hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rotating ring-disk electrode
In analytical chemistry, a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) is a double working electrode used in hydrodynamic voltammetry, very similar to a rotating disk electrode (RDE).  The electrode rotates during experiments inducing a flux of analyte to the electrode.  This system used in electrochemical studies when investigating reaction mechanisms related to redox chemistry and other chemical phenomena.

Rotating disk electrode
In analytical chemistry, a rotating disk electrode (RDE) is a working electrode used in three-electrode systems for hydrodynamic voltammetry.  The electrode rotates during experiments, inducing a flux of analyte to the electrode.  These working electrodes are used in electrochemical studies when investigating reaction mechanisms related to redox chemistry, among other chemical phenomena.  The more complex rotating ring-disk electrode can be used as a rotating disk electrode if the ring is left inactive during the experiment.
Shorkot–Sheikhupura Branch Line
Shorkot–Sheikhupura Branch Line (Urdu: شورکوٹ-شَيخُوپُور فرعی ریلوے خط) is one of several branch lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The line begins from Shorkot Cantonment Junction station and ends at Qila Sheikhupura Junction. The total length of this railway line is 218 kilometers (135 mi). There are 12 railway stations from Shorkot Junction to Qila Sheikhupura Junction.

Shorkot Cantonment Junction railway station
Shorkot Cantonment Junction Railway Station (Urdu and Punjabi: شورکوٹ  کینٹ جنکشن ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in the Shorkot Cantonment area of Shorkot, Pakistan, in the Punjab province. A unique fact about this railway station is that its platform number 1 is in the Jhang district, while platforms 2-5 lie in the Toba Tek Singh district
Udev
udev (userspace /dev) is a device manager and a device API set for the Linux kernel. As the successor of devfsd and hotplug, udev primarily manages device nodes in the /dev directory. At the same time, udev also handles all user space events raised when hardware devices are added into the system or removed from it, including firmware loading as required by certain devices. udev was developed by Greg Kroah-Hartman and Kay Sievers, with much help from Dan Stekloff, among others.

Device file
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file, device node, or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file.  There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows.  These special files allow an application program to interact with a device by using its device driver via standard input/output system calls. Using standard system calls simplifies many programming tasks, and leads to consistent user-space I/O mechanisms regardless of device features and functions.
Sealdah South section
Sealdah South section consists of a set of four lines which connect Sealdah in Kolkata with its southern suburbs and with the entire South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. It is a part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway and is under the jurisdiction of the Sealdah railway division of the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways.

It is linked to the Sealdah Main and North section via the Kankurgachi Chord line at Park Circus and via the Kolkata Circular Railway at Majerhat Junction.

It also connects to the Kolkata Dock System Railway (KDS Railway) at Majerhat and Brace Bridge respectively.

Majerhat railway station
Majerhat railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway Station on the Budge Budge Branch line with an approximate 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) distance from the Sealdah railway station. It is under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. Majerhat railway station is one of the busiest railway stations in the Sealdah railway division. More than 45 pairs of EMU local trains pass through the railway station on a daily basis. It is situated in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. Majerhat railway station serves Majerhat and Behala areas in Calcutta.
Balkan–Danubian culture
The Balkan–Danubian culture was an early medieval archaeological culture which emerged in the region of the Lower Danube in the 8th century and flourished until the 11th century. In Bulgaria it is usually referred to as the Pliska–Preslav culture, while in Romania it is called the Dridu culture. It is better represented in the territory of modern-day Central and Northern Bulgaria, although it probably spread north of the Danube as well due to the continuous extension of the First Bulgarian Empire over the territory of present-day Romania.

Bulgarian lands across the Danube
In Bulgarian historiography, the Bulgarian lands across the Danube, also called Transdanubian Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Отвъддунавска България), refer to territories under the control of the Bulgarian Empire north of the Danube. These territories today cover the territory of Romania and Moldova, eastern Hungary, Vojvodina in Serbia and Budjak in Ukraine.

In the Middle Ages the Bulgarian Empire controlled vast areas to the north of the river Danube (with interruptions) from its establishment in 681 to its fragmentation in 1371-1422. These lands were called by contemporary Byzantine historians Bulgaria across the Danube.  Original information for the centuries-old Bulgarian rule there is scarce as the archives of the Bulgarian rulers were destroyed and little is mentioned for this area in Byzantine or Hungarian manuscripts.
Varian Associates
Varian Associates was one of the first high-tech companies in Silicon Valley. It was founded in 1948 by Russell H. and Sigurd F. Varian, William Webster Hansen, and Edward Ginzton to sell the klystron, the first vacuum tube which could amplify electromagnetic waves at microwave frequencies, and other electromagnetic equipment. Varian Associates split into three companies in 1999: Varian Medical Systems, Varian, Inc. and Varian Semiconductor.

