hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rod Smart
Torrold DeShaun "Rod" Smart (born January 9, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Western Kentucky. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers  as an undrafted free agent after the 2000 NFL draft.

Smart first played a professional football season with the Las Vegas Outlaws of the original XFL, where he was known by the nickname "He Hate Me". He then joined the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) before signing with the Philadelphia Eagles, all within the same year (2001). He then spent four seasons (2002–2005) with the Carolina Panthers, including winning the NFC Championship in 2003. He also spent time with the Oakland Raiders in 2006, as well as Team Tennessee of the never-launched All American Football League.

All American Football League
The All American Football League (AAFL) was a proposed professional American football minor league. The league, which was to combine a professional pay structure with the requirement that all players be college graduates, had originally been scheduled to start in the spring of 2007, but later postponed its launch to the spring of 2008, only to cancel its 2008 season a month before kickoff and suspend its launch until the next year. The league again postponed their launch each successive year, with the final postponement taking place in February 2010; despite that postponement it was stated that the league's first game would take place in spring 2011. As of spring 2011 there were no further actions from the league.
Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)
Kasautii Zindagii Kay (transl. The Trials of Life) is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms on StarPlus. The show starred Shweta Tiwari, Cezanne Khan, Ronit Roy, and Urvashi Dholakia. The show aired from 29 October 2001 to 28 February 2008. Kasautii Zindagii Kay was one of the longest-running Indian television series. The entire series is digitally available on Disney+ Hotstar.

Urvashi Dholakia
Urvashi Dholakia (pronounced [ˈʊɾʋəʃi d̪ʱoːˈlaːkɪjaː]; born 9 July 1979) is an Indian television actress. She is best known for her role of Komolika in the long running television series Kasautii Zindagii Kay, for which she won the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role and the ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role five times, and for winning the reality television show Bigg Boss 6.
Autograph
An autograph is a person's own handwriting or signature. The word autograph comes from Ancient Greek (αὐτός, autós, "self" and γράφω, gráphō, "write"), and can mean more specifically:

a manuscript written by the author of its content. In this meaning the term autograph can often be used interchangeably with holograph.

a celebrity's handwritten signature. Autograph collecting is the activity of collecting such autographs.

Autograph collecting
Autograph collecting is the practice of collecting autographs of famous persons. Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are politicians, military soldiers, athletes, movie stars, artists, social and religious leaders, scientists, astronauts, and authors.

Some collectors may specialize in specific fields (such as Nobel Prize winners) or general topics (military leaders participating in World War I) or specific documents (e.g., signers of the Charter of the United Nations; signers of the U.S. Constitution; signers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union; signers of the World War II German or Japanese surrender documents).

Collecting autographs may be in decline with fans preferring selfies instead.
Moreno (Portuguese footballer)
João Miguel da Cunha Teixeira (born 19 August 1981), known as Moreno, is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played mainly as a defensive midfielder, currently a manager.

He spent most of his career with Vitória de Guimarães, and had a one-and-a-half-year spell in England with Leicester City. Over 12 seasons, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 185 matches and six goals.

As a manager, Moreno was also mostly associated with Vitória, including two stints in charge of the first team, additionally managing Chaves in the top flight.

G.D. Chaves
Grupo Desportivo de Chaves (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈʃavɨʃ] ⓘ), commonly known as Chaves, is a Portuguese professional football club from Chaves, who are playing in the Liga Portugal 2. They were founded in 1949 and currently play at Estádio Municipal Eng. Manuel Branco Teixeira. Their home kit is red-and-blue striped shirt with blue shorts and socks, and the away kit is all white. Their current president is Bruno Carvalho and their manager is Moreno. Chaves have competed in the Portuguese First Division 18 times and had their best finish of fifth-place in the 1989–90 season. They went to Europe in the 1987–88 season, where they played in the UEFA Cup, beating Romanian side Universitatea Craiova in the first round and losing to Hungarian team Budapest Honvéd in the next round.
Curare
Curare (/kʊˈrɑːri/ or /kjʊˈrɑːri/; kuu-RAH-ree or kyuu-RAH-ree) is a common name for various alkaloid arrow poisons originating from plant extracts. Used as a paralyzing agent by indigenous peoples in Central and South America for hunting and for therapeutic purposes, curare only becomes active when it contaminates a wound or is introduced directly to the bloodstream; it is not active when ingested orally.

Curare is prepared by boiling the bark of one of the dozens of plant sources, leaving a dark, heavy paste that can be applied to arrow or dart heads.

These poisons cause weakness of the skeletal muscles and, when administered in a sufficient dose, eventual death by asphyxiation due to paralysis of the diaphragm. In medicine, curare has been used as a treatment for tetanus and strychnine poisoning and as a paralyzing agent for surgical procedures.

Tubocurarine chloride
Tubocurarine (also known as d-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic benzylisoquinoline alkaloid historically known for its use as an arrow poison. In the mid-1900s, it was used in conjunction with an anesthetic to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. Safer alternatives, such as cisatracurium and rocuronium, have largely replaced it as an adjunct for clinical anesthesia and it is now rarely used. The specific form used was tubocurarine chloride, its hydrated hydrochloride salt.
Barak Missile scandal
The Barak Missile scandal was a case of alleged defence corruption relating to the purchase of Barak 1 Missile Systems by India. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) investigated the case and several people including R. K. Jain, former treasurer of the Samata Party were arrested. The CBI investigated the case and filed a First Information Report (FIR) on 10 October 2006, accusing politicians Defence Minister George Fernandes, Jaya Jaitly, R. K. Jain of receiving kickbacks from arms dealer and former Indian Navy officer Suresh Nanda. In 2007, businessman Vipin Khanna also faced allegations from the CBI of being involved in the scandal.

On 24 December 2013, after investigating for more than seven years, the CBI decided to close the case as it did not find any evidence of the allegations.

Vipin Khanna
Vipin Kumar Khanna (14 December 1930 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian businessman, financier and army officer. Khanna had diverse business interests and was a Non-Resident Indian based in London, England. He was commissioned into the Indian Army in 1950, and eventually reached the rank of Major, before voluntarily retiring from the army in 1965. Khanna had a controversial business career. His name was frequently associated with numerous controversies, including allegations of arms lobbying; however, investigations into these matters found no evidence of wrongdoing, and the allegations were subsequently dropped.
Kotok-McCarthy
Kotok-McCarthy, also known as A Chess Playing Program for the IBM 7090 Computer was the first computer program to play chess convincingly. It is also remembered because it played in and lost the first chess match between two computer programs. A pseudocode of the program is in Figure 11.15 of.

Mac Hack
Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D. Greenblatt. Also known as Mac Hac and The Greenblatt Chess Program, it was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mac Hack VI was the first chess program to play in human tournament conditions, the first to be granted a chess rating, and the first to win against a person in tournament play. A pseudocode for the program is given in Figure 11.16 of.

Its name comes from Project MAC ("Multi-Level Access Computer" or "Machine-Aided Cognition") a large sponsored research program located at MIT. The number VI refers to the PDP-6 machine for which it was written.
Pauline Collins
Pauline Angela Collins (3 September 1940 – 5 November 2025) was a British actress who first rose to fame portraying Sarah Moffat in Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1973) and its spin-off Thomas & Sarah (1979). In 1992, she published her autobiography, Letter to Louise.

Collins played the title role in the play Shirley Valentine for which she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress, and the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. She reprised the role in the 1989 film adaptation of the play, winning a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, an Evening Standard British Film Award, and nominations for both an Academy Award for Best Actress and a Golden Globe Award for the Best Performance by an Actress - Motion Picture. Collins also starred in the television dramas  Forever Green (1989–1992) and The Ambassador (1998–1999). Her other film appearances include City of Joy (1992) and Paradise Road (1997).

Shirley Valentine (film)
Shirley Valentine is a 1989 English romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert. The screenplay by Willy Russell is based on his 1986 one-character play of the same title, which follows middle-aged Shirley Valentine in an unexpected discovery of herself and the rekindling of her childhood dreams and youthful love of life.

Pauline Collins reprises the title role as middle-aged housewife Shirley, which she had previously played in the stage production in London's West End and on Broadway, and Tom Conti plays Costas Dimitriades, the owner of a Greek tavern with whom she has a holiday romance.
Redundancy (linguistics)
In linguistics, a redundancy is information that is expressed more than once.

Examples of redundancies include multiple agreement features in morphology, multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology, or the use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric. For instance, while the previous sentence is grammatically correct and uses words appropriately, its rhetorical structure contains unnecessary repetitions and could be revised as, "Linguistic redundancy is regarded as having more than one: agreement feature in morphology; phoneme distinguishing feature in phonology; or word to express a single idea in rhetoric." as a clear, concise, and redundancy-free way to express the original concept.

Agreement (linguistics)
In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated agr) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates. It is an instance of inflection, and usually involves making the value of some grammatical category (such as gender or person) "agree" between varied words or parts of the sentence.

For example, in Standard English, one may say I am or he is, but not "I is" or "he am". This is because English grammar requires that the verb and its subject agree in person. The pronouns I and he are first and third person respectively, as are the verb forms am and is. The verb form must be selected so that it has the same person as the subject in contrast to notional agreement, which is based on meaning.
Hassan Jawahery
Hassan Jawahery is an Iranian-American physicist and former spokesperson for the BaBar Collaboration. He received his B.S. in Physics from Tehran University in Iran and his Ph.D. in Physics from Tufts University. He is a professor of Physics at the University of Maryland and has worked on OPAL, CLEO, BaBar, SuperB, LHCb and the PDG.

The BaBar Collaboration comprises about 600 physicists from institutions in 10 countries, and his position as its spokesman has made him internationally known. He is also an editor of the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science.

During his spokesmanship of the BaBar Collaboration, the accelerator detected and measured the lowest energy state of the bottomonium quark family (ηb). Jawahery stated: "These results were highly sought after for over 30 years and will have an important impact on our understanding of the strong interactions."

BaBar experiment
The BaBar experiment, or simply BaBar, is an international collaboration of more than 500 physicists and engineers studying the subatomic world at energies of approximately ten times the rest mass of a proton (~10 GeV). Its design was motivated by the investigation of charge-parity violation. BaBar is located at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which is operated by Stanford University for the Department of Energy in California.
Country code
A country code is a short alphanumeric identification code for countries and dependent areas. Its primary use is in data processing and communications. Several identification systems have been developed.

The term country code frequently refers to ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, as well as the telephone country code, which is embodied in the E.164 recommendation by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO (the others being alpha-3 and numeric), and are used most prominently for the Internet's country code top-level domains (with a few exceptions). They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974.
Nizhny Lomov
Nizhny Lomov (Russian: Ни́жний Ломо́в) is a town and the administrative center of Nizhnelomovsky District in Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Lomov River (Oka's basin), on the M5 Highway 109 kilometers (68 mi) northwest of Penza, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  22,678 (2010 Census); 24,249 (2002 Census); 26,648 (1989 Soviet census).

Nizhnelomovsky District
Nizhnelomovsky District (Russian: Нижнело́мовский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-seven in Penza Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northwest of the oblast. The area of the district is 1,760 square kilometers (680 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Nizhny Lomov. Population: 41,974 (2010 Census);  46,540 (2002 Census); 25,510 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Nizhny Lomov accounts for 54.0% of the district's total population.
John II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor
John II, Duke of Opava-Ratibor (also known as John II of Troppau or John the Iron; Czech: Jan II. Opavský or Hanuš Ferreus; c. 1365 – 22 July 1424) was Duke of Opava-Racibórz (Ratibor), Krnov and Bruntál. From 1388 to 1397, he was also governor of Kłodzko and Ząbkowice Śląskie and from 1397 to 1422 pledge lord of Kłodzko and Ząbkowice Śląskie. He was a member of the Opava branch of the Přemyslid dynasty.

Duchy of Racibórz
Duchy of Racibórz (Polish: Księstwo raciborskie, Czech: Ratibořské knížectví, German: Herzogtum Ratibor) was one of the duchies of Silesia, formed during the medieval fragmentation of Poland into provincial duchies. Its capital was Racibórz in Upper Silesia.
Iridescent shark
The iridescent shark or iridescent shark catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a species of shark catfish (family Pangasiidae) native to the rivers of Southeast Asia. Despite its name, it is not a shark. It is found in the Mekong basin as well as the Chao Phraya River, and is heavily cultivated for food there.

The meat is often marketed under the common name swai (from Thai สวาย). It has also been introduced into other river basins as a food source, and its striking appearance and iridescence have made it popular with fishkeeping hobbyists, among whom it is also known as the Siamese shark catfish or sutchi catfish. The swai's omnivorous diet consists of crustaceans, other fish, and plant matter.

Chao Phraya River
The Chao Phraya River (Thai: แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand.
Λ-ring
In algebra, a λ-ring or lambda ring is a commutative ring together with some operations λn on it that behave like the exterior powers of vector spaces. Many rings considered in K-theory carry a natural λ-ring structure. λ-rings also provide a powerful formalism for studying an action of the symmetric functions on the ring of polynomials, recovering and extending many classical results (Lascoux (2003)).

λ-rings were introduced by Grothendieck (1957, 1958, p.148). For more about λ-rings see Atiyah & Tall (1969), Knutson (1973), Hazewinkel (2009) and Yau (2010).

Ring of symmetric functions
In algebra and in particular in algebraic combinatorics, the ring of symmetric functions is a specific limit of the rings of symmetric polynomials in n indeterminates, as n goes to infinity. This ring serves as universal structure in which relations between symmetric polynomials can be expressed in a way independent of the number n of indeterminates (but its elements are neither polynomials nor functions). Among other things, this ring plays an important role in the representation theory of the symmetric group.

The ring of symmetric functions can be given a coproduct and a bilinear form making it into a positive selfadjoint graded Hopf algebra that is both commutative and cocommutative.
Pittsburgh Railways
Pittsburgh Railways was one of the predecessors of Pittsburgh Regional Transit. It had 666 PCC cars, the third largest fleet in North America (after Toronto (745) and Chicago (683)).  It had 68 streetcar routes, of which only three (until April 5, 2010, the 42 series, the 47 series, and 52) are used by the Port Authority as light rail routes.  With the Port Authority's Transit Development Plan, many route names will be changed to its original, such as the 41D Brookline becoming the 39 Brookline. Many of the streetcar routes have been remembered in the route names of many Port Authority buses (e.g. 71 series).

PCC streetcar
A Presidents' Conference Committee (PCC) car is a type of streetcar (tram) that was first built in the United States in the 1930s. The design proved successful domestically, and after World War II it was licensed for production and use elsewhere in the world.

The PCC car has proved to be a long-lasting icon of streetcar design. About 5,000 PCC streetcars were built in the United States, with production continuing until 1952. In North America, some PCC streetcars are still in regular service, with most operating on heritage streetcar lines. As of 2026, the San Francisco Municipal Railway is the largest North American operator of PCC cars, using a fleet of 27 on two heritage lines.

After World War II, the PCC design was licensed to multiple European companies. Over 15,000 PCC-derived streetcars were built in Europe, including the popular Tatra T3.
Miguel Gomes (director)
Miguel Gomes (born 1972) is a Portuguese film director, screenwriter and editor. He studied cinema at Lisbon Theatre and Film School. His films include The Face You Deserve (2004), Our Beloved Month of August (2008) and Tabu (2012), Arabian Nights (2015) and Grand Tour (2024). For the last, he won Best Director at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival.

