hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
St Peter's Square, Manchester
St Peter's Square is a public square in Manchester city centre, England. The north of the square is bounded by Princess Street and the south by Peter Street. To the west of the square is Manchester Central Library, Midland Hotel and Manchester Town Hall Extension. At the centre of the square is St Peter's Square Metrolink tram stop, a major transport interchange. The square is also home to the Manchester Cenotaph, and the statue of Emmeline Pankhurst Rise up, Women In 1819, the area around the square was the site of the Peterloo Massacre.

From 2010 to 2017, the square underwent significant redevelopment which entailed the restoration of Central Library and attached Library Walk link, the relocation of the Cenotaph to the rear of Manchester Town Hall, the creation of a new extended tram stop and the construction of two new office blocks to the south of the square; One St Peter's Square and Two St Peter's Square.

Rise up, Women
Rise up, Women, also known as Our Emmeline, is a bronze statue of Emmeline Pankhurst in St Peter's Square, Manchester. Pankhurst was a British political activist and leader of the suffragette movement in the United Kingdom. Hazel Reeves sculpted the figure and designed the Meeting Circle that surrounds it.

The statue was unveiled on 14 December 2018, the centenary of the 1918 United Kingdom general election, the first election in the United Kingdom in which women over the age of 30 could vote. It is the first statue honouring a woman erected in Manchester since a statue of Queen Victoria was dedicated more than 100 years ago.
Alexa Bank
Alexa Bank is a seamount in Samoa, northwest of Rotuma. The seamount reaches a depth of 18–21 metres (59–69 ft) below sea level and has the appearance of an atoll with a flat top and steep slopes. Some active coral growth takes place at its top, but if it ever was an active atoll it has now drowned. It was probably formed by the Samoa hotspot 24 million years ago, although older volcanism about 40 million years ago has also been identified.

Samoa hotspot
The Samoa hotspot is a volcanic hotspot located in the south Pacific Ocean.
The hotspot model describes a hot upwelling plume of magma through the Earth's crust as an explanation of how volcanic islands are formed. The hotspot idea came from J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 based on the Hawaiian Islands volcanic chain.

In theory, the Samoa hotspot is based on the Pacific Tectonic Plate travelling over a fixed hotspot located deep underneath the Samoan Islands.
The Samoa hotspot has created the Samoan Islands (American Samoa and Samoa), the islands of Uvea or Wallis Island (Wallis and Futuna) and Niulakita (Tuvalu), as well as the submerged Pasco banks and Alexa Bank.

As the Pacific Plate moves slowly over the hotspot, thermal activity builds up and is released in magma plume spewing through the Earth's crust, forming each island in a chain. The Samoa islands generally lie in a straight line, east to west, in the same direction of the tectonic plate 'drifting' over the hotspot.
W. I. Thomas
William Isaac Thomas (August 13, 1863 – December 5, 1947) was an American sociologist, understood today as a key figure behind the theory of symbolic interactionism.

Collaborating with Polish sociologist Florian Znaniecki, Thomas developed and influenced the use of empirical methodologies in sociological research and contributed theories to the sociology of migration. Thomas went on to formulate a fundamental principle of sociology, known as the Thomas theorem, whereby he would contend that "if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." This microsociological concept served as a theoretical foundation for the field of symbolic interactionism which was developed by Thomas's younger peers—primarily at the University of Chicago.

Thomas theorem
The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 by William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas:

If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.

In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations. Whether there even is an objectively correct interpretation is not important for the purposes of helping guide individuals' behavior.

The Thomas theorem is not a theorem in the mathematical sense.
Carreau fluid
In fluid dynamics, a Carreau fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid (named after Pierre Carreau) where viscosity, , depends upon the shear rate, , by the following equation:

Where: , ,  and  are material coefficients:  is the viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa.s),  is the viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa.s),  is the characteristic time (s) and  power index.

The dynamics of fluid motions is an important area of physics, with many important and commercially significant applications.

Computers are often used to calculate the motions of fluids, especially when the applications are of a safety critical nature.

