hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ligaments of malleus
The ligaments of malleus are three ligaments that attach the malleus in the middle ear. They are the anterior, lateral and superior ligaments.

The anterior ligament of the malleus also known as Casserio's ligament  is a fibrous band that extends from the neck of the malleus just above its anterior process to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity close to the petrotympanic fissure. Some of the fibers also pass through the fissure to the spine of sphenoid bone.

The lateral ligament of the malleus is a triangular fibrous band that crosses from the posterior aspect of the tympanic notch to the head or neck of the malleus.

The superior ligament of the malleus is a delicate fibrous strand that crosses from the roof of the tympanic cavity to the head of the malleus.

Malleus
The malleus, or hammer, is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear. It connects with the incus, and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for 'hammer' or 'mallet'. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus (anvil).
Leclerc Evolution
Leclerc Evolution is a French prototype of the enhanced fourth-generation main battle tank (MBT) developed and manufactured by the KNDS France.

The project was presented during the Eurosatory 2024. The tank is equipped with a turret armed with the ASCALON (Autoloaded and SCALable Outperforming guN) gun, capable of firing 120 or 140 mm shells, an ARX30 turret, a PASEO sight coupled with a 7.62 mm machine gun, a "Trophy" active protection system and the ability to use remotely operated ammunition. According to BFM TV, Leclerc Evolution will be operational in 2030 and KNDS France is said to be in discussions with several countries. KNDS France explained that the Leclerc Evolution is not intended to compete with the latest versions of Leopard 2 or future joint offerings (EMBT ADT140). The idea is to offer it in markets where the Leopard is not considered the appropriate solution.

EMBT
The Enhanced Main Battle Tank (EMBT, also E-MBT) is a French-German technology demonstrator for an enhanced fourth-generation main battle tank (MBT) developed and manufactured by KNDS. It combines features of the Leclerc and the Leopard 2, the two MBTs made by the French and German parts of KNDS respectively.

The Enhanced Main Battle Tank was first showcased in 2022. It was preceded by the European Main Battle Tank, a prototype which was presented during the Eurosatory 2018. A new version of the EMBT was presented during the Eurosatory 2024.
NOFV-Oberliga Süd
The NOFV-Oberliga Süd is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the southern states of the former East Germany. It covers the German states of Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Saxony and southern Brandenburg. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, and until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.

Oberliga (football)
The Oberliga (German: [ˈoːbɐˌliːɡa], "Upper League"; plural: Oberligen) is the fifth tier of the German football league system. Before the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the fourth tier.  At the end of the 2011–12 season, the number of Oberligas was increased from eleven to fourteen.

With the exception of the Nazi-era Gauliga, the term Oberliga (equivalent to Premier League in English) was used prior to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 for first-division leagues in West Germany. Between 1978–94 the term Amateuroberliga was used for third-tier leagues, which were then the highest level of amateur play in the country. The current usage of the designation Oberliga was introduced in 1994. In East Germany a separate league structure was in place from 1948–1990 and the top flight division there was known as the DDR-Oberliga.
Open–closed principle
In object-oriented programming, the open–closed principle (OCP) states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification";
that is, such an entity can allow its behaviour to be extended without modifying its source code.

The name open–closed principle has been used in two ways. Both ways use generalizations (for instance, inheritance or delegate functions) to resolve the apparent dilemma, but the goals, techniques, and results are different.

The open–closed principle is one of the five SOLID principles of object-oriented design.

SOLID
In object-oriented programming, SOLID is a mnemonic acronym for five principles intended to make source code more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. Although the principles apply to object-oriented programming, they can also form a core philosophy for methodologies such as agile software development and adaptive software development.

Software engineer and instructor Robert C. Martin introduced the basic principles of SOLID design in his 2000 paper Design Principles and Design Patterns about software rot.: 2–3  The SOLID acronym was coined around 2004 by Michael Feathers.
Gravesend Grammar School
Gravesend Grammar School is a selective grammar school with academy status located in Gravesend, Kent, England. The school accepts boys at age 11 through the 11+ exam accepting a cohort of the top 15–20% and boys and girls at 16, based on their GCSE results. The school continues to strive achieving around 100% (5 A*-C including English and Maths)  at GCSE level with many students obtaining >9 GCSEs at the end of Year 11.

Gravesend
Gravesend /ˌɡreɪvzˈɛnd/ is a town in northwest Kent, England, situated 21 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Charing Cross (central London) on the south bank of the River Thames, opposite Tilbury in Essex. Located in the Diocese of Rochester, it is the administrative centre of the borough of Gravesham. Gravesend marks the eastern limit of the Greater London Built-up Area, as defined by the UK Office for National Statistics. It had a population of 58,102 in 2021.

Its geographical situation has given Gravesend strategic importance throughout the maritime and communications history of South East England. A Thames Gateway commuter town, it retains strong links with the River Thames, not least through the Port of London Authority Pilot Station, and has witnessed rejuvenation since the advent of High Speed 1 rail services via Gravesend railway station. The station was recently refurbished and has a new bridge.
Wisconsin Highway 75
State Trunk Highway 75 (often called Highway 75, STH-75 or WIS 75) is a former 12.10-mile-long (19.47 km) state highway in the southeastern part of U.S. state of Wisconsin. The highway ran from WIS 50 and WIS 83 in Paddock Lake north to WSI 20 east of Waterford. WIS 75 serves Kenosha and Racine counties. The highway was maintained by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), and it is now signed as County Trunk Highway BD (CTH-BD) by Racine and Kenosha counties.

Wisconsin Highway 83
State Trunk Highway 83 (often called Highway 83, STH-83 or WIS 83) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It runs north–south in southeast Wisconsin from Hartford to the Illinois border in the village of Salem Lakes.

Most of the WIS 83 corridor consists of glacial formations and lakes. From the Washington County line south to the Illinois state line, WIS 83 runs within a few miles of at least 11 different small lakes. The rural nature of this routing results in WIS 83 being mostly two-lane undivided highway except for sections where it runs concurrently with other highways (WIS 50 and WIS 36), or where it approaches an Interstate.
Congo (novel)
Congo is a 1980 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton, the fifth under his own name and the fifteenth overall. The novel centers on an expedition searching for diamonds and investigating the mysterious deaths of a previous expedition in the dense tropical rainforest of the Congo. Crichton calls Congo a lost world novel in the tradition founded by Henry Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines, featuring the mines of that work's title.

King Solomon's Mines
King Solomon's Mines is an 1885 popular novel by the English Victorian adventure writer and fabulist H. Rider Haggard. Published by Cassell and Company, it tells of an expedition through an unexplored region of Africa by a group of adventurers led by Allan Quatermain, searching for the missing brother of one of the party. It is one of the first English adventure novels set in Africa and is considered to be the genesis of the lost world literary genre. It is the first of fourteen novels and four short stories by Haggard about Allan Quatermain.
Kenner Products
Kenner Products, known simply as Kenner, is an American toy brand owned by Hasbro. Kenner Products began as a toy company founded in 1946, going on to produce several highly recognizable toys and merchandise lines including action figures for the original series of Star Wars, Jurassic Park and Batman as well as die cast models.

The company underwent numerous acquisitions and mergers throughout its lifetime, starting with by General Mills in 1967, which eventually spun it off alongside Parker Brothers in 1985 as Kenner Parker Toys, Inc.  In 1987, Kenner Parker was acquired by Tonka, which in turn was purchased by Hasbro in 1991. Hasbro closed and merged Kenner's offices and products in 2000. The brand was reintroduced by Hasbro in 2010 with the release of Star Wars: The Vintage Collection.

Tonka
Tonka is an American brand and former manufacturer of toy trucks. The company was founded in 1946 and operated as an independent manufacturer of popular steel toy construction type trucks and machinery, until its sale to Hasbro in 1991.
USS Picket (ACM-8)
USS Picket (ACM–8) was a Chimo-class minelayer of the United States Navy during World War II.

