hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tredegar Iron Works
The Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, was the biggest ironworks in the Confederacy during the American Civil War, and a significant factor in the decision to make Richmond the Confederate capital.

Tredegar supplied about half the artillery used by the Confederate States Army, as well as the iron plating for CSS Virginia, the first Confederate ironclad warship, which fought in the historic Battle of Hampton Roads in March 1862. The works avoided destruction by troops during the evacuation of the city, and continued production through the mid-20th century. Now classified as a National Historic Landmark District, the site serves as the main building of the American Civil War Museum.

The name Tredegar derives from the Welsh industrial town that supplied much of the company's early workforce.

Richmond, Virginia, in the American Civil War
Richmond, Virginia, served as the capital of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War from May 1861 to April 1865. Besides its political status, it was a vital source of weapons and supplies for the war effort, as well as the terminus of five railroads; as such, it would have been defended by the Confederate States Army at all costs.

The Union made many attempts to invade Richmond. In the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, General George McClellan moved up the James River, almost to the suburbs of the city, but was beaten back by Robert E. Lee in the Seven Days Battles. In 1864–65, General Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to nearby Petersburg. By April 1865, the Confederate government realized the siege was almost over and abandoned the city lest they be captured. The retreating Confederates chose to burn military supplies rather than let them fall into Union hands; the resulting fire destroyed much of central Richmond.
Chigi (architecture)
Chigi (千木, 鎮木, 知木, 知疑), Okichigi (置千木) or Higi (氷木) are forked roof finials found in Japanese and Shinto architecture. Chigi predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan. They are an important aesthetic aspect of Shinto shrines, where they are often paired with katsuogi, another type of roof ornamentation. Today, chigi and katsuogi are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and distinguish them from other religious structures, such as Buddhist temples in Japan.

Katsuogi
Katsuogi (鰹木, 堅魚木, 勝男木, 葛緒木) or Kasoegi (斗木) are short, decorative logs used in Japanese and Shinto architecture. They are placed at right angles to the ridgeline of roofs, and are usually featured in religious or imperial architecture. Katsuogi predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan. They are often placed on the roof with chigi, a forked ornamentation used on Shinto shrines. Today, katsuogi and chigi are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and can be used to distinguish them from other religious structures, such as Buddhist temples in Japan.
David Glover (geneticist)
David Moore Glover FRS FRSE (born 28 March 1948) is a British geneticist and Research Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. He served as Balfour Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge, a Wellcome Trust investigator in the Department of Genetics at the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He serves as the first editor-in-chief of the open-access journal Open Biology published by the Royal Society.

Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics
The Arthur Balfour Professorship of Genetics is the senior professorship in genetics at the University of Cambridge, founded in 1912. It is thought to be the oldest Chair of Genetics in the English speaking world.

The chair was endowed by Reginald Baliol Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher, according to whom the money (£20,000) was "placed in [his] hands" by an anonymous benefactor.  A condition of the endowment was that the first appointee to the chair would be chosen jointly by the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and the former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour.
Camp Grant, Arizona
32°50′29″N 110°42′40″W﻿ / ﻿32.841442°N 110.711076°W﻿ / 32.841442; -110.711076

Camp Grant was the name used from 1866 to 1872 for the United States military post at the confluence of the San Pedro River and Aravaipa Creek in the Arizona Territory. It is near the site of the Camp Grant massacre.

The post was first constructed in 1860, and between 1860 and 1873, the post was abandoned or destroyed and then rebuilt multiple times, and it was known by a variety of names, starting with Fort Breckinridge in 1860 before becoming Camp Grant in 1866.   In 1872 The "old" Camp Grant on the San Pedro River (located in present day Pinal County) was replaced by a "new" Fort Grant at the base of Mount Graham (in present day Graham County). Little evidence of "old" Camp Grant (formerly Fort  Breckinridge) is visible today.

Fort Grant, Arizona
Fort Grant is a state prison and a former United States Army fortification in the U.S. state of Arizona. Fort Grant is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Graham in what is now Graham County. The post is named for Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States.
Book store shoplifting
Book store shoplifting is a problem for book sellers and has sometimes led stores to keep certain items behind store counters.

Shoplifters at book stores may be thieves who want the book, or thieves who want to make money by selling the book.  Those with systematic resale in mind usually target high-priced books and books that are easily resold, such as academic textbooks.

In addition to shoplifting, book stores suffer from pilfering by shipping personnel and from burglary (theft that happens while the store is closed). Book stores also are victimized by thefts of non-book merchandise and other items.

Bookselling
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, which is the retail and distribution end of the publishing process.

People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookdealers, book people, bookmen, or bookwomen.
The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse
The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse is a 2019 illustrated book by Charlie Mackesy. It follows the developing friendship between the four titular protagonists, this is continued in the sequel: Always Remember: The Boy, the Mole, the Fox, the Horse and the Storm (2025).