Generalized Newtonian fluid
In fluid mechanics, a generalized Newtonian fluid is an idealized fluid for which the shear stress is a function of shear rate at the particular time, but not dependent upon the history of deformation. Although this type of fluid is non-Newtonian (i.e. non-linear) in nature, its constitutive equation is a generalised form of the Newtonian fluid. Generalised Newtonian fluids satisfy the following rheological equation:

where  is the shear stress, and  is the shear rate. The quantity  represents an apparent viscosity or effective viscosity as a function of the shear rate.

The most commonly used types of generalized Newtonian fluids are:

Power-law fluid

Cross fluid

Carreau fluid

Bingham fluid

It has been shown that lubrication theory may be applied to all generalized Newtonian fluids in both two and three dimensions.
Antoņina Ņenaševa
Antonina Nenaševa (born 17 July 1988) is a Latvian politician, educator. Currently a member of the 14th Saeima (Parliament), she serves on the Education, Culture and Science Commission and is a member of the Saeima Presidium. Member of the Board and founder of the Progressive Party.

A. Nenaševa has been a member of the Riga City Council, Co-chair of The Progressive, a teacher of social sciences and economics and a lecturer of political science at Riga Stradiņš University.

The Progressives (Latvia)
The Progressives (Latvian: Progresīvie ['pɾɔgɾesiːviɛ], PRO) is a social-democratic and green political party in Latvia. The party was founded on 25 February 2017. Since 4 September 2021 its leaders have been Antoņina Ņenaševa and Atis Švinka. The Progressives have 11 seats on Riga City Council and 10 seats in the Saeima and one seat in the European Parliament. It is currently a junior partner in the Siliņa cabinet with three ministers.
Georgia State Defense Force
The Georgia State Defense Force (GSDF) is Georgia's state guard. The GSDF is a professionally trained volunteer component of the Georgia Department of Defense, serving in support of the national and state constitutions under direction of the governor and the adjutant general of Georgia. As a state defense force (SDF), the GSDF serves alongside the Georgia Army National Guard and the Georgia Air National Guard. The mission of the GSDF is to provide volunteers to assist government agencies and civil relief organizations during emergencies.

GSDF Soldiers help, support, and augment the Georgia National Guard; provide professional skills to the Georgia Department of Defense; and assist Georgia communities. Soldiers are trained in search and rescue, medical support, community emergency response, and assistance in disaster relief. The GSDF also assists the Georgia National Guard with deployment training (opposing force) and small arms range support.

Georgia Naval Militia
The Georgia Naval Militia (GNM) is the legally-authorized but currently inactive naval militia of the U.S. state of Georgia. The Georgia Naval Militia, together with the Georgia National Guard and the Georgia State Defense Force, is a component of the organized militia of Georgia.
Pete Rawlings
Howard Peters "Pete" Rawlings (March 17, 1937 – November 14, 2003) was an American politician and the first African American to become chair of the powerful Appropriations Committee in the Maryland House of Delegates. Rawlings served the 40th legislative district, located in the central, northwest section of Baltimore, from 1979 until 2003. His daughter, Stephanie Rawlings-Blake, is the former Mayor of Baltimore.

Stephanie Rawlings-Blake
Stephanie C. Rawlings-Blake (born March 17, 1970) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 50th Mayor of Baltimore from 2010 to 2016, the second woman to hold that office. She has also served as secretary of the Democratic National Committee and as president of the United States Conference of Mayors.
Taraana
Taraana is a 1979 Hindi 
film produced by Tarachand Barjatya for Rajshri Productions. The film stars Mithun Chakravorty, Ranjeeta, Bhagwan Dada, Om Shivpuri, Jagdeep, Shreeram Lagoo, Jayshree T., Urmila Bhatt and Sharat Saxena. The film's music is by Vijay Patil, also known as Raam Laxman.

Ranjeeta Kaur
Ranjeeta Kaur (born 22 September 1956) is an Indian actress.  She was trained at FTII. She has appeared in around 47 films. She has portrayed a variety of characters and her films include Laila Majnu (1976), Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (1978) and Pati Patni Aur Woh (1978). She was nominated for the Filmfare Awards three, including for two of the above films.
Lakeba
Lakeba (pronounced [laˈkemba]) is an island in Fiji’s Southern Lau Archipelago; the provincial capital of Lau is located here. The island is the tenth largest in Fiji, with a land area of nearly 60 square kilometers. It is fertile and well watered, and encircled by a 29-kilometer road. Its closest neighbors are Aiwa and Nayau. Separated by deep sea from the latter but only by shallow waters from the former, when sea levels were lower during glacial episodes Lakeba and Aiwa formed one large island.

