hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Newton method
In numerical analysis, a quasi-Newton method is an iterative numerical method used either to find zeroes or to find local maxima and minima of functions via an iterative recurrence formula much like the one for Newton's method, except using approximations of the derivatives of the functions in place of exact derivatives. Newton's method requires the Jacobian matrix of all partial derivatives of a multivariate function when used to search for zeros or the Hessian matrix when used for finding extrema. Quasi-Newton methods, on the other hand, can be used when the Jacobian matrices or Hessian matrices are unavailable or are impractical to compute at every iteration.

Some iterative methods that reduce to Newton's method, such as sequential quadratic programming, may also be considered quasi-Newton methods.

Mathematical optimization
Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criteria, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.

In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics.
Brittas Pond
The Brittas Ponds, sometimes now Brittas Pond (Irish: Locháin an Bhriotáis), also known as Brittas Reservoir, Brittas Lake(s), Glenaraneen Lake or Glenaraneen Mill Ponds, are a pair of artificial lakes (or the upper of the two), situated north of the village of Brittas in the far south of the traditional County Dublin, near the County Wicklow border, in Ireland. They are in the jurisdiction of South Dublin County Council. From inception, the ponds were fed from the River Camac, returning water to it downstream. The southern pond is fully watered as of 2023, while the northern has partly dried into a marshy area.

The millpond is a designated protected structure.

River Camac
The River Camac (sometimes spelled Cammock, or, historically, Cammoge or Cammoke; Irish: An Chamóg or Abhainn na Camóige) is one of the larger rivers in Dublin, Ireland and was one of four tributaries of the Liffey critical to the early development of the city.
Association of Arab and European Universities
The Association of Arab and European Universities (AEUA) is a university association based in The Hague, Netherlands.

The AEAU encourages links between European and Arab universities. It was established in 1998 by the Lutfia Rabbani Foundation with the main objective if aiding collaboration between universities in Arab and European countries at the university, faculty, and departmental levels. Ultimate goal is to develop human resources and promote understanding between cultures and exchanges between the civil societies involved. In 2000, the AEUA was incorporated formally under Dutch law with support from the Association of Arab Universities located in Amman, Jordan and the European University Association located in Brussels, Belgium. Both these organizations have representatives on the Board of the AEUA.

European University Association
The European University Association (EUA) represents more than 800 institutions of higher education in 48 countries, providing them with a forum for cooperation and the exchange of information on higher education and research policies. Members of the Association are European universities involved in teaching and research, national associations of rectors, and other organisations active in higher education and research.

EUA is the result of a merger between the Association of European Universities and the Confederation of European Union Rectors' Conferences. The merger took place in Salamanca on 31 March 2001.
Carter Coal Company Store (Coalwood, West Virginia)
The Carter Coal Company Store was a historic company store building located at Coalwood, McDowell County, West Virginia.  It was built by the Carter Coal Company about 1912, and remodeled in 1922.  The one-story brick building housed a store, company offices, and a post office.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

The building was demolished on March 29, 2008, by owner Alawest.  The site is now a grassy plot with a gazebo.

Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 298 U.S. 238 (1936), is a United States Supreme Court decision interpreting the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, which permits the United States Congress to "regulate Commerce... among the several States." Specifically, it analyzes the extent of Congress' power, according to the Commerce Clause, looking at whether or not they have the right to regulate manufacturing.
The Mail on Sunday
The Mail on Sunday is a British conservative newspaper, published in a tabloid format. Founded in 1982 by Lord Rothermere, it is the biggest-selling Sunday newspaper in the UK.  Its sister paper, the Daily Mail, was first published in 1896.

In July 2011, following the closure of the News of the World, The Mail on Sunday sold 2.5 million copies a week—making it Britain's biggest-selling Sunday newspaper—but by September that had fallen back to just under 2 million. Like the Daily Mail, it is owned by the Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT), but the editorial staffs of the two papers are entirely separate. It had an average weekly circulation of 1,284,121 in December 2016; this had fallen to 673,525 by December 2022. In April 2020, the Society of Editors announced that the Mail on Sunday was the winner of the Sunday Newspaper of the Year for 2019.

