hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Grothendieck group
In mathematics, the Grothendieck group, or group of differences, of a commutative monoid M is a certain abelian group. This abelian group is constructed from M in the most universal way, in the sense that any abelian group containing a homomorphic image of M will also contain a homomorphic image of the Grothendieck group of M. The Grothendieck group construction takes its name from a specific case in category theory, introduced by Alexander Grothendieck in his proof of the Grothendieck–Riemann–Roch theorem, which resulted in the development of K-theory. This specific case is the monoid of isomorphism classes of objects of an abelian category, with the direct sum as its operation.

Abelian group
In mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. That is, the group operation is commutative. With addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers form abelian groups, and the concept of an abelian group may be viewed as a generalization of these examples. Abelian groups are named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

The concept of an abelian group underlies many fundamental algebraic structures, such as fields, rings, vector spaces, and algebras. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their non-abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood and fully classified.
Namaste Trump
Namaste Trump (styled Namaste नमस्ते TRUMP) was a tour event held on 24 and 25 February 2020 in India. It was the inaugural visit of the President of the United States Donald Trump and his family to India. A rally event of the same name was held in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and was the highlight of the tour, as a response to the "Howdy Modi" event held in Houston, Texas, in September 2019. The Motera Stadium (now known as Narendra Modi Stadium) hosted U.S. President Trump and his family along with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. An attendance of over 100,000 people was reported, with some speculating an attendance as high as 125,000. The tour was originally named "Kem Chho Trump" but was renamed by the Government of India to promote Indian nationalism over regionalism.

Howdy Modi
Howdy Modi was a community summit and mega event held on September 22, 2019, at the NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas, United States. The event was notable for the joint address by Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, and Donald Trump, the President of the United States, showcasing the strong ties and strategic partnerships between the two countries.
Ukrainian Galician Army
The Ukrainian Galician Army (abbr.  UGA; Ukrainian: Українська галицька армія [УГА], romanized: Ukrainska halytska armiia [UHA]), was the combined military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic during and after the Polish-Ukrainian War. It was called the Galician army initially.

Chortkiv offensive
The Chortkiv offensive (Ukrainian: Чортківська офензива, Чортків, Polish: Ofensywa czortkowska, Czortków), also known as June Offensive (Ukrainian: Червнева офензива), was a counteroffensive military operation of the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA) against the Polish Army during the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–1919. Initially, the numerically inferior Ukrainian force achieved tactical success along the entire front, pushing back the French-supported Polish troops. However, the offensive failed to achieve strategic success due to lack of ammunition, and after a Polish counteroffensive the Galician Army was forced to retreat across the Zbruch river, leaving Galicia in Polish hands.
Crawshawbooth
Crawshawbooth is a small village located on the edge of the Pennines in England, just north of the market town of Rawtenstall, Lancashire, and south of Loveclough. It is situated in the Rossendale Valley, which was once an ancient royal hunting ground. The majority of the surrounding land consists of farms and moorland.

Loveclough
Loveclough /ˈlʌf.klʌf/ is a small hamlet at the edge of the Rossendale Valley, in Lancashire, England, near Crawshawbooth and Rawtenstall, 20 miles north of Manchester, 21 miles east of Preston, and 44 miles south east of Lancaster.
2016 Montenegrin parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Montenegro on 16 October 2016. The ruling Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) remained the largest party, winning 36 of the 81 seats, and subsequently formed a coalition government with the new Social Democrats and national minority parties. The elections were held in the midst of an alleged coup d'état attempt.

Social Democrats of Montenegro
The Social Democrats of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Socijaldemokrate Crne Gore / Социјалдемократе Црне Горе, SD CG), also known as the Social Democrats (Montenegrin: Socijaldemokrate, Социјалдемократe, SD), is a centre-left political party in Montenegro formed in 2015 by a split faction of the SDP.
O Liberal
O Liberal is a Brazilian daily newspaper that has been circulating in Belém and most of the state of Pará since 1946. When it was acquired by Romulo Maiorana in 1966, it became part of the Grupo Liberal, along with the newspaper Amazônia, Rede Liberal and Rádio Liberal. O Liberal is considered a newspaper of record in the North of Brazil.

