hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Celestial sphere
In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth. All objects in the sky can be conceived as being projected upon the inner surface of the celestial sphere, which may be centered on Earth or the observer. If centered on the observer, half of the sphere would resemble a hemispherical screen over the observing location.

The celestial sphere is a conceptual tool used in spherical astronomy to specify the position of an object in the sky without consideration of its linear distance from the observer. The celestial equator divides the celestial sphere into northern and southern hemispheres.

Sphere
A sphere (from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα, sphaîra) is a surface analogous to the circle, a curve. In solid geometry, a sphere is the set of points that are all at the same distance r from a given point in three-dimensional space. That given point is the center of the sphere, and the distance r is the sphere's radius. The earliest known mentions of spheres appear in the work of the ancient Greek mathematicians.

The sphere is a fundamental surface in many fields of mathematics. Spheres and nearly-spherical shapes also appear in nature and industry. Bubbles such as soap bubbles take a spherical shape in equilibrium. The Earth is often approximated as a sphere in geography, and the celestial sphere is an important concept in astronomy. Manufactured items including pressure vessels and most curved mirrors and lenses are based on spheres. Spheres roll smoothly in any direction, so most balls used in sports and toys are spherical, as are ball bearings.
Lex Young
Alexio "Lex" Young (born February 28, 2005) is an American long distance runner who competes for Stanford University.

At the age of 18, running for Newbury Park High School, he broke the national high school 5000m record with a time of 13:34.96 at the USATF Los Angeles Grand Prix. While at Newbury Park he won four California cross-country state team titles. In 2022, Lex was the individual D2 State Champion.

He is the twin brother of Leo Young and younger brother of Nico Young, who competed at Northern Arizona University and is an Olympian in the 10,000 meters.

Nico Young
Nicolas Young (born July 27, 2002) is an American long-distance runner who holds the American record in the outdoor 5000 meters, with a time of 12:45.27. He is a two-time NCAA champion having won both the 3000 m and 5000 m at the 2024 NCAA Indoor Championships while competing for Northern Arizona University. He also holds the collegiate records in the 5000 m (12:57.14) and 10,000 m (26:52.72), both set in 2024.  He is the current American champion in the 10,000 meters, winning at the 2025 USA Championships.
Bandabou
Bandabou (also: Band'abou) is a district of the island of Curaçao, a constituent of the Netherlands. It is one of the three districts in the island, and encompasses the north-western parts of the island. The district stretches from Grote Berg to Sabana Westpunt. Bandabou is a Papiamentu word, which translates to "lower side".

Tera Corá
Tera Corá (also Tera Kòrá) is a town in the Bandabou District of Curaçao. It is located near the middle of the island. Grote Berg and Siberië are part of Tera Corá. The name is Papiamentu for "red earth" which is caused by the presence of bauxite.
J.-H. Rosny jeune
J.-H. Rosny jeune was the pseudonym of Séraphin Justin François Boex (July 21, 1859 – July 21, 1948), a French author of Belgian origin who, along with his better known older brother J.-H. Rosny aîné, is considered one of the founding figures of modern science fiction.  Born in Brussels in 1859, until 1909 he wrote together with his older brother Joseph Henri Honoré Boex under the pen name J.-H. Rosny.  After they ended their collaboration Joseph Boex continued to write under the name J.-H. Rosny aîné (Rosny Senior) while Séraphin used "Rosny jeune" (Rosny Junior).

In 1903, Séraphin Boex was named to the first jury of the Prix Goncourt along with his brother.  He died in 1948 in Ploubazlanec, Côtes-du-Nord, France.

J.-H. Rosny aîné
J.-H. Rosny aîné was the pen name of Joseph Henri Honoré Boex (17 February 1856 – 11 February 1940), a Belgian author considered one of the founding figures of modern science fiction.

Born in Brussels in 1856, he wrote in French in collaboration with his younger brother, Séraphin Justin François Boex, under the joint pen name J.-H. Rosny until 1909.  After they ended their collaboration, Joseph Boex continued to write under the name Rosny aîné (Rosny the Elder) while his brother used J.-H. Rosny jeune (Rosny the Younger).
Presidency of Shimon Peres
The Presidency of Shimon Peres, the ninth President of Israel, began after the 2007 Israeli presidential election on 13 June 2007 in which Peres defeated Reuven Rivlin and Colette Avital. Peres was sworn in as President on 15 July 2007. and served until Reuven Rivlin was sworn in as his successor on 24 July 2014.

Peres was 90 years old when his presidency ended, which made him at the time the world's oldest head of state.

2007 Israeli presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Israel on 13 June 2007. The Knesset elected Shimon Peres, a former Prime Minister and a member of the Kadima party. His opponents were Reuven Rivlin, a former Knesset speaker, of the Likud Party, and Colette Avital, of the Labor party.  After the first round of voting put Peres in a commanding lead, but just short of the absolute majority required for election, Rivlin and Avital bowed out and Peres was elected easily in the second round.
72nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment
The 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry (originally raised as the 3rd California) was a volunteer infantry regiment which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was part of the famous Philadelphia Brigade.

Members of this regiment wore a modified zouave-style uniform, consisting of a zouave jacket trimmed with red without a tombeaux on the jacket, sky-blue trousers with a red stripe down the leg, a sky-blue zouave vest trimmed in red, white gaiters, and a dark blue kepi. The jacket was decorated with 16 ball brass buttons down the front of the jacket, which were not part of the original French Zouave uniform.

Philadelphia Brigade
The Philadelphia Brigade (also known as the California Brigade) was a Union Army brigade that served in the American Civil War. It was raised primarily in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with the exception of the 106th regiment which contained men from Lycoming and Bradford counties.

The brigade fought with the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater for the entirety of its existence and fought in several major battles, including the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, and the Overland Campaign. One of its most famous actions was during Pickett's Charge on July 3 at the Battle of Gettysburg, where it defended the Angle on Cemetery Ridge. Half of the brigade was mustered out in June 1864 and the remainder was transferred to another brigade.
Third encirclement campaign against the Eyuwan Soviet
The third encirclement campaign against the Eyuwan Soviet was an encirclement campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government against the Communist base in the Hubei–Henan–Anhui border region, the Eyuwan Soviet. The Fourth Red Army responded with its third counter-encirclement campaign, which successfully defended the soviet. The Nationalist attacks lasted from November 1931 to 17 June 1932.

Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)
The encirclement campaigns of the Chinese Civil War were Republic of China (ROC) offensives against Chinese Communist Party (CCP) revolutionary base areas in China from the late 1920s to 1934 during the Chinese Civil War.

The climax were the five "encirclement and suppression", or "extermination", campaigns against the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) from 1930 to 1934. The final campaign, developed with German advisors, destroyed the CSR's Jiangxi Soviet and precipitated the CCP's strategic retreat in the Long March.
Japan Agricultural Cooperatives
Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (農業協同組合, Nōgyō Kyōdō Kumiai), also known as Nōkyō (農協) or JA Group, refers to the national group of 694 regional co-ops in Japan that supply members with input for production, undertake packaging, transportation, and marketing of agricultural products, and provide financial services. As of 2012, there are 4.6 million official members and 5.4 million associate members in JA. While "JA" refers to co-ops that operate in respective municipalities, the "JA Group" includes administrative bodies that supervise regional co-ops across several prefectures, run wholesale business in food products and production inputs across municipal and prefectural borders (Zen-Noh), manage credit unions (Norinchukin Bank), offer insurance (JA Kyosai), and a national headquarters that controls the entire group and manages government relations (JA Zenchu). "JA" and "JA Group" are often used interchangeably (as will be hereafter).

Central Union of Agricultural Cooperatives
The Central Union of Agricultural Co-operatives (全国農業協同組合中央会, Zenkoku Nōgyō-kyōdō-kumiai Chuōkai), in short JA-Zenchu (JA全中),  is an independent administrative Japanese body within the Japan Agriculture (JA) Group which determines policy and administrates the group. Its legal status was originally a Recognised Corporate Body under the control of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), but since 2002 has become a Special Civilian Corporate Body.
Tini: The Movie
Tini: The Movie (also known as Tini: The Movie – The New Life of Violetta and Tini: The New Life of Violetta; Spanish: Tini: El gran cambio de Violetta, "Tini: The great change of Violetta") is an Argentine-Spanish–Italian film created by Ramón Salazar, is a film set in an alternative universe from that of the television series Violetta. Martina Stoessel, Jorge Blanco, Mercedes Lambre, Clara Alonso and Diego Ramos reprise their roles from the series. The film also stars Adrián Salzedo, Sofia Carson and Ángela Molina. It premiered on 6 May 2016 in Spain and 12 May 2016 in Italy. In Argentina, it premiered on 2 June 2016. In the United States, it was released digitally on 6 December 2016.

Violetta (TV series)
Violetta is an Argentine telenovela filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina and developed by Disney Channel Latin America and Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and production company Pol-ka, debuted in Argentina, Latin America and Italy on 14 May 2012.

Violetta tells the story of a musically talented teenager (played by Martina Stoessel) who returns to her native Argentina with her father, Germán (played by Diego Ramos), after living in Europe for several years, navigating the trials and tribulations of growing up.

Each episode includes original musical numbers from diverse musical genres such as pop music and Latin music.
Gosforth Academy
Gosforth Academy (formerly Gosforth High School) is an English secondary school in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne. As well as having a sixth form department it is a specialist Language College. Many of its mainstream students come from three large feeder middle schools: Gosforth Central Middle School, Gosforth East Middle School and Gosforth Junior High Academy.

It also houses a large sixth form college, where the majority of the lower school students continue their studies. There is a Special education centre within the school to aid students who need it. The school houses 'Gosforth Community Education', which provides courses for adults within the local community. The school is also a regional centre for young people with visual impairment.

Both Gosforth Academy and Gosforth Junior High Academy are managed under a single company, Gosforth Federated Academies Limited (A.K.A 'Gosforth Group'), incorporated 5 November 2010.

Gosforth Junior High Academy
Gosforth Junior High Academy, formerly known as Gosforth West Middle School is a middle school in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.  It is the Junior School of Gosforth Academy.

It is one of three middle schools where students usually transfer to Gosforth Academy. The school is in the West Gosforth electoral ward. It is one of Newcastle's "Special Educational Needs" centres for Visual Impairment, along with Regent Farm First School and Gosforth Academy.
Chang Chenmo River
Chang Chenmo River or Changchenmo River is a tributary of the Shyok River, part of the Indus River system. It is at the southern edge of the disputed Aksai Chin region and north of the Pangong Lake basin in Ladakh.

The source of Chang Chenmo is near the Lanak Pass in the Chinese-administered region of Jammu & Kashmir (as part of the Rutog County in Tibet). 
The river flows west from Lanak La. At the middle of its course lies the Kongka Pass, part of the Line of Actual Control between India and China passes. 
Continuing west, the river enters a deep gorge in the Karakoram Range until it joins the Shyok River in Ladakh.

Kongka Pass
The Kongka Pass or Kongka La (Tibetan: དགུན་ཁ་ལ, Wylie: dgun kha la, THL: gün kha la) is a low mountain pass on the Line of Actual Control between India and China in eastern Ladakh. It lies on a spur of the Karakoram range  that intrudes into the Chang Chenmo Valley adjacent to the disputed Aksai Chin region. China claimed the location as its border in a 1956 map, and attacked an Indian patrol party in 1959 killing ten policemen and apprehending ten others. Known as the Kongka Pass incident, the event was a milestone in the escalation of the border dispute between the two countries.
Varifold
In mathematics, a varifold is, loosely speaking, a measure-theoretic generalization of the concept of a differentiable manifold, by replacing differentiability requirements with those provided by rectifiable sets, while maintaining the general algebraic structure usually seen in differential geometry.  Varifolds generalize the idea of a rectifiable current, and are studied in geometric measure theory.

