hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gunla
Gunlā (Nepal Bhasa: गुँला) (also spelt Gumlā) is the tenth month in the Nepal Sambat lunar calendar, the national lunar calendar of Nepal. It corresponds to August of the Gregorian Calendar.

Gunla is a holy month for Newar Buddhists when they recite the scriptures, observe fasts and visit places of worship playing devotional music. It is one of the most important events in Newar Buddhism. The practice of observing the sacred month is descended from the rains retreat dating from the Buddha's time when monks are to stay in one place and taught the Dhamma to the locals during this period.

According to traditional beliefs, during primitive times, too much rain would fall. Due to this rain, the mud houses during the time would get devastated, moreover floods and landslides would add melancholy in people's lives. So, in order to downturn the melancholy, and be safe from floods and landslides, people would go to Swayambhu playing the devotional music as it was in an elevation.

Newar Buddhism
Newar Buddhism is a form of Vajrayana Buddhism practiced by the Newar people of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It has developed unique socio-religious elements, which include a non-monastic Buddhist society based on the Newar caste system and patrilineality.

Although there was a vibrant regional tradition of Buddhism in the Kathmandu Valley during the first millennium, the transformation into a distinctive cultural and linguistic form of Buddhism appears to have taken place in the fifteenth century, at about the same time that similar regional forms of Indic Buddhism such as those of Kashmir and Indonesia were on the wane.
Plandome Road
Plandome Road is a road in Manhasset and the incorporated villages of Plandome, Plandome Heights, and Plandome Manor within the Town of North Hempstead, in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. It serves as a major north–south through street across the west side of the Cow Neck Peninsula, between Northern Boulevard (NY 25A) to the south and Stonytown Road and North Plandome Road to the north, and is the main thoroughfare in downtown Manhasset.

The portion of Plandome Road within the Incorporated Village of Plandome Heights is maintained by the Nassau County Department of Public Works as unsigned County Route D92.

At its north end, Plandome Road becomes North Plandome Road, which extends north to Main Street in Port Washington.

Port Washington, New York
Port Washington is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) on the Cow Neck Peninsula in the Town of North Hempstead, in Nassau County, on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The hamlet is the anchor community of the Greater Port Washington area. The population was 16,753 at the time of the 2020 census.
Old Jefferson, Louisiana
For Old Jefferson in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, see: Jefferson, Louisiana

Old Jefferson is a neighborhood of St. George and former census designated place in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 7,339 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, within the city of St. George.

St. George, Louisiana
St. George is a city in East Baton Rouge Parish in Louisiana, USA. With a population of 86,316, it is the second most populous city in the parish (after Baton Rouge) and fifth most populous in the state.

St. George is the newest incorporated city in Louisiana and was approved through a ballot initiative on October 12, 2019. The city originated from previously unincorporated areas located southeast of Baton Rouge.

A legal action of St. George was filed in 19th Judicial District Court in East Baton Rouge Parish on November 4, 2019. After rulings by the district court and the Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeals, the Louisiana Supreme Court upheld the incorporation in a 4–3 decision.
Stunt performer
A stunt performer, often called a stuntman or stuntwoman and occasionally stuntperson or stunt-person, is a trained professional who performs daring acts, often as a career. Stunt performers usually appear in films or on television, as opposed to a daredevil, who performs for a live audience. When they take the place of another actor, they are known as stunt doubles.

Stunt
A stunt is an unusual, difficult, dramatic physical feat that may require a special skill, performed for artistic purposes usually for a public audience, as on television or in theaters or cinema. Stunts are a feature of many action films. Before computer-generated imagery special effects, these depictions were limited to the use of models, false perspective and other in-camera effects, unless the creator could find someone willing to carry them out, even such dangerous acts as jumping from car to car in motion or hanging from the edge of a skyscraper: the stunt performer or stunt double.
Relexification
In linguistics, relexification is a mechanism of language change by which one language changes much or all of its lexicon, including basic vocabulary, to the lexicon of another language, without drastically changing the relexified language's grammar. The term is principally used to describe pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages.

Relexification is not synonymous with lexical borrowing, by which a language merely supplements its basic vocabulary with loanwords from another language.

Mixed language
A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language or fusion language, is a type of contact language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgins arise where speakers of many languages acquire a common language, a mixed language typically arises in a population that is fluent in both of the source languages.

Because all languages show some degree of mixing by virtue of containing loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether the concept of a mixed language can meaningfully be distinguished from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages. Scholars debate to what extent language mixture can be distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing.
Palazzo Giustinian (Dorsoduro)
Palazzo Giustinian is a palace in Venice, northern Italy, situated in the Dorsoduro district and overlooking the Grand Canal next to Ca' Foscari. It is among the best examples of the late Venetian Gothic, and it was the final residence of Princess Louise of Artois.

Princess Louise d'Artois
Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma. She was the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, younger son of King Charles X of France, and Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily. She served as regent of Parma during the minority of her son from 1854 until 1859.
Business reference model
Business reference model (BRM) is a reference model, concentrating on the functional and organizational aspects of the core business of an enterprise, service organization or government agency.

In enterprise engineering a business reference model is part of an Enterprise Architecture Framework or Architecture Framework. An Enterprise Architecture Framework defines in a series of reference models, how to organize the structure and views associated with an Enterprise Architecture.

Reference model
A reference model—in systems, enterprise, and software engineering—is an abstract framework or domain-specific ontology consisting of an interlinked set of clearly defined concepts produced by an expert or body of experts to encourage clear communication.  A reference model can represent the component parts of any consistent idea, from business functions to system components, as long as it represents a complete set.  This frame of reference can then be used to communicate ideas clearly among members of the same community.

Reference models are often illustrated as a set of concepts with some indication of the relationships between the concepts.
Shanghai Rail Transit
Shanghai Rail Transit includes all rail transit lines operating in Shanghai, mainly composed of High-volume railway system, Low-to-medium-volume railway system and Maglev system. The system was established on May 28, 1993, when Shanghai Metro Line 1 opened.

Shanghai Metro
The Shanghai Metro (Chinese: 上海地铁; pinyin: Shànghǎi Dìtiě; Shanghainese: Zaon6he5 Di6thiq7) is a rapid transit system in Shanghai, operating urban and suburban transit services to 14 of its 16 municipal districts and to the neighboring township of Huaqiao, in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province.

Forming the vast majority of the broader, multi-operator Shanghai rail transit network, the Shanghai Metro system is the world's second longest metro system by route length, totaling 808 kilometres (502 mi) and the second largest system by number of stations, with 506 stations across 19 lines (408, if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations). It also ranks first in the world by annual ridership, with 3.88 billion rides delivered in 2019. The last daily ridership record was set on 9 March 2024, at 13.39 million rides. Ridership routinely stands at over 10 million on an average workday, accounting for 73% of trips on public transport in the city.
FH-2000
The FH-2000 or Field Howitzer 2000 was developed by Singapore Technologies for the Singapore Army. It is a 155 mm/52-calibre towed howitzer gun. It fires projectiles to a maximum range of 42 kilometers using special extended range ammunition, that was field tested in New Zealand. It has a crew of eight and uses a 75 hp diesel auxiliary power unit to give it a self-propelled speed of 16 kilometers an hour movement without towing.

It's reported that the FH-2000 will be replaced over time by the Next Generation Howitzer project.

ST Engineering
Singapore Technologies Engineering or ST Engineering (ST Engg.) is a Singapore-based multinational technology, defence and engineering group with a diverse portfolio of businesses across the aerospace, smart city, defence and public security segments.

As of 2024, it was the eighth largest company on the Singapore Exchange by market capitalisation. It is a component stock of MSCI Singapore, FTSE Straits Times Index and Dow Jones Best-in-Class Asia Pacific Index. The company is ranked among the top 100 global defence manufacturers by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and Defense News based on defence segment and total revenue respectively.
Whitehead manifold
In mathematics, the Whitehead manifold is an open 3-manifold that is contractible, but not homeomorphic to  It was discovered by J. H. C. Whitehead (1935) while trying to prove the Poincaré conjecture, correcting an error in an earlier paper Whitehead (1934, theorem 3) where he incorrectly claimed that no such manifold exists.

A contractible manifold is one that can continuously be shrunk to a point inside the manifold itself. For example, an open ball is a contractible manifold. All manifolds homeomorphic to the ball are contractible, too. One can ask whether all contractible manifolds are homeomorphic to a ball. For dimensions 1 and 2, the answer is classical and it is "yes". In dimension 2, it follows, for example, from the Riemann mapping theorem. Dimension 3 presents the first counterexample: the Whitehead manifold.

J. H. C. Whitehead
John Henry Constantine Whitehead FRS (11 November 1904 – 8 May 1960), known as "Henry", was a British mathematician and was one of the founders of homotopy theory. He was born in Chennai (then known as Madras), in India, and died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1960.
Liberty (political party)
Liberty (Ukrainian: Воля; Volia) is a Ukrainian political party registered in 2010. In April 2017 it announced about merging with Movement of New Forces. In December 2018, however, it reversed this decision.

