hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
North Dakota Highway 42
North Dakota Highway 42 (ND 42) is a north–south highway located in northwestern North Dakota. The highway traverses northern Williams and Divide Counties. The southern terminus is at ND 50 near Corinth and the northern terminus is a continuation as Saskatchewan Highway 350 (Hwy 350) at the Canadian border.

Williams County, North Dakota
Williams County is located on the western border of the U.S. state of North Dakota, next to Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,950, and was estimated to be 40,763 in 2024, making it the fifth-most populous county in North Dakota. The county seat and the largest city is Williston.

The Williston Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Williams County. It is bordered on the south by the upper Missouri River, whose confluence with its tributary Yellowstone River is located just east of the border with Montana.
Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position. The term goniometry derives from two Greek words, γωνία (gōnía) 'angle' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure'. The protractor is a commonly used type in the fields of mechanics, engineering, and geometry.

The first known description of a goniometer, based on the astrolabe, was by Gemma Frisius in 1538.

Angle
In geometry, an angle is formed by two lines that meet at a point. Each line is called a side of the angle, and the point they share is called the vertex of the angle. The term angle is used to denote both geometric figures and their size or magnitude as associated quantity. Angular measure or measure of angle are sometimes used to distinguish between the measure of the quantity and figure itself. The measurement of angles is intrinsically linked with circles and rotation, and this is often visualized or defined using the arc of a circle centered at the vertex and lying between the sides.
South Dunedin
South Dunedin is a major inner city suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is located, as its name suggests, 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the south of the city centre, on part of a large plain known simply as "The Flat". The suburb is a mix of industrial, retail, and predominantly lower-quality residential properties.

The term South Dunedin is often used in a more general sense to refer to any or all of the various suburbs occupying The Flat, including St Kilda, Forbury, Kensington, Musselburgh, and Tahuna.

St Kilda, New Zealand
St Kilda is a suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. A densely populated residential suburb, it lies on the southern part of the city's central plain, to the southwest of the head of the harbour and immediately north of Ocean Beach, parts of which (St Kilda Beach and Middle Beach) are within the suburb and form its major geographical feature. According to the New Zealand Census, St Kilda's 2023 population was 5,710.
Franklin Noble Billings
Franklin Noble Billings (March 8, 1829 - December 11, 1894) was a Vermont businessman and merchant. A member of the prominent Billings family, he was notable for his investment stakes and management roles in several Vermont businesses. He was the father of Governor Franklin S. Billings and grandfather of Judge Franklin S. Billings Jr. In addition, he was the brother of Frederick H. Billings, uncle of Mary Billings French, and grand-uncle of Mary French Rockefeller.

Franklin S. Billings Jr.
Franklin Swift Billings Jr., BEM (June 5, 1922 – March 9, 2014) was an American politician and judge from the state of Vermont. Billings served as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives, Chief Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court and Chief United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.
Emin Gün Sirer
Emin Gün Sirer is a Turkish-American computer scientist. Sirer developed the Avalanche Consensus protocol underlying the Avalanche blockchain platform, and is currently the CEO and co-founder of Ava Labs. He was an associate professor of computer science at Cornell University, and is the former co-director of The Initiative for Cryptocurrencies and Smart Contracts (IC3). He is known for his contributions to peer-to-peer systems, operating systems and computer networking.

Avalanche (blockchain platform)
Avalanche is a decentralized, open-source Layer-1 blockchain platform developed by Ava Labs and launched in September 2020.

Avalanche’s architecture features three core blockchains—the X-Chain (Exchange Chain), C-Chain (Contract Chain), and P-Chain (Platform Chain)—working together to respectively manage funds, smart contracts, and network coordination.
Minister of Mineral and Petroleum Resources
The minister of mineral and petroleum resources is a minister in the cabinet of the South African national government. The minister has political responsibility for the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy.

The office in its current form was re-established in June 2024; it formerly existed between May 2009 and May 2019, initially as the minister of mining and then as the minister for mineral resources. During other periods, the mineral resources portfolio has been enlarged by the inclusion of energy: there was a minister of minerals and energy before May 2009 and, more recently, a minister of mineral resources and energy between May 2019 and June 2024.

The current minister of mineral resources is Gwede Mantashe, who was also the last minister of mineral resources and energy; he has overseen the mineral resources portfolio since February 2018.

Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
The Department of Mineral Resources and Energy (DMRE) is a department of the South African government which is responsible for the mining industry of South Africa, exploitation of the country's mineral resources, and the energy industry. It was known as the Department of Minerals and Energy until July 2009 when it was divided by President Jacob Zuma into the Department of Mineral Resources and the Department of Energy. In June 2019 President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the two departments were to be reunited under the current name. The political head of the department is the Minister of Mineral Resources and Energy, who is assisted by a deputy minister. As of August 2020 the minister is Gwede Mantashe while the position of deputy minister is vacant.
Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Act 2022
The Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Act 2022 is a New Zealand Act of Parliament that replaces the district health board system with a national public health service called Health New Zealand. It also establishes a separate Māori Health Authority (MHA) and a new Public Health Agency. The bill passed its third reading on 7 June 2022 and became law on 14 June 2022.

