hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bona fide resident test
The bona fide residence test, like the physical presence test, comprises one way that an individual can qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion from United States income tax. In order to qualify for the bona fide residence test, an individual needs to reside in a foreign country for an uninterrupted period that includes an entire tax year. In addition, the bona fide residence test takes into account factors such as the individual's intention, the purpose of the trip, and the length and nature of the stay. There are special deductions and exclusions that accompany this only if the individual is a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien and has a tax treaty. The bona fide residence is not always the same as the domicile. The domicile is defined as one's permanent home.

Physical presence test
In international taxation, a physical presence test is a rule used to determine tax residence of a natural or legal person. It may rely on having a place of business in the jurisdiction (for legal persons), or remaining in or out of the jurisdiction for a certain number of days each year (for natural persons).
David Borwein
David Borwein (March 24, 1924 – September 3, 2021) was a Lithuanian-born Canadian mathematician, known for his research in the summability theory of series and integrals. He also did work in measure theory and probability theory, number theory, and approximate subgradients and coderivatives. He latterly collaborated with his son, Jonathan Borwein, and with B.A. Mares Jr. on the properties of single-variable and many-variable sinc integrals.

Jonathan Borwein
Jonathan Michael Borwein (20 May 1951 – 2 August 2016) was a Scottish mathematician who held an appointment as Laureate Professor of mathematics at the University of Newcastle, Australia. He was a close associate of David H. Bailey, and they have been prominent public advocates of experimental mathematics.

Borwein's interests spanned pure mathematics (analysis), applied mathematics (optimization), computational mathematics (numerical and computational analysis), and high performance computing. He authored ten books, including several on experimental mathematics, a monograph on convex functions, and over 400 refereed articles. He was a co-founder in 1995 of software company MathResources, consulting and producing interactive software primarily for school and university mathematics. He was not associated with MathResources at the time of his death.

Borwein was also an expert on the number pi and especially its computation.
Clara Clemens
Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud (formerly Gabrilowitsch; June 8, 1874 – November 19, 1962), was an American concert singer, and the daughter of Samuel Clemens, who wrote as Mark Twain. She managed his estate and guarded his legacy after his death as his only surviving child. She was married first to Ossip Gabrilowitsch, then to Jacques Samossoud after Gabrilowitsch's death. She wrote biographies of Gabrilowitsch and of her father. In her later life, she became a Christian Scientist.

Ossip Gabrilowitsch
Ossip Salomonovich Gabrilowitsch (Осип Сoломонович Габрилович, Osip Solomonovich Gabrilovich; he used the German transliteration Gabrilowitsch in the West) (7 February [O.S. 26 January] 1878 – 14 September 1936) was a Russian-American pianist, conductor and composer.
WIDG
WIDG (940 AM) is a radio station licensed to St. Ignace, Michigan, broadcasting a Catholic religious format. Until October 2008, the station was owned and operated by Northern Star Broadcasting and had aired ESPN Radio under the brand name AM 940 The Fan. The station then went silent for a short period and returned to the air in December 2008, simulcasting originating station WTCK 90.9 FM in Charlevoix and later WTCY 88.3 FM in Greilickville and serving Traverse City.. WIDG was previously owned by Baraga Broadcasting and now owned by Relevant Radio.

Its main studio is now located in Traverse City, as such the originating station is now WTCY.  WIDG transmits from a single guyed omnidirectional antenna at 1230 Old Portage Trail in St. Ignace.

WTCK
WTCK (90.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Catholic religious format.  Licensed to Charlevoix, Michigan, United States, the station is currently owned by Relevant Radio and currently airs programming from the network. The station's former owner, Baraga Broadcasting, was named for the Catholic missionary to Native American tribes and later Venerable Bishop Frederik Baraga. It served as the first originating station of Baraga's six station network airing local Catholic programming in addition to network programming from EWTN Global Catholic Radio and from Ave Maria Radio based at WDEO in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Its main office and studio was located at Indian River near The Cross in the Woods Catholic Shrine and has since moved in the spring of 2015 to Traverse City.
Kosciuszko Reds
The Kosciusko Reds  were a minor league baseball team based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Representing the Polish south side of Milwaukee, the Kosciusko Reds played as a semi–pro team for many years before playing as members of the Independent Wisconsin State League from 1928 to 1930. The Milwaukee Red Sox continued as members of the Wisconsin State League in 1931 and 1936 and the 1932 Wisconsin-Illinois League.

The Kosciusko Reds and Milwaukee Red Sox teams hosted home minor league games at Borchert Field, which hosted baseball until 1953.

Wisconsin State League
The Wisconsin State League was a class D level baseball league that began in 1905, changing its name to the Wisconsin–Illinois League in 1908 and operating through 1914. The league re–organized under that name in 1926. Another Wisconsin State League began in 1940, shut down during World War II from 1943 through 1945, then operated from 1946 through 1953.

