hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Joseph Joffre
Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre LH OM GCB (French: [ʒozɛf ʒɔfʁ]; 12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931) was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive First Battle of the Marne in September 1914.

His political position waned after unsuccessful offensives in 1915, the German attack on Verdun in 1916, and the disappointing results of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme in 1916. At the end of 1916 he was promoted to Marshal of France, the first such elevation under the Third Republic, and moved to an advisory role, from which he quickly resigned. Later in the war he led an important mission to the United States.

Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet
Field Marshal Sir William Robert Robertson, 1st Baronet, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, DSO (29 January 1860 – 12 February 1933) was a British Army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) – the professional head of the British Army – from 1916 to 1918 during the First World War.

As CIGS he was committed to a Western Front strategy focusing on Germany. He had increasingly poor relations with David Lloyd George, Secretary of State for War and then Prime Minister. In 1917 Robertson supported the continuation of the Battle of Passchendaele at odds with Lloyd George's view that Britain's war effort ought to be focused on the other theatres until the arrival of sufficient US troops on the Western Front.
Robertson is the only soldier in the history of the British Army to have risen from an enlisted rank to its highest rank of field marshal.
Transition kernel
In the mathematics of probability, a transition kernel or kernel is a function in mathematics that has different applications. Kernels can for example be used to define random measures or stochastic processes. The most important example of kernels are the Markov kernels.

Markov kernel
In probability theory, a Markov kernel (also known as a stochastic kernel or probability kernel) is a map that in the general theory of Markov processes plays the role that the transition matrix does in the theory of Markov processes with a finite state space.
Washington Valley Schoolhouse
The Washington Valley Schoolhouse, also known as the Little Red Schoolhouse, is located at the intersection of Washington Valley Road and Schoolhouse Lane in the Washington Valley section of Morris Township in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The schoolhouse was built in 1869 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1973, for its significance in education. It was designated a contributing property of the Washington Valley Historic District on November 12, 1992.

Washington Valley, New Jersey
Washington Valley is an unincorporated community in the Whippany River valley within Morris Township in Morris County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

Washington Valley is popularly known for farmsteads of the late 18th and early 19th century, but their appearance and survival is the legacy of wealthy estate builders who acquired properties and moved there at the end of the 19th century.
Førde Fjord
Førde Fjord (English) or Førdefjorden (Norwegian) is a fjord in Vestland county, Norway. It is the longest of all the fjords in the traditional district of Sunnfjord. Førdefjorden passes through Sunnfjord Municipality, Askvoll Municipality, and Kinn Municipality. The fjord begins at the town of Førde, at the estuary of the river Jølstra, which comes from the lake Jølstravatn. The island of Svanøya lies just outside the mouth of the fjord. There are roads along the shoreline on both the north and south sides of the fjord, and the European route E39 highway runs past the town of Førde, near the fjord.

Sunnfjord Municipality
Sunnfjord is a municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Sunnfjord. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Førde. Other villages in the municipality include Naustdal, Sande, Vassenden, and Skei.

The 2,208-square-kilometre (853 sq mi) municipality is the 27th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Sunnfjord Municipality is the 56th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 22,662. The municipality's population density is 10.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (27/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4.6% over the previous 10-year period.
Korail Class 341000
The Korail Class 341000 trains, formerly identified as Korail Class 2000 trains, are commuter electric multiple units in South Korea used on Seoul Subway Line 4. Class 341000 trains were manufactured and delivered from 1993 to 1999 and 2019 to 2024 to expand service on the Gwacheon Line and the Ansan Line sections of Line 4.

Korail Class 351000
The Korail Class 351000 trains, formerly identified as Korail Class 2000 trains, are commuter electric multiple units in South Korea used on Suin-Bundang Line. Class 351000 trains were manufactured and delivered between 1993.
Dallas, Pennsylvania
Dallas is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,692 at the 2020 census. The local government describes the borough as the "Pride" of the Back Mountain (a 118 square mile region in northern Luzerne County). The area includes the townships of Dallas, Franklin, Jackson, Kingston, Lake, and Lehman. The region also includes the boroughs of Dallas and Harveys Lake. Dallas is in the vicinity of Misericordia University and Dallas State Correctional Institution (which holds 2,150 inmates).

