hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Preclinical development
In drug development,  preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.

The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics.

Companies use stylized statistics to illustrate the risks in preclinical research, such as that on average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that enters drug discovery to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug.

Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug. The entire process—from concept through preclinical testing in the laboratory to clinical trial development, including Phase I–III trials—to approved vaccine or drug typically takes more than a decade.
Stone railway station
Stone railway station serves the market town of Stone, in Staffordshire, England. It is located on a junction of the Colwich to Manchester spur of the West Coast Main Line, but has platforms only on the branch from Stafford to Stoke-on-Trent.

Stoke-on-Trent railway station
Stoke-on-Trent railway station serves the city of Stoke-on-Trent, in Staffordshire, England. It lies on the Stafford to Manchester branch of the West Coast Main Line. It also provides an interchange between local services running through Staffordshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire.
Christian Lorenz
Christian "Flake" Lorenz (German: [ˈkʁɪsti̯a(ː)n ˈflaːkə ˈloːʁɛnts]; born 16 November 1966) is a German musician. He is best known as the keyboardist in Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, as well as the main composer of the band's songs along with guitarist Richard Kruspe. He was also a member of the East German punk band Feeling B.

Lorenz has released a solo album named Flake feiert Weihnachten ("Flake celebrates Christmas"), which consists of covers of popular Christmas songs.

Richard Kruspe
Richard Kruspe (German pronunciation: [ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈkʁʊspə]; born Sven Kruspe; 24 June 1967) is a German musician. He is the lead guitarist and one of the founders of the Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, as well as the frontman of the industrial metal band Emigrate. He has released eight studio albums with Rammstein and four albums with Emigrate.
King, Ontario
King (2021 population 27,333) is a township in York Region north of Toronto, within the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada.

The rolling hills of the Oak Ridges Moraine are the most prominent visible geographical feature of King. The Holland Marsh, considered to be Ontario's "vegetable basket", straddles King Township and Bradford West Gwillimbury. King is known for its horse and cattle farms.

Though King is predominantly rural, most of its residents inhabit the communities of King City, Nobleton, and Schomberg.

Bradford West Gwillimbury
Bradford West Gwillimbury is a town in south-central Ontario, Canada, in Simcoe County in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area (but not the Greater Toronto Area) on the Holland River. West Gwillimbury takes its name from the family of Elizabeth Simcoe, née Gwillim.

The former Town of Bradford was amalgamated with portions of the former Townships of West Gwillimbury and Tecumseth to become the Town of Bradford West Gwillimbury on January 1, 1991.
High Court of Uganda
The High Court of Uganda, also Uganda High Court, is the third-highest judicial organ in Uganda, behind the Supreme Court of Uganda and the Court of Appeal of Uganda. It has "unlimited original jurisdiction", with powers to try any case of any value or crime of any magnitude. It is also mandated to hear all appeals from all Magistrates Courts. High Court judgements are appealable to the Uganda Court of Appeal.

Supreme Court of Uganda
The Supreme Court of Uganda is the highest judicial organ in Uganda. It derives its powers from Article 130 of the 1995 Constitution. It is primarily an appellate court with original jurisdiction in only one type of case: a presidential election petition.
Homer Van Meter
Homer Virgil Van Meter (December 3, 1905 – August 23, 1934) was an American criminal and bank robber active in the early 20th century, most notably as a criminal associate of John Dillinger and Baby Face Nelson.

Baby Face Nelson
Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), also known as George Nelson and Baby Face Nelson, was an American bank robber who became a criminal partner of John Dillinger when he helped Dillinger escape from prison in Crown Point, Indiana. Later, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced that Nelson and the remaining gang of bank robbers were collectively "Public Enemy Number One".

The "Baby Face Nelson" nickname derived from Gillis being a short man with a youthful appearance; however, in the professional realm, Gillis's fellow criminals addressed him as "Jimmy". A violent bank robber, Lester Joseph Gillis has killed more agents of the FBI than any other criminal. FBI agents fatally wounded Baby Face Nelson in The Battle of Barrington (27 November 1934), fought in a suburb of Chicago.
Cush (Bible)
Cush or Kush (/kʊʃ, kʌʃ/ Hebrew: כּוּשׁ Kūš; Ge'ez: ኩሽ), according to the Hebrew Bible, was the oldest son of Ham and a grandson of Noah. He was the brother of Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan. Cush was the father of Nimrod and Havilah.

Cush is traditionally considered the ancestor of the "Land of Cush", an ancient territory said to be situated south of Egypt around the river Gihon (Gen. 2:13). Cush is identified in the Bible with the Kingdom of Kush or ancient Aethiopia. The Cushitic languages are also named after Cush.

Havilah
Havilah (Biblical Hebrew: חֲוִילָה, romanized: Ḥăwīlā) refers to both a land and people in several books of the Bible; one is mentioned in Genesis 2:10–11, while the other is mentioned in the Generations of Noah (Genesis 10:7).

