hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Equalized odds
Equalized odds, also referred to as conditional procedure accuracy equality and disparate mistreatment, is a measure of fairness in machine learning. A classifier satisfies this definition if the subjects in the protected and unprotected groups have equal true positive rate and equal false positive rate, satisfying the formula:

For example,  could be gender, race, or any other characteristics that we want to be free of bias, while  would be whether the person is qualified for the degree, and the output  would be the school's decision whether to offer the person to study for the degree. In this context, higher university enrollment rates of African Americans compared to whites with similar test scores might be necessary to fulfill the condition of equalized odds, if the "base rate" of  differs between the groups.

The concept was originally defined for binary-valued . In 2017, Woodworth et al. generalized the concept further for multiple classes.

Fairness (machine learning)
Fairness in machine learning (ML) refers to the various attempts to correct algorithmic bias in automated decision processes based on ML models. Decisions made by such models after a learning process may be considered unfair if they were based on variables considered sensitive (e.g., gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or disability).

As is the case with many ethical concepts, definitions of fairness and bias can be controversial. In general, fairness and bias are considered relevant when the decision process impacts people's lives.

Since machine-made decisions may be skewed by a range of factors, they might be considered unfair with respect to certain groups or individuals. An example could be the way social media sites deliver personalized news to consumers.
Lashina
Lashina is a supervillain appearing in comics published by DC Comics. She is a New God from Apokolips and a member of the Female Furies who wields electrified whips.

Lashina has appeared in various media outside comics, primarily in association with the New Gods. Diane Michelle, Nika Futterman, and Meredith Salenger have voiced the character in animation.

New Gods
The New Gods are a fictional extraterrestrial race appearing in the eponymous comic book series published by DC Comics, as well as by selected other DC titles. Created and designed by Jack Kirby, they first appeared in February 1971 in New Gods #1.
Chromogisaurus
Chromogisaurus is an extinct genus of saturnaliid sauropodomorph which existed in Argentina during the Late Triassic (Carnian) period. It is from the Cancha de Bochas, Valle Pintado member of the Ischigualasto Formation. It was a small, bipedal herbivore, about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in length.

Saturnaliidae
Saturnaliidae is a family of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs found in Brazil, Argentina and possibly Zimbabwe. It is not to be confused with Saturnalidae, a family of radiolarian protists, or with Saturniidae, a family of large moths.
Punta Pariñas
Punta Pariñas, also known as Punta Balcones, is in the La Brea District, Talara Province, Piura Region, Peru. It is the westernmost point in mainland South America, located at 04°40′45″S 81°19′35″W﻿ / ﻿4.67917°S 81.32639°W﻿ / -4.67917; -81.32639.

An active lighthouse is located in Punta Pariñas. There is a popular beach just south of the cape, and visitors can climb the headland to see South American sea lions below.

Extreme points of South America
The extreme points of South America are the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location on the continent. The continent's southernmost point is often said to be Cape Horn, but Águila Islet of the Diego Ramírez Islands lies further south.
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) located in the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in Tirunelveli district and Kanyakumari district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, is the second-largest protected area in Tamil Nadu. It is part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
Bio reserved of indiafull map of india

The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve in India established in 2001, located in the southernmost end of the Western Ghats and includes 3,500.36 km2 (1,351.50 sq mi) of which 1828 km2 is in Kerala and 1672.36 km2 is in Tamil Nadu. It encompasses the following wildlife sanctuaries: Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.

In 2016, Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve became part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Street Fighter Collection
Street Fighter Collection is a 1997 fighting game compilation developed and published by Capcom for the Sega Saturn and PlayStation. It contains the original Super Street Fighter II: The New Challengers (1993), its follow-up Super Street Fighter II Turbo (1994), and an enhanced version of Street Fighter Alpha 2 titled Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold (Street Fighter Zero 2 Dash in Japan and Street Fighter Alpha 2 Prime in Europe), which is exclusive to this compilation.

A follow-up, Street Fighter Collection 2, which contains the first 3 editions of Street Fighter II, was released as part of the Capcom Generations line.

Street Fighter Alpha 2
Street Fighter Alpha 2, known as Street Fighter Zero 2 in Japan, Asia, South America, and Oceania, is a 1996 fighting game developed and published by Capcom for arcades. The game is the sequel to the previous year's Street Fighter Alpha: Warriors' Dreams and features a number of improvements, such as new attacks, stages, endings, and gameplay features. It was ported to the PlayStation, Sega Saturn and Super Nintendo home consoles globally in 1996, and later a Windows port. It was followed by Street Fighter Alpha 3 in 1998.
Zyle Daewoo Bus
Zyle Daewoo Bus, formerly "Zyle Daewoo Commercial Vehicle" is a South Korean manufacturer of buses and is majority owned by Young-An Hat Company, based in Busan. It was established in 2002 as a successor to previous merger, Daewoo Motor Company. These buses are primarily used for public transportation.  Daewoo Bus has been in a partnership in 2006 with GM Daewoo (now GM Korea).

