hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ted Towendolly
Theodore Laverne Towendolly (November 17, 1901 – December 20, 1975) was an American fly fisherman and fly tyer. A Wintu Native American, he is known as the first fly fishing guide on the upper Sacramento River in Northern California, and for pioneering a fishing technique known today as short-line nymphing, a method used for catching trout by dropping weighted flies to the bottom of the river while holding the rod high and having out only a short amount of line.

Towendolly's technique employed heavily weighted flies he first invented in the 1920s, such as the Black Bomber, Spent Wing, Peacock, and the Burlap. These flies were later popularized and expanded upon by his friend and fellow fly fisherman Ted Fay. While Towendolly remained a fairly obscure figure, Fay achieved international fame, and spread Towendolly's inventions through his business in Dunsmuir, California. Their flies gained such recognition that they were gifted to President George W. Bush.

Ted Fay (fly fisherman)
Ted Fay (1904–1983) was an American fly fisherman, fly tyer, fishing guide, and fly shop owner known for popularizing the short-line nymphing fishing technique in the United States. Around 1951 he founded the Ted Fay Fly Shop, California’s oldest-running fly fishing store, located in Dunsmuir.

During his time in Dunsmuir he developed enduring fly patterns such as the Caddis Larvae, the Maggie, and the Cro Fly. He worked to promote local tourism, and is often credited with establishing the Upper Sacramento River as a fly fishing destination.  In 1984, Fay was posthumously inducted into the Northern California Fly Fishing Hall of Fame for his contributions to the sport.
Susquehannock Trail System
The Susquehannock Trail System (STS) is an 83.4-mile (134.2 km) loop hiking trail in Susquehannock State Forest in Potter County (with a few short segments in Clinton County) in north-central Pennsylvania, United States. The trail walks through two state parks and passes near three more state parks. It also traverses Hammersley Wild Area, the largest area in Pennsylvania without a road. The loop is supplemented by two cross-connector trails, several short access trails, a shared path with the Donut Hole Trail, and two connectors to the Black Forest Trail. The STS is the oldest backpacking trail in Pennsylvania, and has been noted for its solitude while traversing remote areas with few signs of civilization. The STS also includes several overnight shelters.

Donut Hole Trail
The Donut Hole Trail is a 94.2-mile (151.6 km) hiking trail in north-central Pennsylvania, through Sproul State Forest and roughly parallel to the West Branch Susquehanna River. Most of the trail is in Clinton County, with a short segment at its western end in Cameron County. The Donut Hole Trail is regarded as one of the most challenging and remote backpacking trails in Pennsylvania, encountering just six paved roads along its entire length and featuring many difficult climbs and creek crossings.
Psychopomps (band)
Psychopomps is an electro-industrial band from Denmark formed by Jesper Schmidt and Flemming Norre Larsen. They were signed to Zoth Ommog Records in the early 1990s followed by Cleopatra Records. Their early records were recorded at Strip Studios by their close friend and label mate, Claus Larsen of Leaether Strip.

Leæther Strip
Leæther Strip is a Danish musical project founded on 13 January 1988 by Claus Larsen. Its influence has been most felt in the electronic body music and electro-industrial genres. Leæther Strip was one of the earliest and most prominent acts on Germany's now defunct Zoth Ommog record label. For distribution outside of Europe, the music has been licensed to the U.S. labels Cleopatra Records and Metropolis Records. After the demise of Zoth Ommog in 1999, Larsen signed to Bloodline Records, which only released a single before also going out of business. In 2005, Leæther Strip signed with the Belgian-based label Alfa Matrix.  On 3 June 2011 Larsen announced his split from Alfa Matrix in order to self-release future material.
Basque nationalism
Basque nationalism (Basque: eusko abertzaletasuna [eus̺ko abeɾts̻aletas̺una]; Spanish: nacionalismo vasco; French: nationalisme basque) is a form of nationalism that asserts that Basques, an ethnic group indigenous to the western Pyrenees, are a nation and promotes the political unity of the Basques, today split between Spain and France. Since its inception in the late 19th century, Basque nationalism has included movements supportive of Basque independence.

Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states (the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and the French Basque Country in France), is "irredentist in nature" as it favours political unification of all the Basque-speaking provinces.

Basque Country independence
Basque independence refers to the political movement seeking full sovereignty for the Basque Country from Spain and France. According to the latest public opinion survey conducted by the Basque Government in November 2024, 19% of respondents expressed support for independence, while 43% were opposed, and 33% stated that their position would depend on the circumstances.
Japanese particles
Japanese particles, joshi (助詞) or teni(o)ha (てに（を）は), are suffixes or short words in Japanese grammar that immediately follow the modified noun, verb, adjective, or sentence. Their grammatical range can indicate various meanings and functions, such as speaker affect and assertiveness.

Japanese grammar
Japanese is an agglutinative, synthetic, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment. Its phrases are exclusively head-final and compound sentences are exclusively left-branching. Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person. Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned.

In language typology, it has many features different from most European languages.
MOSI protocol
The MOSI protocol is an extension of the basic MSI cache coherency protocol. It adds the Owned state, which indicates that the current processor owns this block, and will service requests from other processors for the block.

MSI protocol
In computing, the MSI protocol - a basic cache-coherence protocol - operates in multiprocessor systems.  As with other cache coherency protocols, the letters of the protocol name identify the possible states in which a cache line can be.
Carson v. Makin
Carson v. Makin, 596 U.S. 767 (2022), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case related to the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. It was a follow-up to Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue.

The case centered on the limits of school vouchers offered by the state of Maine, which disallowed the use of vouchers to pay for tuition at religious-based private schools. In a 6–3 decision, the Court ruled that Maine's restrictions on vouchers violated the Free Exercise Clause, as they discriminated against religious schools and the parents who chose them for their children. The minority opinions argued that the decision worked against the long-standing principle of the separation of church and state, since state governments would now be required to fund religious institutions.

Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, 591 U.S. 464 (2020), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a state-based scholarship program that provides public funds to allow students to attend private schools cannot discriminate against religious schools under the Free Exercise Clause of the Constitution.
St Mary's Bay, Kent
St Mary's Bay, also known as The Bay, is a coastal village in Kent, England. Situated on Romney Marsh, St Mary's Bay has a long sandy beach which stretches north to Dymchurch and south to Littlestone-on-Sea. It has a station on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway.

Dymchurch
Dymchurch listenⓘ is a village and civil parish in the Folkestone and Hythe district of Kent, England. The village is located on the coast five miles (8 km) south-west of Hythe, and on the Romney Marsh.
MAN SE
MAN SE (abbreviation of Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg, German: [maˈʃiːnənfaˌbʁiːk ˈʔaʊksbʊʁk ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]) was a manufacturing and engineering company based in Munich, Germany. Its primary output was commercial vehicles and diesel engines through its MAN Truck & Bus and MAN Latin America divisions, and participation in the manufacturer Sinotruk.

MAN SE was majority-owned by Traton, the heavy commercial vehicle subsidiary of automaker Volkswagen AG, until August 2021 when Traton completed a squeeze-out of all remaining shareholders and formally merged MAN SE into Traton SE, meaning the former subsidiaries of MAN SE were now directly owned by Traton, and MAN SE ceased to exist.

Volkswagen Truck & Bus
Volkswagen Truck & Bus Indústria e Comércio de Veículos Ltda., formerly known as Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus, is a Brazilian commercial vehicle manufacturing company based in Resende, Brazil and a subsidiary of Traton. It manufactures heavy trucks and buses under the Volkswagen marque.

Volkswagen Truck and Bus was originally a part of the Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles division of the Volkswagen Group. On 1 January 2009, it was sold to MAN SE, and formed its MAN Latin America division. In August 2021, MAN SE was merged with Traton SE, with the latter becoming the direct owner and parent of Volkswagen Truck and Bus.
Seiko Group
Seiko Group (セイコー・グループ, Seikō Gurūpu) is a corporate group composed of Seiko Group Corporation and its subsidiaries and affiliates. It used to be recognized as a corporate group consisting of three core companies Seiko Holdings Corp. (Seiko; f/k/a K. Hattori & Co., Hattori Seiko), Seiko Instruments Inc. (SII; f/k/a Daini Seikosha, Seiko Instruments & Electronics), and Seiko Epson Corp (Epson; f/k/a Suwa Seikosha). The three companies were linked by a common thread of timepiece technology. Although Epson still develops and manufactures wristwatches for the Seiko Group, Epson and its subsidiaries are not considered part of the group.

Epson
Seiko Epson Corporation, commonly known as Epson, is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa, Nagano, Japan, the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet, dot matrix, thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners, laptop and desktop computers, video projectors, watches, point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices, crystal oscillators, sensing systems and other associated electronic components.

The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha) of the former Seiko Group, a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces. Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation.
Jungle Mahals
Jungle Mahals (lit. jungle estates) was a district formed by British possessions and some independent chiefdoms lying between Birbhum, Burdwan, Midnapore and the hilly country of Chota Nagpur in what is now the Indian state of West Bengal. The district was located in the area known as the Jungle Terry.

Jungle Terry
Jungle Terry or Jungleterry, from Hindi: जंगल तराई jangal tarāi, meaning 'jungle lowland', was a term applied in the 18th century to an area bordering Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand that included large tracts of Bhagalpur and Monghyr districts, as well as the Santal Parganas district.

Although named as such, rather than an official district, the Jungle Terry was a vague border area. The district named Jungle Mahals would be established later in 1805.
Humphrey McQueen
Humphrey Dennis McQueen (born 26 June 1942) is an Australian public intellectual, historian, activist, and former Associate Professor in Social and International Relations at the University of Tokyo. Over the course of his career he has written histories, biographies and cultural criticism. McQueen was the pivotal figure in the development of the Australian New Left. His most iconic work, A New Britannia, gained notoriety for challenging the dominant approach to Australian history developed by the Old Left. Although McQueen began his career as an academic at the Australian National University under Manning Clark, his career from the 1990s has been as an independent scholar.

Manning Clark
Charles Manning Hope Clark (3 March 1915 – 23 May 1991) was an Australian historian and the author of the best-known general history of Australia, his six-volume A History of Australia, published between 1962 and 1987. He has been described as "Australia's most famous historian", but his work has also been the target of criticism, particularly from conservatives and classical liberals.
Fan Mountain Observatory
For the mountains in Tajikistan, see the Fann Mountains.

Fan Mountain Observatory (or Fan Mountain Station of Leander McCormick Observatory), an observatory operated by the Astronomy Department of the University of Virginia in southern Albemarle County, Virginia. It was opened in 1966 with a 31-inch (790 mm) Tinsley reflector, with a 40-inch (1,000 mm) Baker-Schmidt astrometric reflector following in 1972, to extend the parallax work of the McCormick Observatory, which was suffering from light pollution from growing Charlottesville, Virginia by this time.

McCormick Observatory
The Leander McCormick Observatory is one of the astronomical observatories operated by the Department of Astronomy of the University of Virginia, and is situated just outside Charlottesville, Virginia (US) in Albemarle County on the summit of Mount Jefferson (also known as Observatory Hill). It is named for Leander J. McCormick (1819–1900), who provided the funds for the telescope and observatory.
Sidi Slimane, Ouargla
Sidi Slimane (Arabic: ﺳﻴﺪي ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن) is a town and commune in Mégarine District, Touggourt Province, Algeria, located near the city of Touggourt. According to the 2008 census it has a population of 8,072, up from 6,822 in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 1.7%.

Touggourt
Touggourt (Arabic: ﺗﻗﺮت or تڤرت; Berber languages: ⵜⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, romanized: Tugurt, lit. 'the gateway' or 'the gate') is a city and commune, former sultanate and capital of Touggourt District, in Touggourt Province, Algeria, built next to an oasis in the Sahara. As of the 2008 census, the commune had a population of 39,409 people, up from 32,940 in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 1.8%. Touggourt's urban area includes the communes of Nezla, Tebesbest and Zaouia El Abidia, for a total population of 146,108.

Touggourt is notable for its date trees. It was formerly surrounded by a moat, which the French filled up. Bradt Travel Guides describe it as "largely a modern town of block architecture" and "largely unattractive. The centre is quiet most of the day due to the heat but is more active at night when people take to the streets."
Wilsons Promontory
Wilsons Promontory, colloquially known as Wilsons Prom or The Prom, is a peninsula that forms the southernmost part of the Australian mainland, located in the state of Victoria.

South Point at 39°08′06″S 146°22′32″E﻿ / ﻿39.13500°S 146.37556°E﻿ / -39.13500; 146.37556 is the southernmost tip of Wilsons Promontory and hence of mainland Australia. Located at nearby South East Point, (39°07′S 146°25′E﻿ / ﻿39.117°S 146.417°E﻿ / -39.117; 146.417) is the Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse. Most of the peninsula is protected by the Wilsons Promontory National Park and the Wilsons Promontory Marine National Park.

Wilsons Promontory National Park
The Wilsons Promontory National Park, commonly known as Wilsons Prom or The Prom, is a national park in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia, located approximately 157 kilometres (98 mi) southeast of Melbourne.

The 50,500-hectare (125,000-acre) national park is the southernmost national park on mainland Australia, known for its rainforests, beaches and abundant wildlife. The national park covers the southern portion of Wilsons Promontory, a peninsula containing South Point, the southernmost point on the Australian mainland, and a number of islands. A lighthouse on the south-east corner of the peninsula is the southernmost lighthouse on mainland Australia and has operated continuously since 1859.

The Park is highly popular with bushwalkers and campers, and has a number of lodges and serviced camping near the mouth of Tidal River as well as a number of hike-in camping areas catering for bushwalkers.
Kavanagh (surname)
Kavanagh or Kavanaugh is a surname of Irish origin, Caomhánach in Irish. It is one of the few Irish surnames that does not traditionally have an Ó/O or a Mac/Mc in either English or Irish (as it is an adjectival or descriptive surname).

"Ach" is a suffix meaning "related to, having, characterised by, prone to" or "person or thing connected or involved with, belonging to, having".  Caomhánach means relating to or belonging to Caomhán.  The first Kavanagh (Domhnall Caomhánach) was fostered by the coarb at St. Caomhan's abbey.

It is also known as Mac Murchadha Caomhánach (an example of an Irish agnomen; see Ó Catharnaigh Sionnach or Fox of Fir Teathbha), but is often now rendered 'Caomhánach'. Rarely it is referred to as 'Ó Caomhánaigh' or 'Ní Caomhánaigh'.

Caomhánach
Caomhánach (Irish: Irish pronunciation: ['kiːwaːnˠəx]; Caoṁánaċ in Gaelic type) is an Irish-language surname first assumed by Domhnall Caomhánach, eldest son of the 12th-century Diarmait Mac Murchada, king of Leinster (now Leinster, Ireland). A considerable number of anglicised variations of Caomhánach exist; some of the most common are Kavanagh, Cavanagh, Kavanaugh and Cavanaugh.
Malwa Sultanate
The Malwa Sultanate was a late medieval kingdom in the Malwa region, covering the present day Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan from 1401 to 1562. It was founded by Dilawar Khan, who following Timur's invasion and the disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1401, made Malwa an independent realm.

Following the Battle of Gagron in 1519, much of the Sultanate came under the brief control of Maharana of Mewar Rana Sanga, and he appointed one of his vassals, Medini Rai, to rule over the Sultanate. In 1562, the Sultanate was conquered from its last ruler, Baz Bahadur, by the Mughal Empire under Akbar the Great, and it became a subah of the empire. The Sultanate was predominantly ruled by Afghan and Turco-Afghan dynasties throughout its existence.

Malwa Subah
The Malwa Subah (Persian: صوبه ملوا) was one of the original twelve Subahs (provinces) of the Mughal Empire, including Gondwana, from 1568–1743. Its seat was Ujjain in the Malwa region. It shared borders with the autonomous and tributary chiefdoms in the east, as well as Berar, Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Gujarat, Ajmer, Agra, and Illahabad subahs.
Rete testis
The rete testis (/ˈriːti ˈtɛstɪs/ REE-tee TES-tis; pl.: retia testes) is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts. It is the homologue of the rete ovarii in females. Its function is to provide a site for fluid reabsorption.

Testicle
A testicle, also called testis (pl. testes) is the male gonad in all gonochoric animals, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary, which is the female gonad.  Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens, primarily testosterone.

The release of testosterone is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Sperm production is controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland and by testosterone produced within the gonads.
RFU Senior Vase
The RFU Senior Vase is a rugby union national knockout cup competition in England run by the Rugby Football Union, which has been competed for since the 2006–07 season.  It is contested for by teams at level 8 of the English rugby union system, with only 1st XV sides being allowed to enter.  The competition is a national one but is split into regions until the semi-finals with the final being held at Twickenham Stadium in London.  As of 2018-19 it is the fourth most prestigious national club cup competition in England behind the Premiership Rugby Cup, RFU Championship Cup and RFU Intermediate Cup.

Premiership Rugby Cup
The PREM Rugby Cup, formerly known as Premiership Rugby Cup, is an English rugby union knockout cup competition for teams in Premiership Rugby. For the 2023–24 and 2024–25 season RFU Championship teams also competed. It was created in 2018 to replace the Anglo-Welsh Cup after the withdrawal of the Welsh regions.
Massless free scalar bosons in two dimensions
Massless free scalar bosons are a family of two-dimensional conformal field theories, whose symmetry is described by an abelian affine Lie algebra.

Since they are free i.e. non-interacting, free bosonic CFTs are easily solved exactly. 
Via the Coulomb gas formalism, they lead to exact results in interacting CFTs such as minimal models.
Moreover, they play an important role in the worldsheet approach to string theory.

In a free bosonic CFT, the Virasoro algebra's central charge can take any complex value. However, the value  is sometimes implicitly assumed. For , there exist compactified free bosonic CFTs with arbitrary values of the compactification radius.

Two-dimensional conformal field theory
A two-dimensional conformal field theory is a quantum field theory on a Euclidean two-dimensional space, that is invariant under local conformal transformations.

In contrast to other types of conformal field theories, two-dimensional conformal field theories have infinite-dimensional symmetry algebras. In some cases, this allows them to be solved exactly, using the conformal bootstrap  method.

Notable two-dimensional conformal field theories include minimal models, Liouville theory, massless free bosonic theories, Wess–Zumino–Witten models, and certain sigma models.
Wihtred of Kent
Wihtred (Latin: Wihtredus) (c. 670 – 23 April 725) was king of Kent from about 690 or 691 until his death.  He was a son of Ecgberht I and a brother of Eadric.  Wihtred ascended to the throne after a confused period in the 680s, which included a brief conquest of Kent by Cædwalla of Wessex, and subsequent dynastic conflicts.  His immediate predecessor was Oswine, who was probably descended from Eadbald, though not through the same line as Wihtred.  Shortly after the start of his reign, Wihtred issued a code of laws—the Law of Wihtred—that has been preserved in a manuscript known as the Textus Roffensis.  The laws pay a great deal of attention to the rights of the Church (of the time period), including punishment for irregular marriages and for pagan worship.  Wihtred's long reign had few incidents recorded in the annals of the day.  He was succeeded in 725 by his sons, Æthelberht II, Eadberht I, and Alric.

Eadbert I of Kent
Eadberht I was king of Kent from 725 to 748. After his father Wihtred of Kent died, he inherited the kingdom of Kent along with his two brothers Æðelberht II and Alric. Æðelberht II seems to have been the eldest and dominant brother. Eadberht I died in 748, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. He left a son, Eardwulf, who succeeded as king jointly with his uncle.

His one complete surviving charter apparently dates from 14 October 727. Another charter is an altered copy of one issued by Æðelberht II. Other charters attributed to Eadberht I are copies of charters of Eadberht II with “deliberate chronological falsification”.