In Genesis 2:10–11, Havilah is associated with the Garden of Eden. Two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations as descendants of Noah. The name also appears in Genesis 25:18, defining the territory of the Ishmaelites. Extrabiblical literature mentions Havilah as the source of precious jewels used by the Amorites.

The exact location of Havilah is debated, with various scholars suggesting southwest of the Arabian Peninsula or northern Somalia.
Edoardo Agnelli
Edoardo Agnelli (9 June 1954 – 15 November 2000) was the eldest child and only son of Gianni Agnelli, the industrialist patriarch of Fiat S.p.A., and of Marella Agnelli, who was born Donna Marella Caracciolo di Castagneto. He converted to  Islam when he was living in New York City, and changed his name to Hisham Aziz and later to Mahdi after converting to Shia Islam. In mid-November 2000, he was found dead under a bridge on the outskirts of Turin.

Gianni Agnelli
Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli (Italian: [ˈdʒanni aɲˈɲɛlli]; 12 March 1921 – 24 January 2003), nicknamed L'Avvocato ('The Lawyer'), was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce, and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research. He was the richest man in modern Italian history.

Agnelli was regarded as having an impeccable and slightly eccentric fashion sense, which has influenced both Italian and international men's fashion. Agnelli was awarded the decoration Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1967 and the Order of Merit for Labour (Cavaliere del lavoro) in 1977. Following his death in 2003, control of the firm was gradually passed to his grandson and chosen heir, John Elkann.
The Return of the King (1980 film)
The Return of the King (also known as The Return of the King: A Story of the Hobbits) is a 1980 animated musical fantasy television film. It is a sequel to The Hobbit (1977). The film is an adaptation of The Return of the King, the third and final volume of the 1955 novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The first two parts of Tolkien's story, The Fellowship of the Ring and The Two Towers, are not covered in this release and are only briefly summarized at the beginning of the movie.

The special aired on ABC on Sunday, May 11, 1980. Both critics and fans gave The Return of the King an indifferent reception.

The Hobbit (1977 film)
The Hobbit is a 1977 animated musical television special created by Rankin/Bass and animated by Topcraft. The film is an adaptation of the 1937 book of the same name by J. R. R. Tolkien; it was first broadcast on NBC in the United States on Sunday, November 27, 1977. The teleplay won a Peabody Award; the film received a Christopher Award.

The New York Times found the film "curiously eclectic", but felt that whatever its failings, it warranted attention. The Tolkien scholar Douglas A. Anderson called the adaptation "execrable"; the author Baird Searles called it an "abomination" and an attempt that had "failed miserably", regretting the quality of the animation and of the soundtrack, and the omission of key plot points.
JNR Class ED76
The Class ED76 (ED76形) is a Bo-2-Bo wheel arrangement AC electric locomotive type operated on passenger and freight services in Japan since 1965, originally by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and later by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) and Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight). As of 1 April 2016, just 10 locomotives remained in service, all operated by JR Freight.

Japan Freight Railway Company
Japan Freight Railway Company (日本貨物鉄道株式会社, Nippon Kamotsu Tetsudō Kabushiki-gaisha), or JR Freight (JR貨物, Jeiāru Kamotsu), is one of the seven constituent companies of Japan Railways Group (JR Group). It provides transportation of cargo nationwide throughout Japan. Its headquarters are in Shibuya, Tokyo near Shinjuku Station.

The Japan Railways Group was founded on 1 April 1987, when Japanese National Railways (JNR) was privatized. Japanese National Railways was divided into six regional passenger rail companies and a single freight railway company, Japan Freight Railway Company.

The company has only about 50 kilometers (31 mi) of track of its own, and therefore operates on track owned by the six JR passenger railways as well as other companies which provide rail transport in Japan.
React (band)
REACT was an American boy band made up of Tim Cruz and Daniel Meteryeon.

REACT had a Top 10 hit on the dance charts with "Let's Go All The Way". After REACT disbanded, its member Tim Cruz joined yet another boy band, a success internationally, particularly in Germany called B3. B3 had a string of hits between 2001 and 2004 and now Tim Cruz is signed as a solo act to Fearless Management.

B3 (band)
B3 was an American pop boy band from New York City. They were formed in 2001 and were first produced by O-Jay of German dance band Real McCoy. Original members were Timothy Andrew Cruz (2001–2004), John Steven Sutherland (2001–2004) and Rod Michael (2001–2002). When Michael left in 2002, Blair Madison Late (2002–2004) joined in. Tim Cruz was previously, in the late 1990s, a member of the boy band React.

