hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Battle of Kolberg (1945)
The Battle of Kolberg or Battle of Kołobrzeg (also, battle for Festung Kolberg) was the taking of the city of Kolberg, now the city of Kołobrzeg, in Pomerania by the Polish Army and Soviet Army from Nazi German forces during the World War II East Pomeranian Offensive. Between 4 and 18 March 1945 there was major urban fighting of the Soviet and Polish forces against the German army for the control over the city. The Germans succeeded in evacuating much of their military personnel and refugees from the city via sea before it was taken by the Poles on 18 March.

East Pomeranian offensive
The East Pomeranian strategic offensive operation (Russian: Восточно-Померанская наступательная операция) was an offensive by the Soviet Red Army against the German Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. It took place in Pomerania and West Prussia from 10 February – 4 April 1945.

The operation happened in four phases:

Konitz-Köslin offensive operation 24 February – 6 March 1945

Danzig offensive operation 7–31 March 1945

Arnswalde–Kolberg offensive operation 1–18 March 1945

Altdamm offensive operation 18 March – 4 April 1945 (near Stettin)

It was the East Pomeranian offensive that prevented Zhukov from reaching Berlin in February (the object of the massive Vistula–Oder offensive), since it became a priority to clear German forces from Pomerania first.
Dawidy Poduchowne
Dawidy Poduchowne (Polish: [daˈvi.dɘ̟ pɔ.duˈxɔv.nɛ]) is a neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, within the Ursynów district. It belongs to the administrative neighbourhoods of Etap and Jeziorki, and the City Information System area of Jeziorki Północne. It is a residential area with low-rise single-family housing. The neighbourhood includes the Warszawa Jeziorki railway station.

Jeziorki
Jeziorki (Polish: [jɛˈʑɔr.ki]) is an administrative neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, within the Ursynów district. It is encompassed within two areas of the City Information System, Jeziorki Północne (North Jeziorki) and Jeziorki Południowe (South Jeziorki). The neighbourhood is a residential area of low-rise single-family housing. The village of Jeziorki was founded in the 15th century, via separation from the village of Gramnica, which no longer exists. In 1951, it was incorporated into the city of Warsaw.
Parliament of the French Community
The Parliament of the French Community (French: Parlement de la Communauté française [paʁləmɑ̃ d(ə) la kɔmynote fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; PCF) is the legislative assembly of the French Community of Belgium, based in the Royal Quarter of Brussels. It consists of all 75 members of the Walloon Parliament except German-speaking members (currently two) who are substituted by French-speaking members from the same party, and 19 members elected by the French linguistic group of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region within the former body. These members are elected for a term of five years.

The current president of the Parliament of the French Community is Benoît Dispa Benoît Dispa (LE).

Parliament of Wallonia
The Parliament of Wallonia (French: Parlement de Wallonie, pronounced [paʁləmɑ̃ də walɔni]), or the Walloon Parliament (Parlement wallon, [paʁləmɑ̃ walɔ̃]) in the decrees, is the legislative body of Wallonia, one of the three self-governing regions of Belgium (the other two being Flanders and the Brussels-Capital Region). The parliament building, the former Hospice Saint-Gilles, is situated in Namur, the capital of Wallonia, at the symbolic confluence of the Meuse and the Sambre, the two main rivers of the most inhabited parts of Wallonia, the Sillon industriel. On the other side of the Meuse, facing the Parliament, is the Élysette, the seat of the Government of Wallonia.
Alistair Lord
Alistair Lord (born 9 April 1940) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong during the late 1950s to the mid-1960s.

Lord played as a centreman and debuted in 1959. He won the Brownlow Medal in 1962, and the Carji Greeves Medal, averaging 30 disposals a game for the year. In 1963, he became a member of Geelong's premiership side, playing alongside his identical twin brother Stewart.

Lord retired at 26 years old and returned to the family farm at Cobden. He accepted a position as captain-coach of South Warrnambool in the Hampden League. He often played against his twin brother Stewart, who was captain-coach of Camperdown at the time.

