hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
LEC billing
LEC billing is a form of billing for Internet-based or other usually electronic services where the user is charged through their account with the local telephone company (also known as the local exchange carrier or LEC), rather than directly from the provider of the service.

LEC billing is permitted in the United States as the breakup of the Bell System forced local telcos out of the long-distance business; each client would otherwise receive multiple monthly bills (one for local service, one for long distance). There is no LEC billing for alternate long-distance carriers in Canada as Bell Canada and Telus remain in the long-distance business and do not collect on behalf of their competitors.

The LEC billing system is subject to abuse by vendors. Cramming is a form of phone fraud in which a third-party vendor adds unauthorised charges to a subscriber's local telephone bill.

Cramming (fraud)
Cramming is a form of fraud in which small charges are added to a bill by a third party without the subscriber's consent, approval, authorization or disclosure. These may be disguised as a tax, some other common fee or a bogus service, and may be several dollars or even just a few cents. The crammer's intent is that the subscriber will overlook and ultimately pay these small charges without challenging their legitimacy or inquiring further.

According to the U.S. National Association of Attorneys General, cramming was the 4th most common consumer complaint of 2007 in the United States.
Gavins Point Dam
Gavins Point Dam is a 1.9-mile-long (3 km) embankment rolled-earth and chalk-fill dam which spans the Missouri River and impounds Lewis and Clark Lake. The dam joins Cedar County, Nebraska with Yankton County, South Dakota a distance of 811.1 river miles (1,305 km) upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, where the river joins the Mississippi River.  It is the most downstream dam on the Missouri River.

The dam and hydroelectric power plant were constructed as the Gavins Point Project from 1952 to 1957 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Pick-Sloan Plan. The dam is located approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) west or upstream of Yankton, South Dakota.

Lewis and Clark Lake
Lewis and Clark Lake is a 31,400 acre (130 km2) reservoir located on the border of the U.S. states of Nebraska and South Dakota on the Missouri River. The lake is approximately 25 miles (40 km) in length with over 90 miles (140 km) of shoreline and a maximum water depth of 45 feet (14 m). The lake is impounded by Gavins Point Dam and is managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District.
Canon AE-1
The Canon AE-1 is a 35 mm single-lens reflex (SLR) film camera for use with interchangeable lenses, manufactured by Canon Camera K. K. (today Canon Incorporated) in Japan from April 1976 to 1984. It uses an electromagnetically controlled, horizontal cloth focal plane shutter, with a speed range of 2 to 1/1000 second plus Bulb and flash X-sync of 1/60 second. The camera body is 87 mm tall, 141 mm wide, and 48 mm deep; it weighs 590 g. Most are silver, with black grip and chrome trim, but some are black with chrome trim.

Its name refers to the fact that it is an electronic camera using aperture control for automatic exposure. The AE-1 is the first SLR containing a digital integrated circuit, which allowed Canon to integrate more functionality while making the camera smaller.

Canon Inc.
Canon Inc. (Japanese: キヤノン株式会社; Hepburn: Kyanon kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, specializing in optical, imaging, and industrial products, such as lenses, cameras, police equipment , scanners, printers, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Canon has a primary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX Core 30 and Nikkei 225 indexes. It used to have a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange.
Lophius piscatorius
Lophius piscatorius, commonly known as the anglerfish, frog fish, fishing frog, monk, European angler, common monkfish, sea devil, or devil fish, is a monkfish in the family Lophiidae. It is found in coastal waters of the northeast Atlantic, from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Within some of its range, including the Irish Sea, this species comprises a significant commercial fishery.

Goosefish
Goosefishes, sometimes called anglers or monkfishes,  are a family, the Lophiidae, of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. The family includes 30 recognized species. These fishes are found in all the world's oceans except for the Antarctic Ocean.
Convent Station, New Jersey
Convent Station is an unincorporated community located within Morris Township, in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The community is named after the Convent Station railroad station that was constructed along the Morris and Essex Lines during the 1870s.