It has a population of around 2,100 in eight villages, the most important of which is the capital Tubou which lies in the island's south. Near Tubou is the village of Levuka; not to be confused with its namesake – Fiji's old capital – Levuka on Lakeba is home to a fishing tribe whose ancestors came from Bau Island. Another significant village is Nasaqalau, located in the northern part of Lakeba.

Tubou
Tubou is a village on the Fijian island of Lakeba, with a population of about 2,000. One of eight villages on Lakeba, it is considered the capital of the Lau Islands, being the seat of the Vuanirewa clan, a powerful chiefly family from which Fiji's longtime Prime Minister and President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara (1920–2004) and one of Fiji's famous cricketers I. L. Bula (born 1921), hailed.

The Tongan-Fijian warlord Enele Ma'afu, who conquered much of eastern and northern Fiji in the mid-19th century, is buried in Tubou, as are Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna (1888–1958), Fiji's first modern statesman, and Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara. Many early Christian missionaries are also buried in Tubou.
Quasi (film)
Quasi is a 2023 American satirical comedy film directed by Kevin Heffernan and written by Heffernan and Broken Lizard members Steve Lemme, Jay Chandrasekhar, Paul Soter, and Erik Stolhanske. The film takes a satirical take on Victor Hugo's 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. It was released by Searchlight Pictures as a Hulu original film on April 20, 2023.

Erik Stolhanske
Erik Stolhanske (born August 23, 1971) is an American actor, writer, producer and a member of the Broken Lizard comedy group. He is best known as “Officer Rabbit” from the cult-classic comedy Super Troopers (2001) and its sequel, Super Troopers 2 (2018).

As one of the five principal members of the Broken Lizard comedy troupe, he has starred in all of the group's films, including Beerfest (2006), The Slammin' Salmon (2009), Club Dread (2004), and Puddle Cruiser (1996). Additionally, he has made cameo appearances in The Sweetest Thing (2002) and The Onion Movie (2008). On television, Stolhanske has appeared in HBO’s critically acclaimed series Curb Your Enthusiasm and Six Feet Under, as well as in the Comedy Central special Broken Lizard Stands Up.

The Broken Lizard Group continues to develop new projects, including the much-anticipated Super Troopers 3 and Quasi, which was released on Hulu on April 20, 2023.
Guo Yuanzhen
Guo Yuanzhen (郭元振; 656–713), formal name Guo Zhen (郭震) but went by the courtesy name of Yuanzhen, was an official, general, and diplomat of Tang and Zhou dynasties of China, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Emperor Ruizong and Emperor Xuanzong.

Chancellor of the Tang dynasty
The chancellor, also known by its Chinese name as the zaixiang, was a semi-formal designation for a number of high-level officials during China's Tang dynasty. This list also includes chancellors of the short-lived Zhou dynasty of the empress Wu Zetian within the Tang.
Tasman District Council
Tasman District Council (Māori: Te Kaunihera o te tai o Aorere) is the unitary local authority for the Tasman District of New Zealand. The council is led by the mayor of Tasman, who is currently Tim King.

Unitary authority
A unitary authority is a type of local authority in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Unitary authorities are responsible for all local government functions within their areas, or perform additional functions that elsewhere are usually performed by multiple tiers of local government.

Typically, unitary authorities cover towns or cities that are large enough to function independently of a council or other authority. An authority can be a unit of a county or combined authority.
North Harbour women's cricket team
The North Harbour women's cricket team was the women's representative cricket team for the North Shore and Rodney District. From 1990–91 to 1993–94 they competed in the New Zealand Pub Charities National Tournament, replacing North Shore. The team merged with Auckland ahead of the 1994–95 season.

