hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was based on the principles of democratic centralism.

The governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the Party Congress, which initially met annually but whose meetings became less frequent, particularly under Joseph Stalin (dominant from the late 1920s to 1953). Party Congresses would elect a Central Committee which, in turn, would elect a Politburo and a Secretariat. Under Stalin, the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary, who was elected by the Politburo and Secretariat. In 1952 the Politburo became the Presidium.

In theory, supreme power in the party was invested in the Party Congress.  However, in practice the power structure became reversed and, particularly after the death of Lenin in January 1924, supreme power became the domain of the General Secretary.

Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Съезд Коммунистической партии Советского Союза, romanized: S"ezd Kommunisticheskoy partii Sovetskovo Soyuza) was the supreme decision-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Its meetings served as convention of all party delegates and their predecessors.

Between the congresses the party was ruled by the Central Committee. Over the course of the party's history, the name was changed in accordance with the current name of the party at the time. The frequency of party congresses varied with the meetings being annual events in the 1920s while no congress was held at all between 1939 and 1952.  After the death of Joseph Stalin, the congresses were held every five years.
Chipilo Venetian dialect
Chipilo Venetian (Venetan) or Chipileño, is a diaspora language, a variety of Venetan, a Romance language belonging to the Western Romance group and native to the Veneto region of Northern Italy, spoken in Chipilo, a town in the Mexican state of Puebla.

Talian dialect
Talian (Venetian: [taˈljaŋ], Portuguese: [tɐliˈɐ̃]), also known as Brazilian Venetian or Brazilian Italian, is a Venetian dialect spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, as well as in other parts of Rio Grande do Sul, and in parts of Espírito Santo and of Santa Catarina.

It is a "Recognised Minority Language" in 4 states of Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and Espírito Santo. The word "Talian" is the same used in Veneto to name the Italian language.

Talian is mainly a Venetian dialect mixed with Italian dialects  from the Veneto region as well as Lombardy and other Italian regions, influenced by local Portuguese.
The Yellow Monkey
The Yellow Monkey, sometimes abbreviated as Yemon (Japanese: イエモン, Hepburn: Iemon), is a Japanese rock band originally active from 1988 to 2001, before officially disbanding in 2004. They announced their reformation in 2016.

The band's name was derived from the ethnic slur that Japanese people look like monkeys, and that Asian people are said to be "yellow" in skin color. The Yellow Monkey is considered an important Japanese rock group, having achieved major success selling 10 million records, including 6.2 million singles. The group has had three consecutive number one albums, 18 top ten singles and in 2003 were ranked number 81 on HMV's list of the 100 most important Japanese pop acts. Outside Japan the band is best known for their song "Tactics", one of the many ending themes of the Rurouni Kenshin anime.

Jam/Tactics
"Jam/Tactics" is the ninth single by Japanese rock band The Yellow Monkey, released on February 29, 1996. It is their first double A-side, with both songs written by lead singer Kazuya Yoshii. "Tactics" was previously included on their sixth album, November 1995's Four Seasons, but "Jam" was never included on a studio album.

It is the band's second best-selling single, reaching number 6 on the Oricon Singles Chart and was the 39th best-selling single of the year. "Jam" was an ending theme song for the TV show Pop Jam, while "Tactics" was used as the first ending theme of the Rurouni Kenshin anime series.
Raymer, Colorado
The Town of Raymer is a Statutory Town located in Weld County, Colorado, United States.  The population was 110 at the U.S. Census 2020.

The community has two official names:

Raymer - The legal name of the incorporated Town of Raymer.

New Raymer - The official United States Postal Service designation.

Raymer hosts a Minuteman III Missile Alert Facility from Warren Air Force Base.

Weld County, Colorado
Weld County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 328,981. The county seat is Greeley. Weld County comprises the Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Denver–Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area.
Battle of Sammel
The Battle of Sammel, also known as the Battle of Giri-Sumel, took place in 1544. It was fought near the villages of Giri and Sumel, between the Sur Empire under Sher Shah Suri and the Rathore army led by the commanders Jaita and Kumpa of Rao Maldeo Rathore.

