hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
George Langelaan
George Langelaan (19 January 1908 – 9 February 1972) was a French-British writer and journalist born in Paris, France.

He is best known for his 1957 short story "The Fly", which was the basis for the 1958 and 1986 sci-fi/horror films and a 2008 opera of the same name.

The Fly (opera)
The Fly is an opera in two acts by Canadian composer Howard Shore, with a libretto by David Henry Hwang. It was commissioned by the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, France, where it premiered on 2 July 2008, and by Edgar Baitzel, then director of the Los Angeles Opera, where the opera was first performed on 7 September 2008. The work was broadcast by Radio France's station France Musique on 2 August 2008.

The opera is loosely based on David Cronenberg's 1986 film The Fly, which was based on the short story of the same name by George Langelaan. Shore also wrote the musically unrelated score of that film.
A. H. Tammsaare
Anton Hansen (18 (O.S.)/30 January 1878 – 1 March 1940), better known by his pseudonym A. H. Tammsaare and its variants, was an Estonian writer whose pentalogy Truth and Justice (Tõde ja õigus; 1926–1933) is considered one of the major works of Estonian literature and "The Estonian Novel".

Truth and Justice
Truth and Justice (Estonian: Tõde ja õigus) I-V, written in 1926–1933, is a pentalogy by A. H. Tammsaare, considered to be one of the major works of Estonian literature and "The Estonian Novel".

Tammsaare's social epic captured the evolution of Estonia from a province of the Russian Empire to an independent nation. It was based partly on the author's own life and centered on the contrast between the urban middle class and hard-working farmers. The protagonist, Indrek Paas, moves from a farm to a city, witnesses uprisings and upheavals, tries to find peace in marriage and the middle and upper class lifestyle, but returns disappointed to his roots for a new start.
NOFV-Oberliga Nord
The NOFV-Oberliga Nord is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the northern states of the former East Germany and West Berlin. It covers the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and northern Saxony-Anhalt. It is one of fourteen Oberligas in German football. Until the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008 it was the fourth tier of the league system, and until the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 the third tier.

Oberliga (football)
The Oberliga (German: [ˈoːbɐˌliːɡa], "Upper League"; plural: Oberligen) is the fifth tier of the German football league system. Before the introduction of the 3. Liga in 2008, it was the fourth tier.  At the end of the 2011–12 season, the number of Oberligas was increased from eleven to fourteen.

With the exception of the Nazi-era Gauliga, the term Oberliga (equivalent to Premier League in English) was used prior to the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963 for first-division leagues in West Germany. Between 1978–94 the term Amateuroberliga was used for third-tier leagues, which were then the highest level of amateur play in the country. The current usage of the designation Oberliga was introduced in 1994. In East Germany a separate league structure was in place from 1948–1990 and the top flight division there was known as the DDR-Oberliga.
Solsbury Hill
Little Solsbury Hill (or simply Solsbury Hill) is a small flat-topped hill and the site of an Iron Age hillfort, above the village of Batheaston in Somerset, England. The hill rises to 191 metres (627 ft) above the River Avon, which is just over 2 kilometres (1 mi) to the south, and gives views of the city of Bath and the surrounding area. It is within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The hill is one of several possible locations of the Battle of Badon and shows the remains of a medieval field system. Part of the hill was quarried in the 19th century. In 1930, it was acquired by the National Trust. The hill was the inspiration of the Peter Gabriel song "Solsbury Hill", recorded in 1977. A small turf labyrinth was cut into the turf by protesters during the widening of the A46 in 1994.

Solsbury Hill (song)
"Solsbury Hill" is the debut solo single by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel. He wrote the song about a spiritual experience atop Solsbury Hill in Somerset, England, after his departure from the progressive rock band Genesis, of which he had been the lead vocalist since its inception. The single was a Top 20 hit in the UK, peaking at number 13. It reached number 68 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1977.

Gabriel has said of the song's meaning: "It's about being prepared to lose what you have for what you might get ... It's about letting go."
Asuka, Yamato
Asuka (飛鳥; Japanese pronunciation: [a.sɯ̥.ka], locally [aꜜ.sɯ̥.ka]) was the Imperial capital of Japan during the Asuka period (538 – 710 AD), which takes its name from this place. It is located in the present-day village of Asuka, Nara Prefecture.

Asuka period
The Asuka period (飛鳥時代, Asuka jidai; Japanese pronunciation: [a.sɯ̥.ka ((d)ʑiꜜ.dai)]) was a period in the history of Japan lasting from 538 to 710, although its beginning could be said to overlap with the preceding Kofun period. The Yamato polity evolved greatly during the Asuka period, which is named after the Asuka region, about 25 km (16 mi) south of the modern city of Nara.

The Asuka period is characterized by its significant artistic, social, and political transformations, having their origins in the late Kofun period. The introduction of Buddhism marked a change in Japanese society. The Asuka period is also distinguished by the change in the name of the country from Wa (倭) to Nippon (日本).
Cheshire Lines Committee
The Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) was formed in the 1860s and became the second-largest joint railway in Great Britain. The committee, which was often styled the Cheshire Lines Railway, operated 143 miles (230 km) of track in the then counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The railway did not become part of the Big Four during the implementation of the 1923 grouping, surviving independently with its own management until the railways were nationalised at the beginning of 1948. The railway  served Liverpool, Manchester, Stockport, Warrington, Widnes, Northwich, Winsford, Knutsford, Chester and Southport with connections to many other railways.

Railways Act 1921
The Railways Act 1921 (11 & 12 Geo. 5. c. 55), also known as the Grouping Act, was an act of Parliament enacted by the British government. It was intended to stem the losses being made by many of the country's 120 railway companies by "grouping" them into four large companies, dubbed the "Big Four". The system of the "Big Four" lasted until the nationalisation of the railways in 1947.

During World War I, the British government had taken control, although not ownership, of British railways. The intention behind the Act was to reduce inefficient internal competition between railway companies and retain some of the benefits which the country had derived from a government-controlled railway system during the war. The provisions of the act took effect from the start of 1923.
Võ Thị Sáu
Võ Thị Sáu (1933 – 23 January 1952) was a teenager who fought as a guerrilla during the First Indochina War participating in the resistance movement against the French colonists for Vietnam’s independence. She carried out multiple assassination attempts targeting French officers and Pro-French Vietnamese individuals collaborating with the colonial government in Southern Vietnam at the time. She was captured, tried, convicted, and executed by the French in 1952, becoming the first woman to be executed at Côn Đảo Prison.

Today in Vietnam she is considered a symbolic national revolutionary martyr and heroine. The Vietnamese government posthumously awarded her the title of Hero of the People's Armed Forces in 1993.

Côn Đảo Prison
Côn Đảo Prison (Vietnamese: Nhà tù Côn Đảo), also Côn Sơn Prison, is a prison on Côn Sơn Island (also known as Côn Lôn), the largest island of the Côn Đảo archipelago in southern Vietnam. Administratively it is located in Ho Chi Minh City. The prison was built in 1861 by the French colonists to jail those considered especially dangerous to the colonial government. Many of the high-ranking leaders of Vietnam were detained here. It is ranked a special historical relic of national importance by the government of Vietnam. The most famous site in this prison are the  "tiger cages" (chuồng cọp). The French tiger cages cover an area of 5.475 m2, within which each cell occupies 1.408 m2, solariums occupy 1.873 m2, and other spaces occupy 2.194 m2. The prison includes 120 cells.
The prison was closed after the end of the Vietnam War and opened for visitors soon after.
Tanquetazo
El Tanquetazo or El Tancazo (Spanish: "The tank putsch") was an attempted coup d'état that occurred in Chile on 29 June 1973.

Elements of an armored regiment of the Chilean Army led by Lieutenant Colonel Roberto Souper tried to overthrow the Popular Unity government of President Salvador Allende. Souper's regiment fired on buildings of the Chilean Government in central Santiago with tanks and small arms in which 22 people were killed. Loyalist soldiers led by Army commander-in-chief Carlos Prats successfully put down the coup within hours. Souper and most of the soldiers involved in the coup surrendered to Prats while some fled in exile to Ecuador.

The Tanquetazo was unsuccessful but is considered to have weakened Allende's Popular Unity government and contributed to the successful 1973 Chilean coup d'état three months later.

Carlos Prats
Carlos Prats González (Spanish: [ˈkaɾlos ˈpɾats]; February 24, 1915 – September 30, 1974) was a Chilean Army officer and politician. He served as a minister in Salvador Allende's government while Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. He resigned in August 1973 amid growing national discontent. Immediately after General Augusto Pinochet's September 11, 1973 coup, Prats went into voluntary exile in Argentina. The following year, he and his wife, Sofía Cuthbert, were assassinated in Buenos Aires by a car bomb planted by the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional.
Nikita Mandryka
Nikita Mandryka (20 October 1940 – 13 June 2021) was a French comics artist.

He started drawing in the Vaillant magazine, before moving to Pilote in 1967, and then created L'Écho des savanes along with Claire Bretécher and Marcel Gotlib in 1972. He left this magazine in 1979, going back to Pilote as editorial director. His major and better known works are Le Concombre Masqué (The Masked Cucumber) stories. He won the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême in 1994.

Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême
The Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême is a lifetime achievement award given annually during the Angoulême International Comics Festival to a comics author. Although not a monetary award, it is considered the most prestigious award in Franco-Belgian comics.

It has been awarded mainly to French and Belgian authors, but also to international authors. Recipients are, on average, 50 years old. Five women, Florence Cestac, Rumiko Takahashi, Julie Doucet, Posy Simmonds, and Anouk Ricard have been awarded the prize.
John Beam
John Edward Beam (January 11, 1959 – November 14, 2025) was an American football coach and faculty athletics director. He served as the head football coach at Laney College in Oakland, California, from 2012 to 2024. Beam starred in the fifth season of the Netflix documentary series Last Chance U, which was released in 2020. Away from the playing field, Beam was a beloved figure in the Oakland area and served as a mentor to thousands of youth. More than 30 of his former student athletes played in the National Football League (NFL).

Last Chance U
Last Chance U is an American documentary television series that is produced by and premiered on Netflix. The six-episode first season explores the football program at East Mississippi Community College, which features several collegiate athletes that have had trouble in their lives and struggled with finding structure. The players are then required to perform at the junior college (JUCO) level, under the stewardship of coach Buddy Stephens, in order to prove themselves and return to Division I.

The series' second season returned to Mississippi, but transitioned to Independence Community College in Kansas for the show's third season, which premiered on July 21, 2018. This was followed by a return to Independence for the fourth season; it debuted on July 19, 2019. The final season took place at Laney College in Oakland, California and premiered on July 28, 2020. In 2020, it was announced that a scripted drama based on the first two seasons would be produced by and star Courteney Cox.
J. D. A. Widdowson
John David Allison Widdowson (born 1935) is a British linguist and folklorist, recognized for his significant contributions to the study of English language and cultural traditions. He is the founder of the Centre for English Cultural Tradition and Language (CECTAL) at the University of Sheffield, which later became the National Centre for English Cultural Tradition (NATCECT), and he served as its director for four decades.

Widdowson played a crucial role in the Survey of English Dialects, co-editing the Linguistic Atlas of England (1978) and co-authoring its accompanying Dictionary and Grammar (1994). His extensive work also includes the creation of the Bibliography of British Folklore (1996) and the establishment of the Centre for English Traditional Heritage (CETH) in 2000. He is an honorary graduate of Memorial University of Newfoundland and the University of Edinburgh and served as President of the Folklore Society from 1987 to 1990.

The Folklore Society
The Folklore Society (FLS) is a registered charity under English law based in London, England for the study of folklore. Its office is at 50 Fitzroy Street, London home of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.

It was founded in London in 1878 to study traditional vernacular culture, including traditional music, song, dance and drama, narrative, arts and crafts, customs and belief. The foundation was prompted by a suggestion made by Eliza Gutch in the pages of Notes and Queries.
Art Gallery of Sudbury
The Art Gallery of Sudbury (AGS) is a public art gallery in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Established by Laurentian University as the Laurentian University Museum and Art Centre (LUMAC) in 1967, the gallery was located in the historic Belrock Mansion until 2025. It is currently operated from a temporary location on Elgin Street in downtown Sudbury until the new gallery at the Cultural Hub within Tom Davies Square is completed by the end of 2026.

