hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Literary Welsh morphology
The morphology of the Welsh language shows many characteristics perhaps unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French or German, but has much in common with the other modern Insular Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. Welsh is a moderately inflected language. Verbs conjugate for person, tense and mood with affirmative, interrogative and negative conjugations of some verbs. A majority of prepositions inflect for person and number. There are few case inflections in Literary Welsh, being confined to certain pronouns.

Modern Welsh can be written in two varieties – Colloquial Welsh or Literary Welsh. The grammar described on this article is for Literary Welsh.

Colloquial Welsh morphology
The morphology of the Welsh language has many characteristics likely to be unfamiliar to speakers of English or continental European languages like French or German, but has much in common with the other modern Insular Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Cornish, and Breton. Welsh is a moderately inflected language. Verbs inflect for person, number, tense, and mood, with affirmative, interrogative, and negative conjugations of some verbs. There is no case inflection in Modern Welsh.

Modern Welsh can be written, and spoken, in several levels of formality, for example colloquial or literary, as well as different dialects. The grammar described in this article is for Colloquial Welsh, which is used for speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh used in William Morgan's 1588 translation of the Bible and can be seen in formal writing. It does not reflect the spoken language presented here.
Carole Howald
Carole Howald (born 29 March 1993 in Langenthal) is a Swiss curler from Langenthal. She is a six-time women's world champion, winning five titles as alternate and one as second in 2023. She currently plays second on Team Silvana Tirinzoni. With team Tirinzoni, she won the silver medal at 2026 Winter Olympics.

Silvana Tirinzoni
Silvana Petra Tirinzoni (born 25 June 1979) is a Swiss curler from Zurich. She is a four-time women's world champion skip (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023) and seven-time Grand Slam champion. She is a former world junior champion and two-time European champion. Tirinzoni also represented Switzerland at the 2018, 2022, and 2026 Winter Olympics, winning silver medal in the 2026 edition of the event.
Tiruchirappalli metropolitan area
The Greater Tiruchirappalli or Tiruchirappalli Metropolitan Area, is the 51st largest urban agglomeration in India and is the fourth largest metropolitan city in the state of Tamil Nadu next to Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai. The Tiruchirappalli Metropolitan Area consists of the city of Tiruchirappalli and its suburbs in Tiruchirappalli district.

Coimbatore metropolitan area
The Greater Coimbatore, or Coimbatore Metropolitan Area, is the sixteenth-most populous metropolitan area in India, the second most populous metropolitan area in  the state of Tamil Nadu next only to Chennai. The Coimbatore Metropolitan Area consists of the city of Coimbatore and its suburbs in Coimbatore district.
Thynnidae
The Thynnidae (also known as thynnid wasps, flower wasps, or thynnid flower wasps) are a family of large, solitary wasps whose larvae are almost universally parasitoids of various beetle larvae, especially those in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Until recently, the constituents of this family were classified in the family Tiphiidae, but multiple studies have independently confirmed that thynnids are a separate lineage.

Tiphiidae
The Tiphiidae (also known as tiphiid wasps, flower wasps, or tiphiid flower wasps) are a family of large, solitary wasps whose larvae are parasitoids of various beetle larvae, especially those in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Until recently, this family contained several additional subfamilies, but multiple studies have independently confirmed that these comprise a separate lineage, and are now classified in the family Thynnidae.

The females of some Brachycistidinae are wingless, and hunt ground-dwelling (fossorial) beetle larvae. The prey is paralysed with the female's sting, and an egg is laid on it so the wasp larva has a ready supply of food. As some of the ground-dwelling scarab species attacked by tiphiids are pests, some of these wasps are considered beneficial as biological control agents.
Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
Citizens of Israel have refused to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) or have disobeyed orders on the grounds of pacifism, antimilitarism, religious philosophy, or political disagreement with Israeli policy such as its occupation of the West Bank. Conscientious objectors in Israel are known as sarvanim (in Hebrew סרבנים) which is sometimes translated as "refuseniks", or mishtamtim (evaders, dodgers).

Conscientious objector
A conscientious objector is an "individual who has claimed the right to refuse to perform military service" on the grounds of freedom of conscience or religion. The term has also been extended to objecting to working for the military–industrial complex due to a crisis of conscience. In some countries, conscientious objectors are assigned to an alternative civilian service as a substitute for conscription or military service.

A number of organizations around the world celebrate the principle on May 15 as International Conscientious Objection Day.

