hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
2008 Red Square demonstration
The 2008 Red Square demonstration was a political demonstration that took place on August 24, 2008, at the Lobnoe Mesto in Moscow, Russia, in reference to the 1968 Red Square demonstration. The demonstration involved seven protesters unfurling a banner with the slogan For Your Freedom And Ours (Russian: За вашу и нашу свободу), before police arrived at the scene several minutes later. The police officers detained several protesters and spectators, and tried to destroy all record of the event.

1968 Red Square demonstration
The 1968 Red Square demonstration (Russian: Демонстра́ция 25 а́вгуста 1968 го́да) took place in Moscow on 25 August 1968. It was a protest by eight demonstrators against the invasion of Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968 by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, crushing the Prague Spring, the challenge to centralised planning and censorship by communist leader Alexander Dubček.

The protest took place at the Lobnoye Mesto (Place of Proclamation) on Red Square next to the Kremlin, to avoid any accusation of a violation of public order. It was a nonviolent, sit-down demonstration. However, all but one of the protestors were quickly and roughly arrested by police and plainclothes KGB men.
Bimbo Bakeries USA
Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbimbo]) is the American corporate arm of the Mexican multinational bakery product manufacturing company Grupo Bimbo. It is the largest bakery company in the United States. The subsidiary, headquartered in Horsham, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia, owns many fresh bread and sweet baked goods brands in the United States, including Arnold, Levy's, Ball Park, Colombo, Francisco, Oroweat, Entenmann's, Sara Lee, and Thomas'. It is also a top advertising sponsor for many major soccer teams around the globe.

Entenmann's
Entenmann's is a formerly American-owned company, now owned by the Mexican conglomerate Grupo Bimbo, that manufactures baked goods and delivers them throughout the US to supermarkets and other retailers for public sales. Often, they are known to have display cases at the end of store aisles. More than 100 different items carry the Entenmann's brand, including dessert, cup, loaf, and crumb cakes; donuts, cookies, pies, cereal bars, muffins, pastries, and other baked goods including buns. The company has added coffee flavors and scented candles to their product line.
Agricultural machinery
Agricultural machinery refers to mechanical devices, vehicles, and structures used in farming or other agriculture. There are many types of such equipment, from hand tools and power tools to tractors and the farm implements that they tow or operate. Machinery is used in both organic and nonorganic farming. Especially since the advent of mechanised agriculture, agricultural machinery is an indispensable part of how the world is fed.

Agricultural machinery can be regarded as part of wider agricultural automation technologies, which includes the more advanced digital equipment and agricultural robotics. While robots have the potential to automate the three key steps involved in any agricultural operation (diagnosis, decision-making and performing), conventional motorized machinery is used principally to automate only the performing step where diagnosis and decision-making are conducted by humans based on observations and experience.

Agricultural robot
An agricultural robot is a robot deployed for agricultural purposes. The main area of application of robots in agriculture today is at the harvesting stage. Emerging applications of robots or drones in agriculture include weed control, planting seeds, harvesting, environmental monitoring and soil analysis. According to Verified Market Research, the agricultural robots market is expected to reach $11.58 billion by 2025.
University of Missouri–Kansas City
The University of Missouri–Kansas City (UMKC or Kansas City) is a public research university in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. UMKC is part of the University of Missouri System and includes a medical school and a law school. For the 2023-2024 academic year, the university's enrollment was over 15,300 students. It is the largest university in the Kansas City metropolitan area and ranks among the top three by enrollment among all postsecondary institutions in the metro, including community colleges. It offers more than 125 degree programs over 12 academic units. UMKC now holds a Carnegie “R1: Very High Research Activity” designation, making it the only R1 university in Kansas City. UMKC is also home to the School of Dentistry, Missouri’s only public dental school.

University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine
The University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, established in 1971, is one of three medical schools located near downtown Kansas City and only one of two public medical schools in the state of Missouri. The school offers a traditional four-year M.D. program as well as an accelerated combined B.A./M.D. program based on a six-year curriculum. The school of medicine admits students into the program directly from high school, and graduates are able to earn a baccalaureate and a Doctor of Medicine degree (B.A./M.D.) from UMKC. The curriculum integrates the liberal arts, basic sciences, and clinical sciences with a team approach to learning. More than 4,000 physicians have graduated from the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, with the majority being in the six-year combined degree program.
Edward Lloyd (tenor)
Edward Lloyd (7 March 1845 – 31 March 1927) was a British tenor singer who excelled in concert and oratorio performance, and was recognised as a legitimate successor of John Sims Reeves as the foremost tenor exponent of that genre during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Sims Reeves
John Sims Reeves (21 October 1821 – 25 October 1900) was an English operatic, oratorio and ballad tenor vocalist during the mid-Victorian era.

Reeves began his singing career in 1838 but continued his vocal studies until 1847.  He soon established himself on the opera and concert stage and became known for his interpretation of ballads.  He continued singing through the 1880s and later taught and wrote about singing.
Dentist
A dentist, also known as a dental doctor, dental physician, dental surgeon, is a health care professional who specializes in dentistry, the branch of medicine focused on the teeth, gums, and mouth. The dentist's supporting team aids in providing oral health services. The dental team includes dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and sometimes dental therapists.

Dental assistant
Dental assistants  are members of the dental team. They support a dental operator (such as a dentist or other treating dental auxiliary) in providing more efficient dental treatment. Dental assistants are distinguished from other groups of dental auxiliaries (such as dental therapists, dental hygienists and dental technicians) by differing training, roles and patient scopes.
1991 Russian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) on 12 June 1991. This was the first ever Russian presidential election. The election was held roughly three months after Russians voted in favor of establishing a presidency and holding direct elections in a referendum held in March that year. The result was a victory for Boris Yeltsin, who received 58.6% of the vote.

Russian presidential elections
Russian presidential elections determine who will serve as the president of Russia for the next six (formerly four from 1996 to 2012 and five from 1991 to 1996) years.

Since the establishment of the position of the President of Russia in 1991, the presidential elections have taken place eight times: in 1991, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2018, and 2024. The next presidential election is scheduled for March 2030.
Nikephoros (Caesar)
Nikephoros (Greek: Νικηφόρος, romanized: Nikēphóros), also Latinized as Nicephorus, was the second son of Byzantine emperor Constantine V (reigned 741–775) and Caesar of the Byzantine Empire. He was engaged in a plot against his half-brother, Leo IV (r. 775–780), which cost Nikephoros his title, and was the focal point of numerous usurpation plots during the subsequent reigns of his nephew, Constantine VI (r. 780–797), and of Constantine's mother, Irene of Athens (r. 797–802). He was therefore blinded and exiled to a monastery for most of his life, probably dying in the island of Aphousia sometime after 812.

Leo IV the Khazar
Leo IV the Khazar (Greek: Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος, romanized: Léōn ho Khazaros; 25 January 750 – 8 September 780) was Byzantine emperor from 775 to 780 AD. He was born to Emperor Constantine V and Empress Tzitzak in 750. He was elevated to co-emperor in the next year, in 751, and married to Irene of Athens in 769. When Constantine V died in September 775, while campaigning against the Bulgars,  Leo IV became senior emperor. In 778 Leo raided Abbasid Syria, decisively defeating the Abbasid army outside of Germanikeia. Leo died on 8 September 780, of tuberculosis. He was succeeded by his underage son Constantine VI, with Irene serving as regent.
Saïda bint Mansur
Saïda bint Mansur (Arabic: سعيدة بنت منصور) (d. 18 October 1023), known as Umm Mallal and al-Sayyida (princess), was a Zirid princess and a regent of the Zirid dynasty for her nephew Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis between 1016 and 1023.

Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis
Al-Muʿizz ibn Bādīs (Arabic: المعز بن باديس; 19 January 1008 – 2 September 1062) was the fourth ruler of the Zirids in Ifriqiya, reigning from 1016 to 1062. His regent was his paternal aunt Saïda bint Mansur until he reached majority.
Lame Dog Hut
The Lame Dog Hut (Bulgarian: Куцото куче, romanized: Kutsoto Kuche, IPA: [ˈkut͡soto ˈkut͡ʃɛ]) is a building in St. Kliment Ohridski Base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.  Presently the oldest preserved building on the island, since October 2012 the hut has been hosting the Livingston Island Museum, a branch of the National Museum of History in Sofia. It was the first permanent building established by Bulgaria in Antarctica, which laid the foundations for Bulgaria's systematic scientific research in the Livingston Island area under the Antarctic Treaty System. The building is a designated Historic Site or Monument of Antarctica.

St. Kliment Ohridski Base
St. Kliment Ohridski Base (Bulgarian: База Св. Климент Охридски, romanized: Baza Sv. Kliment Ohridski, IPA: [ˈbazɐ svɛˈti ˈklimɛnt ˈɔxritski]) is a Bulgarian Antarctic base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.

The base, originally known as Sofia University Refuge or Hemus Base, was named in 1993 for medieval Bulgarian scholar St. Clement of Ohrid (840–916). The name is often shortened by non-Bulgarians to Ohridski Base, and sometimes misspelled as Ohridiski.
Investopedia
Investopedia is a global financial media website headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1999, Investopedia provides investment dictionaries, advice, reviews, ratings, and comparisons of financial products, such as securities accounts. It is part of the People Inc. family of brands owned by IAC.

People Inc.
People Inc. (formerly The Mining Company, About.com, Dotdash and Dotdash Meredith) is an American digital media company based in New York City. It publishes online articles and videos about various subjects across categories including health, home, food, finance, tech, beauty, lifestyle, travel, and education.
Coeymans Creek
Coeymans Creek is a 7.3-mile-long (11.7 km) tributary of the Hudson River in Albany County, New York in the United States.

The creek originates as the continuation of Onesquethaw Creek, which starts near Clarksville, in the Helderberg Mountains.

Onesquethaw Creek
Onesquethaw Creek is a 14.5-mile-long (23.3 km) creek in Albany County, New York. It is a tributary of the Hudson River. It rises in the town of New Scotland, to the west of the hamlet of New Salem, in the Helderberg Mountains, and flows to Coeymans Creek in the town of Bethlehem, southwest of Delmar.
Quiz (horse)
Quiz (1798–1826) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic St Leger Stakes in 1801. Quiz was a durable, top-class  performer, winning at least once a year in racing career which lasted seven seasons from August 1801 until April 1807. Apart from the St Leger he won many other important races including three Brocket Hall Gold Cups (beating the Derby winner Eleanor on the third occasion), two Oatlands Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse, a Great Subscription Purse at York, a King's Plate and the Jockey Club Plate (defeating the St Leger winner Cockfighter). In all he won twenty-one times in thirty-six races for four different owners before being retired to stud, one of which was Mr Hallett Esq, where he proved to be a successful sire of winners.

Eleanor (horse)
Eleanor (1798 – c. 1824) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse bred by Charles Bunbury and was the first female horse to win The Derby. Eleanor also won the 1801 Epsom Oaks among many other races before retiring from racing at age eight to become a broodmare for Bunbury. She produced the stallion Muley, which in turn sired the mare Marpessa (dam of Pocahontas and grandam of Stockwell) and the influential stallion Leviathan which was exported to the United States in the early nineteenth century. Through the produce of her daughter Active (the grandam of Woodburn), Eleanor is present in the pedigrees of 19th-century American Standardbred racehorses.
Obstruction of justice in the United States
In United States jurisdictions, obstruction of justice refers to a number of offenses that involve unduly influencing, impeding, or otherwise interfering with the justice system, especially the legal and procedural tasks of prosecutors, investigators, or other government officials. Common law jurisdictions other than the United States tend to use the wider offense of perverting the course of justice.