Hallyburton Johnstone Shield
The Hallyburton Johnstone Shield is the premier domestic women's one-day cricket competition in New Zealand. The tournament began in 1935–36, as a first-class competition, but is now played as a 50-over competition, with six provincial teams taking part: Auckland, Canterbury, Central Districts, Northern Districts, Otago and Wellington. The tournament now runs alongside the Twenty20 Women's Super Smash.

The most successful side in the history of the competition are Canterbury, with 38 outright title wins and 1 shared title. The current holders are Otago, who beat Auckland in the final of the 2024–25 season.
Steven Sykes (artist)
Steven Barry Sykes (30 August 1914 – 22 January 1999) was a British artist, known for his Gethsemane Chapel in the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral. He was active in the British desert camouflage unit in the Second World War, and was responsible for the dummy railhead at Misheifa and for the effective camouflage and large-scale military deception in the defence of Tobruk in 1942.

Coventry Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Saint Michael, commonly known as Coventry Cathedral, is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry within the Church of England. The cathedral is located in Coventry, West Midlands, England.

The city has had three cathedrals. The first was St Mary's, a monastic building, from 1102 to 1539, of which only a few ruins remain. The second was St Michael's, a 14th-century Gothic church designated as a cathedral in 1918, which remains a ruined shell after its bombing during the Second World War, apart from its tower and spire, which rise to 284 feet (87 metres). The third, consecrated in 1962, is the new St Michael's Cathedral, built immediately adjacent to the ruins and tower of the former cathedral – together forming both a symbol of war-time destruction and barbarity, and also of peace and reconciliation.
Ely, Nevada
Ely (/ˈiːli/, EE-lee) is the only city in and the county seat of White Pine County, Nevada, United States. Ely was founded as a stagecoach station along the Pony Express and Central Overland Route. In 1906 copper was discovered. Ely's mining boom came later than the other towns along US 50. The railroads connecting the transcontinental railroad to the mines in Austin, Nevada and Eureka, Nevada have long been removed, but the railroad to Ely is preserved as a heritage railway by the Nevada Northern Railway and known as the Ghost Train of Old Ely. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,924.

Eureka, Nevada
Eureka is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in and the county seat of Eureka County, Nevada, United States. With a population of 414 as of the 2020 United States census, it is the second-largest community in Eureka County. Attractions include the Eureka Opera House (built in 1880 and restored in 1993), Raine’s Market and Wildlife Museum (built 1887), the Jackson House Hotel (built 1877), and the Eureka Sentinel Museum (housed in the 1879 Eureka Sentinel Newspaper Building).

Eureka is part of the Elko Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Chrystal's equation
In mathematics, Chrystal's equation is a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation, named after the mathematician George Chrystal, who discussed the singular solution of this equation in 1896. The equation reads as

where  are constants, which upon solving for , gives

This equation is a generalization of some particular cases of Clairaut's equation since it reduces to a form of Clairaut's equation under certain conditions as given below.

Clairaut's equation
In mathematical analysis, Clairaut's equation (or the Clairaut equation) is a differential equation of the form

where  is continuously differentiable. It is a particular case of the Lagrange differential equation. It is named after the French mathematician Alexis Clairaut, who introduced it in 1734.
1968 Israeli raid on Beirut Airport
The Operation Gift (Hebrew: מבצע תשורה, mivtza t'shura) was an Israeli Special Forces operation at the Beirut International Airport on the evening of 28 December 1968, in retaliation for the attack on the Israeli Airliner El Al Flight 253 two days earlier and the hijacking of El Al Flight 426 five months earlier, both by the Lebanon and Syria-based Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

The commandos from the Israeli Defence Forces elite Sayeret Matkal destroyed 12 passenger airplanes belonging to Middle East Airlines (MEA) and Lebanese International Airways (LIA) and two cargo planes belonging to Trans Mediterranean Airways (TMA). There were no casualties reported in the raid.

