hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gaussian integer
In number theory, a Gaussian integer is a complex number whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. The Gaussian integers, with ordinary addition and multiplication of complex numbers, form an integral domain, usually written as  or

Gaussian integers share many properties with integers: they form a Euclidean domain, and thus have a Euclidean division and a Euclidean algorithm; this implies unique factorization and many related properties. However, Gaussian integers do not have a total order that respects arithmetic.

Gaussian integers are algebraic integers and form the simplest ring of quadratic integers.

Gaussian integers are  named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.

Unique factorization domain
In mathematics, a unique factorization domain (UFD) (also sometimes called a factorial ring following the terminology of Bourbaki) is a ring in which a statement analogous to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic holds. Specifically, a UFD is an integral domain (a nontrivial commutative ring in which the product of any two non-zero elements is non-zero) in which every non-zero non-unit element can be written as a product of irreducible elements, uniquely up to order and units.

Important examples of UFDs are the integers and polynomial rings in one or more variables with coefficients coming from the integers or from a field.

Unique factorization domains appear in the following chain of class inclusions:

rngs ⊃ rings ⊃ commutative rings ⊃  integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ GCD domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields ⊃ algebraically closed fields
Dan La Botz
Daniel H. La Botz (born August 9, 1945) is an American labor union activist, academic, journalist, and author. He was a co-founder of Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU) and has written extensively on worker rights in the United States and Mexico. He is a member of the socialist organization Solidarity, which describes itself as "a democratic, revolutionary socialist, feminist, anti-racist organization," which comes out of the Trotskyist tradition. La Botz ran in 2010 for a seat in the United States Senate for the Socialist Party. He is also a member of the Brooklyn branch of the Democratic Socialists of America and a co-editor of the socialist journal New Politics.

Socialist Party USA
The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor); the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split); and SPUSA.

SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".

Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.
Kurt Freund
Kurt Freund (17 January 1914 – 23 October 1996) was a Czech-Canadian physician and sexologist best known for developing the penile plethysmograph (a measurement of sexual arousal in males), research studies in pedophilia, and for the "courtship disorder" hypothesis as a taxonomy of certain paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucherism, frotteurism, and what he called "preferential rape"). After unsuccessful attempts to change men's sexual orientation, he advocated against conversion therapy and in favor of the decriminalization of homosexuality.

Biastophilia
Biastophilia (from Greek biastes, "rapist" + -philia) and its Latin-derived synonym raptophilia (from Latin rapere, "to seize"), also paraphilic rape, is a paraphilia in which sexual arousal is dependent on, or is responsive to, the act of assaulting an unconsenting person, especially a stranger. Some dictionaries consider the terms synonymous, while others distinguish raptophilia as the paraphilia in which sexual arousal is responsive to actually raping the victim.
Jersey County, Illinois
Jersey County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. At the 2020 census, it had a population of 21,512. The county seat and largest community is Jerseyville, with a population of 8,337 in 2010. The county's smallest incorporated community is Otterville, with a population of 87.

Jersey County is included in the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Jerseyville, Illinois
Jerseyville is the largest city in and the county seat of Jersey County, Illinois, United States.  At the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 8,337.

Jerseyville is a part of Southern Illinois, the Metro-East region and the St. Louis Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Craig Benjamin
Craig G. Benjamin is an Australian-American historian who is professor of history in the Frederik J. Meijer Honors College at Grand Valley State University, where he teaches East Asian civilization, Big History, ancient Central Asian history, and world history historiography. In 2014 and 2015 he served as president of the World History Association.

Big History
Big History is an academic discipline that examines history from the Big Bang to the present. Big History resists specialization and searches for universal patterns or trends. It examines long time frames using a multidisciplinary approach based on combining numerous disciplines from science and the humanities. It explores human existence in the context of this bigger picture. It integrates studies of the cosmos, Earth, life, and humanity using empirical evidence to explore cause-and-effect relations. It is taught at universities as well as primary and secondary schools often using web-based interactive presentations.

Historian David Christian has been credited with coining the term "Big History" while teaching one of the first such courses at Macquarie University. An all-encompassing study of humanity's relationship to cosmology and natural history has been pursued by scholars since the Renaissance, and the new field, Big History, continues such work.
Rugby sevens at the Pacific Games
Rugby sevens at the Pacific Games was played for the first time at the 1999 South Pacific Games with only the men's tournament. The women's tournament was contested for the first time at the 2011 Pacific Games. The champions for the inaugural rugby sevens tournament in 1999 were Fiji for the men and in 2011 were also Fiji for the women. Prior to 1999, 15-a-side matches were played between the 1963–1995 games.