The Class D Wisconsin–Illinois League began play in 1940 with six charter franchises: Appleton Papermakers, Fond du Lac Panthers, Green Bay Bluejays, La Crosse Blackhawks, Sheboygan Indians and Wisconsin Rapids White Sox. In 1942 the league expanded to eight teams, adding the Janesville Cubs and Oshkosh Giants. After play resumed in 1946, La Crosse moved to become the Wausau Lumberjacks and the league operated with those franchises until its demise following the 1953 season.
Glasgow-Blatchford score
The Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score (GBS) is a screening tool to assess the likelihood that a person with an acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) will need to have medical intervention such as a blood transfusion or endoscopic intervention. The tool may be able to identify people who do not need to be admitted to hospital after a UGIB. Advantages of the GBS over the Rockall score, which assesses the risk of death in UGIB, include a lack of subjective variables such as the severity of systemic diseases and the lack of a need for oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) to complete the score, a feature unique to the GBS.

It was developed in 2000 by Oliver Blatchford (born 24 August 1954) at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.

In a controlled study, 16% of people presenting with UGIB had a GBS score of "0", considered low. Among this group there were no deaths or interventions needed and people were able to be effectively treated in an outpatient setting.

Rockall score
Rockall risk scoring system  attempts to identify patients at risk of adverse outcome following acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Rockall et al. identified independent risk factors in 1996 which were later shown to predict mortality accurately. The scoring system uses clinical criteria (increasing age, co-morbidity, shock) as well as endoscopic finding (diagnosis, stigmata of acute bleeding). It is named for Professor Tim Rockall, who was the main investigator and first author of the studies that led to its formulation. A convenient mnemonic is ABCDE - i.e. Age, Blood pressure fall (shock), Co-morbidity, Diagnosis and Evidence of bleeding.
Under 19 Bayernliga
The Under 19 Bayernliga (German: A-Jugend Bayernliga) is the second tier of under 19 youth football in Bavaria, set below the Under 19 Bundesliga South/Southwest.

Until 1996, the league was the highest tier of under 19 football, containing the youth teams of such clubs as FC Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 Munich and 1. FC Nürnberg.

Under 19 Bundesliga
The Under 19 Bundesliga (German: A-Junioren Bundesliga) is the highest level in German Under 19 football. It was created in 2003 and is divided in three divisions (Nord/Nordost, West und Süd/Südwest) with 14 teams each. The winner of each divisions and the second-placed team from the Süd/Südwest division join the play-offs for the German U19 champions.

The forerunner of the Under 19 Bundesliga was the A-Jugend-Regionalliga. In the summer of 2003 the divisions North and Northeast as well as South and Southwest were merged, the division West was simply renamed. The intent was to make youth football more competitive.
Shire of Bauhinia
The Shire of Bauhinia was a local government area in Central Queensland, Queensland, Australia. The Shire, administered from the town of Springsure, covered an area of 23,649.6 square kilometres (9,131.2 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008, when it was amalgamated with the Shires of Duaringa, Emerald and Peak Downs to form the Central Highlands Region.

The area is a staging point for expeditions to Carnarvon National Park.

Shire of Emerald
The Shire of Emerald is a former local government area in the Central Highlands region of Queensland, Australia. On 15 March 2008 the shires of Duaringa, Emerald, Bauhinia and Peak Downs were amalgamated to form the Central Highlands Region. Its administrative centre is based around Emerald.
Metromile
Metromile, Inc. is a technology start-up based in San Francisco that provides pay-per-mile car insurance. The company also licenses its digital insurance platform to insurance companies worldwide and offers a digitally native product that includes smart driving features, automated claims, and vehicle information. In July 2022, Metromile was acquired by Lemonade, Inc.

Vehicle insurance
Vehicle insurance (also known as car insurance, motor insurance, or auto insurance) is insurance for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles. Its primary use is to provide financial protection against physical damage or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise from incidents in a vehicle. Vehicle insurance may additionally offer financial protection against theft of the vehicle, and against damage to the vehicle sustained from events other than traffic collisions, such as vandalism, weather or natural disasters, and damage sustained by colliding with stationary objects. The specific terms of vehicle insurance vary with legal regulations in each region.
Bagheera
Bagheera  (Hindi: बघीरा / Baghīrā) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in The Jungle Book (coll. 1894) and The Second Jungle Book (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the "man-cub" Mowgli. The word bagheera is Hindi for panther or leopard, although the root word bagh means any form of panthera and is nowadays mostly used to refer to the Royal Bengal tiger.

