hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania Route 231
Pennsylvania Route 231 (PA 231) is a 26.7-mile-long (43.0 km) state highway located in Washington County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at PA 18 near Old Concord.  The northern terminus is at PA 50 in Avella.

Pennsylvania Route 50
Pennsylvania Route 50 (PA 50) is a 32.7-mile-long (52.6 km) state highway located in western Pennsylvania. The western terminus of the route is at PA 844 in the Independence Township community of Independence less than a mile from the West Virginia state line. The eastern terminus is at PA 60 in Crafton Heights. PA 50 was designated in 1961, replacing the portion of PA 28 between West Virginia and Pittsburgh.
Makana (musician)
Makana (from Hawaiian "gift"), born Matthew Swalinkavich, is a slack-key guitar player, singer, and composer. As a child he was a protégé of slack key guitarists Bobby Moderow Jr., Raymond Kane, and Sonny Chillingworth.

Sonny Chillingworth
Edwin Bradfield Liloa Chillingworth, Jr., known as Sonny Chillingworth, (July 14, 1932 – August 24, 1994) was an American guitarist and singer. Widely influential in Hawaiian music, he played slack-key guitar and is widely regarded as one of the most influential slack-key guitarists in history.
Joy Belmonte
Joy Belmonte-Alimurung (born Maria Josefina Tanya Go Belmonte; March 15, 1970) is a Filipino politician who has served as the 12th mayor of Quezon City since 2019. A member of the local Serbisyo sa Bayan Party, Belmonte previously served as the vice mayor of Quezon City from 2010 to 2019 under her predecessor, Herbert Bautista.

Herbert Bautista
Herbert Constantine "Bistek" Maclang Bautista (born May 12, 1968) is a Filipino actor and politician who served as mayor of Quezon City, the Philippines' largest city by population, from 2010 to 2019.

Bautista has starred in numerous films and TV shows, including the 1984 coming-of-age film Bagets, the horror anthology series Shake, Rattle & Roll, and the children's show Kaluskos Musmos.
Vox (company)
Vox is a British musical equipment manufacturer founded in 1957 by Thomas Walter Jennings in Dartford, Kent, England. The company is most famous for making the Vox AC30 guitar amplifier, used by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, Queen, Dire Straits, U2, and Radiohead; the Vox Continental electric organ, the Vox wah-wah pedal used by Jimi Hendrix, and a series of innovative electric guitars and bass guitars. Since 1992, Vox has been owned by the Japanese electronics firm Korg.

Korg
KORG Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社コルグ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Korugu), founded as Keio Electronic Laboratories, is a Japanese multinational corporation that manufactures electronic musical instruments, audio processors and guitar pedals, recording equipment, and electronic tuners. Under the Vox brand name, it also manufactures guitar amplifiers and electric guitars.
Shaun
Shaun is an Anglicized spelling of the Irish name Seán. Alternative spellings include Shawn, Sean, and Shawne.

Along with spelling variants Shawn and Shaun, the name was among the top 1,000 names for American boys by 1950 and, with all spellings combined, was a top 10 name for American boys in 1971. The popularity of actor Sean Connery increased use of the name. The name Shaun was popularized in the late 1970s by singer Shaun Cassidy.  It has since declined in use but, with all spellings combined, remained among the 300 most popular names for newborn American boys in 2022. Shaun is also in use as a name for girls, primarily in the United States and Canada.

Notable persons with the given name include:

Sean
Sean, also spelled Seán or Séan in Hiberno-English, is a male given name of Irish origin. It comes from the Irish versions of the Biblical Hebrew name Yohanan (יוֹחָנָן‎), Seán (anglicized as Shaun/Shawn/Shon) and Séan (Ulster variant; anglicized  Shane/Shayne), rendered John in English and Johannes/Johann/Johan in other Germanic languages. The Norman French Jehan (see Jean) is another version.

In the Irish language, the presence and placement of the síneadh fada is significant, as it changes the meaning of the name. The word "Sean" in Irish means "old", while the word "Séan" means "omen".

