hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Distance decay
Distance decay is a geographical term which describes the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions.  The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two locales declines as the distance between them increases. Once the distance is outside of the two locales' activity space, their interactions begin to decrease. It is thus an assertion that the mathematics of the inverse square law in physics can be applied to many geographic phenomena, and is one of the ways in which physics principles such as gravity are often applied metaphorically to geographic situations.

Inverse-square law
In physical science, an inverse-square law is any scientific law stating that the observed "intensity" of a specified physical quantity (being nothing more than the value of the physical quantity)  is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that physical quantity. The fundamental cause for this can be understood as geometric dilution corresponding to point-source radiation into three-dimensional space.

Radar energy expands during both the signal transmission and the reflected return, so the inverse square for both paths means that the radar will receive energy according to the inverse fourth power of the range.

To prevent dilution of energy while propagating a signal, certain methods can be used such as a waveguide, which acts like a canal does for water, or how a gun barrel restricts hot gas expansion to one dimension in order to prevent loss of energy transfer to a bullet.
Beaudesert Shire Tramway
The Beaudesert Shire Tramway was a narrow gauge tramway which operated from Beaudesert to Lamington and Rathdowney in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia, It was one of 15 light railways built and operated by Divisional Boards and Shire Councils in Queensland. The line carried passengers and cargo.  It operated from 1903 to 1944.  It was initially profitable and seen as a great success for the local shire council.  The tramway is credited with opening up the agricultural lands of the upper Logan River.

Rathdowney, Queensland
Rathdowney (historically also written as Rathdownie) is a rural town and locality in the Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, the locality of Rathdowney had a population of 320 people.
England at the Commonwealth Games
England is one of only six teams to have competed in every Commonwealth Games since the first Empire Games in 1930. The others are Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales.

The Commonwealth Games is the only major multi-sport event in which English athletes and teams compete as England, organised by Commonwealth Games England; at Olympic, Paralympic and European Games England participates as part of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, (along with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, 10 of the 13 British Overseas Territories and the three Crown Dependencies) through the British Olympic Association.

Commonwealth Games England
Commonwealth Games England (CGE) is the national Commonwealth Games Association for England. The company is responsible for supporting and managing the participation of Team England at the Commonwealth Games'.
Endless Wire (The Who album)
Endless Wire is the eleventh studio album by the English rock band the Who, released on 30 October 2006 in the UK through Polydor Records and the following day in the US by Universal Republic. It was their first new studio album of original material in 24 years following the release of It's Hard in 1982, as well as their first since the death of their founding bassist John Entwistle. It was originally due to be released in early 2005 under the working title WHO2.

Endless Wire received generally positive reviews from music critics. It debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard album chart and No. 9 in the UK. Portions of it were featured on The Who Tour 2006-2007. Most of the songs from this album were used in the rock musical adaptation of The Boy Who Heard Music which debuted in July 2007 as part of Vassar College's Powerhouse Summer Theater workshop series.

The Boy Who Heard Music
The Boy Who Heard Music is a rock opus that began life as an Internet novella written by musician and songwriter Pete Townshend. Townshend wrote in the foreword to the novella that he typically sketches out his opera in this way to lay out the plots and storylines, but in this case he published the material on an Internet blog site in 2005 and 2006, opening an interactive discussion with readers. The work was later released as a maxi-single and album by the Who and adapted as a rock opera.
Thomas J. Humes
Thomas Jefferson Humes (February 14, 1849 – November 9, 1904) was an American politician who served as the Mayor of Seattle from 1897 to 1904, as a member of the Republican Party. Prior to his mayoralty he served in the Kansas House of Representatives and the legislature of the Washington Territory.

Born in Clinton County, Indiana, Humes was educated in Keokuk County, Iowa, and studied law in Sigourney, Iowa. He practiced law in Washington County, Kansas, before being elected as the county's prosecuting attorney. After serving two terms in the state house he unsuccessfully ran for Kansas Attorney General and worked as an Assistant United States Attorney.

Moving to Washington in 1882, Humes served in the territorial legislature for one term. He worked as a lawyer before Governor Elisha P. Ferry appointed him as a judge in 1890. The Seattle City Council appointed him to replace Mayor W. D. Wood in 1897, and he won in the 1898, 1900, and 1902 elections.

W. D. Wood
William D. Wood (1858–1917) was the 23rd mayor of Seattle, appointed to fill the vacancy of Frank D. Black. He first announced his resignation to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush before asking for a leave of absence, which the Seattle city council denied. He subsequently forfeited his seat on October 18, 1897.
Rideau-Vanier Ward
Rideau-Vanier Ward is a ward in the city of Ottawa, designated as Ward 12 and represented on Ottawa City Council. It was originally created in 1994 as a Ward for the Regional Council of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton.

