hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Coupling (computer programming)
In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules, a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are, and the strength of the relationships between modules. Coupling is not binary but multi-dimensional.

Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling often correlates with high cohesion, and vice versa. Low coupling is often thought to be a sign of a well-structured computer system and a good design, and when combined with high cohesion, supports the general goals of high readability and maintainability.

Loose coupling
In computing and systems design, a loosely coupled system is one

in which components are weakly associated (have breakable relationships) with each other, and thus changes in one component least affect existence or performance of another component.

in which each of its components has, or makes use of, little or no knowledge of the definitions of other separate components. Subareas include the coupling of classes, interfaces, data, and services. Loose coupling is the opposite of tight coupling.
Freedom in the World by region
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.

Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.

Critical assessments of the survey have highlighted potential biases stemming from its funding, methodology, ideological leanings and the subjective nature of the scoring. Freedom House has defended its ratings as independent and evidence-based.
Romedal Municipality
Romedal is a former municipality in the old Hedmark county, Norway. The 385-square-kilometre (149 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Stange Municipality in the traditional district of Hedmarken. The administrative centre was the village of Romedal where Romedal Church is located. Other villages in Romedal included Ilseng and Starhellinga. The municipality centered around the agriculture and forestry industries.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 385.3-square-kilometre (148.8 sq mi) municipality was the 236th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Romedal Municipality was the 125th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 6,497. The municipality's population density was 16.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (44/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 1% over the previous 10-year period.

Stange Municipality
Stangeⓘ is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Hedmarken. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Stangebyen. Other villages include Bekkelaget, Espa, Bottenfjellet, Ilseng, Ottestad, Sandvika, Sinnerud, Starhellinga, Tangen, and Romedal.

The 724-square-kilometre (280 sq mi) municipality is the 157th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Stange Municipality is the 60th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 21,691. The municipality's population density is 29.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (76/sq mi) and its population has increased by 9.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Lotus glaucus
Lotus glaucus is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to Madeira and the Salvage Islands. It is a perennial herbaceous plant with leaves made up of five leaflets. Its flowers are usually orange on opening. Lotus tenellus is included in a more broadly circumscribed L. glaucus by some authors, which extends its distribution to the Canary Islands.

Lotus tenellus
Lotus tenellus is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to the Canary Islands. Some authors have included L. tenellus in Lotus glaucus, a species found in Madeira and the Salvage Islands. L. leptophyllus may be treated as a synonym of L. tenellus or as a separate species. L. tenellus has yellow flowers, with usually no more than three flowers in each flower head (umbel). Its leaves are made up of five leaflets.
South African Class ES
The South African Railways Class ES of 1936 was an electric locomotive.

In 1936, the South African Railways built two Class ES centre-cab electric shunting locomotives with a Bo+Bo wheel arrangement, based on the Class 1E mainline electric locomotive. Between then and 1964, more were acquired until a total of 24 Class ES locomotives were eventually in service. Four more were built new for industry in 1952 and 1957.

The Class ES was the fourth locomotive type to be designed and built in South Africa, after the Natal Government Railways 4-6-2TT Havelock of 1888, the Class 2C of 1910 and the Class 20 of 1935.

South African Class 1E
The South African Railways Class 1E of 1925 was an electric locomotive.

Between 1925 and 1945, the South African Railways purchased 172 Class 1E electric locomotives, spread over seven orders. They were the first mainline electric locomotives to be introduced in South Africa.
Hageland Aviation Services
Hageland Aviation Services was a regional FAR Part 135 airline based in Anchorage, Alaska, United States.  It operated as the Ravn Connect component of Ravn Alaska, serving many destinations throughout Alaska.

Ravn Alaska
New Pacific Airlines, Inc., d.b.a. Ravn Alaska, was an Alaskan airline that specialized in serving small communities in the US state of Alaska. The airline was headquartered in Anchorage, which was also home to its primary hub, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport.

At its peak, Ravn Alaska served 12 communities in Alaska. New Pacific operated all of its flights using the Ravn Alaska brand. The company pronounced its name Ravn like the bird, Raven.
19th Punjabis
The 19th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised in 1857, as the 7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry. It was designated as the 19th Punjabis in 1903 and became 1st Battalion 14th Punjab Regiment i.e. 1/14 Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 5th Battalion The Punjab Regiment (5th Punjab).

