hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Attrition warfare against Napoleon
Attrition warfare represents an attempt to grind down an opponent's ability to make war by destroying their military resources by any means possible, including scorched earth, people's war, guerrilla warfare and all kind of battles apart from a decisive battle. Elements of this kind of warfare had already been used in the Peninsular war. The Russian attrition warfare against Napoleon began on 24 June 1812 when Napoleon's Grande Armée crossed the Neman River into Russia and ended on 14 December 1812 with the total defeat of the Grande Armée. A visual representation is given by the drawing of Charles Joseph Minard. The Trachenberg Plan was used in the Sixth Coalition in Germany 1813 and in France 1814. The Seventh Coalition defeated him at Waterloo in 1815 and exiled him to Saint Helena, where he died six years later.

Fire of Moscow (1812)
During the French occupation of Moscow, a fire persisted from 14 to 18 September 1812 and all but destroyed the city. The Russian troops and most of the remaining civilians had abandoned the city on 14 September 1812 just ahead of French Emperor Napoleon's troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino. The Moscow military governor, Count Fyodor Rostopchin, has often been considered responsible for organising the destruction of the former capital to weaken the French army in the scorched city even more.
Buford Tower
Buford Tower (formerly the Austin Fire Drill Tower) is a tower standing along the north shore of Lady Bird Lake in downtown Austin, Texas. The structure was originally built in 1930 as a drill tower for the Austin Fire Department, but it now serves as a bell tower and landmark. Named after fire department Captain James L. Buford, the structure has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2016.

Austin Fire Department
The Austin Fire Department provides fire protection and first-response emergency medical services to the city of  Austin, Texas. The Austin Fire Department is the fourth largest fire department (by number of personnel) in the state of Texas. In total, the department is responsible for an area of 272 square miles (700 km2) and services a population of 885,400 (2013 estimate), the 11th largest city by population in the United States.
Confession (Lutheran Church)
In the Lutheran Church, Confession (also called Holy Absolution) is the sacrament given by Christ to the Church by which individual men and women may receive the forgiveness of sins. According to the Large Catechism, the third sacrament of Holy Absolution is related to Holy Baptism.

In the Lutheran Churches, the Office of the Keys exercised through confession and absolution is the "authority which Christ has given to His Church on earth: to forgive the sins of the penitent sinners, but to retain the sins of the impenitent as long as they do not repent."

Confession (religion)
Confession, in many religions, is the acknowledgment of sinful thoughts and actions. This is performed directly to a deity or to fellow people.

It is often seen as a required action of repentance and a necessary precursor to penance and atonement. It often leads to reconciliation and forgiveness.
Kretzmann Commission
The Kretzmann Commission was a 1969 commission of the Andhra Christian Theological College, in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was formed in 1969 by the college's board of governors to survey and study the task of theological education in the Churches related to the College Society.

Andhra Christian Theological College
17°25′00.4″N 78°29′17.7″E﻿ / ﻿17.416778°N 78.488250°E﻿ / 17.416778; 78.488250

Andhra Christian Theological College (ACTC) is a seminary in Telangana which was founded in 1964. It is affiliated with India's first university, the Senate of Serampore College (University) (a university under section 2(f) of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956), and has degree-granting authority under a Danish charter ratified by the government of West Bengal. ACTC is on the Hussain Sagar canal (north) in Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the Secunderabad Junction railway station.
Larry Clinton
Larry Clinton (August 17, 1909  –  May 2, 1985) was an American musician, best known as a trumpeter who became a prominent American bandleader and arranger.

His jazz and pop standards were "The Dipsy Doodle" (1937), "My Reverie" (1938), and "Heart and Soul" (1938). He also composed "Satan Takes a Holiday", "Midnight in the Madhouse", and "Calypso Melody".

Heart and Soul (Frank Loesser and Hoagy Carmichael song)
"Heart and Soul" is a popular song composed by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics by Frank Loesser. It charted with different artists between 1938 and 1961. A simplified version is a popular piano duet.

