hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Le Devoir
Le Devoir (French pronunciation: [lə də.vwɑʁ], 'Duty') is a French-language newspaper published in Montreal and distributed in Quebec and throughout Canada. It was founded by journalist and politician Henri Bourassa in 1910.

Le Devoir is one of few independent large-circulation newspapers in Quebec (and one of the few in Canada) in a market dominated by the media conglomerate Quebecor (including Le Journal de Montréal).

Historically Le Devoir was considered Canada's francophone newspaper of record, although by the end of the 20th century, that title was mostly used for its competitor La Presse. As of 2023, La Presse retains a higher readership compared to Le Devoir.

Henri Bourassa
Joseph-Napoléon-Henri Bourassa (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʁi buʁasa]; September 1, 1868 – August 31, 1952) was a French Canadian political leader and publisher. In 1899, Bourassa was outspoken against the British government's request for Canada to send a militia to fight for Britain in the Second Boer War. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier's compromise was to send a volunteer force, but the seeds were sown for future conscription protests during the World Wars of the next half-century. Bourassa unsuccessfully challenged the proposal to build warships to help protect the empire. He led the opposition to conscription during World War I and argued that Canada's interests were not at stake. He opposed Catholic bishops who defended military support of Britain and its allies. Bourassa was an ideological father of French-Canadian nationalism. Bourassa was also a defining force in forging French Canada's attitude to the Canadian Confederation of 1867.
Karakhanid–Samanid wars
The Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Samanid Empire fought two wars in 990–991 and 999–1000. Satuq Buğra Khan's grandson, Hasan ibn Sulayman, attacked the Samanids in the late 10th century. Between 990 and 991, Hasan captured Sayram, Fergana, Ilaq, Samarkand and the Samanid capital, Bukhara. However, Hasan ibn Sulayman died in 992 and the Samanids returned to Bukhara.

Ghaznavid–Samanid war
In 999–1004 AD a series of military campaign was led by the Ghaznavid dynasty under Mahmud of Ghazni, to seize control of Khorasan. Originally appointed as governors of Ghazni by the Samanids, the Ghaznavids, under Mahmud of Ghazni, formally demanded administrative control over Khorasan, which led the Ghaznavids annexing the region.

In the late 10th century the historical region of Khorasan was administrated by Ghaznavids under the Samanids. Mahmud who lost the control of the territory, demanded the charge of Khorasan to the Samanid Amir Mansur II. The Samanid empire, weakened by internal conflicts and external pressures, refused the demand. Despairing of getting back Khorasan by peaceful means, Mahmud decided to take it by force.
Pillar (Lake District)
Pillar is a mountain in the western part of the English Lake District. Situated between the valleys of Ennerdale to the north and Wasdale to the south, it is the highest point of the Pillar group (some dozen fells clustered round it). At 892 metres (2,927 ft) it is the eighth-highest mountain in the Lake District. The fell takes its name from Pillar Rock, a prominent feature on the Ennerdale side, regarded as the birthplace of rock climbing in the district.

Wasdale
Wasdale (/ˈwɒzdeɪl/; traditionally /ˈwɒsəl, ˈwɒʃdəl/) is a valley and civil parish in the western part of the Lake District National Park in the Cumberland district, in the ceremonial county of Cumbria, England. The River Irt flows through the valley to its estuary at Ravenglass. A large part of the main valley floor is occupied by Wastwater, the deepest lake in England (258 feet or 79 metres). In 2021 the parish had a population of 127.
World's Strongest Man
The World's Strongest Man is an international strongman competition held every year. Organized by American event management company IMG, a subsidiary of Endeavor, it is broadcast in the US during summers and in the UK around the end of December each year. Competitors qualify based on placing in the top three at the four to eight Giants Live events each year. The current event sponsor is SBD Apparel.

The competition has been won by 25 men representing 14 nationalities. Three of the past champions Bill Kazmaier, Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson and Brian Shaw have been inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame.