Belrock Mansion
Belrock Mansion, also known as Bell Mansion, is a historic building in the Kingsmount-Bell Park neighbourhood of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Constructed in 1906, it was home to lumber baron William J. Bell and his wife Katherine. From 1967 until 2024, the mansion housed the Art Gallery of Sudbury.
Perfectly orderable graph
In graph theory, a perfectly orderable graph is a graph whose vertices can be ordered in such a way that a greedy coloring algorithm with that ordering optimally colors every induced subgraph of the given graph. Perfectly orderable graphs form a special case of the perfect graphs, and they include the chordal graphs, comparability graphs, and distance-hereditary graphs. However, testing whether a graph is perfectly orderable is NP-complete.

Distance-hereditary graph
In graph theory, a branch of discrete mathematics, a distance-hereditary graph (also called a completely separable graph) is a graph in which the distances in any connected induced subgraph are the same as they are in the original graph. Thus, any induced subgraph inherits the distances of the larger graph.

Distance-hereditary graphs were named and first studied by Howorka (1977), although an equivalent class of graphs was already shown to be perfect in 1970 by Olaru and Sachs.

It has been known for some time that the distance-hereditary graphs constitute an intersection class of graphs, but no intersection model was known until one was given by Gioan & Paul (2012).
Origination fee
An origination fee or establishment fee is a payment charged for establishing a loan account with a bank, broker, or other financial service provider.

While origination fees can be a set amount, a tiered amount, or a percentage. Percentages typically range from 1.0% to 5.0% of the loan amount, varying based on whether the loan is in the prime or subprime market. For example, an origination fee of 5% on a $10,000 loan is $500.
In the United States, Discount points are used to buy down the interest rates, temporarily or permanently. Origination fees and discount points are both items listed under lender-charges on the HUD-1 Settlement Statement. Regulation Z was enacted to protect borrowers from abusive lending practices. Under this regulation, origination fees for mortgages cannot be deducted from taxes.

Bank fee
A bank fee or a bank charge includes charges and fees made by a bank to their customers exclusive of interest payments. In common parlance, the term often relates to charges in respect of personal current accounts or checking account.

These charges may take many forms such as monthly charges for the provision of an account, specific transaction charges such as withdrawal and transfer fees, ATM usage fees, debit card fees for doing a card transactions above a preset limit per month, credit card fees, loan establishment fees, early termination fees, and minimum account balance fees. They also include overdraft fees or non-sufficient funds (NSF) fees for exceeding authorized overdraft limits, or making payments (or attempting to make payments) where no authorized overdraft exists.
Wynonie Harris
Wynonie Harris (August 24, 1915 – June 14, 1969) was an American blues shouter best remembered as a singer of upbeat songs, featuring humorous, often ribald lyrics. He had fifteen Top 10 hits between 1946 and 1952. Harris is attributed by many music scholars to be one of the founding fathers of rock and roll. His "Good Rocking Tonight" is mentioned at least as a precursor to rock and roll.

His dirty blues repertoire included "Lolly Pop Mama" (1948), "I Like My Baby's Pudding" (1950), "Sittin on It All the Time" (1950), "Keep On Churnin' (Till the Butter Comes)" (1952), and "Wasn't That Good" (1953).

Blues shouter
A blues shouter is a blues singer, capable of singing unamplified with a band.

Notable blues shouters include:

Big Maybelle

Big Mama Thornton

Piney Brown

Walter Brown, of the Jay McShann orchestra

Beulah Bryant

H-Bomb Ferguson

Wynonie Harris

Screamin' Jay Hawkins

Duke Henderson, who operated mainly in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Jimmy Rushing, blues shouter with Count Basie.

Big Joe Turner – his style hardly changed at all between 1938's "Roll 'Em Pete", and 1954's "Shake, Rattle and Roll". AllMusic called Turner "the premier blues shouter of the postwar era".

Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson, an unusual combination of blues shouter and bebop alto saxophone player.

Joe Williams (jazz singer)

Jimmy Witherspoon, who also appeared with Jay McShann.