For notable people named Sean, refer to List of people named Sean.
OMDoc
OMDoc (Open Mathematical Documents) is a semantic markup format for mathematical documents. While MathML only covers mathematical formulae and the related OpenMath standard only supports formulae and “content dictionaries” containing definitions of the symbols used in formulae, OMDoc covers the whole range of written mathematics.

MathML
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a pair of mathematical markup languages, an application of XML for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and content. Its aim is to natively integrate mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents. It is part of HTML5 and standardised by ISO/IEC since 2015.
Ergative case
In grammar, the ergative case (abbreviated erg) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase  as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages.

Comparing this with English: we use a Subject-Object model where the Subject is the "doer" and the object is the one done to.  For example, a sentence like "I help him" is Subject-Noun-Object (a transitive sentence) and "He sleeps" is Subject-Noun with no object (intransitive).  But in languages that use an Ergative-Absolutive model, the Ergative is used as "doer" only in a transitive sentence, otherwise the Absolutive is used.  So it's like saying "I help him" (Ergative-Noun-Absolutive) but "Him sleeps" (Absolutive-Noun) (= sleeping is happening to him).

Absolutive case
In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ABS) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative–accusative languages such as English.
Gimnàstic de Tarragona
Club Gimnàstic de Tarragona, commonly known as Gimnàstic Tarragona or sometimes just Nàstic, is a Spanish sports club based in Tarragona, in the autonomous community of Catalonia. Its football team plays in Primera Federación – Group 2.

The club was founded in 1886 and is one of the oldest football clubs in Spain. It has teams competing in athletics, basketball, tennis, gymnastics, table tennis and futsal, but a football team was not formed until 1914. The team enjoyed a three-year La Liga spell in its beginnings (1947–50).

Since 1972, the team has played home games at Nou Estadi Costa Daurada, which seats 14,591 spectators.

Nou Estadi Costa Daurada
Nou Estadi Costa Daurada is a multi-purpose stadium in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of the Gimnàstic de Tarragona. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 14,591 persons.

It hosted opening and closing ceremonies of the 2018 Mediterranean Games.
World Beard and Moustache Championships
The World Beard and Moustache Championships is a biennial competition overseen by the World Beard and Moustache Association (WBMA), in which men with beards and moustaches display lengthy, highly styled facial hair.

Beard
A beard is the hair that grows on the jaw, chin, upper lip, lower lip, cheeks, and neck of humans and some non-human animals. In humans, beards are most common among pubescent and adult males, though some women also develop them.

Attitudes toward beards have varied across history, shaped by cultural traditions and fashion trends. Several religions require or encourage the wearing of beards, and some societies have associated them with masculinity, virility, virtue, beauty, wisdom, strength, fertility, sexual prowess, and high social status. In contrast, in cultures where beards are uncommon or unfashionable, they may be linked with poor hygiene or eccentricity. Beards can also provide environmental benefits, including protection from cold weather and sun exposure.
Sławomir
Sławomir (Polish: [swaˈvɔ.mir] ⓘ) is a Polish male given name of Slavic origin. It consists of the Slavic elements sława/slava ("glory, fame") and mir ("peace, world").

The feminine form of the name is Sławomira (Polish: [swa.vɔˈmi.ra] ⓘ).

The Croatian and Serbian form of the name is Slavomir, the Czech and Slovak form is Slavomír. Nicknames for the name include Sławek, Slavko, Slavka, Sławka, Slava, Mirko, Mirek and Mira.

Slavomir
Slavomir (Cyrillic: Славомир) is a Slavic masculine given name. It is written Slavomir in Croatian and Serbian and Slavomír in Czech and Slovak. The Polish form of the name is Sławomir.

Th name consists of the Slavic elements slava ("glory, fame") and mir ("peace, world").

The feminine form of the name is Slavomira or Slavomíra. Nicknames for the name include Slavo, Slávek and Slavko.
Medical thermometer
A medical thermometer or clinical thermometer is a device used for measuring the body temperature of a human or other animal. The tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature), under the armpit (axillary temperature), into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature), into the ear (tympanic temperature), or on the forehead (temporal temperature).

Human body temperature
Normal human body temperature (normothermia, euthermia) is the typical temperature range found in humans. The normal human body temperature range is typically stated as 36.5–37.5 °C (97.7–99.5 °F).

