hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pasas, Oinousses
Pasas or Panagia (Greek: Πασάς, Παναγιά) is a small Greek island of the Oinousses complex in the Aegean Sea, located east of Oinousses, the largest island of the complex. Administratively, Pasas and the rest of the islands form the Oinousses municipality within the Chios regional unit.

With an area of 2.448 km2, it is the second largest island of the complex. According to 2011 census, the island is uninhabited, although a guard of lighthouse lives often there and a military garrison is permanently stationed on it. The most notable building on the island is the old lighthouse which was built in 1863 and has a height of 8.5 meters. Since 1995, the lighthouse has been converted to solar power and it keeps a permanent staff.

Oinousses
Oinousses (Greek: Οινούσσες, alternative forms: Aignousa (Αιγνούσα) or Egnousa (Εγνούσα)) is a barren cluster of 1 larger and 8 smaller islands some 2 kilometres (1 mile) off the north-east coast of the Greek island of Chios and 8 km (5 miles) west of Turkey. Administratively the islands form a municipality within the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The principal town of the islands and seat of the municipality is also called Oinousses. Oinousses has a small resident population, living primarily in the island's town of Oinousses, and a recently built monastery. The town is centred on a square and a small port; it includes a school, several churches, a Naval high school and a maritime museum. The only other populated settlements are Kástron and Aspalathrókampos.
Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta
Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (28 March 1841 – 26 May 1934) was the third son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria.

He was pretender to the throne of the Two Sicilies in succession of his older half-brother, Francis II of the Two Sicilies. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Ferdinand Pius.

Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Castro
Prince Ferdinand Pius (Ferdinando Pio Maria), Duke of Calabria and Castro (25 July 1869, Rome – 7 January 1960, Lindau), was head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and pretender to the throne of the extinct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1934 to 1960. Professionally, he was an officer in the Spanish and Bavarian armies.
Alliance for Rights and Freedoms
The Alliance for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgarian: Алианс за права и свободи, АПС, romanized: Alians za prava i svobodi, APS; Turkish: Hak ve Özgürlükler İttifakı) formerly DPS–Dogan, DPS–DPS or the Doganists, is a Bulgarian political party and formerly an electoral alliance. It predominantly consists of former members of the DPS, including its founder Ahmed Dogan.

Movement for Rights and Freedoms
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgarian: Движение за права и свободи Dvizhenie za prava i svobodi, ДПС, DPS; Turkish: Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi, HÖH) is a political party in Bulgaria with a support base among ethnic minority communities. While representing the interests of Muslims, especially Turks and to a lesser extent Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarians), the party also receives the largest share of Romani votes. The party was in government in 1992–1994, 2001–2009 and 2013–2014.
14th/20th King's Hussars
The 14th/20th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.

Royal Hussars
The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed by the amalgamation of the 10th Royal Hussars and the 11th Hussars in 1969 and it amalgamated with the 14th/20th King's Hussars to form the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.
Wrongful trading
Wrongful trading is a type of civil wrong found in UK insolvency law, under Section 214 Insolvency Act 1986. It was introduced to enable contributions to be obtained for the benefit of creditors from those responsible for mismanagement of the insolvent company.  Under Australian insolvency law the equivalent concept is called "insolvent trading".

Trading while insolvent
A number of legal systems make provision for companies trading while insolvent to be unlawful in certain circumstances, and provide for directors to become personally liable for a company's debts if they have acted improperly. In most legal systems, the liability in respect of unlawful transactions only extends for a certain period of time prior to the company going into liquidation.
Otonality and utonality
Otonality and utonality are terms introduced by Harry Partch to describe chords whose pitch classes are the harmonics or subharmonics of a given fixed tone (identity), respectively. For example: ⁠1/1⁠, ⁠2/1⁠, ⁠3/1⁠,... or ⁠1/1⁠, ⁠1/2⁠, ⁠1/3⁠,....

An Otonality is that set of pitches generated by the numerical factors (...identities)...over a numerical constant (...numerary nexus) in the denominator. Conversely, a Utonality is the inversion of an Otonality, a set of pitches with a numerical constant in the numerator over the numerical factors...in the denominator.