Stewart Lord
Stewart Lord (9 April 1940 - 4 March 2022) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the VFL during the early 1960s. He was the identical twin brother of teammate Alistair Lord, who won the Brownlow Medal in 1962.

Stewart Lord usually played at halfback although he played his first season in the forward line when he kicked all of his 13 career goals.

A member of Geelong's 1963 premiership team, he retired at the end of 1964, aged 24, to become a coach.

Lord captain-coached Camperdown and was non-playing coach of Geelong West.
Lactitol
Lactitol is a disaccharide sugar alcohol produced from lactose. It is used as a replacement bulk sweetener for low calorie foods with 30–40% of the sweetness of sucrose. It is also used medically as a laxative.

Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11. Lactose makes up around 2–8% of milk (by mass). The name comes from lac (gen. lactis), the Latin word for milk, plus the suffix -ose used to name sugars. The compound is a white, water-soluble, non-hygroscopic solid with a mildly sweet taste. It is used in the food industry.
Jirón Gamarra
Jirón Agustín Gamarra is one of the main streets of the district of La Victoria, also forming part of the neighbourhood of Barrios Altos, itself part of the historic centre of Lima, Peru. Over forty blocks long, it is best known for the Gamarra Commercial Emporium, which houses fashion stores and textile manufacturing workshops.

La Victoria District, Lima
La Victoria is a district of Lima, Peru. Located to the south of the city's historic centre, it was created as a working class district in 1920, although its southern sectors later took on a residential and commercial character. From the administrative point of view of the Catholic Church in Peru, it forms part of the Archdiocese of Lima's Episcopal Vicariate V.

The current mayor of La Victoria is Rubén Dioscorides Andrés Cano Altez.
Shi'ar
The Shi'ar (/ʃiːˈɑːr/ SHEE-ar) are a fictional species of aliens appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Shi'ar empire (or Imperium) is a vast collection of alien species, cultures, and worlds situated close to the Skrull and Kree Empires. The Shi'ar are one of the three main extraterrestrial empires depicted in the Marvel Universe, alongside the Kree and Skrulls.

Kree
The Kree, briefly known as the Ruul, are an alien race appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are native to the planet Hala in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and have a scientifically and technologically advanced militaristic society.

The Kree have appeared throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the films Guardians of the Galaxy, Captain Marvel and The Marvels.
Allogenic succession
In ecology, allogenic succession is succession driven by the abiotic components of an ecosystem. In contrast, autogenic succession is driven by the biotic components of the ecosystem. An allogenic succession can be initiated in a number of ways which can include:

Volcanic eruptions

Meteor or comet strike

Flooding

Drought

Earthquakes

Non-anthropogenic climate change

Allogenic succession can happen on a time scale that is proportionate with the disturbance. For example, allogenic succession that is the result of non-anthropogenic climate change can happen over thousands of years.

Autogenic succession
"Auto-" meaning self or same, and "-genic" meaning producing or causing. Autogenic succession refers to ecological succession driven by biotic factors within an ecosystem and although the mechanisms of autogenic succession have long been debated, the role of living things in shaping the progression of succession was realized early on. Presently, there is more of a consensus that the mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition all contribute to autogenic succession. The concept of succession is most often associated with communities of vegetation and forests, though it is applicable to a broader range of ecosystems. In contrast, allogenic succession is driven by the abiotic components of the ecosystem.
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Chandra Shekhar Sitaram Tiwari (23 July 1906 – 27 February 1931), popularly known as Chandra Shekhar Azad, was an Indian revolutionary who reorganised the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) under its new name of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) after the death of its founder, Ram Prasad Bismil, and three other prominent party leaders, Roshan Singh, Rajendra Nath Lahiri and Ashfaqulla Khan. He hailed from Bardarka village in Unnao district of United Provinces and his parents were Sitaram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He often used the pseudonym "Balraj" while signing pamphlets issued as the commander-in-chief of the HSRA.Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru worked closely with him as his pupil.

Ram Prasad Bismil
Ram Prasad Bismil (pronunciationⓘ; 11 June 1897 – 19 December 1927) was an Indian poet, writer, and revolutionary who fought against British Raj, participating in the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori Conspiracy of 1925. He composed in Urdu and Hindi under pen names Ram, Agyat अज्ञात (anonymous) and Bismil (wounded), becoming widely known under the latter. "Bismil" was not his real surname; it was his pen name. Pandit was an honorific title conferred to him due to his specialised knowledge on several subjects. He was also a translator.

Bismil was associated with Arya Samaj and was one of the founding members of the revolutionary organization Hindustan Republican Association.

He was hanged on 19 December 1927 for his revolutionary activities.
Livilla
Claudia Livia (Classical Latin: CLAVDIA•LIVIA; c. 13 BC – AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister to Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus, and thus paternal aunt of emperor Caligula and maternal great-aunt of emperor Nero, as well as the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius. She was named after her grandmother, Augustus' wife Livia Drusilla, and commonly known by her family nickname Livilla ("little Livia"). She was born after Germanicus and before Claudius.

She was twice married to the potential successor in the Julio-Claudian dynasty, first to Augustus' grandson Gaius Caesar (died AD 4) and later to Tiberius' son Drusus the Younger (died AD 23). Allegedly, she helped her lover Sejanus in poisoning her second husband and died shortly after Sejanus fell from power in AD 31.

Antonia Minor
Antonia Minor (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD)  was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother and paternal grandaunt of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Nero Claudius Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter, and several of her grandchildren.
Armored Systems Modernization
The Armored Systems Modernization (ASM) was a U.S. Army combat vehicle procurement program canceled in 1992. The Army sought to develop a family of six armored vehicles based on two common chassis, one heavy and one medium, which would both share commonalities. Systems that the ASM sought to replace included the M1 Abrams main battle tank, M109 howitzer and M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle. The Army spun out several of the systems—Advanced Field Artillery System, Line-of-Sight Anti-Tank and the Armored Gun System—after canceling the program, but all of these programs were eventually canceled.

M2 Bradley
The M2 Bradley, or Bradley IFV, is an American infantry fighting vehicle that is a member of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle family. It is manufactured by BAE Systems Land & Armaments (formerly United Defense) and entered service in 1981, with fielding beginning in 1983.

The Bradley is designed for reconnaissance and to transport a nine-man rifle squad, providing them protection from small arms fire, while providing firepower to both suppress and eliminate most threats to friendly infantry. It is designed to be highly maneuverable and to be fast enough to keep up with heavy armor during an advance. The M2 holds a crew of three: a commander, a gunner, and a driver, and can carry six fully equipped soldiers as passengers.

In the year 2000 the total cost of the program was US$5,664,100,000 for 1,602 units, giving an average unit cost of $3,166,000, equivalent to $5,841,000 in 2025.
New Paltz (village), New York
The Village of New Paltz is a village in Ulster County located in the U.S. state of New York. It is approximately 80 miles (130 km) north of New York City and 70 miles (110 km) south of Albany. The population was 7,324 at the 2020 census.

New Paltz is located within the Town of New Paltz. It is also home to the State University of New York at New Paltz, founded in 1828. The town is served by exit 18 on the New York State Thruway (I-87), as well as state routes 299, 32, and 208; it is also about 90 minutes from both New York City and Albany.

State University of New York at New Paltz
The State University of New York at New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz or New Paltz) is a public university in New Paltz, New York, United States. It traces its origins to the New Paltz Classical School, a secondary institution founded in 1828 and reorganized as an academy in 1833.
Muhammad Aurangzeb
Muhammad Aurangzeb (born 1964) is a Pakistani banker who has been serving as the finance minister of Pakistan since 11 March 2024. He previously served as the chief executive officer (CEO) and president of Habib Bank Limited from February 2018 to March 2024.

Minister of Finance (Pakistan)
The Minister of Finance of Pakistan (Urdu: 'Wazīr-ē-Khazana') is a leading cabinet member who heads the Ministry of Finance in the Government of Pakistan. The Minister is responsible each year for presenting the federal government's budget to the Parliament of Pakistan. Muhammad Aurangzeb is currently serving as the Finance Minister since March 11, 2024.
Villiers family
Villiers (/ˈvɪlərz/ VIL-ərz) is an aristocratic family in the United Kingdom. Over time, various members of the Villiers family were made knights, baronets, and peers. Peerages held by the Villiers family include the dukedoms of Buckingham (1623–1687) and Cleveland (1670–1709), as well as the earldoms of Anglesey (1623–1661), Jersey (since 1697), and Clarendon (since 1776). Perhaps the most prominent members of the family were those who received the two dukedoms: George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (1592–1628) rose to fame and influence as favourite of King James I of England, while Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) became a mistress of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children.

Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland
Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, Countess of Castlemaine (née Barbara Villiers /ˈvɪlərz/ VIL-ərz; 27 November [O.S. 17 November] 1640 – 9 October 1709), was an English royal mistress of the Villiers family and perhaps the most notorious of the many mistresses of King Charles II of England, by whom she had five children, all of them acknowledged and subsequently ennobled. Barbara was the subject of many portraits, in particular by court painter Sir Peter Lely.

Barbara's first cousin, Elizabeth Villiers (later 1st Countess of Orkney 1657–1733), was the presumed mistress of King William III. King William was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702.
Arteriole
An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.

Arterioles have muscular walls (usually only one to two layers of smooth muscle cells) and are the primary site of vascular resistance. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. This function is extremely important because it prevents the thin, one-layer capillaries from exploding upon pressure. The arterioles achieve this decrease in pressure, as they are the site with the highest resistance (a large contributor to total peripheral resistance) which translates to a large decrease in the pressure.

Vascular resistance
Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the systemic circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance or may sometimes be called by another term total peripheral resistance, while the resistance caused by the pulmonary circulation is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance. Vasoconstriction (i.e., decrease in the diameter of arteries and arterioles) increases resistance, whereas vasodilation (increase in diameter) decreases resistance. Blood flow and cardiac output are related to blood pressure and inversely related to vascular resistance.
Workers' Socialist Party (Mexico)
The Workers' Socialist Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista de los Trabajadores, PST) was a socialist political party in Mexico. The PST was founded in 1975 by Rafael Aguilar Talamantes, Graco Ramírez and Juan Ignacio del Valle, though the party did not obtain its official registration until 1979. 
The party nominated Cándido Díaz Cerecedo in the 1982 presidential election.

The PST won 10 plurinominal seats in the Chamber of Deputies in their first elections in 1979. Three years later, they gained one seat. Finally, the PST gained one additional seat in the 1985 midterm elections.

However, the PST became a satellite party of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PST was renamed the Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction in 1987.

Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction
The Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction (Spanish: Partido Frente Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional; PFCRN) also known as Cardenista Party from 1996-1997, was a Mexican political party that arose during the 1989 elections, having evolved from the coffee cooperative Unión de Ejidos Majomut.

The PFCRN won 38 pronominal seats in the Chamber of Deputies during their first elections in 1988 in part with the National Democratic Front with the Party of the Democratic Revolution along with other left-wing parties.
Lavender Menace
Lavender Menace was an informal group of lesbian radical feminists formed to protest the exclusion of lesbians and their issues from the feminist movement at the Second Congress to Unite Women in New York City on May 1, 1970.
Members included Karla Jay, Martha Shelley, Rita Mae Brown, Lois Hart, Barbara Love, Ellen Shumsky, Artemis March, Cynthia Funk, Linda Rhodes, Arlene Kushner, Ellen Broidy, and Michela Griffo, and were mostly members of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the National Organization for Women (NOW). They later became the Radicalesbians.

