hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Abdul Qadir (Afghan communist)
Colonel General Abdul Qadir Dagarwal (Pashto: عبدالقادر ډگروال Dari: عبد القادر دگروال, 1944 – 22 April 2014), commonly known as Abdul Qadir, was an Afghan military officer and politician. He was a participant of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état that created the Republic of Afghanistan under President Mohammad Daoud Khan, and later directed the Afghan Air Force and Army Air Corps squadrons that attacked the Radio-TV station during the Saur Revolution.

He served as the acting head of state for three days when the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) took power and declared the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, before handing over power to PDPA leader Noor Mohammad Taraki. He later served two terms as Minister of Defense, the first as part of the Taraki government from April to August 1978, and the latter as part of the Babrak Karmal government from 1982 to 1986.

Qadir's second term took place during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)
The Ministry of Defense is the cabinet ministry of Afghanistan responsible for overseeing the Afghan Armed Forces (currently referred to as the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces). The ministry is located in Kabul.
Julia Carpenter
Julia Carpenter is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jim Shooter and Mike Zeck, the character first appeared in Secret Wars #6 (October 1984). Julia Carpenter was known as the second Spider-Woman, later as the second Arachne, and then as the second Madame Web.

Julia Carpenter as Spider-Woman appears in Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024) under her maiden name Julia Cornwall, portrayed by Sydney Sweeney.

Anya Corazon
Aña "Anya" Sofia Corazón (surname alternatively shown without diacritic, Corazon, over the years) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, writer Fiona Avery, and artist Mark Brooks, the character made her first appearance in Amazing Fantasy #1 (August 2004). She is the Latina daughter of a Puerto Rican father and a Mexican mother. Corazón was the first Marvel character to adopt the identity Araña (Spider), before becoming Spider-Girl (Young Allies #5, October 2010). She is the third Spider-Girl published by Marvel, and the first to appear in the mainstream Marvel universe.

Anya Corazón / Spider-Girl made her cinematic debut in the animated Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023), and is played by Isabela Merced in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Madame Web (2024).
HMS Astute (P447)
HMS Astute (P447) was an Amphion-class submarine. Her keel was laid down by Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness.  She was launched in 1944 and commissioned in 1945.

In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Astute was scrapped on 1 October 1970 at Dunston on Tyne.

Amphion-class submarine
The Amphion class (also known as the "A" class and Acheron class) of British diesel-electric submarines were designed for use in the Pacific War. Only two were completed before the end of hostilities, but following modernisation in the 1950s, they continued to serve in the Royal Navy into the 1970s.
Sandalwood
Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum. The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from the woods. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world. Both the wood and the oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been highly valued for centuries. Consequently, some species of these slow-growing trees have suffered over-harvesting in the past.

Sandalwood oil
Sandalwood oil is an essential oil obtained from the steam distillation of chips and billets cut from the heartwood of various species of sandalwood trees, mainly Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) and Santalum spicatum (Australian sandalwood).

Sandalwood oil is used in perfumes, cosmetics, sacred unguents, and as a mild food flavouring.
John Law (sociologist)
John Law (born 16 May 1946), is a sociologist and science and technology studies scholar, currently on the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Open University. He has remained one of the leading proponents of Actor-Network Theory together with Madeleine Akrich, Michel Callon and Bruno Latour.

Science and technology studies
Science and technology studies (STS) or science, technology, and society is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts.
Frances Nunziata
Frances Nunziata (/ˌnʊntsiˈɑːtə/ NUUN-tsee-AH-tə, Italian: [nunˈtsjaːta]; born c. 1950) is a Canadian municipal politician who has served on Toronto City Council since the city's amalgamation in 1998, representing York South–Weston (Ward 5). Since December 1, 2010, she has been the Speaker of Council. Before amalgamation, she served as the mayor of what was then the City of York, from 1994 to 1997. She had been elected to York City Council in 1988 after previously becoming a school board trustee in 1985. She is the sister of former Member of Parliament John Nunziata and the aunt of Toronto District School Board trustee Patrick Nunziata.

York, Ontario
York is a district and former city within Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located northwest of Old Toronto, southwest of North York and east of the Humber River.

Originally formed as York Township, it encompassed the southern section of York County. It was split several times, creating East York and North York. In 1953, it became part of the Metropolitan Toronto federation. It absorbed several municipalities, including Lambton Mills and Weston and was eventually known as the City of York. In 1998, it was dissolved along with Metro Toronto and its constituent municipalities, amalgamated to form the current City of Toronto.