GM Korea
GM Korea Company (Korean: 한국지엠주식회사) is the South Korean subsidiary of American multinational corporation General Motors and the third largest automobile manufacturer in South Korea. GM Korea's roots go back to the former Daewoo Motors vehicle brand, which was split from its parent company, Daewoo, in 2002. In addition to importing vehicles for sale into South Korea, the company also operates three manufacturing facilities producing vehicles for the domestic market and for export.
Aly Michalka
Alyson Renae Michalka (/miːˈʃɑːkə/ mee-SHAH-kə; born March 25, 1989) is an American actress, singer-songwriter, and musician. Michalka rose to prominence with her starring role as Keely Teslow in the Disney Channel sitcom Phil of the Future (2004–2006). She went on to appear in various films, such as Bandslam (2009), Easy A (2010), The Roommate (2011), Grown Ups 2 (2013), Sequoia (2014), Weepah Way for Now (2015), and The Lears (2017). She had starring roles in The CW comedy drama series Hellcats (2010–2011) and the CW crime drama series iZombie (2015–2019), along with the Hallmark Channel Original Movie, Sand Dollar Cove (2021).

Michalka is half of the musical duo Aly & AJ (briefly 78violet) alongside her sister, AJ.

AJ Michalka
AJ Michalka (/miːˈʃɑːkə/ mee-SHAH-kə;) is an American actress, musician and singer-songwriter who is best known as one half of the musical duo Aly & AJ (briefly 78violet), alongside her older sister Aly Michalka.

In addition to her music career, Michalka has appeared in films such as The Lovely Bones (2009), Secretariat (2010), Super 8 (2011), Grace Unplugged (2013), Weepah Way for Now (2015), and Support the Girls (2018). Michalka also starred in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs (2013–2023) and its spin-off series Schooled (2019–2020), and she voiced a lead role as Catra in the Netflix animated adventure series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018–2020).
Sanhaja
The Sanhaja (Arabic: صنهاجة, romanized: Ṣanhāja, or زناگة, Znāga; Berber languages: Aẓnag, pl. Iẓnagen, and Aẓnaj, pl. Iẓnajen) were a large Berber tribal confederation, along with the Zanata and Masmuda confederations. Many tribes in Algeria, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Tunisia and Western Sahara bore and still carry this ethnonym, especially in its Berber form.

Other names include Zenaga, Znaga, Sanhája, Sanhâdja and Senhaja.

Masmuda
The Masmuda (Arabic: المصمودة, romanized: Maṣmūda, Berber: ⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⴷⵏ) is a Berber tribal confederation, one of the largest in the Maghreb, along with the Zenata and the Sanhaja. Historical Arabic sources locate them within the Maghreb, primarily in territories that fall within the borders of present-day Morocco, with additional communities noted in what is now Algeria.

Today, the Masmuda confederacy largely corresponds to the speakers of the Tashelhit language. The Masmuda are related to the Schleuh people and are also considered to be one of the ancestors of the Schleuhs.
Ethan Nascimento
Ethan Nascimento (born June 9, 2007) is an American professional stock car racing driver who last competed part-time in the ARCA Menards Series West, driving the No. 21 Toyota for Nascimento Motorsports.

Eric Nascimento
Eric John "Bubba" Nascimento Jr. (born April 27, 2001) is an American professional stock car racing driver who currently competes part-time in the ARCA Menards Series West, driving the No. 4 Chevrolet for his own team, Nascimento Motorsports.
Inulin
Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants, industrially most often extracted from chicory. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes. Most plants that synthesize and store inulin do not store other forms of carbohydrate such as starch.

The inulins belong to a class of dietary fiber known as fructans. In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved inulin as a dietary fiber ingredient used to improve the nutritional value of manufactured food products. Using inulin to measure kidney function is the "gold standard" for comparison with other means of estimating glomerular filtration rate.

Chicory
Common chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to the Old World, it has been introduced to the Americas and Australia.

Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and food additive. In the 21st century, inulin, an extract from chicory root, has been used in food manufacturing as a sweetener and source of dietary fiber. Chicory is also grown as a forage crop for livestock.
1984 Australian referendum (Terms of Senators)
The Constitution Alteration (Terms of Senators) Bill 1984, was the third unsuccessful proposal to alter the Australian Constitution to require that Senate of Australia and House of Representatives elections be constitutionally enforced to occur on the same day. It was put to voters for approval in a referendum held on 1 December 1984.

