hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Andy Ashby
Andrew Jason Ashby (born July 11, 1967) is an American former professional baseball starting pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Colorado Rockies, San Diego Padres, Atlanta Braves, and Los Angeles Dodgers. Listed at 6' 1", 180 lb., Ashby batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and is the uncle to Milwaukee Brewers pitcher Aaron Ashby.

Aaron Ashby
Aaron Phillip Ashby (born May 24, 1998) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). The Brewers chose Ashby in the fourth round of the 2018 MLB draft and he made his MLB debut in 2021.
Donald J. Devine
Donald J. Devine (born 1937) is an American political scientist and former government official, who has popularized fusionism as taught by Frank Meyer. He is associated to The Fund for American Studies and The Heritage Foundation. He is also a trustee of the Philadelphia Society.

Devine served as the Office of Personnel Management director of Ronald Reagan's first administration. During his tenure, he helped cut 100,000 federal jobs, and over $6 billion in benefits. He was labeled by The Washington Post as a "terrible swift sword of the civil service", by The New York Times as "the Grinch", and by Federal Times as the "Rasputin of the reduction in force".

Devine taught government and politics at the University of Maryland, and Western civilization at Bellevue University. He has written more than ten libertarian conservative books, and was a contributor to Project 2025.

Frank Meyer (political philosopher)
Frank Straus Meyer (/ˈmaɪ.ər/; May 9, 1909 – April 1, 1972) was an American philosopher and political activist best known for his theory of "fusionism" –  a political philosophy that unites elements of libertarianism and traditionalism into a philosophical synthesis which is posited as the definition of modern American conservatism. Meyer's philosophy was presented in two books, primarily In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo (1962) and also in a collection of his essays, The Conservative Mainstream (1969). Fusionism has been summed up by E. J. Dionne, Jr. as "utilizing libertarian means in a conservative society for traditionalist ends".
Nissan X-Trail
The Nissan X-Trail (Japanese: 日産・エクストレイル, Hepburn: Nissan Ekusutoreiru) is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan since 2000, replacing the Rasheen and Terrano II. Since 2018, it is positioned between the Qashqai and the larger Murano.

Since the third-generation model, the X-Trail became the same vehicle as the North American market Rogue. For the first time, the X-Trail became available with three-row seating as an option. It also marked a departure in terms of design from a rugged boxy look to a more urban-oriented crossover SUV design. The fourth-generation model, launched for 2021, introduced an e-Power series hybrid powertrain option.

Nissan Rogue
The Nissan Rogue is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan. It made its debut in October 2007 for the 2008 model year. Beginning in 2013 for the 2014 model year, the model has been merged with the X-Trail sold outside the North American market, making them identical.

As of 2023, the Rogue was manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant in Tennessee, United States and at the Nissan Motor Kyushu plant in Kanda, Fukuoka, Japan. Between August 2014 and March 2020, it was also built at the Renault Samsung Motors plant in Busan, South Korea under contract.
Gustaf Nordenskiöld
Gustaf Nordenskiöld (29 June 1868 – 6 June 1895) was a Swedish scholar of Finnish-Swedish descent who was the first to scientifically study the ancient Pueblo cliff dwellings in Mesa Verde. He was a member of the Nordenskiöld family of scientists and the eldest son of polar explorer Baron Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and his equally aristocratic wife, Anna Maria Mannerheim.

Nordenskiöld was featured on the Ken Burns PBS series The National Parks: America's Best Idea.

Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (pronunciationⓘ; 18 November 1832 – 12 August 1901) was a Finland-Swedish aristocrat, geologist, mineralogist and Arctic explorer. He was a member of the noble Nordenskiöld family of scientists and held the title of a friherre (baron).

Born in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, he was forced to move to Sweden in 1857 due to his political activity, where he became a member of the Parliament of Sweden and of the Swedish Academy. He led the Vega Expedition along the northern coast of Eurasia in 1878–1879. This was the first complete crossing of the Northeast Passage. Initially a troubled enterprise, the successful expedition is considered to be among the highest achievements in the history of Swedish science.
A Chinese Odyssey Part Three
A Chinese Odyssey Part Three is a 2016 fantasy comedy drama film directed by Jeffrey Lau. A Chinese-Hong Kong co-production, it was released in China on September 14, 2016. It won the Golden Angel Award for Film at the 12th Chinese American Film Festival. The film is a sequel to parts one and two of A Chinese Odyssey.

A Chinese Odyssey
A Chinese Odyssey is a two-part 1995 Hong Kong fantasy-comedy film directed by Jeffrey Lau, starring Stephen Chow, Athena Chu, Ng Man-tat, Yammie Lam, Karen Mok, Law Kar-ying, Lu Shuming and Ada Choi. It is a spin-off of the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, following the adventures of Sun Wukong when he gets sidetracked while escorting Tang Sanzang on his quest to fetch the Buddhist scriptures. The first part is titled A Chinese Odyssey Part One: Pandora's Box (西遊記第壹佰零壹回之月光寶盒), while the second part is titled A Chinese Odyssey Part Two: Cinderella (西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣).

