hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Real Audiencia of Manila
The Real Audiencia of Manila (Spanish: Real Audiencia de Manila) was the Real Audiencia of the Spanish East Indies, which included modern-day Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Micronesia and the Philippines. Similar to Real Audiencias throughout the Spanish Empire, it was the highest tribunal within the territories of the Captaincy General of the Philippines, a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

The Governor-General of the Philippines was appointed as its highest judge, although on many occasions his absence forced other members to rule the tribunal and assume temporary civilian and military powers.

Captaincy General of the Philippines
The Captaincy General of the Philippines was an administrative district of the Spanish Empire in Southeast Asia governed by a governor-general as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of New Spain based in Mexico City until Mexican independence when it was transferred directly to Madrid.

Also known as the Captaincy General of the Spanish East Indies, which included among others the Philippine Islands, the Mariana Islands, and the Caroline Islands. It was founded in 1565 with the first permanent Spanish forts.

For centuries, all the administrative, political and economic aspects of the Captaincy General were administered in Mexico City by the Viceroyalty of New Spain for the Spanish Crown. However, in 1821, following the independence of the Mexican Empire, all control was transferred to Madrid. It was succeeded by the short-lived First Philippine Republic following its independence through the Philippine Revolution.
Hooksett, New Hampshire
Hooksett is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 14,871 at the 2020 census, up from 13,451 at the 2010 census. The town is located between Manchester, the state's largest city, and Concord, the state capital. A prominent landmark is Robie's Country Store, a National Historic Landmark and a frequent stop for presidential candidates during the New Hampshire primary.

The central village in town, where 5,283 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Hooksett census-designated place and is located at a bridge crossing of the Merrimack River. The town also contains the census-designated place of South Hooksett.

South Hooksett, New Hampshire
South Hooksett is a census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Hooksett in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,888 at the 2020 census. It is a suburban area adjacent to the city of Manchester, New Hampshire's largest city, and includes a mix of housing developments and large retail stores.
Biju Patnaik
Bijayananda Patnaik (5 March 1916 – 17 April 1997) was an Indian politician, aviator and businessman. He served as the 3rd Chief Minister of the State of Odisha from 1961 to 1963 and from 1990 to 1995. He was also the 14th Steel and mines and 1st Coal Union Minister of India from 1979 to 1980 and from 1977 to 1979 and a member of Lok Sabha from Kendrapara from 1977 to 1985. He is the father of Naveen Patnaik, also a former Chief Minister of the state.

Naveen Patnaik
Naveen Patnaik (Odia: [n̪ɔbin̪ pɔʈn̪ajk]; born 16 October 1946) is an Indian politician and writer, who is currently leader of opposition in Odisha Legislative Assembly. He served as the 14th Chief Minister of Odisha from 5 March 2000 to 12 June 2024.

He is the founding chairperson of the Biju Janata Dal, serving since 1997, and has represented the Hinjili Assembly constituency since 2000. He also served as the Union Minister of Steel and Mines from 1998 to 2000 and as a member of the Lok Sabha from Aska from 1997 to 2000.
Food challenge
Food challenges, such as the gallon challenge or the saltine cracker challenge, are specific  challenges or competitions involving food. Milk chugging is a popular competitive eating challenge on college campuses, and was promoted by MTV's Jackass in the early 2000s via their various food skits. Some challenges involve eating foods that may be considered disgusting by those taking the challenge.

With the rise of the Internet, Internet phenomena have increasingly spread through chain emails, YouTube, and social media, encouraging people to "challenge" their friends by spreading the message to others, as well as creating viral Internet memes.

Some "challenges" on the internet can seriously harm participants. The cinnamon challenge, a dare to attempt to eat a specified amount of ground cinnamon within a minute, has a strong risk of people gagging on cinnamon inhaled into the lungs. In July 2015, a four-year-old boy died of asphyxiation after accidentally inhaling some cinnamon.