Today, the area is integrated into the multicultural mosaic of Toronto. The area is home today to several ethnic enclaves such as Portuguese, Jamaican and Latin American neighbourhoods.
Laura Kuenssberg
Laura Juliet Kuenssberg (born 8 August 1976) is a British journalist who presents the BBC's Sunday morning politics show. She was succeeded as Political Editor of BBC News by Chris Mason.

She succeeded Nick Robinson as Political Editor of BBC News in July 2015, and was the first woman to hold the position. Kuenssberg stepped down as political editor on 6 May 2022, after reporting on the 2022 United Kingdom local elections. She went on to replace Andrew Marr as the host of the BBC's weekend political interview programme, which was rebadged with the name Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg in September 2022.

Kuenssberg had previously served as the BBC's chief political correspondent and was the first Business Editor of ITV News. She was also the chief correspondent for Newsnight between February 2014 and July 2015.

Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg
Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg is a BBC Sunday morning talk show presented by Laura Kuenssberg, broadcast on BBC One. It is also simulcast by the UK feed and occasionally by the International feed of BBC News channel, depending on content and interviews.

The programme replaced The Andrew Marr Show as the network's flagship Sunday talk show, after Andrew Marr resigned from the BBC to front a talk show on LBC in 2021. Similar to the previous Sunday morning programmes that came before, Sunday with Laura Kuenssberg contains interviews with political figures and others involved in the current events of the week in every episode. Since September 2023, Victoria Derbyshire has also been the relief presenter of the programme. She notably presented for three weeks in a row in October 2023 when Kuenssberg's father died.

The programme is broadcast from Studio B of Broadcasting House in London: the same studio from which  BBC News at Six and Ten are broadcast.
Portage la Prairie
Portage la Prairie (/ˈpɔːrtɪdʒ lə ˈprɛəri/) is a small city in the Central Plains Region of Manitoba, Canada. In 2016, the population was 13,304 and the land area was 24.68 square kilometres (9.53 sq mi).

Portage la Prairie is approximately 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Winnipeg, alongside the Trans-Canada Highway (exactly halfway between the provincial boundaries of Saskatchewan and Ontario). It sits on the Assiniboine River, which flooded the town persistently until a diversion channel north to Lake Manitoba (the Portage Diversion) was built to divert the flood waters. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie.

According to Environment Canada, Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days during the warm months in Canada. It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakota Tipi First Nations reserve.

Lake Manitoba
Lake Manitoba (French: Lac Manitoba) is the 14th largest lake in Canada and the 31st largest lake in the world with a total area of 4,624 square kilometres (1,785 sq mi). It is located within the Canadian province of Manitoba about 75 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of the province's capital, Winnipeg, at 50°59′N 98°48′W﻿ / ﻿50.983°N 98.800°W﻿ / 50.983; -98.800.
Multiple-prism dispersion theory
The first description of multiple-prism arrays, and multiple-prism dispersion, was given by Isaac Newton in his book Opticks, also introducing prisms as beam expanders. Prism pair expanders were introduced by David Brewster in 1813. A modern mathematical description of the single-prism dispersion was given by Max Born and Emil Wolf in 1959.  The generalized multiple-prism dispersion theory was introduced by F. J. Duarte and Piper in 1982.

F. J. Duarte
Francisco Javier "Frank" Duarte (born c. 1954) is a laser physicist and author/editor of several books on tunable lasers.

His research on physical optics and laser development has won several awards, including an Engineering Excellence Award in 1995 for the invention of the N-slit laser interferometer.
Cinema of East Asia
The Cinema of East Asia is cinema produced in East Asia or by people from this region. It is part of cinema of Asia, which in turn is part of world cinema.

The most significant film industries that are categorized as East Asian cinema are the industries of Mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The term is sometimes confused with Southeast Asian cinema, as the cinematic traditions between the two Asian sub-regions have their own uniquely distinct markers that are often conflated and incorrectly referred to as such, which include the likes of Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines.

Cinema of Asia
Asian cinema refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Asia.

East Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of Japan, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea, including the Japanese anime industry and action films of Hong Kong. Southeast Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of the Philippines – one of the pioneers in Asian cinema, Thailand, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian countries.

South Asian cinema is typified by the cinema of India, the cinema of Pakistan, the cinema of Bangladesh, and the cinema of Nepal.

The cinema of Central Asia also includes the cinema of Tajikistan. West Asian cinema is typified by Arab cinema, Iranian cinema, Israeli cinema (which may overlap with Jewish cinema), and Turkish cinema.
Claude List
Claude List, born Victor Claude Wilschefski (2 December 1902 – 17 April 1959), was a rugby league player who represented New Zealand in the 1920s and 1930s. He represented New Zealand in one test match against England in 1928 and three more tests against England in 1932. In the process he became the 190th player to represent New Zealand. He also represented Auckland 24 times from 1925 to 1933, and the North Island side three times from 1927 to 1932. He played his club rugby league in Auckland for the Kingsland Rovers/Athletics club from 1925 to 1930, Marist Old Boys from 1931 to 1934, and then Mount Albert United from 1934 to 1941.

Len Scott
Leonard Joseph Scott (25 February 1907 – 4 June 1986) was a rugby league player. He represented the New Zealand rugby league team in 5 tests between 1928 and 1936, becoming the 191st player to represent New Zealand. Scott also played for the North Shore Albions club based in Devonport on Auckland's North Shore. Scott also played representative matches for Auckland, Auckland Colts, Auckland Province, New Zealand trial sides, a New Zealand XIII, and the North Island. He is the cousin of New Zealand rugby league player and New Zealand test cricketer, Verdun Scott and the two played together at North Shore later in Len's career.
American Men Vol. 1
American Men Vol. 1 is the first compilation album by People Under the Stairs. It is a combination of outtakes from the group's first two albums (The Next Step & Question in the Form of an Answer), songs produced for other local Los Angeles recording artists (including future Living Legends artists, Murs & Scarub), and one live track from the 2000 Glastonbury festival.

The Next Step (People Under the Stairs album)
The Next Step is the debut studio album by People Under the Stairs, released on March 24, 1998. The duo was responsible for nearly every aspect of the album's production and initial release. Quick sales of the album and its sole single, "The Next Step II", also helped to get the group noticed by the label Om Records, with whom the group produced four other albums and found greater success.
Noribogaine
Noribogaine, also known as O-desmethylibogaine or 12-hydroxyibogamine, is the principal psychoactive metabolite of the oneirogen ibogaine. It is thought to be involved in the antiaddictive effects of ibogaine-containing plant extracts, such as Tabernanthe iboga.

The drug appears to have a complex mechanism of action, with many different observed activities. Some of its most potent actions is atypical κ-opioid receptor agonism and serotonin reuptake inhibition. Noribogaine has potent psychoplastogenic effects similarly to ibogaine.

Noribogaine was first described in the scientific literature by at least 1958 and was first identified as a metabolite of ibogaine by 1995. It was first studied in humans in 2015.

Psychoplastogen
Psychoplastogens, also known as neuroplastogens, are a group of small molecule drugs that produce rapid and sustained effects on neuronal structure and function, intended to manifest therapeutic benefit after a single administration.

Several existing psychoplastogens have been identified and their therapeutic effects demonstrated; several are presently at various stages of development as medications including ketamine, MDMA, scopolamine, and the serotonergic psychedelics, including LSD, psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin), DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT.

Compounds of this sort are being explored as therapeutics for a variety of brain disorders including depression, addiction, and PTSD. The ability to rapidly promote neuronal changes via mechanisms of neuroplasticity was recently discovered as the common therapeutic activity and mechanism of action.
Mathias Loras
Pierre-Jean-Mathias Loras (August 30, 1792 – February 19, 1858) was a French Catholic priest in the United States who served as the first Bishop of Dubuque, in what would become the state of Iowa. He was the first president of Spring Hill College in Mobile, Alabama, from 1830 to 1832, and is the founder of what is now known as Loras College in Dubuque.

Spring Hill College
Spring Hill College is a private Jesuit college in Mobile, Alabama. It was founded in 1830 by Bishop Michael Portier of Mobile. Along with being the oldest private college or university in the state of Alabama, it was the first Catholic college in the South, is the fifth-oldest Catholic college in the United States, and is the third-oldest member of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities.
Wendy Chamberlain
Wendy Anne Chamberlain (born 20 December 1976) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Fife since 2019. She has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats since 2021.

Chamberlain is the Chief Whip of the Liberal Democrats, the first woman to hold the post. She previously served as the Liberal Democrat Spokesperson for Work and Pensions to September 2024, the Liberal Democrat Spokesperson for Northern Ireland and International Development from January 2020 to September 2020, and as the Spokesperson for Scotland and Wales to July 2022. She sat on the Scottish Affairs Select Committee in the 2019 to 2024 parliament. She is currently the chair of the APPGs for Ending the Need for Food Banks, Afghan Women and Girls, Scotch Whisky, and PANS PANDAS.

Scottish Liberal Democrats
The Scottish Liberal Democrats (Scottish Gaelic: Pàrtaidh Libearalach Deamocratach na h-Alba) is a liberal, federalist political party in Scotland, part of UK Liberal Democrats. The party holds 5 of the 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament, 6 of the 57 Scottish seats in the House of Commons and 88 of 1,226 local councillors.