Limit (music)
In music theory, limits or harmonic limits are a way of characterizing the harmony found in a piece or genre of music, or the harmonies that can be made using a particular scale. The term limit was introduced by Harry Partch, who used it to give an upper bound on the complexity of harmony, hence the name.
Minced oath
A minced oath is a euphemistic expression formed by deliberately changing the spelling of, or replacing, part of a profane, blasphemous, or taboo word or phrase to remove the original term's objectionable characteristics. Also, a new term can be created from scratch.  The goal is to create a new term that expresses the same emotions but does not carry the same offensive denotative meaning.  An example is "gosh" for "God", or fudge for fuck.

Many languages have such expressions. In the English language, nearly all profanities have minced variants.

Euphemism
contraceptives

menstrual pads and tampons

adult diapers

A euphemism is the substitution of a potentially offensive or unpleasant word or expression with one that is more pleasant or inoffensive. Some euphemisms are humorous, while others use mild or neutral language to downplay certain concepts. They can often be used to soften profanity or discuss sensitive or taboo topics, such as disability, sex, bodily functions, pain, violence, illness, or death, in a more polite manner.
Iberian War
The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.

The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the Byzantines recovered their position in battles at Dara and Satala while their Ghassanid allies defeated the Sasanian-aligned Lakhmids. A Sasanian victory at 
Callinicum in 531 continued the war for another year until the empires signed the "Perpetual Peace".

Battle of Callinicum
The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD, between an army of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius and a Sasanian cavalry force commanded by Azarethes. After being defeated at the Battle of Dara, the Sasanians moved to invade Roman Syria in an attempt to turn the tide of the war. Belisarius' rapid response foiled the plan, and his troops pushed the Persians to the Syrian border through maneuvering before forcing a battle in which the Sasanians won a Pyrrhic victory.
China Railway DJJ2
The DJJ2 "China Star" (Chinese: 中华之星) is an indigenously designed experimental high speed train manufactured in China. It is an EMU train developed from the DJJ1 "Blue Arrow" high speed train by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works.

China Railway DJJ1
The DJJ1 "Blue Arrow" (simplified Chinese: 蓝箭; traditional Chinese: 藍箭) is a type of high-speed EMU train used by mainland China Railway. They were manufactured in 2000 by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works.
The Chorus (2004 film)
The Chorus (French: Les Choristes, pronounced [le kɔʁist], lit. 'The Choristers') is a 2004 German-French-Swiss musical drama film directed by Christophe Barratier. Co-written by Barratier and Philippe Lopes-Curval, it is an adaptation of the 1945 film A Cage of Nightingales (La Cage aux rossignols). The story is inspired by the origin of the boys' choir the Little Singers of Paris.

At the 77th Academy Awards, The Chorus was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Original Song (the latter for "Vois sur ton chemin", listed as "Look to Your Path", composed by Bruno Coulais).

A Cage of Nightingales
A Cage of Nightingales (French: La Cage aux rossignols) is a 1945 French film directed by Jean Dréville. It was the second most popular movie at the French box office that year and gained a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Story.

Its plot is directly inspired by that of an actual educational centre, called Ker Goat, where Jacques Dietz, Roger Riffier and their teams worked to help children in difficulty through choral singing and innovative teaching methods. The film later served as an inspiration for the film The Chorus (2004), starring the French actor Gérard Jugnot and directed by Christophe Barratier.
Manassas Gap Railroad
The Manassas Gap Railroad (MGRR) was a railroad that ran from Mount Jackson, Virginia, to the Orange and Alexandria Railroad's Manassas Junction, which later became the city of Manassas, Virginia.  Chartered by the Virginia General Assembly in 1850, the MGRR was a 4 ft 8 in (1,422 mm) narrow gauge line whose 90 completed miles of track included 38 miles (61 km) of 60 pounds-per-yard T-rail and 52 miles (84 km) of 52 pounds-per-yard T-rail.  A total of nine locomotives and 232 cars were operated on the line, serving 20 stations.