Among the neighborhoods of Convent Station are Bradwahl, Cromwell Hills, and the Normandy Park Historic District; which was added in 1996 to both the National and New Jersey registers of historic places. The Morris Township Municipal Building and Police Headquarters are located in Convent Station.

The community is home to the Morris County Golf Club, the Morris Museum, and Saint Elizabeth University, a private Catholic, coeducational, four-year, liberal arts university founded in 1899.

Convent Station (NJ Transit)
Convent Station is a NJ Transit rail station on the Morristown Line. It is located on the grounds of Saint Elizabeth University in Convent Station, New Jersey.

The station first opened in 1867. A small wooden structure was built in 1876 and called Convent Station. The existing station house, built in 1913–1914, has two side platforms, with the station house on the eastbound platform. A ticket office and waiting room is open weekdays. On the westbound track a brick waiting house stands. A former freight station is on the eastbound side. The main driveway into the college is located at a level crossing at the east end of the platform.

Nearby are several office complexes, including the headquarters of Honeywell to the north and Pfizer at Giralda Farms to the east. The Traction Line Recreation Trail, formerly a line of the Morris County Traction Company, runs along the northeastern side of the line.
Marty Lowe
Marty Lowe (born September 21, 1971) is an American former professional football quarterback and coach in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Louisville, and professionally for the St. Louis Stampede and Texas Terror of the AFL. Lowe was also the head coach of the AFL's Georgia Force.

Louisville Cardinals football
The Louisville Cardinals football team represents the University of Louisville in the sport of American football. The Cardinals compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and compete in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Charlie Jackson (software)
Charlie Jackson (born 1948) is an American computer software entrepreneur who founded Silicon Beach Software in 1984 and co-founded FutureWave Software in 1993. FutureWave created the first version of what is now Adobe Flash. He was an early investor in Wired magazine, Outpost.com, Streamload and Angelic Pictures.  Jackson is currently founder/CEO of Silicon Beach Software, which develops and publishes application software for Windows 10.

Nirvanix
Nirvanix is an American-based provider of business phone systems, VoIP services, hosted PBX, SIP Trunks, and cloud storage services headquartered in San Diego, California, United States. The company offers a variety of business phone solutions for small, medium as well as enterprise businesses. It also has a strong presence in public, hybrid and private cloud storage services with usage-based pricing. Based on previous service companies founded in 1998, Nirvanix shut down in October 2013. In July 2021 Nirvanix re-entered the business with $12 million funding.
University of Yaoundé
The University of Yaoundé (French: Université de Yaoundé) was a university in Cameroon, located in Yaoundé, the country's capital. In 1993, following a university reform, it was split into two universities: University of Yaoundé I and University of Yaoundé II.

University of Yaoundé II
The University of Yaoundé II (French: Université de Yaoundé II) is a public university in Cameroon, located in the capital Yaoundé. It was formed in 1993 following a university reform that split the country's oldest university, the University of Yaoundé, into two separate entities: the University of Yaoundé I and the University of Yaoundé II.
Hooghly district
Hooghly district is one of the 23 districts in the Indian state of West Bengal. It can alternatively be spelt Hoogli. The headquarters of the district is Chuchura. The district is named after the Hooghly River and is located in the Burdwan division. There are four subdivisions of the district: Chinsurah Sadar, Serampore, Chandannagore, and Arambagh.

Hooghly River
The Hooghly River (/ˈhuːɡli/; Bengali: Hugli [ˈɦuɡli]) is the westernmost distributary of the Ganges, situated in West Bengal, India. It is known in its upper reaches as the Bhagirathi. The Bhagirathi splits off from the main branch of the Ganges at Giria. A short distance west, it meets the man-made Farakka Feeder Canal, which massively increases its flow. The river then flows south to join the Jalangi at Nabadwip, where it becomes the Hooghly proper. The Hooghly continues southwards, passing through the metropolis of Kolkata. Thereafter, it empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its tributaries include the Ajay, Damodar, Rupnarayan, and Haldi.

The Hooghly has religious significance as Hindus consider the river sacred. It also plays a major role in the agriculture, industry, and climate of the state.
TRW Inc.
TRW Inc., or Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., was an American corporation involved in a variety of businesses, mainly aerospace, electronics, automotive, and credit reporting. The company was founded in 1901 and lasted for just over a century until being acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2002. It spawned a variety of corporations, including Pacific Semiconductors, The Aerospace Corporation, Bunker-Ramo and Experian. TRW was instrumental in the development of American spacecraft during the Space Race, including Pioneer 1, Pioneer 10, and Apollo.  TRW also played a significant role in the defense industry, leading the development of the United States' first ICBM and later the Titan missile. The corporation was listed as #57 on the 1986 Fortune 500 list, and had 122,258 employees in 2000.

Experian
Experian plc is a multinational data broker and consumer credit reporting company headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Experian is a partner in USPS address validation. It is one of the "Big Three" alongside TransUnion and Equifax.

In addition to its credit services, Experian also sells decision analytic and marketing assistance to businesses, including individual fingerprinting and targeting. Like all credit reporting agencies, the company is required by U.S. law to provide consumers with one free credit report every year.
Cohesin
Cohesin is a protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion, homologous recombination, and DNA looping. Cohesin is formed of SMC3, SMC1, SCC1 and SCC3 (SA1 or SA2 in humans). Cohesin holds sister chromatids together after DNA replication until anaphase when removal of cohesin leads to separation of sister chromatids. The complex forms a ring-like structure and it is believed that sister chromatids are held together by entrapment inside the cohesin ring. Cohesin is a member of the SMC family of protein complexes which includes Condensin, MukBEF and SMC-ScpAB.

Cohesin was separately discovered in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) both by Douglas Koshland and Kim Nasmyth in 1997.

RAD21
Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD21 gene. RAD21 (also known as Mcd1, Scc1, KIAA0078, NXP1, HR21), an essential gene, encodes a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein that is evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes from budding yeast to humans.  RAD21 protein is a structural component of the highly conserved cohesin complex consisting of RAD21, SMC1A, SMC3, and SCC3 [ STAG1 (SA1) and STAG2 (SA2) in multicellular organisms] proteins, involved in sister chromatid cohesion.
Abdul-Rahman al-Sa'di
Sheikh Abdul Rahman bin Nasser Al-Saadi (Arabic: الشيخ عبد الرحمن بن ناصر السعدي), also known as al-Siʿdī (1889–1957), was an Islamic Scholar from Saudi Arabia. He was a teacher and an author in Unaizah, Saudi Arabia. He authored more than 40 books in several different fields including tafsir, fiqh, and 'aqidah. al-Sa'di was an influential figure in the field of tafsir and his book of tafsir entitled Taysir al-Kareem al-Rahman has been described as arguably one of the most popular tafsirs written by modern Salafi scholars. He served as the Imam and Khatib for the largest jami' mosque and director of the religious training school, al-Ma'had al-'Ilmi, of Unayzah.

Unaizah
Unaizah (Arabic: عنيزة ʿUnaizah) or officially The Governorate of Unaizah (also spelled Onaizah, Onizah, or Unayzah; Arabic: محافظة عنيزة Muḥāfiẓat ʿUnaizah) is a Saudi Arabian city in the Al Qassim Province. It lies south of the province capital Buraydah and north of Riyadh, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is the second largest city in Al-Qassim Province with a population of 184,600 (2022 census).