Public Health Agency (New Zealand)
The Public Health Agency (PHA; Māori: Te Pou Hauora Tūmatanui) is a directorate within the New Zealand Ministry of Health responsible for managing population and public health. It was established on 1 July 2022 as part of a large scale reform of public health services in New Zealand.
Station HYPO
Station HYPO, also known as Fleet Radio Unit Pacific (FRUPAC), was the United States Navy signals monitoring and cryptographic intelligence unit in Hawaii during World War II. It was one of two major Allied signals intelligence units, called Fleet Radio Units in the Pacific theaters, along with FRUMEL in Melbourne, Australia. The station took its initial name from the phonetic code at the time for "H" for Heʻeia, Hawaii radio tower. The precise importance and role of HYPO in penetrating the Japanese naval codes has been the subject of considerable controversy, reflecting internal tensions amongst US Navy cryptographic stations.

HYPO was under the control of the OP-20-G Naval Intelligence section in Washington. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor of December 7, 1941, and for some time afterwards, HYPO was in the basement of the Old Administration Building at Pearl Harbor. Later on, a new building was constructed for the station, though it had been reorganized and renamed by then.

Japanese naval codes
The vulnerability of Japanese naval codes and ciphers was crucial to the conduct of the Pacific War of World War II, and had an important influence on foreign relations between Japan and the west in the years leading up to the war as well. Every Japanese code was eventually broken, and the intelligence gathered made possible such operations as the victorious American ambush of the Japanese Navy at Midway in 1942 (by breaking code JN-25b) and the shooting down of Japanese admiral Isoroku Yamamoto a year later in Operation Vengeance.

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) used many codes and ciphers. All of these cryptosystems were known differently by different organizations; the names listed below are those given by Western cryptanalytic operations.
Trois poèmes de Mallarmé
Trois poèmes de Mallarmé is a sequence of three art songs by Maurice Ravel, based on poems by Stéphane Mallarmé for soprano, two flutes, two clarinets, piano, and string quartet. Composed in 1913, it was premiered on 14 January 1914, performed by Rose Féart and conducted by D.-E. Inghelbrecht, at the inaugural concert of the société musicale indépendante of the 1913–1914 season in the Salle Érard in Paris.

The work bears the reference M. 64, in the catalogue of works of the composer established by musicologist Marcel Marnat.

Stéphane Mallarmé
Étienne Mallarmé (UK: /ˈmælɑːrmeɪ/ MAL-ar-may, US: /ˌmælɑːrˈmeɪ/ mal-ar-MAY; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), known professionally as Stéphane Mallarmé (French: [stefan malaʁme] ⓘ), was a French poet and critic. He was a major French Symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism.
Augustus B. Woodward
Augustus Brevoort Woodward (born Elias Brevoort Woodward; November 1774 – June 12, 1827) was the first Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. In that position, he played a prominent role in the reconstruction of Detroit following a devastating fire in 1805. He promoted an urban design based on radial avenues, as in Washington, DC and Paris.

Michigan Territory
The Territory of Michigan was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from June 30, 1805, until January 26, 1837, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Michigan. Detroit was the territorial capital.
Tsukushi Haruka
Tsukushi Haruka (春輝つくし, Haruka Tsukushi; born September 6, 1997) is a retired Japanese professional wrestler. Trained by Emi Sakura, Tsukushi made her debut for her Ice Ribbon promotion in January 2010 as part of a trial series with Kurumi. After winning the fan voting, Tsukushi was made an official part of Ice Ribbon's roster the following March and she has since wrestled regularly for the promotion. She is a former one-time ICE×60 Champion, record ten-time International Ribbon Tag Team Champion and record three-time IW19 Champion. Tsukushi's accomplishments outside of Ice Ribbon include winning DDT Pro-Wrestling's Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, JWP Joshi Puroresu's 2014 Tag League the Best and Reina Joshi Puroresu's Reina World Tag Team Championship.