Movement of New Forces
Movement of New Forces (Ukrainian: Рух нових сил, romanized: Rukh novykh syl) is a Ukrainian political party which was founded as the Party of Harmonious Development on 11 February 2015, and renamed on 23 February 2017 by former Georgian President and former Ukrainian Governor of Odesa Oblast Mikheil Saakashvili.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (9 June 1836 – 17 December 1917) was an English physician and suffragist. She is known for being the first woman to qualify in Britain as a physician and surgeon and as a co-founder and dean of the London School of Medicine for Women, which was the first medical school in Britain to train women as doctors. She was the first female dean of a British medical school, the first woman in Britain to be elected to a school board and, as mayor of Aldeburgh, the first female mayor in Britain.

Millicent Fawcett
Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett GBE (née Garrett; 11 June 1847 – 5 August 1929) was an English political activist and writer. She campaigned for women's suffrage by legal change and in 1897–1919 led Britain's largest women's rights association, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), explaining, "I cannot say I became a suffragist. I always was one, from the time I was old enough to think at all about the principles of Representative Government." She tried to broaden women's chances of higher education, as a governor of Bedford College, London (now Royal Holloway) and co-founding Newnham College, Cambridge in 1871. In 2018, a century after the Representation of the People Act, she was the first woman honoured by a statue in Parliament Square.
Blorb
Blorb is a package format for interactive fiction games. Many such games incorporate resources such as sound effects, music, or pictures. Blorb's purpose is to bind these together into one file. The format was devised by Andrew Plotkin and is used in both the Z-machine and Glulx virtual machines, as well as by the Glk library.

Z-machine
The Z-machine is a virtual machine that was developed by Joel Berez and Marc Blank in 1979 and used by Infocom for its text adventure games. Infocom compiled game code to files containing Z-machine instructions (called story files or Z-code files) and could therefore port its text adventures to a new platform simply by writing a Z-machine implementation for that platform. With the large number of incompatible home computer systems in use at the time, this was an important advantage over using native code or developing a compiler for each system.
Chilaka Gorinka
Chilaka Gorinka is a 1966 Indian Telugu-language film produced and directed by K. Pratyagatma. The film won the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film from the government of Andhra Pradesh. Sri Sri wrote the lyrics for the film, while S. Rajeswara Rao provided the music score. This is the debut film for actor and politician Krishnam Raju and also the Telugu debut for the all-time comedian Rama Prabha.

K. Pratyagatma
K. Pratyagatma (born Kolli Kotayya Pratyagatma), also known as K. P. Atma (31 October 1925 – 8 June 2001) was an Indian film journalist, director and producer known for his works in Telugu and Hindi cinema. He has garnered three National Film Awards.
Frank W. Caldwell
Frank Walker Caldwell (1889–1974) was a leading American propeller engineer and designer. As the United States government's chief propeller engineer (1917–1928), he pioneered propeller engineering and propeller testing facilities and techniques. Working at Hamilton Standard Propeller Corporation, they won the 1933 Collier Trophy for his work on the controllable-pitch propeller. After 25 years of service, he retired in 1955 as director of the United Aircraft Corporation Research Division.

Hamilton Standard
Hamilton Standard was an American aircraft propeller parts supplier. It was formed in 1929 when United Aircraft and Transport Corporation consolidated Hamilton Aero Manufacturing and Standard Steel Propeller into the Hamilton Standard Propeller Corporation.  Other members of United Aircraft included Boeing, United Airlines, Sikorsky and Pratt & Whitney.  At the time, Hamilton was the largest manufacturer of aircraft propellers in the world.
Ikawa Line
The Ikawa Line (井川線, Ikawa-sen) is a railway line of the Ōigawa Railway. It runs from Senzu Station in Kawanehon, Shizuoka, the end station of the Ōigawa Main Line, and terminates at Ikawa Station in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka. The line has 61 tunnels and 51 bridges along its 25.5 kilometer length and includes the only rack-and-pinion railway section currently operating in Japan.

In September 2022, the Ōigawa Main Line suffered substantial damage from Tropical Storm Talas. Rail services between Kawane-Onsen Sasamado and Senzu Station were suspended until further notice. Steam locomotives were changed to only operate between Shin-Kanaya and Kawane-Onsen Sasamado. Ōigawa Railway advises customers intending to travel beyond Ieyama Station to the Ikawa Line, towards Senzu and the Sumata Gorge area, to transfer to Kawanehon Town's community buses at Ieyama Station, which provide connections to Senzu Station.

Kawanehon
Kawanehon (川根本町, Kawanehon-chō) is a town located in Haibara District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.  As of 1 August 2019,  the town had an estimated population of 6,731 in 2895 households  and a population density of 13.4 persons per km². The total area of the town was 496.88 square kilometres (191.85 sq mi).
Leik Myrabo
Leik N. Myrabo is an American aerospace engineer known for research on beamed-energy propulsion and for proposing and developing the lightcraft, a laser-propelled flight vehicle concept. He was an associate professor of aerospace, mechanical, and nuclear engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he and collaborators conducted experimental lightcraft launches at the White Sands Missile Range High Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF). He collaborated on hypersonic aerodynamics research with the Brazilian Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, and promoted space-based solar power and power-beaming concepts for space launch and high-speed travel.