Dallas Township, Pennsylvania
Dallas Township is a township in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Back Mountain, a 118 square mile (306 km2) region in northern Luzerne County. The population was 9,099 at the 2020 census.
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court that recognized the First Amendment rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test, also known as the "substantial disruption" test, is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's interest in preventing disruption outweighs students' First Amendment rights. The Court famously opined, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."

Substantial disruption
The substantial disruption test is a criterion set forth by the United States Supreme Court, in the leading case of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969). The test is used to determine whether an act by a U.S. public school official (State actor) has abridged a student's constitutionally protected First Amendment rights of free speech.

The test, as set forth in the Tinker opinion, asks the question: Did the speech or expression of the student "materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school," or might it "reasonably have led school authorities to forecast substantial disruption of or material interference with school activities?" The case holds that to justify suppression of speech, school officials would need to show that the conduct in question would "materially and substantially interfere" with the operation of the school.
Barkuh Rural District
Barkuh Rural District (Persian: دهستان بركوه) is in the Central District of Kuhsorkh County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Ivar. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Rivash, now a city.

Ivar, Kuhsorkh
Ivar (Persian: ايور) is a village in, and the capital of, Barkuh Rural District of the Central District of Kuhsorkh County, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Rivash, now a city.
Osmany Uriarte
Osmany Santiago Uriarte Mestre (born 4 June 1995) is a Cuban male volleyball player. Uriarte Mestre was part of the Cuba men's national volleyball team at the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship in Poland. He played for Sancti Spíritus.

Uriarte Mestre was one of the six players of the Cuban national volleyball team arrested and charged with aggravated rape in July 2016 in Tampere, Finland. He was found guilty in September 2016 and was sentenced to five years in prison. His sentence was ultimately reduced to four years.

Cuba men's national volleyball team
The Cuba men's national volleyball team (Spanish: Selección masculina de voleibol de Cuba) represents Cuba in international volleyball competitions and friendly matches, governed by Federación Cubana De Voleibol. Cuba in the 1976 Summer Olympics won their first bronze medal. In FIVB competitions, the national team won one gold each at World Cup, World Grand Champions Cup, World League and Challenger Cup. Cuba also attained two silver and two bronze World Championship medals and have won the NORCECA Championship 15 times with a 6-peat record.
Epicuticular wax
Epicuticular wax is a waxy coating which covers the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants. It may form a whitish film or bloom on leaves, fruits and other plant organs. Chemically, it consists of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons with or without a variety of substituted functional groups. The main functions of the epicuticular wax are to decrease surface wetting and moisture loss. Other functions include reflection of ultraviolet light, assisting in the formation of an ultra-hydrophobic and self-cleaning surface and acting as an anti-climb surface.

Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic solids that are  malleable near ambient temperatures.  They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform.  Natural waxes of various types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.
North East Gonja District
North East Gonja District is one of the seven districts in Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally it was formerly part of the then-larger East Gonja District in 1988, until the northern part of the district was split off to create North East Gonja District on 19 February 2019; while the remaining part has been retained as East Gonja Municipal District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018). The district assembly is located in the eastern part of Savannah Region and has Kpalbe as its capital town.

East Gonja Municipal District
East Gonja Municipal Assembly is one of the seven districts in Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988 when it was known as East Gonja District, until the eastern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 29 February 2008 to create Kpandai District (which is currently part of Northern Region); thus the remaining part has been retained as East Gonja District. Later, it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 15 March 2018 to become East Gonja Municipal District. However on 19 February 2019, the northern part of the district was later split off to create North East Gonja District; thus remaining part has been retained as East Gonja Municipal District. The municipality is located in the eastern part of Savannah Region and has Salaga as its capital town.
CFL's Most Outstanding Lineman Award
The Most Outstanding Lineman Award was an award annually given to the best defensive player or offensive lineman in the Canadian Football League from the year 1955 to 1973.  By the 1974 season, the league decided to make two separate awards for both defensive players and offensive linemen.

CFL's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award
The Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award is annually awarded to the best offensive lineman in the Canadian Football League. The two nominees for the award are the Leo Dandurand Trophy winner from the East Division, and the DeMarco-Becket Memorial Trophy winner from the West Division. Between the years of 1955 to 1973, both defensive players and offensive lineman had to compete for the CFL's Most Outstanding Lineman Award. By the 1974 season, the league decided to make two separate awards for both defensive players and offensive lineman.
Saint-René-de-Matane
Saint-René-de-Matane (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ ʁəne də matan]) is a municipality in Quebec, Canada.