A third film, A Chinese Odyssey Part Three, was released in China on 14 September 2016.

The line "10,000 years" in the film became one of the most popular buzzwords for Chinese-language films, with a Google search count of 21.9 million.
National Chiao Tung University
National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) was a public research university in Hsinchu, Taiwan. Established in 1896 as Nanyang Public School by an imperial edict of the Guangxu Emperor, it was one of China's leading universities. After the Chinese Civil War, NCTU was re-established by former Chiao Tung University faculty and alumni in Taiwan in 1958.

NCTU was selected by Taiwan's Ministry of Educations as one of the seven national universities focused on research in 2002. It was subsequently chosen to pursue all-around excellence with "versatile international competitiveness to continuously strengthen international academic influence and visibility".

NCTU was merged with National Yang-Ming University into the newly formed National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University on 1 February 2021.

Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) is a public university in Shanghai, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. It is a member of the C9 League.

SJTU was founded as Nanyang Public School in 1896. It was merged into Jiao Tong University in 1921, before gaining its current name in 1959. The university currently has 33 schools, 12 affiliated hospitals, 2 affiliated medical research institutes, 23 directly affiliated units, and 5 directly affiliated enterprises.
English auxiliary verbs
English auxiliary verbs are a small set of English verbs, which include the English modal auxiliary verbs and a few others.: 19 : 11–12  Although the auxiliary verbs of English are widely believed to lack inherent semantic meaning and instead to modify the meaning of the verbs they accompany, they are nowadays classed by linguists as auxiliary on the basis not of semantic but of grammatical properties: among these, that they invert with their subjects in interrogative main clauses (Has John arrived?) and are negated either by the simple addition of not (He has not arrived) or (with a very few exceptions) by negative inflection (He hasn't arrived).

English modal auxiliary verbs
The English modal auxiliary verbs are a subset of the English auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality, properties such as possibility and obligation. They can most easily be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participles or plain forms) and by their lack of the ending ‑(e)s for the third-person singular.

The central English modal auxiliary verbs are can (with could), may (with might), shall (with should), will (with would), and must. A few other verbs are usually also classed as modals: ought, and (in certain uses) dare, and need. Use (/jus/, rhyming with "goose") is included as well. Other expressions, notably had better, share some of their characteristics.
Lesser petrosal nerve
The lesser petrosal nerve (also known as the small superficial petrosal nerve) is the general visceral efferent (GVE) nerve conveying pre-ganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers for the parotid gland from the tympanic plexus to the otic ganglion (where they synapse). It passes out of the tympanic cavity through the petrous part of the temporal bone into the middle cranial fossa of the cranial cavity, then exits the cranial cavity through its own canaliculus to reach the infratemporal fossa.

Cell bodies of the lesser petrosal nerve are situated in the inferior salivatory nucleus, and are conveyed first by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and then by the tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus.

Glossopharyngeal nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve (/ˌɡlɒsoʊfəˈrɪn(d)ʒiəl, -ˌfærənˈdʒiːəl/), also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve. Being a mixed nerve (sensorimotor), it carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information. The motor division of the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata, whereas the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest.
Bean bag chair
The Sacco chair (also known as a beanbag chair, or simply a beanbag), is a large pear-shaped bag or sack (Italian: sacco) made of leather or fabric and filled with expanded polystyrene foam pellets ('beans') or a similar material. It is an example of anatomic design, as the user's body determines its form. The Sacco chair was designed by Piero Gatti, Cesare Paolini, and Franco Teodoro in 1968, and became "one of the icons of the Italian anti-design movement. Its complete flexibility and formlessness made it the perfect antidote to the static formalism of mainstream Italian furniture of the period," according to design historian Penny Spark.

The Sacco chair was awarded the Compasso d'Oro and is in the collections of many museums, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and the ADI Design Museum in Milan.

Compasso d'Oro
The Compasso d'Oro (Italian pronunciation: [komˈpasso ˈdɔːro]; 'Golden Compass') is an industrial design award which originated in Italy in 1954. Initially sponsored by Milanese department store La Rinascente, the award has been organised and managed by the Associazione per il Disegno Industriale (ADI) since 1964. The Compasso d'Oro is the first and among the most recognized and respected design awards. It aims to acknowledge and promote quality in industrial design in Italy and internationally, and has been called both the "Nobel" and the "Oscar" of design.
Black Watch
The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, when the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch) was amalgamated with the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot. It was known as The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 1881 to 1931 and The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) from 1931 to 2006. Part of the Scottish Division for administrative purposes from 1967, it was the senior Highland regiment. It has been part of the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division for administrative purposes since 2017.

42nd Regiment of Foot
The 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment in the British Army also known as the Black Watch. Originally titled Crawford's Highlanders or the Highland Regiment (mustered 1739) and numbered 43rd in the line, in 1748, on the disbanding of Oglethorpe's Regiment of Foot, they were renumbered 42nd, and in 1751 formally titled the 42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot. The 42nd Regiment was one of the first three Highland Regiments to fight in North America, along with the 77th and 78th Regiments. The unit was honoured with the name Royal Highland Regiment in 1758. Its informal name Black Watch became official in 1861. In 1881, the regiment was amalgamated with 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot under the Childers Reforms into The Royal Highland Regiment (The Black Watch), being officially redesignated The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) in 1931. In 2006, the Black Watch became part of the Royal Regiment of Scotland.
ITraxx
iTraxx (Thomson Reuters Eikon code 'ITRAXX'; Bloomberg code 'ITRX') is the brand name for the family of credit default swap index products covering regions of Europe, Australia, Japan and non-Japan Asia. Credit derivative indexes form a large sector of the overall credit derivative market. The indices are constructed on a set of rules with the overriding criterion being that of liquidity of the underlying credit default swaps (CDS).

The group of indices was formed by the merger in 2004 of the Trac-X indices created by J.P. Morgan & Co. and Morgan Stanley and the iBoxx CDS indices created by Deutsche Bank, ABN Amro and IBoxx.

Credit default swap index
A credit default swap index is a credit derivative used to hedge credit risk or to take a position on a basket of credit entities.  Unlike a credit default swap, which is an over the counter credit derivative, a credit default swap index is a completely standardized credit security and may therefore be more liquid and trade at a smaller bid–offer spread. This means that it can be cheaper to hedge a portfolio of credit default swaps or bonds with a CDS index than it would be to buy many single name CDS to achieve a similar effect. Credit-default swap indexes are benchmarks for protecting investors owning bonds against default, and traders use them to speculate on changes in credit quality.
Kopa Trophy
The Kopa Trophy is an association football award presented to the best performing player worldwide under the age of 21 during a joint ceremony with the Ballon d'Or. The award is presented by France Football and is named after late French footballer Raymond Kopa, the winner of the 1958 Ballon d'Or.

The winner is selected by a jury of all former Ballon d'Or winners. The Kopa Trophy is open to all players throughout the six FIFA confederations, unlike the Golden Boy which is UEFA-based only.

Golden Boy (award)
The Golden Boy is an award established by Italian sports newspaper Tuttosport, that is given by sports journalists to a young male footballer playing in Europe perceived to have been the most impressive during a calendar year (two halves to two separate seasons). All nominees must be under the age of 21 and play in a European nation's top tier. Apart from the main award, an additional one, Golden Boy Web, is decided by online users.

Lionel Messi is the only player to have won both the prestigious Golden Boy award and the Ballon d'Or. He received the Golden Boy in 2005 at the age of 18 years and 173 days, and remained the youngest winner until Gavi won the award in 2022 at 18 years and 77 days. The current youngest winner is Lamine Yamal, who claimed the award in 2024 at the age of 17 years and 137 days.
Territory of Sagadahock
The Territory of Sagadahock, also called the Sagadahoc Colony and New Castle, was an English colonial territory which included the eastern part of what was later colonial Maine and was more sparsely settled than the western region. The area included was east of the Kennebec River.

On some accounts, the English first settled Sagadahoc in 1608–09.

A part of the grant of King Charles II in 1664 to his brother the Duke of York included the territory between the St Croix and Pemaquid and northward, variously called the "Sagadahoc Territory" and "New Castle".

The area was later absorbed into the Province of Maine. In 1691, a new charter of Massachusetts was granted by William III and Mary II and included the Province of Maine, the "territory of Sagadahoc", and also Nova Scotia.

Province of Maine
The Province of Maine refers to any of the various English colonies established in the 17th century along the northeast coast of North America, within portions of the present-day U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick. It existed through a series of land patents made by the kings of England during this era, and included New Somersetshire, Lygonia, and Falmouth (now Portland, Maine). The province was incorporated into the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1650s, beginning with the formation of York County, Massachusetts, which extended from the Piscataqua River to just east of the mouth of the Presumpscot River in Casco Bay. Eventually, its territory grew to encompass nearly all of present-day Maine.
Captain Cold
Captain Cold (Leonard Snart) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, the character first appeared in Showcase #8 (June 1957).

In his comic book appearances, Captain Cold is depicted as an adversary of various superheroes known as the Flash, most notably Barry Allen, and serves as the leader of the Rogues, a loose criminal association. In The New 52 continuity reboot, Captain Cold and his team live by a code that forbids killing.

The character has been substantially adapted from the comics into various forms of media, including television series and video games. Actor Wentworth Miller portrayed Captain Cold in The CW's Arrowverse television series The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow. In 2009, Captain Cold was ranked as IGN’s 27th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

Rogues (comics)
The Rogues are a group of supervillains of the Flash, appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Known members throughout its incarnation are Captain Cold, Abra Kadabra, Mirror Master, Heat Wave, the Golden Glider, the Weather Wizard, the Trickster, the Pied Piper, the Top, and Captain Boomerang. This loose criminal association refers to themselves as the "Rogues", disdaining the use of the term "supervillain" or "supercriminal".
Little Tough Guys
The Little Tough Guys (later billed as Dead End Kids and Little Tough Guys) were a group of actors who made a series of films and serials released by Universal Studios from 1938 through 1943.  Many of them were originally part of The Dead End Kids, and several of them later became members of The East Side Kids and The Bowery Boys.

Dead End Kids
The Dead End Kids were a group of young actors from New York City who appeared in Sidney Kingsley's Broadway play Dead End in 1935. In 1937, producer Samuel Goldwyn brought all of them to Hollywood and turned the play into a film. They proved to be so popular that they continued to make movies under various monikers, including the Little Tough Guys, the East Side Kids, and the Bowery Boys, until 1958.
Deportivo Cuenca
Club Deportivo Cuenca is an Ecuadorian football club based in Cuenca. They currently play in the Serie A, the top-flight football league in the country, and is one of two clubs from Cuenca to have played in the top-flight (the other being LDU Cuenca).

They are one of three clubs outside the main cities Quito and Guayaquil to have a national championship, which they won in 2004. Since then, they have been a near consistent top club in the country, including numerous Copa Libertadores participations.

Deportivo Cuenca was founded on March 4, 1971, and is the second-oldest club in the city after Tecni Club. Their home stadium is Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar, which was named after former club president and mayor of Cuenca. Because of the limited number of clubs from the Province of Azuay that have played in the Serie A, Deportivo Cuenca has no major local rivals.

Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar
Estadio Alejandro Serrano Aguilar Banco del Austro is a multi-purpose stadium in Cuenca, Ecuador. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Club Deportivo Cuenca and Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Cuenca. The stadium holds 16,540 spectators and opened in 1945.
Old Oaken Bucket
The Old Oaken Bucket is a traveling trophy awarded in American college football as part of the rivalry between the Indiana Hoosiers football team of Indiana University and Purdue Boilermakers football team of Purdue University. It was first awarded in 1925.

Indiana and Purdue first met on the gridiron in 1891. The rivalry has been renewed annually in peacetime with some exceptions. Purdue leads the overall series 77–44–6.

Indiana–Purdue rivalry
The Indiana–Purdue rivalry is a rivalry between the Indiana University Bloomington Hoosiers and the Purdue University Boilermakers, the two flagship public universities in the state of Indiana. It is regarded as one of the most intense collegiate rivalries in the United States, and one of the strongest and most followed collegiate rivalries in the Big Ten Conference. Among college sports rivalries, Newsweek listed it among the top 12 and Huffington Post listed it as the fifth best overall.

Both teams have been part of the Big Ten Conference for over 100 years, with Purdue being a founding member.
Philadelphia Cricket Club
The Philadelphia Cricket Club is a country club in Pennsylvania, United States, being the oldest of its kind in the country.

The club was established in 1854 in southeastern Pennsylvania, and has two locations, one in Chestnut Hill and the other in Flourtown, north-northwest of downtown Philadelphia.

Sports practised at the club include cricket, golf, squash, swimming, tennis, platform tennis, pickleball, and padel.

Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia
Chestnut Hill is a neighborhood in the Northwest Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.  It is known for the high incomes of its residents and high real estate values, as well as its private schools.
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016 – election day)
This is a timeline of events related to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.

It includes events described in investigations into links between Trump associates and Russian officials following July 2016 through Election Day November 8, 2016. Events and investigations also occurred during the presidential transition from November 9, 2016, to January 20, 2017, and continued through the first and second halves of 2017, the first and second halves of 2018, the first and second halves of 2019, and 2020 onwards; largely as parts of the Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation, the Special Counsel investigation, multiple ongoing criminal investigations by several State Attorneys General, and the investigation resulting in the Inspector General report on FBI and DOJ actions in the 2016 election.

Related information is sorted by some topic threads in another timeline.

Timeline of investigations into Donald Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)
This is a timeline of major events in the second half of 2017 related to the investigations into links between Trump associates and Russian officials relating to the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. It follows the timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections before and after July 2016 up until election day November 8, the post-election transition, and the first half of 2017. The investigations continued in the first and second halves of 2018, the first and second halves of 2019, 2020, and 2021.