, Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France from York to Sheffield, passed through the village. It was also the location of the seventh climb of the stage, the Category 4 Côte de Bradfield. It was 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long at an average gradient of 7.4%. The one point in the King of the Mountains competition was claimed by Andriy Hrivko of Astana Pro Team.
Pseudopsyra
Pseudopsyra is an Asian genus of sickle-bearing bush-crickets, in the tribe Holochlorini, erected by Morgan Hebard in 1922.  The recorded species distribution (possibly incomplete) includes China, including Hainan, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.

Phaneropterinae
The Phaneropterinae, the sickle-bearing bush crickets or leaf katydids, are a subfamily of insects within the family Tettigoniidae.  They are also known as false katydids or round-headed katydids.

The name Phaneropterinae is based upon the Old World genus Phaneroptera (type species P. falcata), meaning "visible wing"; this refers to the exposed tips of the inner wings seen in many species, although some genera, notably in the tribes Barbitistini and Odonturini have become brachypterous.
Battle of Fidonisi
The naval Battle of Fidonisi took place on 14 July 1788 (NS) between the fleets of the Russian Empire under Marko Voinovich's lead and the Ottoman Empire under Cezayirli Hasan Pasha during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) in the area of Snake Island, which in Greek was called Fidonisi (Φιδονήσι). It was a Russian victory.

Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (1713 – 19 March 1790) or Algerian Hasan Pasha, nicknamed Ejder-i Bahrî (Monster of the Seas), was an Ottoman Grand Admiral (1770–90), Grand Vizier (1790), and general in the late 18th century.
Uitikon Waldegg railway station
Uitikon Waldegg is a railway station in the village of Waldegg in the municipality of Uitikon in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. It is located within fare zone 154 of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV). The station is on the Uetliberg line, which is operated by the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (SZU).

Uitikon
Uitikon is a village and municipality in the district of Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Besides the village of Uitikon itself, the municipality includes the villages of Waldegg and Ringlikon.
Annabelle (film)
Annabelle is a 2014 American supernatural horror film directed by John R. Leonetti, written by Gary Dauberman, and produced by Peter Safran and James Wan. Starring Annabelle Wallis, Ward Horton and Alfre Woodard, the film is a spin-off and prequel to the 2013 film The Conjuring, serving as the second installment in The Conjuring Universe. It was inspired by a story about a doll named Annabelle popularized by paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren.

Principal photography began in January 2014 in Los Angeles. The film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre on September 29, 2014, and was released theatrically in the United States on October 3, 2014, by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. Produced on a $6.5 million budget, Annabelle grossed over $257 million worldwide despite negative reviews from critics. A prequel, Annabelle: Creation, was released on August 11, 2017.

The Conjuring Universe
The Conjuring Universe is an American horror franchise and shared universe centered on a series of supernatural horror films. The franchise is produced by New Line Cinema, Atomic Monster, and the Safran Company, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The films present a dramatization of the supposedly real-life adventures of Ed and Lorraine Warren, paranormal investigators and authors associated with prominent yet controversial cases of haunting. The main series follows their attempts to help people harassed by spirits, while the spin-off films focus on the origins of some of the entities the Warrens have encountered.

The franchise has been commercially successful, grossing $2.7 billion against a combined budget of $263 million and becoming the highest-grossing horror franchise to date. The franchise has received mixed reviews.
Ken Appledorn
Kenneth James Appledorn is an American-Spanish actor known for his work in the series The Refugees, a joint production of BBC Worldwide and Atresmedia and Arde Madrid, directed by Paco Leon for Movistar+. He is also known for his work in the film Casting as well as the film The Extraordinary Tale.

Arde Madrid
Arde Madrid is a Spanish period comedy-drama limited television series created by Paco León and Anna R. Costa, which premiered on November 8, 2018, on Movistar+. León also directed every episode of the series and stars in it, alongside Debi Mazar, Inma Cuesta and Anna Castillo. The series tells the story of the period which American actress Ava Gardner spent in Francoist Spain. On 14 November 2018, Movistar+ renewed the series for a second season, but on 3 May 2019, the creators announced their decision to not continue the series. The series premiered May 5, 2020 in the US and Canada on MHz Choice, a subsidiary of MHz Networks.
Tabb High School
Tabb High School is a public high school located in Tabb, an unincorporated community in southern York County, Virginia, United States. It is part of the York County School Division. The school opened in 1972 and is located near the site of one of the first land battles of the Civil war, the Battle of Big Bethel.

Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League's AA Bay Rivers District in Region I. Historically, Tabb High School has been known for its football program, which was dominant in the early 1990s and produced two players for the NFL, Chris Slade and Terry Kirby. The Tiger football team won VHSL Group AA state championships in 1981, '87, and '90.

York County School Division
The York County School Division or YCSD  is a school division (school district) in York County, Virginia, United States. The division consists of approximately 12,750 students in 19 schools, of which there are 10 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, 4 high schools, and 1 charter school. The division employs about 1,050 instructional staff members and over 730 support staff members.
SeaBus
The SeaBus is a passenger-only ferry service in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It crosses Burrard Inlet to connect the cities of Vancouver (at Waterfront station) and North Vancouver (at Lonsdale Quay). Owned by TransLink and operated by the Coast Mountain Bus Company, the SeaBus forms an important part of the region's integrated public transportation system. In 2024, the SeaBus had a ridership of 5,398,900, or about 17,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

Waterfront station (Vancouver)
Waterfront station is a major intermodal public transportation facility and the main transit terminus in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is on West Cordova Street in Downtown Vancouver, between Granville and Seymour Street. The station is also accessible via two other street-level entrances, one on Howe Street to the west for direct access to the Expo Line and another on Granville Street to the south for direct access to the Canada Line.

The station is within walking distance of Vancouver's historical Gastown district, Canada Place, Vancouver Convention Centre, Harbour Centre, Sinclair Centre, and the Vancouver Harbour Flight Centre float plane terminal. A heliport operated by Helijet, along with the downtown campuses for Simon Fraser University and the British Columbia Institute of Technology, are also located within the vicinity of the station.
Chia Youyee Vang
Chia Youyee Vang is a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Her research and writing deals with the Hmong diaspora, other Southeast Asian diasporas and refugees and on community-building efforts among Hmong people in the United States.

Vang is the author of the books Hmong in Minnesota and Hmong America : reconstructing community in diaspora. She is also the co-editor of Claiming Place: On the Agency of Hmong Women. Hmong America has been described as "the first scholarly examination of the Hmong experience in the U.S.": 214

Hmong people
The Hmong people (RPA: Hmoob, CHV: Hmôngz, Nyiakeng Puachue: 𞄀𞄩𞄰, Pahawh Hmong: 𖬌𖬣𖬵, IPA: [m̥ɔ̃́], Chinese: 苗族蒙人) are an ethnic group from East and Southeast Asia. In China, the Hmong people are classified as a sub-group of the Miao people. The modern Hmong reside mainly in Southwestern China and Mainland Southeast Asian countries such as Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. There are also diaspora communities in the United States, Australia, France, and South America.
Hopf decomposition
In mathematics, the Hopf decomposition, named after Eberhard Hopf, gives a canonical decomposition of a measure space  (X, μ) with respect to an invertible non-singular transformation T:X→X, i.e. a transformation which with its inverse is measurable and carries null sets onto null sets. Up to null sets, X can be written as a disjoint union C ∐ D of T-invariant sets where the action of T on C is conservative and the action of T on D is dissipative. Thus, if τ is the automorphism of A = L∞(X) induced by T, there is a unique τ-invariant projection p in A such that pA is conservative and (I–p)A is dissipative.

Conservative system
In physics and mathematics, a conservative system is a dynamical system which stands in contrast to a dissipative system. Roughly speaking, such systems have no friction or other mechanism to dissipate the dynamics, and thus, their phase space does not shrink over time. Precisely speaking, they are those dynamical systems that have a null wandering set: under time evolution, no portion of the phase space ever "wanders away", never to be returned to or revisited. Alternately, conservative systems are those to which the  Poincaré recurrence theorem applies. An important special case of conservative systems are the measure-preserving dynamical systems.