IMG (company)
IMG, originally known as the International Management Group, is a global sports, fashion, events and media company headquartered in New York City. The company manages athletes and fashion celebrities; owns, operates and commercially represents live events; and is an independent producer and distributor of sports and entertainment media.
Greg Jenkins
Greg Jenkins (born August 23, 1989) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a quarterback for the Alabama State Hornets. He signed with the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent immediately following the conclusion of the 2013 NFL draft. He was also a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Hamilton Tiger-Cats (CFL).

Alabama State Hornets football
The Alabama State Hornets are the college football team representing the Alabama State University. The Hornets play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC).

Hornet Stadium serves as the facility for Alabama State football games and practices. The 120-yard field turf playing field provides training to ASU football in all weather conditions. In June 2011, construction on the Houston Markham Football Complex was completed. The two-story, 30,000-square-foot facility serves as the new home of the football program.
Unkle
Unkle (often stylised as U.N.K.L.E. or UNKLE, occasionally known as UNKLE Sounds) is a British musical act founded in 1992 by James Lavelle. Originally categorised as trip hop, the group once included producer DJ Shadow and have employed a variety of guest artists and producers.

DJ Shadow
Joshua Paul Davis (born June 29, 1972), better known by his stage name DJ Shadow, is an American DJ and record producer. His debut studio album, Endtroducing....., was released in 1996.
He uses layered production with numerous samples.

He was also formerly of the band Unkle (1996–1999).
Flip (acrobatic)
An acrobatic flip is a sequence of body movements in which a person leaps into the air and rotates one or more times while airborne. Acrobatic flips are commonly performed in acro dance, free running, gymnastics, cheerleading, high jumping, tricking (martial arts), goal celebrations, and various other activities. This contrasts with freestyle BMX flips, where a person rotates in the air along with a bicycle.

Acrobatic flips can be initiated from a stationary, standing position, but they are often executed immediately following another rotational move, such as a roundoff or handspring, to take advantage of the angular momentum generated by the preceding move. Generally, the hands do not touch the floor during the execution of a flip, and performers typically aim to land on their feet in an upright position; however, this is not required for the move to be considered a flip.

Tricking (martial arts)
Tricking is an acrobatic sport that combines kicks with flips and twists from martial arts and gymnastics as well as many dance moves and styles from dance. Though it is a conventional martial art itself, its fundamentals borrow techniques in traditional martial arts mainly from Taekwondo, and also share roots in Wushu as well as Capoeira. Recently, Tricking has expanded into other martial arts such as Shaolin kung fu and Karate.

It aims to achieve an aesthetic display of different combinations of "tricks". Tricking practitioners are commonly referred to as "Trickers". Examples of Tricking techniques include the 540 kick, the corkscrew (cork), the flashkick, the butterfly twist and the double leg.
RE2 (software)
RE2 is a C++ software library which implements a regular expression engine. It uses finite-state machines, in contrast to most other regular expression libraries.  RE2 requires a minimum C++ version of C++17, and uses the Abseil library by Google.

RE2 was implemented by Google and Google uses RE2 for Google products. RE2 uses an "on-the-fly" deterministic finite-state automaton algorithm based on Ken Thompson's Plan 9 grep. It is designed to avoid ReDoS (regex denial of service) attacks.

ReDoS
A regular expression denial of service (ReDoS)
is an algorithmic complexity attack that produces a denial-of-service by providing a regular expression (regex) and/or an input that takes a long time to evaluate. The attack exploits the fact that many regular expression implementations have super-linear worst-case complexity; on certain regex-input pairs, the time taken can grow polynomially or exponentially in relation to the input size. An attacker can thus cause a program to spend substantial time by providing a specially crafted regular expression and/or input. The program will then slow down or become unresponsive.
France–Uruguay relations
France–Uruguay relations are the current and historical relations between the French Republic and the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. Both nations enjoy friendly relations, the importance of which centers on the history of French migration to Uruguay. In the late 19th century, one-third of Uruguay's population was of French descent. Both nations are members of the United Nations.

French Uruguayans
French Uruguayans (French: Franco-Uruguayen; Spanish: Franco-Uruguayos) are Uruguayan citizens of full or partial French ancestry. French Uruguayans form the third largest ancestry group after Spanish Uruguayans and Italian Uruguayans. Until 1853, France constituted the main source of immigrants to Uruguay. The country received the largest number of French immigrants to South America after Argentina (239,000) and Brazil (100,000), with almost 25,000 persons registered between 1833 and 1843.
Pentapycnon
Pentapycnon is a genus of sea spiders (class Pycnogonida) in the family Pycnogonidae. As the name of this genus suggests, Pentapycnon is among the four genera of sea spiders with five pairs of legs in adults rather than the usual four leg pairs. This genus includes three species: P. bouvieri, P. charcoti, and P. geayi. The species P. bouvieri and P. charcoti are found in the Southern Ocean, whereas the species P. geayi is found in the Caribbean Sea, the tropical Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. The species P. geayi is one of only two species of polymerous (i.e., extra-legged) sea spiders found outside the Southern Ocean.

Sea spider
Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the class Pycnogonida, hence they are also called pycnogonids (/pɪkˈnɒɡənədz/; named after Pycnogonum, the type genus; with the suffix -id). The class includes the only extant order Pantopoda (lit. 'all feet'), alongside a few fossil species which could trace back to the early or mid-Paleozoic.

They are cosmopolitan, found in oceans around the world. The over 1,300 known species have leg spans ranging from 1 mm (0.04 in) to over 70 cm (2.3 ft). Most are toward the smaller end of this range in relatively shallow depths; however, they can grow to be quite large in the Antarctic region and in deep waters.

Despite their name and slight resemblance, "sea spiders" are not spiders, nor even arachnids. While some literature around the 2000s suggests they may be a sister group to all other living arthropods, their traditional classification as a member of chelicerates alongside horseshoe crabs and arachnids has regained wide support in subsequent studies.
Palmenhaus Schönbrunn
The Palmenhaus Schönbrunn is a large greenhouse in Vienna, Austria featuring plants from around the world.  It opened in 1882. It is the most prominent of the four greenhouses in Schönbrunn Palace Park, and is also among the largest botanical exhibits of its kind in the world, with around 4,500 plant species.

Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn
The Wüstenhaus Schönbrunn (Schönbrunn Desert House) is a desert botanical exhibit in Vienna, Austria.  It is located in the Sonnenuhrhaus ("Sundial House"), which was built in 1904 as the newest of the four botanical houses in Schönbrunn Palace Park. The desert exhibit opened in 2004 as a counterpart to the "Rainforest House" that opened in 2002 in the nearby Vienna Zoo.
Jarosław
Jarosław (Polish: [jaˈrɔswaf] ⓘ; Ukrainian: Ярослав, romanized: Yaroslav, IPA: [jɐroˈslɑu̯]; Yiddish: יאַרעסלאָוו, romanized: Yareslov; German: Jaroslau) is a town in southeastern Poland, situated on the San River. The town had 35,475 inhabitants in 2023. It is the capital of Jarosław County in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.

San (river)
The San (Polish: San; Ukrainian: Сян, romanized: Sian; German: Saan) is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine. It is a tributary of the river Vistula. With a length of 458 kilometres (285 mi), the San is the 6th-longest Polish river. It has a basin area of 16,877 km2, of which 14,426 km2 is in Poland.
Brown Willy effect
The Brown Willy effect is a particular example of a meteorological phenomenon known as peninsular convergence, which sometimes occurs in the south-west of Great Britain. It leads to heavy showers developing over the high ground of Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, which then often travel a considerable distance downwind of their place of origin. The effect is named after the hill, Brown Willy, the highest point on the moor and in Cornwall as a whole. It is thought that the Boscastle flood of 2004 was caused by a particularly extreme example.

Convergence zone
A convergence zone in meteorology is a region in the atmosphere where two prevailing flows meet and interact, usually resulting in distinctive weather conditions.
This causes a mass accumulation that eventually leads to a vertical movement and to the formation of clouds and precipitation. Large-scale convergence, called synoptic-scale convergence, is associated with weather systems such as baroclinic troughs, low-pressure areas, and cyclones. The large-scale convergence zone formed over the equator, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, has condensed and intensified as a result of the global increase in temperature. Small-scale convergence will give phenomena from isolated cumulus clouds to large areas of thunderstorms.

The inverse of convergence is divergence, such as the horse latitudes.
1908 Nobel Prize in Literature
The 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the German philosopher Rudolf Christoph Eucken (1846–1926) "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life." He is the second German to be awarded the prize and the first philosopher to be a recipient.

Rudolf Christoph Eucken
Rudolf Christoph Eucken (/ˈɔɪkən/; German: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈɔʏkn̩] ⓘ; 5 January 1846 – 14 September 1926) was a German philosopher. He received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life", after he had been nominated by a member of the Swedish Academy.
2011–12 Swiss Challenge League
The 2011–12 Swiss Challenge League was the ninth season of the Swiss Challenge League, the second tier of the Swiss football league pyramid. It began on 22 July 2011 and ended on 23 May 2012. The champions of this season, St. Gallen, earned promotion to the 2012–13 Super League. The runners-up Aarau lost the promotion/relegation playoff against the 9th-placed team of the 2011–12 Super League, FC Sion. The bottom five teams, Stade Nyonnais, Étoile Carouge, Delémont, Kriens and Brühl were all relegated to partly form the newly created 1. Liga Promotion.

Étoile Carouge FC
Étoile Carouge FC is a Swiss football team based in Carouge. The club was founded in 1904. As of the 2024–25 season. They play in the Challenge League, the second tier of Swiss football, following their promotion from the 2023–24 Promotion League. The team play their home games at Stade de la Fontenette, which seats up to 3,690 spectators.
Jacobus Clemens non Papa
Jacobus Clemens non Papa (also Jacques Clément or Jacob Clemens non Papa) (c. 1510 to 1515 – 1555 or 1556) was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance based for most of his life in Flanders. He was a prolific composer in many of the current styles, and was especially famous for his polyphonic settings of the psalms in Dutch known as the Souterliedekens.

Orlando di Lasso
Orlando di Lasso (various other names; probably c. 1532 – 14 June 1594) was a composer of the late Renaissance. The chief representative of the mature polyphonic style in the Franco-Flemish school, Lasso stands with William Byrd, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and Tomás Luis de Victoria as one of the leading composers of the later Renaissance. Immensely prolific, his music varies considerably in style and genres, which gave him unprecedented popularity throughout Europe.
Community Mediation Centre (Singapore)
The Community Mediation Centres (CMCs) in Singapore come under the purview of the Ministry of Law. The work of the CMCs is overseen by the Community Mediation Unit (CMU), a department set up within the Ministry of Law to run CMCs’ day to day operations as well as promote the use of mediation in Singapore.

Ministry of Law (Singapore)
The Ministry of Law (MinLaw; Malay: Kementerian Undang-Undang; Chinese: 律政部; Tamil: சட்ட அமைச்சு) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible for the advancement in access to justice, the rule of law, the economy and society through policy, law and services.
Weltzheimer/Johnson House
The Weltzheimer/Johnson House is a Usonian style house designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in Oberlin, Ohio.  It was constructed in 1948 and 1949. Now owned by Oberlin College, it is operated as part of the Allen Memorial Art Museum. The house was originally named the Charles Weltzheimer Residence.

Usonia
Usonia (/juːˈsoʊni.ə/) is a term that was used by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright to refer to the United States in general (in preference over America), and more specifically to his vision for the landscape of the country, including the planning of cities and the architecture of buildings. Wright proposed the use of the adjective Usonian, coined by a Scottish writer in the early 20th century, to describe the particular New World character of the American landscape as distinct and free of previous architectural conventions. The term also refers to an architectural style shared by a group of approximately 60 middle-income family homes designed by Wright based in 1934.
Ray marching
Ray marching is a class of rendering methods for 3D computer graphics where rays are traversed iteratively, effectively dividing each ray into smaller ray segments, sampling some function at each step. For example, in volume ray casting the function would access data points from a 3D scan. In Sphere tracing, the function estimates a distance to step next. Ray marching is also used in physics simulations as an alternative to ray tracing where analytic solutions of the trajectories of light or sound waves are solved. Ray marching for computer graphics often takes advantage of SDFs to determine a maximum safe step-size, while this is less common in physics simulations a similar adaptive step method can be achieved using adaptive Runge-Kutta methods.

The technique dates back to at least the 1980s; the 1989 paper "Hypertexture" by Ken Perlin contains an early example of a ray marching method.

Signed distance function
In mathematics and its applications, the signed distance function or signed distance field (SDF) is the orthogonal distance of a given point x to the boundary of a set Ω in a metric space (such as the surface of a geometric shape), with the sign determined by whether or not x is in the interior of Ω. The function has positive values at points x inside Ω, it decreases in value as x approaches the boundary of Ω where the signed distance function is zero, and it takes negative values outside of Ω. However, the alternative convention is also sometimes taken instead (i.e., negative inside Ω and positive outside). The concept also sometimes goes by the name oriented distance function/field.
Hall's marriage theorem
In mathematics, Hall's marriage theorem, proved by Philip Hall (1935), is a theorem with two equivalent formulations. In each case, the theorem gives a necessary and sufficient condition for an object to exist:

The combinatorial formulation answers whether a finite collection of sets has a transversal—that is, whether an element can be chosen from each set without repetition. Hall's condition is that for any subset of sets from the collection, the total unique elements they contain is at least as large as the number of sets in the subset.

The graph theoretic formulation answers whether a finite bipartite graph has a perfect matching—that is, a way to match each vertex from one group uniquely to an adjacent vertex from the other group. Hall's condition is that any subset of vertices from one group has a neighbourhood of equal or greater size.

Kőnig's theorem (graph theory)
In the mathematical area of graph theory, Kőnig's theorem, proved by Dénes Kőnig (1931), describes an equivalence between the maximum matching problem and the minimum vertex cover problem in bipartite graphs. It was discovered independently, also in 1931, by Jenő Egerváry in the more general case of weighted graphs.
Jaka Lakovič
Jaka Lakovič (born 9 July 1978) is a Slovenian professional basketball coach and former player. He currently serves as a head coach for Gran Canaria of the Liga ACB.

Standing at 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), and weighing 95 kg (210 lbs.), he played at the point guard position. He was an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2005, and he helped lead the senior Slovenia national team to the fourth place finish at 2009 EuroBasket.

2004–05 Euroleague
The 2004–05 Euroleague was the fifth season of the professional basketball competition for elite clubs throughout Europe, organised by Euroleague Basketball Company, and it was the 48th season of the premier competition for European men's clubs overall. The 2004–05 season featured 24 competing teams, from 13 countries. The final of the competition was held in Olimpiisky Arena, Moscow, Russia, with the defending champions, Maccabi Tel Aviv, defeating Tau Cerámica by a score of 90–78.
2025 The Hague NATO summit
The 2025 The Hague summit was a meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of the thirty-two members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), their partner countries, and the European Union (EU). It was held in The Hague, Netherlands, on 24–25 June 2025.

As the first NATO summit ever hosted by the Netherlands, it marked the inaugural summit for new NATO secretary general Mark Rutte, a former prime minister of the Netherlands and a native of The Hague. The summit focused on member states' pledge to increase defence spending to five percent of GDP.

While Australia and South Korea were also invited, only the prime minister of New Zealand and Japan's senior-level delegation represented non-Atlantic partner countries. On the sides of the summit, bilateral meetings, including between Donald Trump, US president, and, 
separately, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, president of Ukraine, and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, president of Turkey, were held.

Agreement on 5% NATO defence spending by 2035
At the 2025 The Hague NATO summit, member states pledged to increase defence spending to five percent of GDP in what is called The Hague Investment Plan.

The Agreement on 5% Defence Spending by 2035 was the principal outcome of the 2025 NATO Summit, held in The Hague, Netherlands, on 24–25 June 2025. Under this declaration, all 32 NATO member states except Spain, which received an exemption, committed to raising their annual defence and security-related expenditures to 5% of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2035, with progress to be reviewed in 2029.