International Ribbon Tag Team Championship
The International Ribbon Tag Team Championship (Japanese: インターナショナル・リボンタッグ王座, Hepburn: intānashonaru Ribon Taggu Ōza) is a professional wrestling tag team championship owned by the Ice Ribbon promotion. The championship was introduced on April 4, 2007, at an Ice Ribbon and Neo Japan Ladies Pro Wrestling co-promoted event, where the Neo Machineguns (Tanny Mouse and Yuki Miyazaki) defeated Aya Yuki and Ran Yu-Yu in the finals of a tournament to become the inaugural champions. Championship matches have a 20-minute time limit, and the title is vacated in the event of a time limit draw. Though primarily contested for by female wrestlers, seven male wrestlers; Masako Takanashi, Chounko/Choun Shiryu, Yuki Sato, Jun Kasai, Isami Kodaka, Gentaro and Makoto Oishi, have also held the championship.
Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria
Duchess Sophie Charlotte Auguste in Bavaria (22 February 1847 – 4 May 1897) was a granddaughter-in-law of King Louis Philippe of France, the youngest sister of Empress Elisabeth of Austria and fiancée of King Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Louise d'Orléans (1869–1952)
Princess Louise d'Orléans (Louise Victoire Marie Amélie Sophie; 19 July 1869 – 4 February 1952) was a French princess of the House of Orléans and a member of the Royal Family of Bavaria. Throughout her life, Louise remained very close to her first cousin, Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria.
Otto Frederick Hunziker
Otto Frederick Hunziker (25 December 1873 – 16 November 1959) was a pioneer in the American and international dairy industry, as both an educator and a technical innovator.  Hunziker was born and raised in Switzerland, emigrated to the U.S., and studied at Cornell University.  He started and developed the dairy program at Purdue University when such programs were at their infancy.  At this same time, Hunziker was heavily involved with the development of the American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) and the standardization and improvement of many dairy tests and processes.  Hunziker wrote several of the leading dairy processing texts, which continue to be cited.  After leaving Purdue University, Hunziker managed research and operations at a large, national condensary, continued to drive ADSA's standardization and publishing efforts, represented the U.S. at international dairy congresses, and facilitated dairy industry improvements across the globe.

American Dairy Science Association
The American Dairy Science Association (ADSA) is a non-profit professional organization for the advancement of dairy science. ADSA is headquartered in Champaign, Illinois.

Consisting of 4500 members, ADSA is involved in research, education, and industry relations. Areas of ADSA focus include:

care and nutrition of dairy animals;

management, economics and marketing of dairy farms and product manufacturing;

sanitation throughout the dairy industry; and,

processing of dairy-based products, including processing and foods manufacturing (milk, cheese, yogurt, and ice cream).

ADSA's top priorities are the Journal of Dairy Science, annual meetings, scientific liaisons with other organizations and agencies, and international development. ADSA is attempting to add value to potential new members through an emphasis on "integration of dairy disciplines from the farm to the table."
Organizational adaptation
Organizational adaptation (sometimes referred to as strategic fit and organizational congruence) is a concept in organization theory and strategic management that is used to describe the relationship between an organization and its environment. The conceptual roots of organizational adaptation borrows ideas from organizational ecology, evolutionary economics, industrial and organizational psychology, and sociology. A systematic review of 50 years worth of literature defined organizational adaptation as "intentional decision-making undertaken by organizational members, leading to observable actions that aim to reduce the distance between an organization and its economic and institutional environments".

Adaptation is a concept that has been studied from multiple perspectives and, as a result, transcends multiple levels of analysis including organizations, populations of organizations, and organizational fields.

Organizational ecology
Organizational ecology (also organizational demography and the population ecology of organizations) is a theoretical and empirical approach in the social sciences that is considered a sub-field of organizational studies.  Organizational ecology utilizes insights from biology, economics, and sociology, and employs statistical analysis to try to understand the conditions under which organizations emerge, grow, and die.

The ecology of organizations is divided into three levels, the community, the population, and the organization. The community level is the functionally integrated system of interacting populations. The population level is the set of organizations engaged in similar activities. The organization level focuses on the individual organizations (some research further divides organizations into individual member and sub-unit levels).

What is generally referred to as organizational ecology in research is more accurately population ecology, focusing on the second level.
HMAS Stuart (DE 48)
HMAS Stuart (F21/DE 48) was one of six River-class destroyer escorts built for the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The ship was laid down by the Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Company at Cockatoo Island Dockyard in 1959, and commissioned into the RAN in 1963.

During the ship's career, Stuart achieved a number of historical firsts: she was the first RAN ship to fly the Australian White Ensign, and the first major vessel to be homeported at Fleet Base West.

Stuart was paid off in 1991, a year later than originally planned; RAN commitments to the Gulf War saw several warships deployed to the Middle East, and Stuart was retained in service to boost local defence. The destroyer escort was sold for scrapping.

HMAS Stirling
HMAS Stirling is a Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base that is part of Fleet Base West situated on the west coast of Australia, on the Indian Ocean. The base is located on Garden Island in the state of Western Australia, near the city of Perth. Garden Island also has its own military airport on the island (ICAO: YGAD). HMAS Stirling is currently under the command of Captain Ken Burleigh, RAN.
Wohlen–Dietikon railway line
The Wohlen–Dietikon railway line is a railway line in Switzerland. It connects Wohlen and Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau with Dietikon in the canton of Zürich. Passenger service on the line now forms part of the Zürich S-Bahn, branded as the S17, and a frequent service is provided, with trains running up to every 15 minutes.

The line was opened in stages by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn between 1876 and 1912. Whilst the earliest section to be opened, between Wohlen and Bremgarten, was built as a traditional standard gauge branch line, the later section between Bremgarten and Dietikon was built as rural electric tramway in metre gauge. Whilst much of the line has been upgraded, this is still apparent in the long stretches of roadside track, and stretches of street running in Dietikon.

Today the line is owned and operated by Aargau Verkehr AG (AVA), a company that operates other rail and bus services in the region.

Bremgarten, Aargau
Bremgarten is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It serves as seat of the district of Bremgarten.  The medieval old town is listed as a heritage site of national significance.  In 2013, Bremgarten was the first municipality in Europe to introduce laws forbidding asylum seekers from visiting certain public places such as libraries, swimming pools, schools and churches.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.
Walt Disney's Comics and Stories
Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, sometimes abbreviated WDC&S, is an American anthology comic book series featuring characters from The Walt Disney Company's films and shorts, including Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck, Mickey Mouse, Chip 'n Dale, Li'l Bad Wolf, Scamp, Bucky Bug, Grandma Duck, Brer Rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, and others. With more than 700 issues, Walt Disney's Comics & Stories is the longest-running Disney comic book in the United States, making it the flagship title, and is one of the best-selling comic books of all time.

The book was originally published by Dell Comics (1940–1962), and there have been many revivals over the years, continuing the same legacy numbering. The revivals have been published by Gold Key Comics (1962–1984), Gladstone Publishing (1986–1990), Disney Comics (1990–1993), back to Gladstone Publishing (1993–1999), Gemstone Publishing (2003–2008), Boom! Studios (2009–2011) and IDW Publishing (2015–2020).

Boom! Studios
Boom! Studios (stylized as BOOM! Studios), is an American comic book and graphic novel publisher. They are headquartered in Los Angeles, California, United States. As of September 2024, the company is a subsidiary division of Penguin Random House.
Nargesi kebab
Nargesi kebab, Nargesi kofta or Narges shami kebab is an Afghan, Middle Eastern, Pakistani and Indian dish. It can be described as a kebab or kofta with a chicken egg in the middle. It is named after the narcissus flower because kebabs look like the flower's petals when they are cut. It is akin to koofteh Tabrizi, comparably consisting of a mixture of ground meat, herbs, and spices wrapped around a boiled egg.

Tabriz meatballs
Tabriz meatballs (Persian: کوفته تبریزی, romanized: kufteh Tabrizi), also known as koofteh Tabrizi, are a variety of Iranian meatballs from the city of Tabriz. The dish normally consists of a large meatball including rice, yellow split peas, herbs and other ingredients, and its juice which is served in a separate dish with shredded sangak or lavash bread before the main course.
Tavşan Adası
Tavşan Adası ("Rabbit Island" in Turkish) (Greek: Neandros (Νέανδρος), the name of a mythological figure.) or Balıkçı Adası is the smallest of the Princes' Islands in the Sea of Marmara, to the southeast of Istanbul, Turkey. It is under the administration of the Adalar (literally Islands or Isles) district of Istanbul Province. The island has an area of 40 hectares (99 acres).

On 10 April 2021, it was declared as a protected vulnerable marine area through a presidential decree.

Princes' Islands
The Princes' Islands (Turkish: Prens Adaları; the word "princes" is plural, because the name means "Islands of the Princes", Greek: Πριγκηπονήσια, Pringiponisia), officially just Adalar (English: Islands); alternatively the Princes' Archipelago; is an archipelago of nine islands off the coast of Istanbul, Turkey, in the Sea of Marmara. These constitute the municipality and district of Adalar within Istanbul Province. With a total land area of 11 km2 (4.2 sq mi), it is the fifth smallest district in Istanbul and, with a permanent population of 16,690 (2022), by far the least populous district in Istanbul.

Adalar District is made up of the main four islands (Büyükada, Kınalıada, Burgazada, and Heybeliada) and the other smaller islands.
Shibaura Institute of Technology
The Shibaura Institute of Technology (芝浦工業大学, Shibaura Kōgyō Daigaku), abbreviated as Shibaura kōdai (芝浦工大, Shibaura kōdai), is a private university with the main campus located in Koto, Tokyo, Japan, with campuses located in Tokyo and Saitama.

Saitama (city)
Saitama (さいたま市, Saitama-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [saꜜi.ta.ma, sai.ta.maꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and largest city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Its area incorporates the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. As of 1 February 2021, the city had an estimated population of 1,324,854, and a population density of 6,093 people per km2 (15,781 people per sq mi). Its total area is 217.43 square kilometres (83.95 sq mi).