Human body temperature varies. It depends on sex, age, time of day, exertion level, health status (such as illness and menstruation), what part of the body the measurement is taken at, state of consciousness (waking, sleeping, sedated), and emotions. Body temperature is kept in the normal range by a homeostatic function known as thermoregulation, in which adjustment of temperature is triggered by the central nervous system.
Fawcett Publications
Fawcett Publications was an American publishing company founded in 1919 in Robbinsdale, Minnesota, by Wilford Hamilton "Captain Billy" Fawcett (1885–1940).

It kicked off with the publication of the bawdy humor magazine Captain Billy's Whiz Bang and expanded into a magazine empire with the first issue of Mechanix Illustrated in the 1920s, followed by numerous titles including True Confessions, Family Circle, Woman's Day, and True. Fawcett Comics, which began operating in 1939, led to the introduction of Captain Marvel. The company became a publisher of paperbacks in 1950 with the opening of Gold Medal Books.

In 1953, the company abandoned its roster of superhero comic characters in the wake of declining sales and a lawsuit for infringement by the Captain Marvel character on the copyright of the Action Comics character Superman, and ended its publication of comic books. It was purchased by CBS Publications in 1977 and subsequently was dismantled and absorbed by other companies.

Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.
Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc. (HFM U.S.), originally known as CBS Publications,  was a subsidiary of Hachette Filipacchi Médias (one of the world's largest magazine publishers), and was based in New York City.
Yongxing County
Yongxing County (simplified Chinese: 永兴县; traditional Chinese: 永興縣; pinyin: Yǒngxīng Xiàn) is a county in Hunan Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chenzhou.

Located on the south eastern part of the province, it is adjacent to the north of the city proper in Chenzhou. The county borders to the northwest by Leiyang City, to the southwest by Guiyang County, to the south by Suxian District, to the southeast by Zixing City, and to the northeast by Anren County. Yongxing County covers an area of 1,979 km2 (764 sq mi), and as of 2015, it had a registered population of 696,000 and a resident population of 542,800. The county has 11 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction, and the county seat is Bianjiang Town (便江镇).

Bianjiang
Bianjiang Town (Chinese: 便江镇; pinyin: Biànjiāng Zhèn) is a town and the county seat in the central south of Yongxing County, Hunan, China. The town was reformed through the amalgamation of Xiangyindu Town (Chinese: 湘阴渡镇), the former Bianjiang Town and  Tangmenkou Town (Chinese: 塘门口镇) on November 27, 2015. It has an area of 359.3 km2 (138.7 sq mi) with a population of 303,000 (as of the end of  2015).  Its seat is at Shuinan Village (Chinese: 水南村).
FIPS 140
The 140 series of Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) are U.S. government computer security standards that specify requirements for cryptographic modules.

As of October 2020, FIPS 140-2 and FIPS 140-3 are both accepted as current and active. FIPS 140-3 was approved on March 22, 2019 as the successor to FIPS 140-2 and became effective on September 22, 2019. FIPS 140-3 testing began on September 22, 2020, and a small number of validation certificates have been issued. FIPS 140-2 testing is still available until September 21, 2021 (later changed for applications already in progress to April 1, 2022), creating an overlapping transition period of one year. FIPS 140-2 test reports that remain in the CMVP queue will still be granted validations after that date, but all FIPS 140-2 validations will be moved to the Historical List on September 21, 2026 regardless of their actual final validation date.

FIPS 140-3
The Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-3 (FIPS PUB 140-3) is a U.S. government computer security standard used to approve cryptographic modules. The title is Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules. Initial publication was on March 22, 2019 and it supersedes FIPS 140-2.
Juggling ball
Juggling balls, or simply balls,  are a popular prop used by jugglers, either on their own—usually in sets of three or more—or in combination with other props such as clubs or rings.  A juggling ball refers to any juggling object that is roughly spherical in nature.

Juggling club
Juggling clubs are a prop used by jugglers. Juggling clubs are often simply called clubs by jugglers and sometimes are referred to as pins or batons by non-jugglers. Clubs are one of the three most popular props used by jugglers; the others being balls and rings.

A typical club is in the range of 50 centimetres (20 in) long, weighs between 200 and 300 grams (7.1 and 10.6 oz), is slim at the "handle" end, and has its center of balance nearer the wider "body" end. The definition of a club is somewhat ambiguous; sticks or rods are allowed under the current Juggling Information Service rules for juggling world records.

A juggling club's shape is similar to a bowling pin's and an Indian club's. Modern juggling clubs are, however, distinct from these objects because they differ in the materials they are made of, the way they are constructed, their weight and weight distribution, and are therefore not usually interchangeable.
Marty Lyons
Martin Anthony Lyons (born January 15, 1957) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle and defensive end for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1970s and 1980s. Lyons played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide, earning consensus All-American honors. Selected in the first round of the 1979 NFL draft, he played his entire professional career for the NFL's New York Jets. He was a member of the Jets' famed "New York Sack Exchange," the team's dominant front four in 1981 and 1982 that also featured Mark Gastineau, Abdul Salaam and Joe Klecko. Following his playing career, he spent 22 years as a radio analyst for the Jets from 2002 to 2023.

Mark Gastineau
Marcus Dell Gastineau (born November 20, 1956) is an American former professional football defensive end who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 10 seasons with the New York Jets. During his NFL career, he was named Defensive Player of the Year in 1982 and was the first player to lead the league in sacks in consecutive seasons. Gastineau also received five Pro Bowl and four first-team All-Pro selections. At the time of his retirement, he held the single-season sack record. For his accomplishments in New York, Gastineau was inducted to the Jets Ring of Honor in 2012.
Crawford Station
Crawford Generating Station was a coal−fired power plant built in 1924. It was located in the South Lawndale community of Chicago, Illinois.

It was closed in 2012 after a long battle with the community over pollution, like the nearby Fisk Generating Station. Both stations were owned and operated by Midwest Generation, a subsidiary of Edison International. Crawford and Fisk Stations were among the last standing coal generating facilities within a major U.S. city at their time of retirement. Demolition of the plant began in 2019.

South Lawndale, Chicago
South Lawndale is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States, located on the West Side of Chicago. Over 80% of the residents are of Mexican descent and the community is home to the largest foreign-born Mexican population in Chicago. The community is home to two distinct neighborhoods, Little Village and Marshall Square.
Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha ("Köprülü Mustafa Pasha the Wise", also known as Gazi Fazıl Mustafa Köprülü (Albanian: Fazlli Mustafa Kypriljoti; Turkish: Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa) 1637 – 19 August 1691, Slankamen) served as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 1689 to 1691, when the Empire was engaged in a war against the Holy League countries in the Great Turkish War. He was the son of Ayşe Hatun, of Turkish origin, and of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. He was thus a member of the Köprülü family of Albanian origin through his father. His father, his elder brother Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, as well as his two brothers-in-law (Kara Mustafa Pasha and Abaza Siyavuş Pasha) were former grand viziers. His epithet Fazıl means "wise" in Ottoman Turkish. He succeeded Bekri Mustafa Pasha as Grand Vizier.

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: كپرولی محمد پاشا, Turkish: Köprülü Mehmet Paşa, pronounced [ˈcœp.ɾy.ly mehˈmet paˈʃa]; Albanian: Mehmed Pashë Kypriljoti or Qyprilliu, also called Mehmed Pashá Rojniku; c. 1575, Roshnik,– 31 October 1661, Edirne) was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire and founding patriarch of the Köprülü political dynasty. He helped rebuild the power of the empire by rooting out corruption and reorganizing the Ottoman army. As he introduced these changes, Köprülü also expanded the borders of the empire, defeating the Cossacks, the Hungarians, and most impressively, the Venetians. Köprülü's effectiveness was matched by his reputation.
Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg
Princess Maria Maximilianovna of Leuchtenberg, also known as Princess Maria Romanovskya, Maria, Princess Romanovskaja, Maria Herzogin von Leuchtenberg or Marie Maximiliane (16 October 1841 – 16 February 1914) was the eldest surviving daughter of Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia. She married Prince Wilhelm of Baden. The couple's son, Prince Maximilian, was Germany's last Imperial chancellor.

Prince Maximilian of Baden
Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929), also known as Max von Baden, was a German prince, general, and politician. He was heir presumptive to the throne of the Grand Duchy of Baden, and in October and November 1918 briefly served as the last chancellor of the German Empire and minister-president of Prussia. He sued for peace on Germany's behalf at the end of World War I based on U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points and took steps towards transforming the government into a parliamentary system. As the German Revolution of 1918–1919 spread, he handed over the office of chancellor to SPD Chairman Friedrich Ebert and unilaterally proclaimed the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II. Both events took place on 9 November 1918, marking the beginning of the Weimar Republic.
White & Nerdy
"White & Nerdy" is the second single from "Weird Al" Yankovic's album Straight Outta Lynwood, which was released in 2006. It parodies the song "Ridin'" by Chamillionaire and Krayzie Bone. The song both satirizes and celebrates nerd culture, as recited by the subject, who cannot "roll with the gangstas" because he is "just too white and nerdy". It includes many references to activities stereotypically associated with nerds and/or white people, such as collecting comic books and action figures, being fluent in JavaScript and Klingon, editing Wikipedia, and playing Dungeons & Dragons. Yankovic also mentions wanting to go bowling with gangsters.

The song was Yankovic's only US Billboard Hot 100 top 10 song, peaking at No. 9, and his second to reach the top 20 in America after "Eat It" peaked at No. 12 in 1984. "White & Nerdy" was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), becoming Yankovic's first single to achieve this feat.

Eat It
"Eat It" is a 1984 song by American comedy music artist "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of Michael Jackson's 1983 single "Beat It", with the contents changed to be about an exasperated parent attempting to get their picky child to eat anything at all, much less to eat properly. The track was both a commercial and critical success, earning Yankovic a Grammy Award. It peaked at number twelve in the United States, making it his first top 40 hit in that country, and reached number one in Australia.
Quantum well
A quantum well is a potential well wherein the energy spectrum of charge carriers is discrete.

As opposed to a bulk region, wherein the carriers are free to move in three spatial directions, their motion is free only in two (planar) directions in a quantum well. The quantum size effects take place when the size of a region in at least one of the directions (the direction of growth in the case of semiconductor heterostructure quantum wells - the transverse direction) becomes comparable to the de Broglie wavelength of the carriers (electrons and holes in a semiconductor), resulting in a discrete energy spectrum for them.

Semiconductor quantum wells can be realized in double heterostructures. The double heterostructure concept was proposed in 1963 independently by Herbert Kroemer and by Zhores Alferov and Rudolf Kazarinov.

Potential well
A potential well is the region surrounding a local minimum of potential energy. Energy captured in a potential well is unable to convert to another type of energy (kinetic energy in the case of a gravitational potential well) because it is captured in the local minimum of a potential well. Therefore, a body may not proceed to the global minimum of potential energy, as it would naturally tend to do due to entropy.
Bat Ye'or
Gisèle Littman (née Orebi; born 1933), better known by her pen name Bat Ye'or (Hebrew: בת יאור, Daughter of the Nile), is an Egyptian-born, British-Swiss author, known for her promulgation of the Eurabia conspiracy theory. She claims that Islam, and its perceived anti-Americanism, anti-Christian sentiment and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics.

Ye'or has also written about the history of Christian and Jewish religious minorities living under Islamic governments, as part of which Ye'or has popularised the term dhimmitude to define the treatment of religious minorities in such contexts.

Dhimmitude
Dhimmitude is a neologism characterizing the status of non-Muslims under Muslim rule, popularized by the Egyptian-born British writer Bat Ye'or in the 1980s and 1990s. It is constructed from the Arabic dhimmi, "non-Muslim living in an Islamic state". Akbarzadeh and Roose suggest that Ye'or equates Dhimmitude with servitude.

Bat Ye’or defines it as a permanent status of subjection in which Jews and Christians have been held under Islamic rule since the eighth century, and that forces them to accept discrimination or "face forced conversion, slavery or death". The term gained traction among Bosnian Serb forces during the Balkan wars in the 1990s and is popular among self-proclaimed counter-jihadi authors. Scholars critical of the term have dismissed it variously as misleading, muddled, polemical and even Islamophobic.