TV Liberal Belém
TV Liberal Belém (channel 7) is a Brazilian television station based in Belém, capital of the state of Pará serving as affiliate of the TV Globo network for the western portion of the state. It is the flagship broadcasting property of the Grupo Liberal, which also owns six other stations in the state under the TV Liberal name covering a majority of the state, except in the eastern part of the state, which is served by TV Tapajós.
Chilliwack
Chilliwack (/ˈtʃɪləwæk/ CHIL-ə-wak) is a city with a population of about 100,000 people and an area of 261 square kilometres (101 sq mi) in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the City of Vancouver in the Fraser Valley. The enumerated population is 93,203 in the city and 113,767 in the greater metropolitan area.

About two-thirds of city land is protected as part of the Agricultural Land Reserve, and agriculture accounts for about 30 percent of the local economy. The city is bounded on the north side by the Fraser River, and on the south side by the Vedder River and Canada–United States border, and is surrounded by tall mountain peaks, such as Mount Cheam and Slesse Mountain.

Fraser River
The Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver. The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.
YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung
The YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung (MOME; traditional Chinese: 陽明高雄海洋探索館; simplified Chinese: 阳明高雄海洋探索馆; pinyin: Yángmíng Gāoxióng Hǎiyáng Tànsuǒguǎn) is a museum about marine exploration in Cijin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Cijin District
Cijin District (Chinese: 旗津區; Hanyu Pinyin: Qíjīn Qū; Tongyong Pinyin: Cíjin Cyu; Wade–Giles: Chʻi²-chin¹ Chʻü¹; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kî-tin-khu) is a district of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, covering Cijin Island (旗津島) and islands in the South China Sea. It is the second smallest district in Kaohsiung City after Yancheng District, with an area of 1.4639 square kilometers, or 0.5652 square miles. It has a population of 26,282 as of October 2023, making it the 26th most populated district in Kaohsiung, with a population density of 18,414 people per square kilometer, or 47,692 people per square mile.
Wearing and Tearing
"Wearing and Tearing" is a song by English rock group Led Zeppelin. It is the eighth and final track on their 1982 compilation album, Coda. It was recorded at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, during the In Through the Out Door sessions on 21 November 1978.

Coda (Led Zeppelin album)
Coda is the ninth and final studio album, as well as the first compilation album by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It is a collection of rejected and live tracks from various sessions during the band's twelve-year career. The album was released on 26 November 1982, almost two years after the group had officially disbanded following the death of drummer John Bonham. In 2015, a remastered version of the entire album with two discs of additional material was released.
Joanna II of Naples
Joanna II (Italian: Giovanna II; 25 June 1371 – 2 February 1435) was Queen of Naples from 1414 until her death in 1435, marking the extinction of the senior line of the Capetian House of Anjou. In addition to her primary title, she also claimed several other royal titles, including titular queen of Jerusalem, Hungary, Sicily, Dalmatia, Croatia, and Rama.

Born in Zadar as daughter to Charles III of Naples, she ascended the throne following the death of her brother Ladislaus. Her reign was marked by political turbulence, shifting alliances and personal scandals, including marriages to William of Austria and James II of La Marche. Joanna navigated complex rivalries between the Angevin and Aragonese claimants to Naples, ultimately designating Rene of Anjou as her heir. The final years of her reign were marked by relative peace and political stability. Her death resulted in the end of the Angevin dynasty’s rule in Naples and ushered in the Valois-Anjou succession.