On March 8, 1995, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights resolution 1995/83 stated that "persons performing military service should not be excluded from the right to have conscientious objections to military service". This was re-affirmed on April 22, 1998, when resolution 1998/77 recognized that "persons [already] performing military service may develop conscientious objections".
Colour Vision (horse)
Colour Vision (foaled 22 February 2008) is a Thoroughbred racehorse best known for his win in 2012 Ascot Gold Cup. He was bred in France, sired by an American stallion out of a German mare and was trained in Britain and the United Arab Emirates.

As a two-year-old he won once from four starts and was gelded at the end of the year. In 2011 he showed steady improvement when moved up to longer distances, winning three minor races and finishing third in both the Cesarewitch Handicap and the British Champions Long Distance Cup.

He reached his peak as a four-year-old in the first half of 2012 when he won the Sagaro Stakes in track record time before taking the Gold Cup. He went on to finish third in the Goodwood Cup and the Prix du Cadran and was voted the Cartier Champion Stayer of 2012. Colour Vision failed to reproduce his best form in 2013, but ran well to finish fourth behind Estimate in the Gold Cup. He was retired from racing at the end of the year.

Estimate (horse)
Estimate (foaled 4 April 2009) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot as a three-year-old. As a four-year-old she won the Sagaro Stakes before returning to Royal Ascot to win the Gold Cup. She was owned by Queen Elizabeth II and trained by Sir Michael Stoute. In 2014 she tested positive to morphine in a post race drugs test and was disqualified from second place in the Gold Cup, but went on to win the Doncaster Cup.
ALCO RS-3
The ALCO RS-3 is a 1,600 hp (1.2 MW), B-B diesel-electric locomotive manufactured from May 1950 to August 1956 by American Locomotive Company (ALCO) and its subsidiary Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW). A total of 1,418 were produced: 1,272 for American railroads, 98 for Canadian railroads, 48 for Brazilian railroads, and 7 for Mexican railroads.

The RS-3 greatly resembled the earlier RS-2 and somewhat resembles the RS-1, but it had 100 more horsepower thanks to its 12-cylinder, 1,600 hp ALCO Model 244 engine. It also had some changes to the fuel system and body shape.

Much like the RS-1, many RS-3s served for decades; some are still in use as of 2022.

ALCO RS-2
The ALCO RS-2 is a 1,500–1,600 horsepower (1,100–1,200 kW) B-B diesel-electric locomotive built by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) from 1946 to 1950. ALCO introduced the model after World War II as an improvement on the ALCO RS-1. Between 1946 and 1950, 377 examples of the RS-2 were built, primarily for American and Canadian customers.

ALCO discontinued the RS-2 in 1950 in favor of the very similar RS-3, which was more popular. Several examples have been preserved.
Battle of Portada de Guías
The Battle of Portada de Guías (Spanish: Batalla de Portada de Guías), also known as the Battle of Guía (Spanish: Batalla de Guía) or Battle of Piñonate (Spanish: Batalla de Piñonate), took place between the Chilean Army and the secessionist Peruvian Republic in 1838, during the War of the Confederation.

Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)
The Peruvian Republic was a state that seceded from the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in 1838 under the leadership of General Luis Orbegoso.

Its territory comprised the totality of North Peru, which by a majority of votes proclaimed itself independent of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. This was not accepted by the Confederation, however, and both countries went to war during the War of the Confederation. After Orbegoso and Santa Cruz reached an agreement, the country ceased to exist as a sovereign state on October 20, 1838 and instead became an autonomous republic within the confederation until its defeat by Agustín Gamarra and his United Restoration Army in 1839.
Judiciary of Anambra State
The Judiciary of Anambra State in Nigeria comprises the Anambra State High Court as the state highest court and many lower courts. The judiciary is the third arm of the Anambra State Government and it is headed by a Chief Judge who is also the Chairman of the Anambra State Judicial Service Commission.

Government of Anambra State
The government of Anambra State is separated into three distinct branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.The powers of Anambra State are vested by the Constitution of Nigeria, enacted in 1999 and amended in 2011, in a unicameral state legislature –the Anambra State House of Assembly–, the Governor, and the state courts, headed the Anambra State High Court.
Piyush Shah
Piyush Shah is an Indian cinematographer who has been active since 1986, primarily in Hindi cinema.

For his work on the documentary film Moksha (1993), he received the National Film Award for Best Cinematography.

In a career spanning nearly four decades, Piyush has worked on documentaries, feature films, television series, and commercials. He has been associated with key figures in Indian parallel cinema such as Mani Kaul, Kumar Shahani, and Shyam Benegal.

He has also collaborated closely with leading documentary filmmakers like Arun Khopkar, Pankaj Butalia, and Pan Nalin. Additionally, Piyush has contributed to projects with popular mainstream directors including Rajkumar Santoshi, Ram Gopal Varma, Priyadarshan, and Ashutosh Gowariker.

Pankaj Butalia
Pankaj Butalia is an Indian documentary filmmaker. His 1993 film Moksha (also known by the English title Salvation), on the widows of Vrindavan, received four international awards.  Several of his films have been screened extensively throughout the world.   He has also directed a feature film Karvaan (1999), starring Naseeruddin Shah.
The Garden of Rama
The Garden of Rama is a 1991 novel by Gentry Lee and Arthur C. Clarke. It is the third book in the four-book Rama series: Rendezvous with Rama, Rama II, The Garden of Rama, and Rama Revealed, and follows on from where Rama II left off.

Rama Revealed
Rama Revealed (1993) is a science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Gentry Lee.  It is the last in a four-book series of Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama by these authors and reveals the mysteries behind the enigmatic Rama spacecraft.
Arnold Janssen
Arnold Janssen SVD (5 November 1837 – 15 January 1909), was a German-Dutch Catholic priest and missionary who is venerated as a saint. He founded the Society of the Divine Word, a Catholic missionary religious congregation, also known as the Divine Word Missionaries, as well as two congregations for women. In 1889 he founded in Steyl, Netherlands, the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit and in 1896 at the same place the Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters. He was canonized on 5 October 2003, by Pope John Paul II.

Society of the Divine Word
The Society of the Divine Word (Latin: Societas Verbi Divini), abbreviated SVD and popularly called the Verbites or the Divine Word Missionaries, and sometimes the Steyler Missionaries, is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men. As of 2020, it consisted of 5,965 members composed of priests and religious brothers working in more than 70 countries, now part of VIVAT international. It is one of the largest missionary congregations in the Catholic Church. Its members add the nominal letters SVD after their names to indicate membership in the Congregation. The superior general is Anselmo Ricardo Ribeiro, who hails from Brazil.
Dexia
Dexia N.V./S.A., or the Dexia Group, is a Franco-Belgian financial institution formed in 1996. At its peak in 2010, it had about 35,200 members of staff and a core shareholders' equity of €19.2 billion.

In 2008, the bank entered severe financial difficulties and received taxpayer bailouts for €6 billion, and it became the first big casualty of the 2011 European sovereign debt crisis. Due to big losses, suffered among others from the debt haircut on Greek government bonds, its Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio became negative during the second half of 2011, and an orderly resolution process began in October 2011.

As part of the resolution, Dexia Bank Belgium was bought out from the Dexia group by the Belgian state and has continued to operate, since March 2012 under the new name Belfius. The French bank focused on local government lending was restructured as SFIL. The remaining part of the Dexia group was left in a "bad bank", still called Dexia, to be gradually wound down.

Belfius
Belfius Bank and Insurance, known as Dexia Bank Belgium until 1 March 2012, is a Belgian state-owned bank that emerged from the dismantling of the Dexia group which had been purchased by the Belgian government on 10 October 2011 for 4 billion euros.

Belfius has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
University of Oxford v. Rameshwari Photocopy Service
The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford and Others v. Rameshwari Photocopy Services and Others, colloquially known as the DU Photocopy Case, was an Indian copyright law court case in the Delhi High Court filed by academic publishers Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press and Taylor & Francis, against Rameshwari Photocopy Services and the University of Delhi, the former being a shop licensed to operate within the precincts of the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. The plaintiffs alleged copyright infringement and sought a permanent injunction, and the defendants successfully argued that their actions fell within the bounds of fair dealing.

Delhi High Court
The High Court of Delhi is the high court in Delhi, India. It was established on 31 October 1966, through the Delhi High Court Act, 1966. Below it are 11 Subordinate Courts that oversee smaller judicial districts. The court gets its powers from Chapter V in Part VI of the Constitution of India.
Blagoveshchensk constituency (Bashkortostan)
The Blagoveshchensk constituency (No.4) is a Russian legislative constituency in Bashkortostan. The constituency covers parts of Ufa as well as northern and north-eastern Bashkiria. The present day Blagoveshchensk constituency was created in 2015 from parts of former Ordzhonikidzevsky, Kalininsky and Sovetsky constituencies.

The constituency has been represented since 2021 by United Russia deputy Rafael Mardanshin, a three-term State Duma member and businessman, who won the open seat, succeeding one-term United Russia incumbent Ildar Bikbayev.

Sovetsky constituency (Bashkortostan)
The Sovetsky constituency (No.7) was a Russian legislative constituency in Bashkortostan in 1993–2007. It was based in central Bashkiria, centred on Tuymazy. The seat was last occupied by United Russia deputy Vener Kamaletdinov, former Head of Blagovarsky District, who won the open-seat race in the 2003 election.

The constituency was dissolved in 2007 when State Duma adopted full proportional representation for the next two electoral cycles. Sovetsky constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election, currently the territory of former Sovetsky constituency partitioned between Ufa, Neftekamsk and Sterlitamak constituencies.
Belgian Fourth Division
The Belgian Fourth Division was the lowest nationwide division in Belgian football. The division was split into four separate leagues, A, B, C and D.  The team with the most points in the four leagues together was declared the overall winner.  If several league winners had the same number of points, the one with the most wins was declared champion, or if that was still tied, then the one with the best goal average was declared champion.  Finally, if two teams were still equal, a single match was played on a neutral ground to determine the team to be added to the palmares. For 2016–17 the Belgian Fourth Division was replaced by the Belgian Third Amateur Division.

Belgian Fourth Division B
The Belgian Fourth Division B was one of the four leagues at the fourth level of the Belgian football league system, the other ones being the Belgian Fourth Division A, C and D.  This division existed from the 1952–53 to 2015–16 seasons and was played every year with 16 clubs in each league. The league was replaced by Belgian Second Amateur Division.
Cyclic module
In mathematics, more specifically in ring theory, a cyclic module or monogenous module is a module over a ring that is generated by one element.  The concept is a generalization of the notion of a cyclic group, that is, an Abelian group  (i.e. Z-module) that is generated by one element.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Munzur Valley National Park
The Munzur Valley National Park (Turkish: Munzur Vadisi Milli Parkı), established on December 21, 1971, is the largest and the most biodiverse national park in Turkey. It is located at the Munzur Valley of Munzur Mountain Range within Tunceli Province in eastern Anatolia.

The Munzur Valley National Park, part of the Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests ecoregion, is one of the richest floristic areas of Anatolia. The national park was established to protect the region's wildlife and scenic beauty.

The protected area is administered by the  Directorate-General of Nature Protection and National Parks (Turkish: Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü) of the Ministry of Environment and Forest, although even outside of the administered area the landscape is very well preserved. A large part of this may be due to the Alevi inhabitants of the region, who respect nature as part of their religious beliefs.

Munzur Mountains
Munzur Mountains (Turkish: Munzur Dağları),also known as the Mercan Mountain Range (Turkish: Mercan sıradağları), is a mountain range in Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey.  It is located on the border of Tunceli and Erzincan provinces. There is Munzur Valley National Park in the Munzur Mountains.
North Tipperary
North Tipperary (Irish: Tiobraid Árann Thuaidh) was a county in Ireland in the province of Munster. It was named after the town of Tipperary (which was in South Tipperary) and consisted of 48% of the land area of the traditional county of Tipperary. North Tipperary County Council was the local authority for the county. In 2011, the population of the county was 70,322.

It was abolished on 1 June 2014, amalgamated with South Tipperary to form County Tipperary, administered by a new Tipperary County Council.

South Tipperary
South Tipperary (Irish: Tiobraid Árann Theas) was a county in Ireland in the province of Munster. It was named after the town of Tipperary and consisted of 52% of the land area of the traditional county of Tipperary. South Tipperary County Council was the local authority for the county. The population of the county was 88,433 according to the 2011 census. It was abolished on 1 June 2014, and amalgamated with North Tipperary to form County Tipperary under a new Tipperary County Council.
Svetac
Sveti Andrija (Croatian pronunciation: [svȇtī ǎndrija], meaning "Saint Andrew"), often called Svetac (Croatian pronunciation: [sʋěːtat͡s], meaning "saint"), is an island in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea.

Svetac is situated 14 nautical miles (26 km) from Komiža (a town on the island of Vis). It is uninhabited, although it used to have permanent residents. Approximately 300 meters off the southwest coast of the island there is the islet of Kamnik, and further on the open sea there is the volcanic island called Jabuka. About 2.5 kilometres (1.3 nautical miles) to the southeast there is the small volcanic island of Brusnik.

Vis (island)
Vis (pronounced [ʋi:s]) is a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. Before the end of World War I, the island was held by the Liburnians, the Republic of Venice, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, and the Austrian Empire. During the 19th century, the sea to the north of Vis was the site of two naval battles. In 1920, the island was ceded to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as part of the Treaty of Rapallo. During World War II, the island was the headquarters of the Yugoslav Partisan movement. After the war, Vis was used as a naval base for the Yugoslav People's Army until 1989. The island's main industries are viticulture, fishing, fish processing, and tourism.