B3 was best known in Germany and had most of their hits in the German charts. They remained active until 2004, also participating in the Four Seasons Tour in 2002. The band released three albums and had a number of singles. Their first album entitled First went gold in Germany. They also had a collaboration with singer Ji-In Cho who released a duet with B3. After the band split in December 2004, John Steven Sutherland and Tim Cruz went solo signing with Fearless Management.
Lagitupu Tuilimu
Lagitupu Tulimu is a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu, who represented the constituency of Nanumea. He served as the acting prime minister, and foreign minister, from 8 December 2000 to 24 February 2001 following the death of incumbent Ionatana Ionatana.

Ionatana Ionatana
Ionatana Ionatana (5 November 1938 – 8 December 2000) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of Tuvalu. He represented the constituency of Funafuti in the Parliament of Tuvalu. He was the fifth prime minister, and foreign minister, from 27 April 1999 until his death on 8 December 2000.
Chorlton, Cheshire East
Chorlton is a village (at SJ728504) and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hough and Chorlton, in the unitary authority area of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The village lies 4 miles (6.4 km) to the south east of Crewe. Nearby villages include Hough, Shavington, Weston and Wybunbury in Cheshire and Betley in Staffordshire. In 2011 the parish had a population of 897.

Hough, Cheshire
Hough (/hʌf/ huf) is a village (at SJ712509) and former civil parish, now in the parish of Hough and Chorlton, in the unitary authority area of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The village is 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Crewe and 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Nantwich. The parish also included part of the settlement of Goodalls Corner. The total population is a little over 800, measured at 808 in the 2011 Census. Nearby villages include Basford, Chorlton, Shavington, Weston and Wybunbury.
PlayStation 3 accessories
Various accessories for the PlayStation 3 video game console have been produced by Sony and third-party companies. These include controllers, audio and video input devices like microphones, video cameras, and cables for better sound and picture quality.

The controllers include the DualShock 3,  a keypad that connects to the aforementioned controller, a controller similar to those for the Xbox Kinect that allows for motion controls, and miscellaneous others used for a specific use. Headsets (mostly used for communications, not game audio) are the major A/V devices, followed by cameras and other input devices. Finally, a composite video cable set, USB cable sets, and memory adaptors complete the accessories.

DualShock
The DualShock (originally Dual Shock, trademarked as DUALSHOCK or DUAL SHOCK, with the PlayStation 5 version as DualSense) is a line of gamepads developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation family of video game consoles. It is named for vibration-feedback and analog controls. Introduced in November 1997, it was initially marketed as a secondary peripheral for the first PlayStation console. The console's bundle was updated to include DualShock, and phase out the original PlayStation controller and the Dual Analog Controller. The DualShock is the best-selling gamepad of all time by units sold, excluding bundled controllers.
Confessions of a Vice Baron
Confessions of a Vice Baron is a 1943 American crime film directed by S. Roy Luby, William A. O'Connor, Melville Shyer, and Herman E. Webber. The film was created using edited footage for the flashback scenes from Mad Youth (1940), The Wages of Sin (1938), Smashing the Vice Trust (1937), Race Suicide (1937), and The Pace That Kills (1935). Willy Castello appeared in each of these films except for The Pace That Kills.

The film is also known as Skid Row (American reissue title).

The Pace That Kills (1935 film)
The Pace That Kills (also known as Cocaine Madness and The Cocaine Fiends) is a 1935 American exploitation film directed by William O'Connor. The film, starring Lois January, tells the story of Jane Bradford, who gets involved with a drug dealer and becomes addicted to cocaine.
Neumünster–Flensburg railway
The Neumünster Flensburg Railway is part of the Jutland line, the main north–south rail link through Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Together with the line to Husum, which diverges in Jübek, and the line to Kiel, which diverges in Rendsburg, it also serves as an important east–west axis between Kiel (on the east coast) and the Marsh Railway on the west coast. It consists of several sections that were parts of the first railways in the current territory of Germany.

Husum–Kiel railway
The Husum–Kiel railway is a main line railway in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. While the central section of the line, which is shared with the Neumünster–Flensburg line, has two tracks and is electrified, its western and eastern sections are single track and are not electrified. It connects the cities of Husum and Kiel via Rendsburg and serves as an important east-west rail axis between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.

Historically, the line ran from Husum to Kiel via Erfde and Rendsburg. The current line runs via Jübek, Schleswig and Rendsburg, with the Jübek–Rendsburg section being shared with the Neumünster–Flensburg line. The line was opened in 1854 and is one of the oldest railways in Germany.
Cuddle Up
"Cuddle Up" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys that was written by Dennis Wilson and Daryl Dragon. It was concurrently released in two formats on May 15, 1972. One version was released on the album Carl and the Passions – "So Tough", and another as the b-side to "You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone".

You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone (song)
"You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1972 album Carl and the Passions – "So Tough". It was written by Brian Wilson and Jack Rieley, and was issued as the album's lead single with the B-side "Cuddle Up". The single failed to chart.
Star (game theory)
In combinatorial game theory, star, written as ∗ or ∗1, is the value given to the game where both players have only the option of moving to the zero game. Star may also be denoted as the surreal form {0|0}. This game is an unconditional first-player win.

Star, as defined by John Conway in Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, is a value, but not a number in the traditional sense. Star is not zero, but neither positive nor negative, and is therefore said to be fuzzy and confused with (a fourth alternative that means neither "less than", "equal to", nor "greater than") 0. It is less than all positive rational numbers, and greater than all negative rationals.

Games other than {0 | 0} may have value ∗. For example, the game , where the values are nimbers, has value ∗ despite each player having more options than simply moving to 0.

Zero game
In combinatorial game theory, the zero game is the game where neither player has any legal options. Therefore, under the normal play convention, the first player automatically loses, and it is a second-player win. The zero game has a Sprague–Grundy value of zero.  The combinatorial notation of the zero game is: { | }.

A zero game should be contrasted with the star game {0|0}, which is a first-player win since either player must (if first to move in the game) move to a zero game, and therefore win.
Necklace splitting problem
Necklace splitting is a picturesque name given to several related problems in combinatorics and measure theory. Its name and solutions are due to mathematicians Noga Alon and  Douglas B. West.

The basic setting involves a necklace with beads of different colors. The necklace should be divided between several partners (e.g. thieves), such that each partner receives the same amount of every color. Moreover, the number of cuts should be as small as possible (in order to waste as little as possible of the metal in the links between the beads).

Necklace (combinatorics)
In combinatorics, a k-ary necklace of length n is an equivalence class of n-character strings over an alphabet of size k, taking all rotations as equivalent. It represents a structure with n circularly connected beads which have k available colors.

A k-ary bracelet, also referred to as a turnover (or free) necklace, is a necklace such that strings may also be equivalent under reflection. That is, given two strings, if each is the reverse of the other, they belong to the same equivalence class. For this reason, a necklace might also be called a fixed necklace to distinguish it from a turnover necklace.

Formally, one may represent a necklace as an orbit of the cyclic group acting on n-character strings over an alphabet of size k, and a bracelet as an orbit of the dihedral group. One can count these orbits, and thus necklaces and bracelets, using Pólya's enumeration theorem.
The Silver Key
"The Silver Key" is a fantasy short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written in 1926, it is considered part of his Dreamlands series. It was first published in the January 1929 issue of Weird Tales. It is a continuation of "The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath", and was followed by a sequel, "Through the Gates of the Silver Key", co-written with E. Hoffmann Price. The story and its sequel both feature Lovecraft's recurring character of Randolph Carter as the protagonist.

Through the Gates of the Silver Key
"Through the Gates of the Silver Key" is a short story co-written by American writers H. P. Lovecraft and E. Hoffmann Price between October 1932 and April 1933. A sequel to Lovecraft's "The Silver Key", and part of a sequence of stories focusing on Randolph Carter, it was first published in the July 1934 issue of Weird Tales.
East Midlands/Leicestershire 2
East Midlands/Leicestershire 2 was a tier 10 English Rugby Union league with teams from Bedfordshire, parts of Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire taking part.  Promoted teams moved up to East Midlands/Leicestershire 1 and relegated teams dropped to East Midlands/Leicestershire 3.

The league ran for two spells between 1992–96 and 1998–00.  At the end of the 1999–00 season it was cancelled for the second time following the splitting of the East Midlands and Leicestershire leagues and all teams transferred into East Midlands 1 or Notts, Lincs & Derbyshire/Leicestershire 1 West.

East Midlands/Leicestershire 3
East Midlands/Leicestershire 3 was a tier 11 English Rugby Union league with teams from Bedfordshire, parts of Cambridgeshire, Leicestershire and Northamptonshire taking part.  Promoted teams moved up to East Midlands/Leicestershire 2 and relegated teams dropped to East Midlands/Leicestershire 4 until that division was cancelled at the end of the 1995–96 season.

The league ran for two spells between 1992–96 and 1998–00.  At the end of the 1999–00 season it was cancelled for the second time following the splitting of the East Midlands and Leicestershire leagues and all teams transferred into East Midlands 2.
Scientific dissent
Scientific dissent is dissent from scientific consensus. Disagreements can be useful for finding problems in underlying assumptions, methodologies, and reasoning, as well as for generating and testing new ways of tackling the unknown. In modern times, with the increased role of science on the society and the politicization of science, a new aspect gained prominence: effects of scientific dissent on public policies.

Scientific dissent is distinct from denialism, which is a deliberate rejection of scientific consensus usually for commercial or ideological reasons.

Dissent
Dissent is an opinion, philosophy or sentiment of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or policy enforced under the authority of a government, political party or other entity or individual. A dissenting person may be referred to as a dissenter.