hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
James Laxer
James Robert Laxer (22 December 1941 – 23 February 2018), also known as Jim Laxer, was a Canadian political economist, historian, public intellectual, and political activist who served as a professor at York University. Best known as co-founder of the Waffle, on whose behalf he ran for the leadership of the New Democratic Party in 1971, he was the author of more than two dozen books, mostly on Canadian political economy and history.

1971 New Democratic Party leadership election
From April 21 to April 24, 1971, the New Democratic Party held a leadership convention to choose a new federal leader. The convention was held while the Waffle faction was at the zenith of its popularity and power. David Lewis was elected as the party leader, and Donald C. MacDonald, the former Ontario NDP leader, was elected as the party's president. The major non-leadership issues were what stance would the party take in terms of Quebec sovereignty and whether policy initiatives calling for the nationalization of the oil, gas, and mining industries would pass.
Sznajd model
The Sznajd model or United we stand, divided we fall (USDF) model is a sociophysics model introduced in 2000  to gain fundamental understanding about opinion dynamics. The Sznajd model implements a phenomenon called social validation and thus extends the Ising spin model. In simple words, the model states:

Social validation: If two people share the same opinion, their neighbors will start to agree with them.

Discord destroys: If a block of adjacent persons disagree, their neighbors start to argue with them.

Social physics
Social physics or sociophysics is an interdisciplinary field of science which uses mathematical tools inspired by physics to understand the behavior of human crowds. In a modern commercial use, it can also refer to the analysis of social phenomena with big data.

Social physics is closely related to econophysics, which uses physics methods to describe economics.
Funny Farm (film)
Funny Farm is a 1988 American comedy film starring Chevy Chase and Madolyn Smith. The film was adapted from a 1985 comedic novel of the same name by Jay Cronley. It was the final film directed by George Roy Hill before his death in 2002.

Funny Farm (novel)
Funny Farm is a comic novel written by Jay Cronley. It was published in 1985 by Atheneum Books.

In 1988, it was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Chevy Chase. It was Cronley's first novel to be adapted for an American film.
Allroy Sez
Allroy Sez is the debut album by the American punk rock band All, released in March 1988 through Cruz Records. Following the departure of singer Milo Aukerman from the Descendents, the remaining members—bassist Karl Alvarez, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and drummer Bill Stevenson—recruited singer Dave Smalley and changed the name of the band to All, which was both the title of the Descendents' 1987 album and a philosophical concept invented by Stevenson and friend Pat McCuistion in 1980. Allroy Sez introduced the character of Allroy, who would serve as a mascot for the band and be featured on many of their subsequent album covers.

Descendents
The Descendents are an American punk rock band formed in Manhattan Beach, California, in 1977, by guitarist Frank Navetta, bassist Tony Lombardo and drummer Bill Stevenson as a power pop/surf punk band. In 1979, they enlisted Stevenson's school friend Milo Aukerman as a singer, and reappeared as a melodic hardcore punk band, becoming a major player in the hardcore scene developing in Los Angeles at the time. They have released eight studio albums, three live albums, three compilation albums, and four EPs. Since 1986, the band's lineup has consisted of Aukerman, Stevenson, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and bassist Karl Alvarez.
Kīnaʻu
Princess Kalani Ahumanu i Kaliko o Iwi Kauhipua o Kīnaʻu, also known as Elizabeth Kīnaʻu (c. 1805 – April 4, 1839) was Kuhina Nui of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi as Kaʻahumanu II,: 436  queen regent and dowager queen.

Kuhina Nui
Kuhina Nui was a powerful office in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi from 1819 to 1864. It was usually held by a relative of the king and was the rough equivalent of the 19th-century European office of Prime Minister or sometimes Regent.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road (Urdu: شاہراہ محمد على جناح), frequently abbreviated as MA Jinnah Road, is a major thoroughfare in central Karachi, Pakistan. The road was originally named Bandar Road (بندر روڈ ;"Port Road"), because it linked the city to the Port of Karachi, but was later renamed in honour of Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. MA Jinnah Road stretches 6.1 kilometres from Jinnah Bridge in the south, near the Port of Karachi, to Gurumandir Chowk, north of Mazar-e-Quaid. It is one of the city's oldest roads, and passes through much of the colonial era historic core of Karachi, with numerous landmarks along its route.

