hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alexander Halpern
Aleksandr Yakovelich Galpern (Russian: Александр Яковлевич Гальперн; 1879—28 June 1956), also known as Alexander Halpern, was a Russian Menshevik politician and attorney, who played a significant part in the Russian Revolution. He was a member of the Grand Orient of the Peoples of Russia and sat in Alexander Kerensky's Russian Provisional Government. Following the October Revolution, he fled abroad to the United Kingdom. During the Second World War, Halpern worked in British service as an MI6 agent in the United States, as part of British Security Co-ordination.

Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples
The Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples (Russian: Великий восток народов России) (GOoRP) was an illegal Co-Freemasonry political organisation which existed in Russia from 1912 until 1917. The organisation was highly political in nature and though it included people from several different parties, the most prominent belonged to the Constitutional Democratic Party. Although it originated out of Russian members of the Grand Orient of France, by the time the GOоRP emerged in 1912 it had ripped ties to all foreign masonic organisations. GOoRP had around 400 members.
Baron Armstrong
Baron Armstrong is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The first creation came on 6 July 1887 when the industrialist Sir William Armstrong was made Baron Armstrong, of Cragside in the County of Northumberland. The title became extinct on his death in 1900. The title was revived three years later, on 4 August 1903, for his great-nephew William Watson-Armstrong, who was created Baron Armstrong, of Bamburgh and of Cragside in the County of Northumberland. Born William Watson, he had assumed the additional surname of Armstrong by Royal licence in 1889.

Lord Armstrong was the grandson of Sir William Henry Watson, Baron of the Exchequer, by his wife Anne, sister of the first Baron of the first creation. He was succeeded by his son, the second Baron. He unsuccessfully contested Berwick-on-Tweed as an independent candidate in the 1918 general election. The title became extinct from the male line in 1987 on the death of his son, the third Baron.

William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, CB FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an English engineer and industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside. He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist. In collaboration with the architect Richard Norman Shaw, he built Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery.

Armstrong was knighted in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. In 1887, during Queen Victoria's golden jubilee year, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Armstrong, of Cragside.
Carlstrom Field
Carlstrom Field is a former military airfield, located 6.4 miles (10.3 km) southeast of Arcadia, Florida.  The airfield was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I.

United States Army World War I Flight Training
With the purchase of its first airplane, built and successfully flown by Orville and Wilbur Wright, in 1909 the United States Army began the training of flight personnel.  This article describes the training provided in those early years, though World War I, and the immediate years after the war until the establishment of the United States Army Air Corps Flight Training Center in San Antonio, Texas during 1926.
Jirgalang
Jirgalang or Jirhalang (Manchu: ᠵᡳᡵᡤᠠᠯᠠᠩ; 19 November 1599 – June 11, 1655) was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother of Nurhaci, the founder of the Qing dynasty. From 1638 to 1643, he took part in many military campaigns that helped destroy the Ming dynasty. After the death of Huangtaiji (Nurhaci's successor) in September 1643, Jirgalang became one of the young Shunzhi Emperor's two co-regents, but he soon yielded most political power to co-regent Dorgon in October 1644. Dorgon eventually purged him of his regent title in 1647. After Dorgon died in 1650, Jirgalang led an effort to clean the government of Dorgon's supporters. Jirgalang was one of ten "princes of the first rank" (和碩親王) whose descendants were made "iron-cap" princes (鐵帽子王), who had the right to transmit their princely titles to their direct male descendants perpetually.