Mowgli
Mowgli (/ˈmaʊɡli/) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Mowgli stories featured among Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories. He is a feral boy from the Pench area in Seoni, Madhya Pradesh, India, who originally appeared in Kipling's short story "In the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions, 1893) and then became the most prominent character in the collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other (on the basis of Marwar king Rao Sihaji) characters.
Charles Honoré d'Albert, 3rd Duke of Luynes
Charles Honoré d'Albert de Luynes (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl ɔnɔʁe dalbɛʁ də lɥin]; 7 October 1646 – 5 November 1712) was a French nobleman and Duke of Luynes. He is best known as the Duke of Chevreuse, his family's subsidiary title which he used until his father's death in 1690. He was a high-ranking French official under King Louis XIV.

Duke of Luynes
The Duke of Luynes (French: duc de Luynes French: [dyk də lɥin]) is a territorial name belonging to the noble French house d'Albert. Luynes is, today, a commune of the Indre-et-Loire département in France.  The family of Albert, which sprang from Thomas Alberti (died 1455), seigneur de Boussargues, bailli of Viviers and Valence, and viguier of Bagnols and Pont-Saint-Esprit in Languedoc, acquired the estate of Luynes in the 16th century.
2025 Pocheon accidental bombing
On 6 March 2025, two South Korean Air Force KF-16 jets negligently dropped a total of eight Mark 82 bombs on a civilian-populated area in Pocheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea that injured 43 people. The area was close to a bombing range. The incident occurred during a joint drill that took place between South Korea and the United States.

Republic of Korea Air Force
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF; Korean: 대한민국 공군; Hanja: 大韓民國空軍; RR: Daehanminguk Gong-gun), also known as the ROK Air Force or South Korean Air Force, is the aerial and space warfare service branch of South Korea, operating under the South Korean Ministry of National Defense.
Dumb pipe
A dumb pipe or dumb network, in relation to a mobile network operator (MNO) or Internet service provider (ISP), is a simple network that has high enough bandwidth to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet without the need to prioritize content. This means it can afford to be completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses.

This is in contrast to a smart pipe where the operator affects the customer's accessibility of the Internet by either limiting the available services or applications to its own proprietary portal (like a walled garden) or offer additional capabilities and services beyond simple connectivity. A dumb pipe primarily provides simple bandwidth and network capacity which is greater than the maximum network loads expected thus avoiding the need to discriminate between packet types.

Among the commonly understood operational models for an MNO are dumb pipes, smart pipes, and the walled gardens.

Smart pipe
Smart pipe, related to a mobile network operator (MNO or operator), refers to an operator's network which leverages existing or unique service abilities, and the operator's customer relationships, to provide value beyond that of data connectivity only. The use of the term “smart” refers to the operator's ability to add value for added, and often unique, types of services and content beyond bandwidth and network speed only.

Among the commonly understood operational models for a MNO are smart pipes, walled gardens, and dumb pipes.
John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox
John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox (c. 1490 – 4 September 1526) was a prominent Scottish nobleman. He was the son of Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox, and his wife Lady Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton, and Mary Stewart, Princess of Scotland, daughter of King James II of Scotland.

The Earl of Lennox led an army to Linlithgow with the intention of liberating the young King James V of Scotland from the pro-English Douglases. He was defeated by a smaller force led by James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, at the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge. He survived the battle and was taken captive, only to be murdered subsequently by James Hamilton of Finnart.

He was succeeded by his eldest son, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox. The latter was the father of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and the grandfather of King James VI of Scotland.

Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox
Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (21 September 1516 – 4 September 1571) was a leader of the Catholic nobility in Scotland. He was the paternal grandfather of King James VI of Scotland. He owned Temple Newsam in Yorkshire, England.
Cortlandt Street Ferry Depot
Cortlandt Street Ferry Depot was the main ferry terminal of the Pennsylvania Railroad and the West Shore Railroad on the North River (Hudson River) in lower Manhattan. The railroads operated ferries to their terminal stations on the Hudson River waterfront in  New Jersey at Exchange Place and Weehawken, respectively.

The depot was next to Liberty Street Ferry Terminal from which the Central Railroad of New Jersey operated its Communipaw ferry to Communipaw Terminal.

Liberty Street Ferry Terminal
Liberty Street Ferry Terminal or Liberty Street Terminal was the Central Railroad of New Jersey's passenger ferry slip in lower Manhattan, New York City and the point of departure and embarkation for passengers travelling on the Central Railroad of New Jersey, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Reading Railroad and the Lehigh Valley Railroad from the Communipaw Terminal across the Hudson River in Jersey City.
Grevelingendam
The Grevelingendam is a dam located in the Grevelingen sea inlet between Schouwen-Duiveland and Goeree-Overflakkee in The Netherlands. The Grevelingendam was the fourth structure constructed as part of the Delta Works.

