hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz (2 November 1766 – 5 January 1858) was a Czech nobleman and Austrian field marshal. He served as chief of the general staff in the Habsburg monarchy during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars and proved instrumental in the allied victory as one of the primary architects of the Trachenberg Plan and the Leipzig Campaign which led to the Battle of Leipzig. Afterwards, he embarked on military reforms of the Austrian army. His reputation was one of discipline and fairness; he was revered by his troops among whom he was known as Vater ('Father') Radetzky. He is best known for the victories at the Battles of Custoza (24–25 July 1848) and Novara (23 March 1849) during the First Italian War of Independence. Johann Strauss I's Radetzky March was commissioned to commemorate Radetzky's victory at the Battle of Custoza.

Battle of Custoza (1848)
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire, commanded by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia.
Drexel 5611
Drexel 5611 is a 17th-century music manuscript compilation of works written for virginal.  Dating from either the end of the Commonwealth period or the early Restoration period (when collections of keyboard music were rare), it is an important source for English keyboard music.  It also includes a handful of works by French composers, reflecting the growing interest among English musicians in contemporary French keyboard music.

Belonging to the New York Public Library, it forms part of the Music Division's Drexel Collection, located at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Following traditional library practice, its name is derived from its call number.

Drexel Collection
The Drexel Collection is a collection of over 6,000 volumes of books about music and musical scores owned by the Music Division of The New York Public Library. Donated by Joseph W. Drexel in 1888 to the Lenox Library (which later became The New York Public Library), the collection, located today at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, is rich with materials on music theory and music history as well as other musical subjects. It contains many rare books and includes a number of significant 17th-century English music manuscripts.
Common graph
In graph theory, an area of mathematics, common graphs belong to a branch of extremal graph theory concerning inequalities in homomorphism densities. Roughly speaking,  is a common graph if it "commonly" appears as a subgraph, in a sense that the total number of copies of  in any graph  and its complement  is a large fraction of all possible copies of  on the same vertices. Intuitively, if  contains few copies of , then its complement  must contain lots of copies of  in order to compensate for it.

Common graphs are closely related to other graph notions dealing with homomorphism density inequalities. For example, common graphs are a more general case of Sidorenko graphs.

Homomorphism density
In the mathematical field of extremal graph theory, homomorphism density with respect to a graph  is a parameter  that is associated to each graph  in the following manner:

.

Above,  is the set of graph homomorphisms, or adjacency preserving maps, from  to . Density can also be interpreted as the probability that a map from the vertices of  to the vertices of  chosen uniformly at random is a graph homomorphism. There is a connection between homomorphism densities and subgraph densities, which is elaborated on below.
Chee Swee Lee
Chee Swee Lee (born 10 January 1955) is a Singaporean retired middle-distance runner who competed in the women's 800 metres at the 1976 Summer Olympics. She was the first Singaporean woman to clinch a gold in athletics at the Asian Games—achieved at the women's 400 metres in 1974—and remained the only one until Shanti Pereira's victory at the women's 200 metres in 2023.

Shanti Pereira
Veronica Shanti Pereira (born 20 September 1996) is a Singaporean track and field athlete who specialises in the 100 m, 200 m, 4 x 100 m, and 4 x 400 m. She holds the 100 m national record (11.20s), 200 m national record (22.57s), 400 m national record (53.67s), 4 x 100m national record (44.96), 200 m SEA Games record (22.69s), and the 200 m Asian Athletics Championships games record (22.70s). She was ranked 1st in Asia in 2023 for both the 100 m and 200 m based on World Athletics' records.
Auchentoshan distillery
Auchentoshan distillery (/ˌɒxənˈtɒʃən/ OKH-ən-TOSH-ən) is a Lowland single malt Scotch whisky distillery in Dalmuir, Scotland.: 15

The name Auchentoshan is from Gaelic Achadh an Oisein (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [ˈaxəɣ ən̪ ˈɔʃɛɲ]) and translates as "corner field". The distillery is also known as "Glasgow's Malt Whisky" due to its proximity to Glasgow and "the breakfast whisky" due to its sweet and delicate nature. Auchentoshan is located at the foot of the Kilpatrick Hills on the outskirts of Clydebank in West Dunbartonshire near the Erskine Bridge. As of 2025 it is one of twenty-three malt whisky distilleries in the Scottish Lowlands.