Obstruction is a broad crime that may include acts such as perjury, making false statements to officials, witness tampering, jury tampering, destruction of evidence, and many others. Obstruction also applies to overt coercion of court or government officials via the means of threats or actual physical harm, and to deliberate sedition against a court official to undermine the appearance of legitimate authority.

Witness tampering
Witness tampering is the act of attempting to improperly influence, alter or prevent the testimony of witnesses within criminal or civil proceedings.

Witness tampering and reprisals against witnesses in organized crime cases have been a difficulty faced by prosecutors; witness protection programs were one response to this problem.
Ballyfermot
Ballyfermot (Irish: Baile Formaid) is a suburb of Dublin, Ireland. It is located seven kilometres (4.3 miles) west of the city centre, south of Phoenix Park. It is bordered by Chapelizod on the north, by Bluebell on the south, by Inchicore and Kilmainham on the east, and by Palmerstown and Cherry Orchard on the west. The River Liffey lies to the north, and the Grand Canal, now a recreational waterway, lies to the south of Ballyfermot. Ballyfermot lies within the postal district Dublin 10.

Ballyfermot is also a civil parish in the historical barony of Uppercross.

Palmerstown
Palmerstown (Irish: Baile Phámar; officially Palmerston, see spelling) is a civil parish and suburb in western Dublin, Ireland on the banks of the River Liffey. It forms part of the South Dublin local authority and the Dublin Mid-West parliamentary constituency. The area is bordered to the north by the River Liffey and the Strawberry Beds, to the west by Lucan, to the south-west by Clondalkin, to the south by Ballyfermot and to the east by Chapelizod. Palmerstown village is situated near the Liffey Valley Shopping Centre. The area is near the junction of the M50 motorway and the N4 road. It lies approximately 7 km west of Dublin city centre. The Old Lucan Road, once the main western route out of the city, passes through the centre of Palmerstown village.
Die (manufacturing)
A die is a specialized machine tool used in manufacturing industries to cut and/or form material to a desired shape or profile. Stamping dies are used with a press, as opposed to drawing dies (used in the manufacture of wire) and casting dies (used in molding) which are not. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create.

Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology. Continuous-feed laser cutting may displace the analogous die-based process in the automotive industry, among others.

Machine press
A forming press, commonly shortened to press, is a machine tool that changes the shape of a work-piece by the application of pressure. The operator of a forming press is known as a press-tool setter, often shortened to tool-setter.

Presses can be classified according to

their mechanism: hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic;

their function: forging presses, stamping presses, press brakes,  punch press, etc.

their structure, e.g. Knuckle-joint press, screw press, Expeller press

their controllability: conventional vs. servo-presses
I. A. Richards
Ivor Armstrong Richards CH (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician. His work contributed to the foundations of New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained and self-referential æsthetic object.

Richards' intellectual contributions to the establishment of the literary methodology of New Criticism are presented in the books The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923), by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, Principles of Literary Criticism (1924), Practical Criticism (1929), and The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1936).

Charles Kay Ogden
Charles Kay Ogden (/ˈɒɡdən/; 1 June 1889 – 20 March 1957) was a British linguist, philosopher, and writer. Described as a polymath but also an eccentric and outsider, he took part in many ventures related to literature, politics, the arts, and philosophy, having a broad effect particularly as an editor, translator, and activist on behalf of a reformed version of the English language. He is typically defined as a linguistic psychologist, and is now mostly remembered as the inventor and propagator of Basic English.
Wulfsen horse burial
The Wulfsen horse burial (German: Pferdebestattung von Wulfsen)  is an early medieval horse burial, consisting of three horses, that was discovered in 1974 in a Saxon grave field in the village of Wulfsen, in the German district of Harburg. The find was rescued as a varnish profile, which is on display in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.