This was the first referendum in which the electors in the territories were counted towards the national total (but not counted toward any state total) following the 1977 Australian referendum (Referendums) which enabled this.

1984 Australian referendum
A referendum was held in Australia on 1 December 1984. It contained two referendum questions, neither of which passed. As of 2022, this is the last referendum in which any state voted in favour of a constitutional amendment.

The referendum was held in conjunction with the 1984 federal election.
Canute Lavard
Saint Knud, also known as Canute Lavard (Danish: Knud Lavard; cognate with English Lord; 12 March 1096 – 7 January 1131) was a Danish prince. Later he was the first Duke of Schleswig and the first border prince who was both a Danish and a German vassal, a position leading towards the historical double position of Southern Jutland. He was killed by his cousin Magnus the Strong (c. 1106 – 1134), who saw him as a rival to the Danish throne. Canute Lavard was canonized in 1170.

He was an ancestor of the Valdemarian kings (Valdemarerne) and of their subsequent royal line. Canute Lavard was the father of King Valdemar I of Denmark (Valdemar den Store) and grandfather of King Valdemar II of Denmark (Valdemar Sejr).

Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar I Knudsen (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182), also known as Valdemar the Great (Danish: Valdemar den Store), was King of Denmark from 1154 until his death in 1182. The reign of King Valdemar I saw the rise of Denmark, which reached its medieval zenith under his son King Valdemar II.
Katie Vandenborre
Katie Vandenborre (née Forward; born September 11, 1994) is a Canadian curler from Fredericton, New Brunswick. She currently plays lead on Team Andrea Kelly. She has won four New Brunswick Scotties Tournament of Hearts and two New Brunswick junior titles.

Andrea Kelly (curler)
Andrea Kelly (born July 31, 1985), previously known as Andrea Crawford, is a Canadian curler from Fredericton, New Brunswick. She is a ten-time New Brunswick Scotties Tournament of Hearts champion skip, winning six straight titles from 2009–2014.
U.S. Route 62 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 62 (US 62) is a U.S. highway running from El Paso, Texas northeast to Niagara Falls, New York. In the U.S. state of Arkansas, the route runs 329.9 miles from the Oklahoma border near Summers east to the Missouri border in St. Francis, serving the northern portion of the state. The route passes through several cities and towns, including Fayetteville, Springdale, Bentonville, Harrison, Mountain Home, Pocahontas, and also Piggott. US 62 runs concurrent with several highways in Arkansas including Interstate 49 and U.S. Route 71 between Fayetteville and Bentonville, U.S. Route 412 through much of the state, U.S. Route 65 in the Harrison area, and with U.S. Route 63 and U.S. Route 67 in northeast Arkansas.

U.S. Route 67 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 67 (US 67) is a U.S. route running from Presidio, Texas northeast to Sabula, Iowa. In the U.S. state of Arkansas, the route runs 279.15 miles (449.25 km) from the Texas border in Texarkana northeast to the Missouri border near Corning. The route passes through several cities and towns, including Hope, Benton, Little Rock, Jacksonville, Cabot, Beebe, Walnut Ridge, and Pocahontas.
Aqueduct (water supply)
An aqueduct is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to a distribution point far away. In modern engineering, the term aqueduct is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. The term aqueduct also often refers specifically to a bridge carrying an artificial watercourse.

Aqueducts were used in ancient Greece, the ancient Near East, ancient Rome, ancient Aztec, and ancient Inca. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water.

Aqueduct (bridge)
Aqueducts are bridges constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct may also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, as well as the bridge. Large navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships. Aqueducts must span a crossing at the same level as the watercourses on each end. The word is derived from the Latin aqua ("water") and ducere ("to lead"), therefore meaning "to lead water". A modern version of an aqueduct is a pipeline bridge. They may take the form of tunnels, networks of surface channels and canals, covered clay pipes or monumental bridges.
Operation Commander-in-Chief
Operation Commander-in-Chief (Persian: عملیات فرمانده کل قوا), (complete name: "Commander-in-Chief, Khomeini Ruhe-Khoda"), is the name of a military operation which was launched during Iran–Iraq War on 11 June 1981 by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps against Iraqi Ba'athist army. The operation was carried out with the purpose of opening the siege of Abadan and also as a test for the significant operation of Samen-ol-A'emeh.

At this operation which was with an advance of 3 kilometers in the favor of Iranian forces, the powerful and significant positions of the Iraqi Ba'athist army in the area were (re)captured by IRGC and at-least 32 tanks and personnel carriers were annihilated and 1496 Iraqi forces were killed, wounded and captured; on the other hand 120 forces from IRGC were killed.

Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh (Persian: عملیات ثامن‌الائمه, lit. 'Operation Eighth Imam') was an Iranian offensive and operation in the Iran–Iraq War between 27–29: 74  September 1981 where Iran broke the Iraqi Siege of Abadan. The operation was carried out by the Iranian army joined by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Bon Secours Hospital, Galway
The Bon Secours Hospital, Galway is a private hospital in County Galway, Ireland. The hospital is part of Bon Secours Mercy Health. This includes sister hospitals in Cork, Dublin, Limerick and Tralee. The hospital sees over 18,000 patients per annum, comprising 6,000 in-patients and 12,000 day-cases.

Bon Secours Hospital, Cork
The Bon Secours Hospital, Cork is a private hospital in Cork, Ireland. The hospital is part of Bon Secours Mercy Health. This includes sister hospitals in Dublin, Galway, Limerick and Tralee.
The hospital has over 18,000 admissions and 29,000 outpatients attendances per year.
Area codes 310 and 424
Area codes 310 and 424 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of California. The numbering plan area includes the West Los Angeles and South Bay areas of Los Angeles County, a small portion of Ventura County, and Santa Catalina Island, which is located 26 miles (42 km) south.

Area code 310 was created in a split from area code 213 on November 2, 1991. On January 25, 1997, area code 310 was split, creating area code 562 for the southeast portion of Los Angeles County and a large portion of Orange County. Area code 424 was added to the remaining numbering plan area on July 26, 2006, in an overlay plan, the first in California.

Area codes 213, 323, and 738
Area codes 213, 323, and 738 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of California. They are assigned in an overlay complex to a numbering plan area (NPA) that comprises, roughly, the area of downtown Los Angeles City, as well as several southeast Los Angeles County cities, such as Bell and Huntington Park. Area code 213 was one of the original North American area codes of 1947 and 323 was created in an area code split of 213 in 1998. This was the fifth split of 213 and left it serving only downtown Los Angeles and immediately adjoining neighborhoods. In 2017, the two NPAs were recombined in the overlay.

Area code 738 was selected as an additional overlay area code, activated in November 2024.
The Union (Italy)
The Union (Italian: L'Unione) was a heterogenous centre-left political and electoral alliance of political parties in Italy. The Union was the direct heir of The Olive Tree coalition which represented the centre-left in the 1996 and 2001 general elections. However, The Union also included parties of the radical left, which were not affiliated with The Olive Tree. The Union was led by Romano Prodi, Prime Minister of Italy from May 2006 to May 2008, and former President of the European Commission. Collapsing in the wake of the 2008 Italian political crisis, the alliance was succeeded by the current-day centre-left coalition.

The Olive Tree (Italy)
The Olive Tree (Italian: L'Ulivo) was a denomination used for several successive centre-left political and electoral alliances of  Italian political parties from 1995 to 2007.

The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995. For the 2006 general election The Olive Tree was largely supplanted by a wider Prodi-led alliance  called The Union, while The Olive Tree remained a smaller federation of parties which merged to form the Democratic Party in October 2007, which continues to be the lead party of an unnamed centre-left coalition.
Pennsylvania Route 915
Pennsylvania Route 915 (PA 915) is a 22-mile-long (35 km) state highway located in Fulton and Bedford counties in Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at Interstate 70 (I-70) in Brush Creek Township.  The northern terminus is at PA 26 in Hopewell.

Interstate 70 in Pennsylvania
Interstate 70 (I-70) is an Interstate Highway that is located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States. It runs east to west across the southwest part of Pennsylvania and serves the southern fringe of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.

About half of this route is concurrent with I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, which is a toll road. This is the oldest segment of I-70 in Pennsylvania, having been completed in 1940, and is only one of two segments of I-70 that are tolled, with the other being the Kansas Turnpike.

I-70 is one of only a few Interstate Highways to have a traffic signal—in this case, with U.S. Route 30 (US 30) in Breezewood, where it leaves the Pennsylvania Turnpike and heads toward Maryland.
Church of Scotland Act 1921
The Church of Scotland Act 1921 (11 & 12 Geo. 5. c. 29) is an act of the British Parliament. The purpose of the act was to settle centuries of dispute between the British Parliament and the Church of Scotland over the church's independence in spiritual matters. The passing of the act saw the British Parliament recognise the church's independence in spiritual matters, by giving legal recognition to the Articles Declaratory.

Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland
The Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland – often known as the Declaratory Articles - were drawn up early in the 20th century to facilitate the union of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland. The "declaratory" nature of the Articles means that they are intended to define or "declare" a status that already existed, but explicitly spelt out for the avoidance of doubt. By an Act of Parliament – The Church of Scotland Act 1921 – the Articles Declaratory were held to be lawful, thus recognising the Church of Scotland as the national church in Scotland but independent from the state in matters spiritual. They are still in force. Special procedures are required to amend the Articles Declaratory (see Article VIII), but Article I cannot be altered.