Varian Medical Systems
Varian Medical Systems is an American radiation oncology treatments and software maker based in Palo Alto, California. Their medical devices include linear accelerators (LINACs) and software for treating cancer and other medical conditions with radiotherapy, radiosurgery, proton therapy, and brachytherapy.  The company supplies software for managing cancer clinics, radiotherapy centers, and medical oncology practices. Varian Medical Systems employs more than 7,100 people  at manufacturing sites in North America, Europe, and China and approximately 70 sites globally.

In August 2020, Siemens Healthineers announced plans to acquire Varian for $16.4 billion. The deal was completed in April 2021. After the merger Varian continues to operate independently; it retained its headquarters and employees.
Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang, alternately romanized as Chinkiang, is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, China. It lies on the southern bank of the Yangtze River near its intersection with the Grand Canal. It is opposite Yangzhou (to its north) and between Nanjing (to its west) and Changzhou (to its east). Zhenjiang was formerly the provincial capital of Jiangsu and remains as an important transportation hub. As of the 2020 census, its total population was 3,210,418 inhabitants whom 1,266,790 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 3 urban districts. The town is best known both in China and abroad for Chinkiang vinegar, a fragrant black vinegar that is a staple of Chinese cooking.

Changzhou
Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the northwest, Wuxi to the east, and the province of Zhejiang to the south. The population of the Changzhou Municipality was 5,278,121 at the 2020 census. The city is the birthplace of Zhou Youguang who created the pinyin romanization system.
Kamarinskaya
Kamarinskaya (Russian: камаринская) is a traditional Russian folk dance, which is mostly known today as the Russian composer Mikhail Glinka's composition of the same name. Glinka's Kamarinskaya, written in 1848, was the first orchestral work based entirely on Russian folk song and to use the compositional principles of that genre to dictate the form of the music. It premiered on 15 March 1850. It became a touchstone for the following generation of Russian composers ranging from the Western-oriented Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky to the group of nationalists known collectively as The Five and was also lauded abroad, most notably by French composer Hector Berlioz.

Russian folk dance
Russian folk dance (Russian: Русский народный танец) is an important part of Russian culture. Some of the unique characteristics suggest that many elements were developed by the early Russian population.
Flying Regiment 5, Finnish Air Force
Flying Regiment 5 (Finnish: Lentorykmentti 5 or LeR 5) was a mixed fighter and bomber aircraft regiment of the Finnish Air Force during World War II. The regiment took part in the Continuation War and the Lapland War. The regiment was formed around the No. 6 Sqn, which previously had been subordinated the Finnish Navy HQ, and tasked with anti-submarine and maritime patrols. The No. 30 Sqn was a fighter squadron.

The regiment was responsible for the air defence of Southern Finland and of the western Gulf of Finland.

No. 6 Squadron (Finland)
No. 6 Squadron (Finnish: Lentolaivue 6 or LLv.6, from 3 May 1942 Le.Lv.6), renamed No. 6 Bomber Squadron (Finnish: Pommituslentolaivue 6 or PLe.Lv.6 on 14 February 1944) was a maritime bomber squadron of the Finnish Air Force during World War II. The squadron was part of Flying Regiment 5.
Trip Shakespeare
Trip Shakespeare was an American rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota and active from the mid-1980s to early-1990s. The band included Dan Wilson and John Munson, who would later go on to be founding members of Semisonic.

Semisonic
Semisonic is an American rock band formed in Minneapolis in 1995, consisting of Dan Wilson (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), John Munson (bass, keyboards, backing vocals, guitar), and Jacob Slichter (drums, percussion, keyboards, backing vocals). They are best known in the U.S. for their 1998 top-20 single "Closing Time".

In 2025, Chad Childers of Loudwire included the band in his list of "10 '90s Post-Grunge Bands That Should Have Been Bigger".
Somerset Island (Nunavut)
Somerset Island (Inuktitut: Kuuganajuk) is a large, uninhabited island of the Arctic Archipelago, that is part of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. The island is separated from Cornwallis Island and Devon Island to the north by the Parry Channel, from Baffin Island to the east by Prince Regent Inlet, from the Boothia Peninsula to the south by Bellot Strait, and from Prince of Wales Island to the west by Peel Sound. It has an area of 24,786 km2 (9,570 sq mi), making it the 46th largest island in the world and Canada's twelfth largest island.

The majority of the island lies in the Qikiqtaaluk Region and is home to the summer Arctic Watch Lodge. A small southern portion lies in the Kitikmeot Region and is the site of the former Fort Ross trading post.

Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)
Prince of Wales Island (French: Île du Prince-de-Galles) is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada. This uninhabited island is one of the larger members of the Arctic Archipelago, it lies between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and is south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

For administrative purposes, it is divided between Qikiqtaaluk and Kitikmeot regions. There are no permanent settlements on the island.
Harbor 20
The Harbor 20 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by W. D. Schock Corp's Steve Schock as a day sailer and one design club racer. It was first built in 1997.

The boat was developed into the larger Harbor 25 in 2007.

Harbor 25
The Harbor 25 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by W. D. Schock Corp's Steve Schock as a day sailer-cruiser and first built in 2007.

The boat is derived from the earlier and smaller Harbor 20 design.
Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822
The Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822 (3 Geo. 4. c. 71) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom with the long title "An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle"; it is sometimes known as Martin's Act, after the MP and animal welfare campaigner Richard Martin. It is the first known piece of animal welfare legislation in the world.

The act listed "ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep, or other cattle". This was held not to include bulls. Section 2 of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 59) extended the wording of this act to remedy the issue.

Cruelty to Animals Act 1835
The Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 (5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 59) or the Humane Act 1835, or the Protection of Animals Act 1835, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, intended to protect animals, and in particular cattle, from mistreatment. Its long title is "An Act to Consolidate and Amend the Several Laws Relating to the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Animals, and the Mischiefs Arising from the Driving of Cattle, and to Make Other Provisions in Regard Thereto."
Wansdyke
Wansdyke (from Woden's Dyke) is a series of early medieval defensive linear earthworks in the West Country of England, consisting of a ditch and a running embankment from the ditch spoil, with the ditching facing north. There are two main parts: an eastern dyke that runs between Savernake Forest, West Woods and Morgan's Hill in Wiltshire, and a western dyke that runs from Monkton Combe to the ancient hill fort of Maes Knoll in historic Somerset. Between these two dykes, there is a middle section formed by the remains of the London-to-Bath Roman road.

Maes Knoll
Maes Knoll (sometimes Maes tump or Maes Knoll tump) is an Iron Age hill fort in Somerset, England, located at the eastern end of the Dundry Down ridge, south of the city of Bristol and north of the village of Norton Malreward near the eastern side of Dundry Hill. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.
Wey (state)
Wei (/weɪ/; Chinese: 衞; pinyin: Wèi), commonly spelled Wey to distinguish from the contemporary larger Wei (魏) state, was an ancient Chinese state that was founded in the early Western Zhou dynasty and rose to prominence during the Spring and Autumn period.  Its rulers were of the surname Ji (姬), the same as that of the rulers of Zhou. It was located in modern northeastern Henan Province, east of Jin (and later Wei 魏), and west of Cao.

Jin (Chinese state)
Jin (traditional Chinese: 晉; simplified Chinese: 晋, Old Chinese: *tsi[n]-s), originally known as Tang (唐), was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty, based near the centre of what was then China, on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty: the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period, its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states: Han, Zhao, and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
Harbor 14
The Harbor 14 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Barney Lehman and William D. Schock as a day sailer and first built in 2004.

The Harbor 14 is an updated development of the 1960 Capri 14 keelboat, which was, in turn, derived from the 1958 Lido 14 sailing dinghy.

Capri 14
The Capri 14 is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Barney Lehman and W. D. Schock as a day sailer and first built in 1960.

The Capri 14 is a fixed keel development of the 1958 centerboard Lido 14 sailing dinghy and was developed into the Harbor 14 in 2004.
Goulburn railway station
Goulburn railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line, serving the Southern Tablelands city of Goulburn. Opened on 19 May 1869, it was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Goulburn Station is operated by NSW TrainLink, and has several train and coach services to destinations including Canberra, Albury, Melbourne, Griffith, Moss Vale, Campbelltown and Sydney.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Toll-like receptor 1
Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that form the cornerstone of the innate immune system. TLR1 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and glycolipids in complex with TLR2. TLR1 is a cell surface receptor. In humans, TLR1 is encoded by the TLR1 gene, which is located on chromosome 4.

Toll-like receptor
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13 and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10. The receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles (because they are sensors of nucleic acids).

TLRs received their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the toll gene.
Eugenio Scalfari
Eugenio Scalfari (Italian: [euˈdʒɛːnjo ˈskalfari]; 6 April 1924 – 14 July 2022) was an Italian journalist. He was editor-in-chief of L'Espresso (1963–1968), a member of Parliament in Italy's Chamber of Deputies (1968–1972), and co-founder of La Repubblica and its editor-in-chief (1976–1996). He was known for his meetings and interviews with important figures, including Pope Francis, Enrico Berlinguer, Aldo Moro, Umberto Eco, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Benigni.

Italo Calvino
Italo Calvino (/kælˈviːnoʊ/, also US: /kɑːlˈ-/; Italian: [ˈiːtalo kalˈviːno]; 15 October 1923 – 19 September 1985) was an Italian novelist and short story writer. His best-known works include the Our Ancestors trilogy (1952–1959), the Cosmicomics collection of short stories (1965), and the novels Invisible Cities (1972) and If on a winter's night a traveler (1979).

Admired in Britain, Australia and the United States, Calvino was the most translated contemporary Italian writer at the time of his death. He is buried in the garden cemetery of Castiglione della Pescaia in Tuscany.
Bestia Salvaje
Juan Manuel Rodriguez Carillo (February 11, 1962 – March 20, 2008) was a Mexican luchador, best known by his ring name Bestia Salvaje, who competed in Mexican and international promotions during the 1980s and 1990s, most notably with Emilio Charles Jr. and Scorpio Jr. as part of the stable Los Talibanes. A second-generation wrestler, he was the son of Espectro II, the brother of Corazón Salvaje and the brother-in-law of Charrito de Oro.

During his career he wrestled mainly for Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL), later known as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He had several feuds during his career including ones against Ringo Mendoza, Mano Negra, and Héctor Garza. He won the CMLL World Tag Team Championship twice with Scorpio Jr., and the CMLL World Trios Championship with Emilio Charles Jr. and Sangre Chicana. He wrestled the last match of his career two months before his death in January 2008 in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Sangre Chicana
Andrés Durán Reyes (born November 30, 1951) is a retired Mexican professional wrestler best known by his ring name Sangre Chicana (Spanish for "Chicano Blood"). He rose to prominence in a feud with El Cobarde and Fishman that led to a Lucha de Apuesta, mask vs. mask match where Reyes lost his mask.

Reyes is one of the very few wrestlers to work for both Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre (EMLL) (now known as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL)) and Francisco Flores' promotion Toreo Cuatro Caminos Independents. Over the years the Chicana "family" grew, as "Lemus I" debuted in the 1980s using Reyes original mask, followed by "Lemus II" in the 1990s. In 2000, Reyes' sons "Lemus Jr." and "Sangre Chicana Jr." made their professional wrestling debuts followed by Sangre Imperial, Hijo de Sangre Chicana, and daughters Lady Chicana, Lluvia and La Hiedra.
Dolores Atiyeh
Dolores Atiyeh (née Hewitt; November 8, 1923 – August 29, 2016) was an American healthcare activist and advocate for the arts who served as the First Lady of Oregon from 1979 until 1987 during the administration of her husband, Governor Vic Atiyeh. As First Lady, Atiyeh lobbied for House Bill 2139, a mandatory children's immunization bill, which was passed in 1981, and championed a proposed mandatory seat belt rule for children under 5-years-old. The mandatory seat belt rule for children, a controversial proposal in the 1980s, became law in 1983.

Victor Atiyeh
Victor George Atiyeh (/əˈtiːjə/; February 20, 1923 – July 20, 2014) was an American politician who served as the 32nd governor of Oregon from 1979 to 1987. He was also the first elected governor of Middle Eastern descent and of Syrian and Lebanese descent in the United States.

Atiyeh was elected in 1978, defeating incumbent Democratic governor Robert W. Straub. He was re-elected against future governor Ted Kulongoski with 61.6% of the vote in 1982, the largest margin in 32 years. Prior to being elected governor, Atiyeh had served continuously in the Oregon legislature since 1959, initially in the House and later in the Senate.

As of 2025, Atiyeh is the most recent Republican to have held the office of Governor of Oregon to date.
Dollis Brook
Dollis Brook is a waterway which runs through Barnet in north London. It is a tributary of the River Brent, which is itself a tributary of the River Thames.

The Dollis Valley Greenwalk follows almost all of Dollis Brook, apart from a short section at the beginning which passes through private land, and the London Loop follows it as far as Barnet Lane. The name Dollis is probably derived from the Middle English word 'dole', meaning the shares of land in the common field.

River Brent
The River Brent is a river in west and northwest London, England, and a tributary of the River Thames. 17.9 miles (28.8 km) in length, it rises in the Borough of Barnet and flows in a generally south-west direction before joining the Tideway stretch of the Thames at Brentford.
Victoria Maksyuta
Viktoriya Oleksandrivna Maksyuta or Victoria Maxiuta (Ukrainian: Вікторія Олександрівна Максюта; born 15 November 1981) is a former pair skater. Competing with Vladislav Zhovnirski for Russia, she became the 1996 World Junior champion, 1997 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, 1998 Skate America bronze medalist, and 1999 Winter Universiade champion. She later represented Russia and Ukraine with Vitali Dubina.

Vladislav Zhovnirski
Vladislav Vladimirovich Zhovnirski (Russian: Владислав Владимирович Жовнирский; born 12 July 1978) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor. With Victoria Maxiuta, he is the 1996 World Junior champion, 1997 Ondrej Nepela Memorial champion, 1998 Skate America bronze medalist, and 1999 Winter Universiade champion.