hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by David I of Scotland. During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a 
royal residence, and after the Scottish Reformation the Palace of Holyroodhouse was expanded further. The abbey church was used as a parish church until the 17th century, and has been ruined since the 18th century. The remaining walls of the abbey lie adjacent to the palace, at the eastern end of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. The site of the abbey is protected as a scheduled monument.

Canon regular
The Canons Regular are Catholic priests and religious brothers (canons) who live in community under a rule (Latin: regula and κανών, kanon, in Greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious life, such as clerics regular, designated by a partly similar terminology. As religious communities, they have lay brothers as part of the community. Canons regular generally follow the Rule of Saint Augustine.

At times, the life of canons regular has been very popular. In 12th-century England, there were more houses of canons (often referred to as an abbey or canonry) than monasteries of monks.
George Gale (Wisconsin politician)
George W. Gale (November 30, 1816 – April 18, 1868) was an American lawyer, judge, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He served as a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge and as a member of the Wisconsin State Senate.  He was the founder of Galesville, Wisconsin, and Gale College, and was a driving force behind the creation of Trempealeau County, Wisconsin.

Galesville, Wisconsin
Galesville is a city in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,662 at the 2020 census. A dam on Beaver Creek is located at Galesville, forming Lake Marinuka north of the city. The mayor is Vince Howe.
Gmina Pruchnik
Gmina Pruchnik is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Pruchnik, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of Jarosław and 39 km (24 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.

The gmina covers an area of 78.26 square kilometres (30.2 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,551 (9,845 in 2013). Formerly classified as a rural gmina, it become urban-rural when Pruchnik became a town on 1 January 2011.

Pruchnik
Pruchnik ([ˈpruxɲik]) is a rural town in Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Pruchnik.

The town has a population of 3,519. Pruchnik gained town rights in around 1370; the town status was lost in 1935, and restored on 1 January 2011.
Carve Her Name with Pride
Carve Her Name with Pride is a 1958 British war drama film based on the book of the same name by R. J. Minney.

The film, directed by Lewis Gilbert, is based on the true story of Special Operations Executive agent Violette Szabo, GC, who was captured and executed while serving in Nazi-occupied France. Szabo was played by Virginia McKenna.

R. J. Minney
Rubeigh James Minney (29 August 1895 – 5 January 1979) was a British film producer, journalist, playwright, editor and author. He was author of over 40 books including novels and biographies. As a film-maker and film producer, he worked with British film companies such as Gainsborough Pictures, and was invited to Hollywood by Darryl F. Zanuck. He was also a journalist in India and London, and editor of several newspapers.
Treaty of Perpetual Peace
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed by James IV of Scotland and Henry VII of England in 1502. It agreed to end the intermittent warfare between Scotland and England which had been waged over the previous two hundred years, and, although it failed in this respect, as hostilities continued intermittently throughout the 16th century, it led to the Union of the Crowns 101 years later.

Union of the Crowns
The Union of the Crowns (Scottish Gaelic: Aonadh nan Crùintean; Scots: Union o the Crouns) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I on 24 March 1603, and the consequent formation of a personal union between the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It followed the death of James's cousin, Elizabeth I of England, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

England, Scotland, and Ireland remained separate states with separate parliaments until the Acts of Union of 1707 united England and Scotland into a unitary Kingdom of Great Britain; Ireland retained a legally separate Crown and Parliament, albeit as a practical dependency, until 1801. However, there was a republican interregnum in the 1650s, during which the Tender of Union of Oliver Cromwell created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland, which ended with the Stuart Restoration.
Valya algebra
In abstract algebra, a Valya algebra (or Valentina algebra) is a nonassociative algebra M over a field F whose multiplicative binary operation g satisfies the following axioms:

1. The skew-symmetry condition

for all .

2. The Valya identity

for all , where k=1,2,...,6, and

3. The bilinear condition

for all  and .

We say that M is a Valya algebra if the commutant of this algebra is a Lie subalgebra. Each Lie algebra is a Valya algebra.