Lowland single malts
Lowland single malts are single malt whiskies distilled in Scotland's lowlands. The region is home to distilleries such as: Annandale in Annan; Auchentoshan near Clydebank; Bladnoch in Galloway; Daftmill in Fife;   The Girvan Distilleries near Girvan;  and Glenkinchie distillery near Edinburgh.

Several new distilleries have begun to produce new-make spirit in recent years, including Kingsbarns, InchDairnie and Lindores Abbey, all in Fife, and at Ardgowan.

At least six other lowland single malts are still available, but are no longer distilled: Rosebank (currently undergoing revival), Kinclaith, St. Magdalene, Ladyburn, Inverleven, and Littlemill.
Maroneia-Sapes
Maroneia-Sapes (Greek: Μαρώνεια-Σάπες) is a municipality in the Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Sapes. The municipality has an area of 641.751 km2.

Sapes
Sapes (Greek: Σάπες or Turkish: Şapçı) is a town and a former municipality in the Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 354.596 km2. The population is 6,738 (2021).
Santiago Peña
Santiago Peña Palacios (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtjaɣo ˈpeɲa paˈlasjos]; born 16 November 1978) is a Paraguayan politician and economist who has served as the 52nd president of Paraguay since 2023. Peña served on leadership boards for the Central Bank of Paraguay and Banco Amambay. He taught economics at the Catholic University of Asunción, and has published research papers on monetary policy and finance.

Peña is a former member of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Paraguay, and former minister of Finance of Paraguay. Peña was a member of the Authentic Radical Liberal Party beginning in 1996, until 2016 when he joined the conservative Colorado Party. He stood as a candidate in the Colorado Party's presidential primary in 2018, where he lost to Mario Abdo Benítez, who went on to be elected president in the 2018 general election. He later won the party's nomination for president in the 2023 general election, in which he ultimately won.

Mario Abdo Benítez
Mario Abdo Benítez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo ˈaβðo βeˈnites]; born 10
November 1971) is a Paraguayan politician who served as the 51st president of Paraguay from 2018 to 2023. He was previously a senator and served as president of the Senate of Paraguay from 2015 to 2016.
Ricky Campbell
Ricky Campbell is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Ashley Margolis. He made his first on-screen appearance on 16 June 2009. Ricky was created by executive producer Lucy Allan. Margolis took a period of leave in 2010 to complete his real life studies. His main storylines have focused on his friendship with Duncan Button (Dean Aspen) and caring for his father who has multiple sclerosis. Sam Attwater portrayed Ricky's online alter-ego for a few episodes. Ricky was due to be written out of the series in 2011; but Margolis was convinced to stay. However, in 2012 the actor announced his departure once more. He made his final appearance on 6 August 2012.

Duncan Button
Duncan Button is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Dean Aspen. He debuted on-screen in the episode airing on 2 November 2009. Duncan was originally credited as Duncan Smith until he was credited as Button. In May 2011, it was announced that Aspen had quit his role and Duncan departed the series on 11 November 2011. Aspen reprised his role as Duncan for the sixth series of Hollyoaks Later in October 2013.
Summer Games (video game)
Summer Games is a 1984 sports video game developed and published by Epyx. Based on sports from the Summer Olympic Games, the game was released in 1984 for the Commodore 64, and was later ported to the Apple II, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, Atari 8-bit computers, and Master System.

In the UK, the game was first released by Quicksilva and subsequently by U.S. Gold who later created versions for the Amiga, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Atari ST for inclusion in compilations. In 2004 it was re-released on the C64 Direct-to-TV.