El Al Flight 253
The El Al Flight 253 attack was a terrorist attack   against a Boeing 707 passenger plane by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP). The attack took place while the plane was on a layover in Athens en route from Tel Aviv, Israel, to New York City, United States in 1968.
World Series of Poker Europe
The World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion effort of World Series of Poker-branded poker tournaments outside the United States. Since 1970, participants had to travel to Las Vegas if they wanted to compete in the World Series of Poker (WSOP). Although the WSOP held circuit events in other locations, the main tournaments, which awarded bracelets to the winners, were exclusively held in Las Vegas. The inaugural WSOPE, held in 2007, marked the first time that a WSOP bracelet was awarded outside Las Vegas.  From its inception to the 2013 tournament, players from 19 countries — USA (10), France (4), UK (3), Denmark (3), Canada (2), Norway (2), Portugal (2), Italy (2), Afghanistan, Germany, Indonesia, Spain, New Zealand, Sweden, Tunisia, Switzerland, Australia, Italy and Finland — have won bracelets.

Poker tournament
A poker tournament is a tournament where players compete by playing poker. It can feature as few as two players playing on a single table (called a "heads-up" tournament), and as many as tens of thousands of players playing on thousands of tables. The winner of the tournament is usually the person who wins every poker chip in the game and the others are awarded places based on the time of their elimination. To facilitate this, in most tournaments, blinds rise over the duration of the tournament. Unlike in a ring game (or cash game), a player's chips in a tournament cannot be cashed out for money and serve only to determine the player's placing.
Shishman of Vidin
Shishman (Bulgarian: Шишман; fl. 1270s/1280s — before 1308/1313) was a Bulgarian nobleman (boyar) who ruled a semi-independent realm based out of the Danubian fortress of Vidin in the late 13th and early 14th century. Shishman, who was bestowed the title of "despot" by Bulgarian emperor George Terter I, was a Cuman, and may have been established as lord of Vidin as early as the 1270s.

In 1291, he came under Golden Horde ("Tatar") suzerainty and in 1292 he was in charge of an unsuccessful campaign against neighbouring Serbia. Even though the Serbs captured Vidin in their counter-offensive, perhaps thanks to Tatar influence Shishman was placed once more as the ruler of the region, this time as a Serbian vassal. However, he continued to rule his lands largely independently. As his son and successor as despot of Vidin Michael Shishman acceded to the Bulgarian throne in 1323, Shishman was the progenitor of the last medieval Bulgarian royal dynasty, the Shishman dynasty.

House of Shishman
The House of Shishman (Bulgarian: Шишман), also referred to as the Shishmanids or Shishmanovtsi (Bulgarian: Шишмановци), was a medieval Bulgarian dynasty of Turkic Cuman origin. The House of Shishman ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire from the proclamation of Michael Asen III as emperor in 1323 to the deposition of his son Ivan Stephen in 1331 whereafter rule fell to the House of Sratsimir, who were matrilineal descendants of the Shishmanids.

The Shishmanids were matrilineally descended from the earlier Asen dynasty and may also have been related to the immediately preceding Terter dynasty.
Gangapur City
Gangapur City is a municipal council located in Sawai Madhopur district in the eastern part of Indian state of Rajasthan. It is situated 140 km (87 mi) east of Rajasthan's capital Jaipur, 76 km (47 mi) from Sawai Madhopur, 33 km (20 mi) from Karauli, 160 km (99 mi) from Agra of Uttar Pradesh. It is famous for its sweet cuisine Kheermohan and newly built Kushalgarh Baba Shyam Temple.

Gangapur City holds a strategic position due to its location on the Delhi–Mumbai railway route, making it an important transportation hub. The city is well-connected to major urban centers like Jaipur, Kota, and Agra. Its proximity to attractions like Ranthambore National Park adds to its importance in the area.

Sawai Madhopur
Sawai Madhopur (IAST: Savāī Mādhōpur, IPA: [səˈʋaːiː ˈmaːdʱoːpʊɾ]) is a city in the south-eastern part of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It serves as the administrative headquarter of the Sawai Madhopur district, and forms a part of the Bharatpur division.

The city is known for its historical significance, cultural heritage, and ecological importance. It is located near Ranthambore National Park, one of India's most prominent wildlife reserves, situated approximately 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the city. The national park is a major attraction for wildlife enthusiasts and tourists. Also located in the vicinity is the Ranthambore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which adds to the city's cultural and architectural prominence.