There is the following relationship between the commutant-associative algebra and Valentina algebra. The replacement of the multiplication g(A,B) in an algebra M by the operation of commutation [A,B]=g(A,B)-g(B,A), makes it into the algebra . 
If M is a commutant-associative algebra, then  is a Valya algebra. A Valya algebra is a generalization of a Lie algebra.

Commutant-associative algebra
In abstract algebra, a commutant-associative algebra is a nonassociative algebra over a field whose multiplication satisfies the following axiom:

,

where [A, B] = AB − BA is the commutator of A and B and
(A, B, C) = (AB)C – A(BC) is the associator of A, B and C.

In other words, an algebra M is commutant-associative if the commutant, i.e. the subalgebra of M generated by all commutators [A, B], is an associative algebra.
Angela Hartnett
Angela Maria Hartnett OBE (born September 1968) is an English chef. A protégée of Gordon Ramsay, she was Chef-Patron at Angela Hartnett at the Connaught in London. Currently, she is Chef-Patron for Murano in Mayfair; Café Murano in Bermondsey, Covent Garden, Marylebone and St James's; and Cucina Angelina in Courchevel (France). In 2004, she gained her first Michelin star.

Angela Hartnett at the Connaught
Angela Hartnett at the Connaught, also known as Menu, was a restaurant owned by Gordon Ramsay Holdings and run by chef Angela Hartnett. It was located within the Connaught hotel in Mayfair, London. The restaurant was opened following Ramsay's successful opening of Gordon Ramsay at Claridge's, within the Claridge's hotel, which is owned by the same equity group. Ramsay had originally been asked to move Restaurant Gordon Ramsay into the space, but suggested that Hartnett should run a new operation there instead. The restaurant was awarded a Michelin star in the 2004 guide and held it until it closed in 2007.
Co-NP-complete
In complexity theory, computational problems that are co-NP-complete are those that are the hardest problems in co-NP, in the sense that any problem in co-NP can be reformulated as a special case of any co-NP-complete problem with only polynomial overhead. If P is different from co-NP, then all of the co-NP-complete problems are not solvable in polynomial time. If there exists a way to solve a co-NP-complete problem quickly, then that algorithm can be used to solve all co-NP problems quickly.

Each co-NP-complete problem is the complement of an NP-complete problem.  There are some problems in both NP and co-NP, for example all problems in P or integer factorization. However, it is not known if the sets are equal, although inequality is thought more likely. See co-NP and NP-complete for more details.

Fortune showed in 1979 that if any sparse language is co-NP-complete (or even just co-NP-hard), then P = NP, a critical foundation for Mahaney's theorem.

Co-NP
In computational complexity theory, co-NP is a complexity class. A decision problem X is a member of co-NP if and only if its complement X is in the complexity class NP. The class can be defined as follows: a decision problem is in co-NP if and only if for every no-instance we have a polynomial-length "certificate" and there is a polynomial-time algorithm that can be used to verify any purported certificate.

That is, co-NP is the set of decision problems where there exists a polynomial ⁠⁠ and a polynomial-time bounded Turing machine M such that for every instance x, x is a no-instance if and only if: for some possible certificate c of length bounded by ⁠⁠, the Turing machine M accepts the pair (x, c).
Stephanoceratoidea
Stephanoceratoidea, formerly Stephanocerataceae, is a superfamily of middle- upper Jurassic ammonoid cephalopods within the order Ammonitida  containing diverse forms, generally with sharp ribbing and complex suture lines. Aptychi are believed to be mostly granular (Granulaptycus) or concentrically ribbed on the surface (Praestriaptychus) (Arkell et al. 1957)

Hildoceratoidea
Hildoceratoidea, formerly Hildoceratacaea, is a superfamily of  compressed or planulate ammonites, some tending to develop acute outer rims; generally with arcuate or sigmoidal ribs. Aptichus were found in place are double-valved.

Hildoceratoidea is an upper Lower to lower Middle Jurassic group belonging to the Ammonitina that unites the Hildoceratidae, Hammatoceratidae, Graphoceratidae, and Sonniniidae. In some taxonomies the name Phymatoceratidae is substituted for the Hammatoceratidae

Hildoceratidae, which is the ancestral family, is derived from the Acanthopleuroceratinae, a subfamily in the Eoderoceratoidean family, Polyorphitidae. The Stephanoceratoidea, Perisphinctoidea, and Haploceratoidea have their source in the Hammatoceratidae which is derived from the Hildoceratidae.
Raxruhá
Raxruhá is a town and municipality in the north of the Guatemalan department of Alta Verapaz. The municipality, which was formerly a part of Chisec, was founded in 2008. At the 2018 census, the municipality population was 36,832.

Chisec
Chisec is a town and municipality in the north of the Guatemalan department of Alta Verapaz that was founded in 1813. It is situated at 230 metres (755 ft) above sea level. The municipality covers a territory of 1,244 km2.

The 2018 census documented the population at 84,553. Approximately 95% of the municipality's inhabitants are Maya, spread over the town of Chisec and approximately 140 communities. There used to be closer to 240 communities, but a number of these have officially split off to the new municipality of Raxruha, created by the Guatemalan Congress in 2008. The Q'eqchi' language is widely spoken there alongside Spanish.
Cavalier Johnson
Cavalier "Chevy" Johnson (born November 5, 1986) is an American politician who has served as the 45th mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, since 2021. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served on the Milwaukee Common Council from 2016 to 2022.

As president of the Common Council from 2020 to 2022, Johnson became acting mayor following the resignation of Tom Barrett. He was elected mayor in the 2022 special election, becoming the first African-American to be elected to that position. He is the city's second African-American mayor, following Marvin Pratt, who served as acting mayor in 2004.

Government of Milwaukee
The municipal government of the U.S. city of Milwaukee, located in the state of Wisconsin, consists of a mayor and common council. Traditionally supporting progressive politicians and movements, this community has consistently proved to be a stronghold of the Democratic Party. As the largest city in Wisconsin, Milwaukee receives a significant amount of attention during elections.
Colette Wong
Colette Wong (born 21 May 1974) is a Singaporean sports reporter, TV host, and sports anchor for Fox Sports Asia and Fox Sports News Asia. She was formerly currently anchors Fox Sports Central Asia and a news correspondent for CNBC Asia.

Fox Sports Asia
Fox Sports Asia (formerly ESPN Star Sports) was a pan-Asian pay television network operated by Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific, a subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company (Southeast Asia) Pte. Ltd. It also oversaw a version of Star Sports available in mainland China and South Korea.

The network was originally launched in 1991 as Star Sports (previously Prime Sports) and ESPN by Satellite Television Asian Region (Star TV) and ESPN International. The two companies combined their Asian operations in October 1996. News Corporation assumed full control of the venture in 2012 and relaunched the channels in two phases, in January 2013 and August 2014.
Valery Sakhashchyk
Valery Stepanovich Sakhashchyk (Belarusian: Валерый Сцяпанавіч Сахашчык, romanized: Valeryj Sciapanavič Sachaščyk, Russian: Валерий Степанович Сахащик; born 13 August 1964) is a former commander of the Belarusian 38th Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade. Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Sakhashchyk launched video appeals calling for Belarusian forces to refuse to participate in any attack against Ukraine. From 9 August 2022 to 1 August 2024, he was the effective defence minister of the Belarusian United Transitional Cabinet, a government-in-exile opposed to the de facto government of Alexander Lukashenko.

Sakhashchyk was involved in organizing the 1st Separate Air Assault Company "Belarus", a unit of Belarusian volunteers fighting within the 79th Air Assault Brigade of Ukraine. He also personally took part in military operations.

1st Separate Air Assault Company "Belarus"
The 1st Separate Air Assault Company "Belarus" (Belarusian: 1-я асобная дэсантна-штурмавая рота «Беларусь», 1 ОДШР) was an assault company formed of Belarusian volunteers within the 79th Air Assault Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces. The unit took part in the Battle of Marinka and consists of around 30 fighters.

The creation of the company was announced for the first time by Valery Sakhashchyk, the effective defence minister of the Belarusian United Transitional Cabinet of Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, in June 2023.

In an interview with the online publication "My Country is Belarus", a volunteer with the call sign "Rukh" reported that the unit ceased to exist in the summer of 2024.
Faiveley Transport
Faiveley Transport (French pronunciation: [fɛvəlɛ tʁɑ̃spɔʁ]), formerly Faiveley,  is an international manufacturer and supplier of equipment for the railway industry founded in 1919. It introduced the single-arm pantograph in 1955. The company has subsidiaries in more than 24 countries. The majority of Faiveley Transport's outstanding stock is owned by Wabtec, which acquired majority stock ownership from the Faiveley family in 2016.

Pantograph (transport)
A pantograph (or "pan" or "panto") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train, tram or battery electric buses to collect power through contact with an overhead line. The term stems from the resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting and drawings.

The pantograph is a common type of current collector; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the rails. Other types of current collectors include the bow collector and the trolley pole.
Maggie Graham
Margaret Isabel Graham (born July 10, 2002) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for the Houston Dash of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She played college soccer for the Duke Blue Devils, earning first-team All-American honors in 2024.

Duke Blue Devils women's soccer
The Duke Blue Devils women's soccer team represent Duke University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) of NCAA Division I women's college soccer.  The team was founded in 1988.  The Blue Devils have won the ACC regular season championship four times. The team has advanced to the NCAA Women's soccer tournament 26 times, including 5 College Cup appearances.
1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
The 1966 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1966. Governor John A. Volpe was reelected to a four-year term. He defeated former Attorney General Edward J. McCormack Jr. in the general election. This was the first election held since Governor's term of office was extended from two to four years.

John A. Volpe
John Anthony Volpe (/ˈvoʊlpi/ VOHL-pee; December 8, 1908 – November 11, 1994) was an American businessman, diplomat, and politician from Massachusetts.  A son of Italian immigrants, he founded and owned a large construction firm. Politically, he was a Republican in increasingly Democratic Massachusetts, serving as its 61st and 63rd Governor from 1961 to 1963 and 1965 to 1969, as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1969 to 1973, and as the United States Ambassador to Italy from 1973 to 1977.  As Secretary of Transportation, Volpe was an important figure in the development of the Interstate Highway System at the federal level.
Ministry of Energy (Russia)
The Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation is, since 2008, the Russian federal ministry responsible for energy policy.

This ministry was created in May 2008 as part of a reorganization by the incoming government of President Dmitry Medvedev. It is headquartered in Moscow. The former Ministry of Industry and Energy was turned into the Ministry of Industry, whose present Minister is Viktor Khristenko, gaining responsibility for trade policy from the former Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, but losing responsibility for energy policy, which was split off into the new Ministry of Energy. The former Federal Agency for Energy (Rosenergo) was also merged into the new Ministry of Energy.

As of May 2024, the Minister of Energy is Sergey Tsivilyov.

Sergey Tsivilyov
Sergey Yevgenyevich Tsivilyov (Russian: Сергей Евгеньевич Цивилёв; born 21 September 1961) is a Russian statesman, politician, economist and former military officer who is currently serving as the Minister of Energy of Russia since 14 May 2024. He is a member of president Vladimir Putin's extended family by marriage to a daughter of his cousin, Deputy Minister of Defence Anna Tsivilyova.

Previously, he served as 3rd Governor of Kemerovo Oblast from September 2018 to May 2024. He is the member of the Bureau of the Supreme Council of the United Russia party.
Fueguino
Fueguino is a volcanic field in Chile. The southernmost volcano in the Andes, it lies on Tierra del Fuego's Cook Island and also extends over nearby Londonderry Island. The field is formed by lava domes, pyroclastic cones, and a crater lake.

Volcanic activity at Fueguino is part of the Austral Volcanic Zone, which is formed by the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate. The subducting plate has not reached a depth sufficient for proper volcanic arc volcanism, however.