Gay Liberation Front
Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was the name of several gay liberation groups, the first of which was formed in New York City in 1969, immediately after the Stonewall riots. Similar organizations also formed in the UK, Australia and Canada. The GLF provided a voice for the newly-out and newly radicalized gay community, and a meeting place for a number of activists who would go on to form other groups, such as the Gay Activists Alliance, Gay Youth New York, and Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) in the US. In the UK and Canada, activists also developed a platform for gay liberation and demonstrated for gay rights. Activists from both the US and UK groups would later go on to found or be active in groups including ACT UP, the Lesbian Avengers, Queer Nation, Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, and Stonewall.
Thunderspire Labyrinth
Thunderspire Labyrinth is the second in the three part series of adventures introducing the new 4th edition Dungeons & Dragons concept of Points of Light, a loosely connected and open-ended setting designed to allow modules and Dungeon Masters created materials to be seamlessly integrated into either a single, largely unmapped fantasy world or a Dungeon Master custom made setting. The adventure, written by Mike Mearls and Richard Baker was published in 2008 by Wizards of the Coast, as a sequel to the adventure Keep on the Shadowfell. The adventure is designed for character of levels 4-6 and the module code "H" stands for Heroic Tier. This module is set in a region of the world called the Nentir Vale, the details of which are given in the 4th edition Dungeon Master's Guide.

Keep on the Shadowfell
Keep on the Shadowfell is the first official product from the 4th edition Dungeons & Dragons ("D&D") line. It is part one of a three-part series of adventures. It introduces a series of 4th edition Dungeons & Dragons settings called the Points of Light, a loosely connected and open-ended series of settings designed to allow other modules and fan-created content to be integrated seamlessly into the settings' largely unmapped fantasy world or the Dungeon Master's own custom-made setting. The adventure, written by Mike Mearls and Bruce R. Cordell, was published in 2008 by Wizards of the Coast. It is followed by the sequels Thunderspire Labyrinth and Pyramid of Shadows. The adventure is designed for characters from levels 1 to 3. Its module code, "H", stands for Heroic Tier. This module is set in a region of the world called the Nentir Vale, which is described in greater detail in the 4th edition Dungeon Master's Guide.
Labour Welfare Organisation
Labour Welfare Organisations (LWOs) are subordinate offices of the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoL&E), Government of India. The organisation is headed by the Director General of Labour Welfare (Joint Secretary, MoL&E). This organisation implements welfare schemes for unorganised workers such as beedi-workers, non-coal mine-workers and cine-workers.

There are 18 LWO Regions, each headed by a Welfare Commissioner, an officer of the Central Labour Service (CLS).

Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)
The Ministry of Labour & Employment is one of the oldest and most important Ministries of the Government of India. This is an India's federal ministry which is responsible for enforcement of labour laws in general and legislations related to a worker's social security. The Ministry aims to create a healthy work environment for higher production and productivity and to develop and coordinate vocational skill training and employment. However, Skill Development responsibilities, such as Industrial Training and Apprenticeship responsibilities were transferred to the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship from 9 November 2014. The Ministry launched the National Career Service portal on 20 July 2015 to help bridge the gap between job providers and job seekers. Jagjivan Ram was the first Labour Minister of independent India, serving in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet from 1947 to 1952.
Sentinel granodiorite
Sentinel granodiorite is a type of granodiorite found in Yosemite National Park. It is a poorly understood western "outlier" of the ~93-85-Ma Tuolumne Intrusive Suite of the Sierra Nevada batholith. It is only slightly older than the undated Yosemite Creek Granodiorite and the Kuna Crest Granodiorite.

Kuna Crest Granodiorite
Kuna Crest Granodiorite (also called Granodiorite of Glen Aulin), is found, in Yosemite National Park, United States. The granodiorite forms part of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite (aka Tuolumne Batholith), one of the four major intrusive suites within the Sierra Nevada. Of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, it is the oldest and darkest rock.

Kuna Crest granodiorite forms most of the outer part of the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, on the edges.