hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fujiwara no Hidesato
Fujiwara no Hidesato (藤原 秀郷) was a Japanese aristocrat, courtier, folk hero and samurai lord of the tenth century in the Heian period. He is famous for his military exploits and courage, and is regarded as the common ancestor of numerous clans, including the Ōshū branch of the Fujiwara clan.

Hidesato served under Emperor Suzaku, and fought alongside Taira no Sadamori in 940 in suppressing the revolt of Taira no Masakado. His prayer for victory before this battle is commemorated in the Kachiya Festival. Hidesato was then appointed Chinjufu shōgun (Defender of the North) and Governor of Shimotsuke Province.

According to legend, he slew a giant centipede in Ōmi Province that plagued the Dragon Palace. He was also nicknamed Tawara Tōda.

Northern Fujiwara
The Northern Fujiwara (奥州藤原氏 Ōshū Fujiwara-shi) were a Japanese noble family that ruled the Tōhoku region (the northeast of Honshū, also known as Ōshū) of Japan during the 12th century, 1094-1104, as their own realm.

They succeeded the semi-independent Emishi families of the 11th century, who were gradually brought down by the Minamoto clan loyal to the Imperial Court in Kyoto. They ruled over an independent region that derived its wealth from gold mining, horse trading, and serving as middlemen in the trade in luxury items from continental Asia and from the far northern Emishi. They were able to keep their independence vis-à-vis Kyoto by the strength of their warrior bands until they were ultimately conquered by the Kantō samurai clans led by Minamoto no Yoritomo, in the Battle of Ōshū in 1189.

The Northern Fujiwara clan was responsible for the construction and patronage of the historic sites of Hiraizumi, their seat of power, now designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Southern Afrotemperate Forest
Southern Afrotemperate Forest (the Southern Cape Forests) is a kind of tall, shady, multilayered indigenous South African forest.
This is the main forest-type in the south-western part of South Africa, naturally extending from the Cape Peninsula in the west, as far as Port Elizabeth in the east. In this range (apart from the massive Knysna-Tsitsikamma forest complex), it usually occurs in small forest pockets, surrounded by fynbos vegetation.

Afromontane
The Afromontane regions are subregions of the Afrotropical realm, one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms, covering the plant and animal species found in the mountains of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The Afromontane regions of Africa are discontinuous, separated from each other by lower-lying areas, and are sometimes referred to as the Afromontane archipelago, as their distribution is analogous to a series of sky islands.
Battle of Deçiq
The Battle of Deçiq (Albanian: Beteja e Deçiqit; Serbian: Bitka kod Dečića/ Битка код Дечића) was a battle between Albanian tribesmen and Ottoman forces during the Malësori uprising of 1911. It was a turning point for Albania's secession from the Ottoman Empire. Dedë Gjo Luli, the organiser of the Albanian tribal forces, raised the Albanian flag for the first time since 1479 on the mountain of Deçiq after the Albanians had achieved victory over the Ottoman Turks.

Ded Gjo Luli
Dedë Gjon Luli Dedvukaj, also referred to as Ded Gjo Luli and Deda (November 1840 – 24 September 1915), was an Albanian guerrilla leader most notable for commanding the Malissori uprising against Ottoman troops. He was posthumously awarded the "Hero of Albania" title. Dedvukaj was the clan chieftain of the Hoti tribe.
Mundhir Qabbānī
Dr. Monther Al Kabbani (Arabic: منذر القباني) (born 10 November 1970), also known as Monzer al-Qabbani, is a Saudi Arabian writer, novelist, and surgeon born in Riyadh. He is known for his seven bestselling Arabic novels which include The Shadow Government (2006) and Warriors Warlocks Trilogy.

Qabbānī was born to a Saudi Arabian family from Al Madinah.

The Shadow of Government
The Government of Shadow (Hukumat al-zill : riwayah) (Arabic: رواية حكومة الظل) is an Arabic novel written by Saudi novel writer Mundhir al-Qabbani (Arabic: منذر القباني) (also known as Munther Kabbani) and published in 2007. The book was praised by many critics for its groundbreaking style in Arabic literature which was dubbed as the first Arabic intellectual thriller.

The author, Mundhir al-Qabbani has been nicknamed by readers as "the Dan Brown" of the Arab world.
Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
The former Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture, established by resolution of the Continental Congress on January 15, 1780, was the first federal court in the United States. The court had jurisdiction over cases for the capture of enemy ships and cargo.

Federal judiciary of the United States
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three branches of the  U.S. federal government organized under the U.S. Constitution and laws of the federal government. The U.S. federal judiciary does not include any state court (which includes local courts), which are completely independent from the federal government. The U.S. federal judiciary consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district courts. It also includes a variety of other lesser federal tribunals.

Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III states that federal judges are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, or die.
Joan Blos
Joan Winsor Blos (December 9, 1928 – October 12, 2017) was an American writer, teacher and advocate for children's literacy.

For her 1979 historical novel, A Gathering of Days, Blos won the U.S. National Book Award in category Children's Books
and the Newbery Medal for the year's most distinguished contribution to American children's literature.

She was born in New York City.
She lived in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

A Gathering of Days
A Gathering of Days; A New England Girl's Journal, 1830-32  (1979) is a historical novel by Joan Blos that won the 1980 National Book Award for Children's Books (hardcover)
and the 1980 Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature.

The book is written in the form of a journal kept by Catherine Hall, a young girl living in a rural village in New England with her widower father and younger sister. The journal details her daily life between the years of 1830 and 1832. Among the events of these two years are several that would have a profound impact on the rest of her life. These include her assistance to an escaped slave, her father's remarriage, and the sudden death of her best friend.
Morleys Stores
Morleys Stores is a group of eight department stores in Greater London, a business-to-business furniture supply subsidiary called Morley's of Bicester Ltd and a department store & furniture centre called Camp Hopson of Newbury in Newbury, Berkshire. The group is named after the original store that opened in Brixton, south London as Morley & Lanceley.

On 18 March 2025 they announced the acquisition of the Jolly's department store in Milsom Street, Bath, one of the UK's oldest and scheduled to fully reopen after refurbishment in October 2026.

Jolly's (department store)
Jolly & Son was a small department store chain based in Kent and the West Country. Jolly's historic flagship store in Bath had been part of the House of Fraser group since 1971. Following the stores closure in February 2025, it was announced that it would be reopened in 2026 by Morleys Stores.
93rd Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)
The 93rd Mechanized Brigade "Kholodnyi Yar" (Ukrainian: 93-тя окрема механізована бригада «Холодний Яр», romanized: 93 okrema mekhanizovana bryhada "Kholodnyi Yar") is a formation of the Ukrainian Ground Forces formed in 1992. It has been described as "one of the most brutally effective" of Ukraine’s front-line brigades.

By January 2023, Western analysts claimed that due to captured Russian and donated Western equipment and incorporation of local volunteer battalions into the units structure, the 93rd was the size of an armored division, being a mechanized brigade in name only. The brigade is named after the Kholodnyi Yar Republic, a Ukrainian partisan state during the Ukrainian War of Independence.

Kholodny Yar Republic
Kholodny Yar Republic (1919–1922; Ukrainian: Холодноярська Республіка, romanized: Kholodnoiarska Respublika, lit. 'Cold Ravine Republic') was a self-proclaimed state formation and partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the former Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR), in the Chyhyryn district of the Kyiv province (modern Cherkasy Oblast), in the area of the Kholodny Yar forest tract. The village of Melnyky was its capital. It had a 15,000-strong army composed of peasants and soldiers from the UNR army, which had been defeated by the White Army in Podolia earlier.
Frank Hurley
James Francis "Frank" Hurley OBE (15 October 1885 – 16 January 1962) was an Australian photographer, cinematographer of documentary films, and director of drama feature films. He participated in a number of expeditions to Antarctica and served as an official war photographer with Australian forces during both world wars. He was the official photographer for the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911–14) led by Douglas Mawson,  the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–16 led by Ernest Shackleton, and BANZARE (1929–31), again led by Mawson.