The ward covers the neighbourhoods of Lower Town, Sandy Hill and Vanier, and contains the University of Ottawa and the ByWard Market.

Prior to Ottawa's amalgamation in 2001, the ward covered the entire former city of Vanier as well as Ottawa's Bruyère-Strathcona Ward on regional council. Bruyère-Strathcona was created in 1994 from parts of By-Rideau Ward and St. George's Ward and was initially named Ward 5 until 1995 when it was given the Bruyère-Strathcona name.

By-St. George's Ward covered this area (not including Vanier, which was a separate city) from 1972 to 1980. By-St. George's was created from the merging of By Ward and St. George's Ward, and was abolished when it was split into St. George's Ward and By-Rideau Ward in 1980.

St. George's Ward
St. George's Ward (also known as St. George Ward) was one of the original five wards of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada created in 1855. out of parts of East Ward and Centre Ward, which existed in Bytown. It existed until 1972 when it merged with By Ward to become By-St. George's Ward. It was recreated in 1980, until it was abolished for a final time in 1994, when it merged with part of By-Rideau Ward to form Bruyère-Strathcona Ward.

For much of its history, St. George's consisted of Ottawa's Sandy Hill neighbourhood. Its second incarnation also consisted of Old Ottawa East.
HMS Ajax (1798)
HMS Ajax was an Ajax-class 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the British Royal Navy. She was built by John Randall & Co of Rotherhithe and launched on the Thames on 3 March 1798. Ajax participated in the Egyptian operation of 1801, the Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1805 and the Battle of Trafalgar, before she was lost to a disastrous fire in 1807 just prior the Dardanelles operation.

Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)
In the Battle of Cape Finisterre (22 July 1805) off Galicia, Spain, the British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder fought an indecisive naval battle against the combined Franco-Spanish fleet which was returning from the West Indies. In the ensuing battle the British captured two Spanish ships of the line, but failed to prevent the joining of French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve's fleet to the squadron of Ferrol and to strike the shattering blow that would have freed Great Britain from the danger of an invasion. Calder was later court-martialled and severely reprimanded for his failure and for avoiding the renewal of the engagement on 23 and 24 July. At the same time, in the aftermath Villeneuve elected not to continue on to Brest, where his fleet could have joined with other French ships to clear the English Channel for an invasion of Great Britain.
Ivan Frankopan Cetinski
Ivan IX Frankopan Cetinski (English: John IX Frankopan of Cetin) was a Croatian nobleman. A member of Cetin branch of the Frankopan noble family and a grandson of Ivan VI (Anž) Frankopan, Cetinski was the knez (prince) of Cetin Castle.

Cetinski was one of the commanders of Croatian forces in the Battle of Krbava field, in which he died. His son, Franjo Frankopan, became archbishop of Kalocsa.

Cetin Castle
The fortress of Cetin is situated 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Cetingrad above the village of Podcetin, in Croatia. The castle and its immediate surrounding represent a monument of great value for Croatian national history because on this place in 1527 Croatian nobility elected Ferdinand I Habsburg a king of Croatia. From that moment on, Croatia remained a part of Habsburg Monarchy until the end of World War I.
Tidewater Building
34°03′44″N 118°19′09″W﻿ / ﻿34.062099°N 118.319250°W﻿ / 34.062099; -118.319250The Tidewater Building is a six-storey office in Los Angeles, California. The building was constructed as the headquarters of the Tidewater Oil Company following its takeover by J. Paul Getty, and was built on the site of the former William O. Jenkins House, which Getty had purchased in 1937. The building's architect was Claud Beelman. It was planned to include 13 storeys, however, only six were constructed. In 1966, Tidewater sold the building to Phillips Petroleum, at which point it became known as the Phillips Building. Phillips kept the building only for three years and sold it in 1969 to Harbor Insurance, a subsidiary of Unionamerica, Inc., the holding company of the Union Bank & Trust Company. Since 1969, the building has been known as the Harbor Building.

William O. Jenkins House
The William O. Jenkins House— also known as the "Phantom House", the J. Paul Getty mansion and 641 South Irving Boulevard — was a Mediterranean-style property in Los Angeles, California, built for businessman William O. Jenkins (reputedly the "richest man in Mexico") in 1922 and '23. Although razed in 1957, it lives on in movie memory owing to its use in location shooting for two celebrated Hollywood films — Sunset Boulevard (1950) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955). The house was demolished in 1957 to make way for the new Tidewater Building.
Warwickshire County Council
Warwickshire County Council is the county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Warwickshire in England. Its headquarters are at Shire Hall in the centre of Warwick, the county town. The council's principal functions are county roads and rights of way, social services, education and libraries, but it also provides numerous other local government services in its area. The council has been under no overall control since the 2025 election, being run by a Reform UK minority administration.

