hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to specific parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to determine where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used to find specific features in DNA for genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification.

FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA, and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it helps define the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues.

Cytogenetics
Cytogenetics is essentially a branch of genetics, but is also a part of cell biology/cytology (a subdivision of human anatomy), that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis. Techniques used include karyotyping, analysis of G-banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH).
Obadiah Bush
Obadiah Newcomb Bush (January 28, 1797 – February 9, 1851) was an American prospector, businessman and ancestor of the Bush political family. He was the father of James Smith Bush, grandfather of business magnate Samuel Prescott Bush, great-grandfather of former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, great-great-grandfather of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and great-great-great-grandfather of George W. Bush and Jeb Bush.

James Smith Bush
James Smith Bush (June 15, 1825 – November 11, 1889) was an American attorney, Episcopal priest, religious writer, and the direct ancestor of the Bush political family. He was the father of business magnate Samuel P. Bush, grandfather of former U.S. Senator Prescott Bush, great-grandfather of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and great-great-grandfather of George W. Bush and Jeb Bush.
Nereus
In Greek mythology, Nereus (/ˈnɪəriəs/ NEER-ee-əs; Ancient Greek: Νηρεύς, romanized: Nēreús) was the eldest son of Pontus (the Sea) and Gaia (the Earth), with Pontus himself being a son of Gaia. Nereus and Doris became the parents of 50 daughters (the Nereids) and a son (Nerites), with whom Nereus lived in the Aegean Sea.

Pontus (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Pontus (/ˈpɒntəs/; Ancient Greek: Πόντος, romanized: Póntos, lit. 'Sea') was an ancient, pre-Olympian sea-god, one of the Greek primordial deities. Pontus was Gaia's son and has no father (similar to Uranus); according to the Greek poet Hesiod, he was born without coupling, though according to Hyginus, Pontus is the son of Aether and Gaia.
Daniele De Luca
Daniele De Luca (born 10 April 1963), also known as Dede De Luca, is an Italian sailor, sailmaker, and business executive from Verona, Italy. He represented Italy at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia as crew member in the Soling class. Racing alongside helmsman Nicola Celon and fellow crew member Michele Paoletti.

He has also competed in two editions of the America’s Cup, first as a trimmer for the Italian syndicate Italia at the 1987 America’s Cup in Fremantle, Australia. He later returned to the event as trimmer and sail coordinator of the Mascalzone Latino team during the 2007 America's Cup in Valencia, Spain.

De Luca is the founder and CEO of OneSails International and co-founder of the 69F Class.

Michele Paoletti
Michele Paoletti (born 24 March 1974) is a sailor from Trieste, Italy. who represented his country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia as crew member in the Soling. With helmsman Nicola Celon and fellow crew member Daniele De Luca they took the 14th place.
Eidskog Municipality
Eidskog is a municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Vinger. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Skotterud. Other villages in the municipality include Magnor, Matrand, and Åbogen.

The 640-square-kilometre (250 sq mi) municipality is the 181st largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Eidskog Municipality is the 162nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 6,059. The municipality's population density is 9.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (25/sq mi) and its population has decreased by 3.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Matrand
Matrand is a village in Eidskog Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the town of Kongsvinger and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the village of Skotterud. Matrand is approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of the border with Sweden. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 2 and the Kongsvingerbanen railway line.
2/13th Battalion (Australia)
The 2/13th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army, which served during World War II. Formed in April 1940 from volunteers drawn primarily from New South Wales, as part of the 20th Brigade of the 7th Division, the battalion served in North Africa in 1941–1942, after being reassigned to the 9th Division. While most of the 9th Division was withdrawn from Tobruk, during October 1942, the battalion remained and fought alongside the new garrison built around the British 70th Division. Following the lifting of the siege, the battalion returned to Australia during 1943. It later took part in campaigns against the Japanese in New Guinea in 1943–1944 and Borneo in 1945, before being disbanded in 1946.