14th Punjab Regiment
The 14th Punjab Regiment was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. It was transferred to the Pakistan Army on independence in 1947, and amalgamated with the 1st, 15th and 16th Punjab Regiments in 1956, to form the Punjab Regiment.
Tawney Common
Tawney Common also known as Woodhatch, is a hamlet in the civil parish of Stapleford Tawney in the Epping Forest district of the county of Essex, England. It is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) east of Epping, 4 miles (6 km) west of Chipping Ongar and 13 miles (20 km) west from the county town of Chelmsford. Stapleford Tawney is approximately 2 miles (3 km) to the south. Tawney Common is south of the hamlet of Collier's Hatch, also in the Stapleford Tawney parish.

The hamlet measures at 0.25 hectares and is mostly a collection of scattered houses and farms. As of 2017, there are 3 farms and 9 houses with an estimated average population of 40.

The hamlet is governed, locally by Stapleford Tawney parish council.

Stapleford Tawney
Stapleford Tawney is a village and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex, England. It is approximately 4 miles (6 km) west from Chipping Ongar and 14 miles (23 km) south-west from the county town of Chelmsford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 171.
Andrew Constable, Lord Constable
Arthur Henderson Briggs "Andrew" Constable, Lord Constable CBE, FRSE (3 March 1865 – 4 November 1928) was a Scottish advocate, judge and Conservative politician. He served as Dean of Faculty and as Solicitor General.

Solicitor General for Scotland
His Majesty's Solicitor General for Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Àrd-neach-lagha a' Chrùin an Alba) is one of the Law Officers of the Crown, and the deputy to the Lord Advocate. The Lord Advocate has a duty is to advise the Scottish Government on Scots Law alongside the Solicitor General for Scotland. They are also responsible for the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service which together constitute the Criminal Prosecution Service in Scotland.

Together with the Lord Advocate, the Solicitor General for Scotland is one of the senior legal advisors to the government in Scotland. Whilst the Solicitor General for Scotland supports the Lord Advocate in their functions, the Solicitor General may also exercise their statutory and common law powers when necessary.
Herb Sturz
Herbert Jay Sturz (December 31, 1930 – June 10, 2021) was an American social justice advocate. Sturz had a broad impact on public policy, especially in New York City. He was: chairman of the New York City Planning Commission; New York City deputy mayor for criminal justice; and a New York Times editorial board member. He was the founding director of the Vera Institute of Justice and a 12-year board member for George Soros's Open Society Foundations. In 1976 Sturz received the Rockefeller Public Service Award at the White House.

Vera Institute of Justice
The Vera Institute of Justice (originally the Vera Foundation) is a United States 501(c)(3) nonprofit research and policy organization focused on criminal justice reform. It was founded in 1961 in New York City.
Betterton–Kroll process
The Betterton–Kroll Process is a pyrometallurgical process for refining lead from lead bullion (lead that still contains significant amounts of impurities). Developed by William Justin Kroll in 1922, the Betterton–Kroll process is one of the final steps in conventional lead smelting. After gold, copper, and silver are removed from the lead, significant amounts of bismuth and antimony remain.  The Betterton–Kroll process is used to remove these impurities. In the process, calcium and magnesium are added to the molten lead at temperatures around 380 °C. The calcium and magnesium react with the bismuth and antimony in the bullion to form alloys with a higher melting point, which then can be skimmed off of the surface. This process leaves behind lead with less than 0.01 percent bismuth by weight. The process is crucial to cheap industrial lead smelting and offers significant advantages over more expensive processes like the Betts Electrolytic process and fractional crystallization.

Betts electrolytic process
The Betts electrolytic process is an industrial process for purification of lead from bullion.  Lead obtained from its ores is impure because lead is a good solvent for many metals.  Often these impurities are tolerated, but the Betts electrolytic process is used when high purity lead is required, especially for bismuth-free lead.
Friends & Enemies
Friends & Enemies is a 1999 double-CD compilation album of studio and live material by Fred Frith and Henry Kaiser. It contains the complete collaborative recordings of Frith and Kaiser from 1979 to 1999, namely their two studio albums With Friends Like These (1979) and Who Needs Enemies? (1983), an unreleased live album recorded in 1984, and new studio tracks recorded in 1999. The album was released by Cuneiform Records in June 1999.

Who Needs Enemies? (album)
Who Needs Enemies? is a 1983 studio album of improvised experimental music by Henry Kaiser and Fred Frith. It was recorded in October 1983, and was released on LP by Metalanguage Records later that year. It was Kaiser and Frith's second collaborative album, following on from their first, With Friends Like These in 1979.

In 1987 SST Records released With Enemies Like These, Who Needs Friends?, a CD with five tracks from With Friends Like These, seven tracks from Who Needs Enemies?, and four additional tracks from an unreleased live album by Frith and Kaiser. In 1999 Cuneiform Records released Friends & Enemies, a double-CD containing all the tracks from With Friends Like These and Who Needs Enemies?, plus unreleased live and studio material.
Shadow Dancer (1989 video game)
Shadow Dancer is a 1989 platform game developed and published by Sega for arcades. It was the first game developed for the Sega System 18 arcade board hardware and is a sequel to Shinobi (1987). The player controls a mysterious ninja as he, aided by his attack dog, attempt to take out a terrorist organization. The player goes about this by using ninjutsu abilities and their dog to defeat enemies, as well as collecting bombs that must be obtained to clear a level.

Upon release, Shadow Dancer received a positive reception from critics, who praised the game's soundtrack, graphics, and gameplay but noted that it was derivative of previous titles starring ninja protagonists. The game later received ports for home computers and the Master System. A loose adaptation, titled Shadow Dancer: The Secret of Shinobi, was released for the Sega Genesis in 1990.

Shinobi (1987 video game)
Shinobi (忍) is a 1987 hack and slash video game developed and published by Sega for arcades on the Sega System 16 board. The player controls ninja Joe Musashi, who must stop the Zeed terrorist organization from kidnapping students of his clan.

Shinobi was a commercial success in arcades. It topped the monthly Japanese table arcade charts in December 1987, and became a blockbuster hit in the United States, where it was the highest-grossing conversion kit of 1988 and one of the top five conversion kits of 1989. It was adapted by Sega to its Master System game console, followed by conversions to the Nintendo Entertainment System, PC Engine, and home computers. It was re-released as downloadable emulated versions of the original arcade game for the Wii and Xbox 360. The arcade game was released for the Nintendo Switch in January 2020 through the Sega Ages series. Shinobi's success inspired various sequels and spin-offs of the Shinobi series.
Killing of Rigoberto Alpizar
Rigoberto Alpizar (April 17, 1961 – December 7, 2005) was a Costa Rican-born United States citizen who was fatally shot at Miami International Airport by two United States Federal Air Marshals.

Alpizar lived in the central Florida town of Maitland and worked in the Paint Department of a Home Depot. He was supposed to fly with his wife, Anne Buechner, to Orlando, Florida, returning from a missionary trip to Quito, Ecuador.

The shooting took place on a jetway. Alpizar ran away from the aircraft and, Homeland Security officials maintain, claimed to have a bomb in his bag and then made a sudden movement toward it.

Federal Air Marshal Service
The Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the supervision of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS).

Because of the nature of their occupation, federal air marshals (FAMs) travel often. They must also train to be highly proficient marksmen. A FAM's job is to blend in with other passengers on board aircraft and rely heavily on their training, including investigative techniques, criminal terrorist behavior recognition, firearms proficiency, aircraft-specific tactics, and close quarters self-defense measures to protect the flying public.
Dingal
Dingal (Devnagari: डिंगल; IAST: ḍiṁgala; also spelled Dimgala), also known as Old Western Rajasthani, is an ancient Indian language written in Nagri script and having literature in prose as well as poetry. It is a language of very high tone and requires a specific style of speaking. Dingal was used in Rajasthan and adjoining areas including Gujarat, Kutch, Malwa, and Sindh. Most of Dingal literature is said to be composed by Charans. It was prominently used in composition of war poetry praising the martial exploits of Rajput and Charan war heroes.

Dingal is a New Indo-Aryan (NIA) poetic language or style. It is called by various names such as Maru-Bhasha, Marwari, and Old Western Rājasthāni. Dingal is also described as one of five "pre-modern Hindi literary dialects", listed together with Braj, Avadhi, Sadhu and Maithili. Dingal has also been called as the ancestor of Marwari and Gujarati.

Charan
Charan (IAST: Cāraṇ; Sanskrit: चारण; Gujarati: ચારણ; Sindhi: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a caste natively residing in the Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India, as well as the Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, poets, historians, pastoralists, agriculturalists and also administrators, jagirdars and warriors and some even as traders.
Roy Innis
Roy Emile Alfredo Innis (June 6, 1934 – January 8, 2017) was an American activist and politician. He was National Chairman of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) from 1968 until his death.

One of his sons, Niger Roy Innis, serves as National Spokesman of the Congress of Racial Equality.

Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background." To combat discriminatory policies regarding interstate travel, CORE participated in Freedom Rides as college students boarded Greyhound Buses headed for the Deep South. As the influence of the organization grew, so did the number of chapters, eventually expanding all over the country. Under the leadership of Roy Innis from 1968 to his death in 2006, the group moved to the political right and markedly declined in prominence.
Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associated with Cauchy initial value problems. A special case was proven by Augustin Cauchy (1842), and the full result by Sofya Kovalevskaya (1874).

Cauchy problem
A Cauchy problem in mathematics asks for the solution of a partial differential equation that satisfies certain conditions that are given on a hypersurface in the domain. A Cauchy problem may involve initial or boundary values. It is named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy.
Chicken and waffles
Chicken and waffles is an American dish combining chicken with waffles. It is part of a variety of culinary traditions, including Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine and soul food, and is served in certain specialty restaurants in the United States. Originating as a Pennsylvania Dutch meal, the dish is also popular in the Southern United States.

Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine is the typical and traditional fare of the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine reflects influences of the Pennsylvania Dutch's German heritage, agrarian society, and rejection of rapid change.

It is common to find Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine throughout the Philadelphia, Allentown and Lancaster regions of Pennsylvania.
Sari temple
7°45′41.49″S 110°28′27″E﻿ / ﻿7.7615250°S 110.47417°E﻿ / -7.7615250; 110.47417

The Sari Temple (Indonesian: Candi Sari; Javanese: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶ​ꦱꦫꦶ, romanized: Candhi Sari, also known as Candi Bendan) is an 8th-century Buddhist temple: 90  located at Dusun Bendan, Tirtomartani village, Kalasan, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is located about 130 meters (430 ft) northeast of the Kalasan temple. The temple was a two-story building with wooden beams, floors, and stairs completed with windows and doors; all from organic materials which now are decayed and gone. It is suggested that the original function of this building was a vihara (Buddhist monastery), a dwelling place for monks. The temple's name Sari or Saré translates as "to sleep" in Javanese, which also confirms the habitation nature of the building.

Kalasan
Kalasan (Indonesian: Candi Kalasan, Javanese: ꦕꦟ꧀ꦝꦶꦏꦭꦱꦤ꧀, Candhi Kalasan), also known as Candi Kalibening, is an 8th-century Buddhist temple in Java, Indonesia. It is located 13 kilometers (8.1 mi) east of Yogyakarta on the way to Prambanan temple, on the south side of Jalan Solo main road (part of Indonesian National Route 15) between Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Administratively, it is located in the Kalasan District (kapanewon) of Sleman Regency.
Regionalliga Süd (1994–2012)
The Regionalliga Süd (English: Regional League South) was the fourth tier of the German football league system from 2008 to 2012. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the third tier. It was the highest regional league for the southern part of Germany. It covered the states of Bavaria, Hesse and Baden-Württemberg and was one of three leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Nord and the Regionalliga West.

The league was disbanded at the end of the 2011–12 season, with the Bavarian clubs joining the new Regionalliga Bayern while the others joined the clubs from the southwest of Germany to form the new Regionalliga Südwest.

From 1963 to 1974, a Regionalliga Süd existed as the second tier of the German football league system, but this league is not directly related to the current one.

Regionalliga Südwest
The Regionalliga Südwest ('Regional League Southwest') is the fourth tier of the German football league system in the states of Hesse, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. It is one of five leagues at this level, together with the Regionalliga Bayern, Regionalliga Nordost, Regionalliga Nord and the Regionalliga West.

The league was formed in 2012, when the clubs from the Regionalliga Süd, except those from Bavaria, were joined by the clubs of the Regionalliga West from Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate.
Atlas Autocode
Atlas Autocode (AA) is a programming language developed around 1963 at the University of Manchester. A variant of the language ALGOL, it was developed by Tony Brooker and Derrick Morris for the Atlas computer. The initial AA and AB compilers were written by Jeff Rohl and Tony Brooker using the Brooker-Morris Compiler-compiler, with a later hand-coded non-CC implementation (ABC) by Jeff Rohl.

The word Autocode was basically an early term for programming language. Different autocodes could vary greatly.

Autocode
Autocode is the name of a family of "simplified coding systems", later called programming languages, devised in the 1950s and 1960s for a series of  digital computers at the Universities of Manchester, Cambridge and London. Autocode was a generic term; the autocodes for different machines were not necessarily closely related as are, for example, the different versions of the single language Fortran.

Today the term is used to refer to the family of early languages descended from the Manchester Mark 1 autocoder systems, which were generally similar. In the 1960s, the term autocoders was used more generically as to refer to any high-level programming language using a compiler. 
Examples of languages referred to as autocodes are COBOL and Fortran.