In 2014, Australia and New Zealand were invited to participate in some events for the 2015 Pacific Games, and the Australian women's sevens team was subsequently confirmed as a competitor for the women's tournament in Port Moresby.

Rugby union at the Pacific Games
Rugby union has been a men's medal sport at the South Pacific Games (now Pacific Games), being played at nine of the first ten competitions. The sport debuted at the inaugural 1963 games where the gold medal was won by the host nation. It was subsequently featured in the following games till the tenth games in 1995.

Prior to the late 1990s the men's tournament at the South Pacific Games, as it was then known, was contested by national rugby union teams (i.e. 15-a-side). The shorter version of the sport, rugby sevens, being better suited to multi-sports events led to the change of the games programme. The event made its debut in the Pacific Games programme at the 1997 South Pacific Mini Games.
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School
William Aloysius Shine Great Neck South High School (commonly Great Neck South, South High School, or GNSHS) is a four-year public high school located in the Village of Lake Success, New York, on the bottom of the Great Neck Peninsula. The school serves students in grades 9 through 12 residing within the Great Neck School District.

Great Neck South is one of three public high schools in the Great Neck school district, alongside Great Neck North High School and Great Neck Village High School. Great Neck South offers its students academic acceleration, along with special education classes for students with disabilities. The school opened in 1958 and was named Great Neck South High School until 2006.

As of the 2023-2024 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,322 students and 117.61 classroom teachers, on an FTE scale, for a student–teacher ratio of 11.24:1. In the same academic year, 276 students were eligible for free lunch and 27 were eligible for a reduced-cost lunch.

Great Neck Public Schools
Great Neck Public Schools is a public school district serving students residing in specific areas of Great Neck, North New Hyde Park, North Hills, and Manhasset Hills, New York. It is Union Free School District Number 7 in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, Long Island, New York, United States.

About 6,846 students according to Niche rankings, grades K-12, attend the Great Neck Public Schools. On May 21, 2019, the voters of this district passed a budget of $234,418,944.

As of the 2015-16 school year, the district's ten schools had a total enrollment of 6,399 students and 585.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student-teacher ratio of 10.7.
Wilhelm Fuchs
Wilhelm Fuchs (1 September 1898 – 24 January 1947) was a German Nazi Party member and an SS-Oberführer and Oberst of police. During the Second World War, he led the Einsatzgruppe Serbia and was the commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and the SD (BdS) in occupied Serbia. He was also the commander of Einsatzkommando 3 and Einsatzgruppe A, as well as the BdS of the Reichskommissariat Ostland in the occupied Soviet Union. After the end of the war, he was implicated in the deaths of tens of thousands, and he was tried, convicted of war crimes and hanged in Yugoslavia.

Einsatzgruppe Serbia
Einsatzgruppe Serbia (EG Serbia), initially named Einsatzgruppe Yugoslavia (EG Yugoslavia), was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) grouping in the German-occupied territory of Serbia during World War II. Directly responsible to the Reich Security Main Office (German: Reichssicherheitshauptamt, RSHA) in Berlin, EG Serbia consisted of representatives of the various offices (German: Ämter) of the RSHA, particularly Amt IV – the Gestapo (Secret State Police), Amt V – the Kriminalpolizei (Criminal Police, or Kripo), and Amt VI – the Ausland-Sicherheitsdienst (Foreign Intelligence Service, or Ausland-SD). It also controlled the 64th Reserve Police Battalion of the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, Orpo). While formally responsible to the Military Commander in Serbia via the head of the administrative branch of the military headquarters of the occupied territory, the chief of EG Serbia reported directly to his superiors in Berlin.
Open Artwork System Interchange Standard
Open Artwork System Interchange Standard (OASIS) is a binary file format used for specification of data structures for photomask production. It's used to represent a pattern an interchange and encapsulation format for hierarchical integrated circuit mask layout information produced during integrated circuit design that is further used for manufacturing of a photomask. The standard is developed by SEMI. The language defines the code required for geometric shapes such as rectangles, trapezoids, and polygons. It defines the type of properties each can have, how they can be organized into cells containing patterns made by these shapes and defines how each can be placed relative to each other. It is similar to GDSII.

As of 2023 the cost of the standard for members of SEMI was set to $252 and non-members: US$335.

