hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
North Witham
North Witham is a small village and nominally a civil parish in South Kesteven, Lincolnshire, England. The village is located along the upper course of the River Witham 1.5 miles downstream (north) of South Witham, and approximately 9 miles (14 km) south from the nearest major town, Grantham. It has an estimated population of 143 in around 72 households, at a density of 0.1/hectare.

The current civil parish of Colsterworth includes the hamlet of Lobthorpe. Nearby villages include Gunby, Colsterworth and Stainby.

The village is perhaps best known for its links with Isaac Newton, who is known to have lived nearby and visited the village on numerous occasions and made carvings in the wall of the church porch, and for the presence of nearby RAF North Witham.

South Witham
South Witham is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,533. It is situated 10 miles (16 km) south of Grantham, 10 miles east of Melton Mowbray and 10 miles (16 km) north of Oakham. The village is close to the Leicestershire and Rutland borders.
Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics
The Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics was a public university in Russia, which was known as ENGECON (Russian: ИНЖЭКОН). It is now a part of Saint Petersburg State University of Economics, which was created via its merging with Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance and Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics. It was specialized in the fields of economics, management, statistics, logistics and finance.

At the postgraduate level, it is a business school. At the undergraduate level, it also teaches economics.

The Saint Petersburg State University of Economics has an International branch outside the Russian Federation in Dubai. It is named Saint Petersburg State Economic University (Dubai branch).

Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance
Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance (Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет экономики и финансов) was a public university in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was established in 1930 as Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics (Ленинградский финансово-экономический институт; hence the colloquial name Финэк (Finec)). In 2012, it united with Saint Petersburg State University of Service and Economics and Saint Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics to create Saint Petersburg State University of Economics. The campus of the university occupied the buildings of the former Russian Assignation Bank.
Isotopes of zirconium
Naturally occurring zirconium (40Zr) is composed of four stable isotopes (one, 94Zr, may in the future be found radioactive), and one very long-lived radioisotope (96Zr), a primordial nuclide that decays via double beta decay with an observed half-life of 2.34 × 1019 years; it can also undergo single beta decay, which is not yet observed, but the theoretically predicted value of t1/2 is 2.4 × 1020 years. The second most stable radioisotope is 93Zr, which has a half-life of 1.61 million years. Thirty other radioisotopes have been observed from 77Zr to 114Zr; all have half-lives less than a day except for 95Zr (64.032 days), 88Zr (83.4 days), and 89Zr (78.36 hours). The most stable of the isomeric states is just 4.16 minutes for 89mZr.

Radioactive isotopes above the theoretically stable mass numbers 90-92 decay by electron emission resulting in niobium isotopes, whereas those below by positron emission or electron capture, resulting in yttrium isotopes.

Isotopes of yttrium
Natural yttrium (39Y) is composed of the single stable isotope, 89Y. The most stable radioisotopes are 88Y, which has a half-life of 106.63 days, and 91Y, with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes and isomers have half-lives of less than 15 hours, except 87Y with 79.8 hours and 90Y with 64.05 hours. The dominant decay mode below the stable 89Y is electron capture to isotopes of strontium and the dominant mode after it is beta emission to isotopes of zirconium.

In total, the isotopes characterized range from 76Y to 109Y.

In products of nuclear fission, 90Y exists in equilibrium with its parent isotope strontium-90. This isotope alone is also used in medicine; see yttrium-90.
Tanjidor
Tanjidor is a traditional Betawi musical ensemble developed in Jakarta, Indonesia. This musical ensemble took the form of a modest orchestra and was developed in the 19th century, pioneered by Augustijn Michiels better known as Mayor Jantje, in the Citeureup area (or Citrap) on the outskirts of Batavia.

The instruments used are almost the same as a military band, a military-styled marching band, and/or corps of drums/drum and bugle corps, usually consisting of select wind and percussion instruments. Other than Jakarta, tanjidor musical ensemble is also can be found in Pontianak, West Kalimantan.

Betawi people
Betawi people or Batavians (Orang Betawi in Indonesian, meaning "people of Batavia"), are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts, as such often described as the inhabitants of the city. They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia (the Dutch colonial name of Jakarta) from the 17th century onwards.

The term Betawi people emerged in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various ethnic groups into Batavia. In this modern era, people of various ethnicities, especially Sundanese people, who have long inhabited Greater Jakarta, forgetting their language and switching to Betawi, can also be called Betawi people. Although if they are related by blood, they are more like people who still speak Sundanese language in the outskirts, especially in Bekasi, Bogor, and Tangerang.
A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity
"A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" is a 1943 article written by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts. The paper, published in the journal The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, proposed a mathematical model of the nervous system as a network of simple logical elements, later known as artificial neurons, or McCulloch-Pitts neurons. These neurons receive inputs, perform a weighted sum, and fire an output signal based on a threshold function. By connecting these units in various configurations, McCulloch and Pitts demonstrated that their model could perform all logical functions.

It is a seminal work in cognitive science, computational neuroscience, computer science, and artificial intelligence. It was a foundational result in automata theory. John von Neumann cited it as a significant result.

Perceptron
In machine learning, the perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers.  A binary classifier is a function that can decide whether or not an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class.  It is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector.
Audio Units
Audio Units (AU) are a system-level plug-in architecture provided by Core Audio in Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems.  Audio Units are a set of application programming interface (API) services provided by the operating system to generate, process, receive, or otherwise manipulate streams of audio in near-real-time with minimal latency. It may be thought of as Apple's architectural equivalent to another popular plug-in format, Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology (VST).

Because of the many similarities between Audio Units and VST, several commercial and free wrapping technologies are available (e.g. Symbiosis and FXpansion VST-AU Adapter). Celemony Software and PreSonus have also developed the Audio Random Access (ARA) extension, which works for both AU and VST, allowing greater integration between the plug-ins and DAW software.

Virtual Studio Technology
Virtual Studio Technology (VST) is an open source audio plug-in software interface that integrates virtual instruments and effects units into digital audio workstations. VST and similar technologies use digital signal processing to simulate traditional recording studio hardware in software. Thousands of plugins exist, both commercial and freeware, and many audio applications support VST under license from its creator, Steinberg.
Hindmotor
Hindmotor is a neighbourhood in Uttarpara of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

The town is prominent as it developed and named, for a Hindustan Motors factory, shared with the neighbouring Uttarpara and Konnagar suburbs. The factory had been in the area, known as Hindmotor colony since 1948 and was the sole manufacturing site of the famous Hindustan Ambassador. At its peak the Hindmotor colony had its own schools, temples and hospitals. Apart from Hindmotor colony, Hindmotor town is located on both sides of the Hindmotor Railway station well connected with railway as well as G.T Road.

Uttarpara
Uttarpara or Uttarpara Kotrung is a city and a municipality of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Uttarpara is located at 22°40′N 88°21′E﻿ / ﻿22.67°N 88.35°E﻿ / 22.67; 88.35, within 10 km from Kolkata, the capital of the state of West Bengal. It is located along the Hooghly river, across from the Dakshineswar Kali Temple. Uttarpara is home to the Uttarpara Jayakrishna Public Library, Asia's oldest free public library.
Virginia O'Hanlon
Laura Virginia O'Hanlon Douglas (July 20, 1889 – May 13, 1971) was an American educator best known for writing a letter as a child to the New York newspaper The Sun that inspired the 1897 editorial "Is There a Santa Claus?". The editorial, by Francis Pharcellus Church, contains the line "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus", and brought attention to O'Hanlon for the rest of her life. Historian Gerald Bowler called it "the most famous editorial in history."

Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is a line from an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church. Written in response to a letter by eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon asking whether Santa Claus was real, the editorial was first published in the New York newspaper The Sun on September 21, 1897.

"Is There a Santa Claus?" was initially published uncredited and Church's authorship was not disclosed until after his death in 1906. The editorial was quickly republished by other New York newspapers. Though initially reluctant to do the same, The Sun soon began regularly republishing the editorial during the Christmas and holiday season, including every year from 1924 to 1950, when the paper ceased publication.

The editorial is widely reprinted in the United States during the holiday season, and is the most reprinted newspaper editorial in the English language. It has been translated into around 20 languages and adapted as television specials, a film, a musical, and a cantata.
Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Arbil
The Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil (Latin: Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum, Arabic: إيبارشية أربيل الكلدانية) is a Chaldean Catholic diocese with its seat in Erbil, Kurdistan Region. Erected in 1968 with territory taken from the Archeparchy of Kirkuk, it is immediately subject to the Patriarchal See of Babylon. The see of the archbishop is the Cathedral of St. Joseph (Mar Yousif) in Ankawa, a suburb of Erbil.

Under Archbishop Bashar Warda, the archdiocese expanded its activity by creating the Catholic University in Erbil and several youth and healthcare agencies. In particular, the Archdiocese took a leading role in the care of Christians displaced from Mosul and the Nineveh Plains after the ISIS invasion of those areas in 2014.  During this period, Ankawa and Erbil became the center of Christianity in Iraq.

Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Ankawa
The Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Ankawa, also known as Cathedral of Mar Yousif, is the Chaldean Catholic cathedral and seat of the Chaldean Catholic Archdiocese of Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan (Latin: Archieparchia Arbilensis Chaldaeorum, Arabic: إيبارشية أربيل الكلدانية) created under the pontificate of Pope Paul VI. The cathedral, named for Saint Joseph, follows the East Syriac Rite ("Chaldean Rite") of the Chaldean Catholic Church, one of the Eastern Catholic sui iuris particular churches that make up the Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See in Rome.
Gainsborough Trinity F.C.
Gainsborough Trinity Football Club is a football club based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England. Established in 1873, the club became members of the Football League in 1893 and remained members of the Second Division until 1912, making Gainsborough one of the smallest towns in England to have had a Football League team. They are currently members of the Northern Premier League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football, and play at the Northolme.

The Northolme
The Northolme (known as the KAL Group Stadium for sponsorship purposes) is a football ground in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England. It is the home ground of Gainsborough Trinity, it has a capacity of 4,304, of which 504 is seated.
Dalston
Dalston (/ˈdɔːlstən/) is an area of East London, in the London Borough of Hackney. It is four miles (six kilometres) northeast of Charing Cross. Dalston began as a hamlet on either side of Dalston Lane, and as the area urbanised the term also came to apply to surrounding areas including Kingsland and Shacklewell, all three of which being part of the Ancient Parish of Hackney.

The area has experienced a high degree of gentrification in recent years, a process accelerated by the East London line extension, now part of London Overground, and the reopening of Dalston Junction railway station, part of London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics.

Dalston Junction railway station
Dalston Junction is a station on the Windrush line of the London Overground, located in Dalston, London. Situated in London fare zone 2, the station is located in a short section of cut and cover tunnel north of the Kingsland Viaduct, at the crossroads of Dalston Lane, Kingsland Road and Balls Pond Road.

There is an official out-of-station interchange with Dalston Kingsland station on the Mildmay line of the Overground, located 250 metres (820 ft) walk away. Dalston Junction is an inter-modal rail and bus transport interchange, with numerous bus routes also serving the station.
Paris meridian
The Paris meridian is a meridian line running through the Paris Observatory in Paris, France – now longitude 2°20′14.02500″ East. It was a long-standing rival to the Greenwich meridian as the prime meridian of the world. The "Paris meridian arc" or "French meridian arc" (French: la Méridienne de France) is the name of the meridian arc measured along the Paris meridian.

The French meridian arc was important for French cartography, since the triangulations of France began with the measurement of the French meridian arc. Moreover, the French meridian arc was important for geodesy as it was one of the meridian arcs which were measured to determine the figure of the Earth via the arc measurement method. The determination of the figure of the Earth was a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, as the diameter of the Earth was the unit to which all celestial distances had to be referred.

Figure of the Earth
In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes. Several models with greater accuracy (including ellipsoid) have been developed so that coordinate systems can serve the precise needs of navigation, surveying, cadastre, land use, and various other concerns.
Matchbox (brand)
Matchbox is a toy brand introduced by Lesney Products in 1953, and is now owned by Mattel, Inc, which purchased the brand in 1997. The brand was given its name because the original die-cast "Matchbox" toys were sold in boxes similar to those in which matches were sold. The brand grew to encompass a broad range of toys, including larger scale die-cast models, plastic model kits, slot car racing toys, and action figures.

During the 1980s, Matchbox began using plastic and cardboard "blister packs" that were used by other die-cast toy brands such as Hot Wheels. By the 2000s, the box style packaging was re-introduced for the collectors' market, such as the 35th Anniversary of Superfast series in 2004, and the 50th Anniversary of Superfast in 2019.

Products currently marketed under the Matchbox name include scale model plastic and die-cast vehicles and toy garages.

Hot Wheels
Hot Wheels  is an American media franchise and brand of scale model cars invented by Elliot Handler and introduced by his company Mattel on May 18, 1968. It was the primary competitor of Matchbox until Mattel bought Matchbox owner Tyco Toys in 1997.

Many automobile manufacturers have since licensed Hot Wheels to make scale models of their cars, allowing the use of original design blueprints and detailing. Although Hot Wheels were originally intended to be children's toys, they have become popular with adult collectors, for whom limited edition models are now made available.
Samaya
The samaya (Tibetan: དམ་ཚིག, Wylie: dam tshig, Chinese: 三昧耶戒, pinyin: Sānmèiyē jiè; rōmaji: sonmaya kai), is a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esoteric Vajrayana Buddhist order as part of the abhiṣeka (empowerment or initiation) ceremony that creates a bond between the guru and disciple.

According to Keown, et al., samaya may be defined as:

A particular system of teaching or doctrines;

The conduct required of a tantric practitioner, often as a set of vows or commitments;

The realization (abhisamaya) of Buddhahood;

In Tantric Buddhism, union with the trikaya, the body, speech and mind of the Buddha.

Abhisheka
Abhishek (Sanskrit: अभिषेक, romanized: Abhiṣeka) is a religious rite or method of prayer in which a devotee pours a liquid offering on an image or murti of a deity. This is common to religions such as Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism.
Upper Normandy
Upper Normandy (French: Haute-Normandie, IPA: [ot nɔʁmɑ̃di] ⓘ; Norman: Ĥâote-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Upper and Lower Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.

Lower Normandy
Lower Normandy (French: Basse-Normandie, IPA: [bɑs nɔʁmɑ̃di, bas -] ⓘ; Norman: Basse-Normaundie) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, Lower and Upper Normandy merged becoming one region called Normandy.
Polynomial transformation
In mathematics, a polynomial transformation consists of computing the polynomial whose roots are a given function of the roots of a polynomial. Polynomial transformations such as Tschirnhaus transformations are often used to simplify the solution of algebraic equations.

Tschirnhaus transformation
In mathematics, a Tschirnhaus transformation, also known as Tschirnhausen transformation, is a type of mapping on polynomials developed by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus in 1683.

Simply, it is a method for transforming a polynomial equation of degree  with some nonzero intermediate coefficients, , such that some or all of the transformed intermediate coefficients, , are exactly zero.

For example, finding a substitutionfor a cubic equation of degree ,such that substituting  yields a new equationsuch that , , or both.

More generally, it may be defined conveniently by means of field theory, as the transformation on minimal polynomials implied by a different choice of primitive element. This is the most general transformation of an irreducible polynomial that takes a root to some rational function applied to that root.
Frank Cali
Francesco Paolo Augusto "Frank" Cali (/ˈkɑːli/, Italian: [franˈtʃesko ˈpaːolo auˈɡusto kaˈli]; March 26, 1965 – March 13, 2019), also known as "Franky Boy", was an American mobster and the acting boss of the Gambino crime family of New York City at the time of his death. Law enforcement considered Cali to have been the Gambinos' "ambassador to Sicilian mobsters" and had linked him to the Inzerillo Mafia family from Palermo. According to Assistant U.S. Attorney Joseph Lipton, he was "seen as a man of influence and power by organized crime members in Italy." Cali was shot and killed outside his home in Staten Island on March 13, 2019, in connection with the killer's belief in the QAnon conspiracy theory.

Inzerillo Mafia clan
The Inzerillo Mafia clan (Italian pronunciation: [indzeˈrillo]) is a Sicilian Mafia clan, formerly among the most powerful in Sicily, that was considered the "aristocracy of Palermo's mafia" for at least half a century .

The Inzerillo family was associated with the former American Mafia boss Carlo Gambino and his family. In the modern era, the Inzerillo clan had been associated with John Gambino through heroin trafficking, and also has links to the deceased former Gambino family boss, Frank Cali.
Revenue stamps of Pakistan
Pakistan first issued revenue stamps when it became independent in 1947 and continues to issue revenues to this day. In addition to national issues, the provinces of Balochistan, North West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh, as well as Azad Jammu and Kashmir, West Pakistan and the capital Islamabad also have or had their own stamps.

Until 1947 Pakistan was part of India, and used Indian revenue stamps. A number of princely states which issued their own revenues also became part of Pakistan following independence, and therefore may also be considered as Pakistani forerunner issues. These include Bahawalpur and Las Bela. Prior to 1971, Pakistani national issues were used in both West Pakistan and East Pakistan. Later that year East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh, which issues its own revenues to this day.

Revenue stamps of India
India has been a heavy user of revenue stamps, both before and after independence. The first revenues were issued in the mid-nineteenth century and they are still being issued to this day. Apart from issues for the whole of India, many princely states, provinces and other states also had or still have their own revenue stamp issues.
Devil May Care (horse)
Devil May Care (May 7, 2007 – May 4, 2011) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse.

Out of the mare Kelli's Ransom, Devil May Care was sired by Malibu Moon, a son of the multiple Grade I winner, A.P. Indy. She was owned by Glencrest Farms and trained by Todd Pletcher

Devil May Care won the Grade I Frizette Stakes at two.  At three, she found her form again when she upset the favorite in the 2010 Bonnie Miss Stakes. Devil May Care was the only filly entered in the 2010 Kentucky Derby, going off at odds of 10:1.  She finished 10th behind the winner Super Saver.

The daughter of Malibu Moon returned on June 26, 2010, to win the Mother Goose Stakes in fine style, covering the 1 1/16 distance in a record time of 1:42.06. Devil May Care was euthanized on May 4, 2011 after a confirmed diagnosis of lymphosarcoma, a form of cancer.

Malibu Moon
Malibu Moon (February 23, 1997 – May 18, 2021) was a Thoroughbred stallion bred in Kentucky. Retired young to stud following a racing injury as a two-year-old, Malibu Moon thereafter sired multiple grade I stakes winners, two Eclipse Award winners, and was the sire of Orb, winner of the 2013 Kentucky Derby.