Larry Clinton and his Orchestra were the first to record and release the song in 1938 with Bea Wain on vocals.
Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry
Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies (Maria Carolina Ferdinanda Luise; 5 November 1798 – 16 April 1870) was an Italian princess of the House of Bourbon who married into the French royal family, and was the mother of Henri, Count of Chambord. She led an unsuccessful rebellion against King Louis Philippe I to install her son on the French throne.

Henri, Count of Chambord
Henri, Count of Chambord and Duke of Bordeaux (French: Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord; 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883), was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France as Henri V from 1844 until his death in 1883.

Henri was the only son of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, born after his father's death, by his wife, Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. The Duke himself was the younger son of Charles X. As the grandson of Charles X, Henri was a Petit-Fils de France. He was the last-surviving legitimate descendant of Louis XV in the male line.
Gud (music producer)
Carl-Mikael Göran "Micke" Berlander (born 29 August 1995), known professionally as Gud (formerly known as Yung Gud), is a Swedish DJ, music producer and rapper best known as a member of rapper Yung Lean's Stockholm-based group Sad Boys. He began producing at the age of twelve, making psychedelic trance music, which heavily influenced his sonic palette. His production as a part of Sad Boys has been well received.

Outside of his role in Sad Boys, he has released an EP, named Beautiful, Wonderful, and a collaborative album, Foreign Exchange, with American rapper Rx Papi. Under his alternate persona/alias Rooster he has released one EP, Rooster Debut, and one album Rooster Slipped. He has acted as a producer for several acts including Halsey, and has also remixed several songs for other artists such as Jacques Greene, Kacy Hill, and Tinashe. These remixes have also garnered a positive critical response from publications including Pigeons & Planes and The Fader.

Yung Lean
Jonatan Aron Leandoer Håstad (born 18 July 1996), known professionally as Yung Lean, is a Swedish rapper. Widely cited as one of the most influential figures in the early cloud rap era, Yung Lean rose to prominence in 2013 with his song "Ginseng Strip 2002", which went viral on YouTube. Later that same year, he released his debut mixtape, Unknown Death 2002, and the following year, he released his debut studio album, Unknown Memory.

Yung Lean has since released the mixtapes Frost God (2016), Poison Ivy (2018) and   Stardust (2022), and the studio albums Warlord (2016), Stranger (2017), Starz (2020),  Psykos (2024) and Jonatan (2025). He released the albums Nectar (2019), Blodhundar & Lullabies (2020) and Sugar World (2023) under the pseudonym Jonatan Leandoer96, a project which strays away from his hip-hop roots and incorporates elements of indie rock and neofolk.
SwiftBroadband
SwiftBroadband is an IP-based packet-switched communications network that provides a symmetric ‘always-on’ data connection of up to 650 kbit/s per channel for aircraft globally except for the polar regions, using the Inmarsat satellite  constellation.

Inmarsat
Inmarsat is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through fifteen geostationary telecommunications satellites.

Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies, media outlets and businesses (especially in the shipping, airline and mining industries) with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Connect Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners, Warburg Pincus, the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, in December 2019.

On 8 November 2021, Inmarsat's owners and Viasat announced the purchase of Inmarsat by Viasat. The acquisition was completed in May 2023.
Rosita (band)
Rosita was an English band formed by Marie Du Santiago and Emmy-Kate Montrose, formerly one-half of the band Kenickie, in the immediate aftermath of Kenickie's split in October 1998. Although mainly remembered as a Kenickie offshoot, they received regular coverage in their own right in the weekly UK music press, their second single, "Santa Poca's Dream" was a UK Independent Singles Chart Top 20 hit, and one of its bonus tracks, "Demon", was used as the soundtrack to a television advertisement for Leyland DAF Vans.

Kenickie
Kenickie were an English four-piece pop punk band from Sunderland. The band was formed in 1994 and consisted of lead vocalist, guitarist, and lyricist Lauren Laverne (b. Lauren Gofton), drummer Johnny X (real name Pete Gofton, Lauren's brother), lead guitarist and occasional lead vocalist Marie du Santiago (b. Anne Marie Nixon) and bass guitarist Emmy-Kate Montrose (b. Emma Jackson). The band's name comes from their favourite character in the film Grease.
Wolfram von Eschenbach
Wolfram von Eschenbach (German: [ˈvɔlfʁam fɔn ˈɛʃn̩bax]; c. 1160/80 – c. 1220) was a German knight, poet and composer, regarded as one of the greatest epic poets of medieval German literature. As a Minnesinger, he also wrote lyric poetry.

Minnesang
Minnesang (German: [ˈmɪnəzaŋ] ⓘ; "Love song") was a tradition of German lyric- and song-writing that flourished in the Middle High German period (12th to 14th centuries). The name derives from minne, the Middle High German word for love, as that was Minnesang's main subject. People who wrote and performed Minnesang were known as Minnesänger (German: [ˈmɪnəˌzɛŋɐ] ⓘ), and a single song was called a Minnelied (German: [ˈmɪnəˌliːt] ⓘ). The Minnesänger are comparable to the Occitan troubadours and northern French trouvères, but they are "an original German contribution to courtly lyric."
Gita Press
Gita Press is an Indian books publishing company, headquartered in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, and considered to be the world's largest publisher of Hindu religious texts. It was founded in 1923 by Jaya Dayal Goyanka, Hanuman Prasad Poddar, and Ghanshyam Das Jalan with the intention to make sacred texts easily accessible to the general public.

Publication began in 1927 with a monthly Hindi magazine titled Kalyan. Since its establishment, the Gita Press has published over 417 million books in 14 different languages. Gita Press was conferred with the Gandhi Peace Prize of 2021, by the Government of India.

Gorakhpur
Gorakhpur is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, along the banks of the Rapti river in the  Purvanchal region. It is situated 272 kilometres east of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of Gorakhpur district, North Eastern Railway Zone and Gorakhpur division. The city is home to the Gorakhnath Math, a Gorakhnath temple. The city also has had an Indian Air Force station since 1963. Gita Press, the world's largest publisher of Hindu religious texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata, has been established here since 1926.
Karabakh horse
The Karabakh (Azerbaijani: Qarabağ atı) is a mountain-steppe racing and riding horse breed. It is named after the Karabakh region, from which the breed originates. The breed is noted for its good temperament and speed; in 2004, a Karabakh horse named Kishmish from an Aghdam stud farm covered 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in 1.09 minutes and 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) in 1.52 minutes.

The Karabakh is thought to be influenced by Persian horses and the Akhal-Teke, Kabarda, Turkoman and Arabian breeds, and it influenced the development of the Russian Don during the 19th century. It is bred primarily in Azerbaijan's Shaki region. The breed numbers below 1,000, and it is threatened with extinction.

Russian Don
The Russian Don is a breed of horse developed in and named after the steppes region of Russia where the Don River flows.  Utilized originally as cavalry horses for the Cossacks, they are currently used for under-saddle work and driving.
King of Battle
The King of Battle (šar tamḫāri) is an ancient Mesopotamian epic tale of Sargon of Akkad and his campaign against the city of  Purušḫanda in the Anatolian highlands and its king, Nur-Daggal or Nur-Dagan, in aid of his merchants. It is extant in five manuscripts: two from Amarna in Egypt, six fragments of one from the Hittite capital Ḫattuša from the middle Babylonian period and one each from Aššur and Nineveh, probably from the Neo-Assyrian period. Of the twenty-three tales composed of the Kings of Akkad, this was one of only three, along with the Birth Legend of Sargon and the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, to continue to circulate in the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, some 1,500 years after the events they describe. It is thought to have been committed to writing during the first half of the second millennium, perhaps following a lengthy oral tradition, although the circumstances of its composition are hotly debated.

Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (/ˈsɑːrɡɒn/; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi; died c. 2279 BC), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. He is sometimes identified as the first person in recorded history to rule over an empire.

He was the founder of the "Sargonic" or "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century after his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer.
The Sumerian King List makes him the cup-bearer to King Ur-Zababa of Kish before becoming king himself.

His empire, which he ruled from his archaeologically as-yet-unidentified capital, Akkad, is thought to have included most of Mesopotamia and parts of the Levant, Hurrian and Elamite territory.

Sargon appears as a legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian literature of the 8th to 7th centuries BC. Tablets with fragments of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Library of Ashurbanipal.
Rock-loving cisticola
The rock-loving cisticola (Cisticola aberrans), also known as the lazy cisticola, is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae. It is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is usually associated with rocky wooded terrain with interspersed patchy grass tussocks. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Huambo cisticola (Cisticola bailunduensis).

Huambo cisticola
The Huambo cisticola (Cisticola bailunduensis) is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae that is endemic to western Angola in southern Central Africa. It is found in savanna and rocky areas. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the rock-loving cisticola.
Francis Stanfield
Francis Stanfield (1835–1914) was an English Catholic priest, composer and hymnodist who worked in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Westminster and is noted for having written and composed several hymns including Sweet Sacrament Divine. He was the son of the painter Clarkson Stanfield.

Clarkson Frederick Stanfield
Clarkson Frederick Stanfield RA RBA (3 December 1793 – 18 May 1867) was an English painter best known for his large-scale paintings of marine art and landscapes. He was the father of the painter George Clarkson Stanfield and the composer Francis Stanfield.
Women's Missionary and Service Commission
The Women's Missionary and Service Commission, previously known as the Women's Missionary and Service Auxiliary and abbreviated WMSC or WMSA, was a women's organization of the "old" Mennonite Church that originated out of the Mennonite Sewing Circle movement. Named the WMSC in 1971, there were many precursor organizations and it has since evolved into Mennonite Women USA, an organization with a much wider scope.

Sewing circle (Mennonite)
A sewing circle is a monthly meeting of Mennonite women for the purpose of sewing bedding and clothing to be distributed by service and missionary organizations to people in need around the world. The Women's Missionary and Service Commission grew out of such sewing circles.
Turkish Army Aviation Command
The Turkish Aviation Command and Turkish Army Aviation Command  (Turkish: Kara Havacılık Komutanlığı), was established in 1948 under the name of "artillery crafting" within the Turkish Land Forces artillery school. It is the administrative center of the Turkish Land Aviation School in Isparta, which trains officers and petty officers to the Turkish army. The airbase has played an important role in the Cyprus Operation.

School of Army Aviation (Turkey)
The Turkish School of Army Aviation (Kara Havacılık Okulu) based at Isparta, is one of the schools of the Turkish Army and is responsible for the training and development of the Turkish Army Aviation Command personnel and equipment. It was founded in 1948 under the name of artillery excavation within the artillery school. In 1957, it was removed from the artillery school and took the name of aviation. Kara Aviation School continued its educational activities until 2019 at its campus next to the command building in Güvercinlik in Ankara. After the new air base project of the Turkish Army, it was decided to move to Isparta. The training of military aviators within the Turkish Army Aviation Command in Ankara continues at the school campus located in Isparta. The school campus is next to Süleyman Demirel Airport.
Father of Mercy
Father of Mercy (Italian: Don Gnocchi - L'angelo dei bimbi) is a 2004 Italian television movie directed by Cinzia Th. Torrini. The film is based on real life events of  Roman Catholic priest and then  Blessed Carlo Gnocchi.

Carlo Gnocchi
Carlo Gnocchi (25 October 1902 – 28 February 1956) was an Italian priest, educator and writer. He is venerated as a blessed by the Catholic Church.

During World War II, he was a military chaplain of the Alpini, the elite mountain warfare soldiers of the Italian Army, and after the tragic experience of the war, he strove to ease the wounds of suffering and misery created by the war.
Janne Virtanen
Janne Virtanen (born 16 November 1969) is a Finnish former strongman who won the World's Strongest Man championship in 2000. He was runner-up in 1999 and finished third in 2001. His other championships include four-time Finland's Strongest Man (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001), Helsinki Grand Prix (2000), and the Turkey Grand Prix in 2002 in Istanbul. He also won second place in Europe's Strongest Man twice, third place in World Muscle Power Classic and won World's Strongest Team four times with Jouko Ahola, Pasi Paavisto and Juha-Matti Räsänen.

Following his second consecutive failure to reach the final of the World's Strongest Man in 2007, he announced his retirement but entered into the third qualifying heat of the competition in 2008 as his last appearance.

He currently works as a heavy duty carpenter in Finland.

2001 World's Strongest Man
The 2001 World's Strongest Man was the 24th edition of World's Strongest Man and was won by Svend Karlsen from Norway. It was his first title after finishing second the previous year. 1998 winner Magnus Samuelsson from Sweden  finished second after finishing third the previous year, and 2000 winner Janne Virtanen from Finland finished third. The contest was held at Victoria Falls, Zambia.
Aeolis Palus
Aeolis Palus is a plain between the northern wall of Gale crater and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) on Mars. It is located at 4°28′S 137°25′E﻿ / ﻿4.47°S 137.42°E﻿ / -4.47; 137.42.

The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission landed the Curiosity rover on Aeolis Palus in August 2012. Curiosity spent two (Earth) years exploring the plain as it drove towards Aeolis Mons. The rover left the plain in September 2014 when it reached the mountain's foothills.

Glenelg, Mars
Glenelg (or Glenelg Intrigue) is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) landing site (Bradbury Landing) in Gale Crater marked by a natural intersection of three kinds of terrain.
Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse
The Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal bridge collapse was a disaster of the Penang Ferry Service which occurred on 31 July 1988, at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. The collapse caused the deaths of 32 people and injured 1,634 people. It was blamed on overcrowding and the jetty being made out of steel bars.

Transport Minister Ling Liong Sik pledged a full and open inquiry to determine its causes, with Chief Minister Lim Chong Eu promising to help the victims through a welfare fund.

Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal
The Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal is a ferry slip within Seberang Perai in the Malaysian state of Penang. Situated at Butterworth, this docking facility is used for the state's ferry service between the city and George Town, which lies across the Penang Strait.

In addition to ferry services, the ferry terminal is located adjacent to both Penang Sentral and the Butterworth railway station. This allows ferry commuters to choose between bus and train transportation modes to various destinations within the city, as well as Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand.
Bulandi (1990 film)
Bulandi (Urdu: بلندی) is a 1990 Pakistani Urdu feature film, directed by Javed Fazil. Its producer is Aslam Butt, a Lollywood film starring  Nadeem, Samina Peerzada, Reema Khan, Shaan. Introducing new actors Reema and Shaan in this film.

Reema Khan
Reema Khan (Urdu: ریما خان) born Sameena Khan (Urdu: ثمینہ خان), known mononymously as Reema, is a Pakistani television host and former stage dancer, Lollywood film actress, director, and producer. Khan was one of the leading film actresses in Pakistan during the 1990s. She has appeared in more than 200 films since making her debut in 1990 and has been recognised by Pakistan film critics for her acting.
She received the Pride of Performance Award in 2019 for her contributions to Pakistani cinema.
Dương
Dương (楊, IPA: [zɨəŋ˧]) is a Vietnamese surname,   an estimated 1% of the Vietnamese population shares the last name.

In transcription it is a Chinese family name or given name of Yang. The name is also transliterated as Yang in Korean and Yeung or Young in Cantonese. It is commonly anglicized as Duong. It is not to be confused with another Vietnamese surname Đường (唐 ), which is anglicized the same; some write Dzuong to distinguish the two.

Yang (surname)
Yang ([jǎŋ]; simplified Chinese: 杨; traditional Chinese: 楊; pinyin: Yáng) is the transcription of a Chinese family name. It is the sixth most common surname in mainland China. It is the 16th surname on the Hundred Family Surnames text.

The Yang clan was founded by Boqiao, son of Duke Wu of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period of the Ji (姬) surname, the surname of the royal family during the Zhou dynasty c. 8th to 5th centuries BCE) who was enfeoffed in the state of Yang.