The Scottish Liberal Democrats is one of the three state parties within the federal Liberal Democrats, the others being the Welsh Liberal Democrats and the English Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats do not contest elections in Northern Ireland.
Philidor position
The Philidor position (or Philidor's position) is a chess endgame involving a drawing technique for the defending side in the rook and pawn versus rook endgame. This technique is known as the third-rank defense due to the positioning of the defending rook. It was analyzed by François-André Danican Philidor in 1777. Many rook and pawn versus rook endgames reach either the drawn Philidor position or the winning Lucena position. The defending side should try to reach the Philidor position; the attacking side should try to reach the Lucena position. Grandmaster Jesús de la Villa said, "[The Lucena and Philidor positions] are the most important positions in this type of endgame [...] and in endgame theory."

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Barnard Castle
Barnard Castle (/ˈbɑːnəd/, BAR-nəd) is a market town on the north bank of the River Tees, in County Durham, England. The town is named after and built around a ruined medieval castle. The town's Bowes Museum has an 18th-century Silver Swan automaton exhibit and paintings by Goya and El Greco.

Barnard Castle is on the left bank of the River Tees, opposite to Startforth, and is 21 miles (34 km) south-west of the county town of Durham. Nearby towns include Bishop Auckland to the north-east, Darlington to the east and Richmond to the south-east. The largest employer is GlaxoSmithKline, with a manufacturing facility on the town's outskirts.

County Durham (district)
County Durham is a unitary authority area in the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is governed by Durham County Council. The district has an area of 2,226 square kilometres (859 sq mi), and contains 135 civil parishes. It forms part of the larger ceremonial county of Durham, together with boroughs of Darlington, Hartlepool, and the part of Stockton-on-Tees north of the River Tees.
Tanka Bahadur Rai
Tanka Bahadur Rai (born 14 October 1950) is an Indian National Congress politician from the state of Assam. He was a Member of the Assam Legislative Assembly from the Indian National Congress for Barchalla constituency. He served first as deputy speaker and then as speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly. He was also a minister in the Tarun Gogoi cabinet.

Third Tarun Gogoi ministry
The Third Tarun Gogoi ministry is the third consecutive council of ministers of the Government of Assam headed by Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi between 2011 and 2016. The ministry was constituted on 30 May 2011 after Tarun Gogoi was sworn-in as the chief minister of the state for the third consecutive term after leading the Indian National Congress into victory in the assembly election. The ministry remained into force until 24 May 2016.
Aubrey McClendon
Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman primarily engaged in natural gas exploration. He was the co-founder, CEO and chairman of Chesapeake Energy (now Expand Energy), and, after being forced from the company due to a possible conflict of interest, he was the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners, LP. He was an outspoken advocate for natural gas as an alternative to oil and coal fuels, and a pioneer in employing hydraulic fracturing.

McClendon owned 19% of Professional Basketball Club, which owns the Oklahoma City Thunder and was instrumental in the Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City in 2008.

On March 1, 2016, McClendon was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma". He died the following day in a single-vehicle collision.

Professional Basketball Club
Professional Basketball Club LLC is an investment group headed by Clay Bennett that owns the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Oklahoma City Thunder franchise (formerly the Seattle SuperSonics) and the Thunder's NBA G League affiliate Oklahoma City Blue. The group also owned the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)'s Seattle Storm franchise from 2006 to 2008. The PBC then sold the Storm to local Seattle owners, before relocating the SuperSonics to Oklahoma City.
Landon Barker
Landon Asher Barker (born October 9, 2003) is an American rapper and singer. The son of Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker, he is best known for his guest performance alongside Gunna and Young Thug on Machine Gun Kelly's 2022 single "Die in California", which entered the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at number 15. Barker also appeared alongside his family on the reality television show Meet the Barkers from 2005 to 2006. His 2023 debut single, "Friends With Your EX", was released by Elektra Records.

Mainstream Sellout
Mainstream Sellout is the sixth studio album by American musician and singer-songwriter Machine Gun Kelly, released on March 25, 2022, through Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records. It is his second collaborative project with drummer and producer Travis Barker, following 2020's Tickets to My Downfall. The album was initially announced in August 2021 under the title Born with Horns, before being renamed in January 2022.

A continuation of Kelly's transition into pop-punk, Mainstream Sellout was met with mixed reviews from critics. Kelly embarked on the Mainstream Sellout Tour throughout 2022 to promote the album. A deluxe edition with six new tracks, subtitled "Life in Pink Deluxe", was released on June 24, 2022. The album was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards.