hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Haverstraw, New York
Haverstraw (English pronunciation: /ˈhæːvəɹstɹɔː/ ⓘ) is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River. The town runs from the west to the east border of the county in its northern section. The population was 39,087 at the 2020 census.

The name comes from the Dutch word Haverstroo meaning "oats straw", referring to the grasslands along the river. The town contains three villages, one of which is also known as Haverstraw. Haverstraw village is the original seat of government for the town, hosting the area's historic central downtown business district and the densest population in northern Rockland County.

Clarkstown, New York
Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855. The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility. New City makes up about 41.47% of the town's population.
Castle series stamps
The Castle series or Castle High Value series are two definitive stamp series issued in the United Kingdom during Queen Elizabeth II's reign. The common aspects of the two series are the four chosen castles, one for each country of the United Kingdom.

The first series, designed by Lynton Lamb was issued in September 1955. The second, created from pictures taken by Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Queen's second son, was issued in October 1988.

The stamps bore the highest denominations completing the Wilding and Machin definitive series. Each Castle series was replaced by Machin stamps, respectively in 1969 and 1999.

Wilding series
The Wildings were a series of definitive postage and revenue stamps featuring the Dorothy Wilding photographic portrait of Queen Elizabeth II that were in use from December 1952 (they were the first UK stamps issued during her reign) until decimalisation in 1971. The Wildings were the first and only British stamps to feature graphite lines on the back, and the first to feature phosphor bands on the face – both aids to automation. The stamps were also the first British pictorial high value stamps and the first to include regional emblems.
Sparkie Williams
Sparkie Williams (1954–1962) was a talking budgie who had a repertoire of more than 500 words and eight nursery rhymes, becoming a national celebrity in the United Kingdom after fronting an advertising campaign for Capern's bird seed, and making a record which sold 20,000 copies. After he died, he was stuffed and put on show at Newcastle's Hancock Museum. Sparkie provided the inspiration for an opera by Michael Nyman and Carsten Nicolai. The opera was performed in Berlin in March 2009.

Talking bird
Talking birds are birds that can mimic the speech of humans. There is debate within the scientific community over whether some talking parrots also have some cognitive understanding of the language. Birds have varying degrees of talking ability: some, like the corvids, are able to mimic only a few words and phrases, while some budgerigars have been observed to have a vocabulary of almost 2,000 words. The common hill myna, a common pet, is well known for its talking ability and its relative, the common starling, is also adept at mimicry. Wild cockatoos in Australia have been reported to have learned human speech by cultural transmission from ex-captive birds that have integrated into the flock.

The earliest reference to a talking bird comes from Ctesias in the 5th century BC. The bird, which he called Bittacus, may have been a plum-headed parakeet.
FET amplifier
An FET amplifier is an amplifier that uses one or more field-effect transistors (FETs). The most common type of FET amplifier is the MOSFET amplifier, which uses metal–oxide–semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs). The main advantage of a FET used for amplification is that it has very high input impedance and low output impedance.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.
Mammoth Cave Parkway
The Mammoth Cave Parkway is a major roadway located in the Mammoth Cave National Park in west-central Kentucky. It encompasses parts of Kentucky Routes 70 and 255 within the park in northwestern Barren and eastern Edmonson Counties. It closely follows the Mammoth Cave Railroad Bike & Hike Trail.

Kentucky Route 255
Kentucky Route 255 (KY 255) is a 16.977-mile-long (27.322 km) south-north state highway located in south central Kentucky. It provides access to Interstate 65 and Mammoth Cave National park to residents of southern Barren County.
Texas State Highway 46
State Highway 46 (SH 46)  is a 71.8-mile (115.6 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Texas that runs from SH 16 east of Bandera to the intersection of SH 123 and SH 123 Business just south of Seguin.

Texas State Highway 123
State Highway 123 (SH 123) is a north–south state highway in Texas, United States, that connects U.S Route 181 (US 181) in Karnes City with Interstate 35 (I-35) in San Marcos. The route was initially proposed in 1927 and has had minimal changes to its routing since then.
U.S. Route 11E
U.S. Route 11E (US 11E) is a divided highway of US 11 in the U.S. states of Tennessee and Virginia. The United States Numbered Highway, which is complemented by US 11W to the north and west, runs 120.94 miles (194.63 km) from US 11, US 11W, and US 70 in Knoxville, Tennessee, north and east to US 11, US 11W, US 19, and US 421 in Bristol, Virginia. US 11E connects Knoxville and the twin cities of Bristol, Virginia, and Bristol, Tennessee, with the East Tennessee communities of Morristown, Greeneville, and Johnson City. The U.S. Highway runs concurrently with US 70 and US 25W east of Knoxville, US 321 from Greeneville and Johnson City, and both US 19W and US 19 between Johnson City and Bristol. US 11E also has an unsigned concurrency with State Route 34 (SR 34) for almost all of its course in Tennessee.

Tennessee State Route 34
State Route 34 (SR 34) is an unsigned state highway located in East Tennessee. The 155.7-mile-long (250.6 km) route traverses several cities through eight counties from the Knoxville area to the North Carolina state line via Greeneville and Bristol. The portion from Carter to Bristol is concurrent with U.S. Route 11E (US 11E) while the portion from Bristol to North Carolina is concurrent with US 421.
2025 RFL Women's Championship
The 2025 RFL Women's Championship was the ninth season of the RFL Women's Championship and the second since its restructure and expansion to include teams from across the country. The 2025 competition saw the expansion of all three regional leagues and saw Cardiff Demons and London Broncos transferred to the Northern Championship from the Southern Champioinship.

The winner of the Northern Championship was expected to take part in a promotion play-off against the bottom team of the 2025 RFL Women's Super League. This was scheduled to be played on 5 October, however, a month earlier it was cancelled due to Warrington Wolves being unable to fulfil their remaining fixtures. Therefore, the winner of the Northern Championship earns promotion to the 2026 Super League subject to meeting the competition minimum standards. Featherstone Rovers defeated London Broncos 20–10 in the final of the Northern Championship.

2025 RFL Women's Super League
The 2025 RFL Women's Super League (also known as the Betfred Women's Super League for sponsorship reasons) was the ninth season of the Women's Super League, for female players in clubs affiliated to the Rugby Football League (RFL).

The regular season featured 14 rounds commencing on 16 May with the opening fixture between the 2024 champions, York Valkyrie, and Wigan Warriors, and concluded on 14 September.

The club finishing bottom was expected to play-off against the winners of the 2025 RFL Women's Championship, for a place in the 2026 RFL Women's Super League. Due to Warrington's withdrawal from the league on 5 September, this game was cancelled and Championship winners were promoted automatically. 
 Warrington were later docked 9 points for failing to fulfil four of their fixtures.

Wigan Warriors defeated St Helens 16–12 in the Grand Final which saw a new record attendance of 5,018 for a women's grand final, to complete the treble, and their first grand final win since 2018.
Drakes Bay Oyster Company
Drakes Bay Oyster Company was an oyster farm and restaurant formerly located at the shoreline and in Drakes Estero at 38°04'57.3"N 122°55'55.0"W, a bay within Point Reyes National Seashore, on the West Marin coast of Marin County, in Northern California, United States. In 2011, the lease for the business operation was not renewed at the direction of the United States Secretary of the Interior. After a two-year court battle, the business was terminated in December 2014, and Drakes Estero was cleared of the offshore racks and onshore structures, with the work completed in 2017.

Point Reyes National Seashore
Point Reyes National Seashore is a 71,028-acre (287.44 km2) park preserve located on the Point Reyes Peninsula in Marin County, California. As a national seashore, it is maintained by the US National Park Service as an important nature preserve. No other park in the world hosts breeding hoofed megafauna (elk) and marine megafauna (elephant and other seals). Some existing agricultural uses are allowed to continue within the park. Clem Miller, a US Congressman from Marin County, wrote and introduced the bill for the establishment of Point Reyes National Seashore in 1962 to protect the peninsula from development which was proposed at the time for the slopes above Drake's Bay. About half of the national seashore is protected as wilderness.
Video super-resolution
Video super-resolution (VSR) is the process of generating high-resolution video frames from the given low-resolution video frames. Unlike single-image super-resolution (SISR), the main goal is not only to restore more fine details while saving coarse ones, but also to preserve motion consistency.

There are many approaches for this task, but this problem still remains to be popular and challenging.

Super-resolution imaging
Super-resolution imaging (SR) is a class of techniques that improve the resolution of an imaging system. In optical SR the diffraction limit of systems is transcended, while in geometrical SR the resolution of digital imaging sensors is enhanced.

In some radar and sonar imaging applications (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-resolution computed tomography), subspace decomposition-based methods (e.g. MUSIC) and compressed sensing-based algorithms (e.g., SAMV) are employed to achieve SR over standard periodogram algorithm.

Super-resolution imaging techniques are used in general image processing and in super-resolution microscopy.
Node influence metric
In graph theory and network analysis, node influence metrics are measures that rank or quantify the influence of every node (also called vertex) within a graph. They are related to  centrality indices. Applications include measuring the influence of each person in a social network, understanding the role of infrastructure nodes in transportation networks, the Internet, or urban networks, and the participation of a given node in disease dynamics.