GDSII
GDSII stream format (GDSII), is a binary database file format which is the de facto industry standard for electronic design automation (EDA) data exchange of integrated circuit (IC) or IC layout artwork. It is a binary file format representing planar geometric shapes, text labels, and other information about the layout in hierarchical form (two-dimensional/2D CAD file format). The data can be used to reconstruct all or part of the artwork to be used in sharing layouts, transferring artwork between different tools, or creating photomasks.
Caraș-Severin County
Caraș-Severin (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkaraʃ seveˈrin] ⓘ) is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Serbia. The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat, with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania. The county seat is Reșița. The Caraș-Severin county is part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.

Timiș County
Timiș (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈtimiʃ]) is a county (județ) of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timișoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area. The county is also part of the Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion.
John Weitz
Hans Werner "John" Weitz (May 25, 1923 – October 3, 2002) was an American menswear designer who initiated licensing products and selling affordable but stylish clothing that featured his image in the advertising. He had a second career as a writer and historian. Weitz was also well known for being the husband of actress Susan Kohner and father of directors Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz.

Chris Weitz
Christopher John Weitz (/waɪts/; born November 30, 1969) is an American film director, screenwriter, producer, and actor. He is best known for his work with his brother Paul on the comedy films American Pie and About a Boy; the latter earned the Weitz brothers a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Among his other main works, Weitz was one of the lead actors in the Mike White-directed film Chuck & Buck, directed the film adaptation of the novel The Golden Compass and the film adaptation of New Moon from the series of Twilight books, wrote the screenplay for Disney's 2015 live-action adaptation of Cinderella, and co-wrote Rogue One with Tony Gilroy and Antz with Todd Alcott and Paul.
Gérard Machet
Gérard Machet (1378/9 – 17 July 1448) was a French theologian and priest. He served as the confessor of Charles VII of France from 1421, as a royal counsellor (conseiller du roi) from 1425 and as the bishop of Castres from 1432. He was one of the pseudocardinals appointed by Antipope Felix V in 1440, but he never acted as such.

A professor at the College of Navarre and a staunch Armagnac, he was forced to flee Paris in 1418. After a brief stay in Lyon, he was attached to the court of Charles VII for the rest of his life. He was one of the first to examine Joan of Arc, whom he accepted as genuine, and he was one of the early Gallicans. He was a popular preacher but not a writer, although single large collection of his letters from the 1440s survives in a single manuscript.

Ancient Diocese of Castres
The Catholic Diocese of Castres, in Southern France, was created in 1317 from the diocese of Albi. It was suppressed at the time of  the French Revolution, under the Concordat of 1801. Its territory returned to the archdiocese of Albi.

The bishop of Castres had his see at Castres Cathedral.
Newcastle City Council
Newcastle City Council is the local authority for the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. Newcastle has had a council from medieval times, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974 the council has been a metropolitan borough council. In 2024 the council became a member of the North East Combined Authority. The council is based at Newcastle Civic Centre.

The council has been under no overall control since November 2024, being run by a minority Labour administration.

Newcastle Civic Centre
Newcastle Civic Centre is a municipal building in the Haymarket area of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Designed by George Kenyon, the centre was built for Newcastle City Council in 1967 and formally opened by King Olav V of Norway on 14 November 1968. It is a Grade II* listed building and is the joint eighth-tallest building in the city, standing at 200 feet (61 m).
Springfield-Ozark Mountain Ducks
The Springfield-Ozark Mountain Ducks was an unaffiliated minor league team that previously played in Ozark, Missouri, a suburb of Springfield. The team was a member of the Texas-Louisiana League, later named the Central Baseball League from 1999 to 2003. The team played in Price Cutter Park, now known as Ozark Mountain Sports Complex.

Ozark, Missouri
Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Christian County, Missouri, United States, that is on Finley Creek. Its population was 21,284 as of the 2020 census.  Ozark is also the third largest city in the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Area, and is centered along a business loop of US 65, where it intersects with MO 14.
Angle of list
The angle of list is the degree to which a vessel heels (leans or tilts) to either port or starboard at equilibrium—with no external forces acting upon it. If a listing ship goes beyond the point where a righting moment will keep it afloat, it will capsize and potentially sink.

Listing is caused by the off-centerline distribution of weight aboard due to uneven loading or to flooding.
By contrast, roll is the dynamic movement from side to side caused by waves.