Milk chugging
Milk chugging, or the gallon challenge or milk challenge, is the "sport" of consuming a large amount of milk within a set period of time. Although procedures vary, the general requirements are that a person is given 60 minutes to drink one US gallon (3.8 L; 0.8 imp gal) of whole milk without vomiting. A gallon milk jug is a common size of milk container in the United States.
Allyl alcohol
Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula CH2=CHCH2OH.  Like many alcohols, it is a water-soluble, colourless liquid.  It is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers.  Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols.

Allyl group
In organic chemistry, an allyl group is a substituent with the structural formula −CH2−HC=CH2. It consists of a methylene bridge (−CH2−) attached to a vinyl group (−CH=CH2). The name is derived from the scientific name for garlic, Allium sativum. In 1844, Theodor Wertheim isolated an allyl derivative from garlic oil and named it "Schwefelallyl". The term allyl applies to many compounds related to H2C=CH−CH2, some of which are of practical or of everyday importance, for example, allyl chloride.

Allylation is any chemical reaction that adds an allyl group to a substrate.
Apples railway station
Apples railway station (French: Gare d'Apples), is a railway station in the municipality of Hautemorges, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. The station is a keilbahnhof. It is located on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Bière–Apples–Morges line of Transports de la région Morges-Bière-Cossonay, at the point where the line splits, with branches going to Bière and L'Isle.

L'Isle railway station
L'Isle railway station (French: Gare de l'Isle), is a railway station in the municipality of L'Isle, in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is the northern terminus of the Apples–L'Isle branch line of the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Bière–Apples–Morges line of Transports de la région Morges-Bière-Cossonay.
Locally convex topological vector space
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, locally convex topological vector spaces (LCTVS) or locally convex spaces are examples of topological vector spaces (TVS) that generalize normed spaces. They can be defined as topological vector spaces whose topology is generated by translations of balanced, absorbent, convex sets. Alternatively they can be defined as a vector space with a family of seminorms, and a topology can be defined in terms of that family. Although in general such spaces are not necessarily normable, the existence of a convex local base for the zero vector is strong enough for the Hahn–Banach theorem to hold, yielding a sufficiently rich theory of continuous linear functionals.

Fréchet spaces are locally convex topological vector spaces that are completely metrizable (with a choice of complete metric). They are generalizations of Banach spaces, which are complete vector spaces with respect to a metric generated by a norm.

Absorbing set
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics an absorbing set in a vector space is a set  which can be "inflated" or "scaled up" to eventually always include any given point of the vector space. 
Alternative terms are radial or absorbent set. 
Every neighborhood of the origin in every topological vector space is an absorbing subset.
Power Stone (video game)
Power Stone is a 1999 arcade fighting game developed and published by Capcom, released on the Sega NAOMI arcade board and ported to the Dreamcast home console. It consists of battles in three-dimensional environments and contains objects that could be picked up and used. A sequel, Power Stone 2, was released a year later, and manga and anime adaptations have also been made. Both games were later ported to the PlayStation Portable as Power Stone Collection in 2006, known in Japan as Power Stone Portable. Both were also ported to Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows in 2025 as part of Capcom Fighting Collection 2.

Power Stone 2
Power Stone 2 (パワーストーン 2, Pawā Sutōn 2) is a multiplayer fighting game developed and published by Capcom. It was released for the Sega NAOMI arcade system in April 2000, with a home port for the Dreamcast releasing later that year. It is the sequel to Power Stone (1999), and built on the innovative gameplay introduced by its predecessor.  Power Stone 2 allows up to four players to choose from multiple characters and utilize items such as tables, chairs, and rocks in battle. The game introduced changes from the original, including new character voices, the removal of the existing combo system and a new, horizontal status bar.