Historically, Unaizah was an important stopping point for Muslim pilgrims coming from Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and Persia (now Iran) on their way to Makkah. Many historians believe that Unaizah was inhabited hundreds of years before the spread of Islam, citing its reference in numerous poems from some of the most important poets of pre-Islamic Arabia such as Imru' al-Qais.
Camuy, Puerto Rico
Camuy (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈmuj]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, north of Lares and San Sebastián; east of Quebradillas; and west of Hatillo. Camuy is spread over 12 barrios and Camuy Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). The town celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2007.

Camuy is part of the "Porta Atlántico" Tourist Area.

Camuy barrio-pueblo
Camuy barrio-pueblo is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) of Camuy, a municipality of Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,354.

As was customary in Spain, in Puerto Rico, the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza, the municipal buildings (city hall), and a Catholic church. Fiestas patronales (patron saint festivals) are held in the central plaza every year.
Fruit & Spice Park
The Fruit & Spice Park, formally known as the Preston B. Bird/Mary Heinlein Fruit & Spice Park, is a 37-acre park located in Redland, Florida, and it is the only botanical garden of its kind in the United States. This park is operated by Miami-Dade County Parks and Open Spaces Department. The park attracts more than 50,000 visitors per year because of its unique agricultural environment. The garden features more than 500 different types of international exotic fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. Visitors are allowed to sample fallen fruits, have lunch at the Mango Cafe, or schedule a tour of the park.

Redland, Florida
Redland, long known also as the Redlands or the Redland, is a historic unincorporated community and agricultural area in Miami-Dade County, Florida, located about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of downtown Miami and just northwest of Homestead, Florida. It is unique in that it constitutes a large farming belt directly adjoining what is now the seventh most populous major metropolitan area in the United States. Named for the pockets of red clay that cover a layer of oolitic limestone, Redland produces a variety of tropical fruits, many of which do not grow elsewhere in the continental United States. The area also contains a large concentration of ornamental nurseries. The landscape is dotted with u-pick'em fields, coral rock (oolite) walls, and the original clapboard homes of early settlers and other historic early twentieth century structures.
Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State
Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State (in Spanish: Equipo Demócrata Cristiano del Estado Español, EDCEE) was a political alliance of the Democratic Union of Catalonia, the Federation of Christian Democracy (composed of Democratic Left of Ruiz Giménez and the Democratic People's Federation of Gil Robles, formed in January 1976) and other regional parties. EDCEE contested the 1977 general elections in Spain in alliance with Catalan centrist forces. The alliance got 215,841 votes (1.18% of the nationwide vote).

Union of the Centre and Christian Democracy of Catalonia
Union of the Centre and Christian Democracy of Catalonia (Catalan: Unió del Centre i la Democràcia Cristiana de Catalunya, UDCC) was an electoral coalition formed in Catalonia in December 1976 to contest the Spanish Congress of Deputies election of 1977, the first democratic election to be held in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic. It was formed by the Catalan Centre (CC) and the historic Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC), and came to be supported by the Christian Democratic Team of the Spanish State, which did not run on its own in Catalonia. The coalition was officially registered on 3 May 1977. The alliance dissolved shortly after the election upon the start of the newly elected parliament, with UDC deputy Antón Cañellas joining the Catalan–Basque Group and Carlos Güell going into the Mixed Group.
Islam in Guyana
Islam is the third-largest religion in Guyana, after Christianity and Hinduism, respectively. According to the 2012 census, 6.77% of the country’s population is Muslim. Islam was first introduced to Guyana via enslaved people from West Africa, but was suppressed on plantations until Muslims from British India were brought to the country as indentured labour. The current president of Guyana, Irfaan Ali, is the country's first Muslim president.

The Islamic holidays of Eid al-Adha and Mawlid are national holidays in Guyana and Hosay (Ashura), Eid al-Fitr, Shab-e-Barat, Chaand Raat, Islamic New Year, and the month of Ramadan are also widely celebrated.

Irfaan Ali
Mohamed Irfaan Ali (born 25 April 1980) is a Guyanese politician serving as the tenth and current president of Guyana since 2020. A member of the People's Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C), he previously served as the minister of Housing and Water from 2009 to 2015. He is the first Muslim to hold office, and is the second Muslim head of state in the Americas after Noor Hassanali of Trinidad and Tobago.

Ali was a member of parliament (MP) and served as a cabinet minister under Donald Ramotar until 2015. In 2020, he became the presidential candidate for the People's Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C). He won the March 2020 general election. He was sworn in as Guyana's tenth president on 2 August 2020, months after his win, due to extensive legal challenges regarding the integrity of the election and a recount of all electoral ballots.
He won re-election to a second term as president in the general election held on 1 September 2025.
Donatus Magnus
Donatus Magnus, also known as Donatus of Carthage, was a prophetic and charismatic leader who emerged in the early fourth century as the founder of the Donatist movement, a Christian sect that arose in North Africa as a result of the Diocletianic Persecution.

Donatism
Donatism was a schism from the Catholic Church in the Archdiocese of Carthage from the fourth to the sixth centuries. Donatists argued that Christian clergy must be faultless for their ministry to be effective and their prayers and sacraments to be valid. Donatism had its roots in the long-established Christian community of the Roman province Africa Proconsularis (present-day Tunisia, the northeast of Algeria, and the western coast of Libya) and Mauretania Tingitana (roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco), in the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian. Named after the Berber Christian bishop Donatus Magnus, Donatism flourished during the fourth and fifth centuries. Donatism mainly spread among the indigenous Berber population, and Donatists were able to blend Christianity with many of the Berber local customs.
Raskamboni Movement
The Raskamboni Movement (Somali: Xarakada Raaskambooni) is a jihadist Islamic movement led by Sheikh Ahmed Madobe, the current president of the Jubaland state in southern Somalia. After fighting with Al-Shabaab they managed to capture Kismayo with the help of Kenya.

Battle of Kismayo (2012)
The Battle of Kismayo was an offensive led by the Kenya Defence Forces, under the codename Operation Sledge Hammer, to seize the port city of Kismayo, Somalia, from Al-Shabaab from 28 September 2012. Members of the Raskamboni movement militia were part of the amphibious force.
Texas's 30th Senate district
District 30 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Archer, Clay, Cooke, Grayson, Jack, Montague, and Young counties, and portions of Collin, Denton, Parker, and Wichita counties in the U.S. state of Texas.

The district is currently represented by Brent Hagenbuch who took office in January 2025, replacing Drew Springer.

Drew Springer
Drew Alan Springer Jr. (born October 27, 1966) is an American businessman and politician who represented District 30 in the Texas Senate as a Republican from 2021 until 2025.

Springer announced on November 7, 2023 that he would not seek re-election in 2024 and would spend more time focused on managing the family money management firm.
Bayley Lane
Bayley Lane is a historic street in the centre of Coventry and is thought to follow the line of the outer ditch or bailey of the former Coventry Castle, founded by the Earls of Chester between 1088 and 1147.

The economic stagnation of the city between the dissolution of the monasteries in 1540s, and the 19th century has enabled several medieval buildings and underground remains to survive.

During extension work on Herbert Art Gallery and Museum (finished in 2008), excavations by Birmingham Archaeology found evidence of occupation in Bayley Lane from as early as the 12th century, and also stone foundations of numerous 14th-century buildings. The excavation also uncovered numerous 19th-century buildings, some of which had been built on the medieval foundations. These included a 14th-century cellar which is now incorporated into the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. A rare medieval chess piece, thought to be the first of its kind in the region was also unearthed.

38–39 Bayley Lane
38–39 Bayley Lane is a former building, whose present-day site is accessible from the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum in Coventry, England. All that remains is the medieval undercroft, a fourteenth-century cellar that initially belonged to a wealthy merchant, who was a clothier. The undercroft is built with sandstone with a stone-ribbed vault for added security and strength. It is a Grade I listed building.