hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hartman–Grobman theorem
In mathematics, in the study of dynamical systems, the Hartman–Grobman theorem or linearization theorem is a theorem about the local behaviour of dynamical systems in the neighbourhood of a hyperbolic equilibrium point.  It asserts that linearization—a natural simplification of the system—is effective in predicting qualitative patterns of behaviour. The theorem owes its name to Philip Hartman and David M. Grobman.

The theorem states that the behaviour of a dynamical system in a domain near a hyperbolic equilibrium point is qualitatively the same as the behaviour of its linearization near this equilibrium point, where hyperbolicity means that no eigenvalue of the linearization has real part equal to zero. Therefore, when dealing with such dynamical systems one can use the simpler linearization of the system to analyse its behaviour around equilibria.

Linearization
In mathematics, linearization (British English: linearisation) is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems.  This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Geneva College
Geneva College is a private Christian college in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1848 in Northwood, Ohio, the college moved to its present location in 1880. It enrolls about 1,400 undergraduates in over 30 majors, as well as graduate students in a handful of master's programs. The undergraduate curriculum emphasizes the humanities and the formation of a Reformed Christian worldview. It is the only undergraduate institution affiliated with the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America.

Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
Beaver Falls is a city in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 9,005 at the 2020 census. The city lies along the Beaver River 6 miles (9.7 km) north of its confluence with the Ohio River. It is 31 miles (50 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
Evan Dorkin
Evan Dorkin (born April 20, 1965) is an American cartoonist and comic book artist. His best known works are the comic books Milk and Cheese and Dork, the latter of which features his comic Eltingville. His comics often poke fun at fandom, even while making it clear that Dorkin is a fan himself. Dorkin also served as a writer on the Adult Swim animated series Space Ghost Coast to Coast from 1994 to 1999, and created a pilot for an Eltingville animated series for Adult Swim in 2002.

Eltingville (comics)
Eltingville (also referred to as The Eltingville Club) is the name given to a series of comics created by Evan Dorkin. The series ran in his comic books Dork and House of Fun before it received a two-issue run through Dark Horse Comics in 2014. Eltingville was adapted into a pilot for Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block in 2002, but was not picked up for an official series. The series has won three Eisner Awards, beginning with the 1995 story Bring Me the Head of Boba Fett. Of the series' title, Dorkin chose to name the series Eltingville after Eltingville, Staten Island, where he worked off and on in a comic book store for six years.
Dalton United F.C.
Dalton United Association Football Club is a football club based in Dalton-in-Furness in Cumbria, England. They are currently members of the West Lancashire League Division Two and play at Railway Meadow. The club are affiliated with the Lancashire Football Association, and also have two teams playing in the local Furness Premier League. Their colours are red and black striped shirts, black shorts and black socks.

West Lancashire Football League
The West Lancashire Football League is a football competition based in northern England, consisting of five divisions – three for first teams (Premier, One and Two), and two for reserve teams. The top division, the Premier Division, sits at step seven of the National League System and is a feeder league for the North West Counties Football League, although promotion and relegation is based upon application to the National League System Panel.
Matiel Mogannam
Matiel Mogannam (Arabic: متيل مغنم; 1899–1992) was a Palestinian Arab lawyer who headed the women's movement in the 1920s and 1930s in the Mandatory Palestine. She served as the secretary of the Arab Women's Executive (AWE).

Arab Women's Association of Palestine
The Arab Women's Association of Palestine (AWA) also known as the Arab Women's Association was a Palestinian women's organization founded by the Arab Women's executive committee (AWE) in Jerusalem in the mandate of Palestine on 26 October 1929.

The AWE organized and hosted the First Palestine Arab Women's Congress or First Arab Women's Congress in Jerusalem in 1929. The Congress was the first international women's conference in the Arab and the Islamic world, and a predecessor of the First Eastern Women's Congress.

The Congress in Jerusalem in 1929 gathered two hundred Palestinian Muslim and Christian women, and passed three resolutions demanding: the abrogation of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, recognition of Palestine's right to a proportionally representative national government, and development of Palestinian industries.
Lythraceae
Lythraceae is a family of flowering plants that includes 28 genera and about 620 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees.  The larger genera include Cuphea (275 spp.), Lagerstroemia (56), Nesaea (50), Rotala (45), and Lythrum (35). It also includes the members of the former families of the pomegranate (Punica granatum, formerly in Punicaceae) and of the water caltrop (Trapa natans, formerly in Trapaceae). Lythraceae has a worldwide distribution, with most species in the tropics, but ranging into temperate climate regions as well.

The family is named after the type genus, Lythrum, the loosestrifes (e.g. Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife) and also includes henna (Lawsonia inermis). It now includes the pomegranate, formerly classed in a separate family Punicaceae.  The family also includes the widely cultivated crape myrtle trees. Botanically, the leaves are usually in pairs (opposite), and the flower petals emerge from the rim of the calyx tube. The petals often appear crumpled.

Lagerstroemia
Lagerstroemia (/ˌleɪɡərˈstriːmiə/), commonly known as crape myrtle (also commonly spelled crepe myrtle, crape-myrtle, or crapemyrtle), is a genus of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs native to the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, northern Australia, and other parts of Oceania, cultivated in warmer climates around the world. It is a member of the family Lythraceae, which is also known as the loosestrife family. These flowering trees are beautifully colored and are often planted both privately and commercially as ornamentals.
Paul J. Weitz
Paul Joseph Weitz (July 25, 1932 – October 22, 2017) was an American naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut, who flew into space twice. He was a member of the three-man crew who flew on Skylab 2, the first crewed Skylab mission. He was also commander of the STS-6 mission, the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger.

Skylab 2
Skylab 2 (also SL-2 and SLM-1) was the first crewed mission to Skylab, the first American orbital space station. The mission was launched on an Apollo command and service module by a Saturn IB rocket on May 25, 1973, and carried NASA astronauts Pete Conrad, Joseph P. Kerwin, Paul J. Weitz to the station. The name Skylab 2 also refers to the vehicle used for that mission. The Skylab 2 mission established a twenty-eight-day record for human spaceflight duration. Its crew was the first space station occupants ever to return safely to Earth – the only previous space station occupants, the crew of the 1971 Soyuz 11 mission that had crewed the Salyut 1 station for twenty-four days, died upon reentry due to unexpected cabin depressurization.

The crewed Skylab missions were officially designated Skylab 2, 3, and 4. Miscommunication about the numbering resulted in the mission emblems reading "Skylab I", "Skylab II", and "Skylab 3" respectively.
Evan Mobley
Evan Mobley (born June 18, 2001) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the USC Trojans and was selected third overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2021 NBA draft. In the 2024–25 season, he was named an All-Star for the first time and named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year.

USC Trojans men's basketball
The USC Trojans men's basketball program is a college basketball team that competes in the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, representing the University of Southern California. Following the end of the 2023–2024 academic calendar, Pac-12 schools Oregon, UCLA, USC and Washington joined the Big Ten conference.

Eric Musselman is the current head coach of the USC program. He succeeded Andy Enfield, who coached the team from 2013–2024.
22nd Marine Regiment
The 22nd Marine Regiment (22nd Marines) is an inactive United States Marine Corps infantry regiment.  The regiment was commissioned in 1942 and was placed under the command of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in 1944, and the 6th Marine Division in 1945.  It took part in fighting at the battles of Eniwetok, Guam, and Okinawa. The regiment also participated in the occupation of northern China following the war.  22nd Marines was decommissioned in March 1946.

The 22nd Marines was reactivated at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia in 1947 and but was again decommissioned in October 1949.

6th Marine Division (United States)
The 6th Marine Division was a United States Marine Corps World War II infantry division formed in September 1944.  During the invasion of Okinawa it saw combat at Yae-Take and Sugar Loaf Hill and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation. The 6th Division had also prepared for the invasion of Japan before the war ended.  After the war it served in Tsingtao, China, where the division was disbanded on April 1, 1946, being the only Marine division to be formed and disbanded overseas and never set foot in the United States.
Joe Lefors
Joe Lefors (February 20, 1865 – October 1, 1940) was a lawman in the closing years of the Old West. He is best known for obtaining the confession that led to the conviction of gunman Tom Horn in 1903 for the alleged murder of 14-year-old sheepherder Willie Nickell.

Lefors was featured as a character in the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, a role later portrayed by Peter Weller in the 1979 prequel Butch & Sundance: The Early Days.

Tom Horn
Thomas Horn Jr., (November 21, 1861 – November 20, 1903) was an American cowboy, scout, soldier, range detective, rodeo performer, and Pinkerton agent in the 19th-century and early 20th-century American Old West. Believed to have committed 17 killings as a hired gunman throughout the West, Horn was convicted in 1902 of the murder of 14-year-old Willie Nickell near Iron Mountain, Wyoming. Willie was the son of sheep rancher Kels Nickell, who had been involved in a range feud with neighbor and cattle rancher Jim Miller. On the day before his 42nd birthday, Horn was executed by hanging in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

While in jail, he wrote his autobiography,  which was published posthumously in 1904. Numerous editions have been published in the late 20th century. Horn has since become a larger-than-life figure of Western folklore, and debate continues as to whether he was actually guilty of Nickell's murder.
Coatbridge and Bellshill
Coatbridge and Bellshill is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system. It has been represented since 2024 by Frank McNally of Scottish Labour.

Prior to the 2023 review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the constituency was known as Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill.

Coatbridge and Chryston (UK Parliament constituency)
Coatbridge and Chryston was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It returned one Member of Parliament (MP) from 1997 until 2005.

It was then replaced by the Coatbridge, Chryston & Bellshill constituency.
Rajat Arora
Rajat Arora (born 23 July 1975) is an Indian screenwriter of Hindi-language films and television. He has written numerous screenplays, including Taxi No. 9211 (2006), Chandni Chowk to China (2009), Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010), The Dirty Picture (2011), Kick (2014), Gabbar Is Back (2015), Azhaar (2016) and Baadshaho (2017). He has also written the Indian series CID. 
'He has written for the Indian television series CID and Aahat.

Arora collaborates often with director Milan Luthria.

Baadshaho
Baadshaho (transl. Kings) is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language heist action film written by Rajat Arora and directed by Milan Luthria. It stars Ajay Devgn, Emraan Hashmi, Ileana D'Cruz, Vidyut Jammwal, Esha Gupta and Sanjay Mishra. The film is set in the emergency era of 1975–77.

Baadshaho was released on 1 September 2017 worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics, where the film became an average venture at the box office.
Jay Walder
Jay Walder is an American transportation executive. He was the CEO of Hyperloop One, an American transportation technology company. He has been the CEO of Motivate, a bike sharing company, and of the Hong Kong transit company  MTR Corporation (MTRC), before resigning from that position in July 2014.

Before joining MTRC, Walder was the chairman and chief executive officer of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in the New York metropolitan area, the largest transit agency in the United States.

Prior to his service at the MTA, Walder was the managing director for finance and planning at Transport for London until 2007, and is credited with the introduction of the Oyster card and with drafting London's successful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) is a public benefit corporation in New York State responsible for public transportation in the New York City metropolitan area. The MTA is the largest public transit authority in North America, serving 12 counties in Downstate New York, along with two counties in southwestern Connecticut under contract with the Connecticut Department of Transportation (CTDOT), carrying over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 850,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday.
Henrietta Paulet, Duchess of Bolton
Henrietta Paulet, Duchess of Bolton (née Crofts; c. 1682 – 27 February 1730), was the third wife of Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton. She was the elder daughter of James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth by one of his mistresses, and she was also a niece of the famed beauty Jane Myddelton. Henrietta served as a Lady of the Bedchamber to Caroline of Ansbach in the 1710s. She was one of several aristocratic female signatories who petitioned the king for the creation of a Foundling Hospital in the late 1720s, but she did not live long enough to see its creation. She spend part of her life in Dublin, and the city's Henrietta Street is reputedly named after her.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
General James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, 1st Duke of Buccleuch, KG, PC (9 April 1649 – 15 July 1685) was an English Army officer and courtier. Originally called James Crofts or James Fitzroy, he was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II of England with his mistress Lucy Walter.

The Duke of Monmouth served in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and commanded English troops taking part in the Third Anglo-Dutch War before commanding the Anglo-Dutch brigade fighting in the Franco-Dutch War. He led the unsuccessful Monmouth Rebellion in 1685, an attempt to depose his uncle King James II and VII. After one of his officers declared Monmouth the legitimate king in the town of Taunton in Somerset, Monmouth attempted to capitalise on his Protestantism and his position as the son of Charles II, in opposition to James, who had become a Roman Catholic. The rebellion failed, and Monmouth was beheaded for treason on 15 July 1685.
Alphonse Bertillon
Alphonse Bertillon (French: [bɛʁtijɔ̃]; 22 April 1853 – 13 February 1914) was a French police officer and biometrics researcher who applied the anthropological technique of anthropometry to law enforcement, creating an identification system based on physical measurements.

Anthropometry was the first scientific system used by police to identify criminals. Before that time, criminals could only be identified by name or photograph. The method was eventually supplanted by fingerprinting.

He is also the inventor of the mug shot. Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that Bertillon standardized the process, notably with his file on anarchists.

His flawed evidence was used to wrongly convict Alfred Dreyfus in the infamous Dreyfus affair.

Mug shot
A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the shoulders up, typically taken after a person is placed under arrest. The primary purpose of the mug shot is to allow law enforcement to have a photographic record of an arrested individual to allow for identification by victims, the public and investigators. However, in the United States, entrepreneurs have recently begun to monetize these public records via the mug shot publishing industry.

Photographing of criminals began in the 1840s only a few years after the invention of photography, but it was not until 1888 that French police officer Alphonse Bertillon standardized the process.
Worli riots
The Worli riots occurred in the chawl, or tenement, in the Worli neighborhood of Mumbai between January and April 1974. The riots began on 5 January 1974 after the police attempted to disperse a rally of the Dalit Panthers that had turned violent. Regular clashes between the Dalit Panthers, the Shiv Sena, and the police continued for several months. Six people were killed in the riots, and approximately 113 injured; widespread property damage also occurred in the tenements. The riots have been described as anti-Dalit violence by scholars.

Dalit Panthers
The Dalit Panthers was a revolutionary organisation in India that sought to combat caste discrimination. It was led by a group of Mahar writers and poets, including Raja Dhale, Namdeo Dhasal, and J. V. Pawar in some time in early 1972. It was founded as a response to the growing discontent among the Dalit youth during the 25th Independence Day celebrations. Inspired by the Black Panther movement in the United States, poet-writers J V Pawar and Namdeo Dhasal founded the Dalit Panthers, urging a boycott of the Independence Day revelry, terming it a 'Black Independence Day'. The movement's heyday lasted from the 1970s through the 1980s, and it was later joined by many Dalit-Buddhist activists.
Neasden Depot
Neasden Depot is a London Underground depot located in Neasden in the London Borough of Brent, between Neasden and Wembley Park stations on the Metropolitan line. It is the largest depot on the London Underground, and is currently responsible for maintenance and overhaul of the 191 S Stock trains used on the Circle, District, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines.

Neasden tube station
Neasden (/ˈniːzdən/) is a London Underground station in Neasden, north-west London. It is on the Jubilee line between Wembley Park and Dollis Hill stations, and is in London fare zone 3. Metropolitan line trains pass through the station but do not stop. The Chiltern Main Line/London to Aylesbury Line runs to the west of the station.
Håvard Wiik
Håvard Skarpnes Wiik (born 10 March 1975) is a Norwegian jazz pianist and composer, known from a number of recordings with bands like Atomic, and performances with musicians like Petter Wettre, Ola Kvernberg and Stian Carstensen.

Atomic (band)
Atomic is a Norwegian/Swedish jazz band formed in 1999, composed of musicians from the top stratum of the European jazz circuit. Atomic has been billed as one of the most respected "new" constellations in jazz. In 2014, original drummer Paal Nilssen-Love was replaced by Hans Hulbækmo.
Pimelodidae
The Pimelodidae, commonly known as the long-whiskered catfishes, are a family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) native to South America. The family has a wide variety of body plans, and include the largest South American catfish species, the piraíba. Many species, including the piraíba, are locally valued as food, and even more species are of interest to aquaria.

Brachyplatystoma filamentosum
Brachyplatystoma filamentosum, commonly called piraíba, kumakuma, valentón or laulau, and goliath catfish is a species of catfish in the family Pimelodidae which is native to the Amazon and Orinoco River basins, rivers of the Guianas and North-eastern Brazil. It is an important predator in its ecosystem, and in turn is a food fish.
Scott Mills
Scott Robert Mills (born 28 March 1973) is an English radio DJ, television presenter and occasional actor. He is best known for presenting the Scott Mills show on BBC Radio 1 from 2004 to 2022 and since then, on BBC Radio 2, where he has been hosting the station's flagship breakfast show since January 2025. Mills has also been a UK commentator for the semi-finals of the Eurovision Song Contest.

Scott Mills (radio show)
Scott Mills was a British radio show broadcast on BBC Radio 1 from 2004 to 2022. It was hosted by Scott Mills, with contributions from Chris Stark. Other contributors have included Mark Chapman, Laura Sayers, and Beccy Huxtable, the last of whom left the show in 2013.
Beigan
Beigan Township (Chinese: 北竿鄉; pinyin: Běigān Xiāng; Foochow Romanized: Báe̤k-găng-hiŏng), is an insular rural township in Lienchiang County (the Matsu Islands), Taiwan (ROC). The township is in the East China Sea off the coast of Fujian Province, China near Fuzhou (Foochow). Beigan Island, the main island of the township, is the second largest island in the Matsu Islands. Other smaller islands in the township include Daqiu Island, known for its Formosan sika deer, and Gaodeng Island and Liang Island which are off-limits to the public. The native language many of the inhabitants is Matsu dialect which is one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the Matsu Islands.

Matsu Islands
The Matsu Islands (UK: /ˌmætˈsuː/ or US: /ˌmɑːtˈsuː/) are an archipelago of 36 islands and islets in the East China Sea. They are situated alongside the southeastern coast of mainland China. The archipelago forms Lienchiang County (/ljɛnˈdʒjɑːŋ/), the smallest county in the Taiwan Area by area and population, as well as one of two counties that is a part of the nominal Fuchien Province that is administered by the Republic of China.

The current Lienchiang County of the ROC was once part of an intact Lienchiang County of Fujian before its effective partition in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War, which resulted in the mainland portion of the county being controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC), while the offshore islands of Matsu remained under ROC control. The circumstance has made the county the only former geographical unit with the same name that is now divided between the administrations of the ROC and the PRC.