Summer Games was the first in Epyx's Games series which continued with: Summer Games II, Winter Games, World Games, California Games, California Games II, The Games: Summer Edition, and The Games: Winter Edition.

Summer Games II
Summer Games II is a 1985 Olympic sports video game developed and published by Epyx in North America, and by U.S. Gold in Europe. Based on sports featured in the Summer Olympic Games, it is a sequel to Summer Games released by Epyx the previous year. Summer Games II was originally written for the Commodore 64 and ported to the Apple II, Atari ST, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Amiga.
Pioneer Valley Transit Authority
The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA) oversees and coordinates public transportation in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts, offering fixed-route bus service, paratransit service, and senior van service. PVTA was created by Chapter 161B of the Massachusetts General Laws in 1974. Based in Springfield, Massachusetts, PVTA serves Hampden and Hampshire counties, and provides connecting service to CTtransit in Hartford County, Connecticut, to FRTA in Franklin County, and to WRTA in Worcester County. It is the largest regional transit authority, and second largest public transit system in Massachusetts after the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority, providing service to over 11 million riders annually across 24 municipalities in the region, with about 70% of all riders using the system as their primary mode of transit.

Franklin Regional Transit Authority
The Franklin Regional Transit Authority (FRTA) is a regional transit authority which provides public transportation principally to Franklin County and the North Quabbin region, both in Massachusetts. The FRTA is based in the county seat of Greenfield, Massachusetts. It operates fixed-route bus service, on demand shuttles (microtransit) and paratransit service.

With a district of 1,121 square miles (2,900 km2), FRTA has the largest and most rural service area of the state's regional transit authorities.
Scalar field theory
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation.

The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena.  An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.

Since they do not involve polarization complications, scalar fields are often the easiest to appreciate second quantization through.  For this reason, scalar field theories are  often used for purposes of introduction of novel concepts and techniques.

The signature of the metric employed below is (+ − − −).

Canonical quantization
In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory to the greatest extent possible.

Historically, this was not quite Werner Heisenberg's route to obtaining quantum mechanics, but Paul Dirac introduced it in his 1926 doctoral thesis, the "method of classical analogy" for quantization, and detailed it in his classic text Principles of Quantum Mechanics. The word canonical arises from the Hamiltonian approach to classical mechanics, in which a system's dynamics is generated via canonical Poisson brackets, a structure which is only partially preserved in canonical quantization.

This method was further used by Paul Dirac in the context of quantum field theory, in his construction of quantum electrodynamics. In the field theory context, it is also called the second quantization of fields, in contrast to the semi-classical first quantization of single particles.
MacBook
MacBook is a type of Mac laptop computer that is developed and marketed by Apple that use Apple's macOS operating system since 2006. The MacBook brand replaced the PowerBook and iBook brands during the Mac transition to Intel processors, announced in 2005. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air (2008–present) and the MacBook Pro (2006–present). Two different lines simply named "MacBook" existed from 2006 to 2012 and 2015 to 2019. The MacBook brand was the "world's top-selling line of premium laptops" as of 2015.

MacBook Pro
The MacBook Pro is a line of Mac laptop computers developed and manufactured by Apple. Introduced in 2006, it is the high-end sibling of the MacBook family, sitting above the ultra-portable MacBook Air and previously the low-end MacBook line. It is currently sold with 14 in (360 mm) and 16 in (410 mm) screens, all using Apple M-series chips. Before Apple silicon, the MacBook Pro used Intel chips, and was the first laptop made by Apple to do so, replacing the earlier PowerBook. It was also the first Apple laptop to carry the MacBook moniker.
Ian Fok
Ian Fok Chun-wan, SBS, JP (Chinese: 霍震寰; born 12 May 1949) is the Chief Executive of the Fok Ying Tung Foundation and the life honorary chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce. He is the incumbent Hong Kong delegate to the National People's Congress.