Šurhaci
Šurhaci (Manchu: ᡧᡠᡵᡤᠠᠴᡳ, Möllendorff: šurgaci, Abkai: xurgaqi; Chinese: 舒爾哈齊; 1564 – 25 September 1611), was a Jurchen leader, a member of the Aisin Gioro clan, he was a younger brother of Nurhaci, the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, the predecessor of the Qing dynasty. Under the Ming dynasty government, he held the title of local chieftain (都指揮) in the Jianzhou district, and maintained relations with the Ming authorities up to the beginning of 1607. In that year, he joined Nurhaci in the campaign against Bujantai and the Ula tribe, receiving the title of darhan baturu. However, as a result of disagreements with his brother over the conquest of the Hoifa and the killing of Hoifa's beile Baindari in 1607, he was put to death four years later at Nurhaci's order and buried in Dongjingling Township, Liaoyang. In 1653, he was posthumously given the rank of qinwang (first-rank prince) under the posthumous title Prince Zhuang of the First Rank.
Operation Vijiji
Operation Vijiji (Operation Villagisation) was an exercise in social engineering carried out in post-colonial Tanzania in 1973. Through its socialist approach of ujamaa, Tanzania had carried out a voluntary process of rural collectivization of property and communal ownership of agriculture. From 1973 to 1976, Tanzania sought to implement these goals through the forced villagization process of Operation Vijiji.

Ujamaa
Ujamaa (lit. 'fraternity' in Swahili) was a socialist ideology that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's social and economic development policies in Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961.

More broadly, ujamaa may mean "cooperative economics", in the sense of "local people cooperating with each other to provide for the essentials of living", or "to build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together". Activist Maulana Karenga adopted the idea of ujamaa as one of seven principles (Nguzo Saba) in 1965, which formed the focus of the new holiday Kwanzaa a year later.
Hope Ranch, California
Hope Ranch is an unincorporated coastal suburb of Santa Barbara, California, located in Santa Barbara County. It is bounded on the east by Santa Barbara, on the north and west by the unincorporated area of the eastern Goleta Valley, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. As of the 2000 census, the area had an approximate population of 2,200. For the 2020 census, Hope Ranch was included in the Eastern Goleta Valley census-designated place. The ZIP codes are 93105 and 93110, and the community is in area code 805.

Hope Ranch is a neighborhood with a strong equestrian community. It is home to 27 miles (43 km) of riding trails and 10 percent of residents are horse-owners.

Santa Barbara County, California
Santa Barbara County, officially the County of Santa Barbara (Spanish: Condado de Santa Bárbara), is a county located in Southern California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 448,229. The county seat is Santa Barbara, and the largest city is Santa Maria.

Santa Barbara County comprises the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the county is part of the California Central Coast. Mainstays of the county's economy include engineering, resource extraction (particularly petroleum extraction and diatomaceous earth mining), winemaking, agriculture, and education. The software development and tourism industries are important employers in the southern part of the county.
2023 Pac-12 Conference men's basketball tournament
The 2023 Pac-12 Conference men's basketball tournament was a postseason men's basketball tournament for the Pac-12 Conference held March 8–11, 2023, at T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada.  The tournament winner of the conference tournament, Arizona, received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.

2023 Pac-12 women's basketball tournament
The 2023 Pac-12 Conference women's basketball tournament, presented by New York Life, was a postseason tournament held from March 1–5, 2023, at Michelob Ultra Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada.

Washington State, seeded seventh out of the conference's 12 teams, won the tournament and with it the Pac-12 Conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Division I women's tournament. ESPN journalist Alexa Philippou called Washington State's title run "one of the more improbable Power 5 conference tournament runs in recent memory." The championship game was the first in the tournament's history not to feature any of the top four seeds, and the Cougars were the lowest-seeded team ever to reach the title game, and the first to win it. This was the first Pac-12 title for Washington State in any women's sport, and the first Pac-12 tournament championship in any sport for the Cougars since 2002.
Lift (2021 film)
Lift  is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language horror thriller film written and directed by Vineeth Varaprasad in his directorial debut.  The film stars Kavin and Amritha Aiyer. It was directly released via Disney+ Hotstar on 1 October 2021. The film received mainly positive reviews from critics, who noted that the highlight was a passingly good main cast's performance.

Amritha Aiyer
Amritha Aiyer (born 14 May 1994) is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in Tamil and Telugu films. Her first lead role was in the Tamil film Padaiveeran in 2018 and she has since starred in the Tamil films Bigil (2019) and Lift (2021) and Telugu films Red (2021), and Hanu Man (2024).

Her 2024 Telugu film, Hanu-Man,  broke several box-office records for a Telugu film. The film has grossed over ₹350 crore (US$41 million), emerging as the Fourth highest-grossing Telugu film of 2024, Tenth highest-grossing Indian film of 2024, and the Eighth highest-grossing Telugu film worldwide (At the time of its release, Jan' 2024).
Gina (Canaan)
Gina, mentioned in the Amarna Letters, was a town in ancient Canaan. The citizens of Gina were responsible for the death of Labaya. The town was later known as Beth-Hagan and was probably located roughly on the spot of the modern town of Jenin. In ancient times as the Canaanite village of “Ein-Ganim” or Tel Jenin. The city of Ein-Ganim is mentioned in the Hebrew bible as the city of the Levites of the Tribe of Issachar.

Labaya
Labaya (Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a Canaanite prince and the ruler of Shechem in the central hill country of southern Canaan during the Amarna Period (c. 1350 BC). He lived contemporaneously with the pharaoh Akhenaten. Labaya is mentioned in several of the Amarna Letters (abbreviated "EA", for 'el Amarna'). He is the author of letters EA 252–54.

Labaya was active over the whole length of Samaria and slightly beyond, as he gave land to Ḫapiru in the vicinity of Šakmu (Shechem). He and his sons threatened powerful city-states such as Jerusalem and Gazru (Gezer) to the south and Magidda (Tel Megiddo) to the north.
Truro
Truro (/ˈtrʊəroʊ/ ⓘ; Cornish: Truru) is a cathedral city and civil parish in Cornwall, England. It is the southernmost city in the United Kingdom, and lies 232 miles (373 km) west-south-west of London. It is Cornwall's county town, only city, and a centre for administration, leisure and shopping. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 21,046 and the population of the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics (which included the Gloweth and Treliske areas in the neighbouring parish of Kenwyn) was 23,060.

Truro grew as a trade centre through its port and as a stannary town for tin mining. It was awarded city status in 1877 following the creation of the Diocese of Truro the previous year. Truro Cathedral was built between 1880 and 1910. Truro is home to Cornwall Council, the Royal Cornwall Museum, the Hall for Cornwall and Cornwall's Courts of Justice. People from Truro are called Truronians.

Hall for Cornwall
The Hall for Cornwall, known as Truro City Hall until 1997, is an events venue in Boscawen Street in Truro, Cornwall. The building, which was previously the headquarters of Truro City Council, is a Grade II* listed building.
LaSalle Vipers
The LaSalle Vipers are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in LaSalle, Ontario, Canada.  They play in the Western division of the Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League.  As a franchise, the Vipers are two-time Sutherland Cup provincial champions, two-time Great Lakes champions and five-time Western Ontario champions.

Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League
The Great Lakes Junior C Hockey League was a Junior "C" ice hockey league in Ontario, Canada, sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Association.  The champion of the Great Lakes competed for the All-Ontario Championship and the Clarence Schmalz Cup.  It is now a division in the Provincial Junior Hockey League.

The league got its start as the Border Cities Junior Hockey League in 1968. It became a Junior B and C league under the Great Lakes name in 1970 before strictly Junior C in 1974.
Interaural time difference
The interaural time difference (or ITD) when concerning humans or animals, is the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears. It is important in the localization of sounds, as it provides a cue to the direction or angle of the sound source from the head. If a signal arrives at the head from one side, the signal has further to travel to reach the far ear than the near ear. This pathlength difference results in a time difference between the sound's arrivals at the ears, which is detected and aids the process of identifying the direction of sound source.

When a signal is produced in the horizontal plane, its angle in relation to the head is referred to as its azimuth, with 0 degrees (0°) azimuth being directly in front of the listener, 90° to the right, and 180° being directly behind.

Sound localization
Sound localization is a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance.

The sound localization mechanisms of the mammalian auditory system have been extensively studied. The auditory system uses several cues for sound source localization, including time difference and level difference (or intensity difference) between the ears, and spectral information.  Other animals, such as birds and reptiles, also use them but they may use them differently, and some also have localization cues which are absent in the human auditory system, such as the effects of ear movements. Animals with the ability to localize sound have a  evolutionary advantage.
1925 Yugoslav Football Championship
The 1925 National Championship (Serbo-Croato-Slovenian: Državno prvenstvo 1925. / Државно првенство 1925.) was the third edition of the annual football competition in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Jugoslavija successfully pursued the 1925 title against Građanski Zagreb, 2–3 (aet). Jugoslavija was the second club from Belgrade to win the title.

