hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Relativistic Doppler effect
The relativistic Doppler effect is the change in frequency, wavelength and amplitude of light, caused by the relative motion of the source and the observer (as in the classical Doppler effect, first proposed by Christian Doppler in 1842), when taking into account effects described by the special theory of relativity.

The relativistic Doppler effect is different from the non-relativistic Doppler effect as the equations include the time dilation effect of special relativity and do not involve the medium of propagation as a reference point. They describe the total difference in observed frequencies and possess the required Lorentz symmetry.

Astronomers know of three sources of redshift/blueshift: Doppler shifts; gravitational redshifts (due to light exiting a gravitational field); and cosmological expansion (where space itself stretches). This article concerns itself only with Doppler shifts.

Special relativity
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, 
"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", the theory is presented as being based on just two postulates:

The laws of physics are invariant (identical) in all inertial frames of reference (that is, frames of reference with no acceleration). This is known as the principle of relativity.

The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of light source or observer. This is known as the principle of light constancy, or the principle of light speed invariance.

The first postulate was first formulated by Galileo Galilei (see Galilean invariance).
Ruby slippers
The ruby slippers are a pair of magical shoes worn by Dorothy Gale as played by Judy Garland in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical film The Wizard of Oz. Because of their iconic stature, they are as of December 2024 the most valuable items of film memorabilia in the world. Several pairs were made for the film, though the exact number is unknown. Five pairs are known to have survived; one pair was stolen from a museum in 2005 and recovered in 2018.

In L. Frank Baum's original 1900 novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, on which the film is based, Dorothy wears Silver Shoes. However, the color of the shoes was changed to red to take advantage of the three-strip Technicolor film process used in some big-budget prestigious Hollywood films of the era. Screenwriter Noel Langley is credited with the idea.

Film memorabilia
Film memorabilia are objects considered of value because of their connection to the cinema. These include costumes, props, advertising posters, and scripts, among other things. Fans have always coveted memorabilia, but in recent years, what was once a hobby has mushroomed into big business, with millions of dollars changing hands in auctions held by such firms as Christie's and Sotheby's. In addition, many popular films have their collectible items sold via independent, online movie memorabilia stores, web auctions, and at film studio charity events.
Putnam County Barge Port
Putnam County Barge Port is a port facility and industrial development area located in Palatka, Florida, United States. Positioned on the waters of the St. Johns River, tenants enjoy access to navigable waters maintained at 40 feet by the Army Corps of Engineers. The area is also accessible by CSX rail line and US 17. Management and development of the site is conducted through Putnam County Port Authority. The barge port has a 410-foot-long (120 m) wharf. Most of the barge freight is paper products. Major port facilities are located 60 miles downriver in Jacksonville.

Palatka, Florida
Palatka (/pəˈlætkə/ ⓘ) is a city in and the county seat of Putnam County, Florida, United States. Palatka is the principal city of the Palatka Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is home to 72,893 residents. The Palatka micropolitan area is included in the Jacksonville–Kingsland–Palatka, FL-GA Combined Statistical Area.

The city is the location of the St. Johns River State College, St. Johns River Water Management District Headquarters, and Ravine Gardens State Park. Local festivals include the Florida Azalea Festival and the Blue Crab Festival. The population was 10,446 at the 2020 census, down from 10,558 at the 2010 census.
Parlour
A parlour (or parlor) is a reception room or public space. In medieval Christian Europe, the "outer parlour" was the room where the monks or nuns conducted business with those outside the monastery and the "inner parlour" was used for necessary conversation between resident members. In the English-speaking world of the 18th and 19th century, having a parlour room was evidence of social status.

Drawing room
A drawing room is a room in a house where visitors may be entertained, and an alternative name for a living room. The name is derived from the 16th-century terms withdrawing room and withdrawing chamber, which remained in use through the 17th century. The term "drawing room" made its first written appearance in 1642. In a large 16th- to early 18th-century English house, a withdrawing room was a room to which the owner of the house, his wife, or a distinguished guest who was occupying one of the main apartments in the house could "withdraw" for more privacy. It was often off the great chamber (or the great chamber's descendant, the state room) and usually led to a formal, or "state" bedroom.