Billy Wright

Howlin' Wolf (Chester Burnett)
Willem Kes
Willem Kes (Dordrecht, 16 February 1856 – München, 22 February 1934, was a Dutch conductor, composer, violist, and violinist. He was the first principal conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam, holding that position from 1888 to 1895.

Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (Dutch: Koninklĳk Concertgebouworkest, pronounced [ˌkoːnɪŋklə kɔnˈsɛrtxəbʌu.ɔrˌkɛst]) is a Dutch symphony orchestra, established in 1888 at the Amsterdam Royal Concertgebouw (concert hall). It is considered one of the world's leading orchestras. It was known as the Concertgebouw Orchestra until Queen Beatrix conferred the "Royal" prefix upon it in celebration of its centenary in 1988; the prefix was also granted to the concert hall in 2013.
HiPhi
HiPhi is an electric vehicle brand owned by EV Electra and Human Horizons. The company was founded by Ding Lei and is headquartered in Shanghai. Its first vehicle, HiPhi X, was released on 31 July 2019.

In February 2024, the company halted production indefinitely;. In May 2025 controversial Lebanese enterprise EV Electra claimed it provided essential investment to restart the production.

Ding Lei (businessman, born 1963)
Ding Lei (Chinese: 丁磊; pinyin: Dīng Lěi; born October 1963; also known as David Ding) is a Chinese automotive industry businessman. He is the founder of Shanghai-based electric vehicle companies Human Horizons (since 2017) and HiPhi (since 2019).

Previously, he served as vice chairman of LeSEE electric car company from 2015 to 2017, deputy district mayor of Pudong New District from 2013 to 2015, and vice president of Shanghai Automotive Group and general manager of Shanghai General Motors from 2007 to 2011.
Daylight saving time
Daylight saving time (DST), also referred to as daylight savings time, daylight time (United States and Canada), or summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks to make better use of the longer daylight available during summer so that darkness falls at a later clock time. The typical implementation of DST is to adjust clocks ahead of standard time by one hour in spring or late winter, and to set clocks back by one hour in the autumn (or fall in North American English, hence the mnemonic: "spring forward and fall back").

In many countries, the part of the year when DST is observed is much longer than the part aligned to standard time. The practice of DST was first tested in the early 20th century. Many countries, such as Russia and Mexico, have abandoned DST entirely.

Daylight saving time in Canada
In Canada, daylight saving time (DST) is observed in nine of the country's ten provinces and two of its three territories—though with exceptions in parts of several provinces and Nunavut.

Under the Canadian Constitution, laws related to timekeeping are a provincial and territorial matter. Most of Saskatchewan, despite geographically being in the Mountain Time Zone, observes year-round Central Standard Time (CST). This results in the province effectively being on year-round daylight saving time. In 2020, Yukon abandoned seasonal time change and moved to permanently observe year-round Mountain Standard Time (MST).

In the regions of Canada that use daylight saving time, it begins on the second Sunday of March at 2 a.m. and ends on the first Sunday in November at 2 a.m. As a result, daylight saving time lasts in Canada for a total of 34 weeks (238 days) every year, about 65 percent of the entire year.
BBCU F.C.
BBCU Football Club, known fully as Big Bang Chula United Football Club (Thai: สโมสรฟุตบอลบีบีซียู), is a Thai defunct professional football club based in Bangkok, Thailand, owned by Montri Suwannoi. Founded as "Bangtoey Football Team" in 1976, the club changed its name many times, until finally, it became "BBCU" in 2011.

BBCU was one of the most successful Thai football clubs of the late 1990s (under the name of "Sinthana Football Club"). The club has won a Thai League 1 title, 2 Kor Royal Cups and 1 FA Cup. Moreover, during the years in lower divisions, the club has also won a Division 2 title.

Thai League 4
Thai League 4 (Thai: ไทยลีก 4), commonly known as the T4, was the fourth level association football league in Thailand. In 2009, it was divided into five groups by geographic region. Each group contained 16 clubs except for the Southern Region group which contained 13 clubs. It was sponsored by AIS and therefore officially known as the AIS Regional League Division 2. In 2016, Khor Royal Cup became a trophy for Regional League Division 2.

In 2017, Football Association of Thailand rebranded the league to Thai League 4.