hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grattachecca
Grattachecca is a shaved ice originating in Rome, Italy. Commonly sold in kiosks and bars as street food, it consists of hand-shaved ice topped with various flavors of sweet syrup. In contemporary times, some grattachecca vendors use a mechanical ice crusher, rather than shaving or grating the ice by hand; some vendors believe that using a machine is more hygienic compared to hand shaving the ice.

Shaved ice
Shaved ice is a large family of ice-based desserts made of fine shavings of ice and sweet condiments or flavored syrups. Usually, the syrup is added after the ice has been frozen and shaved—typically at the point of sale; however, flavoring can also be added before freezing. The dessert is consumed worldwide in various forms and ways. Shaved ice can also be mixed with large quantities of liquid to produce shaved ice drinks.

Many shaved ices are confused with "Italian ice", which is derived from the similar Italian dessert known as "granita". However, Italian ice, also known as "water ice", often has the fruit juice or other ingredients, like almond, incorporated into the sugared water before it is frozen. Shaved ice—especially highly commercial shaved ice (such as that found in food chains or from street vendors)—is often flavored after the ice has been frozen and shaved. Snow cones are an example of shaved ice that is flavored after production.
Carmen Finestra
Carmen Finestra (born June 26, 1947) is an American producer and TV writer who currently is partnered with Matt Williams and David McFadzean in Wind Dancer Productions, a firm which Finestra also co-owns and co-founded with actor Tim Allen. For Wind Dancer, Finestra has produced or executive produced Firelight, Where the Heart Is, What Women Want, Soul Man, Thunder Alley and his company's best known series, Home Improvement, which starred Allen as a sarcastic home-improvement host, and in turn based on Allen's stand-up comedy routines.

Matt Williams (producer)
Matthew Williams (born Mark Williams; April 18, 1951) is an American professor, writer, and former television producer. He is best known for his work as a writer and producer on The Cosby Show and Home Improvement.
Roundel (poetry)
A roundel (not to be confused with the rondel) is a form of  verse used in English language poetry devised by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909).  It is the Anglo-Norman form corresponding to the French rondeau. It makes use of refrains, repeated according to a certain stylized pattern. A roundel consists of nine lines each having the same number of syllables, plus a refrain after the third line and after the last line. The refrain must be identical with the beginning of the first line: it may be a half-line, and rhymes with the second line. It has three stanzas and its rhyme scheme is as follows: ; ; ; where  is the refrain.

Swinburne had published a book A Century of Roundels. He dedicated these poems to his friend Christina Rossetti, who then started writing roundels herself, as evidenced by the following examples from her anthology of poetry: Wife to Husband; A Better Resurrection; A Life's Parallels; Today for me; It is finished; From Metastasio.

Rondel (poem)
A rondel is a verse form originating in French lyrical poetry of the 14th century (closely related to the rondeau, as well as the rondelet). Specifically, the rondel refers to "a form with two rhymes, three stanzas, and a two-line refrain that repeats either two and a half or three times: ABba abAB abbaA(B)."

Rhyming scheme -
Mash rake
A mashing fork, mash rake or mashing rake is a tool traditionally used in the mashing process of brewing and distilling. The mashing fork is used to mix the mash by hand to ensure the various grains are properly homogenized and wet everywhere, so no starches are wasted.  In modern parlance, the term 'rake' is used most commonly to refer to mechanical knives used to cut the mash bed to optimize the efficiency of the runoff and 'fork' is most commonly used to refer to the traditional, mostly archaic, tool.

Mashing
In brewing and distilling, mashing is the process of combining ground grain – malted barley and sometimes supplementary grains such as corn, sorghum, rye, or wheat (known as the "grain bill") – with water and then heating the mixture. Mashing allows the enzymes in the malt (primarily, α-amylase and β-amylase) to break down the starch in the grain into sugars, typically maltose to create a malty liquid called wort.

The two main methods of mashing are infusion mashing, in which the grains are heated in one vessel, and decoction mashing, in which a proportion of the grains are boiled and then returned to the mash, raising the temperature.

Mashing is either done at a single temperature or may involve pauses at certain temperatures (ranging from 45–78 °C or 113–172 °F) and takes place in a "mash tun".
Iowa Highway 32
Iowa Highway 32 (Iowa 32), also known as the Northwest Arterial, was a state highway that ran through the northwest quadrant of Dubuque.  At just over 5 miles (8.0 km) long, it was among the shortest state highways in the state.  The highway began at U.S. Highway 20 in Dubuque and ended at US 52 / Iowa 3 in Sageville.  With the exception of a small portion at the northern end, the entire highway was within the Dubuque city limits.

Iowa Highway 3
Iowa Highway 3 (Iowa 3) is a state highway that runs from east to west across the state of Iowa.  It is the longest state highway in Iowa, at 323 miles (520 km) long.  Iowa 3 begins at the South Dakota state line where it continues as South Dakota Highway 50 and ends at the Northwest Arterial at the Dubuque city limits.  It is designated the American Veterans Memorial Highway for its entirety.  It is located approximately halfway between Interstate 80 and Interstate 90.
Boerne, Texas
Boerne (/ˈbɜːrni/ BURN-ee) is a city in and the county seat of Kendall County, Texas, United States, in the Texas Hill Country. Founded in 1849 as Tusculum, German settlers changed its name to Boerne, in honor of author and satirist Ludwig Börne, when it was platted in 1852. Boerne is known for its German-Texan history. Its population was 10,471 at the 2010 census, and in 2020 the population was 17,850. The city is noted for the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case City of Boerne v. Flores.

Boerne is part of the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan statistical area.

City of Boerne v. Flores
City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the scope of Congress's power of enforcement under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case also had a significant impact on historic preservation.

In this case, the Court enjoined enforcement of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), as it applied to the states, stating the statute was an unconstitutional use of Congress's enforcement powers. Legal scholars have criticized this case stating that, "Without RFRA, questions of religious freedom will be decided in different ways in different states, and even for different religious groups." Scholars also stated that, "This places smaller religions at a relative disadvantage- a situation inconsistent with the governing ideal of the Fourteenth Amendment."
Jordanes
Jordanes (/dʒɔːrˈdeɪniːz/; Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.

He wrote two works, one on Roman history (Romana) and the other on the Goths (Getica). The latter, along with Isidore of Seville's Historia Gothorum, is one of only two extant ancient works dealing with the early history of the Goths. Other writers, such as Procopius, wrote works on the later history of the Goths. Getica has been the object of much critical review. Jordanes wrote in Late Latin rather than the classical Ciceronian Latin. According to his own introduction, he had only three days to review what Cassiodorus had written and so he must also have relied on his own knowledge.

Cassiodorus
Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 585), commonly known as Cassiodorus (/ˌkæsioʊˈdɔːrəs/), was a Roman statesman, scholar, and writer who served in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Senator was part of his surname, not his rank. In his later years, he devoted himself to Christian learning and founded the Vivarium monastery, where he worked extensively during the final decades of his life.
Shadow Tower Abyss
Shadow Tower Abyss is a role-playing video game developed and published by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 2. The game is a sequel to Shadow Tower and features a number of genre and mechanical elements that can also be found in Demon's Souls and the King's Field series. Shadow Tower Abyss was announced on 22 August 2001 and released in Japan on 23 October 2003. An English version was being developed by Agetec, but the project was cancelled by Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA), its publisher, prior to completion. A fan translation was released in 2011.

Shadow Tower
Shadow Tower is a 1998 action role-playing video game developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation. The game was originally released in Japan by FromSoftware on June 25, 1998 and in North America by Agetec on November 23, 1999. Shadow Tower shares many similarities with the King's Field series of video games. A sequel, Shadow Tower Abyss, was released for the PlayStation 2 exclusively in Japan.
European Football League
The European Football League (EFL) established in 1986, was a tournament for the best European American football teams affiliated to IFAF (International Federation of American Football - Europe), which replaced the European Federation of American Football (EFAF) in 2014.

Until 2013, the final game of the EFL was the Eurobowl, which has been held annually since 1986. In 2014, the EFL was replaced as Europe's top-tier club competition by the new BIG6 European Football League and the EFL Bowl was introduced as the new final game of the EFL. The 2018 EFL season was the last edition of the tournament.

Eurobowl
The Eurobowl, first played in 1986, was the championship final game of a tournament style playoff to determine the champion of all of the American football leagues in Europe. The tournament featured the top or champion clubs from each country's top league that was called the European Football League (EFL). The first Eurobowl final was played in 1986 in Amsterdam.

After 2014, it was known as the BIG6 European Football League (BIG6). Before 2014, the Eurobowl was the final championship game of the European Football League.

The last BIG6 was played in 2018. The last Eurobowl was played on 8 June 2019 without any playoff league competition prior to the game. The Potsdam Royals beat the Amsterdam Crusaders 62–12.

With six titles, the New Yorker Lions from Braunschweig are the leading team in Eurobowl wins. The Vienna Vikings have the most appearances at 10, and winning five Eurobowl championship finals.
Jason Patric
John Anthony Miller III (born June 17, 1966), better known by his stage name Jason Patric is an American film, television and stage actor. He is known for his roles in films such as The Lost Boys (1987), Rush (1991), Geronimo: An American Legend (1993), Sleepers (1996), Speed 2: Cruise Control (1997), Your Friends & Neighbors (1998), Narc (2002), The Alamo (2004), My Sister's Keeper (2009), and The Losers (2010). His father was actor/playwright Jason Miller, and his maternal grandfather was actor Jackie Gleason.

Jason Miller (playwright)
Jason Miller (born John Anthony Miller Jr.; April 22, 1939 – May 13, 2001) was an American playwright and actor. He won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play for his play That Championship Season, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Father Damien Karras in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist, a role he reprised  in The Exorcist III (1990). He later became artistic director of the Scranton Public Theatre in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where That Championship Season was set.
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine
3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) is an organic compound with the formula (C6H3(NH2)2)2.  This derivative of benzidine is a precursor to polybenzimidazole, which forms fibers that are renowned for their chemical and thermal stability.  As its water-soluble tetrahydrochloride, DAB has been used in immunohistochemical staining of nucleic acids and proteins.

Benzidine
Benzidine (trivial name), also called 1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (systematic name), is an organic compound with the formula (C6H4NH2)2.   It is an aromatic amine.  It is a component of a test for cyanide.  Related derivatives are used in the production of dyes. Benzidine has been linked to bladder and pancreatic cancer.
Northampton Borough Council
Northampton Borough Council was the local authority for Northampton in Northamptonshire, England. Northampton had a council from medieval times, which was reformed on numerous occasions. From 1974 until its abolition in 2021, the council was a non-metropolitan district council. The council was based at Northampton Guildhall. In 2021 the council was abolished and succeeded by West Northamptonshire Council, a unitary authority, and Northampton Town Council, a parish council.

Northampton Town Council
Northampton Town Council is the parish council covering the civil parish of Northampton, England. The council is the largest parish level authority in England by population served. The council has its headquarters at Northampton Guildhall.
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche (Tibetan: ཐུབ་བསྟན་བཟོད་པ་, Wylie: Thub-bstan Bzod-pa; born Dawa Chötar, 3 December 1945 – 13 April 2023) was a Tibetan Buddhist lama in the Gelug school. He is known for founding the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition and Maitripa College in Portland, Oregon.

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
The Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition (FPMT) was founded in 1975 by Gelugpa Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who began teaching Tibetan Buddhism to Western students in Nepal. The FPMT has grown to encompass over 138 dharma centers, projects, and services in 34 countries. Lama Yeshe led the organization until his death in 1984, followed by Lama Zopa until his death in 2023. The FPMT is now without a spiritual director; meetings on the organization's structure and future are being held.
Prakasam district
Prakasam district named in honour of Tanguturi Prakasam is in the coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was reorganised on 4 April 2022 and 31 December 2025. The headquarters of the district is Ongole.  It is bounded by Bapatla, Palnadu, Markapuram, Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore districts and Bay of Bengal.

Nellore district
Nellore district, officially known as Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore district in Coastal Andhra Region, is one of the 28 districts in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. According to the 2011 Census, the district's population was 2,963,557 of which 29.07% was urban. Its administrative headquarters are located in Nellore city. Located in the Coastal Andhra region, the district is bordered by the Bay of Bengal to the east, Kadapa district and Tirupati district to the west, Prakasam district and Markapuram district to the north, and Tirupati district to the south.
Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions
Japan entered World War I in 1914 with the strategic objective of expanding its influence in the Pacific region by seizing German-controlled colonies. As a member of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan aligned itself with France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States. In October 1914, the Japanese sent vessels to occupy German-held territories in the Pacific. This included the Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, Palau, and Caroline Islands. These islands were of significant strategic value and would play important roles during World War II as military bases and logistical hubs.

Caroline Islands
The Caroline Islands (or the Carolines) are a widely scattered archipelago of tiny islands in the western Pacific Ocean, to the north of New Guinea. Politically, they are divided between the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) in the central and eastern parts of the group, and Palau at the extreme western end. Historically, this area was also called Nuevas Filipinas or New Philippines, because they were part of the Spanish East Indies and were governed from Manila in the Philippines.

The Carolines are scattered across a distance of approximately 3,540 kilometres (2,200 mi; 1,910 nmi), from the westernmost island, Tobi, in Palau, to the easternmost island, Kosrae, a state of the FSM.
Joey DeFrancesco
Joey DeFrancesco (April 10, 1971 – August 25, 2022) was an American jazz organist, trumpeter, saxophonist, and occasional singer. He released more than 30 albums under his own name, and recorded extensively as a sideman with such leading jazz performers as trumpeter Miles Davis, saxophonist Houston Person, and guitarist John McLaughlin.

DeFrancesco signed his first record deal at the age of 16 and over the years recorded and toured internationally with David Sanborn, Arturo Sandoval, Larry Coryell, Frank Wess, Benny Golson, James Moody, Steve Gadd, Danny Gatton, Elvin Jones, Jimmy Cobb, George Benson, Pat Martino, Tony Monaco, John Scofield, Lee Ritenour, Joe Lovano, and had prominent session work with a variety of musicians, including Ray Charles, Bette Midler, Janis Siegel, Diana Krall, Jimmy Smith, and Van Morrison.

Jimmy Smith (musician)
James Oscar Smith (December 8, 1928 – February 8, 2005) was an American jazz musician who helped popularize the Hammond B-3 organ, creating a link between jazz and 1960s soul music.

In 2005, Smith was awarded the NEA Jazz Masters Award from the National Endowment for the Arts, the highest honor that America bestows upon jazz musicians.
Caerau Hillfort
Caerau Hillfort (Welsh: Bryngaer Caerau) is a large triangular multivallate Iron Age hillfort, built on a previously occupied Neolithic site, occupying the western tip of an extensive ridge-top plateau in the western suburbs of Caerau and Ely, Cardiff, Wales. It is the largest Iron Age site of its type in south Wales and also one of the largest in Great Britain. The old parish church, St Mary's, and a small ringwork, almost certainly a medieval castle site probably contemporary with the church, stand within the hillfort on the north-eastern side.

St Mary the Virgin Church, Caerau, Cardiff
St Mary the Virgin Church is a deconsecrated and ruined church in the parish of Caerau with Ely, Cardiff, Wales. It was built in the 13th century on a Roman encampment and closed for the last time in 1973.
Canberra Chill
Canberra Chill is an Australian professional hockey club based in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. The club was established in 2019, and is one of 7 established to compete in Hockey Australia's new premier domestic competition, Hockey One.

The club unifies both men and women under one name, unlike the Australian Capital Territory's former representation in the Australian Hockey League as the Canberra Lakers (men) and Canberra Strikers (women).

Canberra Chill will compete for the first time in the inaugural season of Hockey One, which will be contested from late September through to mid November 2019.

Hockey One
The Liberty Hockey One is a field hockey competition organised by Hockey Australia, which replaced the Australian Hockey League.

Dual competitions are conducted for both men's and women's teams, with parallel fixtures for both competitions throughout the regular season. The league serves as Australia's premier domestic hockey league, helping unearth future talent for selection to the Australian national teams; the Kookaburras and Hockeyroos.

The NSW Pride and the Brisbane Blaze are currently the most successful teams, winning three out of six titles each. The Pride won both the men's and women's competitions in 2022, whereas the Blaze won both competitions in 2023.
Carmine Infantino
Carmine Infantino (/ɪnfənˈtiːnoʊ/; May 24, 1925 – April 4, 2013) was an American comics artist and editor, primarily for DC Comics, during the late 1950s and early 1960s period known as the Silver Age of Comic Books. Among his character creations are the Black Canary and the Silver Age version of the Flash with writer Robert Kanigher, Elongated Man with John Broome, the Barbara Gordon incarnation of Batgirl with writer Gardner Fox, Deadman with writer Arnold Drake, and Christopher Chance, the second iteration of the Human Target, with Len Wein.

He was inducted into comics' Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2000.

John Broome (writer)
John Broome (May 4, 1913 – March 14, 1999), who additionally used the pseudonyms John Osgood and Edgar Ray Meritt, was an American comic book writer for DC Comics. Along with Gil Kane, he co-created the supervillain Sinestro and the Green Lantern Guy Gardner.
Benjamin Ndiaye
Benjamin Ndiaye (born 28 October 1948) is a Senegalese Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar, Senegal, from 22 December 2014 until his age-related retirement on 22 February 2025. Before that, from 15 June 2001 until 22 December 2014, he was the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaolack, Senegal. He was appointed bishop on 15 June 2001 by Pope John Paul II. He was consecrated and installed at Kaolack, on 24 November 2001 by Archbishop Théodore-Adrien Sarr, Archbishop of Dakar. His age-related request to retire from the pastoral care of the metropolitan archdiocese of Dakar, Senegal, was accepted on 22 February 2025 by Pope Francis, and Bishop André Guèye was appointed as his successor as the archbishop of Dakar.

André Guèye
André Guèye (born 6 January 1967) is a Senegalese Catholic prelate who was appointed as the 5th Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dakar, Senegal on 22 February 2025. Before that, from 18 January 2013 until 22 February 2025, he was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Thiès, Senegal. He serves as the Apostolic Administrator of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Louis du Sénégal since 12 January 2023. He was appointed bishop on 18 January 2013 by Pope Benedict XVI and was consecrated at Thiès on 25 May 2013. His installation as Archbishop of Dakar took place on 3 May 2025.
Litchfield (borough), Connecticut
Litchfield is a borough in, and the village center of, the town of Litchfield in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,258 at the 2010 census. The entire borough was designated a Connecticut historic district in 1959 by special act of the state General Assembly and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Part of the borough is also a National Historic Landmark, the Litchfield Historic District.

Litchfield Historic District
Litchfield Historic District, in Litchfield, Connecticut, is a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1968 as a notable and well-preserved example of a typical late 18th century New England village. As a National Historic Landmark, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).  It is the core area of a larger NRHP-listed historic district that includes the entire borough of Litchfield and was designated a state historic district in 1959.: 72

This residential district is anchored by the Litchfield meetinghouse (1829) and is predominantly Georgian with clapboarding, gables and hipped roofs.