Jinnah Bridge
Jinnah Bridge (Urdu: جناح پل) is a circular flyover located between Kharadar and Kiamari on Chinna Creek in Karachi, Pakistan. Until 1982, the bridge was known as Napier Mole Bridge. It was upgraded and developed into a circular one-way flyover between 1993 and 1997. The bridge connects Karachi port to the city, and is the southwest terminus of Mohammad Ali Jinnah Road. Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex food street is located in the centre of the flyover.
Optus
Singtel Optus Pty Limited is a major Australian telecommunications company headquartered in Macquarie Park, Sydney. Optus is the second-largest telecommunications company in Australia, with over 11 million customers as of 2023. Its mobile network covers 98.5% of the Australian population, with plans to cover all of Australia by 2025 through its partnership with SpaceX.

It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Singaporean telecommunications company Singtel.

Singtel
Singapore Telecommunications Limited, trading as Singtel, is a Singaporean telecommunications conglomerate, the country's principal fixed-line operator and one of the four major mobile network operators operating in the country.
Ragan Smith
Ragan Elizabeth Smith (born August 8, 2000) is a retired American gymnast and current assistant coach. She is a five-time member of the US National Team (2014–2019) and competed for the University of Oklahoma in collegiate gymnastics from 2020 to 2024.  She is the 2017 United States national all-around champion and was an alternate for the 2016 Olympic team.

2017 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships
The 2017 P&G U.S. National Gymnastics Championships is the 54th edition of the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships. The competition was held from August 17–20, 2017 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California.
Transfort
Transfort is the public transportation operator for the City of Fort Collins, Colorado. The system offers 22 regular routes, with 20 of them providing all-day service Monday through Friday. Six-day intercity service is provided by the FLEX to Loveland, Berthoud, and Longmont. Additionally, five routes for transporting Colorado State University students, faculty and staff run throughout the school year. In 2024, the system provided transportation services to 2,631,100 people.

Since 2014, Transfort has operated a bus rapid transit service, known as MAX, between South Transit Center and Downtown Fort Collins.

As of March 2020, Transfort is fare-free. Fare collection was stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has yet to be resumed.

Fort Collins, Colorado
Fort Collins is a home rule city in Larimer County, Colorado, United States, and serves as the county seat and most populous municipality of the county. It is the fourth-most populous city in Colorado with a population of 169,810 at the 2020 census, while the Fort Collins, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area has an estimated 375,000 residents.

Situated on the Cache La Poudre River along the Colorado Front Range, Fort Collins is located 60 mi (97 km) north of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver and is a major city of the Front Range Urban Corridor. It is a prominent college town, home to Colorado State University, a public research university and the second-largest university by enrollment in Colorado.
Karl Racine
Karl Anthony Racine (born December 14, 1962) is a Haitian-American lawyer and politician. He was the first independently elected Attorney General for the District of Columbia, a position he held from 2015 to 2023. Before that, he was the managing partner of Venable LLP. As Attorney General, Racine received national attention for his work on antitrust matters.

Attorney General for the District of Columbia
The Attorney General for the District of Columbia is the chief legal officer of the District of Columbia. The position has been elected by popular vote of D.C. residents since 2015. The current attorney general is Brian Schwalb, who has served since January 2, 2023.

Due to D.C.'s unique status as a federal enclave and not part of a state, the attorney general's position is unique, and shares some similarities with other states' attorneys general, some with local prosecutors and some with municipal legal departments.

The attorney general enforces many of the district's laws, provides advice and counsel the local government and departments, and assists consumers and others in the district. He is responsible for prosecuting juvenile criminal law and some misdemeanor crimes for adults, but adult felonies and other prosecutions are handled by the U.S. attorney for the District of Columbia, a federal Department of Justice official who is appointed by and reports to the president.
The Day the Earth Stood Still
The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1951 American science fiction film from 20th Century Fox, produced by Julian Blaustein and directed by Robert Wise. It stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Hugh Marlowe, Sam Jaffe, Billy Gray, Frances Bavier and Lock Martin. The screenplay was written by Edmund H. North, based on the 1940 science fiction short story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates. The film score was composed by Bernard Herrmann. Set in the Cold War during the early stages of the nuclear arms race, the storyline involves a humanoid alien visitor who comes to Earth, accompanied by a powerful robot, to deliver an important message that will affect the entire human race. In 1995, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Edmund H. North
Edmund Hall North (March 12, 1911 – August 28, 1990) was an American screenwriter who shared an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay with Francis Ford Coppola in 1970 for their script for Patton.

North wrote the screenplay for the 1951 science-fiction classic The Day the Earth Stood Still and is credited with creating the famous line from the film, "Klaatu barada nikto".

He was a son of Bobby North and Stella Maury who performed in vaudeville and the Ziegfeld Follies. North began writing plays while attending Culver Military Academy in Indiana and at Stanford University. As a major in the U.S. Army Signal Corps during World War II, he made training and educational films.

North was a president of the screen branch of the Writers Guild of America in which he served on more than 40 committees, including the contract-bargaining panel.

North and his wife, Collette had two daughters.  He lived in Brentwood, Los Angeles, and was 79 when he died.
Leuke Kome
Leuke Kome (Greek: λευκή κώμη, lit. 'white village') was a Nabataean port city located on the Incense Route. It may have been in the vicinity of the village now known as Aynuna (Arabic: وادي عينونة), Saudi Arabia, but other theories suggest that it was located at al-Wajh.

Aynuna
Aynuna (Arab. عينونة, ʿAynūna) – a village in northwestern Saudi Arabia, in the Tabuk Region, located about 5 km from the Red Sea coast, at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba. Archaeological remains discovered here are identified by most researchers with the Nabataean port of Leuke Kome, mentioned by Strabo, among others. It lay on a trade route; it is estimated that about 8-9 days were needed for a camel caravan to travel from Aqaba to Petra. The 300-km-long track led through the mountains but was fairly easy and safe.
Folkworks
Folkworks is a non-profit organisation based at The Glasshouse (formerly The Sage Gateshead) and a part of the North Music Trust.  It runs many workshops, summer schools and festivals to promote and encourage the furtherance of folk music.  It was begun in 1988 by Alistair Anderson and Ros Rigby with John McElroy as chair of its board. It became part of the North Music Trust and The Sage Gateshead in 2002.  As such, Folkworks no longer continues to exist as a separate entity, as it is now a part of the North Music Trust and based in The Sage Gateshead.

The Glasshouse, Gateshead
The Glasshouse is an international centre for musical education and concerts on the Gateshead bank of Quayside in northern England. Opened in 2004 as Sage Gateshead and occupied by North Music Trust, the venue's original name honours a patron: the accountancy software company The Sage Group.
Hypermetamorphosis
Hypermetamorphosis, or heteromorphosis, is a term used mainly in entomology; it refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis. Hypermetamorphosis is exceptional in that some instars, usually  larval instars, are functionally and visibly distinct from the rest. The differences between such instars usually reflect transient stages in the life cycle; for instance, one instar might be mobile while it searches for its food supply, while the following instar immediately sheds its locomotory organs and settles down to feed until it is fully grown and ready to change into the reproductive stage, which in turn, does not have the same nutritional requirements as the larvae.

Holometabolism
Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphosis, is a form of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (or adult). Holometabolism is a synapomorphic trait of all insects in the clade Holometabola. Immature stages of holometabolous insects are very different from the mature stage. In some species, a holometabolous life cycle minimizes competition between larvae and adults by separating their ecological niches. The morphology and behavior of each stage are adapted for different activities. For example, larval traits maximize feeding, growth, and development, while adult traits enable dispersal, mating, and egg laying. Some species of holometabolous insects protect and feed their offspring. Other insect developmental strategies include ametabolism and hemimetabolism.
Mariupol theatre
47°05′46″N 37°32′55″E﻿ / ﻿47.09611°N 37.54861°E﻿ / 47.09611; 37.54861

Donetsk Academic Regional Drama Theatre or Mariupol Drama Theatre is a theatre in Mariupol in southern Ukraine. The modern theatre was constructed in 1960 in the approximate location of the former Church of Mary Magdalene. The theatre was known as Donetsk Regional Drama Theatre before it was given academic status in November 2007.

It was largely destroyed by Russian military airstrikes on 16 March 2022, resulting in the estimated deaths of at least a dozen to over 600 people, in what was labelled a war crime. In 2023, restoration work began on the building with Mariupol under Russian occupation. The restoration of the drama theatre was completed in November 2025. It was reopened in December, facing criticism by Ukrainian city authorities and former performers.

Mariupol theatre airstrike
On 16 March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces bombed the Mariupol theatre in Mariupol, Ukraine. It was used as an air raid shelter during the siege of Mariupol, sheltering a large number of civilians. The estimations of the number of deaths that occurred due to the bombing have varied, from at least 12 and "likely many more" (Amnesty International) to as many as 600 (Associated Press).

The Ukrainian government accused the Russian Armed Forces of deliberately bombing the theatre while it was sheltering civilians. Russia denied the allegations. The Russian claim has been refuted by independent investigations.

The theatre is among the Ukrainian heritage and cultural sites destroyed during the invasion. The attack has been classified as a war crime by both the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and Amnesty International.
KTM Komuter
KTM Komuter is a commuter rail system in Malaysia operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM). It was introduced in 1995 to provide local rail services in Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley suburban areas.  Services were later expanded to other parts of Malaysia with the introduction of the Northern and Southern sectors.

The service uses air-conditioned electric multiple units in 3 and 6 car formations.

KTM Komuter contributed RM146.2 million to group revenue in 2017, carrying a total of 37.235 million passengers. The total number of passengers travelling with KTM Komuter in 2017 shows a decrease of 10.2%. This can be attributed to reduced service frequency due to the ongoing Klang Valley Double Tracking (KVDT) rehabilitation project.

Keretapi Tanah Melayu
Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) (lit. 'Malayan Railway Limited'; Jawi: كريتاڤي تانه ملايو برحد‎) or colloquially referred to simply as KTM, is the main railway operator in Peninsular Malaysia. The railway system dates back to the British colonial era, when it was first built to transport tin. Previously known as the Federated Malay States Railways (FMSR), the Malayan Railway Administration (MRA), and the Malayan Railway, KTM acquired its current name in 1962. The organisation was corporatised in 1992, but remains wholly owned by the Malaysian government.
Queen Insun
Queen Insun (Korean: 인순왕후 심씨; 27 June 1532 – 12 February 1575), of the Cheongsong Sim clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and queen consort of Yi Hwan, King Myeongjong. She was queen consort of Joseon from 1545 until her husband's death in 1567, after which she was honoured as Queen Dowager Uiseong (의성왕대비). She served as regent of Korea during the minority of her adoptive son, king Yi Yeon, King Seonjo, from 1567 until 1568.

Seonjo of Joseon
Seonjo (Korean: 선조; Hanja: 宣祖; 6 December 1552 – 6 March 1608), personal name Yi Yeon (이연; 李昖), was the 14th monarch of Joseon (now Korea). He was known for promoting Korean Confucianism and attempting reforms at the beginning of his reign. However, he later gained infamy from the political discord and his incompetent leadership during the Imjin War.
Bubwith
Bubwith is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The village is situated about 6 miles (10 km) north-east of Selby, and 12 miles (19 km) south-east of York. It is situated on the east bank of the River Derwent, west of which is the county of North Yorkshire. It lies between Selby and Market Weighton on the A163 road.

The civil parish is formed by the villages of Bubwith and Breighton and the hamlets of Gunby and Willitoft.
According to the 2011 UK census, Bubwith parish had a population of 1,225, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 1,104.

Breighton
Breighton is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated on the east bank of the River Derwent, approximately 5 miles (8 km) north-west of Howden. It forms part of the civil parish of Bubwith.
Mies de Cozada
Campo Municipal de San Román, known also as Mies de Cozada is a multi-purpose municipal stadium located in the town of San Román de la Llanilla, in the municipality of Santander, Cantabria, Spain.

It is an artificial grass field opened in 2010 and holding about 1,500 people. The facilities are used by BathCo Independiente RC for playing rugby in División de Honor and by Rayo Cantabria and Atlético San Román for football practice.

It is located over the Mies de Cozada, the name which the existing natural grass football field historically received.

Independiente RC
Independiente Rugby Club is a Spanish amateur rugby union club based in the Cantabrian city of Santander. The club was established in 1971. Independiente plays its home matches at the Mies de Cozada, a multi-use stadium in San Román de la Llanilla. The team traditionally plays in green and white colours.

He is currently not active in any category having given up playing the 2023 - 2024 season in the Honor Division "B" for economic reasons, having not registered his professional players with Social Security and not having paid the corresponding amounts, having a debt of around €280,000 with it.

For several years, the club was known for sponsorship reasons as Bathco Independiente or Bathco, the latter of which is now the name of Club de Rugby Santander.
Orgy of the Dead
Orgy of the Dead is a 1965 American erotic horror film directed by Stephen C. Apostolof (under the alias A. C. Stephen) and written by cult film director Ed Wood, who also adapted the screenplay into a novel. The film belongs to the genre of "nudie-cuties", defined as narrative-based films featuring female nudity, that originated from earlier films featuring striptease performances and burlesque shows.

Orgy of the Dead stars Criswell, Fawn Silver, and Pat Barringer. It was distributed by Crown International Pictures.

Nudity in film
Nudity in film has been a topic of discussion and debate since the beginning of film as a medium. It may be obvious or merely suggestive, such as when a person appears to be naked but is covered by a sheet. It is a distinct topic from sex in film, as many films contain nudity in a non-sexual context, although nudity is almost always present in pornographic films, and are commonly seen in erotic films.

Nude scenes are considered controversial in many cultures because they often challenge a community's standards of modesty. These standards vary by culture and depend on the type of nudity, who is exposed, which parts of the body are exposed, the duration of the exposure, the posing, the context, or other aspects.

Nudity in film may be subject to censorship or rating regimes that control the content of films. Many directors and producers apply self-censorship, limiting nudity (and other content) in their films to avoid censorship or a strict rating.
The Dukes of Hazzard (film)
The Dukes of Hazzard is a 2005 American action comedy film loosely based on the television series of the same name. It is the third Dukes of Hazzard film. It was directed by Jay Chandrasekhar and stars Johnny Knoxville, Seann William Scott, Jessica Simpson in her feature film debut, Burt Reynolds, Joe Don Baker, Lynda Carter, and Willie Nelson.

As in the television series, the film depicts the adventures of cousins Bo, Luke, and Daisy, and their Uncle Jesse, as they outfox crooked Hazzard County Commissioner Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane.

The film was released on August 5, 2005, by Warner Bros. Pictures. While financially successful with an opening debut of $30 million and a worldwide gross of $109.8 million, the film met with generally negative reviews from critics. The film was followed by a standalone prequel titled The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (2007).

Boss Hogg
Jefferson Davis Hogg, known as Boss Hogg, is a fictional character featured in the American television series The Dukes of Hazzard. He was the county commissioner of Hazzard County, and the county's political boss and the main antagonist of the show. Boss Hogg almost always wore an all-white suit with a white cowboy hat and regularly smoked cigars. His namesake is Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America. The role of Boss Hogg was played by Sorrell Booke, who performed frequently on radio, stage, television, and film prior to his role in The Dukes of Hazzard. The character was played by Burt Reynolds in the 2005 film.