hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Applicative computing systems
Applicative computing systems, or ACS are the systems of object calculi founded on combinatory logic and lambda calculus. 
The only essential notion which is under consideration in these systems is the representation of object. In combinatory logic the only metaoperator is application in the sense of applying one object to other. In lambda calculus two metaoperators are used: application – the same as in combinatory logic, and functional abstraction which binds the only variable in one object.

Combinatory logic
Combinatory logic is a notation to eliminate the need for quantified variables in mathematical logic. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell Curry, and has more recently been used in computer science as a theoretical model of computation and also as a basis for the design of functional programming languages. It is based on combinators, which were introduced by Schönfinkel in 1920 with the idea of providing an analogous way to build up functions—and to remove any mention of variables—particularly in predicate logic.  A combinator is a higher-order function that uses only function application and earlier defined combinators to define a result from its arguments.
Severo Fernández
Severo Fernández Alonso Caballero (15 August 1849 – 12 August 1925) was a Bolivian lawyer, jurist, and politician who served as the 24th president of Bolivia from 1896 to 1899. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as the 10th vice president of Bolivia from 1892 to 1896 under President Mariano Baptista.

Mariano Baptista
Mariano Baptista Caserta (16 July 1832 – 19 March 1907, Cochabamba) was a Bolivian politician, orator and journalist. An outstanding intellectual of his time, he was a deputy in various periods, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1873-1876) and (1888-1891), President of Congress (1884-1888), Constitutional President of the Republic (1892-1896) and Vice President of the Republic (1884-1888).
Paul Bowser
Paul Forbes Bowser (May 28, 1886 – July 17, 1960) was an American professional wrestler and promoter who was active from the 1920s to the 1950s in the Boston area.

He founded the Boston-based American Wrestling Association and later a member of the National Wrestling Alliance. The careers of eventual world champions Gus Sonnenberg, Ed Don George, Danno O'Mahony and Steve Casey were started under Bowser's direction. Others that Bowser has been credited for giving their first breaks in wrestling were Maurice Vachon and The Fabulous Moolah

Bowser is a member of the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum and Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame.

Ed Don George
Edward Nye "Ed Don" George Jr. (June 3, 1905 – September 18, 1985) was an American amateur and professional wrestler, and wrestling promoter. A former Olympic freestyle wrestler, George competed in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics and turned pro shortly after. He was two-time AWA World Heavyweight Champion.
Black-necked crane
The black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is a medium-sized crane in Asia that breeds on the Tibetan Plateau and remote parts of India and Bhutan. It is 139 cm (55 in) long with a 235 cm (7.71 ft) wingspan, and it weighs 5.5 kg (12 lb). It is whitish-gray, with a black head, red crown patch, black upper neck and legs, and white patch to the rear of the eye. It has black primaries and secondaries. Both sexes are similar. Some populations are known to make seasonal movements. It is revered in Buddhist traditions and culturally protected across much of its range. A festival in Bhutan celebrates the bird while the Indian union territory of Ladakh has designated it as the state bird.

Black-necked cranes in Bhutan
Black-necked cranes in Bhutan (Grus nigricollis) are winter visitors during late October to mid February to the Phobjikha Valley as well as Ladakh, India, and Arunachal Pradesh, India.  They arrive from the Tibetan Plateau, where they breed in the summer. They visit the Phobjikha Valley in large numbers, which is a declared protected area for the cranes, and also to other valleys in smaller numbers in central and eastern Bhutan.

On arrival in Phobhjikha they are seen to circle Gangteng Monastery three times as if practicing kora ("circumambulation"), and repeat this act as they begin their return to the Tibet Autonomous Region in early spring.
Bogislaw VIII
Bogisław VIII (c. 1364 – 11 February 1418), a member of the House of Griffin, was Duke of Pomerania ruling in Pomerania-Stolp from 1395 until his death. He also served as administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Cammin from 1387 and as Cammin Prince-bishop from 1394 to 1398.

House of Griffin
The House of Griffin or Griffin dynasty, (German: Greifen; Polish: Gryfici, Danish: Grif; Latin: Gryphes), or House of Pomerania (see § Name of the Dynasty), was a dynasty ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Duke Wartislaw I (died 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia, Sweden and Poland. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last member of the House of Griffin, died in 1660.
Internet Gateway Device Protocol
Internet Gateway Device (UPnP IGD) Control Protocol is a protocol based on UPnP for mapping ports in network address translation (NAT) setups, supported by some NAT-enabled routers. It is a common communications protocol for automatically configuring port forwarding, and is part of an ISO/IEC Standard rather than an Internet Engineering Task Force standard.

Port forwarding
In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall. This technique is most commonly used to make services on a host residing on a protected or masqueraded (internal) network available to hosts on the opposite side of the gateway (external network), by remapping the destination IP address and port number of the communication to an internal host.
The Rag
The Rag was an underground newspaper published in Austin, Texas from 1966–1977.  The weekly paper covered political and cultural topics that the conventional press ignored, such as the growing antiwar movement, the sexual revolution, gay liberation, and drug culture. It encouraged these political constituencies and countercultural communities to coalesce into a significant political force in Austin. As the sixth member of the Underground Press Syndicate and the first underground paper in the South, The Rag helped shape a flourishing national underground press.

According to historian and publisher Paul Buhle, The Rag was "one of the first, the most long-lasting and most influential" of the Sixties underground papers.  In his 1972 book, The Paper Revolutionaries, Laurence Leamer called The Rag "one of the few legendary undergrounds."

Underground press
The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group. 
In specific recent (post-World War II) Asian, American and Western European context, the term "underground press"  has most frequently been employed to refer to the independently published and distributed underground papers associated with the counterculture of the late 1960s and early 1970s in India and Bangladesh in Asia, in the United States and Canada in North America, and the United Kingdom and other western nations. It can also refer to the newspapers produced independently in repressive regimes. In German occupied Europe, for example, a thriving underground press operated, usually in association with the Resistance. Other notable examples include the samizdat and bibuła, which operated in the Soviet Union and Poland respectively, during the Cold War.
Geshu Han
Geshu Han (Chinese: 哥舒翰; pinyin: Gēshū Hàn; died December 1, 757), formally Prince Wumin of Xiping (西平武愍王), was a general of Tang China who was of Turgesh extraction. A veteran of many battles, he became a powerful general late in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and in 756 became responsible for defending Tong Pass against the rebel forces of An Lushan.

After being forced by the Chancellor Yang Guozhong to engage An Lushan's forces, he was defeated and subsequently kidnapped by his own subordinate, Huoba Guiren (火拔歸仁), to An Lushan's camp. An Lushan tried to use him to get his subordinate generals Li Guangbi, Lai Tian (來瑱), and Lu Gui (魯炅) to surrender as well, but when those generals refused to do so, put him under house arrest in Luoyang, the capital of An's newly established state of Great Yan.

In 757, after An Lushan's son and successor An Qingxu was defeated by Tang forces and forced to abandon Luoyang, An Qingxu executed Geshu and some thirty other captive Tang generals.

Li Guangbi
Li Guangbi (李光弼; 708 – August 15, 764), formally Prince Wumu of Linhuai (臨淮武穆王), was a Chinese military general, monarch, and politician during the Tang dynasty. He was of ethnic Khitan ancestry, and was instrumental in Tang's suppression of the Anshi Rebellion.
Beware the Batman
Beware the Batman is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. Produced by Warner Bros. Animation and DC Entertainment, the series premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on July 13, 2013, as part of the DC Nation programming block, replacing Batman: The Brave and the Bold.

The series was pulled from Cartoon Network's schedule four months after its premiere, without official explanation. After being put on hiatus, the remaining episodes of the series began to air on Adult Swim's Toonami programming block, from July 27 to September 28, 2014, with a total of twenty-six episodes having aired altogether. The series then premiered in Canada on October 11, 2013, on Teletoon and was cancelled after its twenty-sixth episode.

Batman: The Brave and the Bold
Batman: The Brave and the Bold is an American animated television series based in part on the DC Comics series The Brave and the Bold which features two or more superheroes coming together to solve a crime or foil a super villain. As the title suggests, the series focuses on Batman's regular "team-ups" with various heroes similar to the most well-known version of the original comic book series. This version has a much lighter and simpler, often comic feel, targeting younger viewers more than the character's other series. The series premiered on November 14, 2008, on Cartoon Network in the United States, and ended on November 18, 2011. It also aired in Canada on Teletoon. The series was followed by a comic-book continuation which ended in 2014, and a feature-length crossover film: Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold, which aired in 2018.

It was the first series produced by Warner Bros. Animation to be broadcast in high definition.
4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl
4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl is a commonly used nematic liquid crystal with the chemical formula C18H19N. It frequently goes by the common name 5CB. 5CB was first synthesized by George William Gray, Ken Harrison, and J.A. Nash at the University of Hull in 1972 and at the time it was the first member of the cyanobiphenyls. The liquid crystal was discovered after Gray's group received a grant from the UK Ministry of Defence to find a liquid crystal that had liquid crystal phases near room temperature with the specific intention of using them in liquid crystal displays. The molecule is about 20 Å long. The liquid crystal 5CB undergoes a phase transition from a crystalline state to a nematic state at 22.5 °C and it goes from a nematic to an isotropic state at 35.0 °C.

George Gray (chemist)
George William Gray CBE FRS (4 September 1926 – 12 May 2013) was a Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Hull who was instrumental in developing the long-lasting materials which made liquid crystal displays possible. He created and systematically developed liquid crystal materials science, and established a method of practical molecular design. Gray was recipient of the 1995 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology.
Oatlands, Surrey
Oatlands is a village in the north of the English county of Surrey, contiguous with the towns of Weybridge to the west and Walton on Thames to the east, and set on low, verdant ridges partially overlooking the River Thames.  Oatlands acquired its name from the Royal Tudor and Stuart Oatlands Palace, which was built for Henry VIII to the north of Weybridge town centre.  Before acquiring its first place of worship it was part of Walton on Thames, and shortly after thereby becoming a village did not qualify for post town status and instead its post town became Weybridge. The towns it adjoins have their centres 1 mile (1.6 km) away.  Oatlands has a park, parade of shops, one pub, one Working Men's Club, and three schools.

Administratively its borough of Elmbridge electoral ward is Oatlands Park, and its Surrey electoral division is Walton South and Oatlands.

Walton-on-Thames
Walton-on-Thames, known locally as Walton, is a market town on the south bank of the Thames in northwest Surrey, England. It is in the Borough of Elmbridge, about 15 mi (24 km) southwest of central London. Walton forms part of the Greater London Built-up Area, and is served by a wide range of transport links. According to the 2011 Census, the town has a total population of 22,834. The town itself consists mostly of suburban streets, with a historic town centre of Celtic origin. It is one of the largest towns in Elmbridge, alongside Weybridge.
Alexei Sokolov
Alexei Vladimirovich Sokolov (Russian: Алексей Владимирович Соколов; born 15 January 1979) is a Russian pair skating coach and former competitor. With Julia Obertas, he won two Grand Prix medals and placed within the top ten at two ISU Championships. He is the 1998 World Junior silver medalist with Svetlana Nikolaeva and the 2000 World Junior bronze medalist with Julia Shapiro.

Julia Shapiro
Julia Shapiro (Hebrew: יוליה שפירו, Russian: Юлия Шапиро; born 16 December 1984) is a former pair skater who competed for Russia and Israel. Early in her career, she represented Russia with Igor Petrov, Alexei Sokolov, and Dmitri Khromin. With Sokolov, she is the 2000 World Junior bronze medalist. From 2002 to 2005, Shapiro competed with Vadim Akolzin for Israel. They achieved their best ISU Championship result, tenth, at the 2005 European Championships.
Great Bircham
Great Bircham is a village, part of the civil parish of Bircham, in the English county of Norfolk. It is 12 miles (19 km) north-east of the town of King's Lynn, and 38 miles (61 km) north-west of the city of Norwich.

Bircham
Bircham is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It includes the villages of Great Bircham, Bircham Newton, and Bircham Tofts. The parish is located about 12 miles (19 km) north-east of the town of King's Lynn and 37 miles (60 km) north-west of the city of Norwich.
Rotherby
Rotherby is a village and former civil parish, 9 miles (14 km) north east of Leicester, now in the parish of Hoby with Rotherby, in the Melton district, in the county of Leicestershire, England. In 1931 the parish had a population of 133.

Hoby with Rotherby
Hoby with Rotherby is a civil parish in Leicestershire, England. In the 2001 census it had a population of 594,  reducing to 556 at the time of the 2011 census.  It includes the villages of Hoby, Rotherby, Ragdale and Brooksby.  The parish is part of Melton local government district, and within the Rutland and Melton constituency. There is a Parish Council for Hoby with Rotherby that manages the area. It meets six times a year and the meetings are open to the public.

Hoby Church All Saints, located on a slight hill overlooking the Wreake Valley, has a west tower with recessed spire, north and south aisles, a nave and a chancel. The tower has a 13th-century base with a later spire added probably in the 14th century, at the same time as the clerestory. The remaining parts of the church date to the 13th century, but there is also some Victorian restoration work in the chancel. The church has been a Grade I listed building since January 1968.
Shandaken, New York
Shandaken is a town on the northern border of Ulster County, New York, United States, northwest of Kingston, New York.  As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 2,866. The name is believed to be from an Esopus phrase for "land of rapid waters."

Ulster County, New York
Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is situated along the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 182,977. The county seat is Kingston. The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
Rift Valley Railways
Rift Valley Railways (RVR) was a consortium established to manage the parastatal railways of Kenya and Uganda. The consortium won the bid for private management of the century-old Uganda Railway in 2005. The Kenya-Uganda railway had previously been run by the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation over the period 1948–77. In 2014, RVR moved 1,334 million net tonne kilometers of rail freight, up from 1,185 million net tonne kilometers the previous year. Both Kenya and Uganda terminated their contracts with RVR in mid-2017, with control of their national rail networks reverting to the Kenya Railways Corporation and the Uganda Railways Corporation, respectively.

Uganda Railways Corporation
The Uganda Railways Corporation (URC) is the parastatal railway of Uganda. It was formed after the breakup of the East African Railways Corporation (EARC) in 1977 when it took over the Ugandan part of the East African railways.

URC's system is rooted in the British colonial 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Uganda Railway that was transformed after World War I into the EARC. Its operation after the demise of the EARC had been hampered by civil war and inefficient management in Uganda. In 1989, government soldiers massacred sixty civilians at Mukura railway station.

In 2023, Uganda Railways begun work on restoring its northern line to Gulu, eschewing the construction of a new standard gauge railway in favor of restoration of the existing one.
Round Rock Express
The Round Rock Express are a Minor League Baseball team of the Pacific Coast League (PCL) and the Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers. They are located in Round Rock, Texas, and play their home games at the Dell Diamond. The team is named for Baseball Hall of Famer and Texas native Nolan Ryan, who was nicknamed "The Ryan Express." Ryan, along with son Reid Ryan and Don Sanders make up the team's ownership group, Ryan Sanders Baseball.

The Express were established as a Double-A team of the Texas League (TL) in 2000. They won the Texas League championship in 2000. Round Rock was replaced by a Triple-A Pacific Coast League team in 2005. The Triple-A Express carried on the history of the Double-A team that preceded them. With Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Express were shifted to the Triple-A West, which was renamed the PCL in 2022.

Dell Diamond
Dell Diamond is the home stadium of the Round Rock Express, the Triple-A Minor League Baseball affiliate of the Texas Rangers major league baseball team. On April 16, 2000, the then-Double-A affiliate Express played their first home game at the stadium.

Dell Diamond is built on 85 acres (344,000 m2) of former farmland on the east side of Round Rock, Texas, a rapidly growing suburban city northeast of Austin. Nolan Ryan and his son Reid Ryan, part owners of the Express, originally wanted a stadium inside the city of Austin, but found a more attractive site in the City of Round Rock, with support from the city leadership.  The city of Round Rock contributed $7.35 million to the $25 million cost of the facility. The city owns the ballpark and gave the Express a 38-year lease. Local-based computer technology company Dell contracted for naming rights in a deal that will cost the company $2.5 million over 15 years.
Ōji Station (Tokyo)
Ōji Station (王子駅, Ōji-eki) is a railway station on the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, located in the Ōji area of Kita, Tokyo. It is also a tram stop on the Tokyo Sakura Tram named Oji-ekimae Station (王子駅前停留場, Ōji-ekimae Teiryūjō).

Namboku Line (Tokyo Metro)
The Namboku Line (南北線, Nanboku-sen; South-North Line) is a subway line owned and operated by Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan. The line runs between Meguro in Shinagawa and Akabane-Iwabuchi in Kita. The Namboku Line was referred to as Line 7 during the planning stages, thus the seldom-used official name is Line 7 Namboku Line (7号線南北線, Nana-gō-sen Nanboku-sen).

On maps, diagrams and signboards, the line is shown using the color emerald (previously coded "teal"), and its stations are given numbers using the letter "N".

The 21.3 km (13.2 mi) Namboku Line is one of Tokyo Metro's newer lines, featuring advanced technology including full automatic train operation and platform screen doors.
Goa Football Association
The Goa Football Association (abbr. GFA) is the governing body of football in Goa. It is affiliated with the All India Football Federation, the national governing body. It sends state teams for Santosh Trophy and Rajmata Jijabai Trophy.

Caitano Fernandes heads GFA as its current president. The GFA's premier competition is the Goa Professional League.

Goa Football League
The Goa Football League is a ladder-based football competition in the Indian state of Goa, organised by the Goa Football Association as part of the state leagues. It was formed in 1951 as the Goa Primeira Divisão or Goa First Division, and the current top division consists of the Goa Professional League (abbreviated as GPL, also known as the CAM Goa Pro League for sponsorship reasons) which is the premier state-level football league in Goa. Dempo is the most successful club in the tournament, with sixtteen titles.
Zendian problem
The Zendian problem was an exercise in communication intelligence operations (mainly traffic analysis and cryptanalysis) devised by Lambros D. Callimahos as part of an advanced course, CA-400, that Callimahos taught to National Security Agency cryptanalysts starting in the 1950s.

Traffic analysis
Traffic analysis is the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication. It can be performed even when the messages are encrypted. In general, the greater the number of messages observed, the greater information be inferred. Traffic analysis can be performed in the context of military intelligence, counter-intelligence, or pattern-of-life analysis, and is also a concern in computer security.

Traffic analysis tasks may be supported by dedicated computer software programs. Advanced traffic analysis techniques which may include various forms of social network analysis.

Traffic analysis has historically been a vital technique in cryptanalysis, especially when the attempted crack depends on successfully seeding a known-plaintext attack, which often requires an inspired guess based on how specific the operational context might likely influence what an adversary communicates, which may be sufficient to establish a short crib.