Picket was completed 15 April 1942 by Marietta Manufacturing Co., Point Pleasant, West Virginia, as the U.S. Army mine planter USAMP-1 General Henry Knox as the first of the WW II period planters built for the U.S. Army Mine Planter Service. USAMP Knox was transferred to the U.S. Navy 2 January 1945; completed conversion to an Auxiliary Minelayer, ACM-8, at Charleston Navy Yard 5 March 1945; and commissioned 6 March 1945.

Mine planter
Mine planter and the earlier "torpedo planter" was a term used for mine warfare ships into the early days of World War I. In later terminology, particularly in the United States, a mine planter was a ship specifically designed to install controlled mines or contact mines in coastal fortifications. This type of ship diverged in both function and design from a ship operating as a naval minelayer. Though the vessel may be seagoing it is not designed to lay large numbers of mines in open sea. A mine planter was designed to place controlled minefields in exact locations so that they might be fired individually or as a group from shore when observers noted a target to be at or near a designated mine's position. The terms and types of specialized ship existed from the 1860s where "torpedoes" were made famous in the American Civil War until the demise of large, fixed coastal fortifications brought on by the changes of World War II.
Leader's Academy High School for Business and Academic Success
Leader's Academy High School for Business and Academic Success, previously the High School for Business and Economic Success (HSBES), was a Grade 7–12 state charter school located on the campus of Windsor Village United Methodist Church in Windsor Village, Houston, in the U.S. state of Texas. The school was formerly named Gulf Shores Academy. In 2011 it merged with Benji's Special Educational Academy into Victory Preparatory Academy.

Victory Preparatory Academy
Victory Preparatory Academy or Victory Prep (VPREP) was a charter school in Houston, Texas that had two campuses: one in the city's south, Victory Preparatory Academy South; and a northern campus, Victory Preparatory Academy North. The system all together served grades K-12 and was operated by the nonprofit organization Management Accountability Corp. It closed in 2018.

In 2016 it had about 500 students total. The Northside campus was in the Northside district.
Opposition (chess)
In chess, opposition (or direct opposition) is a situation in which both kings are two squares apart on the same rank or file. Since kings cannot move adjacent to each other, each king prevents the other's advance, creating a mutual blockade. In this situation, the player not having to move is said to have the opposition. It is a special type of zugzwang and most often occurs in endgames with only kings and pawns. The side with the move may have to move their king away, potentially allowing the opposing king access to important squares. Taking the opposition is a means to an end, normally to force the opponent's king to move to a weaker position, and is not always the best thing to do.

There are extensions of direct opposition, such as diagonal opposition and distant opposition, which can be conducive to reaching direct opposition. All three types may be referred to simply as opposition if the type is unambiguous in context.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Iowa Highway 23
Iowa Highway 23 (Iowa 23) is a 16-mile-long (26 km) state highway in the southeastern part of the state.  Its designation begins at Iowa 149 north of Ottumwa and ends at Iowa 92 in Oskaloosa.

The route was created in 1997 when U.S. Highway 63 (US 63) was rerouted along a new, four-lane expressway that subsumed part of a previous Iowa 23.  The new Iowa 23 was signed along the two-lane road that was vacated by US 63.

Iowa Highway 149
Iowa Highway 149 is a highway which runs from south to north in Iowa.  It has a length of 67 miles (108 km).  Iowa 149 begins at U.S. Highway 34 in Ottumwa and ends at Williamsburg at Interstate 80.  The first 5 miles (8.0 km) of Iowa 149 are overlapped by U.S. Highway 63 Business, the former route of U.S. Highway 63 through Ottumwa.
Naubinway, Michigan
Naubinway (/nɒˈbɪnˈweɪ/ NAH-bin-way) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Mackinac County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 147 at the 2020 census, which was the first year that it was recorded by the census.  The community is located within Garfield Township.

As an unincorporated community, Naubinway has no legal autonomy of its own but does have its own post office with the 49762 ZIP Code.  Naubinway is located along U.S. Route 2 and is the northernmost community on the shores on Lake Michigan.  It is also the largest commercial fishing port in the state's Upper Peninsula.

Mackinac County, Michigan
Mackinac County (/ˈmækənɔː/ MAK-ə-naw, locally /ˈmækənə/ MAK-ə-nə) is a county in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,834. The county seat is St. Ignace. Formerly known as Michilimackinac County, in 1818 it was one of the first counties of the Michigan Territory, as it had long been a center of French and British colonial fur trading, a Catholic church and Protestant mission, and associated settlement. The county's name is shortened from "Michilimackinac", which referred to the Straits of Mackinac area as well as the French settlement at the tip of the lower peninsula. Mackinac County is one of two U.S. counties to feature shorelines on two Great Lakes, being Lake Huron and Lake Michigan (the other county being neighboring Chippewa County).
Rock the Party
"Rock the Party" is a song by English boy band Five, released on 3 December 2001 as the third and final single from their third studio album, Kingsize (2001), outside the United Kingdom. It was also included on their Greatest Hits album, released the same year. The song is based on a sample of Frankie Valli's "Grease", written by Barry Gibb. "Rock the Party" was not released in the UK, where it instead appeared as a B-side on the second CD single of "Closer to Me". In Australia, "Rock the Party" was released as a double A-side with "Closer to Me".

Closer to Me
"Closer to Me" is a song by English boyband Five. It was released on 22 October 2001 as the second single from their third studio album, Kingsize (2001). The song peaked at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart and was Five's final British release, with the band breaking up after doing promotional appearances for it; follow-up single "Rock the Party" was ultimately included on a second CD single of "Closer to Me" in the UK, released on 26 November. The video for the song was directed by Max & Dania and features various vintage band footage.
Samphire
Samphire is a name given to a number of succulent salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) that tend to be associated with water bodies.

Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) is a coastal species with white flowers that grows in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man. This is probably the species mentioned by Shakespeare in King Lear.

Golden samphire (Limbarda crithmoides) is a coastal species with yellow flowers that grows across Eurasia.

Several species in the genus Salicornia, known as "marsh samphire" in Britain.

Blutaparon vermiculare, Central America, southeastern North America

Tecticornia, Australia

Sarcocornia, cosmopolitan

Following the construction of the Channel Tunnel, the nature reserve created on new land near Folkestone made from excavated rock was named "Samphire Hoe", a name coined by Mrs Gillian Janaway.

Salicornia
Salicornia is a genus of succulent, halophytic (salt tolerant) flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae that grow in salt marshes, on beaches, and among mangroves. Salicornia species are native to North America, Europe, central Asia, and southern Africa. Common names for the genus include glasswort, pickleweed, picklegrass, and marsh samphire; these common names are also used for some species not in Salicornia. To French speakers in Atlantic Canada, they are known colloquially as tétines de souris ('mouse tits'). The main European species is often eaten, called marsh samphire in Britain, and the main North American species is occasionally sold in grocery stores or appears on restaurant menus as sea beans, samphire greens, or sea asparagus.
The World of Wodehouse
The World of Wodehouse is a comedy television series, based on the Blandings Castle and Ukridge stories written by P. G. Wodehouse.

The series, which followed the television series The World of Wooster, was shown on BBC Television. It consisted of two series, the 1967 Blandings Castle series (six episodes) and the 1968 Ukridge series (seven episodes).

Apart from one or more extracts from one episode of Blandings Castle ("Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend"), all episodes of both Blandings Castle and Ukridge are lost.

The World of Wooster
The World of Wooster is a comedy television series, based on the Jeeves stories by author P. G. Wodehouse. The television series starred Ian Carmichael as English gentleman Bertie Wooster and Dennis Price as Bertie's valet Jeeves.

The series aired on BBC Television from 1965 until 1967 in three series.

Like many other British television series of the time, much of the series was lost as a result of wiping. All but two episodes are now lost. In 2018, the series was included at #51 in a list of the top 100 most wanted missing television programmes by television archivist organisation Kaleidoscope.
University of Kinshasa
The University of Kinshasa (French: Université de Kinshasa), colloquially known by its acronym UNIKIN, is a public university located in Kinshasa's Lemba commune within the western region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the country's premier university. Initially established in 1954 as Lovanium University during Belgian colonial rule, the current university was established following the division of the National University of Zaire (UNAZA) in 1981.

The university had an enrollment of 29,554 and a faculty and research staff of 1,929 in the 2018–19 academic year, and currently has twelve academic divisions. The Notre-Dame de la Sagesse is strategically located on the campus and provides pastoral ministries to professors and students.

Lovanium University
Lovanium University (French: Université Lovanium) was a Catholic university in Kinshasa in the Belgian Congo. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Kinshasa. The university continued to function after independence until it was merged into the National University of Zaire in 1971. It can be considered an antecedent of the University of Kinshasa.
Laurence Owen
Laurence Rochon "Laurie" Owen (/lɔːrˈɔːns/; May 9, 1944 – February 15, 1961) was an American figure skater. She was the 1961 U.S. National Champion and represented the United States at the 1960 Winter Olympics, where she placed sixth. She was the daughter of Maribel Vinson and Guy Owen and the sister of Maribel Owen. Owen died, along with her mother, sister and the entire United States Figure Skating team, in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 en route to the 1961 World Figure Skating Championships. In 2011, on the 50th anniversary of the crash, Owen and the entire team was inducted into the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Maribel Owen
Maribel Yerxa Owen (April 25, 1940 – February 15, 1961) was an American figure skater.

She was the daughter of skaters Maribel Vinson and Guy Owen and the sister of 1961 U.S. Ladies' Champion Laurence Owen. With pairs  partner Dudley Richards, they placed tenth at 1960 Winter Olympics and won the U.S. national championship in 1961. Along with her mother, sister, and the U.S. Figure Skating team and coaches, Owen died in the crash of Sabena Flight 548 en route to the 1961 World Championships.
Sam Browne (musician)
Samuel Browne (born Samuel Brown; 26 March 1898 – 2 March 1972) was a singer who became one of the most popular British dance band vocalists of the 1930s. He is remembered for singing with Jack Hylton and with Ambrose and his orchestra, at the Mayfair Hotel and Embassy Club, with whom he made many recordings from 1930 to 1942. Browne also worked with several other popular dance bands from the time, such as those led by Lew Stone and Billy Cotton. Browne was most famous for his duets and variety performances with the singer Elsie Carlisle.

Ambrose (bandleader)
Benjamin Baruch Ambrose (11 September 1896 – 11 June 1971), known professionally as Ambrose, was an English bandleader and violinist. Ambrose became the leader of a highly acclaimed British dance band, Ambrose & His Orchestra, in the 1930s.
Rovering in Victoria
Rover Scouts Victoria is part of Scouts Victoria. The Rover section in Victoria has a long history, stretching all the way back to the publication of Rovering to Success in November 1922. The first records of Rover Scouting in Victoria report 81 rovers. In 2024, Scouts Victoria reported there were 1,143 registered rovers in Victoria, in roughly 100 units.

Scouting and Guiding in Victoria
Scouting started in Victoria, Australia, as early as 1907 and local Boy Scout patrols and troops formed independently. Several separate central organisations began operating including Boys' Brigade Scouts, Church Lads' Brigade Scouts, Chums Scouts, Imperial Boy Scouts, Girl Peace Scouts, Imperial Boy Scouts Victoria Section, Imperial Boy Scouts Victorian Section, Gippsland Boy Scouts Association, Australian Boy Scouts, Australian Imperial Boy Scouts, The Boy Scouts Association, Life-Saving Scouts of the Salvation Army and Methodist Boy Scouts.

Current scouting organisations in Victoria include Scouts Victoria, Russian Scouts, Polish Scouting Association ZHP, Plast Ukrainian Scouts, Hungarian Scouts, Lithuanian Scouts and Estonian Scouts, the Ethnic Scouts and Guides Association of Victoria (ESGAV), Girl Guides Victoria and the Assemblies of God Royal Rangers and Salvation Army's Guards and Legion (SAGALA).