During the American Civil War, the Confederate Army used the railroad to move troops and raid the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

An extension to Harper's Ferry was planned and partially built, though the rail was never installed. Today, several portions of that unfinished roadbed, as well as some historic culverts and masonry, remain abandoned in Fairfax County.

Orange and Alexandria Railroad
The Orange and Alexandria Railroad (O&A) was a railroad in Virginia, United States. Chartered in 1848, it eventually extended from Alexandria to Gordonsville, with another section from Charlottesville to Lynchburg. The road played a crucial role in the American Civil War, saw the first of many mergers in 1867, and eventually became an important part of the modern-day Norfolk Southern rail system.
Black Racer (DC Comics)
The Black Racer is a character, a deity and avatar of Death in the DC Comics universe who often hunts those affiliated with the New Gods. The character first appears in New Gods #3 (July 1971) and was created by Jack Kirby.

New Gods
The New Gods are a fictional extraterrestrial race appearing in the eponymous comic book series published by DC Comics, as well as by selected other DC titles. Created and designed by Jack Kirby, they first appeared in February 1971 in New Gods #1.
David Cohen (rabbi)
David Cohen (Hebrew: דוד כהן; 1887–8 August 1972) (also known as "Rav Ha-Nazir," the Nazirite Rabbi) was a rabbi, talmudist, philosopher, kabbalist, and a disciple of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook. A noted Jewish ascetic, he took a Nazirite vow at the outbreak of World War I.

Abraham Isaac Kook
Abraham Isaac HaCohen Kook (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק הַכֹּהֵן קוּק; 7 September 1865 – 1 September 1935), known as HaRav Kook, and also known by the Hebrew-language acronym Hara'ayah (הראי״ה), was an Orthodox rabbi, and the first Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine.  He is considered to be one of the fathers of religious Zionism and is known for founding the Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva.
Eric III of Denmark
Eric III Lamb (Danish: Erik III Lam, c. 1120 – 27 August 1146) was King of Denmark from 1137 until 1146. He was the grandson of Eric I and the nephew of Eric II, whom he succeeded on the throne. He abdicated in 1146, becoming the first monarch of Denmark to do so voluntarily, and the only until Margrethe II in 2024. His succession led to a period of civil war between Sweyn III, Canute V, and Valdemar I.

Eric II of Denmark
Eric II the Memorable (Danish: Erik II Emune; c. 1090 – 18 September 1137) was king of Denmark between 1134 and 1137. He was an illegitimate son of Eric I of Denmark, who ruled the kingdom from 1095 to 1103. Eric the Memorable rebelled against his uncle Niels, King of Denmark, and was declared king in 1134. He punished his adversaries severely, and rewarded his supporters handsomely. He was killed by a subject in 1137 and was promptly succeeded as king by his nephew Eric III of Denmark.
Central Expressway, Singapore
The Central Expressway (CTE) in Singapore is the major highway connecting the city centre of Singapore with the northern residential parts of the island, including Toa Payoh, Bishan and Ang Mo Kio and further onwards to the Seletar Expressway and the Tampines Expressway.

As of 29 December 2013, SLE and CTE are one of the two pairs of expressways in Singapore which are linked together, the other being the KPE and MCE.

Seletar Expressway
The Seletar Expressway (Abbreviation: SLE) is a highway in Singapore that traverses the northern end of the island and joins the Central Expressway (CTE) and the Tampines Expressway (TPE) in Seletar to the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) in Kranji.
Rivière Noire du Milieu
The rivière Noire du Milieu (Black River of the Middle) is a tributary of the south shore of the Noire River, flowing entirely into the unorganized territory of Mont-Élie, Quebec, in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality, in Capitale-Nationale, in Quebec, Canada. The upper part is in the  zec des Martres, around Plongeon Lake.

The lower part of this valley is served by route 170 which links Saint-Siméon to Petit-Saguenay, which passes on the north shore of the Noire River. This valley has some secondary forest roads for forestry and recreational tourism purposes.

Forestry is the first economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.

The surface of the Black River Middle is usually frozen from early December to late March, however, safe ice movement is generally from mid-December to mid-March.

Noire River (Charlevoix)
The Noire River is a tributary of the North-West shore of Saint Lawrence River flowing north-east of La Malbaie, in  the municipality of Saint-Siméon, in Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality, in Quebec, in Canada.

The lower portion of this valley is served by Route 138 which runs along the shoreline of the St. Lawrence River. Route 170 which links Saint-Siméon to Petit-Saguenay village serves the lower and middle parts of this valley. The upper part of the valley has some secondary forest roads for forestry and recreation purposes.

Forestry is the first economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.

The surface of the Black River is usually frozen from early December to late March, however, safe ice movement is generally from mid-December to mid-March.
Buick Invicta
The Buick Invicta is a full-size automobile produced by Buick from 1959 to 1963. The Invicta was a continuation of the mid-range Buick Century that mated the standard size Buick LeSabre (pre-1959, Buick Special) body with Buick's larger 401 cubic inch Fireball V8 engine. The Invicta continued to be the intermediate hardtop coupe, hardtop sedan, convertible and station wagon, labeled as the Buick Invicta Estate, until it was replaced by the Buick Wildcat as a coupe or sedan, while the station wagon was replaced by the Buick Sport Wagon in 1965.

The name was derived from Latin and signified 'unconquerable, invincible, unbeatable, unvanquished' according to Buick Motor Division sales training materials.

Buick Wildcat
The Buick Wildcat is a full-size car that was produced by Buick from the 1963 to 1970 model years.  Taking its name from a series of 1950s Buick concept cars, the Wildcat replaced the Invicta within the "junior" B-body Buick sedan range.  Serving as the higher-performance full-size Buick, the Wildcat was slotted between the LeSabre and the larger C-body Electra.

Following two generations of the model line, the Wildcat was replaced by the Buick Centurion for 1971.
Finnish National Gallery
Finnish National Gallery (Finnish: Suomen Kansallisgalleria, Swedish: Finlands Nationalgalleri) is the largest art museum institution of Finland. It consists of the Ateneum, an art museum; Kiasma, a contemporary art museum; and the Sinebrychoff Art Museum, a historic house and art museum.

The organization's functions are supported by the conservation department, the administration and services department and Kehys, the art museum development department.

Sinebrychoff Art Museum
The Sinebrychoff Art Museum is an art museum located on Bulevardi in Helsinki, Finland. The museum exhibits the old European art collections (dating between the 14th and 19th centuries) of the Finnish National Gallery. In addition, half of the museum acts as a historic house museum, displaying the 19th century estate of the Sinebrychoff family.
Ahmed Diriye
Ahmed Diriye (Somali: Axmed Diiriye, Arabic: أحمد ديريه; born 1972), also known as Ahmad Umar or Abu Ubaidah al-Somali (Arabic: أبي عبيدة الصومالي), is the Emir of Somalia’s Islamist militant group Al-Shabaab.

Diriye became head of the organization following the death of al-Shabaab's leader Ahmed Godane in 2014. In 2022, the U.S. State Department designated him a terrorist.

Ahmed Abdi Godane
Ahmed Abdi Godane (10 July 1977 – 1 September 2014), also known as Mukhtar Abu Zubair, was a Somali militant leader who served as the second emir of al-Shabaab, an Islamist militant group based in Somalia. Godane, who received training and fought in Afghanistan, was designated by the United States as a terrorist. The exact date of Godane's rise to al-Shabaab's Emir is debated, although it seems he ascended to this position in December 2007.

During his leadership of Al-Shabaab, the group pledged allegiance to Al-Qaeda. He was killed in a U.S. drone strike on 1 September 2014 in southern Somalia.
Ignace Reiss
Ignace Reiss  (1899 – 4 September 1937) – also known as "Ignace Poretsky," "Ignatz Reiss," "Ludwig," "Ludwik", "Hans Eberhardt," "Steff Brandt," Nathan Poreckij, and "Walter Scott (an officer of the U.S. military intelligence)" – was one of the "Great Illegals" or Soviet spies who worked in third party countries where they were not nationals in the late 1920s and 1930s. He was known as a nevozvrashchenec ("unreturnable").

An NKVD team assassinated him on 4 September 1937 near Lausanne, Switzerland, a few weeks after he declared his defection in a letter addressed to Joseph Stalin. He was a lifelong friend of Walter Krivitsky; his assassination influenced the timing and method of Whittaker Chambers's defection a few months later.

Walter Krivitsky
Walter Germanovich Krivitsky (Russian: Ва́льтер Ге́рманович Криви́цкий; born Samuel Gershevich Ginsberg; Russian: Самуил Гершевич Гинзберг; June 28, 1899 – February 10, 1941) was a Soviet military intelligence spymaster who defected to the West and revealed plans for the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
Disney Music Group
Disney Music Group (DMG) is the music recording and publishing arm of Walt Disney Studios, a division of Disney Entertainment, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company. It is located at the studio's headquarters in Burbank, California. The division's subsidiaries consist of two owned record labels—Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records—along with Disney Music Publishing, the publishing entity that administers the company's music, as well as Disney Concerts. Disney Music's Vevo account on YouTube is currently one of the most-viewed YouTube channels as of June 2023.

Walt Disney Records
Walt Disney Records is an American record label owned by the Disney Music Group. The label releases soundtrack albums from the Walt Disney Company's motion picture studios, television shows, theme parks and traditional studio albums produced by its roster of pop, teen pop and country artists.

The music label was founded in the Spring of 1956 as Disneyland Records. Before that time, Disney recordings were licensed to a variety of other labels such as RCA, Decca, Capitol, ABC-Paramount, and United Artists. It was Disney Legend Jimmy Johnson who convinced Walt Disney’s brother Roy O. Disney that Disney, at time known as Walt Disney Productions should form their own record label. It adopted its current name in 1988 and is currently distributed worldwide by Universal Music Group.
Warrington Wolves
The Warrington Wolves are a professional rugby league club based in Warrington, England. They play home games at the Halliwell Jones Stadium and compete in the Super League, the top tier of British rugby league. 
Warrington are the only British-based club to have played every season in the top flight. They have won the League Championship three times and the Challenge Cup nine times.

The club's traditional home colours are white, primrose and blue. Warrington have local rivalries with Widnes Vikings, St Helens, Wigan Warriors, Salford Red Devils and Leigh Leopards.

Widnes Vikings
The Widnes Vikings are an English rugby league club in Widnes, Cheshire, which competes in the Championship. The club plays home matches at DCBL Stadium. Founded as Widnes Football Club, they are one of the original twenty-two rugby clubs that formed the Northern Rugby Football Union in 1895. Their historic nickname is "The Chemics" after the main industry in Widnes, but now they use their modern nickname, "The Vikings".

The club enjoyed a period of success in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, and were frequently described as "Cup Kings" reaching the Challenge Cup Final 7 times in 10 years between 1975 and 1984. In 1989, after winning their third Rugby League Premiership, Widnes became the first official World Club Champions by beating the Australian champions Canberra Raiders 30–18 at Old Trafford. They have a strong local rivalry with Warrington Wolves.
Paul Bunyan
Paul Bunyan is a giant lumberjack and folk hero in American and Canadian folklore. His tall tales revolve around his superhuman labors, and he is customarily accompanied by Babe the Blue Ox (French: Babe le bœuf bleu), his pet and working animal. The character originated in the oral tradition of North American loggers, and was later popularized by freelance writer William B. Laughead (1882–1958) in a 1916 promotional pamphlet for the Red River Lumber Company. He has been the subject of various literary compositions, musical pieces, commercial works, and theatrical productions. His likeness is displayed in a number of oversized statues across North America.

Tall tale
A tall tale is a story with unbelievable elements, related as if it were true and factual. Some tall tales are exaggerations of actual events, for example fish stories ("the fish that got away") such as, "That fish was so big, why I tell ya', it nearly sank the boat when I pulled it in!" Other tall tales are completely fictional tales set in a familiar setting, such as the European countryside, the American frontier, the Canadian Northwest, the Australian outback, or the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Events are often told in a way that makes the narrator seem to have been a part of the story; the tone is generally good-natured. Legends are differentiated from tall tales primarily by age; many legends exaggerate the exploits of their heroes, but in tall tales the exaggeration looms large, to the extent of dominating the story.