Ship motions
Ship motions are the six degrees of freedom that a ship, boat, or other watercraft can experience. These can be affected by the ship’s own propulsion as well as by the water and air through which it moves, which move independently of the ship.
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland
Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, 4th Baron Percy, titular King of Mann, KG, Lord Marshal (10 November 1341 – 20 February 1408), was an English statesman and a leading political figure during the reigns of Richard II and Henry IV. One of the most powerful noblemen in northern England, he played a decisive role in the deposition of Richard II and the accession of Henry IV.

He was the son of Henry de Percy, 3rd Baron Percy, and a descendant of Henry III of England. His mother was Mary of Lancaster, daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster, son of Edmund, Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, who in turn was the son of Henry III.

Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal (alternatively marschal or marischal) is a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign of the United Kingdom used in England (then, following the Act of Union 1800, in the United Kingdom). He is the eighth of the great officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable of England and above the Lord High Admiral.  The dukes of Norfolk have held the office since 1672.

The current earl marshal is Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, who inherited the position in June 2002. There were formerly an Earl Marshal of Ireland and an Earl Marischal of Scotland.
The Home Course
The Home Course is a public golf course owned and operated by the Washington State Golf Association and Pacific Northwest Golf Association, located in DuPont, Washington, just south of Tacoma. The Home Course is often referred to as "The Home of Golf in the Northwest" and has hosted a number of championships over the years including the 2014 U.S. Women's Amateur Public Links, along with being the companion course to Chambers Bay for the 2010 U.S. Amateur.

DuPont, Washington
DuPont is a city in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,151 at the 2020 census. Originally a company town, the city is named after the DuPont chemical company which operated an explosives manufacturing plant in the area from 1909 to 1975.
Reuterin
Reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CHO.  It is a bifunctional molecule, containing both a hydroxy and aldehyde functional groups.

The name reuterin is derived from Limosilactobacillus reuteri, which produces the compound biosynthetically from glycerol as a broad-spectrum antibiotic (bacteriocin). L. reuteri itself is named after the microbiologist Gerhard Reuter, who did early work in distinguishing it as a distinct species.

Limosilactobacillus reuteri
Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a lactic acid bacterium found in a variety of natural environments, including the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals. It does not appear to be pathogenic and may have health effects.
Tonbridge Priory
Tonbridge Priory was a priory in Tonbridge, Kent, England that was established in 1124. It was destroyed by fire in 1337 and then rebuilt. The priory was disestablished in 1523. The building stood in 1735, but was a ruin by 1780. The remains of the priory were demolished in 1842 when the South Eastern Railway built the railway through Tonbridge, the original Tonbridge station standing on its site.

Tonbridge railway station
Tonbridge railway station is on the South Eastern Main Line in England, serving the town of Tonbridge, Kent. It is 29 miles 46 chains (47.6 km) from London Charing Cross via Sevenoaks. Trains calling at the station are operated by Southeastern and Southern.

Tonbridge forms a junction between the South Eastern Main Line, the Hastings Line and the Redhill–Tonbridge line. There are four platforms. Platform 4 is a terminating platform.

There are extensive yards and storage sidings on both the east and west sides of the station.
Binter Mediterráneo
Binter Mediterráneo was a Spanish airline with its head office in the Domestic Departures area of Málaga Airport in Málaga, Spain., the airline was created in 1988 in the likeness of Binter Canarias, another a subsidiary of Iberia LAE. Binter Mediterráneo was based in Madrid and operated a fleet that consisted of five CASA CN-235 aircraft.

Binter Mediterráneo linked the city of Melilla to Málaga, Almeria, Valencia and in its last year, with Madrid. Binter ceased operations after one of its planes crashed on 29 August 2001 in the vicinity of Málaga airport while performing the Melilla-Malaga route. It was sold by Iberia in June 2001 to its franchise Air Nostrum, owned by Nefinsa .

Air Nostrum, an independent Iberia franchise operator, acquired Binter Mediterráneo in 2001 and absorbed its operations. It replaced the remaining CN-235s with ATR-72s.

Binter Canarias
Binter Canarias S.A. is the flag carrier of the Spanish autonomous community of the Canary Islands, based on the grounds of Gran Canaria Airport in Telde, Gran Canaria and Tenerife North Airport, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. It is a regional air carrier operating inter-island services within the Canary Islands, and other Atlantic islands, it also operates to the Spanish Mainland, Portugal and some African destinations. Affiliated airlines operate on behalf of Binter in services to Morocco, mainland Spain and Portugal.