The game was ported to the PlayStation Portable as part of the Power Stone Collection in 2006. The arcade version was re-released in 2025 as part of Capcom Fighting Collection 2.
Cosmic Avenger
Cosmic Avenger is a horizontally-scrolling shooter developed by Universal and released as an arcade video game in July 1981. It is part of the first-wave shooters with forced horizontal scrolling which followed Konami's Scramble and Super Cobra from earlier in the year. It was released the same month as Vanguard. The final installment in Universal's Cosmic series, players take control of the Avenger space fighter and, as in Scramble, use bullets and bombs against enemy air and ground forces. The world is one continuous level made up of different areas.

The game was ported to ColecoVision as one of its August 1982 launch titles in North America. The ColecoVision version was more successful than the arcade original, garnering mostly positive reception from critics who praised the action, visuals, and sound effects. Ports to the Atari 2600 and Intellivision were in development and advertised, but not released.

Scramble (video game)
Scramble is a 1981 horizontally scrolling shooter video game developed and published by Konami for arcades. It was distributed by Leijac for manufacture in Japan and Stern in North America. It was the first side-scrolling shooter with forced scrolling and multiple distinct levels, and it established the foundation for a new genre.

It was Konami's first major worldwide hit. In the United States, it sold 15,136 arcade cabinets within five months and became Stern's second best-selling game. Scramble was not ported to any major contemporary consoles or computers, but there were releases for the Tomy Tutor and Vectrex as well as dedicated tabletop/handheld versions. Unauthorized clones for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64 use the same name as the original.

Scramble's sequel, the more difficult Super Cobra, was released the same month in 1981. Gradius (1985) was originally intended to be a follow-up to Scramble.
Sphinx Systems
Sphinx Systems Limited was a Swiss-based manufacturer of high quality pistols used mainly by special forces, elite police units and sports shooters. Sphinx was founded in 1976, specializing in tooling and machining, and  then diversified into the firearms industry during the 1980s. Sphinx is best known for its development work on the original Czech-designed CZ 75 pistol, which evolved into the Sphinx 2000, Sphinx 3000 custom competition pistol, and Sphinx SDP Compact. Sphinx went out of business in July 2016.

CZ 75
The CZ 75 is a semi-automatic pistol made by Czech firearm manufacturer ČZUB. First introduced in 1975, it is one of the original "wonder nines" and features a staggered-column magazine, all-steel construction, and a hammer forged barrel. It is widely distributed throughout the world and is the most common handgun in the Czech Republic.
Flatbush Avenue
Flatbush Avenue is a major avenue in the New York City Borough of Brooklyn. It runs from the Manhattan Bridge south-southeastward to Jamaica Bay, where it joins the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, which connects Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens. The north end was extended from Fulton Street to the Manhattan Bridge as "Flatbush Avenue Extension".

Flatbush Avenue, including the extension, is 9.9 miles (15.9 km) long. The avenue is a four-lane street throughout the majority of its run. North of Atlantic Avenue and south of Utica Avenue, it is a six-lane-wide median-divided street.

Fulton Street (Brooklyn)
Fulton Street is a long east–west street in northern Brooklyn, New York City. This street begins at the intersection of Adams Street and Joralemon Street in Brooklyn Heights, and runs eastward to East New York and Cypress Hills. At the border with Queens, Fulton Street becomes 91st Avenue, which ends at 84th Street in Woodhaven.
Dakahlia Governorate
Dakahlia (Egyptian Arabic: محافظة الدقهلية Muḥāfaẓah el Daqahliyah, pronounced [ed.dæʔæhˈlejjæ]) is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo, Egypt. Its area is approximately 3,500km2. Although the capital of the governorate is Mansoura, it got its name from the ancient town of Daqahlah (Egyptian Arabic: دقهلة, from Coptic: ⲧⲕⲉϩⲗⲓ, lit. 'shrine') which is located in the modern Damietta Governorate.

Mansoura, Egypt
Mansoura (El Manṣūra, IPA: [el.mɑnˈsˤuːɾɑ], rural: [el.mænˈsˤuːɾe]) is a city in Egypt located on the eastern bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile river. The city is the capital of the Dakahlia Governorate and has an estimated population of 632,330 as of 2023.
F. Andrieu
F. Andrieu (fl. late 14th century; possibly François or Franciscus Andrieu) was a French composer in the ars nova style of late medieval music. Nothing is known for certain about him except that he wrote Armes, amours/O flour des flours (Weapons, loves/O flower of flowers), a double ballade déploration, for the death of Guillaume de Machaut in 1377. The work has been widely praised and analyzed; it is notable for being one of two extant medieval double ballades for four voices, the only known contemporary musical setting of Eustache Deschamps and the earliest representative of the longstanding medieval and Renaissance lamentation tradition between composers.

Andrieu may be the same person as Magister Franciscus, although the scholarly consensus on this identification is unclear. With P. des Molins, Jehan Vaillant and Grimace, Andrieu was one of the "post-Machaut" generation whose pieces retain enough ars nova qualities to be differentiated from composers of ars subtilior.

P. des Molins
P. des Molins (fl. mid 14th century), probably Pierre des Molins, was a French composer-poet in the ars nova style of late medieval music. His two surviving compositions – the ballade De ce que fol pensé and rondeau Amis, tout dous vis – were tremendously popular as they are among the most transmitted pieces of fourteenth-century music. The ballade is found in 12 medieval manuscript sources and featured in a c. 1420 tapestry; the rondeau is found in 8 sources and referenced by the Italian poet Simone de' Prodenzani. Along with Grimace, Jehan Vaillant and F. Andrieu, Molins was one of the post-Guillaume de Machaut generation whose music shows few distinctly ars subtilior features, leading scholars to recognize Molins's work as closer to the ars nova style of Machaut.
Haunted (Cabot novel)
Haunted is a young adult novel written by author Meg Cabot and was published by Avon Books in 2004. It is the fifth book in The Mediator series, following the adventures of teenage mediator Susannah 'Suze' Simon, and was a New York Times best seller. Its alternative title is Grave Doubts.

The Mediator
The Mediator is a young adult paranormal romance book series written by American author Meg Cabot. The series debuted in 2000 with its first novel, Shadowland, and centers on a teenage girl who can communicate with ghosts and acts as a mediator to help spirits resolve unfinished business so they can move on to the afterlife.

Originally published under Cabot's pseudonym Jenny Carroll, the first four novels were published by Simon & Schuster. The fifth and sixth books were published by HarperCollins and under Meg Cabot's name. In 2016, twelve years after the publication of the sixth installment Twilight, the seventh and final novel, Remembrance, was released under William Morrow, an imprint of Harper Collins.
Patrick N. Hogan
Patrick Nicholas Hogan (born February 15, 1979) is an American politician and academic administrator who served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates for District 3A from 2003 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2015. He is son of former congressman Lawrence Hogan and the younger half-brother of the 62nd Governor of Maryland, Larry Hogan.

Lawrence Hogan
Lawrence Joseph Hogan Sr. (September 30, 1928 – April 20, 2017) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. representative for the 5th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1975. In 1974, he was the only Republican representative to vote to recommend all three House articles of impeachment against President Richard Nixon. He was the father of the 62nd governor of Maryland, Larry Hogan.

Hogan did not run for re-election in 1974 and was unsuccessful that year in his candidacy for the Republican nomination for governor. He became county executive for Prince George's County, Maryland, in 1978 and served until 1982.

To date, he is the last Republican to have served as representative from Maryland's 5th congressional district.
ISO base media file format
The ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF) is a container file format that defines a general structure for files that contain time-based multimedia data such as video and audio.
It is standardized in ISO/IEC 14496-12, a.k.a. MPEG-4 Part 12, and was formerly also published as ISO/IEC 15444-12, a.k.a. JPEG 2000 Part 12.

It is designed as a flexible, extensible format that facilitates interchange, management, editing and presentation of the media. The presentation may be local, or via a network or other stream delivery mechanism. The file format is designed to be independent of any particular network protocol while enabling support for them in general.

The format has become very widely used for media file storage and as the basis for various other media file formats (e.g. the MP4 and 3GP container formats), and its widespread use was recognized by a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award presented on 4 November 2021 by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences.

Container format
A container format (informally, sometimes called a wrapper) or metafile is a file format that allows multiple data streams to be embedded into a single file, usually along with metadata for identifying and further detailing those streams.  Notable examples of container formats include archive files (such as the ZIP format) and formats used for multimedia playback (such as Matroska, MP4, and AVI). Among the earliest cross-platform container formats were Distinguished Encoding Rules and the 1985 Interchange File Format.
Louis J. Fellenz Jr.
Louis John Fellenz Jr. (March 27, 1915 – January 7, 1993) was an American lawyer, banker, and Republican politician from Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.  He served two terms in the Wisconsin Senate, representing Wisconsin's 18th Senate district from 1941 to 1949.  His father, L. J. Fellenz, previously represented the same state Senate district.

L. J. Fellenz
Louis John Fellenz Sr. (November 29, 1882 – January 1, 1953) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge from Wisconsin.  He was district attorney of Fond du Lac County for four years, was a member of the Wisconsin Senate, and was a Wisconsin circuit court judge for the last nine years of his life.
Gangaridai
Gangaridai (Greek: Γαγγαρίδαι, Latin: Gangaridae) is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers (1st century BCE–2nd century AD) to describe the people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai.

A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar.

Wari-Bateshwar ruins
The Wari-Bateshwar (Bengali: উয়ারী-বটেশ্বর, Bengali pronunciation: [u̯aɾi bɔʈeʃʃɔɾ]) ruins in Narsingdi, Dhaka Division, Bangladesh is one of the oldest urban archaeological sites in Bangladesh. Excavation in the site unearthed a fortified urban center, paved roads and suburban dwelling. The site was primarily occupied during the Iron Age, from 400 to 100 BCE, as evidenced by the abundance of punch-marked coins and Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) artifacts.

The site also reveals signs of pit dwelling, a feature typically found in Chalcolithic archaeological sites in the Indian sub-continent.
South Ripley, Queensland
South Ripley is a rural locality and suburb of Ipswich in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. South Ripley is part of the Ecco Ripley urban development area. In the 2021 census, South Ripley had a population of 4,069 people.

City of Ipswich
The City of Ipswich is a local government area (LGA) located within the southwest of Greater Brisbane, which in turn, is situated within the vast South East region of the state of Queensland. Positioned between the City of Brisbane and the City of Logan to the east and the Scenic Rim Region to the south, the City of Ipswich also borders the Somerset and Lockyer Valley regions to the north and west, respectively. Ipswich is generally taken to include the urban area encompassing the historical city of Ipswich and the surrounding rural areas. By the 2021 census, the City of Ipswich, as a local government area, had a population of 229,208 people.
Pakistan National Football Challenge Cup
The National Football Challenge Cup is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic Pakistani football within the Pakistan football league system. It is organized by and named after the Pakistan Football Federation. Initially named as Inter Departmental Championship, it was introduced in 1979 as a football tournament for departmental selections and armed forces teams excluded from the National Football Championship of Pakistan.

Khan Research Laboratories have won the most titles (six). WAPDA are the current champions, winning the 2026 edition.

National Football Championship (Pakistan)
The National Football Championship, known as National A-Division Football Championship between 1992 and 1994, was the men's highest level football competition from 1948 to 2003. Founded by the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) in 1948, it was usually held as a knockout representative tournament, with teams fielded by provincial and divisional associations alongside departmental teams. Between 1992 and 1994, the competition briefly adopted a revamped league format, before reverting to knockouts. It was replaced by the Pakistan Premier League in 2004 as part of efforts to professionalise domestic football.

Karachi based Pakistan Airlines is the most successful team, winning the competition nine times.