The field bears no trace of glacial erosion on its volcanoes, and reports exist of volcanic activity in 1712, 1820 and 1926.

Cook Island, Tierra del Fuego
Cook Island, also known as London Island, is an island located in the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It lies west of Gordon Island, south of O'Brien Island and east of Londonderry Island at the head of Cook Bay, within the Alberto de Agostini National Park.

Cook Island is the location of the Fueguino volcanic cones.

The island was named after Captain James Cook. Cook did not visit the island, but passed the mouth of Cook Bay on 19 December 1774. The bay was named in 1828 by Captain Henry Foster.
Islamic Azad University
The Islamic Azad University (IAU; Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system headquartered in Tehran, Iran. It is one of the largest comprehensive systems of universities in the world.

Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch
The Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch (IAUM), also known as the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, is a private university in Mashhad, Iran. This university is a branch of the Islamic Azad University. It was established in 1982 and offers Bachelor, Masters, PhD, and M.D. degrees.
Bromo-Seltzer
Bromo-Seltzer is a brand of antacid formulated to relieve pain occurring together with heartburn, upset stomach, or acid indigestion. It originally contained sodium bromide and acetanilide, both toxic substances which were eventually removed. Its current formulation contains the pain reliever aspirin and two reactive chemicals – sodium bicarbonate and citric acid – which creates effervescence when mixed with water. Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid.

Sodium bromide
Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.

In repeated doses it is toxic to humans, leading to bromism, which may include symptoms such as skin rashes, drowsiness, nausea, and hallucinations.
Johnathan McKinstry
Johnathan McKinstry (born 16 July 1985) is a Northern Irish football coach who is the head coach of the Gambia national football team.

McKinstry is the first person from Northern Ireland to manage four international football teams. With a win percentage of 51% across his four international head coaching roles, McKinstry has the best winning record in international football of anyone from Northern Ireland, with the next best record being that of Bertie Peacock with 39%.

Previously McKinstry managed the Rwanda national team, the Sierra Leone national team, Kauno Žalgiris in the A Lyga, Saif SC of the Bangladesh Premier League and the Uganda national football team. Whilst in charge of Sierra Leone, McKinstry was the youngest international manager in the world at 27 years of age.

Rwanda national football team
The Rwanda national football team represents Rwanda in international football and is controlled by the Rwandese Association Football Federation, the governing body of football in Rwanda, and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), as well as the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA), a CAF sub-confederation that governs football in East and Central Africa. The team bears the nickname Amavubi (Kinyarwanda for The Wasps), and primarily plays its home games at the Stade Amahoro in Kigali, the nation's capital. They have never qualified for a World Cup finals, and reached their only Africa Cup of Nations in 2004.
Usora (zemlja)
Usora (Latin: Vozora, Hungarian: Ózora) was important zemlja (transl. land; feudalna oblast transl. feudal region) of the medieval Bosnian state, first banate and later kingdom, although it also had some periods outside its jurisdiction and royal authority, when it was connected with neighboring banates of Slavonia, or Mačva at times. The administrative seat of this zemlja was Srebrenik, which also served as residence for its rulers for entire period of existence of the medieval Bosnian state. It took its name from the river Usora.

Soli (zemlja)
Soli or Só was a zemlja of the medieval Bosnian state, located in today's northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, centered around the town of Tuzla. Initially, a Slavic župa, the County of Soli became an integral part of Kulin's Bosnia and later both of Banate of Bosnia and of the Kingdom of Bosnia.

Soli was also specially organized in the early feudal period. As such, it entered the title of Bosnian rulers, but somewhere in the first half of the 14th century it completely merged with Usora. Apart from the name and only the approximate territory, we know nothing about the organization of this zemlja.

The meaning of the name is "salts". With the arrival of the Ottoman Empire around 1512, the names of the villages "Gornje Soli" and "Donje Soli" were translated to "Memlehai-bala" and "Memlehai-zir", literally meaning Upper and Lower Saltworks, resp. Zemlja Soli would eventually be incorporated into zemlja Usora in 15th century.