Horse burial
Horse burial is the practice of burying a horse as part of the ritual of human burial. The practice is found among many Indo-European speaking peoples; it is also found in other cultures, including Chinese and Turkic peoples. The act indicates the high value placed on horses in the particular cultures and provides evidence of the migration of peoples with a horse culture. Human burials that contain other livestock are rare; in Britain, for example, 31 horse burials have been discovered but only one cow burial, unique in Europe. This process of horse burial is part of a wider tradition of horse sacrifice. An associated ritual is that of chariot burial, in which an entire chariot, with or without a horse, is buried with a dead person.
Ice jacking
Ice jacking occurs when water permeates a confined space within a structural support or a geological formation, ultimately causing structural fracture when the water freezes and expands. The force from this expansion can damage shorelines, rock faces, and other natural environments. This has the potential to lead to property damage and environmental changes. Ice jacking most commonly refers to shoreline damage caused by lakes freezing, but it has also been applied to geologic engineering and rock erosion. When this occurs within rocks, it is called ice wedging. When this occurs within the soil, it is called frost heaving or ice heaving. It is similar in appearance to, but not to be confused with, ice shove, which is a pile-up of ice on a shoreline.

Frost weathering
Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. It is most pronounced in high-altitude and high-latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime, and polar climates, but may occur anywhere at sub-freezing temperatures (between −3 and −8 °C (27 and 18 °F)) if water is present.
Sollathaan Ninaikkiren
Sollathaan Ninaikkiren (transl. I Am Trying to Say...) is a 1973 Indian Tamil-language film, written and directed by K. Balachander. Starring S. V. Subbaiah, Sivakumar, Kamal Haasan, Jayachitra, Srividya, Shubha and Jayasudha, it is based on the novel Ilavu Kaatha Kili by Manian. The film was released on 7 December 1973. It was remade in Telugu as Ammayilu Jagratha. Balachander remade the film in Kannada as Sundara Swapnagalu.

Sundara Swapnagalu
Sundara Swapnagalu (transl. Sweet dreams) is a 1986 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by K. Balachander and written by Maniyan. The film featured Sridhar in the main role, along with Ramesh Aravind, making his on-screen debuts. Actress Tara, K. S. Ashwath and Vishwa Vijeth featured in the supporting roles. Produced by V. Natarajan of Kavithalaya Productions, the film had score and soundtrack were composed by Vijaya Bhaskar. The film was a remake of the director's own Tamil film Sollathaan Ninaikkiren.

This became the debut movie of Ramesh though he had shot first for another movie - Mouna Geethe which went on to be released shortly later. Ramesh earned acclaimed for reprising the role of Kamal Hassan in his debut movie itself. Impressed by his performance, Balachander went on to introduce Ramesh in both Tamil and Telugu - bringing a distinct trait of having been introduced in three different languages by the same director.
Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic
The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic (TFC) was the principle organizing document of Somalia. Written and approved in February 2004, it represented one of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs). The other TFIs included the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP), which was the legislative branch, and the Transitional Federal Government (TFG), the TFI's executive wing.

The TFC was distinct from the national constitution, which was distinguished as a separate document (Chapter 4, Article 11, Section 3(a)).

On 1 August 2012, an 825-member national constituent assembly approved a new provisional constitution by a landslide of 96% for the Federal Republic of Somalia.

Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia
The Transitional Federal Parliament of the Somali Republic (TFP) (Somali: Golaha Shacabka Federaalka Kumeelgaarka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya; often Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya) was the national parliament of Somalia from 2004 until 2012.

In a 2008 report called 'So Much to Fear' Human Rights Watch accused the Transitional Federal Government of human rights abuses and war crimes which include murder, rape, assault, and looting. The report also states that the TFG police force had also been implicated in arbitrary arrests of ordinary civilians in order to extort ransoms from their families. The TFP was succeeded by the Federal Parliament of Somalia.