Maldeo Rathore
Rao Maldeo Rathore (5 December 1511 – 7 November 1562) was a king of the Rathore dynasty, who ruled the kingdom of Marwar in present day state of Rajasthan. Maldeo ascended the throne in 1532, inheriting a small ancestral principality of Rathores but after a long period of military actions against his neighbours, Maldeo captured significant territories which included parts of present day Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Sindh. He refused to ally with either the Sur Empire or the Mughal Empire.

Maldeo's credential as a ruler were praised by several Persian chronicles of the time like Tabaqat-i-Akbarī by Nizamuddin Ahmad and Tārīkh-i Firishta by Firishta who both acknowledged him as the most powerful monarch in Hindustan.
Yu-2 torpedo
Yu-2 (鱼-2, "Torpedo-2", 鱼 here refers to the initial character for "torpedo", 鱼雷/Yu lei in Chinese) torpedo was a Chinese development of the unguided straight-running Soviet ASuW RAT-52 torpedo with passive acoustic homing capability added.  The historical background of Yu–2 is identical to that of Yu-1 torpedo and Yu-4 torpedo.  Contrary to the higher number assigned, Yu-2 torpedo was the first Chinese domestically produced torpedo entering service, ahead of the Yu-1 torpedo.

Yu-1 torpedo
The Yu-1 (鱼-1) torpedo was the first Chinese-built steam-powered torpedo; it was a development of the unguided straight-running Soviet ASuW Type 53 torpedo. It was type classified in September 1971. The Yu-1 was actually the second domestically produced torpedo to enter Chinese service; the first was the Yu-2 torpedo. During the 1980s a version was developed with  passive acoustic homing designated the Yu-1A.
First Student
First Student, Inc. is a North American provider of school bus services. The company works with districts in 38 states and 7 Canadian provinces, carrying approximately 5 million students daily. In addition to its regular routes, First Student also provides special-needs transportation, field trip services, and charter bus rentals.

With a workforce of 50,500 employees, and a fleet of 44,050 vehicles, the company's fleet of buses drives over 550,000,000 miles combined every year. Formerly a division of FirstGroup, First Student was sold to EQT Infrastructure on 21 July 2021.

EQT AB
EQT AB is a Swedish global investment organization founded in 1994. Its funds invest in private equity (EQT Private Capital Europe & North America), infrastructure (EQT Infrastructure), real estate (EQT Real Estate), growth equity, and venture capital in Europe, North America, and Asia Pacific. As of 2025, EQT's assets under management are €266 billion (US$285 billion), of which €141 billion are fee-generating. It is ranked the second largest private equity firm worldwide based on funds raised according to the 2025 edition of Private Equity International's PEI 300 ranking.
Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
Leopold Ritter von Sacher-Masoch (Austrian German: [ˈleːopɔld fɔn ˈzaxɐ ˈmaːzɔx]; 27 January 1836 – 9 March 1895) was an Austrian nobleman, writer and journalist, who gained renown for his romantic stories of Galician life. The term masochism is derived from his name, invented by his contemporary, the Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Masoch did not approve of this use of his name.

During his lifetime, Sacher-Masoch was well known as a man of letters, in particular a utopian thinker who espoused socialist and humanist ideals in his fiction and non-fiction. Most of his works remain untranslated into English.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing
Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (full name Richard Fridolin Joseph Freiherr Krafft von Festenberg auf Frohnberg, genannt von Ebing; 14 August 1840 – 22 December 1902) was a German psychiatrist and author of the foundational work Psychopathia Sexualis (1886).
Tom Feelings
Tom Feelings (May 19, 1933 – August 25, 2003) was an American artist, cartoonist, children's book illustrator, author, teacher, and activist. Many of his books focus on African-American and African culture, such as To Be a Slave (1968), Jambo Means Hello (1974), and The Middle Passage: White Ships/Black Cargo (1995).

Feelings was the recipient of numerous awards for his art in children's picture books. Feelings was the first African-American artist to receive a Caldecott Honor, and was the recipient of a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1982. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he lived in New York City, Ghana, Guyana, and Columbia, South Carolina.

Jambo Means Hello
Jambo Means Hello: Swahili Alphabet Book is a 1974 picture book written by Muriel Feelings and illustrated by Tom Feelings. It is an abecedarium of Swahili terms for the 24 letters in the Swahili alphabet.

Jambo Means Hello won the 1974 Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for Picture Book and was awarded a Caldecott Honor in 1975.
History of magic
The history of magic extends from the earliest literate cultures, who relied on charms, divination and spells to interpret and influence the forces of nature. Even societies without written language left crafted artifacts, cave art and monuments that have been interpreted as having magical purpose. Magic and what would later be called science were often practiced together, with the notable examples of astrology and alchemy, before the Scientific Revolution of the late European Renaissance moved to separate science from magic on the basis of repeatable observation. Despite this loss of prestige, the use of magic has continued both in its traditional role, and among modern occultists who seek to adapt it for a scientific world.

Magic and religion
People who believe in magic can be found in all societies, regardless of whether they have organized religious hierarchies, including formal clergy, or more informal systems. Such concepts tend to appear more frequently in cultures based in polytheism, animism, or shamanism. Religion and magic became conceptually separated in the West where the distinction arose between supernatural events sanctioned by approved religious doctrine versus magic rooted in other religious sources. With the rise of Christianity this became characterised with the contrast between divine miracles versus folk religion, superstition, or occult speculation.
Area code 360
Area code 360 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the part of Washington state outside metropolitan Seattle and west of the Cascade Mountains. The numbering plan area (NPA) serves all of western Washington outside urban King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties and Bainbridge Island, The area code was newly assigned in 1995 in an area code split of 206, Washington's original area code since 1947.

Since 2017, the numbering plan area has been part of an overlay complex with area code 564, which also overlays 206.

Overlay complex
In telecommunications, an area code overlay complex is a telephone numbering plan that assigns multiple area codes to the same geographic numbering plan area (NPA). Area code overlays are implemented in territories of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) to mitigate exhaustion of central office codes in growth areas. The method has been in use since 1992, and has been the exclusive method of area code relief since 2007.
Health Sciences/Jubilee station
Health Sciences/Jubilee station is an Edmonton LRT station in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It serves both the Capital Line and the Metro Line. As of 2021, it is the southern terminus of the Metro Line.  It is a ground-level station located at 114 Street at 83 Avenue on the University of Alberta's main campus.

Capital Line
The Capital Line is a light rail line on the Edmonton LRT system. The line operates from northeast Edmonton to the south. Operated by the Edmonton Transit Service, the line provides access to Downtown Edmonton and the University of Alberta. The Capital Line currently consists of fifteen stations, six of which are underground. Seven stations are shared with the Metro Line.
Areika
Areika was a Kushite town in Lower Nubia on the west bank of the Nile near the Amada region. It was excavated between 1907 and 1910 by David Randall-MacIver and Leonard Woolley of the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Artifacts discovered here were found to be from the C-Group culture as well as Egyptian activity from the Middle Kingdom.

Leonard Woolley
Sir Charles Leonard Woolley (17 April 1880 – 20 February 1960) was a British archaeologist best known for his excavations at Ur in Mesopotamia. He is recognized as one of the first "modern" archaeologists who excavated in a methodical way, keeping careful records, and using them to reconstruct ancient life and history. Woolley was knighted in 1935 for his contributions to the discipline of archaeology. He was married to the British archaeologist Katharine Woolley.
Midnight Commander
GNU Midnight Commander (also known as mc, the command used to start it, and as mouseless commander in older versions) is a free cross-platform orthodox file manager. It was started by Miguel de Icaza in 1994 as a clone of the then-popular Norton Commander.

GNU Midnight Commander is part of the GNU project and is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License.

File manager
A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.  The most common operations performed on files or groups of files include creating, opening (e.g. viewing, playing, editing or printing), renaming, copying, moving, deleting and searching for files, as well as modifying file attributes, properties and file permissions. Folders and files may be displayed in a hierarchical tree based on their directory structure.
Wat That Noi
Wat That Noi (Thai: วัดธาตุน้อย; "Temple of the Little Reliquary") is a ruined temple of the Wiang Kum Kam archaeological area, outside of Chiang Mai in northern Thailand, so named because of its relatively restricted scale.

It is adjacent to Wat Chang Kham, a larger site in the same group.

Wiang Kum Kam
Wiang Kum Kam (Thai: เวียงกุมกาม; Northern Thai: ᩅ᩠ᨿᨦᨠᩩᨾᨠᩣ᩠ᨾ) is an historic settlement and archaeological site along the Ping River, which was built by King Mangrai the Great as his capital before he moved it to Chiang Mai. It was flooded and abandoned more than 700 years ago; that move became more understandable in 2005, when the ancient city was flooded three separate times as the river overflowed its banks in that area of Chiang Mai.
Sahlqvist formula
In modal logic, Sahlqvist formulas are a certain kind of modal formula with remarkable properties. The Sahlqvist correspondence theorem states that every Sahlqvist formula is canonical, and corresponds to a class of Kripke frames definable by a first-order formula.

Sahlqvist's definition characterizes a decidable set of modal formulas with first-order correspondents. Since it is undecidable, by Chagrova's theorem, whether an arbitrary modal formula has a first-order correspondent, there are formulas with first-order frame conditions that are not Sahlqvist [Chagrova 1991] (see the examples below). Hence Sahlqvist formulas define only a (decidable) subset of modal formulas with first-order correspondents.

Kripke semantics
Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems created in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Saul Kripke and André Joyal. It was first conceived for modal logics, and later adapted to intuitionistic logic and other non-classical systems. The development of Kripke semantics was a breakthrough in the theory of non-classical logics, because the model theory of such logics was almost non-existent before Kripke (algebraic semantics existed, but were considered 'syntax in disguise').
Tyrannophontes
Tyrannophontes is an extinct genus of mantis shrimp that lived during the late Carboniferous period in what is now the Mazon Creek fossil beds of Illinois. It is the only genus in the family Tyrannophontidae. The type species, T. theridion, was described in 1969 by Frederick Schram. A second, much larger species, T. gigantion, was also named by Schram in 2007. Two other species were formerly assigned to the genus, but have since been reclassified.

This animal is theorized to be a benthopelagic predator, swimming above the seabed while it hunted, perhaps grabbing prey from above using its raptorial appendages. It lived in a marine environment which would have been just south of  the equator.

Mazon Creek fossil beds
The Mazon Creek fossil beds are a conservation lagerstätte found near Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois. The fossils are preserved in ironstone concretions, formed approximately 309 million years ago in the mid-Pennsylvanian epoch of the Carboniferous period. These concretions frequently preserve both hard and soft tissues of animal and plant materials, as well as many soft-bodied organisms that do not normally fossilize. The quality, quantity and diversity of fossils in the area, known since the mid-nineteenth century, make the Mazon Creek lagerstätte important to paleontologists attempting to reconstruct the paleoecology of the sites. The locality was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.
Tejon Creek
Tejon Creek, originally in Spanish Arroyo de Tejon, is a stream in Kern County, California.  Its headwaters are located on the western slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, and it flows northwest into the southern San Joaquin Valley.

Butterfield Overland Mail in California
The Butterfield Overland Mail in California was created by the United States Congress on March 3, 1857, and operated until June 30, 1861. Subsequently, other stage lines operated along the Butterfield Overland Mail in route in Alta California until the Southern Pacific Railroad arrived in Yuma, Arizona in 1877.

The route lasted from 1857 to 1861 and became one of the most important roads in the early settlement and development of California.
William Playfair
William Playfair (22 September 1759 – 11 February 1823) was a Scottish engineer and political economist. The founder of graphical methods of statistics, Playfair invented several types of diagrams: in 1786 he introduced the line, area and bar chart of economic data, and in 1801 he published what were likely the first pie chart and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations. Playfair has been reported to have been a secret agent for the British Government, although this has sometimes been a subject of controversy.

Bar chart
A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that presents categorical data with rectangular bars with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.  A vertical bar chart is sometimes called a column chart and has been identified as the prototype of charts.

A bar graph shows comparisons among discrete categories. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a measured value. Some bar graphs present bars clustered or stacked in groups of more than one, showing the values of more than one measured variable.
Škoda Octavia
The Škoda Octavia is a small family car (C-segment) produced by the Czech car manufacturer Škoda Auto since the end of 1996. It shares its name with an earlier model produced between 1959 and 1971. Four generations of the modern-era Octavia model have been introduced to date, delivered with five-door liftback or five-door estate styles only. The car is front engined and both front- or four-wheel drive are offered. Around five million units have been sold in its two decades of presence on the market. The Octavia is Škoda's most popular model; about 40% of all newly manufactured Škoda cars are Octavias.

The current generation is available in a wide range of derivatives, i.e. sporty Octavia RS, estate Octavia Combi, four-wheel drive Octavia Scout, frugal Octavia GreenLine and CNG-powered Octavia G-TEC.

Audi A3
The Audi A3 is a small family car (C-segment) manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi AG since September 1996.

The first two generations of the Audi A3 were based on the Volkswagen Group A platform, while the third and fourth generations use the Volkswagen Group MQB platform.
Huperzine A
Huperzine A, a Lycopodium alkaloid, was first isolated in 1983 from Huperzia serrata, a plant used in Chinese folk medicine. Huperzine A also exists in other Huperzia species, including H. elmeri, H. carinat, and H. aqualupian with varying quantities.

Huperzine A has been investigated as a treatment for neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, but a 2013 meta-analysis of those studies concluded that they were of poor methodological quality and the findings should be interpreted with caution.

Huperzine A inhibits acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), and is also a weak NMDA receptor antagonist with poor affinity. It crosses the blood–brain barrier and is widely available as an over the counter nutritional supplement, marketed as a memory and concentration enhancer.

NMDA receptor antagonist
NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for humans and animals; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as dissociative anesthesia.

Several synthetic opioids function additionally as NMDAR-antagonists, such as pethidine, levorphanol, methadone, dextropropoxyphene, tramadol, and ketobemidone.

Some NMDA receptor antagonists, such as ketamine, dextromethorphan (DXM), phencyclidine (PCP), methoxetamine (MXE), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are sometimes used recreationally for their dissociative, hallucinogenic, and euphoriant properties. When used recreationally, they are classified as dissociative drugs.
Eleanor Calvert
Eleanor Calvert Custis Stuart (born Eleanor Calvert; 1758 – September 28, 1811) was a member of the wealthy American Calvert family of Maryland. She was the wife of politician John Parke Custis who was the son of Daniel Parke Custis and Martha Custis (later Washington), and the stepson of President George Washington. She and John had seven children. She was widowed when John Parke Custis died of disease at the end of the American Revolution at Yorktown where he served with his stepfather, George Washington. Eleanor married David Stuart, an Alexandria physician and business associate of George Washington on November 20, 1783.

As of 2024, her portrait still hangs at Mount Airy Mansion in Rosaryville State Park, Maryland.

David Stuart (Virginia politician)
David Stuart (August 3, 1753 – October 1814) was an American physician and politician from Virginia, who was a correspondent of George Washington. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1785 to 1789. When Washington became President of the United States, he made Stuart one of three commissioners of the Federal City appointed to design a new United States capital city.