The dam is six kilometres in length. Construction began in 1958 with the aim of delivering it in 1964. Due to several setbacks, the construction of the dam took seven years and was opened on 1 April 1965 by Minister of Transport and Water Management, Jan van Aartsen. There is a navigation lock at the southern end of the dam near Bruinisse, and nearby a control lock using a siphon system, known as the Flakkeese Spuisluis, which connects the Eastern Scheldt with the Grevelingenmeer.

The construction of the Grevelingendam permitted Dutch civil engineers and contractors to gain experience that would be necessary for the Brouwersdam, along with more complicated closure works such as those at the Haringvlietdam, and the Oosterscheldekering.

Brouwersdam
The Brouwersdam is the seventh structure of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, forming a barrier across the former estuary known as the Brouwershavense Gat. As a result, the area of water became known as the Grevelingenmeer.
Kuratowski Prize
The Kuratowski Prize (Polish: Nagroda im. Kazimierza Kuratowskiego) is a Polish annual mathematics award conferred jointly by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and the Polish Mathematical Society (PTM) for contributions in the field of mathematics granted to individuals under the age of 30. It is named in honour of Polish mathematician and logician Kazimierz Kuratowski (1896–1980).

Polish Mathematical Society
The Polish Mathematical Society (Polish: Polskie Towarzystwo Matematyczne) is the main professional society of Polish mathematicians and represents Polish mathematics within the European Mathematical Society (EMS) and the International Mathematical Union (IMU).
Minkuotang
The Minkuotang (MKT), also known as the Republican Party, was a political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The party was established on 13 March 2015 by former Kuomintang legislative representative Hsu Hsin-ying, with the founding assembly held on 18 March 2015. It was part of the Pan-Blue Coalition and then merged with the newly-formed Congress Party Alliance in 2019.

Congress Party Alliance
The Congress Party Alliance (CPA; Chinese: 國會政黨聯盟; pinyin: Guóhuì Zhèngdǎng Liánméng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kok-hōe Chèng-tóng Liân-bêng) was a political party in Taiwan. The party was established on 18 October 2018 during its inaugural meeting in Taipei City. The Central Party Department was located in the Zhongzheng District of Taipei City. The CPA elected Wujue Miaotian as the first party chairman at the first National Party Congress, and the party was approved by the Ministry of the Interior on 29 November of the same year. The Minkuotang merged into the CPA on 25 January 2019, becoming the first instance of a political party merger in the history of the Republic of China.
Canada Education Savings Grant
The Canada Education Savings Grant (French: Subvention canadienne pour l’épargne-études, CESG) is part of a Government of Canada program, administered through Employment and Social Development Canada, to assist with savings for Canadian children's higher education. Under the CESG program, the government will contribute an amount to a Registered Education Savings Plan (RESP) according to a formula which is dependent on the amount contributed and the income level of the family making the contributions. As of 1 July 2005, the CESG is legislated by the Canada Education Savings Act.

Registered education savings plan
A registered education savings plan (French: Régimes enregistrés d’épargne-études, RESP) in Canada is  an investment vehicle available to caregivers to save for their children's post-secondary education. The principal advantages of RESPs are the access they provide to the Canada Education Savings Grant (CESG) and as a method of generating tax-deferred income.
Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code
Designated as an American National Standard, the Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code (USPSHTC) is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.

The USPSHTC is developed using the American National Standards Institute's consensus development procedures. This process brings together volunteers representing a variety of viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on plumbing practices.

IAPMO
IAPMO (the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials) is a global team of experts delivering codes and standards, product testing, certification and inspection services, and professional development for a safer built environment.

IAPMO facilitates the development of and publishes codes and standards including its flagship Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC®) and Uniform Mechanical Code (UMC®), featuring its UPC, UMC and UES certification marks that serve as a consistent model for building professionals, manufacturers and researchers.
Volkswagen D24 engine
The Volkswagen D24 engine is a 2.4-litre inline-six-cylinder (R6/I6), naturally aspirated diesel engine, formerly manufactured by Volkswagen Group from 1978 to 1995.

Subsequent forced induction variants of this engine were also available as the Volkswagen D24T engine with a turbocharger, and a turbo intercooled version, the Volkswagen D24TIC engine.  These turbocharged variants resulted in higher power and torque outputs.

Straight-six engine
A straight-six engine (also referred to as an inline-six engine; abbreviated I6 or L6) is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balance, resulting in fewer vibrations than other designs of six or fewer cylinders.

Until the mid-20th century, the straight-six layout was the most common design for engines with six cylinders. However, V6 engines gradually became more common in the 1970s and by the 2000s, V6 engines had replaced straight-six engines in most light automotive applications.

Due to their high and smooth torque, simplicity and reliability, weight and space, and balanced power delivery, straight-six engines are a common power source for trucks and buses.