William, Duke of Austria
William (c. 1370 – 15 July 1406), known as William the Courteous (German: Wilhelm der Freundliche), a member of the House of Habsburg and Wilhelm, was Duke of Austria from 1386. As head of the Leopoldian line, he ruled over the Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia, Styria and Carniola as well as the County of Tyrol and Further Austria from 1396 until his death.
François de Coligny d'Andelot
François d'Andelot de Coligny (18 April 1521 – 27 May 1569) was one of the leaders of French Protestantism during the French Wars of Religion.  The son of Gaspard I de Coligny, he was the younger brother of Odet, cardinal de Châtillon and Gaspard de Coligny, the admiral.

Louis I, Prince of Condé
Louis de Bourbon, 1st Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon. Coming from a position of relative political unimportance during the reign of Henri II, Condé's support for the Huguenots, along with his leading role in the conspiracy of Amboise and its aftermath, pushed him to the centre of French politics. Arrested during the reign of Francis II then released upon the latter's premature death, he would lead the Huguenot forces in the first three civil wars of the French Wars of Religion before being executed after his defeat at the Battle of Jarnac in 1569.
Daniel Martin Murphy
Daniel Martin Murphy Sr. (January 17, 1826 – October 22, 1882) was a Canadian-born American rancher, farmer, landowner and an early settler in California. He was one of the wealthiest property owners in the United States during his lifetime, with ownership of Rancho Refugio de la Laguna Seca (near present-day Morgan Hill, California), a ranch in Durango, Mexico, and a ranch in Elko, Nevada. He co-founded the mining town of Murphys, California.

Morgan Hill, California
Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California, at the southern tip of Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2020 census, Morgan Hill had a population of 45,483. Morgan Hill is an affluent residential community, the seat of several high-tech companies, and a dining and recreational destination, owing to its luxury hospitality, wineries, and nature parks.
Torrance County, New Mexico
Torrance County is a county located in the center of the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,045. The county seat is Estancia.

The geographic center of New Mexico is located in Torrance County, southwest of the Village of Willard, and in 2010, the center of population of New Mexico was located in Torrance County, near Manzano.  Torrance County is included in the Albuquerque metropolitan area.

Willard, New Mexico
Willard is a village in Torrance County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 253 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village is not experiencing the same extreme growth that towns farther north in the state are. A wind farm has recently been constructed upon the mesa just south of the town.
Robert de Visée
Robert de Visée (1652-1730) was a French lutenist, guitarist, theorbist and viol player at the court of the kings Louis XIV and Louis XV, as well as a singer and a composer for lute, theorbo and guitar.

Theorbo
The theorbo is a plucked string instrument of the lute family, with an extended neck that houses the second pegbox. Like a lute, a theorbo has a curved-back sound box with a flat top, typically with one or three sound holes decorated with rosettes. As with the lute, the player plucks or strums the strings with the right hand while "fretting" (pressing down) the strings with the left hand.

The theorbo is related to the liuto attiorbato, the French théorbe des pièces, the archlute, the German baroque lute, and the angélique (or angelica). A theorbo differs from a regular lute in its re-entrant tuning in which the first two strings are tuned an octave lower. The theorbo was used during the Baroque music era (1600–1750) to play basso continuo accompaniment parts (as part of the basso continuo group, which often included harpsichord, pipe organ and bass instruments), and also as a solo instrument. It has a range similar to that of cello.
Tony Lombardo
Tony Lombardo (born 1945) is an American musician who was the original bassist in the punk rock band the Descendents. He joined the band in 1979 and played on their debut single, the Fat EP (1981), and the albums Milo Goes to College (1982) and I Don't Want to Grow Up (1985). After leaving the band, he performed in other acts and worked for the United States Postal Service until 2005. He collaborated with the Descendents' successor band, All, writing two songs for their album Allroy's Revenge (1989) and teaming up with them for an album of his own songs, New Girl, Old Story (1991), credited to "TonyAll". He also collaborated with the reunited Descendents on their 1996 album Everything Sucks, and the 2021 album 9th and Walnut.

9th & Walnut
9th & Walnut is the eighth studio album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released on July 23, 2021, through Epitaph Records. The album is made up of songs written by the band between 1977 and 1980, along with a cover of The Dave Clark Five's "Glad All Over". Only three of the originals had been previously released, with the album featuring re-recordings of "Ride the Wild" and "It's a Hectic World" from the band's first 7", as well as "Like the Way I Know", an outtake from the Milo Goes to College sessions that was eventually released on the 1999 compilation The Blasting Room.
Beeb Birtles
Gerard Bertelkamp AM  (born 28 November 1948), known professionally as Beeb Birtles, is an Australian musician, singer, songwriter and guitarist. He has been a member of various Australian groups including Zoot (1967–71), Mississippi (1972–74), Little River Band (1975–83) and Birtles Shorrock Goble (2002–07). He has also worked as a solo artist, including releasing an album, Driven by Dreams (2000). In 2004, Birtles and other members of the classic line-up of Little River Band were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.

Birtles Shorrock Goble
Birtles Shorrock Goble were an Australian pop/rock group composed of the three original singers and songwriters of Little River Band, namely Beeb Birtles, Glenn Shorrock and Graeham Goble. The members are known for their extensive writing and performance of hit songs and distinctive vocal harmonies. They are sometimes referred to by the initials BSG.
Aubrey E. Landry
Aubrey Edward Landry (1880–1972) was a Canadian-American mathematician. He was the dissertation director of many of the earliest women to earn doctorates in mathematics in the United States, including the first African American woman to do so, Euphemia Haynes.

Euphemia Haynes
Martha Euphemia Lofton Haynes (September 11, 1890 – July 25, 1980) was an American mathematician and educator. She was the first African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from the Catholic University of America in 1943.
Hackle
The hackle is a clipped plume or short spray of coloured feathers that is attached to a military headdress, with different colours being associated with particular regiments.

In the British Army and the armies of some Commonwealth countries, the hackle is worn by some infantry regiments, especially those designated as fusilier regiments and those with Scottish and Northern Irish origins.

The modern hackle has its origins in a much longer plume, originally referred to by its Scots name, heckle, which was commonly attached to the feather bonnet worn by Highland regiments (now usually only worn by drummers, pipers and bandsmen). The smaller version originated in a regimental emblem adopted by the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment, to be worn in the sun helmet issued in hot-weather postings from the 1870s.

Black Watch
The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland (3 SCOTS) is an infantry battalion of the Royal Regiment of Scotland. The regiment was created as part of the Childers Reforms in 1881, when the 42nd (Royal Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch) was amalgamated with the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot. It was known as The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 1881 to 1931 and The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) from 1931 to 2006. Part of the Scottish Division for administrative purposes from 1967, it was the senior Highland regiment. It has been part of the Scottish, Welsh and Irish Division for administrative purposes since 2017.
Virginia v. Black
Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343 (2003), is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 5–4, that any state statute banning cross burning on the basis that it constitutes prima facie evidence of intent to intimidate is a violation of the First Amendment to the Constitution. Such a provision, the Court argued, blurs the distinction between proscribable "threats of intimidation" and the Ku Klux Klan's protected "messages of shared ideology". In the case, three defendants were convicted in two separate cases of violating a Virginia statute against cross burning. However, cross-burning can be a criminal offense if the intent to intimidate is proven. It was argued by former Solicitor General of Virginia, William Hurd and Rodney A. Smolla.

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously invalidated Saint Paul, Minnesota's Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance and reversed the conviction of a teenager for burning a cross on the lawn of an African-American family. The ordinance was held to violate the First Amendment's protection of freedom of speech. The court reasoned that the ordinance constituted "viewpoint discrimination" that could cause exclusions from the marketplace of ideas.
Jessica (novel)
Jessica is a historical novel based on a true story by Bryce Courtenay. It was published in 1998 and like other works from Courtenay covers several years in the life of the main character: Jessica Bergman. It was adapted into a mini-series starring Leeanna Walsman and Sam Neill which aired on Australian television in 2004. Jessica was voted Best Mini Series at the 2004 Chicago International Film Festival. It twice won the APA Who Weekly Reader's Choice Award, in 1999 and 2000.

Jessica (miniseries)
Jessica is an Australian television miniseries based on the historical novel by Bryce Courtenay. Originally broadcast by Australia's Network Ten in 2004 and set in the Australian outback at the turn of the twentieth century, this family based drama follows a young woman who is unjustly institutionalised. Jessica won a 2005 Logie award for best mini-series or telemovie, plus two awards at the 2004 Chicago International Film Festival - one of them for the direction of Australian Peter Andrikidis.
Break 'Em Off
"Break 'Em Off" is a song by American rapper Paul Wall featuring fellow Houston-based rapper Lil' Keke. It was released on February 20, 2007 through Swishahouse/Atlantic Records as the lead single from Paul Wall's third solo studio album Get Money, Stay True. The production was handled by Leroy "Mr. Lee" Williams. The single debuted at number 72 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early March 2007. The music video featured Jessica a.k.a. Miss Rabbit and Flavor of Love winner Chandra Davis a.k.a. Deelishis.

Paul Wall
Paul Michael Slayton (born March 11, 1981), better known by his stage name Paul Wall, is an American rapper and DJ. He was an early signee of the Houston-based record label Swishahouse in the late 1990s, through which he met labelmate Chamillionaire and released several albums, including the collaborative Get Ya Mind Correct (2002). By 2005, he signed with Atlantic Records to release his second album and major label debut, The Peoples Champ (2005), which debuted atop the Billboard 200. His third album, Get Money, Stay True (2007), peaked within the chart's top ten. His guest appearance on Nelly's 2005 single, "Grillz", yielded his furthest commercial success, as it peaked the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for Best Rap Performance as a Duo or Group at the 2007 Grammy Awards.
Adana Şakirpaşa Airport
Adana Şakirpaşa Airport (IATA: ADA, ICAO: LTAF) is a general aviation airport located in Adana. It served as the main commercial airport of Cilicia region from 1937 to 2024. Çukurova International Airport, which opened on 10 August 2024, replaced Şakirpaşa Airport as the regional airport. All commercial airline flights have been moved to the new airport, while Şakirpaşa Airport is now used primarily for private travel, pilot training and air sports.

Adana railway station
Adana station (Turkish: Adana garı) is a railway station in Adana and the major railway hub of the region. The station is located at the İstasyon Square, in Kurtuluş, Seyhan.

The Central Station is steps away from the Vilayet Metro station and the Adana Provincial Hall. It surrounds the İstasyon Square together with the Central Post Office, Türk Telekom and TCDD Regional Headquarters.
BBC Radio Bristol
BBC Radio Bristol is the BBC's local radio station serving the cities of Bristol and Bath and the unitary authorities of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire.

It broadcasts on FM, DAB, digital TV and via BBC Sounds from studios at Broadcasting House in Bristol.

According to RAJAR, the station has a weekly audience of 88,000 listeners as of May 2025.

Broadcasting House, Bristol
The BBC campus, Broadcasting House Bristol, is located on Whiteladies Road, Bristol. The first building to be occupied was 21/23 Whiteladies Road, which was built in 1852 and is a Grade II listed building, with four radio studios. It was formally opened by the Lord Mayor of Bristol on 18 September 1934. The BBC has been on the same site ever since.

Prior to the opening of Broadcasting House, the BBC had provided a more limited service. It began broadcasting on 13 February 1923 from Marconi House in the Strand.  Operating as its 5WA station (this being the fifth BBC station to go on air) the new station broadcast to people living within 25 miles of Bristol. The station's initial output was very limited and even in 1931 the programme centre employed a staff of just three people, operating from a small studio over the Midland Bank in Queen's Road.