20th Brigade (Australia)
The 20th Brigade was a brigade-sized infantry unit of the Australian Army. First raised in 1912 as a Militia formation to provide training under the compulsory training scheme, the brigade was later re-raised on 7 May 1940 as part of the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force for service during the World War II.  The brigade was initially assigned to the 7th Division, but was later transferred to the 9th Division in early 1941. They subsequently took part in the Siege of Tobruk that year, and then the First and Second Battles of El Alamein in 1942. In early 1943, the brigade was returned to Australia to join the fighting against the Japanese in the Pacific. In late 1943, the brigade took part in the capture of Lae and then the Huon Peninsula campaign. Withdrawn to Australia in early 1944, its final campaign came during the Battle of North Borneo in the final months of the war. It was disbanded in February 1946.
Solomon Kullback
Solomon Kullback (April 3, 1907 – August 5, 1994) was an American cryptanalyst and mathematician, who was one of the first three employees hired by William F. Friedman at the US Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, along with Frank Rowlett and Abraham Sinkov. He went on to a long and distinguished career at SIS and its eventual successor, the National Security Agency (NSA). Kullback was the Chief Scientist at the NSA until his retirement in 1962, whereupon he took a position at the George Washington University.

The Kullback–Leibler divergence is named after Kullback and Richard Leibler.

William F. Friedman
William Frederick Friedman (September 24, 1891 – November 2, 1969) was a US Army cryptographer who ran the research division of the Army's Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1930s, and parts of its follow-on services into the 1950s. In 1940, subordinates of his led by Frank Rowlett broke Japan's PURPLE cipher, thus disclosing Japanese diplomatic secrets before America's entrance into World War II.
Missouria
The Missouria or Missouri (in their own language, Nutachi, also spelled Niutachi) are a Native American tribe that originated in the Great Lakes region of what is now the United States before European contact. The tribe belongs to the Chiwere division of the Siouan language family, together with the Ho-Chunk, Iowa, and Otoe.

Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the tribe lived in bands near the mouth of the Grand River at its confluence with the Missouri River, near the mouth of the Missouri at its confluence with the Mississippi River, and in what is now Saline County, Missouri. Since Indian removal, they live primarily in Oklahoma. They are federally recognized as the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians, headquartered in Red Rock, Oklahoma.

Iowa people
The Iowa, also known as Ioway or Báxoje (Iowa-Oto: Báxoje ich'é, "grey snow people"), are a Native American tribe. Historically, they spoke a Chiwere Siouan language. Today, they are enrolled in either of two federally recognized tribes: the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma and the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska.

The Iowa, Missouria, and Otoe tribes were all once part of the Ho-Chunk people and were all Chiwere language speakers. They left their ancestral homelands in Southern Wisconsin for Eastern Iowa, a state that bears their name.

In 1837, the Iowa were moved from Iowa to reservations in Brown County, Kansas, and Richardson County, Nebraska. Bands of Iowa were forced into Indian Territory in the late 19th century and settled south of Perkins, Oklahoma, to become the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma.
Escape Theme Park
Escape Theme Park was an outdoor theme park located inside NTUC Downtown East, Pasir Ris in Singapore. It was opened in May 2000 and a water park named Wild Wild Wet located adjacent to it was opened in June 2004. Its slogan was “360 degrees of fun". The theme park operated on Saturdays, Sundays, gazetted school and public holidays. It had been a non-smoking park from 2005 until it ceased operations on 26 November 2011 for redevelopment. In 2012, reports confirmed that the park would make way for an expansion of Wild Wild Wet.

Wild Wild Wet
Wild Wild Wet is a water theme park in Singapore. It is located at NTUC Downtown East in Pasir Ris, Singapore.

There used to be a small water park in Anaheim, California near Disneyland
in the late 1970s to the mid 1980s, named Wild, Wild, Wet.
The Lofty and the Lowly
The Lofty and the Lowly, or Good in All and None All Good is a novel by Maria Jane McIntosh published by D. Appleton & Company in 1853. It was one of many anti-Tom novels published in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. The story is set is Georgia and tells of a plantation owner's efforts to avoid bankruptcy with the help of his loyal slave Daddy Cato. Their efforts are challenged by a northern usurer and devious northern capitalists. The book sold well across the United States upon release, making it one of the most successful anti-Tom novels in the middle 19th century.