Beam-powered propulsion
Beam-powered propulsion, also known as directed energy propulsion, is a class of aircraft or spacecraft propulsion that uses energy beamed to the spacecraft from a remote power plant to provide energy. The beam is typically either a microwave or a laser beam, and it is either pulsed or continuous. A continuous beam lends itself to thermal rockets, photonic thrusters, and light sails. In contrast, a pulsed beam lends itself to ablative thrusters and pulse detonation engines.

The rule of thumb that is usually quoted is that it takes a megawatt of power beamed to a vehicle per kg of payload while it is being accelerated to permit it to reach low Earth orbit.

Other than launching to orbit, applications for moving around the world quickly have also been proposed.
Hassan Dehqani-Tafti
Hassan Barnaba Dehqani-Tafti (Hassan Barnābā Dehqānī-Taftī; 14 May 1920 in Taft, Iran – 29 April  2008 in Winchester) was the Anglican Bishop of Iran from 1960 until his retirement in 1990. Dehqani-Tafti was the first ethnic Persian to become a bishop of Iran since the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century.

Dehqani-Tafti spent the last ten years of his episcopate in exile after the Iranian Revolution and an assassination attempt in October 1979, in which his wife, Margaret, was wounded. In May 1980, his 24-year-old son, Bahram, was murdered by Iranian government agents;  Bahram is commemorated in the chapel at Monkton Combe School where he was a pupil from 1968 to 1973. Hassan's daughter Guli Francis-Dehqani has been Bishop of Chelmsford since 2021.

Diocese of Iran
The Diocese of Iran is one of the three dioceses of the Anglican Province of Jerusalem and the Middle East. The diocese was established in 1912 as the Diocese of Persia and was incorporated into the Jerusalem Archbishopric in 1957. The most recent bishop was Azad Marshall, until 2016. His title is Bishop in Iran, rather than the often expected Bishop of Iran.
R-17 Elbrus
The R-17 Elbrus (Russian: Р-17, 9К72 «Эльбрус», named for Mount Elbrus), GRAU index 9K72 is a tactical ballistic missile, initially developed by the Soviet Union. It is also known by its NATO reporting name SS-1C Scud-B. The R-17 is one of several Soviet missiles to carry the reporting name Scud, and the most prolifically launched of the series, with a production run estimated at 7,000 (1960–1987). Also designated R-300 during the 1970s, the R-17 was derived from the R-11 Zemlya. It has been operated by 32 countries and manufactured in four countries outside the Soviet Union. It is still in service with some. The North Koreans reverse-engineered it as the Hwasong-5.

Scud missile
A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design.

Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the Middle East. They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when Iraq fired dozens at Saudi Arabia and Israel. In Russian service, it has been replaced by the 9K720 Iskander.
Bumper (broadcasting)
In broadcasting, a commercial bumper, ident bumper, or break-bumper (often shortened to bump) is a brief announcement, usually two to fifteen seconds in length that can contain a voice over, placed between a pause in the program and its commercial break, and vice versa. The host, the program announcer, or a continuity announcer states the title (if any) of the presentation, the name of the program, and the broadcast or cable network, though not necessarily in that order. On children's television networks, they are sometimes called external eyecatches due to the resemblance of internal eyecatches in anime and there is usually no voice over, but some bumpers do feature one. Bumper music, often a recurring signature or theme music segment, is nearly always featured. Bumpers can vary from simple text to short films.

Promo (media)
A promo (a shorthand term for promotion) is a form of commercial advertising used in broadcast media, either television or radio, which promotes a program airing on a television or radio station/network to the viewing or listening audience. Promos usually appear during commercial breaks, although sometimes they appear during another program.
Yordan Kyosev
Yordan Kyosev ((1973-02-26)February 26, 1973) is a German scientist and professor of Bulgarian origin, working in the area of textile and clothing technologies and machines. His book Braiding Technology for Textiles (2014) is an important source for learning industrial braiding, and in 2017 received a book prize from Hochschule Niederrhein (Niederrhein University), Mönchengladbach, Germany. Kyosev has developed software packages for 3D modeling braided structures, braiding machines and warp knitted structures. The algorithms for the software are documented in Kyosev's book Topology-Based Modeling of Textile Structures and Their Joint Assemblies (2019)

Warp knitting
Warp knitting is defined as a loop-forming process in which the yarn is fed into the knitting zone, parallel to the fabric selvage. It forms vertical loops in one course and then moves diagonally to knit the next course. Thus the yarns zigzag from side to side along the length of the fabric. Each stitch in a course is made by many different yarns. Each stitch in one wale is made by several different yarns.