Current (mathematics)
In mathematics, more particularly in functional analysis, differential topology, and geometric measure theory, a k-current in the sense of Georges de Rham is a functional on the space of compactly supported differential k-forms, on a smooth manifold M. Currents formally behave like Schwartz distributions on a space of differential forms, but in a geometric setting, they can represent integration over a submanifold, generalizing the Dirac delta function, or more generally even directional derivatives of delta functions (multipoles) spread out along subsets of M.
Family members of a traitor to the Motherland
"Traitor to the Motherland family members" (Russian: ЧСИР: члены семьи изменника Родины, romanized: ChSIR: chleny sem'i izmennika Rodiny, lit. 'members of the family of a traitor of the Motherland') was a term in Article 58 of the Criminal Code of Russian SFSR (as amended on 8 June 1934 from the original wording of 1927). The amended article dealt with the criminal prosecution of wives and children (kin punishment) of all people who were arrested and convicted as "traitors of the Motherland" in the Soviet Union during Stalinist purges of the 1930s and later.

Kin punishment
Kin punishment is the practice of punishing the family members of someone who is accused or suspected of committing a crime, either in place of or in addition to the perpetrator of the crime. It refers to the principle in which a family shares responsibility for a crime which is committed by one of its members, and it is a form of collective punishment. Kin punishment has been used as a form of extortion, harassment, and persecution by authoritarian and totalitarian states. Kin punishment has historically been practiced in China, Japan, South Korea, the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and is presently practiced in Israel and North Korea.
Budunbuuto, Mudug
Budunbuuto is a town in the Jariiban District, located in the northern part of the Mudug Region in Somalia. The town is part of Puntland, a self-declared autonomous state in Somalia. There is another town with the same name, Budunbuuto, which is also in Puntland but is located further north in the Eyl District of the Nugaal Region.

Budunbuuto
Budunbuto (Somali: Bandunbuuto) is a town in Puntland in northeastern Somalia. Budunbuto is located in the Eyl District, Nugaal region. It also confused with a second village, Budunbuto also in Puntland, but located 107 km to the south in the Jariban District of Mudug Region.
WDUN-FM
WDUN-FM (102.9 MHz) is a radio station  broadcasting a news/talk format. Licensed to Clarkesville, Georgia, the station serves the Northeastern Georgia area. The station is currently owned by JWJ Properties, Inc., doing business as Jacobs Media Corporation, which also operates WDUN (AM) in Gainesville, Georgia.

WDUN (AM)
WDUN (550 kHz), known as "North Georgia's Newstalk", is a news/talk formatted AM radio station licensed to the city Gainesville, Georgia, in the Atlanta, Georgia radio market. WDUN is licensed as a Class B AM broadcast facility by the Federal Communications Commission operating with 10,000 watts of power during the daytime using a non-directional antenna signal pattern, and 2,500 watts during nighttime using a directional antenna pattern. The station is currently owned by JWJ Properties, Inc., doing business as Jacobs Media Corporation, which also operates WDUN-FM in Clarkesville, Georgia.
Collegium Melitense
The Collegium Melitense was a Jesuit college in Valletta, Hospitaller Malta, which existed between 1592 and 1769. Lectures at the educational institution began in 1593, and it moved to a purpose-built building adjacent to a Jesuit church in 1597. The 17th century saw an expansion of its curriculum and an increase in the number of students in the college, and in 1727 it was recognised as a university and subsequently it also became known as the Academia Parthenia. After the Jesuits were suppressed from Malta, the college was reorganised into the Pubblica Università di Studi Generali, which was established on 22 November 1769. The latter is now known as the University of Malta.

Old University Building, Valletta
The Old University Building (Maltese: L-Università l-Qadima or L-Università l-Antika), also known as the Valletta Campus, is the original campus of the University of Malta, located adjacent to the Church of the Jesuits in Valletta, Malta. Construction of the building began in 1595, and it originally housed a Jesuit college known as the Collegium Melitense Societatis Jesu. The building had to be repaired after being damaged in an explosion in 1634 and an earthquake in 1693.

The University of Malta was established in 1769 after the Jesuits were expelled, and it continued to use the same building. Although the university moved to a much larger campus at Tal-Qroqq in Msida in the 1960s, the Old University Building still houses a number of university departments and it is used for some lectures and conferences.
Trams in Frankfurt am Main
The Frankfurt am Main tramway network is a network of tramways forming a major part of the public transport system in Frankfurt am Main, a city in the federal state of Hesse, Germany.

As of 2023, there were 10 tram lines, along with two special lines and one heritage tourist tramline. The network had 141 stops, and a total route length of 68.67 kilometres (42.67 mi).  In the same year, the network carried 66.9 million passengers.

Public transport in Frankfurt am Main
The public transport system in Frankfurt is part of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (abbreviated: RMV) transport network and consists of several carriers who all use the same fare system. Therefore, one ticket is valid for a journey which may include several modes of transit run by different operators. 
The fares are paid in advance of travel at a ticket vending machine or at the driver on board a bus. There are no turnstiles or other controlling barriers; instead, a proof-of-payment system is used. Plainclothes fare inspectors are employed and carry out random checks to ensure passengers have paid. If found to be travelling without a ticket, then they are required to pay a fine.
Cheung Tsing Bridge
Cheung Tsing Bridge, formerly Rambler Channel Bridge, is a bridge crossing Rambler Channel in Hong Kong, connecting Cheung Tsing Tunnel on Tsing Yi Island and Kwai Chung section of Tsing Kwai Highway. It is part of Tsing Kwai Highway of Route 3. It is also a part of the Airport Core Programme, being a part of Route 3.

Built next to Tsing Yi Bridge, Cheung Tsing Bridge is the second bridge to connect Kwai Chung and Tsing Yi. Duplicate Tsing Yi South Bridge was built afterwards in 1999.

The bridge was later given the name Cheung Tsing because of its proximity to Cheung Ching Estate and Cheung Tsing Tunnel.

Tsing Yi
Tsing Yi (Chinese: 青衣), sometimes referred to as Tsing Yi Island, is an island in the New Territories of Hong Kong, to the northwest of Hong Kong Island and south of Tsuen Wan. With an area of 10.69 km2 (4.13 sq mi), the island has been extended drastically by reclamation along almost all its natural shore and the annexation of Nga Ying Chau (牙鷹洲) and Chau Tsai. Three major bays or harbours, Tsing Yi Lagoon, Mun Tsai Tong, and Tsing Yi Bay (青衣灣) in the northeast, have been completely reclaimed for new towns.

The island is generally zoned into four quarters: the northeast quarter is a residential area, the southeast quarter is Tsing Yi Town, the southwest holds heavy industry, and the northwest includes a recreation trail, a transportation interchange and some dockyards and ship building industry. The island is in the northwest of Victoria Harbour and part of its coastline is subject to the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance.
Kokanee beer
Kokanee is a North American lager-style beer produced at the Columbia Brewery in Creston, British Columbia. Columbia Brewery began brewing Kokanee lager in 1959 and was purchased by the Labatt Brewing Company in 1974.

Labatt Brewing is now a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, which is trading as BUD on the New York Stock Exchange; (ABI:BB in Brussels.)

Labatt Brewing Company
Labatt Brewing Company Limited (French: La Brasserie Labatt Limitée) is a Anheuser-Busch InBev-owned brewery headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1847, Labatt is the largest brewer in Canada.

In 1995, it was purchased by Belgian brewer Interbrew. In 2004, Interbrew merged with Brazilian brewer AmBev to form InBev. In 2008, InBev merged with American brewer Anheuser-Busch to form Anheuser-Busch InBev (abbreviated as AB InBev), making Labatt part of Anheuser-Busch InBev. On October 10, 2016, an over $100 billion merger between Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller closed. Labatt is now part of the new company, Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, which is trading as BUD on the New York Stock Exchange (ABI:BB in Brussels).

In the United States, Labatt brand beers are sold under license by Labatt USA. Since 2009, it has been fully independent of the Canadian firm; it is a subsidiary of the privately held FIFCO USA of Rochester, New York.
Henry Marks
Sir Henry Marks CBE JP (5 February 1861 – 5 June 1938) was an Australian-born Fijian politician, serving as a member of the Legislative Council of Fiji for over twenty years. Alongside Robert Crompton, John Maynard Hedstrom and Henry Milne Scott, he was one of the 'big four' that heavily influenced the Fijian economy and political sphere in the first half of the 20th century.

Henry Milne Scott
Sir Henry Milne Scott KC (10 April 1876 – 20 May 1956) was a Fijian lawyer, businessman, politician and international cricketer. Alongside Robert Crompton, Henry Marks and John Maynard Hedstrom, he was one of the 'big four' that heavily influenced the Fijian economy and political sphere in the first half of the 20th century.