SK Jugoslavija
Sportski klub Jugoslavija (Serbian Cyrillic: Cпортски клуб Југославија), commonly known as Jugoslavija, was a Serbian football club based in Belgrade. It was originally formed as SK Velika Srbija in 1913 and changed its name to SK Jugoslavija in 1919. They were among the most popular Serbian and Yugoslav clubs, and they were nicknamed as "Crveni" (The Reds) because of their red shirts, in opposition to their greatest rivals BSK, who wore blue and were known as "Plavi" (The Blues). Until 1941 the sports society Jugoslavija, beside football, also included sections for athletics, cycling, winter sports, basketball, boxing, wrestling, swimming, and table tennis.
Umbra (fish)
Umbra is a genus of mudminnows native to Europe and North America. It is the only extant member of the family Umbridae.

Phylogenetic evidence suggests the North American and European clades split between the Late Cretaceous or early Paleogene, making this a rather ancient group.

Umbridae
Umbridae is a family of ray-finned fish in the order Salmoniformes. The single living genus, Umbra, occupies weed-choked freshwater habitats in eastern North America and eastern Europe. While the family traditionally contained the genera Umbra, Novumbra, and Dallia, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered this grouping as paraphyletic, with Novumbra and Dallia being moved to the family Esocidae.
Dunsmuir, California
Dunsmuir is a city in Siskiyou County, California. It is on the upper Sacramento River. Its population is 1,707 as of the 2020 census, up from 1,650 from the 2010 census.

Dunsmuir is currently a hub for tourism in Northern California, with Interstate 5 passing through it. Visitors enjoy fishing, skiing, climbing, or sight-seeing. During the steam locomotive railroad era, it was the site of an important Central Pacific (and later Southern Pacific) railroad yard, where extra steam locomotives were added to assist trains on the grade to the north.

Yreka, California
Yreka (/waɪˈriːkə/ wy-REE-kə) is a city in and the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States, near the Shasta River; the city has an area of about 10 square miles (26 km2), most of it land. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,807 reflecting an increase from 7,765 counted in the 2010 census. Yreka is home to the College of the Siskiyous, Klamath National Forest Interpretive Museum and the Siskiyou County Museum.
Taher al-Aqili
Taher Ali Aidh al-Aqili is a Yemeni lieutenant general who has served as the Minister of Defense of the internationally recognized government of Yemen since February 2026. His military career spans from 1984, when he joined the military of the Yemen Arab Republic, and has seen him serve numerous field and instructional positions in the Yemeni Armed Forces, most notably as Chief of the General Staff from September 2017 to November 2018 during the Yemeni civil war.

His tenure as chief of staff saw pro-government forces make notable gains in late 2017 before he was injured in a landmine explosion on 5 January 2018. He eventually returned to his duties and continued to serve until being reappointed to a military advisorship role in November, and later being named deputy head of a Presidential Leadership Council-affiliated security committee in May 2022. He was named the Minister of Defense under the cabinet of Prime Minister Shaya al-Zindani.

Ministry of Defense (Yemen)
The Ministry of Defense (MoD; Arabic: وزارة الدفاع) is a government ministry of Yemen that is responsible for the Yemen Armed Forces. The incumbent Minister of Defense is general Taher al-Aqili, who was appointed in February 2026. The main headquarters of the Ministry is in Sana'a.
Gerry Hutch
Gerard Hutch (born 11 April 1963) is an Irish alleged crime boss. Known for leading a "disciplined, ascetic lifestyle" since leaving prison in 1985, he was nicknamed "The Monk" by Irish Times journalist Harry McGee. He is the reputed head of the Hutch Gang, a Dublin-based, international organised crime group. The Hutch Gang has been involved in a feud with the Kinahan Cartel, which has resulted in 18 murders.