In modern houses, the term may be used as a convenient name for a second or further reception room, but no particular function is associated with the name.
Paramyotonia congenita
Paramyotonia congenita (PC) is a rare congenital autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder characterized by "paradoxical" myotonia. This type of myotonia has been termed paradoxical because it becomes worse with exercise whereas classical myotonia, as seen in myotonia congenita, is alleviated by exercise. PC is also distinguished as it can be induced by cold temperatures. Although more typical of the periodic paralytic disorders, patients with PC may also have potassium-provoked paralysis. PC typically presents within the first decade of life and has 100% penetrance. Patients with this disorder commonly present with myotonia in the face or upper extremities. The lower extremities are generally less affected. While some other related disorders result in muscle atrophy, this is not normally the case with PC. This disease can also present as hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and there is debate as to whether the two disorders are actually distinct.

Myotonia congenita
Myotonia congenita is a congenital neuromuscular channelopathy that affects skeletal muscles (muscles used for movement). It is a genetic disorder. The hallmark of the disease is the failure of initiated contraction to terminate, often referred to as delayed relaxation of the muscles (myotonia) and rigidity. Symptoms include delayed relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction (myotonia), and may also include stiffness, hypertrophy (enlargement), transient weakness in some forms of the disorder (from certain genetic mutations), severe masseter spasm, and cramping. The condition is sometimes referred to as fainting goat syndrome, as it is responsible for the eponymous 'fainting' seen in fainting goats when presented with a sudden stimulus. Of note, myotonia congenita is associated with increased risk malignant hyperthermia (MH) during general anaesthetic.
Fraga
Fraga (Spanish: [ˈfɾaɣa] ⓘ; Catalan: [ˈfɾaɣɛ]) is the main town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca (Catalan: Baix Cinca) in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is located by the river Cinca. According to the 2014 census, the municipality has a population of 14,926.

King Alfonso I of Aragon died at its walls in 1134 while trying to capture it during the Battle of Fraga. It was eventually taken from the Moors by the Count Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona in 1149.

The local language, called Fragatí, is western Catalan.

Historically, there was a Jewish community in Fraga. Jews in Fraga enjoyed civil rights under Muslim rule, which was not always the case in other historical Spanish Jewish communities. They were given autonomy, including the right to defend themselves against attacks and the right to elect their representatives. The community ceased to exist due to the expulsion of the Muslims and 
Jews in 1492.

Bajo Cinca/Baix Cinca
Bajo Cinca (Spanish: [ˈbaxo ˈθiŋka]) or Baix Cinca (Catalan: [ˈbaʃ ˈsiŋka]; Aragonese: Cinca Baxa, [ˈθiŋka ˈβajʃa]) is a comarca in eastern Aragon, Spain. It is named after river Cinca.

This comarca is located in the southeastern corner of the Huesca province.
The administrative capital is Fraga, with 13,592 inhabitants the largest town of the comarca.

Bajo Cinca/Baix Cinca borders La Litera/La Llitera, Cinca Medio, Monegros and Bajo Aragón-Caspe/Baix Aragó-Casp in Aragon and Segrià and Ribera d'Ebre in Catalonia. About half of the comarca, including the two largest towns (Fraga and Mequinenza), belongs to the Catalan-speaking strip in eastern Aragon known as La Franja; some municipal terms of Bajo Cinca/Baix Cinca are part of the historical region of Lower Aragon.
Chase Owens
Steven Owens (born March 7, 1990), better known by his ring name Chase Owens, is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he is a member of House of Torture. Owens is a three-time IWGP Tag Team Champion, having won the belts twice with Kenta and once with Bad Luck Fale. He has also won the provisional KOPW trophy once. For much of his tenure in NJPW, Owens has been a member of Bullet Club, but was also briefly affiliated with the stable's sub-groups the War Dogs and The Elite.

Bad Luck Fale
Simi Taitoko Fale (born 8 January 1982) is a Tongan-New Zealand professional wrestler and former rugby union player. He primarily works for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as Don Fale (ドン・ファレ, Don Fare), where he is a member of House of Torture. Best known by his longtime ring name Bad Luck Fale (バッドラック・ファレ, Baddorakku Fare), he is a former three-time NEVER Openweight 6-Man Tag Team Champion, a one-time IWGP Tag Team Champion and a one-time IWGP Intercontinental Champion. His surname translates to "house" in Tongan, which suits his wrestling persona as an immovable force.

Fale is one of the founding members of the infamous Bullet Club, an originally all-foreigner stable that saw great success in the company. Fale remained the only founding member to have never left the group until 15 June 2025, when he joined House of Torture.

Fale also operates a wrestling school called Fale Dojo, which has helped provide a bridge for non-Japanese wrestlers to perform for New Japan Pro-Wrestling.
King Tor Halt railway station
King Tor Halt railway station was located on the 10+1⁄2-mile (16.9 km) long single track branch railway line in Devon, England, running from Yelverton to Princetown with four intermediate stations. It was opened with only a basic wood platform and shelter in connection with the adjacent granite quarry and the associated worker's houses.  Its later traffic was entirely walkers and like Ingra Tor Halt it was retained in an attempt to counter competition from local bus services and encourage tourist traffic.

Ingra Tor Halt railway station
Ingra Tor Halt railway station was located on the 10+1⁄2-mile (16.9 km) long single track Princetown Railway in Devon, England, running from Yelverton to Princetown with four intermediate stations. It was opened with only a basic wood platform and shelter in connection with the short-lived re-opening of the adjacent quarry.  Its later traffic was entirely walkers and it was retained in an attempt to counter competition from local bus services and encourage tourist traffic.
We Are Marshall
We Are Marshall is a 2006 American biographical sports drama film directed by McG. It depicts the aftermath of the 1970 plane crash that killed 75 people: 37 players of the Marshall University Thundering Herd football team, five coaches, two athletic trainers, the athletic director, 25 boosters, and the airplane crew of five.

Matthew McConaughey stars as head coach Jack Lengyel, with Matthew Fox as assistant coach William "Red" Dawson, David Strathairn as university president Donald Dedmon, and Robert Patrick as ill-fated Marshall head coach Rick Tolley. Then-governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue has a cameo role as an East Carolina University football coach.

It was scored by Christophe Beck and written by Jamie Linden. The film addressed rebuilding the program and the healing that the community undergoes. Dr. H. Keith Spears was the Marshall University consultant.

Southern Airways Flight 932
Southern Airways Flight 932 was a chartered Southern Airways Douglas DC-9 domestic United States commercial jet flight from Stallings Field (ISO) in Kinston, North Carolina, to Huntington Tri-State Airport/Milton J. Ferguson Field (HTS) near Kenova and Ceredo, West Virginia. At 7:36 pm on November 14, 1970, the aircraft crashed into a hill just short of the Tri-State Airport, killing all 75 people on board – 37 members of the Marshall University football team, 5 coaches, 7 staff members, 21 boosters, 2 pilots, 2 flight attendants, and a charter coordinator. The team was returning home after a 17–14 loss to the East Carolina Pirates at Ficklen Stadium in Greenville, North Carolina.  The accident is the deadliest tragedy for any sports team in US history.

It was the second college football team plane crash in a little over a month, after the October 2 crash that killed 31 – head coach Ben Wilson, 14 Wichita State players, and 16 others.
Tom Sawyer (1930 film)
Tom Sawyer is a 1930 American pre-Code comedy-drama film directed by John Cromwell and starring Jackie Coogan. The screenplay by Grover Jones, William Slavens McNutt, and Sam Mintz is based on the 1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain.

The film was the third screen adaptation of the Twain novel, following silent versions released in 1907 and 1917. The picture was made on location at the Paramount Ranch in Agoura, California.

A sequel, Huckleberry Finn, directed by Norman Taurog and featuring most of the Tom Sawyer cast, was released the following year.

Huckleberry Finn (1931 film)
Huckleberry Finn is a 1931 American pre-Code adventure comedy film directed by Norman Taurog, and written by Grover Jones and William Slavens McNutt, based on Mark Twain's 1884 novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. It stars Jackie Coogan as Tom Sawyer, Mitzi Green as Becky Thatcher, Junior Durkin as Huckleberry Finn, and Jackie Searl as Sid Sawyer.
Fjord
In physical geography, a fjord (also spelled fiord, a variant most common in New Zealand English; /ˈfjɔːrd, fiːˈɔːrd/ ⓘ) is a long, narrow sea inlet with steep sides or cliffs in a valley created by a former glacier, which has since become inundated with water. They are the glacial equivalent of drowned river valleys, known as rias. Fjords exist on the coasts of Antarctica, the Arctic, and surrounding landmasses of the northern and southern hemispheres. Areas with extensive fjords demonstrate an extreme example of the coastline paradox; Norway's coastline is estimated to be 29,000 km (18,000 mi) long with its nearly 1,200 fjords, but only 2,500 km (1,600 mi) long when excluding the fjords.

Ria
A ria (/ˈriːə/; Galician: ría, feminine noun derived from río, 'river') is a coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley. It is a drowned river valley that remains open to the sea.
FIVB Women's Volleyball Club World Championship
The FIVB Women's Volleyball Club World Championship is an international women's club volleyball competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 1991 in Brazil. It was not held between 1995 and 2009, but since 2010, the competition has been held every year, and has been hosted by Qatar, Switzerland, the Philippines, Japan, China and Turkey. The competition was held in Zhejiang Province of China in 2018 and 2019. After the 2020 championship was cancelled due to corona virus pandemic, the competition was held in Turkey in 2021.

The current champions are Italy's Savino Del Bene Scandicci, who defeated Italy's Imoco Volley Conegliano 3–1 in the final of the 2025 edition, to win their first title in the competition.

2025 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship
The 2025 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship was the 18th edition of the competition. It was hosted in São Paulo, Brazil, from 9 to 14 December 2025. Italy's Savino Del Bene Scandicci were crowned champions for their first time. Hosts Osasco São Cristóvão Saúde won third place match and marked the return of a Brazilian club to the podium since Minas's second place at the 2018 edition.
German submarine U-536
German submarine U-536 was a Type IXC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was laid down at the Deutsche Werft (yard) in Hamburg as yard number 354 on 13 March 1942, launched on 21 October and commissioned on 13 January 1943 with Kapitänleutnant Rolf Schauenburg in command.

U-536 began her service career with training as part of the 4th U-boat Flotilla from 13 January 1943. She was reassigned to the 2nd flotilla for operations on 1 June.

She carried out two patrols, but did not sink any ships. She was a member of one wolfpack.

She was sunk by the British frigate Nene and Canadian corvette Snowberry on 19 or 20 November 1943 while she was attacking Convoy SL 139/MKS 30 northeast of the Azores.

HMCS Nene
HMS Nene was a River-class frigate, designed for anti-submarine operations, that served with the Royal Navy during the Second World War. In 1944 she was loaned to the Royal Canadian Navy and recommissioned as HMCS Nene, who returned her to the Royal Navy in 1945. Following the war she remained in reserve until disposed of in 1955.
Macon Braves
The Macon Braves were a Minor League Baseball team based in Macon, Georgia, that served as the Class A farm team of the Atlanta Braves between 1991 and 2002. The Macon Braves played their home games at Luther Williams Field for all 12 years of their existence.

The team began play in 1991 when the Sumter Braves relocated from Sumter, South Carolina. After the 2002 season, the Macon Braves moved to Rome, Georgia, where they became known as the Rome Braves.

Rome Emperors
The Rome Emperors are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. They are located in Rome, Georgia, and play their home games at AdventHealth Stadium. From 2003 to 2023, the team was known as the Rome Braves. They served as Atlanta's Class A affiliate before being elevated to High-A with the restructuring of the minor league system in 2021.
Kalayaan Avenue
Kalayaan Avenue is a major east–west route in Makati and Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines. For most of its length, it runs parallel to J. P. Rizal Avenue to the north from East Rembo near Fort Bonifacio to Barangay Singkamas by the border with Santa Ana, Manila. It is interrupted by Bel-Air Village between Rockwell Drive and Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The avenue east of EDSA is designated as a component of National Route 190 of the Philippine highway network.

Previously, it was part of the Radial Road 4, which is currently designated to J. P. Rizal Avenue.

J.P. Rizal Avenue
J.P. Rizal Avenue, also known as J.P. Rizal Street, is a major local avenue in Makati and Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines. It is a contour collector road on the south bank of the Pasig River that runs east–west from Pateros Bridge at the Taguig–Pateros boundary to its intersection with Zobel Roxas, Delpan, and Tejeron Streets at the Makati–Manila boundary. It is a component of Radial Road 4 (R-4). The avenue was named after the Philippines' national hero, Dr. José P. Rizal.

J.P. Rizal extends past Circumferential Road 5 into East Rembo, Comembo, and the municipality of Pateros as J. P. Rizal Avenue Extension. West of Zobel Roxas, it continues as Tejeron Street, which ends at its intersection with Pedro Gil and Dr. M. L. Carreon Streets. The eastern section and extension between Guadalupe Nuevo and Pateros was formerly called Guadalupe–Pateros Road, and its section from Lawton Avenue eastwards forms part of McKinley–Pateros Road.
Carl Vinson
Carl Vinson (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for over 50 years and was influential in the 20th century expansion of the U.S. Navy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and represented Georgia in the House from 1914 to 1965. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy". He is the longest-serving member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Georgia. From 1961 to 1965, he served as the Dean of the US House of Representatives as the longest serving member of the body.

USS Carl Vinson, the third Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, is named after him.

Two-Ocean Navy Act
The Two-Ocean Navy Act, also known as the Vinson–Walsh Act, was a United States law enacted on July 19, 1940, and named for Carl Vinson and David I. Walsh, who chaired the Naval Affairs Committee in the House and Senate respectively. In what was then the largest naval procurement bill to date in U.S. history, it increased the size of the United States Navy by 70%.
Walla! Communications Ltd
Walla! Communications Ltd (Hebrew: וואלה! תקשורת בע"מ) is an Israeli internet company headquartered in Tel Aviv and is fully owned by The Jerusalem Post. Until 2020, it was fully owned by Bezeq. Walla!'s web portal provides news, search (powered by Google Search) and e-mail, among other things. As of January 2022, Alexa rankings put it in the top 9 sites by traffic originating in Israel. Its online news outlet Walla (until March 2024 called Walla!; from April 2015 to February 2021, Walla!NEWS) is one of the major Israeli news websites.

Bezeq
Bezeq (Hebrew: בזק) is an Israeli telecommunications company. Bezeq and its subsidiaries offer a range of telecom services, including fixed-line, mobile telephony, high-speed Internet, Fiber Internet transmission, and pay TV (via Yes).

The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol BEZQ, and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index.
Bob the Drag Queen
Christopher Delmar Caldwell (born June 22, 1986), also known by his stage name Caldwell Tidicue and better known by his drag name Bob the Drag Queen, is an American drag queen, comedian, actor, activist, musician, author, and reality television personality. He is best known for winning season eight of RuPaul's Drag Race. As of 2020, he has more than one million followers on Instagram and was the first Black Drag Race queen to reach the milestone. After Drag Race, he pursued acting, appearing in television shows such as High Maintenance (2016), Tales of the City (2019), and A Black Lady Sketch Show (2019). In 2020, he began co-hosting We're Here on HBO alongside fellow Drag Race contestants Eureka O'Hara and Shangela. His debut novel, Harriet Tubman: Live in Concert, was published in 2025.

Eureka O'Hara
Eureka, also known as Eureka O'Hara and Eureka!, is the stage name of Eureka D. Huggard (born August 26, 1990), an American drag queen and reality television personality. Eureka rose to prominence competing on the ninth and tenth seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race. She was removed from the ninth season due to a knee injury, becoming the first contestant in the history of the show to be sent home due to injury; she was then given an automatic berth to season 10, where she placed as runner-up. In 2021, Eureka competed on the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, where she once more placed as a runner-up. In 2024, she competed on the second season of Canada's Drag Race: Canada vs. the World.

From 2020 to 2022, Eureka co-hosted We're Here on HBO alongside fellow Drag Race contestants Bob the Drag Queen and Shangela. The series received acclaim from critics.