His artistic style produced many memorable images. He also used staged scenes, composites, and photographic manipulation.

British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) was a research expedition into Antarctica between 1929 and 1931, involving two voyages over consecutive Austral summers. The expedition was led by Australian geologist Sir Douglas Mawson.
Brotherman in the Fatherland
Brotherman in the Fatherland is an album by multi-instrumentalist Rahsaan Roland Kirk. It was recorded in concert in Hamburg, Germany, in 1972, with Ron Burton, Henry Metathias Pearson, Richie Goldberg and Joe Habao Texidor. The album was first released on the Hyena label in 2006.

Rahsaan Roland Kirk
Rahsaan Roland Kirk (born Ronald Theodore Kirk; August 7, 1935 – December 5, 1977), known earlier in his career simply as Roland Kirk, was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist who played tenor saxophone, flute, and many other instruments. He was renowned for his onstage vitality; in his shows, virtuoso improvisation was accompanied by comic banter, political ranting, and the simultaneous playing of several instruments.
Language model
A language model is a computational model  that predicts sequences in natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech recognition, machine translation, natural language generation (generating more human-like text), optical character recognition, route optimization, handwriting recognition, grammar induction, and information retrieval.

Large language models (LLMs), currently their most advanced form as of 2019, are predominantly based on transformers trained on larger datasets (frequently using texts scraped from the public internet). They have superseded recurrent neural network-based models, which had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as the word n-gram language model.

Information retrieval
Information retrieval (IR) in computing and information science is the task of identifying and retrieving information system resources that are relevant to an information need. The information need can be specified in the form of a search query. In the case of document retrieval, queries can be based on full-text or other content-based indexing. Information retrieval is the science of searching for information in a document, searching for documents themselves, and also searching for the metadata that describes data, and for databases of texts, images, or sounds. Cross-modal retrieval implies retrieval across modalities.

Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called information overload. An IR system is a software system that provides access to books, journals, and other documents, as well as storing and managing those documents. Web search engines are the most visible IR applications.
Verzasca, Switzerland
Verzasca is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Vogorno, Sonogno, Corippo, Brione (Verzasca) and Frasco merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

Brione (Verzasca)
Brione (Verzasca) is a village and former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Vogorno, Sonogno, Corippo, Brione (Verzasca) and Frasco merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.
English Water Spaniel
The English Water Spaniel is a breed of dog that has been extinct since the first part of the 20th century, with the last specimen seen in the 1930s. It was best known for its use in hunting waterfowl and for being able to dive as well as a duck. It is described as  similar to a Collie or to a cross between a Poodle and a Springer Spaniel with curly fur and typically in a white and liver/tan pattern.

Pre-dating the Irish Water Spaniel and thought to have been referred to by Shakespeare in Macbeth, it is believed to have genetically influenced several modern breeds of dog, including the American Water Spaniel, Curly Coated Retriever and the modern variety of Field Spaniel. It is unknown if the breed was involved in the creation of the Irish Water Spaniel.

Field Spaniel
The Field Spaniel is a medium-sized dog breed of spaniel type. They were originally developed to be all-black show dogs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were unpopular for work as a hunting dog. However, during the mid-20th century they were redeveloped as a longer-legged dog that was more suitable to be used for field work. They are now considered to be a rare breed, and are registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by The Kennel Club.

Their fur is darker than other spaniels and they have no undercoat like most of the other field type spaniels.
Wilmington Grammar School for Boys
Wilmington Grammar School for Boys (WGSB) is a selective grammar school with academy status in Wilmington, Kent.

From 1954 to 1982, the school was called Dartford Technical High School

The uniform consists of navy blue blazers, white shirts, grey or black trousers and different ties for each house within the school.. Suits are worn in the sixth form. The school is situated directly alongside Wilmington Academy and has multiple bus services that also serve Dartford Grammar School for Girls, Dartford Grammar School, Wilmington Grammar School for Girls and Wilmington Academy.

Wilmington Academy
Wilmington Academy is a mixed secondary school located in Wilmington, Kent in the United Kingdom. It stands next to the site of Wilmington Hall.

As of 1 November 2018, Wilmington Academy had 1225 students, including 121 in Sixth Form, with 365 students in the Apollo college, 374 students in Minerva, and 365 students in Jupiter college.
Histiocyte
A histiocyte is a vertebrate   cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyte is a tissue macrophage or a dendritic cell (histio, diminutive of histo, meaning tissue, and cyte, meaning cell). Part of their job is to clear out neutrophils once they've reached the end of their lifespan.

Mononuclear phagocyte system
In immunology, the mononuclear phagocyte system or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), also known as the macrophage system, is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the MPS. The mononuclear phagocyte system and the monocyte macrophage system refer to two different entities, often mistakenly understood as one.

"Reticuloendothelial system" is an older term for the mononuclear phagocyte system, but it is used less commonly now, as it is understood that most endothelial cells are not macrophages.

The mononuclear phagocyte system is also a somewhat dated concept trying to combine a broad range of cells, and should be used with caution.
Begegnungen II
Begegnungen II is a Sky Records 1985 compilation album (second volume to Begegnungen) with recordings by Brian Eno, Dieter Moebius, Hans-Joachim Roedelius, Conny Plank, Cluster, from solo albums, and from various collaborations between the artists.  All of the tracks had been previously released elsewhere.  The albums these tracks were drawn from are:  Material  by Moebius & Plank, Zero Set  by Moebius, Plank, Neumeier, Durch Die Wuste and Lustwandel, both Roedelius solo albums, After The Heat  by Eno, Moebius, Roedelius, Tonspuren,  the first solo album by Moebius,  Sowiesoso  by Cluster, and the eponymous Cluster & Eno.  These albums were released by Sky between 1976 and 1983.

The title is the German word for "Meetings" or "Encounters".

Begegnungen II was issued in the US on CD in 1996 by the Gyroscope label. It was also reissued on the San Francisco–based Water label in 2006.

Hans-Joachim Roedelius
Hans-Joachim Roedelius (born 26 October 1934) is a German electronic musician and composer, known as a co-founder of the influential 'kosmische' groups Cluster and Harmonia. He is notable for his prolific discography, either as a solo artist, as part of a band, or in collaboration with other artists. He has more than 100 releases to his name.
He also performed in the ambient jazz trio Aquarello, and released several solo studio albums.
USS Schroeder
USS Schroeder (DD-501), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was a ship of the United States Navy, named for Rear Admiral Seaton Schroeder (1849–1922). Entering service in 1943, the ship saw action during World War II, participating in the Battle of Tarawa. Following the war the destroyer was placed in reserve, remaining in this state until 1972. She was sold for scrap in 1974.

Battle of Tarawa
1°25′37″N 172°58′32″E﻿ / ﻿1.42694°N 172.97556°E﻿ / 1.42694; 172.97556

The Battle of Tarawa was fought on 20–23 November 1943 between the United States and Japan on Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands, and was part of Operation Galvanic, the U.S. invasion of the Gilberts. Nearly 6,400 Japanese, Koreans, and Americans died during the battle, mostly on and around the small island of Betio, in the extreme southwest of Tarawa Atoll. At the time, Betio was only 118 hectares (290 acres).

The Battle of Tarawa was the first American offensive in the critical Central Pacific region. It was also the first time in the Pacific War that the United States faced serious Japanese opposition to an amphibious landing. Previous landings had met little to no initial resistance, but on Tarawa the 4,500 Japanese defenders were well supplied and well prepared, and they fought almost to the last man, exacting a heavy toll on the United States Marine Corps.
Jim Beard
James Arthur Beard (August 26, 1960 – March 2, 2024) was an American jazz pianist and keyboardist, composer, arranger and producer who worked with Steely Dan, Wayne Shorter, John McLaughlin, Pat Metheny, John Scofield, Mike Stern, Dennis Chambers, and Bob Berg, among others. First performing professionally in college alongside a bar band, Beard then became the pianist of McLaughlin's band, Mahavishnu, after moving to New York in 1985. He also produced seven albums from 1990 through 2019, and wrote several compositions for jazz artists.

John Scofield
John Scofield (born December 26, 1951) is an American guitarist and composer. His music blends jazz, jazz fusion, funk, blues, soul and rock. He first came to mainstream attention as part of the band of Miles Davis.

He has been nominated for nine Grammy awards and won three.  He was also awarded the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

He has toured and recorded with jazz saxophonists Eddie Harris, Dave Liebman, Joe Henderson, and Joe Lovano; keyboardists George Duke, Joey DeFrancesco, Herbie Hancock, Larry Goldings, and Robert Glasper; fellow guitarists Pat Metheny, John Abercrombie, Pat Martino, and Bill Frisell; bassists Marc Johnson and Jaco Pastorius; and drummers Jack DeJohnette, Billy Cobham, and Dennis Chambers. Outside the world of jazz, he has collaborated with Phil Lesh, Mavis Staples, John Mayer, Medeski Martin & Wood, and Gov't Mule.
Harold Pressley
Harold Pressley (born July 14, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. He spent four years in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Sacramento Kings between 1986 and 1990 before playing a major role in Joventut Badalona's success both in the Spanish league and the Euroleague until 1993.

Joventut Badalona
Club Joventut Badalona, S.A.D. (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈklub ʒuβənˈtud bəðəˈlonə]) is a Spanish professional basketball club based in Badalona, Catalonia, Spain, playing in the Liga ACB and the EuroCup. Known to their fans as La Penya (in English, The Club), it is one of only two teams that have never been relegated from the top division of the Spanish League. The only other is Real Madrid. In 1994, Joventut Badalona became champion of the FIBA European League (today known as the EuroLeague), the first Catalan basketball club to accomplish such a grandiose achievement and the first Spanish team to do so in the modern era Final Four format.

Well-known players have included the Margall brothers (with Josep Maria Margall), Zoran Slavnić, Jordi Villacampa, Rafael Jofresa, Corny Thompson, Mike Smith, Reggie Johnson, Harold Pressley, Tanoka Beard, Andre Turner, Raül López, Rudy Fernández, Ricky Rubio, Pau Ribas, Demond Mallet, Nicolás Laprovittola, Joel Parra, Andrés Feliz and Ante Tomic.
Defection
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state. More broadly, defection involves abandoning a person, cause, or doctrine to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.

This term is also applied, often pejoratively, to anyone who switches loyalty to another religion, sports team, political party, or other rival faction. In that sense, the defector is often considered a traitor by their original side.

Religious disaffiliation
Religious disaffiliation is the act of leaving a faith, or a religious group or community. It is in many respects the reverse of religious conversion. Several other terms are used for this process, though each of these terms may have slightly different meanings and connotations.

Researchers employ a variety of often pejorative terms to describe disaffiliation, including defection, apostasy and disengagement. This is in contrast to excommunication, which is disaffiliation from a religious organization imposed punitively on a member, rather than willfully undertaken by the member.

If religious affiliation was a big part of a leaver's social life and identity, then leaving can be a wrenching experience, and some religious groups aggravate the process with hostile reactions and shunning.: 91  Some people who were not particularly religious see leaving as not "all that big a deal" and entailing "few personal consequences", especially if they are younger people in secularized countries.