Lisbon Theatre and Film School
The Lisbon Theatre and Film School (Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema) of the Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon
inherited the function of the National Conservatoire, founded by Almeida Garrett, in 1836, and of teaching Film, introduced in the same establishment since 1971. The main goal of the Lisbon Theatre and Film School is training in the fields of Theatre and Cinema. Sometimes it is still referred to by its former designation "Conservatório Nacional". It is a public institution of higher education created in Lisbon but now located in Amadora, Portugal.
Line 18 (Shanghai Metro)
Line 18 is a north–south Shanghai Metro line running from South Changjiang Road station in the city's Baoshan District to Hangtou station in Pudong, with a length of 36.13 km (22.45 mi). The line was originally scheduled to open by the end of 2020. However, officials announced that only the initial segment of eight stations in Pudong started test runs in September 2020. The 14.5 km (9.0 mi) southern section opened for passenger operations on December 26, 2020. The remainder of the line was opened on 30 December 2021. The line is 44.8 km (27.8 mi) long with 31 stations. The line is one of Shanghai Metro's new batch of high capacity fully automated and driverless lines along with Lines 14 and 15. The line is colored tan on system maps.

South Changjiang Road station
South Changjiang Road (simplified Chinese: 长江南路; traditional Chinese: 長江南路; pinyin: Chángjiāng Nán Lù) is a station on Shanghai Metro Line 3. It is part of the northern extension of that line from Jiangwan Town to North Jiangyang Road that opened on 18 December 2006. It later became an interchange station after the opening of Line 18 on 30 December 2021.
M1296 Dragoon
The M1296 Infantry Carrier Vehicle Dragoon (ICVD) is an upgraded variant of the Stryker infantry carrier vehicle (ICV), designed to enhance the firepower of U.S. Army Stryker brigade combat teams (SBCTs). The vehicle integrates a 30 mm XM813 Bushmaster II autocannon in a Kongsberg MCT-30 remote turret, significantly increasing its lethality over the standard Stryker Infantry Carrier Vehicle (ICV). First delivered in December 2017, the ICVD was developed in response to operational demands for a more heavily armed Stryker capable of countering evolving threats on the battlefield. It is operated by two crewman and can carry up to 9 dismounts.

M1128 mobile gun system
The M1128 mobile gun system (MGS) is an eight-wheeled assault gun of the Stryker family, mounting a 105 mm tank gun, based on the Canadian LAV III light-armored vehicle manufactured by General Dynamics Land Systems for the U.S. Army.

The MGS program emerged after the 1996 cancelation of the Army's M8 armored gun system, the service's planned replacement for the M551 Sheridan light tank.

The MGS was procured in limited numbers. It has been retired since the end of 2022 due to design and operational deficiencies.
Belavia
Belavia (Belarusian: Белавія; Russian: Белавиа), formally Belavia Belarusian Airlines, is the flag carrier of Belarus, headquartered in Minsk. The state-owned company had, as of 2007, 1,017 employees. Belavia serves a network of routes between Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as some Middle East destinations, from its base at Minsk National Airport.

Following the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident on 23 May 2021, the airline has been banned from the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Ukraine.

Minsk National Airport
Minsk National Airport (Belarusian: Нацыянальны аэрапорт Мінск, romanized: Natsyyanalny aeraport Minsk, [natsɨjaˈnalʲnɨ aeraˈport mʲinsk]; Russian: Национальный аэропорт Минск) (IATA: MSQ, ICAO: UMMS), formerly known as Minsk-2, is the main international airport in Belarus, located 42 km (26 mi) to the east of the capital Minsk. It geographically lies in the territory of Smalyavichy Raion but is administratively subordinated to the Kastrychnitski District of Minsk. The airport serves as hub of the Belarusian flag carrier Belavia and the cargo carriers TAE Avia, Genex, and Rubystar Airways.