In addition to main population centre of Saint-René located along Quebec Route 195, the municipality also includes the communities of Le Renversé, Rivière-Matane, Ruisseau-Gagnon, and Village-à-Dancause.

Quebec Route 195
Route 195 is an 87 km two-lane north/south highway in Quebec, Canada, which starts in Matane at the junction of Route 132 and ends in Saint-Zénon-du-Lac-Humqui. The highway acts mainly as a shortcut between Matane and the southern section of Route 132 which leads to the Matapédia River Valley and the southern part of the Gaspé Peninsula.
Li Zhaoping
Li Zhaoping (Chinese: 李兆平) is a Chinese neuroscientist at the University of Tübingen in Germany. She is the only woman to win the first place in CUSPEA, a 1980s annual national physics admission examination in China, during CUSPEA's 10-year history (1979–1989). She proposed V1 Saliency Hypothesis (V1SH), and is the author of Understanding vision: theory, models, and data published by Oxford University Press.

V1 Saliency Hypothesis
The V1 Saliency Hypothesis, or V1SH (pronounced ‘vish’) is a theory about V1, the primary visual cortex (V1). It proposes that the V1 in primates creates a saliency map of the visual field to guide visual attention or gaze shifts exogenously.
George Julius
Sir George Alfred Julius (29 April 1873 – 28 June 1946) was an English-born New Zealand inventor and entrepreneur. He was the founder of Julius Poole & Gibson Pty Ltd and Automatic Totalisators Ltd, and invented the world's first automatic totalisator.

Tote board
A tote board (or totalisator/totalizator) is a numeric or alphanumeric display used to convey information, typically at a race track (to display the odds or payoffs for each horse) or at a telethon (to display the total amount donated to the charitable organization sponsoring the event).

The term "tote board" comes from the colloquialism for "totalizator" (or "totalisator"), the name for the automated system which runs parimutuel betting, calculating payoff odds, displaying them, and producing tickets based on incoming bets.
Derek Schmidt
Derek Larkin Schmidt (born January 23, 1968) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for Kansas's 2nd congressional district since 2025. He previously served as the Kansas Attorney General from 2011 to 2023. A Republican, Schmidt was first elected to office serving in the Kansas Senate, where he represented the 15th district from 2001 to 2011, and served as Agriculture Committee chairman and Senate majority leader. Schmidt became the state attorney general in 2011, after he defeated incumbent Democrat Stephen Six.

Schmidt was the Republican nominee for governor of Kansas in the 2022 election, but narrowly lost to incumbent Democrat Laura Kelly.

Laura Kelly
Laura Jeanne Kelly (born January 24, 1950) is an American politician serving since 2019 as the 48th governor of Kansas. A member of the Democratic Party, she represented the 18th district in the Kansas Senate from 2005 to 2019. Kelly was elected governor in 2018 and reelected in 2022.
Crawford's
Crawford's is a brand of biscuits.

It started as a Scottish baker of ship's biscuits in a public house on The Shore, Leith in 1813.  The bakery was acquired by Robert Mathie in 1817 and then William Crawford in 1856, when Mathie retired.  William Crawford & Sons established large factories in Leith and Liverpool so that, at its peak, it was one of Britain's largest biscuit manufacturers and claimed to be its oldest.  The company was acquired by United Biscuits in 1960 and is now a brand within their portfolio.

United Biscuits
United Biscuits (UB) is a British multinational food manufacturer, makers of McVitie's biscuits, Jacob's Cream Crackers, and Twiglets. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. In November 2014, the company was acquired by Yıldız Holding and is now part of Pladis.

United Biscuits manufactures in a number of countries across Europe, such as the Netherlands, France and Belgium. It also has a manufacturing site in India. The company's headquarters is in Chiswick Business Park in west London.
Circular definition
A circular definition is a type of definition that uses the term(s) being defined as part of the description or assumes that the term(s) being described are already known. There are several kinds of circular definition, and several ways of characterising the term: pragmatic, lexicographic and linguistic. Circular definitions are related to circular reasoning in that they both involve a self-referential approach.

Circular definitions may be unhelpful if the audience must either already know the meaning of the key term, or if the term to be defined is used in the definition itself.

In linguistics, a circular definition is a description of the meaning of a lexeme that is constructed using one or more synonymous lexemes that are all defined in terms of each other.

Self-reference
Self-reference is a concept that involves referring to oneself or one's own attributes, characteristics, or actions. It can occur in language, logic, mathematics, philosophy, and other fields.

In natural or formal languages, self-reference occurs when a sentence, idea or formula refers to itself. The reference may be expressed either directly—through some intermediate sentence or formula—or by means of some encoding.

In philosophy, self-reference also refers to the ability of a subject to speak of or refer to itself, that is, to have the kind of thought expressed by the first person nominative singular pronoun "I" in English.

Self-reference is studied and has applications in mathematics, philosophy, computer programming, second-order cybernetics, and linguistics, as well as in humor. Self-referential statements are sometimes paradoxical, and can also be considered recursive.
The New Golden Age
"The New Golden Age" is a crossover event in DC Comics publications. Written by Geoff Johns, the story follows the Justice Society of America unraveling a mystery following the Golden Age heroes and villains and the untold stories that come with it. The story comprises an eponymous one-shot and the central storyline in the ongoing Justice Society of America, as well as tie-in limited series like Stargirl: The Lost Children, Alan Scott: The Green Lantern, Jay Garrick: The Flash, and Wesley Dodds: The Sandman.

The event received highly positive reviews from critics.

Jay Garrick
Jason Peter "Jay" Garrick is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the first character known as the Flash. The character first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (January 1940), created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert.

In the original Golden Age comics, Jay Garrick gained his speed-enhancing abilities by inhaling hard water vapor during a lab experiment. This accident granted him superhuman speed and agility, allowing him to become the Flash and fight crime.

Jay Garrick has made numerous appearances in other media. For television series on The CW, John Wesley Shipp portrayed the character as a recurring character in The Flash and in a guest capacity in Stargirl. Additionally, Billy Mitchell played the character's live-action debut as a cameo in Smallville, with a cameo appearance in The Flash (2023) portrayed via CGI and modeled after editor Jason Ballantine.
Lake Hawassa
Lake Hawassa or Awasa, is an endorheic basin in Sidama Region of Ethiopia, located in the Main Ethiopian Rift south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of the country. According to the Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68, the lake is 16 km long and 9 km wide, with a surface area of 129 square kilometers. It has a maximum depth of 10 meters and is located at an elevation of 1,708 meters. It is located inside the Awasa Caldera.

Because it is relatively accessible to scientists, Lake Hawassa is the most studied of the Rift Valley lakes in Ethiopia. According to William Taylor, a member of the African Lakes and Rivers Research Group at the University of Waterloo, Lake Hawassa is, despite its lack of an outflow, "essentially a freshwater lake (conductivity is variable, but less than 1,000) indicating that it must have a subterranean outlet."

Rift Valley lakes
The Rift Valley lakes are a series of lakes in the East African Rift valley that runs through eastern Africa from Ethiopia in the north to Malawi in the south, and includes the African Great Lakes in the south. These include some of the world's oldest lakes, deepest lakes, largest lakes by area, and largest lakes by volume. Many are freshwater ecoregions of great biodiversity, while others are alkaline "soda lakes" supporting highly specialised organisms.

The Rift Valley lakes are well known for the evolution of at least 800 cichlid fish species that live in their waters. More species are expected to be discovered.

The World Wide Fund for Nature has designated these lakes as one of its Global 200 priority ecoregions for conservation.
Somerset Women cricket team
The Somerset Women cricket team is the women's representative cricket team for the English ceremonial county of Somerset. They play their home games at various grounds across Somerset, most often in Taunton, and are captained by Emily Edgcombe. Somerset consistently competed in either Division 1 or Division 2 of the Women's County Championship, and won Division 2 of the Women's Twenty20 Cup in 2019. In 2021, they won the West Midlands Group of the Twenty20 Cup. They were formerly partnered with the regional team Western Storm.

2021 Women's Twenty20 Cup
The 2021 Women's Twenty20 Cup, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2021 Vitality Women's County T20, was the 12th cricket Women's Twenty20 Cup tournament, taking place in April and May, with 36 teams taking part: 34 county teams plus Scotland and Wales. There was no overall winner, with Hertfordshire, Nottinghamshire, Lancashire, Kent, Gloucestershire and Somerset winning their respective regions.

The 2020 tournament was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and, following a restructuring of women's cricket in England that saw the ending of the Women's County Championship, the Twenty20 Cup was the only nationwide tournament featuring county sides in 2021. The tournament will be followed by competitions involving regional teams, in 50-over and Twenty20 formats, as well as The Hundred.