Anti-Tom literature
Anti-Tom literature consists of the 19th century pro-slavery novels and other literary works written in response to Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Also called plantation literature, these writings were generally written by authors from the Southern United States. Books in the genre attempted to show that slavery was beneficial to African Americans and that the evils of slavery, as depicted in Stowe's book, were overblown and incorrect.
Golmud River
The Golmud or Ge'ermu River is a river in Golmud County, Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. It flows north from the Kunlun Mountains to Dabusun and (occasionally) West Dabusun Lakes in the central Qarhan Playa in the southeastern Qaidam Basin. The county seat Golmud lies along it.

Dabusun Lake
Dabusun or Dabuxun Lake, alternately known as Dabasun Nor, is a lake beside the town Qarhan, just north of Golmud in the Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province in northwestern China. Fed by the main course of the Golmud River, it is the largest present-day lake in the Qarhan Playa. Like the other lakes of the surrounding Qaidam Basin, it is extremely saline, with 307–338 grams of salt per liter of water (2.5 lb/gallon).
Conflict-driven clause learning
In computer science, conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is an algorithm for solving the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT).  Given a Boolean formula, the SAT problem asks for an assignment of variables so that the entire formula evaluates to true.  The internal workings of CDCL SAT solvers were inspired by DPLL solvers. The main difference between CDCL and DPLL is that CDCL's backjumping is non-chronological.

Conflict-driven clause learning was proposed by Marques-Silva and Karem A. Sakallah (1996, 1999) and Bayardo and Schrag (1997).

DPLL algorithm
In logic and computer science, the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland (DPLL) algorithm is a complete, backtracking-based search algorithm for deciding the satisfiability of propositional logic formulae in conjunctive normal form, i.e. for solving the CNF-SAT problem.

It was introduced in 1961 by Martin Davis, George Logemann and Donald W. Loveland and is a refinement of the earlier Davis–Putnam algorithm, which is a resolution-based procedure developed by Davis and Hilary Putnam in 1960. Especially in older publications, the Davis–Logemann–Loveland algorithm is often referred to as the "Davis–Putnam method" or the "DP algorithm". Other common names that maintain the distinction are DLL and DPLL.
Arkansas Highway 24
Arkansas Highway 24 (AR 24) is a designation for two state highways in Arkansas. One segment of 18.6 miles (29.9 km) runs from the Oklahoma state line east to U.S. Route 71 (US 71) in Lockesburg. A second segment of 38.2 miles (61.5 km) runs from US 371 in Prescott east to US 278 west of Camden. The two sections were formerly connected, but a middle segment of 53 miles (85 km) between Lockesburg and Prescott was redesignated as US 371 in 1994.

U.S. Route 71 in Arkansas
U.S. Route 71 (US 71) is a U.S. route that runs from Krotz Springs, LA to the Fort Frances–International Falls International Bridge at the Canadian border. In Arkansas, the highway runs from the Louisiana state line near Doddridge to the Missouri state line near Bella Vista. In Texarkana, the highway runs along State Line Avenue with US 59 and partially runs in Texas (northbound traffic is in Arkansas and southbound in Texas). Other areas served by the highway include Fort Smith and Northwest Arkansas.
Delvinaki
Delvinaki (Greek: Δελβινάκι) is a former municipality in the Ioannina regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Pogoni, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 255.8 km2, the community 54.8 km2. In 2021 its population was 538 for the village and 1,609 for the municipal unit. Delvinaki is part of the traditional area of Pogoni.

Delvinaki lies along the GR-22/E853 road, which links Kalpaki with the Albanian border. The border crossing Kakavia is west of town.

Pogoni
Pogoni (Greek: Πωγώνι, Aromanian: Pugon) is a municipality in the Ioannina regional unit of Epirus, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the village Kalpaki. The municipality has an area of 701.059 km2. Its population was 6,848 at the 2021 census.
The Grove, Portland
The Grove is a small village located at Tophill on the Isle of Portland in Dorset. The village is found close to the larger village Easton, and is most notable for containing the HM Prison Portland, including its museum Grove Prison Museum. As with the rest of Portland's villages and settlements, The Grove has been designated as a conservation area, as it is a place of special architectural and historic interest. The village was designated in 1981.

HM Prison Portland
HM Prison Portland is a male Adult/Young Offenders Institution in the village of The Grove on the Isle of Portland, in Dorset, England. It is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. The prison was originally opened in 1848 as an adult convict establishment, before becoming a Borstal in 1921, and a YOI in 1988. In 2011 it became an Adult/Young Offenders establishment.
Hen harrier
The hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) is a bird of prey. It breeds in open areas such as marshes and grasslands in Eurasia and is migratory, moving further south outside of the breeding season. Birds in milder regions, such as France and Great Britain, may be resident year-round, but the higher altitudes are largely deserted in winter. The species is sexually dimorphic; males are smaller and mostly grey and white with black wingtips, whereas females average larger and are predominantly brown and have buff underparts with brown barring. Both sexes have a white rump patch, although it is more noticeable on females and juveniles.

The term "hen harrier" refers to its former habit of preying on free-ranging fowl. The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius) was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the hen harrier.

Northern harrier
The northern harrier (Circus hudsonius), also known as the marsh hawk or ring-tailed hawk, is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere in Canada and the northernmost United States.

The northern harrier migrates south in winter, with breeding birds in Canada and northern Great Plains of the U.S. moving to the American south, Mexico, and Central America. In the midwestern, mountain west, and north Atlantic states of the U.S., they may be present all year. This bird inhabits prairies, open areas, and marshes.
Maccabi Ramat Amidar F.C.
Maccabi Ramat Amidar (Hebrew: מכבי רמת עמידר) was an Israeli football club based in Ramat Gan. The club spent several seasons in the top division in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in 2005 merged into Hakoah Ramat Gan, which became Hakoah Amidar Maccabi Ramat Gan.

Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan F.C.
Hakoah Maccabi Amidar Ramat Gan Football Club (Hebrew: מועדון כדורגל הכח מכבי עמידר רמת גן) is an Israeli football club based in Ramat Gan. The club is currently in Liga Alef South division and plays at the Winter Stadium in Ramat Shikma, a neighbourhood of Ramat Gan.
Funeral doom
Funeral doom is a subgenre of death-doom with heavy influence from funeral dirge music. Low-tuned guitars, death growls, instruments that emulate pipe organ sounds and ponderous pace are typical traits of this style.

Death-doom
Death-doom (also known as death-doom metal or doom-death) is a fusion genre of death metal and doom metal. It combines the slow tempos and pessimistic or depressive mood of doom metal with the deep growling vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal. The genre emerged in the late 1980s and gained a certain amount of popularity during the 1990s, but had become less common by the turn of the 21st century. In turn, death-doom gave rise to the closely related genre of funeral doom as well as to the more melodic, gloomy and romantic gothic metal.
MFC Interkas Kyiv
MFC Interkas Kyiv  (ukr. Міні-Футбольний Клуб «Інтеркас» Київ), is a futsal club from Kyiv, Ukraine, and plays in Ukrainian Men's Futsal Championship.

The club is one of the most titled clubs in Ukraine.

Extra-Liga
The Extra-Liga (Ukrainian: Екстра-ліга) is an association of futsal clubs of Ukraine and the top men's futsal league in the country. It is organized by the Association of Mini-Football of Ukraine which is a collective member of the Ukrainian Association of Football (formerly Football Federation of Ukraine). The Ukrainian Association of Mini-Football is not part of the Olympic movement, but is a collective members of the Ukrainian Association of Football.
R16 (New York City Subway car)
The R16 was a New York City Subway car model built by the American Car and Foundry Company from 1954 to 1955 for the IND/BMT B Division. A total of 200 cars were built, arranged as single units. Two versions were manufactured: Westinghouse (WH)-powered cars and General Electric (GE)-powered cars.

The first R16s entered service on January 10, 1955. Various modifications were made over the years to the R16 fleet. The GE-powered cars were found to be less reliable than the WH-powered cars, so the New York City Transit Authority planned to retire them early in 1977 with R46s. However, problems with R46 cars kept the GE-powered R16s in service until 1983. The WH-powered R16s were retired in 1987 with the delivery of the R68s. Some R16 cars were saved for various purposes, but most were scrapped.

R68 (New York City Subway car)
The R68 is a B Division New York City Subway car order consisting of 425 cars built by the Westinghouse-Amrail Company (aka Francorail), a joint venture of Westinghouse, ANF Industrie, Jeumont Schneider, and Alstom. The cars were built in France from 1986 to 1988 and shipped through New York Harbor. Of the cars in the fleet, 416 are arranged in four-car sets while the other nine are single cars.

The R68 was the third R-type series consisting of 75-foot (22.86 m) cars. The first R68 train entered service on June 20, 1986. The R68's manufacturers suffered from significant system integration problems, and the fleet became known as a "lemon" in its early years, but its performance was improved following modifications by the New York City Transit Authority. In the 2010s, a small number of R68s received experimental upgrades.
Nelson Chai
Nelson Joosuk Chai (born 1965) is an American investment banker and financial executive. He formerly served as the chief financial officer of American financial services company Merrill Lynch and briefly as Bank of America's president for the Asia-Pacific region. He is the former president of CIT Group and reported directly to then CEO John Thain. On August 21, 2018, it was announced that Chai has been hired as the chief financial officer of Uber.

John Thain
John Alexander Thain (born May 26, 1955) is an American financial executive and investment banker. He was president and co-COO of Goldman Sachs, and then CEO of the New York Stock Exchange. Thain then became the last chairman and CEO of Merrill Lynch & Co. before its merger with Bank of America. He was designated to become president of global banking, securities, and wealth management at the newly combined company, but resigned on January 22, 2009. Ken Lewis, CEO of Bank of America, reportedly forced Thain to step down after several controversies, such as the losses at Merrill Lynch which proved to be far larger than previously estimated, and the award of huge executive bonuses. Thain then was chairman and CEO of the CIT Group. He has been a board member of Uber since 2017.
Crowborough railway station
Crowborough railway station is on the Uckfield branch of the Oxted Line in England, serving the town of Crowborough, East Sussex. It is 39 miles 11 chains (63.0 km) from London Bridge.

The station and all trains that call are operated by Southern.

Uckfield railway station
Uckfield railway station is the southern terminus of a branch of the Oxted Line in England, serving the town of Uckfield, East Sussex. It is 46 miles 8 chains (74.2 km) from London Bridge.

The station and all trains that call are operated by Southern. Until 1969, the line continued southwards to Lewes and Brighton.
Brigida Pico della Mirandola
Brigida Pico della Mirandola (17 October 1633 – 22 January 1720) was an Italian noblewoman, Princess Regent of Mirandola and Concordia for fifteen years (from 1691 to 1706), in the name and on behalf of her nephew Francesco Maria II Pico della Mirandola, whose grandfather was her brother Alessandro II Pico della Mirandola. She ruled despotically with a policy that led to the fall of the Duchy of Mirandola.

Francesco Maria Pico della Mirandola
Francesco Maria Pico (Concordia sulla Secchia, 30 September 1688 – Madrid, 26 November 1747), also known as Francesco Maria II Pico della Mirandola to distinguish him from his father, was an Italian nobleman, third Duke of Mirandola and fourth Marquis of Concordia.

Nicknamed 'il Duchino', because he became sovereign at the age of just over 2 years, he was the last member of the Pico family to reign over the Duchy of Mirandola, which with him put an end to its independence: in fact, the sovereign was deposed in 1708 following the War of the Spanish Succession and in 1710 the Duchy was sold to Rinaldo d'Este and annexed to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio.

Since both of his marriages turned out to be childless, the direct line of the Pico della Mirandola rulers became extinct with him.