Centrality
In graph theory and network analysis, indicators of centrality assign numbers or rankings to nodes within a graph corresponding to their network position. Applications include identifying the most influential person(s) in a social network, key infrastructure nodes in the Internet or urban networks, super-spreaders of disease, and brain networks. Centrality concepts were first developed in social network analysis, and many of the terms used to measure centrality reflect their sociological origin. Over time, the concept has expanded substantially, leading to the development of hundreds of distinct centrality measures, the most comprehensive listing of which is documented in the CentralityZoo online catalogue.
Civil Service Faithful Service Medal
The Civil Service Faithful Service Medal (Treudienst-Ehrenzeichen für Beamte Angestellte und Arbeiter im öffentlichen Dienst) was a Nazi German medal of honour instituted on the 30th January 1938, in two grades (the first subdivided) and a special class Employee and Worker Faithful Service Medal to reward civilians for long and faithful service.

Employee and Worker Faithful Service Medal
The Employee and Worker Faithful Service Medal (German: Treudienst-Ehrenzeichen fur Angestellte und Arbeiter der freien Wirtschaft) was founded on January 30, 1938, as a special class to the Civil Service Faithful Service Medal to reward long and faithful service of employees of private firms who worked for the same concern for a period of 50 years or more. 
The medal is a silver cross with a gold wreath and a gold 50 at the top arm of the cross. The reverse has  "Für Treue Arbeit"  (For Faithful Work) stamped on it.

The ribbon for the medal is cornflower blue.

There is some debate in the collector community whether this medal was ever awarded or not.
Grendel
Grendel is a character in the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf (700–1000 AD). He is one of the poem's three antagonists (along with his mother and the dragon), all aligned in opposition against the protagonist Beowulf. He is referred to as both an eoten and a þyrs, types of beings from wider Germanic mythology. He is also described as a descendant of the Biblical Cain and "a creature of darkness, exiled from happiness and accursed of God, the destroyer and devourer of our human kind." He is usually depicted as a monster or a giant, although his status as a monster, giant, or other form of supernatural being is not clearly described in the poem and thus remains the subject of scholarly debate. The character of Grendel and his role in the story of Beowulf have been subject to numerous reinterpretations and re-imaginings. Grendel is feared by all in Heorot but Beowulf, who kills both him and his mother.

Grendel's mother
Grendel's mother (Old English: Grendles mōdor) or Mrs. Grendel is one of three antagonists in the anonymous Old English poem Beowulf (c. 700–1000 AD), the other two being Grendel himself and the dragon. Each antagonist reflects different negative aspects of both the hero Beowulf and the heroic society in which the poem is set. Grendel's mother is introduced in lines 1258b to 1259a as: "Grendles modor/ides, aglæcwif".

Grendel's mother, who is never given a name in the text, is the subject of an ongoing controversy among medieval scholars. This controversy is due to the ambiguity of a few words in Old English which appear in the original Beowulf manuscript. While there is agreement over the word "modor" (mother), the phrase "ides, aglæcwif" is the subject of scholarly debate.
Yellow River (Chippewa River tributary)
The Yellow River in north central Wisconsin is a tributary of the Chippewa River.  For the most part it is a mud and rock-bottomed river flowing through forest and farmland.  It is one of four distinct rivers in the state bearing the name Yellow River.

Chippewa River (Wisconsin)
The Chippewa River of northwest Wisconsin flows over 200 miles, starting about forty miles from Lake Superior and running southwest to the Mississippi River below Pepin. A half dozen dams along its course produce electricity. The man-made lakes above those dams support boating and cottages. Fishermen, canoeists, kayakers and sightseers enjoy all parts the river.

Long ago, Native Americans traveled and fished the Chippewa. In the late 1800s, when there were no roads or railroads in northern Wisconsin, lumbermen used the river and its tributaries to transport huge amounts of pine timber from the forests of northern Wisconsin to sawmills downstream and to lumber markets far down the Mississippi.
Skew-symmetric graph
In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a skew-symmetric graph is a directed graph that is isomorphic to its own transpose graph, the graph formed by reversing all of its edges, under an isomorphism that is an involution without any fixed points.  Skew-symmetric graphs are identical to the double covering graphs of bidirected graphs.

Skew-symmetric graphs were first introduced under the name of antisymmetrical digraphs by Tutte (1967), later as the double covering graphs of polar graphs by Zelinka (1976b), and still later as the double covering graphs of bidirected graphs by Zaslavsky (1991). They arise in modeling the search for alternating paths and alternating cycles in algorithms for finding matchings in graphs, in testing whether a still life pattern in Conway's Game of Life may be partitioned into simpler components, in graph drawing, and in the implication graphs used to efficiently solve the 2-satisfiability problem.

Implication graph
In mathematical logic and graph theory, an implication graph is a skew-symmetric, directed graph G = (V, E) composed of vertex set V and directed edge set E. Each vertex in V represents the truth status of a Boolean literal, and each directed edge from vertex u to vertex v represents the material implication "If the literal u is true then the literal v is also true". Implication graphs were originally used for analyzing complex Boolean expressions.
AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup
The AVC Men's Volleyball Nations Cup (previously known as the AVC Men's Challenge Cup), is an annual international volleyball competition in Asia and Oceania contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC), one of the sport's continent governing body.

From 2023 to 2024, the winner will qualify for the FIVB Challenger Cup.

This event should not be confused with the other, more prestigious continental competition for Asian national volleyball teams, the Asian Volleyball Championship and the Asian Volleyball Cup.

The five AVC Men's Nations Cup tournaments has been won by five different national teams. Bahrain, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Qatar and Thailand have won once each.

Asian Men's Volleyball Cup
The Asian Men's Volleyball Cup, also known as the AVC Cup for Men, was an international volleyball competition in Asia and Oceania contested by the top senior men's national teams of the members of Asian Volleyball Confederation, the sport's continent governing body. The tournaments have been awarded every two years since 2008. The champion is China, which won its second title at the 2022 tournament.

The 7 Asian Volleyball Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams. Iran have won three times. The other Asian Cup winners are China, with two titles; and both South Korea and Qatar, with one title each.

The 2022 Asian Cup was to take place in Taipei, Taiwan, but because of its strict COVID-19 protocols, it was reallocated to Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.

This event should not be confused with the other, continental competition for Asian national volleyball teams, the Asian Volleyball Championship and Asian Volleyball Challenge Cup.
Antonov An-30
The Antonov An-30 (NATO reporting name: Clank, nicknamed Nastia in the USSR), is a variant of the An-24 designed for aerial cartography developed in the Soviet Union. It is the second member of the Antonov An-24 family, succeeding the An-24, while preceding the An-26, An-32 and cancelled An-132.

Antonov An-32
The Antonov An-32 (NATO reporting name: Cline) is a turboprop twin-engined military transport aircraft. Its first flight was in July 1976 and was displayed at the 1977 Paris Air Show. A variant of the An-24, it was given upgraded equipment and more powerful Ivchenko AI-20 engines, and is oriented towards flying in adverse weather conditions. The aircraft was produced from 1980 to 2012, and remains in service. It is the fourth member of the Antonov An-24 family, succeeding the An-24, An-30 and An-26, and coming before the cancelled An-132.
Tabard Theatre
The Tabard Theatre is a small 96-seat theatre in Chiswick in the London Borough of Hounslow. Close to Turnham Green Underground station, it is situated above the Tabard public house on Bath Road. The Tabard Theatre was licensed and opened for theatre use in 1985. It was renamed as the Chiswick Playhouse in 2019, but closed in March 2022. It reopened as the Tabard in September 2022.

The Tabard, Chiswick
The block of three buildings containing The Tabard public house (formerly the Tabard Inn) is a Grade II* listed structure in  Chiswick, London. The block, with a row of seven gables in its roof, was designed by Norman Shaw in 1880 as part of the community focus of the Bedford Park garden suburb. The block contains the Bedford Park Stores, once a co-operative, and a house for the manager.

The first floor of the pub building is host to the Tabard Theatre.

The block was most likely inspired by Holborn's 1585 Staple Inn, which similarly has a row of seven gables; a further inspiration is the 15th century Sparrowe's House, Ipswich, which has strongly projecting bays, gables, and a cornice above a row of shop windows.
WBOW (1230 AM)
WBOW was a radio station on 1230 AM in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States, which broadcast between 1927 and 2001.

In the early 1990s, WBOW's intellectual property moved to a new 640 AM facility. The 1230 AM facility then became WBFX, WZZQ and WBUZ, closing down when its licensee, Contemporary Media, Inc., had all of its licenses cancelled in response to a Federal Communications Commission investigation.

WBOW (640 AM)
WBOW was a radio station on 640 AM in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States, which broadcast between 1993 and 2001.

It was created by the relocation of the intellectual property of WBOW (1230 AM) to a new license on 640 kHz. The station shut down when its licensee, Contemporary Media, Inc., had all of its licenses cancelled in response to a Federal Communications Commission investigation.
Indian Territorial Force
The Indian Territorial Force (ITF) was a part-time, paid volunteer military organisation within the British Indian Army, with recruits from British India. Its units were made up of European officers and Indian other ranks. It was formed in 1920, along with the Auxiliary Force, India (AFI), replacing the Indian Defence Force (IDF).

Auxiliary Force (India)
The Auxiliary Force (India) (AFI) was a part-time, paid volunteer military organisation within the British Indian Army, with recruits from British India. Its units were entirely made up of European and Anglo-Indian personnel. The AFI was formed in 1920, along with the Indian Territorial Force (ITF), replacing the Indian Defence Force (IDF).