hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Water treatment
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.  Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. This treatment is crucial to human health and allows humans to benefit from both drinking and irrigation use.

Water quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monitor and assess water quality convey the health of ecosystems, safety of human contact, extent of water pollution and condition of drinking water. Water quality has a significant impact on water supply and often determines supply options.
MV Aqueity (1945)
Aqueity was an 890 GRT coastal tanker which was built by A & J Inglis Ltd, Glasgow in 1945 for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) as Empire Belgrave. In 1947 she was sold to F T Everard and Sons and renamed Aqueity, being lost later that year when she struck a mine and sank off the coast of the Netherlands.

A. & J. Inglis
A & J Inglis Limited, was a shipbuilding firm founded by Anthony Inglis and his brother John, engineers and shipbuilders in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland in 1862. The firm built over 500 ships in a period of just over 100 years. Their Pointhouse Shipyard was at the confluence of the rivers Clyde and Kelvin. They constructed a wide range of ships, including Clyde steamers, paddle steamers and small ocean liners. In wartime, they built small warships, and in the period after World War II, they built a number of whalers.
MV Isle of Lewis
MV Isle of Lewis is a ro-ro ferry operated by Caledonian MacBrayne between Oban and Castlebay, Barra. Built in 1995, she remains one of only three ships in the CalMac fleet over 100 metres (328 ft) in length; the others, Loch Seaforth, being longer by almost 15 metres and Glen Sannox being just over 1 metre longer.

Originally built to operate between Ullapool and Stornoway, Isle of Lewis rarely deviated from that route for 20 years. Since March 2016, she has served the Isle of Barra all year round from Oban. The only other routes operated by CalMac she has ever worked on is the triangle between Uig, Lochmaddy & Tarbert and between Oban and Craignure, but only ever during an emergency.

MV Lord of the Isles
MV Lord of the Isles   is one of the larger Caledonian MacBrayne vessels, and operates from Mallaig on the west of Scotland. Built in Port Glasgow, she is the most-travelled vessel in the CalMac fleet.
ZE:A
ZE:A (Hangul: 제국의 아이들), also known as Children of Empire, is a South Korean boy band formed by Star Empire Entertainment in 2010. The group is composed of nine members: Kevin, Hwang Kwang-hee, Yim Si-wan, Moon Joon-young, Kim Tae-heon, Jung Hee-chul, Ha Min-woo, Kim Dong-jun and Park Hyung-sik. The group released their debut single album Nativity with lead single "Mazeltov" on January 7, 2010, alongside their showcase performance five days later. The group debuted on KBS' Music Bank on January 15, 2010.

Star Empire Entertainment
Star Empire Entertainment (Korean:스타제국 Seuta Jeguk) was a South Korean private-held entertainment company founded in 2000 by Shin Ju-hak.

It was formerly home to artists like Jewelry, Nine Muses, ZE:A, V.O.S, Imfact, and Ariaz.
Mary Muthoni Nyanjiru
Mary Mūthoni Nyanjirū (? – 16 March 1922) was a Kikuyu woman and a Kenyan political activist remembered for leading the protest after the arrest of Harry Thuku, that resulted in her death. Mūthoni Nyanjirū was born in Weithaga, Murang'a, Kenya, although her date or year of birth are not recorded. At the time she was shot and killed in 1922, she had been living in Nairobi with her stepdaughter, Elizabeth Waruiru.

Harry Thuku
Harry Thuku (1895 – 14 June 1970) was a Kenyan born in Kiambu, Mìtahato village. As a politician, he was one of the pioneers in the development of modern African nationalism in Kenya. He helped found the Young Kikuyu Association and the East African Association before being arrested and exiled from 1922 to 1931. In 1932 he became President of the Kikuyu Central Association, in 1935 founded the Kikuyu Provincial Association, and in 1944 founded the Kenya African Study Union. Opposed to the Mau Mau movement, he later retired to coffee-farming.
Michael Baldwin (The Young and the Restless)
Michael Baldwin is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. The role is portrayed by Christian LeBlanc, originally from November 26, 1991, to July 7, 1993, and again since April 25, 1997. Michael has had relationships with Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell), and has had marriages to Hilary Lancaster and Lauren Fenmore (Tracey E. Bregman), with whom he has a son, Fenmore Baldwin (Max Ehrich).

