hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
The Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal is a Congressional medal established by an Act of Congress in 1930 to commemorate the Byrd Antarctic Expedition of 1928–1930.  Presented in gold, silver and bronze, the medals were awarded to 81 individuals associated with the expedition, for a total cost of $6,560.

Richard E. Byrd
Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957) was an American naval officer, and pioneering aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica.

Byrd claimed to be the first to reach both the North and South Poles by air. However, there is some controversy as to whether he was actually the first person to reach the North Pole. It is generally believed that the distance he claimed to have flown was longer than the possible fuel range of his airplane.

He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross, the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy.
Mansi people
The Mansi (Mansi: Мāньси / Мāньси мāхум, Māńsi / Māńsi māhum, [ˈmaːnʲsʲi, ˈmaːnʲsʲi ˈmaːxʊm]) are an Ob-Ugric Indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi languages have co-official status with Russian. The Mansi language is one of the postulated Ugric languages of the Uralic family. The Mansi people were formerly known as the Voguls.

Together with the Khanty people, the Mansi are politically represented by the Association to Save Yugra, an organisation founded during Perestroika in the late 1980s. This organisation was among the first regional indigenous associations in Russia.

Mansi languages
The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Siberia, Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Ugric languages, within the broader Uralic language family. They are often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.

The base dialect of the Mansi literary language is the Sosva dialect, a representative of the northern language. Fixed word order is typical in Mansi. Adverbials and participles play an important role in sentence construction.

In the 2020–2021 census, 2229 people claimed to speak Mansi natively. All current speakers use Northern Mansi, as the other variants have become extinct.
Winchester Dodgers
The Winchester Dodgers were a minor league baseball team based in Winchester, Kentucky. From 1922 to 1924, the Dodgers played exclusively as members of the Class D level Blue Grass League, having been preceded in the league by the 1908 to 1912 Winchester Hustlers. Winchester hosted home games at Garner's Park.

Winchester Hustlers
The Winchester Hustlers were a minor league baseball team based in Winchester, Kentucky. From 1908 to 1912, the Hustlers played exclusively as members of the Class D level Blue Grass League, winning the 1909 league championship. Winchester hosted home games at Garner's Park. In 1909, Winchester's Fred Toney pitched a 17-inning complete game no hitter, the longest no hitter thrown in organized baseball.
Georgia State Route 100
State Route 100 (SR 100) is a 136.5-mile-long (219.7 km) state highway that travels south-to-north through portions of Meriwether, Troup, Heard, Carroll, Haralson, Polk, Floyd, and Chattooga counties in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The route begins at US 27 Alt./SR 18/SR 41/SR 109 in Greenville and ends at US 27/SR 1/SR 114 in Summerville.

U.S. Route 27 Alternate (Georgia)
U.S. Highway 27 Alternate (US 27 Alt.) is an alternate route of US 27. It travels from the northwestern corner of Columbus northeast to just before Shiloh, north to Greenville, and northwest to Carrollton.
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond (23 May 1393 – 23 August 1452) was the son of James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond. He was called 'The White Earl', and was esteemed for his learning. He was the patron of the Irish literary work, 'The Book of the White Earl'. His career was marked by his long and bitter feud with the Talbot family.

James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond
James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond (c. 1359 – 7 September 1405), was a noble in the Peerage of Ireland. He acceded to the title in 1382, and built Gowran Castle three years later in 1385 close to the centre of Gowran, making it his usual residence, whence his common epithet, The Earl of Gowran.

James died in Gowran Castle in 1405 and is buried in St. Mary's Collegiate Church, Gowran together with his father James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond, his grandfather James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and his great great grandfather Edmund Butler, Earl of Carrick and 6th Chief Butler of Ireland. James, the 2nd Earl, was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, Eleanor de Bohun, of King Edward I of England.
Bhumij language
Bhumij is a Kherwarian Munda language of the Austroasiatic language  family primarily spoken by the Bhumij peoples in the Indian states Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal and Assam. As per the 2011 census, only 27,506 people out of 911,349 Bhumij people spoke Bhumij as their mother tongue, as most Bhumijas have shifted to one of the regional dominant languages. Thus the language is considered an extremely endangered language. Ol Onal, a script specifically to write Bhumij, was invented by Mahendra Nath Sardar.

Bhumij people
Bhumij (also transliterated as Bhumuj) is a Munda ethnic group of India. They primarily live in the Indian states of West Bengal, Odisha, Assam and Jharkhand, mostly in the old Singhbhum district and also in states like Bihar and Assam. A sizeable population is also found in Bangladesh. Bhumijas speak the Bhumij language, an Austroasiatic language, and use Ol Onal script for writing.
Faculty of Arts, Comenius University
The Faculty of Arts at Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovak: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave) in Slovakia was founded in 1921 and has several academic departments.

The Department of Journalism was formed in 1992 with a merger of three older departments. Its origins can be traced back to 1952, when it was named the Department of Newspapering and Librarianship. The chairman of the department is Ján Hacek, PhD.

There is a total of more than 30 departments which include: Aesthetics, Archive Studies and Museology, Comparative Religious Studies, General History, Musicology, Philosophy and History of Philosophy, Psychology, Romance Studies, and Slavic Studies.

Students in the British and American Studies Department started an English-language comedy troupe.

Comenius University
Comenius University Bratislava (Slovak: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave) is the largest university in Slovakia, with most of its faculties located in Bratislava. It was founded in 1919, shortly after the creation of Czechoslovakia. It is named after Jan Amos Comenius, a 17th-century Czech teacher and philosopher.

In 2020, Comenius University had about 23,000 students and 2,500 faculty members. As are most universities in Slovakia, it is funded mostly by the government.
Ilex canariensis
Ilex canariensis, the small-leaved holly, is an endemic species of holly native to Macaronesian islands. It is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is found in the Macaronesian islands of Madeira (Portugal) and Canary Islands (Spain).

Holly
Ilex (/ˈaɪlɛks/) or holly is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. Ilex has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The type species is Ilex aquifolium, the common European holly used in Christmas decorations and cards.
Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline, enclosed depressions that are also known as shakeholes, and to openings where surface water enters into underground passages known as ponor, swallow hole or swallet. A cenote is a type of sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath. Sink and stream sink are more general terms for sites which drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sediment or crumbled rock.

Most sinkholes are caused by karst processes – the chemical dissolution of carbonate rocks, collapse or suffosion processes. Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from tens to hundreds of meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide.

Suffosion
Suffosion is one of the two geological processes by which subsidence sinkholes or dolines are formed, the other being due to collapse of an underlying cave or void, with most sinkholes formed by the suffosion process. Suffosion sinkholes are normally associated with karst topography although they may form in other types of rock including chalk, gypsum and basalt. In the karst of the UK's Yorkshire Dales, numerous surface depressions known locally as "shakeholes" are the result of glacial till washing into fissures in the underlying limestone.
Mark Ingram Sr.
Mark Valentino Ingram Sr. (born August 23, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants (1987–1992), the Miami Dolphins (1993 to 1994), the Green Bay Packers (1995), and the Philadelphia Eagles (1996). He played college football for the Michigan State Spartans. He is the father of Mark Ingram II, who won the Heisman Trophy in 2009 and is the New Orleans Saints' second all-time leader in rushing yards.

Mark Ingram II
Mark Valentino Ingram II (born December 21, 1989) is an American former professional football running back and current on-air personality for Fox Sports. He played 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide, becoming the first Alabama player to win the Heisman Trophy after rushing for 1,658 yards in 2009 en route to winning the 2010 BCS National Championship Game.

Ingram was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the first round of the 2011 NFL draft. With the Saints, he earned two Pro Bowl selections and, at the time of his retirement, was their all-time leader in rushing yardage. Ingram was also a member of the Baltimore Ravens and the Houston Texans.
Snake Man of La Perouse
The Snake Man is the common name for a reptile show at La Perouse, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. Also known as 'the snake pit', an occasional Sunday afternoon visit to the Snake Man was a tradition for generations of Sydney families.

La Perouse, New South Wales
La Perouse is a suburb in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The suburb of La Perouse is located about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) southeast of the Sydney central business district, in the City of Randwick.

The La Perouse peninsula is the northern headland of Botany Bay. It is notable for its old military outpost at Bare Island and the Kamay Botany Bay National Park. Congwong Bay Beach, Little Congwong Beach, and the beach at Frenchmans Bay provide protected swimming areas in Botany Bay. La Perouse is one of few Sydney suburbs with a French name, others being Sans Souci and Vaucluse. Kurnell is located opposite, on the southern headland of Botany Bay.
Project Gotham Racing 4
Project Gotham Racing 4 is a 2007 racing video game developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The fourth main title of the Project Gotham Racing series, it was released exclusively for the Xbox 360 in October 2007. New features included weather effects, Bulldog mode, and the inclusion of motorcycles. Like its predecessors, PGR4 was a critical and commercial success, however it would be the final title in the series, with Bizarre having since been acquired by Activision, and announcing that Project Gotham Racing 4 would be their last game produced for distribution by Microsoft Game Studios.

Project Gotham Racing
Project Gotham Racing (PGR) is a series of racing video games published by Microsoft Studios, with four main titles all of which were developed by Bizarre Creations. It is the spiritual successor to Bizarre Creations' previous game Metropolis Street Racer, released by Sega for the Dreamcast in 2000. The PGR series was released on the Xbox and Xbox 360, with spin-offs appearing on mobile phones.
Secretariat of Transport (Argentina)
The Secretariat of Transport (Spanish: Secretaría de Transporte, formerly, the Ministry of Transport) of Argentina is a national executive agency that managed transportation issues, including land, air, and sea transportation within the country.

The Ministry was founded in 1949 and was previously part of the Ministry of the Interior and Transport until 2015. The ministry was dissolved following a presidential decree from President Javier Milei, and turned into a Secretariat. It is controlled by the Ministry of Economy.

The Secretariat supervises several government agencies such as the National Road Safety Agency (ANSV), National Transport Regulation Commission (CNRT), National Civil Aviation Administration (ANAC), and transport companies such as Ferrocarriles Argentinos SE, and  Aerolíneas Argentinas, among others.

Ministry of the Interior (Argentina)
The Ministry of the Interior of Argentina is a ministry of the national executive power that manages issues pertaining to domestic politics such as immigration and co-ordination between the federal government and the governments of the provinces of Argentina.

The agency is one of the oldest ministries in the Argentine government, having existed continuously since the formation of the first Argentine executive in 1854, in the presidency of Justo José de Urquiza. The office is currently held by Diego Santilli.
Double-checked locking
In software engineering, double-checked locking (also known as "double-checked locking optimization") is a software design pattern used to reduce the overhead of acquiring a lock by testing the locking criterion (the "lock hint") before acquiring the lock.  Locking occurs only if the locking criterion check indicates that locking is required.

The original form of the pattern, appearing in Pattern Languages of Program Design 3, has data races, depending on the memory model in use, and it is hard to get right. Some consider it to be an anti-pattern. There are valid forms of the pattern, including the use of the volatile
 keyword in Java and explicit memory barriers in C++.

The pattern is typically used to reduce locking overhead when implementing "lazy initialization" in a multi-threaded environment, especially as part of the Singleton pattern. Lazy initialization avoids initializing a value until the first time it is accessed.

Lock (computer science)
In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization primitive that prevents state from being modified or accessed by multiple threads of execution at once. Locks enforce mutual exclusion concurrency control policies, and with a variety of possible methods there exist multiple unique implementations for different applications.
Jinhua
Jinhua is a prefecture-level city in central Zhejiang province in eastern China. It borders the provincial capital of Hangzhou to the northwest, Quzhou to the southwest, Lishui to the south, Taizhou to the east, and Shaoxing to the northeast. Its population was 7,050,683 as of the 2020 census including 1,463,990 in the built-up (or metro) area made of two urban districts (not including yet the satellite city of Lanxi, which has become essentially a suburban offshoot of Jinhua's main urban area).

Jinhua is rich in red soil and forest resources. The Jinhua or Wu River flows through the Lan and Fuchun to the Qiantang River beside Hangzhou, which flows into Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. In medieval China, it formed part of the water network feeding supplies to the southern end of the Grand Canal. It is best known for its dry-cured Jinhua ham.

Quzhou
Quzhou is a prefecture-level city in western Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. Sitting on the upper course of the Qiantang River, it borders Hangzhou to the north, Jinhua to the east, Lishui to the southeast, and the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui to the south, southwest and northwest respectively. Its population was 2,276,184 inhabitants as of the 2020 census of whom 902,767 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Qujiang and Kecheng urban Districts.
Chinese actress and singer Zhou Xun was born in Quzhou.
Army Norway (Wehrmacht)
Army Norway (Armeeoberkommando Norwegen, 'Army Supreme Command Norway' abbreviated AOK Norwegen) was a German army operating in Norway and Finland during World War II. It was one of the two army echelon headquarters controlling German troops in the far north. Army Norway was directly subordinate to OKH, the high command headquarters of the Wehrmacht. It was created from Army Group XXI in December 1940, itself a successor of the XXI Army Corps, and disbanded in December 1944, with its tasks and assets taken over by the 20th Mountain Army.

As of 15 January 1941, the actual strength (Iststärke) of Army Norway was 129,759 personnel in total.

20th Mountain Army (Wehrmacht)
The 20th Mountain Army (German: 20. Gebirgs-Armee), initially known as the Lapland Army (Armee Lappland), was a field army-level military formation of the German Army during World War II.

The 20th Mountain Army was one of the two army echelon headquarters controlling German troops in the far north of Norway and Finland during World War II. It was formed in June 1942 by renaming the Lapland Army command, which had been formed in January. On 18 December 1944, the 20th Mountain Army took over the role of Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Norwegen from the dissolved Army Norway.
Yogendra Shukla
Yogendra Shukla (Hindi: योगेन्द्र शुक्ल; 1896 – 19 November 1960) was an Indian nationalist and freedom fighter, notable for his contributions in the state of Bihar. He was incarcerated in the Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani, and was a founding member of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Shukla, in collaboration with Basawon Singh (Sinha), was also instrumental in establishing the Congress Socialist Party in Bihar.

Cellular Jail
The Cellular Jail, also known as 'Kālā Pānī' (transl. 'Black Water'), was a British colonial prison in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The prison was used by the colonial government of India for the purpose of exiling insurgents and political prisoners. Many notable independence activists were imprisoned there during the struggle for India's independence. Today, the complex serves as a national memorial monument.

Originally built with seven wings, the building suffered extensive damage during the earthquake of 1941. Later, two wings were dismantled during the Second World War by the Japanese, who repurposed the bricks for constructing bunkers and other structures. After India gained independence, two more wings were demolished in the 1950s to make way for the nearby Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital. Today, only the watchtower and three wings (1, 6, and 7) remain.
St Kilda Junction
St Kilda Junction is a major intersection in Melbourne, Australia. It is in the suburb of St Kilda, bordering Windsor and St Kilda East, and is the meeting point of the major roads Punt Road, St Kilda Road, Dandenong Road/Queens Way/Princes Highway and Fitzroy Street.

Hoddle Highway
Hoddle Highway is an urban highway in Melbourne linking CityLink and the Eastern Freeway, itself a sub-section of Hoddle Main Road. Both of these names are not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Hoddle Street, Punt Road and Barkly Street. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion.

The highway is named after the surveyor Robert Hoddle, who planned central Melbourne's Hoddle Grid.
Cincinnati Conservatory of Music
The Cincinnati Conservatory of Music was a conservatory, part of a girls' finishing school, founded in 1867 in Cincinnati, Ohio. It merged with the College of Music of Cincinnati in 1955, forming the Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music, which is now part of the University of Cincinnati.

Noted alumni include cancer researcher Aldred Scott Warthin, singer and entertainer Tennessee Ernie Ford, trumpeter Al Hirt, jazz pianist Pat Moran McCoy, and composers Harold Morris, Conlon Nancarrow, and Margaret McClure Stitt.

University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music
The University of Cincinnati College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) is a performing and media arts college of the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. Initially established as the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music in 1867, CCM is one of the oldest continually operating conservatories in the United States.

The college, which enrolls less than 1,500 students a year, has been widely ranked as one of the best performing arts colleges in the United States.
Thesprotians
The Thesprotians (Ancient Greek: Θεσπρωτοί, romanized: Thesprōtoí) were an ancient Greek tribe, akin to the Molossians, inhabiting the kingdom of Thesprotis in Epirus. Together with the Molossians and the Chaonians, they formed the main tribes of the northwestern Greek group. On their northeastern frontier, they neighbored the Chaonians and on their northern frontier they neighbored the kingdom of the Molossians. The poet Homer frequently mentions Thesprotia in the Odyssey, which had friendly relations with Ithaca and Doulichi. The Thesprotians originally controlled the Dodona oracle, the oldest religious shrine in Greece. Later, they were part of the Epirus until they were annexed into the Roman Empire.

Chaonians
The Chaonians (Ancient Greek: Χάονες, romanized: Cháones) were an ancient Greek people that inhabited the historical region of Epirus which today is part of northwestern Greece and southern Albania. Together with the Molossians and the Thesprotians, they formed the main tribes of the northwestern Greek group. In historical times on their southern frontier lay the Epirote kingdom of the Molossians, to their southwest stood the kingdom of the Thesprotians, and to their north the Illyrians. By the 5th century BC, they had conquered and combined to a large degree with the neighboring Thesprotians and Molossians. The Chaonians were part of the Epirote League until 170 BC when their territory was annexed by the Roman Republic.
Bras Saint-Michel
The Bras Saint-Michel is a tributary of the north-west bank of the Rivière du Sud (Montmagny) which flows north-east to the south bank of the St. Lawrence River, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

The "Bras Saint-Michel" crosses the MRC of:

Bellechasse Regional County Municipality: municipalities of Saint-Henri, Saint-Gervais, Saint-Charles-de-Bellechasse, La Durantaye, Saint-Raphaël, Saint-Vallier;

Montmagny Regional County Municipality: municipality of Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud.

Rivière du Sud (Montmagny)
The rivière du Sud (French pronunciation: [ʁivjɛʁ dy syd], "River of the South") is a tributary of the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River. This watercourse flows in the municipalities of Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire, Sainte-Euphémie-sur-Rivière-du-Sud, Armagh, Saint-Raphaël, Saint-François-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud, Saint-Pierre-de-la-Rivière-du-Sud and Montmagny, in the Montmagny Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.