Hutch was the prime suspect for two of the biggest armed robberies in Irish history; one at Marino Mart in 1987 and the Brinks robbery in 1995. In April 2023, he was acquitted of planning the murder of David Byrne, who was shot dead in February 2016. Hutch unsuccessfully ran as an independent candidate in the Dublin Central constituency at the 2024 Irish general election. Hutch confirmed in November 2025 that he will run in the 2026 Dublin Central by-election.

Killing of David Byrne
The Irish criminal David Byrne was shot dead on 5 February 2016 at the Regency Hotel in Whitehall, Dublin, Ireland.

It is believed by the Garda Síochána (police) that Daniel Kinahan, the son of Christy Kinahan, was the intended target, but had left early.
Battle of Fatagar
The Battle of Fatagar (alternatively known as Nech Sar) was a reprisal conflict between the previous participants of the Ethiopian–Adal War. It was fought between the forces of the Adal Sultanate led by Nur ibn Mujahid, and the Ethiopian Empire under Emperor Gelawdewos. The Ethiopian Emperor was later killed by Adal forces in this battle.

Mohammed Hassen considers this battle a decisive defeat for the Ethiopian Empire. "Not only did Galawdewos' death produce terrible grief throughout the Christian land, it left the political scene uncertain and fluid.  After this battle,  this force was never able to regain its full strength and failed to win back an inch of land lost before 1559 to the pastoral Oromo."

Nur ibn Mujahid
Nur al-Din or Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Harari: ኑር ኢብን ሙጃሂድ, Somali: Nuur ibn Mujaahid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد; died 1567) was an Emir of Harar who ruled over the Adal Sultanate. He was known for his victory in Fatagar against Ethiopian forces and for marrying his uncle's widow, Bati del Wambara. He succeeded Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim as the leader of the Muslim forces against Christian Ethiopia by defeating the Emperor Galewdewos in battle in 1559. He is often cited as the "King of Adel" in medieval texts.
Bethlehem, New York
Bethlehem is a town in Albany County, New York, United States.  The town's population was 35,034 at the 2020 census. Bethlehem is located immediately to the south of the city of Albany and includes the following hamlets: Delmar, Elsmere, Glenmont, North Bethlehem, Selkirk, Slingerlands, and South Bethlehem. U.S. Route 9W passes through the town. The town is named after the biblical Bethlehem.

Slingerlands, New York
Slingerlands is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York, United States. It is located immediately west of Delmar and near the New Scotland town-line and south of the Albany city-limits and is thus a suburb of Albany. The Slingerlands ZIP Code (12159) includes parts of the towns of New Scotland and Guilderland.
Mark DeSaulnier
Mark James DeSaulnier (/dəˈsoʊnieɪ/ də-SOH-nee-ay; born March 31, 1952) is an American politician who has served as a U.S. representative from California since 2015. He has represented the 10th congressional district since 2023, although it was previously numbered the 11th district for his first eight years in office. The district includes most of Contra Costa County, a suburban county in the East Bay. Until 2000, he was a member of the Republican Party; he has since been a member of the Democratic Party.

Before serving in the House of Representatives, DeSaulnier was a member of the Concord City Council (1991–94), a Contra Costa County Supervisor (1994–2006), and a member of the California State Legislature, representing the 11th State Assembly district from 2006 to 2008 and the 7th State Senate district from 2008 to 2015.

California's 11th congressional district
California's 11th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California represented by former Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi.

Since the 2022 elections, the 11th district is entirely in San Francisco, and includes most of the city with the exception of the southern neighborhoods of Excelsior District, Visitacion Valley, Portola, and Ocean View.

Before redistricting, the 11th district consisted of most of Contra Costa County. Mark DeSaulnier, a Democrat, represented the district from January 2015 to January 2023. Cities and CDPs in the district included Alamo, Bay Point, Blackhawk, Clayton, Concord, Diablo, El Cerrito, El Sobrante, Kensington, Lafayette, Moraga, Orinda, Pinole, Pittsburg, Pleasant Hill, San Pablo, Richmond, and Walnut Creek; most of Danville; and parts of Antioch and Martinez.