Silver Bauhinia Star
The Silver Bauhinia Star (Chinese: 銀紫荊星章, SBS) is the second rank of the Order of the Bauhinia Star under the honours system of Hong Kong, awarded to people who have taken a leading part in public affairs or voluntary work over a long period. The award was created in 1997 to replace the British honours system (such as Order of the British Empire) after the transfer of sovereignty to People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
International Communist Seminar
The International Communist Seminar (ICS) was an annual communist conference held in May in Brussels, Belgium. It was organized by the Workers' Party of Belgium (WPB).

In 1992, Ludo Martens, leader of the WPB initiated the conference, which gathered various tendencies of Marxist-Leninist parties and organizations. He is noted for having proposed the unification of the four main tendencies of the Marxist-Leninist movement. These are the pro-Soviet groups, the pro-Chinese, the pro-Albanian, and pro-Cuban.  Around 200 organizations of Africa, Latin America, North America, Asia and Europe have taken part in it. For four years, from 1992 to 1995, the ICS worked on identifying "the true causes of the capitalist restoration in Soviet Union" and in Eastern Europe and to draw lessons from it for the future.

The last seminar took place in June 2014. The member parties have largely been absorbed into International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties.

International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties
The International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (IMCWP), also known as Solidnet, is an annual conference attended by communist and workers' parties from several countries. It originated in 1998 when the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) invited communist and workers' parties to participate in an annual conference where parties could gather to share their experiences and issue a joint declaration. The most recent and 23rd meeting of the IMCWP was held in October 2023 in İzmir and was hosted by the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP). The 24th meeting was scheduled to be held in Lebanon, hosted by the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP) between 25–27 October 2024, but was postponed due to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
Closed set
In geometry, topology, and related branches of mathematics, a closed set is a set whose complement is an open set. In a topological space, a closed set can be defined as a set which contains all its limit points. In a complete metric space, a closed set is a set which is closed under the limit operation. This should not be confused with closed manifold.

Sets that are both open and closed are called clopen sets.

Clopen set
In topology, a clopen set (a portmanteau of closed-open set) in a topological space is a set which is both open and closed.  That this is possible may seem counterintuitive, as the common meanings of open and closed are antonyms, but their mathematical definitions are not mutually exclusive.  A set is closed if its complement is open, which leaves the possibility of an open set whose complement is also open, making both sets both open and closed, and therefore clopen. As described by topologist James Munkres, unlike a door, "a set can be open, or closed, or both, or neither!" emphasizing that the meaning of "open"/"closed" for doors is unrelated to their meaning for sets (and so the open/closed door dichotomy does not transfer to open/closed sets). This contrast to doors gave the class of topological spaces known as "door spaces" their name.
Walter Ferguson (politician)
Walter Ferguson (1886 – 1936) was an American politician, newspaper owner, and banker who served in the Oklahoma Senate between 1917 and 1919.

Born to Thompson Benton Ferguson and Elva Shartel Ferguson in Sedan, Kansas, Ferguson accompanied his parents on multiple land runs in Oklahoma Territory before their family settled in Watonga, Oklahoma. He attended school during the height of his father's political career and later married Lucia Loomis. The couple founded a newspaper together and Ferguson was later elected to the Oklahoma Senate. He later sold his paper, Cherokee Republican, and became a banker.

Lucia Loomis
Lucia Loomis (also known as Lucia Loomis Ferguson and Mrs. Walter Ferguson; March 29, 1887 – February 27, 1962) was an American suffragist and journalist from the U.S. state of Oklahoma.

Loomis was born in Boggy Depot, Indian Territory. She met Walter Ferguson while attending the University of Oklahoma and they married after her graduation in 1908. The couple bought the Cherokee Republican newspaper and managed the paper with her husband. After selling the paper in 1919, she wrote for Elva Shartel Ferguson's Watonga Republican and she wrote the syndicated "A Woman's Viewpoint" column to compete with Edith Cherry Johnson's column in The Daily Oklahoman. She also wrote the "lovelorn" column in the Tulsa Tribune.
Little Compton, Rhode Island
Little Compton is a coastal town in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, bounded on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by the Sakonnet River, on the north by the town of Tiverton, and on the east by the town of Westport, Massachusetts. The population was 3,589 as of 2022 Town Records.

Newport County, Rhode Island
Newport County is one of five counties located in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. As of the 2020 census, the population was 85,643. It is also one of the seven regions of Rhode Island. The county was created in 1703. Like all of the counties in Rhode Island, Newport County no longer has any governmental functions (other than as court administrative and sheriff corrections boundaries). All of those functions in Rhode Island are now carried out by the state government, or by the cities and towns of Rhode Island. Newport County is included in the Providence metropolitan area, which in turn constitutes a portion of Greater Boston.
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán or San Lorenzo is the collective name for three related archaeological sites—San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán and Potrero Nuevo—located in the southeast portion of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Along with La Venta and Tres Zapotes, it was one of the three major cities of the Olmec, and the major center of Olmec culture from 1400 BCE to 900 BCE. San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán is best known today for the colossal stone heads unearthed there, the greatest of which weigh 28 metric tons (28 long tons; 31 short tons) or more and are 3 metres (9.8 ft) high.

The site is not to be confused with Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital located within Mexico City.  Administrative names were translated into Aztec/Nahuatl and spread alongside Catholic names during the European conquest, replacing any original locality names, as the original Olmec name was lost.

La Venta
La Venta is a pre-Columbian archaeological site of the Olmec civilization located in the present-day Mexican state of Tabasco. Some of the artifacts have been moved to the museum Parque-Meseo La Venta, which is in nearby Villahermosa, the capital of Tabasco.
Batuque FC
Batuque Futebol Clube (Capeverdean Crioulo, ALUPEC: Batuki Futibol Klubi, São Vicente: Batúque Futebol Klube) is a football club that plays in the São Vicente Premier Division in Cape Verde. It is based in the city of Mindelo on the island of São Vicente. Its current president is Jota (João Jose Cardoso da Silva) who became first president in around the mid 2000s. The club's nickname is Panteras (Panthers). Since 30 April 2017, they are one of three unrelegated clubs in the island along with Derby and Mindelense.

Batuque are one of the most successful football clubs on the island, having won about 12 official regional titles, of which, four of them are island or championship titles, four cup titles, three super cup titles and two association cup (opening tournament) titles. Batuque also has a handball team.

São Vicente Premier Division
The São Vicente Island or Regional Premier Division is a regional championship played in São Vicente Island, Cape Verde. The championship is organized by the São Vicente Regional Football Association (Associação Regional de São Vicente de Futebol, ARSVF). The winner of the championship plays in Cape Verdean football Championships of each season.  In 1989, 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2017, a second place club participated in the national championships, Académica do Mindelo in 1989, Mindelense in 2014 and FC Derby in 2015 and in 2016 and will be for 2017.  The 7th place club plays with a Second Division runner-up in a division decisional match to decide on promoting or remain in the Second Division.  The last placed club relegated into the São Vicente Second Division.  Up to around 2010, only a club was relegated into that division.
Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision
Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision (the operating name for the New Zealand Archive of Film, Television and Sound Ngā Taonga Whitiāhua me Ngā Taonga Kōrero) is an integrated audiovisual archive formed from amalgamation of the collections and operations of the RNZ Sound Archives Ngā Taonga Kōrero and the Television New Zealand Archive with the New Zealand Film Archive. The integrated organisation was launched with its new name on 1 August 2014.

New Zealand Film Archive
The New Zealand Film Archive is an archive of New Zealand-related film. Established in 1981, the archive operated as an independent organisation until 1 August 2014, when it was amalgamated with Sound Archives Ngā Taonga Kōrero and the Television New Zealand Archive to form Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision.