hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
21st Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Craven's)
The 21st Arkansas Infantry (1862–1865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was organized from the consolidation of two understrength Arkansas units in May 1862. The unit participated in the Iuka-Corinth Campaign before becoming part of the garrison of Vicksburg Mississippi. After the capitulation of Confederate forces at Vicksburg, the 21st was paroled and exchanged back to Arkansas where it was combined with the remnants of several there Arkansas regiments to become the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment (Trans-Mississippi). Another Arkansas Confederate infantry regiment, commanded by Colonel Dandridge McRae was also labeled the "21st Arkansas". To avoid confusion between two 21st Arkansas Regiments, McRae's regiment was later redesignated as the 15th (Northwest) Arkansas Infantry Regiment (making a total of three 15th Arkansas Regiments).

1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment
The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry (1864–1865) was a Confederate States Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War. The regiment is separate from and has no connection with the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment which was formed in the Confederate Army of Tennessee in April 1865 and is also separate from the 1st Regiment, Arkansas State Troops, which became the 15th (Josey's) Arkansas Infantry Regiment and Fagan's 1st Arkansas Infantry Regiment, which was formed in 1861 and served in the Army of Tennessee.
Binary collision approximation
In condensed-matter physics, the binary collision approximation (BCA) is a heuristic used to more efficiently simulate the penetration depth and defect production by energetic ions (with kinetic energies in the kilo-electronvolt (keV) range or higher) in solids. In the method, the ion is approximated to travel through a material by experiencing a sequence of independent binary collisions with sample atoms (nuclei). Between the collisions, the ion is assumed to travel in a straight path, experiencing electronic stopping power, but losing no energy in collisions with nuclei.

Stopping power (particle radiation)
In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy.

Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle. Its application is important in a wide range of thermodynamic areas such as radiation protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine.
Gary–Hammond barrier
41°35′43″N 87°25′59″W﻿ / ﻿41.59528°N 87.43306°W﻿ / 41.59528; -87.43306

In 1981, the city council of Hammond, Indiana, constructed a barrier or dike where 165th Street meets the border of Gary, to keep toxic flood water out. Originally intended as temporary, the barrier sparked years of controversy between then mostly-White Hammond and mostly-Black Gary. The barrier remains there to this day.

Hammond, Indiana
Hammond (/ˈhæmənd/ HAM-ənd) is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States. Located along Lake Michigan, it is part of the Chicago metropolitan area and the only city in Indiana to border Chicago. As of the 2020 census, it is the eighth-most populous city in Indiana, with 77,879 residents. It was first settled in the mid-19th century and it is one of the oldest cities of northern Lake County.

From north to south, Hammond runs from Lake Michigan to the Little Calumet River; from east to west along its southern border, it runs from the Illinois state line to Cline Avenue. The city is traversed by numerous railroads and expressways, including the South Shore Line, Borman Expressway, and Indiana Toll Road. Notable local landmarks include the parkland around Wolf Lake and the Horseshoe Hammond riverboat casino. Part of the Rust Belt, Hammond has been industrial almost from its inception, but is also home to a campus of Purdue University and numerous historic districts.
Α-Linolenic acid
α-Linolenic acid, also known as  alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (from Greek alpha denoting "first" and linon meaning flax), is an n−3, or omega-3, essential fatty acid. ALA is found in many seeds and oils, including flaxseed, walnuts, chia, hemp, and many common vegetable oils.

In terms of its structure, it is named all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. In physiological literature, it is listed by its lipid number, 18:3 (n−3). It is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and three cis double bonds. The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain, known as the n end. Thus, α-linolenic acid is a polyunsaturated n−3 (omega-3) fatty acid. It is a regioisomer of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an 18:3 (n−6) fatty acid (i.e., a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid with three double bonds).

Γ-Linolenic acid
γ-Linolenic acid or GLA (INN: gamolenic acid) is an n−6, or omega-6, fatty acid found primarily in seed oils. When acting on GLA, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase produces no leukotrienes and the conversion by the enzyme of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes is inhibited.
The Sakura Bank
The Sakura Bank (さくら銀行, Sakura Ginkō) was a Japanese bank with dual headquarters in Tokyo and Kobe. It was formed in April 1990 as the Mitsui Taiyo Kobe Bank (MTKB) by the merger of Mitsui Bank (founded 1876) and Taiyo Kobe Bank (founded 1973). The Sakura Bank name was adopted in April 1992. Sakura Bank in turn merged with the Sumitomo Bank in 2001 to form the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.

The Sumitomo Bank
The Sumitomo Bank, Limited (株式会社住友銀行, Kabushiki-gaisha Sumitomo Ginkō) was a major Japanese bank, founded 1895 in Osaka and a central component of the Sumitomo Group. For much of the 20th century it was one of the largest Japanese banks, together with Dai-Ichi Bank, Mitsubishi Bank, Mitsui Bank, and Yasuda / Fuji Bank. In 1948, it was renamed Osaka Bank, but reverted to Sumitomo Bank in 1952.

On 1 April 2001, Sumitomo Bank merged with Sakura Bank to form Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation.
CfA2 Great Wall
The Great Wall (also called Coma Wall), sometimes specifically referred to as the CfA2 Great Wall, is an immense galaxy filament. It is one of the largest known superstructures in the observable universe.

This structure was discovered c. 1989 by a team of American astronomers led by Margaret J. Geller and John Huchra while analyzing data gathered by the second CfA Redshift Survey of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA).

Galaxy filament
In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can commonly reach 50 to 80 megaparsecs (160 to 260 megalight-years)—with the largest found to date being Quipu (400 megaparsecs), and possibly the still unconfirmed Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall at around 3 gigaparsecs (9.8 Gly) in length—and form the boundaries between voids. Due to the accelerating expansion of the universe, the individual clusters of gravitationally bound galaxies that make up galaxy filaments are moving away from each other at an accelerated rate; in the far future they will dissolve.

Galaxy filaments form the cosmic web and define the overall structure of the observable universe.
Alsask
Alsask is a special service area in the Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292, in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. Alsask is located 60 km (37 mi) west of the town of Kindersley. Highway 44 runs to the east of Alsask, and Highway 7 lies a few kilometres to the north. The community had a population of 113 in the 2021 Canadian census (a 1.8% increase from 111 in the 2016 Canadian census).

The community's name combines the names of Alberta and Saskatchewan, although it is a misconception that it straddles the border between the two provinces. It lies approximately 300 m (980 ft) east of the Alberta border and while the community lies completely within Saskatchewan, the local cemetery is actually in Alberta. Alsask's most notable landmark is one of three remaining radar domes that for many years operated as Canadian Forces Detachment Alsask as part of the Pinetree Line, operated by the Canadian Armed Forces. Southeast of the town is Alsask Lake.

CFD Alsask
Canadian Forces Station Alsask (CFS Alsask) was a military radar station in the Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292, just north of the hamlet of Alsask, Saskatchewan, Canada, a village on the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. It is within the Rural Municipality of Milton No. 292.

RCAF Station Station Alsask was opened in 1963 as part of the Pinetree Line of NORAD radar stations.   The station was later renamed CFS Alsask when the military branches were merged.  The station was part of 44 Radar Squadron and had a call sign of November, Jade Ring. The station was disbanded in 1987 and has been taken over by the village. The station property became part of the Rural Municipality of Milton when the village of Alsask was dissolved in 2009.

The station consisted of three radar domes, housing, a school, swimming pool, with a staff complement of 125 (military) and 60 civilian workers.
BOB (psychedelic)
BOB, also known as 4-bromo-2,5,β-trimethoxyphenethylamine or as β-methoxy-2C-B, is a psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine, 2C, and BOx families. It is the β-methoxy derivative of 2C-B. BOB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

BOx (psychedelics)
BOx, also known as β-oxygenated- and ring-substituted phenethylamines, are a group of psychedelic and other psychoactive drugs of the phenethylamine family. They have either a hydroxy group or methoxy group at the β position of the alkyl side chain as well as additional substitutions at the 2 through 5 positions of the phenyl ring.

Certain BOx drugs like BOB (β-methoxy-2C-B) have been found to act as serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists.

The BOx drugs were described in the scientific literature by Alexander Shulgin, Peyton Jacob III, and Darrell Lemaire in 1985. They were subsequently further described by Shulgin in his 1991 book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved). Additional BOx drugs like BOH-2C-B (BOHB; β-hydroxy-2C-B) and 3C-BOH (β-methoxy-MDA; BOMDA) were later described by Daniel Trachsel in 2013. In addition, BOHB emerged as a novel designer drug.
Northeast Cay
Northeast Cay, also known as Parola Island (Filipino: Pulo ng Parola, lit. 'Island of [the] Lighthouse'; Mandarin Chinese: 北子島/北子岛; pinyin: Běizǐ Dǎo; Vietnamese: Đảo Song Tử Đông), with a land area of 12.7 hectares (31 acres), is the fifth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands and the third largest of the Philippine-occupied islands. It is part of the North Danger Reef and is located to the northwest of Dangerous Ground.

It is 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of Vietnamese-occupied Southwest Cay (Tagalog: Pugad), and they are visible from each other. It is located 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Philippine-occupied Thitu Island (Pag-asa), and is administered by the Philippines as part of Kalayaan, Palawan.

The island is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam.

Southwest Cay
Southwest Cay, also known as Vietnamese: Đảo Song Tử Tây; Pugad Island (Filipino: Pulo ng Pugad, lit. 'Island of Nest'); Mandarin Chinese: 南子島/南子岛; pinyin: Nánzi Dǎo, is an island on the northwestern edge of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. It is part of the atoll North Danger Reef, and just 1.75 miles (2.82 km) southwest of Northeast Cay. With an natural area of 12 hectares (30 acres), it is the sixth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands, and the second largest of the Vietnamese-occupied islands. Southwest Cay has the archipelago's highest point, at 4 meters above sea level.  It was once a breeding place for birds, and was covered with trees and guano; export of guano had been carried out "on a considerable scale".

The island is also claimed by China (PRC), Taiwan (ROC), and the Philippines.
Treatise on Law
Treatise on Law is Thomas Aquinas' major work of legal philosophy. It forms questions 90–108 of the Prima Secundæ ("First [Part] of the Second [Part]") of the Summa Theologiæ, Aquinas' masterwork of Scholastic philosophical theology. Along with Aristotelianism, it forms the basis not only for the legal theory of Catholic canon law, but provides a model for natural law theories generally.

Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law
The philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law are the fields of philosophical, theological (ecclesiological), and legal scholarship which concern the place of canon law in the nature of the Catholic Church, both as a natural and as a supernatural entity. Philosophy and theology shape the concepts and self-understanding of canon law as the law of both a human organization and as a supernatural entity, since the Catholic Church believes that Jesus Christ instituted the church by direct divine command, while the fundamental theory of canon law is a meta-discipline of the "triple relationship between theology, philosophy, and canon law".
Ohio State Route 364
State Route 364 (SR 364) is a north–south state route in Ohio. It starts from SR 705 near Yorkshire. The route moves north across several counties, then northeast against the side of the Grand Lake. SR 364 then travels west along a concurrency with SR 703, and ends at SR 29 near St. Marys. The route was designated in 1934, from SR 219 to SR 29. It was extended southwards to SR 705 in 1936 and completely paved by 1940. SR 364 was also extended in 1973 to the new alignment of SR 29.

Ohio State Route 703
State Route 703 (SR 703) is a state highway in western Ohio.  Its western terminus is in Montezuma at SR 219, its eastern terminus is in St. Marys at an intersection with SR 29, and SR 66, and the southern terminus of SR 116 in St. Marys.  The route is mainly an east–west highway along the shores of Grand Lake St. Marys, although the section between Celina and Montezuma travels in a more north-south fashion.

In 1937, the route was designated from SR 219 to US 127, and fully paved by 1940. SR 703 was extended to the northern side of the Grand Lake in 1973, replacing an old alignment of SR 29.
2025 Alice Springs Town Council election
The 2025 Alice Springs Town Council election was held on 23 August 2025 to elect a mayor and eight councillors to the Town of Alice Springs. The election was part of the local government elections held throughout the Northern Territory.

First-term incumbent, Matt Paterson, chose not to seek re-election, and Greens candidate Asta Hill was elected mayor with 50.3% of the two-candidate-preferred vote, defeating Eli Melky.

2025 Northern Territory local elections
The 2025 Northern Territory local elections were held on 23 August 2025 to elect the councils of 16 of the 18 local government areas (LGAs) in the Northern Territory. Five councils also held mayoral elections.

One LGA, the Groote Archipelago Region, was formed in September 2024 and held its inaugural election on 16 March 2025. Barkly Regional Council, which was dismissed in June 2024, held an election in November 2024 and did not go to the polls in 2025.
2023 Alaska mid-air collision
On 27 April 2023, two AH-64 Apache helicopters belonging to the 1st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment, at Fort Wainwright, collided near Healy, Alaska, approximately 80 miles (130 kilometres) south of Fairbanks, when returning from an exercise mission. The incident resulted in three military personnel killed with another one injured. It happened barely one month after two Black Hawk helicopters crashed in Kentucky, leading the US Army halting all its aircraft, with the exception of those on "critical missions".

2023 Fort Campbell mid-air collision
On March 29, 2023, two Sikorsky HH-60 Blackhawk helicopters, both operated by the 101st Airborne Division, collided over Fort Campbell in Trigg County, Kentucky, United States. All nine servicemembers were killed. The flight recorders belonging to the helicopters were found, as well as night-vision goggles used by the pilots during the exercise.
Jeffrey C. Hall
Jeffrey Connor Hall (born May 3, 1945) is an American geneticist and chronobiologist. Hall is Professor Emeritus of Biology at Brandeis University and currently resides in Cambridge, Maine.

Hall spent his career examining the neurological component of fly courtship and behavioral rhythms. Through his research on the neurology and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster, Hall uncovered essential mechanisms of the circadian clocks and shed light on the foundations for sexual differentiation in the nervous system.  He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences for his revolutionary work in the field of chronobiology, and nominated for the T. Washington Fellows.

In 2017, along with Michael W. Young and Michael Rosbash, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".

Michael Rosbash
Michael Morris Rosbash (born March 7, 1944) is an American geneticist and chronobiologist. Rosbash is a professor and researcher at Brandeis University and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Rosbash's research group cloned the Drosophila period gene in 1984 and proposed the Transcription Translation Negative Feedback Loop for circadian clocks in 1990. In 1998, they discovered the cycle gene, clock gene, and cryptochrome photoreceptor in Drosophila through the use of forward genetics, by first identifying the phenotype of a mutant and then determining the genetics behind the mutation. Rosbash was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003. Along with Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".
Revenue stamps of Zululand
The British colony of Zululand issued revenue stamps in 1888. The only set consisted of seven values of 1d, 1s, 5s, 9s, £1 (two different colours), £5 and £20 of Natal revenues overprinted ZULULAND in a similar overprint to that used for postage stamps. The 1d later became valid for postal use as well. All the higher values now command high prices and are quite rare. In addition to this issue, the same Natal £5 is known with a different overprint in violet, but it is not known if this was a legitimate issue or not.

Natal's high value revenues were replaced by the postage stamps with face values up to £5 which were issued in 1894. The higher values of this set were mainly intended for fiscal rather than postal use.

Postage stamps and postal history of Zululand
This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Zululand under British rule.

The Zulu Kingdom was defeated by Britain in the Anglo-Zulu War and was annexed as a British territory in 1887. For a brief period, it operated its own postal system and had its own postage stamps.
Farouk of Egypt
Farouk I (/fəˈruːk/; Arabic: فاروق الأول, romanized: Fārūq al-Awwal; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 1936 and reigning until his overthrow in a military coup in 1952.

His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". As king, Farouk was known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle. While initially popular, his reputation eroded due to the corruption and incompetence of his government. He was overthrown in the 1952 coup d'état and forced to abdicate in favour of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as Fuad II. Farouk died in exile in Italy in 1965.

His sister, Princess Fawzia bint Fuad, was the first wife and consort of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Fuad II of Egypt
Fuad II (Arabic: فؤاد الثاني, full name: Ahmed Fuad bin Farouk bin Ahmed Fuad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad Ali; born 16 January 1952), or alternatively Ahmed Fuad II (Arabic: أحمد فؤاد الثاني), is a member of the Egyptian Muhammad Ali dynasty. As an infant, he formally reigned as the last King of Egypt and the Sudan from July 1952 to June 1953, when he was deposed.
Aceruloplasminemia
Aceruloplasminemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which the liver can not synthesize the protein ceruloplasmin properly, which is needed to transport copper around the blood. Copper deficiency in the brain results in neurological problems that generally appear in adulthood and worsen over time.

Aceruloplasminemia has been seen worldwide, but its overall prevalence is unknown. Studies in Japan have estimated that approximately 1 in 2 million adults in this population are affected.

Aceruloplasminemia belongs to the group of genetic disorders called neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA).

Ceruloplasmin
Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.

Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 1948. Another protein, hephaestin, is noted for its homology to ceruloplasmin, and also participates in iron and probably copper metabolism.
Anna (name)
Anna is a feminine given name, the Latin form of the Hebrew name Hannah (Hebrew: חַנָּה, romanized: Ḥannāh), meaning "favour" or "grace". It is the name of Samuel's mother in the Hebrew Bible, rendered Ἄννα in Greek, Hannah in English, and Anna in Latin. The Greek form also appears in the New Testament story of Anna the Prophetess.

Anna is in wide use in countries across the world as are its variants Ana, Ann (originally the English spelling), and Anne which was originally a French version of the name though has been used in English speaking countries for hundreds of years. The name has also been used for numerous saints and queens. The name is also found in Virgil's Aeneid, where Anna appears as the sister of Dido advising her to keep Aeneas in her city.

Hannah (name)
Hannah, also spelled Hanna, Hana, Hanah, or Chana, is a feminine given name of Hebrew origin (Hebrew: חַנָּה, romanized: Ḥannāh). It is derived from the root ḥ-n-n, meaning "favour" or "grace". A Dictionary of First Names attributes the name to a word meaning 'He (God) has favoured me with a child'. Anne, Ana, Ann, and other variants of the name derive from the Hellenized Hebrew, Anna (Ἄννα).

The Phoenician (Punic) name Hannibal derives from the same Canaanite root and means "My grace is Baal". In the Books of Samuel of the Hebrew Bible, Hannah is Samuel's mother.
Ellenbrook, Western Australia
Ellenbrook is an outer suburb and planned community in Perth, Western Australia, within the City of Swan local government area. It is 28 km (17 mi) north-east of Perth's central business district and 18 km (11 mi) north of the regional metropolitan centre of Midland. It was first developed in the 1990s as a joint venture between the Government of Western Australia and private landowners in the area.

Ellenbrook is a designated secondary activity centre within the Perth metropolitan area, serving Perth's north-eastern corridor. It forms a contiguous urban area with the adjoining communities of The Vines, Aveley and Henley Brook.

The Vines, Western Australia
The Vines is an outer suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located north-east in the Swan Valley region of the City of Swan. It is 33 kilometres (21 mi) away from Perth's central business district and 6 kilometres (4 mi) away from the secondary metropolitan centre of Ellenbrook, with which it shares a common development history and urban area.

The suburb is primarily rural-residential in nature. Its streets and neighbourhoods are defined by The Vines Resort, a resort and leisure complex featuring two 18-hole golf courses that traverse the majority of the suburb's area.