Daily Mail and General Trust
Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT) is a British multinational media conglomerate, the owner of the Daily Mail and several other titles. The 4th Viscount Rothermere is the chair and controlling shareholder of the company. The head office is located in Northcliffe House in Kensington, London. In January 2022, DMGT delisted from the London Stock Exchange following a successful offer for DMGT by Rothermere Continuation Limited (RCL).
Chen Yixin
Chen Yixin (Chinese: 陈一新; born 1 September 1959) is a Chinese politician who is the current Minister of State Security.

Born in Taishun County, Zhejiang, Chen gained political prominence working in his home province. In 2015, he was appointed as the deputy director of the Office of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms, working there until 2016. In 2017, he became the Communist Party Secretary of Wuhan, working in that capacity until 2018.

In 2018, he was appointed as the Secretary-General of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission. As Secretary-General, Chen oversaw the Special Campaign to Crack Down on Organized Crime and Eliminate Evil from 2018 to 2020, and the campaign to educate and rectify the political and legal teams from 2020 to 2022. He was appointed as the Minister of State Security in 2022.

Minister of State Security (China)
The minister of state security is a Chinese government position within the constituent departments of the State Council which functions as the head of the Ministry of State Security. The position reports directly to the head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission (CPLC) of the Chinese Communist Party. Within the State Council, the position is ninth in order of precedence. All ministers of state security have held the position as civilians while simultaneously being given the police rank of commissioner general during their tenure. Like the minister of public security, the minister holds the police badge identification number “000001”.
Alan Smith (bishop)
Alan Gregory Clayton Smith (born 14 February 1957) is a British retired Anglican bishop. From 2009 until 2025, he was the Bishop of St Albans; from 2001 to 2009, he served as the area Bishop of Shrewsbury.

Bishop of St Albans
Christianity portal

The Bishop of St Albans is the Ordinary of the Church of England's Diocese of St Albans in the Province of Canterbury. The bishop is supported in his work by two suffragan bishops, the Bishop of Hertford and the Bishop of Bedford, and three archdeacons.

The diocese covers the counties of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, as well as parts of the London Borough of Barnet. The see is in the City of St Albans in Hertfordshire, where the cathedra (bishop's seat) is located at St Albans Cathedral. The cathedral building itself was an abbey church (part of St Albans Abbey) prior to the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Following its purchase by the town in 1553, it was then a parish church until its elevation to cathedral status in 1877, when the diocese was created from the diocese of Rochester under Queen Victoria by the Bishopric of St. Albans Act 1875.
Eureka Oilers
The Eureka Oilers were a minor league baseball team based in Eureka, Kansas. In 1924, the Oilers played the season as members of the Class D level Southwestern League before folding. In 1926, Eureka returned to the Southwestern League for a partial season when the Ponca City Poncans team relocated to Eureka during the season. Eureka hosted home minor league games at Fairgrounds Park.

Ponca City Baseball team
Ponca City, Oklahoma was home to numerous minor league baseball teams between 1923 and 1957, playing at Conoco Park. Ponca City played as members of the Oklahoma State League (1923–1924), Southwestern League (1926), Western Association (1934–1938), Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League (1947–1952) and Western Association (1954). Ponca City was an affiliate of the Chicago Cubs (1934–1938), Brooklyn Dodgers (1947–1952) and Chicago Cubs (1955–1957).

Baseball Hall of Fame member Billy Williams played for the Ponca City Cubs in 1956–1957.
Saint Bibiana
Saint Bibiana (Bibiane, Viviana, or Vivian) is a Roman Virgin martyr. The earliest mention in an authentic historical authority occurs in the Liber Pontificalis, where the biography of Pope Simplicius (468–483) states that this pope "consecrated a basilica of the holy martyr Bibiana, which contained her body, near the 'palatium Licinianum'" (ed. Duchesne, I, 249). The Basilica of Santa Bibiana is dedicated to her.

Santa Bibiana
Santa Bibiana is a small Baroque style, Roman Catholic church in Rome devoted to Saint Bibiana. The church façade was designed and built by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who also produced a sculpture of the saint holding the palm leaf of martyrs.
Patranomodon
Patranomodon (from Greek πατρ- patr- “father”, thus “father of anomodonts”) is an extinct genus of therapsids belonging to the group Anomodontia. Rubidge and Hopson named this anomodont in 1990 after discovering its skull. Patranomodon is known to have ranged in the Karoo of Southern Africa.

Anomodontia
Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores. Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Permian, including primitive forms like Anomocephalus and Patranomodon and groups like Venyukovioidea and Dromasauria. Dicynodonts became the most successful and abundant of all herbivores in the Late Permian, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, but one lineage (Kannemeyeriiformes) evolved into large, stocky forms that became dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions caused them to decline, finally going extinct during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.
Lake Santeetlah, North Carolina
Lake Santeetlah is a town in Graham County, North Carolina, United States, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of Robbinsville on a peninsula surrounded by Lake Santeetlah—which in turn is largely surrounded by Nantahala National Forest. The town has more than two hundred residences, many of them second homes owned by permanent residents of Florida and Georgia. The town was organized in 1989 as "Santeetlah"; in 1999, it changed its name to "Lake Santeetlah". As of the 2020 census, Lake Santeetlah had a population of 38.

Graham County, North Carolina
Graham County (locally /ˈɡreɪˌhæm/) is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,030, making it the third-least populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Robbinsville.
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse in Victoria, British Columbia, was completed in 1913 and designated a historic building in 1992.
The roundhouse has been virtually unchanged since its construction. It is surrounded by railway shops and outbuildings, representative of the steam railway era in Canada, once serving its namesake railway.

Island Rail Corridor
The Island Corridor, previously the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway (E&N Railway), is a railway operation on Vancouver Island. It is owned by the Island Corridor Foundation, a registered charity. The railway line is 225 kilometres (140 mi) in length from Victoria to Courtenay, known as the Victoria Subdivision, with a branch line from Parksville to Port Alberni, known as the Port Alberni Subdivision, of 64 kilometres (40 mi), for a total 289 kilometres (180 mi) of mainline track. In 2006, the Island Corridor Foundation acquired the railway's ownership from RailAmerica and Canadian Pacific Railway.

Passenger service has been "temporarily suspended" since 2011 due to poor infrastructure condition that resulted from deferred maintenance.
Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area
Fish to Tsitsikama WMA, or Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area (coded: 15), in South Africa Includes the following major rivers: the Fish River, Kowie River, Boesmans River, Sundays River, Gamtoos River, Kromme River, Tsitsikamma River and Groot River, and covers the following Dams:

Beervlei Dam Groot River

Darlington Dam Sondags River

De Mistkraal Dam Little Fish River

Grassridge Dam Groot Brak River

Groendal Dam Swartkops River

Impofu Dam Krom River

Katrivier Dam Kat River

Kommandodrift Dam Tarka River

Kouga Dam Kouga River

Kromrivier Dam Krom River

Loerie Dam Loerie Spruit

Nqweba Dam Sondags River

Krom River
Krom River or Kromme River (Afrikaans: Krommerivier) is a river in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. The river flows into the Indian Ocean through an estuary on the north side of St Francis Bay, west of Port Elizabeth. The Krom river flows in an ESE direction and is approximately 109 km long with a catchment area of 1,085 km2.