Avery Bailey Clark
Avery Bailey Clark is a fictional character from the American CBS Daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless, portrayed by actress Jessica Collins. She made her appearance as Avery on July 27, 2011, as a high-class attorney. Avery first came to Genoa City after being hired by Victor Newman to be Sharon Newman's lawyer during the character's murder case. She was later revealed to be the estranged sister of Phyllis Summers. Her storylines have predominantly included her legal work, feuding with Phyllis, a romance with Phyllis' ex-husband Nicholas Newman and a history with Dylan McAvoy. Collins left the series on July 21, 2015.
Sir Arthur Clarke Award
The Sir Arthur Clarke Award is a British award given annually since 2005 in recognition of notable contributions to space exploration, particularly British achievements. The awards are presented by the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation, although the selection is delegated to the British Interplanetary Society, with the exception of the International award, whose recipient is voted on by the Foundation  Nominations for the awards are made by members of the public, with shortlists drawn up by a panel of judges, who also choose the winner. Sir Arthur C. Clarke chose a special award independently of the public nominations.

British Interplanetary Society
The British Interplanetary Society (BIS), founded in Liverpool in 1933 by Philip E. Cleator, is the oldest existing space advocacy organisation in the world. Its aim is exclusively to support and promote astronautics and space exploration.
Gorj County
Gorj County (Romanian pronunciation: [ɡorʒ] ⓘ) is a county (județ) of Romania, in Oltenia, with its capital city at Târgu Jiu. Gorj comes from the Slavic Gornji Jiu (“upper Jiu”), in contrast with Dolnji (“lower Jiu”).

Jiu (river)
The Jiu (Romanian: [ʒiw] ⓘ; Hungarian: Zsil [ʒil]; German: Schil or Schiel; Latin: Rabon) is a river in southern Romania. It is formed near Petroșani by the confluence of headwaters Jiul de Vest and Jiul de Est.

It flows southward through the Romanian counties Hunedoara, Gorj, and Dolj before flowing into the Danube near Zăval, a few kilometers upstream from the Bulgarian city of Oryahovo. It is 339 kilometres (211 mi) long, including its source river, Jiul de Vest. It has a basin of 10,430 km2 (4,030 sq mi). Its average discharge at the mouth is 97 m3/s (3,400 cu ft/s).

The upper Jiu Valley, around Petroșani and Lupeni, is Romania's principal coal mining region.
Lake County, Colorado
Lake County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,436. The county seat and the only municipality in the county is Leadville. The highest natural point in Colorado and the entire Rocky Mountains is the summit of Mount Elbert in Lake County at 14,440 feet (4,400 meters) elevation.

Leadville, Colorado
Leadville (/ˈlɛdvɪl/ LED-vil) is a statutory city that is the county seat of, the most populous community in, and the only incorporated municipality in Lake County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 2,633 at the 2020 United States census. It is situated at an elevation of 10,119 feet (3,084 m). Leadville is the highest incorporated city in the United States and is surrounded by the two tallest peaks in the state, Mount Elbert and Mount Massive.

Leadville is a former silver mining town that lies among the headwaters of the Arkansas River within the Rocky Mountains. The Leadville Historic District, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961, contains many historic structures and sites of Leadville's mining era. In the late 19th century, Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado, after Denver.
Adam Kazanowski
Adam Kazanowski (c. 1599 – 25 December 1649) was a noble  of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1633; Greater Crown Stolnik from 1634; Court Chamberlain (podkomorzy koronny) and castellan of Sandomierz from 1637; Court Marshall from 1643; żupnik of Wieliczka from 1642; starosta of Barcicki, Borysowski, Kozienicki, Rumieński, Solecki, Nowotarski, Warecki, and Bielski; and a close and influential friend of King Władysław IV Vasa.