2025 Warwickshire County Council election
The 2025 Warwickshire County Council election took place on 1 May 2025 to elect members to Warwickshire County Council in Warwickshire, England. All 57 seats were elected. The election took place on the same day as other local elections in England. The council was under Conservative majority control prior to the election. The election saw the council go under no overall control, with Reform UK becoming the largest party.
Matthias Flacius
Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Latin; Croatian: Matija Vlačić Ilirik) or Francovich (Croatian: Franković) (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present-day Croatia. He was notable as a theologian, sometimes dissenting strongly with his fellow Lutherans, and as a scholar for his editorial work on the Magdeburg Centuries.

Magdeburg Centuries
The Magdeburg Centuries is an ecclesiastical history, divided into thirteen centuries, covering thirteen hundred years, ending in 1298; it was first published from 1559 to 1574. It was compiled by several Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg, known as the Centuriators of Magdeburg. The chief of the Centuriators was Matthias Flacius. Lutheran theologian Werner Elert argued that due to its revolutionary critical method of presenting history, it is the basis of all modern church history. It is said that Baronius undertook his Annales Ecclesiastici purely to oppose the Magdeburg Centuriators.
Jerónimo Amione
Jerónimo Arturo Amione Cevallos (born 31 March 1990) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a forward.

Born in Mexico, Amione is Lebanese from his father's side, and Mexican from his mother's side. He represented Mexico at youth level at the 2011 Pan American Games, winning the tournament. Amione obtained Lebanese citizenship in 2017; however, FIFA didn't consider him eligible for the national team as he had already represented Mexico competitively prior to becoming Lebanese.

Football at the 2011 Pan American Games – Men's tournament
The men's association football tournament at the 2011 Pan American Games was held in Guadalajara, Mexico at the Estadio Omnilife from 19 to 28 October 2011. Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to send their men's U-22 national teams, with 3 no-age-limit players per team allowed. Ecuador were the defending champions from the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, defeating Jamaica 2–1, but they were eliminated during the group stage.

For these Games, the men competed in an eight-team tournament, which is a drop from 12 at the 2007 games. Preliminary matches commenced on 19 October. The teams were grouped into two pools of four teams each for a round-robin preliminary round. The top two teams in each pool advanced to a four-team single-elimination bracket.

Mexico won the gold medal for the fourth time in this competition, defeating six-time gold-medalists Argentina in the tournament's final. Uruguay took the bronze medal.
Sousa Archives and Center for American Music
The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music (SACAM) documents American music through historical artifacts and archival records in multiple formats. The center is part of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign's library system and the University of Illinois School of Music.

Among the center's important collections are archives of John Philip Sousa, Albert Austin Harding (Illinois' first band-master), Herbert L. Clarke and the University of Illinois Bands. The center is devoted to collection and preservation, public access, exhibitions, publications, and scholarship.

The center is located in the Harding Band Building on the campus of the University of Illinois. It operates as a museum, with annual rotating exhibits on themes such as Baseball and Music, Women and Music, Technology and Music, and events during the annual November Music Month in Champaign-Urbana. All collections are accessible to the public and are regularly used in exhibit displays and public programming.

Marching Illini
The Marching Illini is the marching band of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. The Marching Illini is an organization which annually includes approximately 400 students enrolled in the University of Illinois, and Parkland College. It was founded in 1868 and primarily performs at Illini football games as well as other events around campus.

The band is a part of the College of Fine and Applied Arts and Illini Athletics, and has diverse member participation from most colleges, disciplines and majors on the university's campus.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to specific parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used to find specific features in DNA for genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification.

FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it helps define the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues.

Fluorescence microscope
A fluorescence microscope is an optical microscope that uses fluorescence instead of, or in addition to, scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption, to study the properties of organic or inorganic substances.  A fluorescence microscope is any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image, whether it is a simple setup like an epifluorescence microscope or a more complicated design such as a confocal microscope, which uses optical sectioning to get better resolution of the fluorescence image.
Hoàng Tụy
Hoàng Tụy (7 December 1927 – 14 July 2019) was a prominent Vietnamese applied mathematician. He was considered one of two founders of the mathematical institutions of Vietnam; the other was Lê Văn Thiêm.

Lê Văn Thiêm
Lê Văn Thiêm (29 March 1918 – 3 July 1991) was a Vietnamese scientist. Together with Hoàng Tụy, he is considered the father of Vietnam Mathematics society. He was the first director of the Vietnam Institute of Mathematics, and the first Headmaster of Hanoi National University of Education and Hanoi University of Science.
Toyota Corolla Verso
The Toyota Corolla Verso is a car produced by the Japanese carmaker Toyota between 2001 and 2010. A compact MPV, the first-generation Corolla Verso sold in Toyota Motor Europe was a rebadged Japanese domestic market second-generation Corolla Spacio (E120), which was first released in Japan in May 2001. The second-generation model became a separate model in March 2004, based on the second-generation Avensis (T250), until production ceased in February 2010, and production of its replacement, the Verso, began.

Although the design of the car is based on the Verso's namesake, the Corolla, the second-generation model does not share a platform with the Corolla, instead being built on a separate unique platform.

Toyota Motor Europe
Toyota Motor Europe (TME) is a subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation, overseeing operations across Europe and Western Asia, including Turkey, Russia, Israel, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. TME’s activities encompass research and development, manufacturing, sales, marketing, after-sales, and various corporate functions. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, TME commenced operations in 1963.
No2EU
No2EU is a left-wing Eurosceptic electoral alliance in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 2009 when it campaigned under the campaign slogan No2EU — Yes to Democracy; it was led by Bob Crow and backed by the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT), who provided most of its funding, the Communist Party of Britain and Solidarity among others. It participated in the 2009 European Parliament elections and the European elections in 2014 with the party name "No2EU" and the campaign slogan No2EU — Yes to Workers' Rights.

The organisation is now known as Trade Unionists Against the EU.

Solidarity (Scotland)
Solidarity – Scotland's Socialist Movement was a political party in Scotland.  The party launched on 3 September 2006, founded by two former Scottish Socialist Party MSPs, Tommy Sheridan and Rosemary Byrne, in the aftermath of Sheridan's libel action.

On 23 December 2010, Sheridan was convicted of perjury during the 2006 defamation action, and sentenced to three years imprisonment on 26 January 2011. Solidarity performed poorly in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, achieving only 2,837 votes or 0.14% of the overall regional list vote.

Solidarity formally ended its existence as a political party in December 2021, giving its support to the Alba Party instead.
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (BCP) is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of Dorset, England. It was created in 2019 and covers much of the area of the South East Dorset conurbation, including the towns of Bournemouth, Poole and Christchurch.

South East Dorset conurbation
The South East Dorset conurbation (also known as the South Dorset conurbation, Poole-Bournemouth urban area and Bournemouth urban area) is a multi-centred conurbation on the south coast of Dorset in England.
Lakså, Fauske
Lakså (Norwegian) or Láksoavvo (Lule Sami) is a small village in Fauske Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village has no permanent residents anymore due to its lack of a road connection. Many of the existing homes in the village are now used as holiday cottages. It is located in a valley on the north shore of the lake Øvervatnet (lit. 'Upper Lake'), about 17 kilometres (11 mi) east of the town of Fauske. There were two farms in the valley: Lakså on the shore of Lakså Bay (Norwegian: Laksåbukta) and Nordal (or Norddal) somewhat further up the valley.

Fauske Municipality
Fauskeⓘ (Norwegian) or Fuossko (Lule Sami) is a municipality located in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Salten. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Fauske. Some of the villages in Fauske include Nystad, Venset, Straumsnes, Sjønstå, Valnesfjord, Finneid, and Sulitjelma.

The municipality borders Sweden in the east, Sørfold Municipality to the north, Bodø Municipality to the west, and Saltdal Municipality to the southeast. The town is located on the northern shore of Skjerstad Fjord.

The 1,197-square-kilometre (462 sq mi) municipality is the 90th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Fauske Municipality is the 116th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,827. The municipality's population density is 8.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (21/sq mi) and its population has increased by 2.8% over the previous 10-year period.
Zis
Zis (Messapic: 𐌆𐌉𐌔) is a sky and lightning god in Messapian religion, occupying the most prominent role. The theonym is the equivalent and cognate of Albanian Zojz and Greek Zeus, all from Proto-Indo-European *Di̯ḗu̯s 'sky god'. Zis appears in several votive inscriptions in the Messapic alphabet from Salento in Southern Italy.

*Dyēus
*Dyḗus (lit. 'daylight'), also *Dyḗus ph₂tḗr (lit. 'father daylight'), is the reconstructed name of the daylight-sky god in Proto-Indo-European mythology. *Dyēus was conceived as a divine personification of the bright sky of the day and the seat of the gods, the *deywṓs. Associated with the vast diurnal sky and with the fertile rains, *Dyēus was often paired with *Dʰéǵʰōm, the Earth Mother, in a relationship of union and contrast.

While its existence is not directly attested by archaeological or written materials, *Dyēus is considered by scholars the most securely reconstructed deity of the Indo-European pantheon, as identical formulas referring to him can be found among the subsequent Indo-European languages and myths of the Vedic Indo-Aryans, Latins, Greeks, Phrygians, Messapians, Thracians, Illyrians, Albanians and Hittites.