The Churchill Dam and the Impofu Dam are dams on the Krom River. The latter is located near Humansdorp. Presently this river is part of the Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.
Rudi Gfaller
Rudi Gfaller (10 November 1882 – 11 February 1972) was an Austrian operetta composer and singer. Born in Vienna, he began his career as an actor and singer and  appeared in various provincial theatres in Germany. In 1906, he composed the first of his twelve operettas. Gfaller was married to the operetta singer Therese Wiet and often appeared with her in Leipzig where the couple were based for most of their careers. In 1943 he retired to their house in Bad Ischl where he died at the age of 89.

Therese Wiet
Therese Wiet (15 October 1885 – 24 January 1971) was an Austrian operetta and concert singer whose career was based primarily in Leipzig. She was married to the operetta singer and composer Rudi Gfaller.
New York State Route 223
New York State Route 223 (NY 223) is an east–west state highway in Chemung County, New York, in the United States. It extends for 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from an intersection with NY 13 northeast of the city of Elmira in the town of Horseheads to a junction with NY 224 in the town of Van Etten. In between, NY 223 passes through the town of Erin and serves the hamlet of the same name within the town. The route initially continued east to the village of Candor when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York; however, it was cut back to its current length in the early 1950s.

Erin, New York
Erin is a town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 1,820 at the 2020 census. The town was named by early settlers from Ireland.

The town is east of Elmira and is along the county's northern border. It is part of the Elmira Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Semiconductor industry in China
The Chinese semiconductor industry, including integrated circuit design and manufacturing, forms a major part of mainland China's information technology industry.

China's semiconductor industry consists of a wide variety of companies, from integrated device manufacturers to pure-play foundries, fabless semiconductor companies and OSAT companies. Integrated device manufacturers (IDMs) design and manufacture integrated circuits. Pure-play foundries only manufacture devices for other companies, without designing them, while fabless semiconductor companies only design devices. Examples of Chinese IDMs are YMTC and CXMT, examples of Chinese pure-play foundries are SMIC, Hua Hong Semiconductor and Wingtech, examples of Chinese fabless companies are Zhaoxin, HiSilicon, Loongson and UNISOC, and examples of Chinese OSAT companies are JCET, Huatian Technology and Tongfu Microelectronics.

Hua Hong Semiconductor
Hua Hong Semiconductor Limited is a publicly listed Chinese pure-play semiconductor foundry company based in Shanghai, established in 1996 as part of China's national efforts to boost its IC industry. Currently, Hua Hong's most advanced node is achieved by its subsidiary Shanghai Huali (HLMC), which can manufacture 28/22-nm process.

It is currently mainland China's second largest chip-maker behind rival SMIC and 6th largest globally, with a market share of 2.6% in 2021.
Saad Ali Shire
Dr. Saad Ali Shire Naleye (Somali: Dr. Sacad Cali Shire Naaleeye) is a British-Somaliland politician, agronomist and economist, who is currently serving as the Minister of Finance of Somaliland. Shire formerly served as the Foreign Minister of Somaliland. He also served as the Minister of Planning and National Development of Somaliland. He is a founder member of many academic institutions and professional associations including The University of Hargeisa, the University of Burao, Somaliland Society of Agriculture, Somaliland Economics Association, Somaliland Statistics Association, and Somaliland Society of UK.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Somaliland (Somali: Wasaarada Arrimaha Dibadda iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland)  (Arabic: وزارة الخارجية والتعاون الدولي) is the Somaliland Government ministry which oversees the foreign relations of Somaliland. The present foreign minister is Abdirahman Dahir Adan.
Harald Maddadsson
Harald Maddadsson (Old Norse: Haraldr Maddaðarson, Gaelic: Aralt mac Mataid) (c. 1134 – 1206) was Earl of Orkney and Mormaer of Caithness from 1139 until 1206. He was the son of Matad, Mormaer of Atholl,  and Margaret, daughter of Earl Haakon Paulsson of Orkney. Of mixed Norse and Gaelic blood, and a descendant of Scots kings, he was a significant figure in northern Scotland, and played a prominent part in Scottish politics of the twelfth century. The Orkneyinga Saga names him one of the three most powerful Earls of Orkney along with Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorfinn Sigurdsson.

Rögnvald Kali Kolsson
Rögnvald Kali Kolsson (Old Norse: Rǫgnvaldr / Rögnvaldr; Nynorsk: Ragnvald Kale Kolsson), also known as Saint Ronald of Orkney (c. 1100 – 1158), was a Norwegian earl of Orkney who came to be regarded as a Christian saint. Two of the Orkney Islands are named after Rögnvald, namely North Ronaldsay and South Ronaldsay.
Win Shares
Win Shares is a 2002 book about baseball written by Bill James and Jim Henzler. The book explains how to apply the concept of sabermetrics to assess the impact of player performance in a combination of several areas, including offensive, defensive, and pitching on their team's overall performance. The resulting "Win Share" also takes into account factors such as the era in which the player was active to allow easy comparisons between players from different eras. The book focuses primarily on the many formulas involved in computing the final number of win shares accumulated.

Win Shares Digital Update, a companion volume of tables and statistics through the 2001 season.

Sabermetrics
Sabermetrics (originally SABRmetrics)  is the original or blanket term for sports analytics for the empirical analysis of baseball, especially the development of advanced metrics based on baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. The term is derived from the movement's progenitors, members of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), founded in 1971, and was coined by Bill James, 
(in 1980, according to SABR.org), who is one of its pioneers and considered its most prominent advocate and public face.

The term moneyball refers to the use of metrics to identify "undervalued players" and sign them to what ideally will become "below market value" contracts; it began as an effort by small-market teams to compete with the much greater resources of big-market ones.
Amager Hospital
Amager Hospital is located in Denmark on the island of Amager in Copenhagen. It was founded on 1 April 1997 with the merger of Skt. Elisabeth Hospital and Sundby Hospital. Administratively, Amager Hospital is maintained by Region Hovedstaden and was merged with Hvidovre Hospital in 2012.

The hospital is a teaching hospital for medical students from the University of Copenhagen as well as nursing students from the region.

Hvidovre Hospital
Hvidovre Hospital is a hospital in Hvidovre near Copenhagen in Denmark. It is administered by the Capital Region of Denmark.

The hospital was built from 1968 to 1979 and was officially opened on March 26, 1976. The hospital stands out for not being built high - the four main building are just three stories, whereas the building spans over 300,000 square meters.

Hvidovre Hospital is one of Denmark's largest with more than 40,000 patients admitted each year. It has 35 departments, including Denmark's largest delivery ward with more than 5,500 deliveries a year.

The hospital is a teaching hospital for medical students from Copenhagen University.
U.S. Route 270
U.S. Route 270 (US 270) is a spur of US 70. It travels for 643 miles (1,035 km) from Liberal, Kansas at US 54 and US 83 to White Hall, Arkansas at Interstate 530 (I-530) and US 65. It travels through the states of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It travels through the cities of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Hot Springs, Arkansas, and McAlester, Oklahoma.

McAlester, Oklahoma
McAlester is a city in and the county seat of Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, McAlester had a population of 18,171. The town gets its name from James Jackson McAlester, an early settler and businessman who later became lieutenant governor of Oklahoma. Known as "J. J.", McAlester married Rebecca Burney, the daughter of a full-blood Chickasaw family, which made him a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation.

McAlester is the home of the Oklahoma State Penitentiary, the former site of an "inside the walls" prison rodeo that ESPN's SportsCenter once broadcast. The prison's nickname, Big Mac, was derived from its location in the town.

McAlester is home to many of the employees of the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant. This facility makes the majority of the bombs used by the United States military. In 1998 McAlester became the home of the Defense Ammunition Center (DAC), which moved from Savanna, Illinois, to McAlester Army Ammunition Plant.