Bielsk Podlaski
Bielsk Podlaski [ˈbʲɛlsk pɔdˈlaskʲi] ⓘ (Belarusian: Бельск Падляскі, Lithuanian: Palenkės Belskas, Yiddish: ביעלסק, romanized: Bielsk) is a town in eastern Poland, within Bielsk County in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 24,883.
Bigo (Genoa)
The Bigo is an architectural structure located in the Old Port of Genoa, designed by architect Renzo Piano. Built for the Genoa Expo '92 (also known as "Colombiadi," the Columbus Celebrations), it has become one of the main symbols of the urban redevelopment of the Ligurian capital.

Inspired in both its form and name by the bighi (traditional ship-loading cranes), the structure serves a dual purpose: it houses a rotating panoramic elevator offering a 360° view of the city and simultaneously acts as the support structure for the canopy of the underlying Piazza delle Feste (Festival Square). Due to its symbolic value, the Bigo is featured in the official logo of the Old Port of Genoa.

Renzo Piano
Renzo Piano OMRI (Italian: [ˈrɛntso ˈpjaːno]; born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect. His notable works include the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (with Richard Rogers, 1977), The Shard in London (2012), Kansai International Airport in Osaka (1994), the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City (2015), Istanbul Museum of Modern Art in Istanbul (2022), Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center in Athens (2016) and The New York Times Building in New York City (2007). He was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1998.

Piano has served as a senator for life in the Italian Senate since 2013.
Toshiya Sugiuchi
Toshiya Sugiuchi (杉内 俊哉, Sugiuchi Toshiya; born October 30, 1980 in Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan) is a Japanese baseball player. He is a left-handed starting pitcher for the Yomiuri Giants.

Sugiuchi was the Eiji Sawamura Award winner in 2005. He has had some of the most international experience of any active Japanese baseball player, pitching in the 2000 Sydney and 2008 Beijing Olympics as well as the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classics.

Kasuga, Fukuoka
Kasuga (春日市, Kasuga-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [kaꜜ.sɯ.ɡa, -ŋa, ka.sɯ.ɡaꜜ.ɕi, -ŋaꜜ-]) is a city located in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. As of 31 March 2024, the city had an estimated population of 111,840 in 50874 households, and a  population density of 260 persons per km². The total area of the city is 14.145 km2 (5.461 sq mi).
Kevin Porter Jr.
Bryan Kevin Porter Jr. (born May 4, 2000), also known by his initials KPJ, is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the USC Trojans.

USC Trojans men's basketball
The USC Trojans men's basketball program is a college basketball team that competes in the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, representing the University of Southern California. Following the end of the 2023–2024 academic calendar, Pac-12 schools Oregon, UCLA, USC and Washington joined the Big Ten conference.

Eric Musselman is the current head coach of the USC program. He succeeded Andy Enfield, who coached the team from 2013–2024.
Sultan Yusuf Bridge
The Sultan Yusuf Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Sultan Yusuf) on Perak River is the main bridge in Hilir Perak District, Perak, Malaysia. It is located on West Coast Expressway and Federal Route 5, crossing the river between Batak Rabit and Kota Setia. It is the third longest river bridge in Malaysia and was named after the 32nd Sultan of Perak, Almarhum Sultan Yusuf Izzuddin Shah Ghafarulahu-Lah.

Malaysia Federal Route 5
Federal Route 5 is one of the three north–south oriented backbone federal roads running along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Malaysia. The 655.85 kilometres (408 mi) federal highway runs from Jelapang, Perak in the north to Skudai, Johor in the south.
Secretary General of NATO
The secretary general of NATO is the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an intergovernmental military alliance with 32 member states. The officeholder is an international diplomat responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, as well as acting as NATO's spokesperson. The secretary general does not have a military command role; political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the chair of the NATO Military Committee and the supreme allied commander, the officeholder is one of the foremost officials of NATO.

The current secretary general is former Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte, who took office on 1 October 2024.