Always Remember: The Boy, the Mole, the Fox, the Horse and the Storm
Always Remember: The Boy, the Mole, the Fox, the Horse and the Storm is a 2025 illustrated book by Charlie Mackesy. It continues the developing friendship between the four main protagonists. This is the sequel/continuation of the first book,The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse (2019).
Trouble (Whitesnake album)
Trouble is the debut studio album from British hard rock band Whitesnake, led by former Deep Purple vocalist David Coverdale released in October 1978. It reached No. 50 on the UK Albums Chart. This followed the four-track Snakebite EP, later available in the US as an import album from continental Europe. It received a CD release on 8 April 1988 in the UK. EMI remastered the album in 2007, adding six bonus tracks, mainly rough mixes. The album later received a reissue by EMI/Parlophone in 2006, containing bonus tracks from their previous EP (not counting four David Coverdale's Northwinds tracks previously on the double EP version).

Snakebite (EP)
Snakebite is the first official release by the British hard rock band Whitesnake. The original EP initially featured only four tracks and was released primarily in the UK in June 1978.

Snakebite was repackaged in September 1978 as an album for markets outside the UK, containing four extra studio tracks taken from David Coverdale's second solo album Northwinds. The EP sleeve is entitled David Coverdale's Whitesnake and features photographs of the live band in concert. All tracks from the original EP also were used as bonus tracks on the 2006 remaster of Whitesnake's debut studio album Trouble.
Mahmud Barzanji
Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, also known as Mahmud Hafid Zadeh (1878 in Sulaymaniyah – October 9, 1956 in Baghdad) was a Kurdish leader of a series of Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of Iraq. He was sheikh of a Qadiriyah Sufi family of the Barzanji clan from the city of Sulaymaniyah, which is now in Kurdistan Region. He was named King of Kurdistan during several of these uprisings.

When the British Mandate of Mesopotamia was established in what is now Iraq after World War I, the British sought a suitable means of governing the Kurdish north. In 1918, following the tribal government in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of what is now Pakistan, then part of British India, the British appointed Barzaniji as governor over the Kurds in Sulaimaniyah. However, the determination of Barzanji was not in the interests of all Kurds, as the rivalry between tribes and orders was great.

Mahmud Barzanji revolts
The Mahmud Barzanji revolts were a series of armed uprisings by Kurdish Sheykh Mahmud Barzanji against the Iraqi authority in newly conquered British Mesopotamia and later the British Mandate in Iraq. Following his first insurrection in May 1919, Sheykh Mahmud was imprisoned and eventually exiled to India for a year. When returning, he was once again appointed a governor, but shortly revolted again declaring himself as the ruler of the Kingdom of Kurdistan. The Kingdom of Kurdistan lasted from September 1922 – July 1924. With British forces greatly exceeding his in ammunition and training, the defeat finally subdued the region to central British Iraqi rule in 1924. Sheykh Mahmud retreated into mountains, and eventually reached terms with the independent Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, over his return from the underground. Sheykh Mahmud revolts are considered the first chapter of the modern Iraqi–Kurdish conflict.
369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht)
The 369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment (German: Verstärktes (kroatisches) Infanterie-Regiment 369, Croatian: 369. pojačana pješačka pukovnija) was a regiment of the German Army raised to fight on the Eastern Front during World War II. The regiment was formed in July 1941 by Croatian volunteers from the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), including a Bosnian Muslim battalion. It was commonly referred to as the Croatian Legion (Hrvatska Legija). The troops swore a joint oath of allegiance to the Führer (leader of Germany, Adolf Hitler), the Poglavnik (leader of Croatia, Ante Pavelić), the German Reich (Nazi Germany) as well as to the NDH. The unit was sent to the Russian front, where it was attached to the 100th Jäger Division. On 31 January 1943, the 800 remaining Croatian legionaries, led by the unit's commander Marko Mesić, surrendered to the Soviet Red Army.

100th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht)
The 100th Jäger Division (German: 100. Jäger-Division), initially designated 100th (Light) Infantry Division (100. (leichte) Infanterie-Division), was a light infantry division of the German Army during World War II. As such, it was provided with partial horse or motor transport and lighter artillery. Light divisions were reduced in size compared to standard infantry divisions. The Walloon Legion was briefly attached to this division from January 1942 to May 1942. During the latter stages of the war, the division was composed of members from most of Germany's geographic areas and Silesians from Upper Silesia.
Television standards conversion
Television standards conversion  is the process of changing a television transmission or recording from one video system to another. 
Converting video between different numbers of lines, frame rates, and color models in video pictures is a complex technical problem. However, the international exchange of television programming makes standards conversion necessary so that video may be viewed in another nation with a differing standard. Typically video is fed into video standards converter which produces a copy according to a different video standard. One of the most common conversions is between the NTSC and PAL standards.

PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").
I-74 Bridge
The Interstate 74 Bridge, officially known as the Iowa-Illinois Memorial Bridge, and often called The Twin Bridges, or the I-74 Bridge, are basket-handle, through arch twin bridges that carry Interstate 74 across the Mississippi River and connect Bettendorf, Iowa, and Moline, Illinois. It is located near the geographic center of the Quad Cities. The two bridges were completed in 2020 (Illinois to Iowa span) and 2021 (Iowa to Illinois), replacing two suspension bridges that had opened to traffic in 1935 and 1959; these had become obsolete by the 1990s.

Bettendorf, Iowa
Bettendorf is a city in Scott County, Iowa, United States. The population was 39,102 at the 2020 census. Bettendorf is one of the five cities that comprise the Quad Cities region along the Mississippi River. It is located adjacent to Davenport, Iowa, and across the river from Moline, East Moline, and Rock Island in Illinois. The Quad Cities metropolitan area had a population of 384,324 as of the 2020 census.
Document type definition
A document type definition (DTD) is a specification file that contains a set of markup declarations that define a document type for an SGML-family markup language (GML, SGML, XML, HTML). The DTD specification file can be used to validate documents.

A DTD defines the valid building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of validated elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference.

A namespace-aware version of DTDs is being developed as Part 9 of ISO DSDL. DTDs persist in applications that need special publishing characters, such as the XML and HTML Character Entity References, which derive from larger sets defined as part of the ISO SGML standard effort. XML uses a subset of SGML DTD.

As of 2009, newer XML namespace-aware schema languages (such as W3C XML Schema and ISO RELAX NG) have largely superseded DTDs as a better way to validate XML structure.

RELAX NG
In computing, RELAX NG (REgular LAnguage for XML Next Generation) is a schema language for XML. A RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document. A RELAX NG schema is itself an XML document, but RELAX NG also offers a popular compact, non-XML syntax. Compared to other XML schema languages, RELAX NG is considered relatively simple.

It was defined by a committee specification of the OASIS RELAX NG technical committee in 2001 and 2002, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX, and also by part two of the international standard ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL). ISO/IEC 19757-2 was developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 and published in its first version in 2003.
Diocese of Covington
The Diocese of Covington (Latin: Dioecesis Covingtonensis) is a Catholic diocese in northern Kentucky in the United States. The cathedral church of the diocese is the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Covington. John Iffert is the bishop.

Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption (Covington, Kentucky)
The Roman Catholic St. Mary's Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Covington, Kentucky, is a minor basilica in the United States. Construction of the cathedral began under the Diocese of Covington's third bishop, Camillus Paul Maes, in 1895 to replace an 1834 frame church that was inadequate for the growing congregation. Pope Pius XII elevated the cathedral to the rank of minor basilica on December 8, 1953.
159th Street (Chicago)
159th Street is a major east–west street in the southern suburbs of Chicago.  It runs east from Thornton Street in Lockport, crossing Interstate 355 (Veterans Memorial Tollway) in Lockport, Interstate 57 in Markham, Interstate 294 (Tri-State Tollway) in Harvey and Interstate 94 (Bishop Ford Freeway) in South Holland, on its way to its east end at U.S. Route 6 and Illinois Route 83 (Torrence Avenue) in Calumet City. The road carries no routes from Hopkins Road to Broadway, Independence Boulevard, Illinois Route 7 from Thornton Street to Wolf Road, and carries U.S. Route 6 from Wolf Road to Torrence Avenue, and no routes again from Torrence Avenue to Cline Avenue. The street intersects 4 Interstate Highways. Interstate 355, Interstate 57, Interstate 294, and Interstate 94.

Torrence Avenue
Torrence Avenue is a major north–south street in the South Side of Chicago, as well as its southern suburbs. It marks 2628 East in the Chicago address system, being located slightly more than 3+1⁄4 miles (5.2 km) east of State Street. The road runs north from Richton Road in Crete to Steger Road at the Will–Cook county line in Sauk Village. From there, its northern segment begins just west of here. Torrence Avenue continues north, intersecting Interstate 80 (I-80) and I-94 (Kingery Expressway) in Lansing. From here, the road goes north until ending just south of 95th Street (U.S. Route 12 (US 12) and US 20). The road carries Illinois Route 83 (IL 83) from Glenwood Dyer Road in Lynwood to Sibley Boulevard in Calumet City, as well as carrying US 6 from the Kingery Expressway to 159th Street.
Porur Junction metro station
Porur Junction metro station is an upcoming elevated metro station on the East-West Corridor of the Yellow Line of Chennai Metro in Chennai, India. This metro station will be among the 30 elevated stations of Corridor IV and 12 underground stations along Corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, Poonamallee Bypass–Lighthouse stretch. This station is slated to be commercialized on December 2025.

Poonamallee Bypass metro station
Poonamallee Bypass metro station is an upcoming elevated metro station on the Yellow Line of the Chennai Metro. This metro station will be among the 30 stations of corridor IV and 18 elevated stations along corridor IV of the Chennai Metro, Poonamallee Bypass–Lighthouse stretch. The station serves the neighbourhoods of Poonamallee.
Scullabogue Barn massacre
The Scullabogue Barn massacre was a mass murder of loyalist civilians committed in Scullabogue, near Newbawn, County Wexford, Ireland on 5 June 1798, during the 1798 rebellion. A guarding party of United Irishmen rebels massacred up to 200 noncombatant men, women and children, most of whom were Protestant (there were also about 20 Catholics), who were held prisoner in a barn which was then set alight. The massacre was a reaction to reports of atrocities committed by British government forces during the Battle of New Ross. Those killed were prisoners loyal to the British crown and it is the only instance during the rebellion where the rebels killed women and children. A participant in the rebellion, General Thomas Cloney, put the death count at 100.

Battle of New Ross (1798)
The Battle of New Ross was a military engagement which took place in New Ross, County Wexford during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. It was fought between the Society of United Irishmen rebels and government forces garrisoning the town. The attack on the town of New Ross on the River Barrow, was an attempt by the recently victorious rebels to break out of county Wexford across the river Barrow and to spread the rebellion into county Kilkenny and the nearby province of Munster.
Rajaditya Chola
Rajaditya Chola (fl. mid-10th century AD) was a Chola prince, son of king Parantaka I (r. 907–955) and a Chera princess ( Ko Kizhan Adigal), known for commanding the Chola troops in the battle of Takkolam (948–949).

The death of prince Rajaditya in the battle is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant (1006 AD) of Rajaraja I and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of Rajendra Chola. An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by Krishna III and prince Butuga II (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the Western Ganga family. The Shravanabelagola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the Chera king for his predecessor Bhutuga II. Indirect references to the battle can also be found in the inscriptions of Vellan Kumaran, a Chera commander in the Chola army.

Ko Kizhan Adikal
Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli was the traditional title of the queens/princesses of the Chera Perumal kingdom in medieval south India. It was initially assumed that Kizhan Adikal was a proper given name (and not a royal title).

The title was used by Kerala princesses (in the Tamil country) even after their marriages to Chola princes.
Brentwood, Essex
Brentwood is a town in Essex, England. It forms part of the London commuter belt, lying 20 miles (32 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London, and just outside the M25 London Orbital Motorway. Its suburbs include Shenfield, Warley, Brook Street and Hutton. It gives its name to the wider Borough of Brentwood which also covers surrounding rural areas. The population of the Brentwood built up area was 55,340 at the 2021 census.

It has a shopping area along the High Street, a Roman road which became one of the main roads between London and East Anglia. Beyond the town centre are residential developments surrounded by open countryside and woodland; some of this countryside lies within only a few hundred yards of the town centre. Brentwood Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood.

Borough of Brentwood
The Borough of Brentwood is a local government district with borough status in Essex, England. The borough is named after its main town of Brentwood, where the council is based; it includes several villages and the surrounding rural area.

The neighbouring districts are Epping Forest, Chelmsford, Basildon, Thurrock and the London Borough of Havering.
Aileu Municipality
Aileu (Portuguese: Município Aileu, Tetum: Munisípiu Aileu) is a municipality, and was formerly a district, of Timor-Leste. It has a population of 48,554 (Census 2015) and an area of 737 km2. The municipality's capital is also named Aileu. Its administrative posts are Aileu, Laulara, Lequidoe and Remexio.

Lequidoe Administrative Post
Lequidoe, officially Lequidoe Administrative Post (Portuguese: Posto Administrativo de Lequidoe, Tetum: Postu administrativu Lequidoe), is an administrative post (and was formerly a subdistrict) in Aileu municipality, Timor-Leste. Its seat or administrative centre is Namolesso.
Idacansás
Idacansás, Idacansas, Idacanzas or Iduakanzas was a mythical cacique who was said to have been the first priest of the sacred city of Sugamuxi, present-day Sogamoso, Colombia, then part of the territories of the Muisca. He is characterized by his great magical powers as he could make rain and hail and transmit diseases and warmth.

Muisca mythology
Knowledge of Muisca mythology has come from Muisca scholars Javier Ocampo López, Pedro Simón, Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita, Juan de Castellanos and conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada who was the European making first contact with the Muisca in the 1530s.