Supreme Allied Commander Europe
The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) is the commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO) and head of ACO's headquarters, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE). The commander is based at SHAPE in Casteau, Belgium. In effect, SACEUR is the second-highest military position within NATO, below only the Chair of the NATO Military Committee in terms of precedence. There is another Supreme Allied Commander in NATO, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), titularly equal, but whose duties are less operational. SACT, in Norfolk, Virginia, has responsibility for capability development rather than operations.

SACEUR has always been held by a U.S. military officer, and the position is dual-hatted with that of Commander of United States European Command.

The current SACEUR is General Alexus G. Grynkewich of the US Air Force.
Peggle (series)
Peggle is a series of casual puzzle video games created by PopCap Games, a subsidiary of Electronic Arts. Loosely based on Pachinko, Peggle was released for Microsoft Windows and macOS in 2007, initially receiving poor sales until its inclusion in Valve's The Orange Box (2007), resulting in its sales to surge and critical acclaim. Two sequels later followed: Peggle Nights (2008) and Peggle 2 (2013) while four spinoffs were released: Peggle Extreme (2007), Peggle: Dual Shot (2009), Peggle: World of Warcraft Edition (2009), and Peggle Blast (2014). The series follows Bjorn Unicorn, headmaster of the Peggle Institute, taking the player under tutelage alongside various Peggle masters.

Since its original release, the Peggle franchise has been downloaded more than 50 million times.

Peggle Blast
Peggle Blast is a casual puzzle video game developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts in the Peggle franchise.  Released on December 2, 2014, to Android and iOS, it is the second game in the franchise released to mobile, the first being a port of Peggle. Blast was exclusively available on Google Play Store and App Store until its release to web browsers as Peggle Blast HD on March 31, 2020. Electronic Arts announced Blast in late 2014.
Shlomo Rakib
Shlomo Rakib (Hebrew: שלמה רכב) is an Israeli electrical engineer known for his work on Orthogonal Time Frequency and Space (OTFS) and other engineering topics. He is the holder of several patents and co-founder and current Chief Technology Officer of Cohere Technologies, which he had co-founded with Ronny Hadani. He also co-founded Terayon in 1993.

Orthogonal Time Frequency Space
Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) is a 2D modulation technique that transforms the information carried in the Delay-Doppler coordinate system. The information is transformed in a similar time-frequency domain as utilized by the traditional schemes of modulation such as TDMA, CDMA, and OFDM.  It was first used for fixed wireless, and is now a contending waveform for 6G technology due to its robustness in high-speed vehicular scenarios.
Courland Governorate
Courland Governorate, also known as the Province of Courland or Governorate of Kurland, and known from 1795 to 1796 as the Viceroyalty of Courland, was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire. Its area roughly corresponded to Kurzeme, Zemgale and Sēlija of modern-day Latvia.

Courland
Courland is one of the Historical Latvian Lands in western Latvia. Courland's largest city is Liepāja, which is the third largest city in Latvia.

The literal meaning of the name is "Land of Curonians".
Hjørundfjord Municipality
Hjørundfjord is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 479-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Ørsta Municipality in the traditional district of Sunnmøre. The administrative centre was the village of Sæbø, located on the shores of the Hjørundfjorden. The villages of Bjørke, Leira, and Store Standal were all a part Hjørundfjord Municipality.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 479-square-kilometre (185 sq mi) municipality was the 204th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Hjørundfjord Municipality was the 480th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,776. The municipality's population density was 3.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.6/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 3.2% over the previous 10-year period.

Ørsta Municipality
Ørstaⓘ is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is part of the Sunnmøre region of Western Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Ørsta. Other villages in the municipality include Barstadvik, Flåskjer, Follestaddalen, Hovdebygda, Liadal, Nordre Vartdal,  Store-Standal, Sæbø, Trandal, Urke, Vartdal, Ytre-Standal, Åmdalen, and Årset.

The 662-square-kilometre (256 sq mi) municipality is the 171st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Ørsta Municipality is the 106th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 10,958. The municipality's population density is 16.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (43/sq mi) and its population has increased by 4% over the previous 10-year period.
G. W. Bridge
George Washington "G. W." Bridge is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Fabian Nicieza and artist Rob Liefeld, the character first appeared in X-Force #1 (August 1991). Bridge is a former mercenary and high-ranking agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., serving as an acting liaison on mutant affairs. He later became Director of Mutant Affairs and was associated with Weapon P.R.I.M.E. During the apparent death of Nick Fury, Bridge acted as the head of S.H.I.E.L.D. Over the course of his publication history, he has been a member of several teams, including Six Pack and J.A.N.U.S.

Weapon P.R.I.M.E.
Weapon P.R.I.M.E. is a group of fictional superhuman operatives appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are usually depicted as acting under the authority of Canada's Department K. They became Canada's preeminent superhero team after the demise of Alpha Flight. Their first appearance and mission was in X-Force #11-14. As revealed in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: A-Z, "P.R.I.M.E." stands for "Prototype Induced Mutation Echelon."
Zhang Wen (Han dynasty)
Zhang Wen (died 5 November 191), courtesy name Boshen, was a Chinese official and military general of the Eastern Han dynasty. Zhang held prime ministerial office during the reign of Emperor Ling of Han, serving as Grand Excellency of Works from 184 to 185 and Grand Commandant from 186 to 187. Zhang oversaw the dynasty's military response to the Liang Province Rebellion from 185 to 186, supervising the future warlords Dong Zhuo and Sun Jian. After Dong seized control of the Eastern Han court in 189 and relocated it from Luoyang to Chang'an, Zhang continued to serve in ministerial office while conspiring against Dong. He was executed in November 191 at Dong's order.

Liang Province rebellion
The Liang Province rebellion (Chinese: 涼州之亂) from 184 to 189 started as an insurrection of the Qiang peoples against the Han dynasty in the western province of Liang (roughly present-day Wuwei, Gansu) in the second century AD in China, but the Lesser Yuezhi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined the cause to wrestle control of the province away from central authority. This rebellion, which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion, was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty. Despite receiving relatively little attention in the hands of traditional historians, the rebellion nonetheless had lasting importance as it weakened Han Chinese power in the northwest and prepared that land for a number of non-Han-ruled states in the centuries to come.
RELAX NG
In computing, RELAX NG (REgular LAnguage for XML Next Generation) is a schema language for XML. A RELAX NG schema specifies a pattern for the structure and content of an XML document. A RELAX NG schema is itself an XML document, but RELAX NG also offers a popular compact, non-XML syntax. Compared to other XML schema languages, RELAX NG is considered relatively simple.

It was defined by a committee specification of the OASIS RELAX NG technical committee in 2001 and 2002, based on Murata Makoto's RELAX and James Clark's TREX, and also by part two of the international standard ISO/IEC 19757: Document Schema Definition Languages (DSDL). ISO/IEC 19757-2 was developed by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 and published in its first version in 2003.

Text Encoding Initiative
The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains the TEI technical standard, a journal, a wiki, a GitHub repository and a toolchain.
Acerno Cathedral
Acerno Cathedral (Duomo di Acerno, Concattedrale di San Donato) is a Roman Catholic cathedral, dedicated to Saint Donatus of Arezzo, in the town of Acerno in Campania, Italy.

From the 11th century it was the seat of the Bishop of Acerno. The bishopric was united to the Archbishopric of Salerno in 1818 to form the Archdiocese of Salerno-Acerno, renamed in 1986 the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno, in which Acerno Cathedral is a co-cathedral.

Diocese of Acerno
The Diocese of Acerno  was a Roman Catholic diocese based in Acerno, a distance of  68 km (42 mi.) from Naples in southern Italy, with the bishop's seat in Acerno Cathedral. Created in the 11th century, in 1818, the diocese was granted in perpetual administratorship to the archbishops of Salerno. In the reorganization of ecclesiastical provinces in 1986, Acerno was suppressed, to create the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno.