hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
PageRank
PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. It is named after both the term "web page" and co-founder Larry Page. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google:

PageRank works by counting the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is. The underlying assumption is that more important websites are likely to receive more links from other websites.

Currently, PageRank is not the only algorithm used by Google to order search results, but it is the first algorithm that was used by the company, and it is the best known. As of September 24, 2019, all patents associated with PageRank have expired.

Google Hummingbird
Hummingbird is the codename given to a significant algorithm change in Google Search in 2013. Its name was derived from the speed and accuracy of the hummingbird. The change was announced on September 26, 2013, having already been in use for a month. "Hummingbird" places greater emphasis on natural language queries, considering context and meaning over individual keywords. It also looks deeper at content on individual pages of a website, with improved ability to lead users directly to the most appropriate page rather than just a website's homepage.

The upgrade marked the most significant change to Google search in years, with more "human" search interactions and a much heavier focus on conversation and meaning. Thus, web developers and writers were encouraged to optimize their sites with natural writing rather than forced keywords, and make effective use of technical web development for on-site navigation.
Tennessee State Route 394
State Route 394 (SR 394) is a west–east state highway in Sullivan County, Tennessee. It serves as southern bypass of Bristol and as a connector route from Interstate 81 (I-81) to Bristol Motor Speedway. The western terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 11W (US 11W) northwest of Blountville and the eastern terminus is at a junction with US 421 southeast of Bristol. The route heads southeast and crosses I-81 before passing through Blountville. From here, SR 394 continues southeast to an interchange with US 11E/US 19 near Bristol Motor Speedway, which turns northeast and continues to US 421.

U.S. Route 19 in Tennessee
U.S. Route 19 (US 19) traverses approximately 11.8 miles (19.0 km) across the Tri-Cities area of East Tennessee. The highway begins at Bluff City, where the highway splits into US 19E and US 19W, which both head into North Carolina and rejoin to form US 19 in North Carolina. US 19's Tennessee portion ends at the Virginia state line at the twin cities of Bristol, Tennessee, and Bristol, Virginia.
Central Advisory Council
The Central Advisory Council (Japanese: 中央参議院, Hepburn: Chūō Sangiin; Kunrei-shiki: Tyuuoo Sangiin, lit. 'Central House of Councillors', Indonesian: Dewan Pertimbangan Pusat) was the name given to bodies established by the Japanese military administration in Java and Sumatra in 1943 during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies to notionally provide Indonesians with popular representation.

Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
The Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan, abbreviated as BPUPK; Japanese: 独立準備調査会, Hepburn: Dokuritsu Junbi Chōsakai, Nihon-shiki / Kunrei-shiki: Dokuritu Zyunbi Tyoosa-kai), sometimes referred to, but better known locally, as the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence (Indonesian: Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPKI), was an organization set up on 1 March 1945 by the Japanese military authority in Java during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies as the initial stage of the establishment of independence for the area under the control of the Japanese 16th Army. The BPUPK held two plenary meetings; the first was from 28 May to 1 June 1945 and the second was between 10 and 17 July 1945. A BPUPK was also established in Sumatra.
Masand
A masand was a representative, religious preacher, and tithe collector in Sikhism. They were an officially appointed missionary minister representing the Sikh Guru, who baptized conversions to Sikhism, and collected dasvandh (tithe) as an offering to the Sikh community and religious establishment. A masand forwarded the collected amount to the Sikh guru.

The masand has been described as being territorial deputies or vicars. The appointing of a masand conferred a distinct and unique Sikh status upon specific areas, occasions, and rituals.

Manji (Sikhism)
A Manji (Punjabi: ਮੰਜੀ ਪ੍ਰਥਾ (Gurmukhi)) was a Sikh religious administrative unit, similar to a parish or diocese, for the propagation of Sikhism. It was part of the Sikh missionary administrative organization founded by Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of Sikhism.
KOFY-TV
KOFY-TV (channel 20) is a television station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States, serving the San Francisco Bay Area as an affiliate of Merit TV. It is owned by CNZ Communications, LLC, alongside Class A station KCNZ-CD (virtual channel 28) and low-power station KMPX-LD (virtual channel 18). The three stations share transmitter facilities atop San Bruno Mountain. KOFY-TV's studios were previously located on Marin Street in the Bayview–Hunters Point neighborhood of San Francisco until 2018; the station has since maintained space at KGO-TV's studios in the city's North Waterfront district.

KGO-TV
KGO-TV (channel 7) is a television station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States, serving the San Francisco Bay Area. It has been owned and operated by the ABC television network through its ABC Owned Television Stations division since the station's inception. KGO-TV's studios are located at the ABC Broadcast Center immediately west of The Embarcadero in the city's North Waterfront district, and its transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower. In addition, KGO-TV leases part of its building to CW outlet KRON-TV (channel 4, owned by The CW's majority owner, Nexstar Media Group), but with completely separate operations.
Davao del Sur
Davao del Sur (Cebuano: Habagatang Dabaw; Filipino: Katimugang Davao), officially the Province of Davao del Sur (Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Habagatang Dabaw, Lalawigan sa Davao del Sur; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Katimugang Davao, Lalawigan ng Davao del Sur), is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Digos. Davao City is the largest city in terms of area and population within the province's jurisdiction, yet it is administratively independent from the province; as such, Davao City is only grouped for geographical and statistical purposes and serves as the regional center of Davao Region.

The province is bounded by Davao del Norte to the north, Davao Occidental to the south-east, Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat to the west, South Cotabato and Sarangani to the south-west, and Davao Gulf to the east.

Sultan Kudarat
Sultan Kudarat, officially the Province of Sultan Kudarat (Hiligaynon: Kapuoran sang Sultan Kudarat; Maguindanaon: Dairat nu Sultan Kudarat, Jawi: دايرت نو سولتان كودرت; Cebuano: Lalawigan sa Sultan Kudarat; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Sultan Kudarat; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Sultan Kudarat), is a province in the Philippines located in the Soccsksargen region in Mindanao. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 854,052 people. Its capital is Isulan while the commercial center and largest city is Tacurong.
Andrew Shaw (ice hockey)
Andrew Shaw (born July 20, 1991) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was selected in the fifth round, 139th overall, by the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 2011 NHL entry draft and is a two-time Stanley Cup champion with the Blackhawks (2013 and 2015). Shaw also played for the Montreal Canadiens prior to the end of his career in 2021 due to suffering multiple concussions.

2015 Stanley Cup Final
The 2015 Stanley Cup Final was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 2014–15 season, and the culmination of the 2015 Stanley Cup playoffs. The Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks defeated the Eastern Conference champion Tampa Bay Lightning four games to two to win their sixth championship in franchise history, and their third title in six seasons.

The Lightning, as the club with the better regular-season record, held home-ice advantage in the series. The best-of-seven series was played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, with Tampa Bay hosting game 1, 2, and 5; and Chicago hosting games 3, 4, and 6. Amalie Arena in Tampa would have hosted game 7 had it been necessary. The series started June 3 and ended on June 15.

Tyler Johnson and Patrick Kane led the Stanley Cup playoffs in points scored with 23 points each.
Flag of the vice president of the Philippines
The flag of the vice president of the Philippines (Filipino: watawat ng pangalawang pangulo ng Pilipinas) or the vice presidential standard of the Philippines consists of the vice presidential coat of arms on a white background. The flag is most frequently displayed in the vice president's office and during official functions where the vice president is present, mostly during speeches.

The first official design of the flag was created in 1947, followed by two succeeding iterations before a redesign similar to the presidential standard was adopted in 2004.

Flag of the president of the Philippines
The flag of the president of the Philippines (Filipino: watawat ng pangulo ng Pilipinas) or the presidential standard of the Philippines consists of the presidential coat of arms on a blue background. While having the same design as the presidential seal since 1947, the flag has a separate history, and the designs on the flag and seal have at different times influenced each other. The flag is often displayed beside the president in official portraits, flown next to the coffin of a deceased president in state funerals, and flown on the president's motorcade. It is also customarily used during diplomatic visits in the review of honor guards. A lone honor guard traditionally holds the presidential flag while tailing  the president of the Philippines and the visiting foreign leader. The flag design is similar to that of the flag of the president of the United States.
Royal Spirits Are a Royal Pain! Give Me a Regular Romance
Royal Spirits Are a Royal Pain! Give Me a Regular Romance (転生令嬢は精霊に愛されて最強です……だけど普通に恋したい!, Tensei Reijō wa Seirei ni Aisarete Saikyō Desu...... Dakedo Futsū ni Koi Shitai) is a Japanese light novel series written by Rei Kazama and illustrated by Fujiazuki. It was initially serialized on Shōsetsuka ni Narō from April 2019 to March 2022. It was later acquired by TO Books who published it under their TO Bunko imprint from March 2020 to February 2026. A manga adaptation illustrated by Hana began serialization on the Nico Nico Seiga website under TO Books' Comic Corona brand in May 2021.

Shōsetsuka ni Narō
Shōsetsuka ni Narō (小説家になろう; lit. "Let's Become a Novelist") is a Japanese novel self-publishing website created by Yusuke Umezaki (梅崎 祐輔, Umezaki Yūsuke). It was launched on April 2, 2004. Users can upload their novels free of charge and the novels are also free to read. As of December 2022, the site hosts close to 1,000,000 novels, has over 2,300,000 registered users and it receives over 1 billion page views per month.

Over one hundred novel series uploaded to the site have been acquired by various publishers, such as Log Horizon, serialized from 2010 before being acquired by Enterbrain in 2011, and The Irregular at Magic High School, which was serialized between 2008 and 2011 before being acquired by ASCII Media Works.

Futabasha's light novel imprint Monster Bunko was established on July 30, 2014, which exclusively publishes series that originated on Shōsetsuka ni Narō.
Cha Seo-won
Lee Chang-yeob (Korean: 이창엽; born April 15, 1991), known by his stage name Cha Seo-won (차서원), is a South Korean actor. His breakthrough role was in The Second Husband (2022), where he won his first acting award. He has also been a cast member of the variety show I Live Alone since 2022.

The Second Husband
The Second Husband (Korean: 두 번째 남편) is a South Korean television series starring Cha Seo-won, Uhm Hyun-kyung, Han Ki-woong and Oh Seung-ah. The series, directed by Kim Chil-bong and written by Seo Hyeon-joo for Pan Entertainment, is a passionate romance drama in which a woman who has lost her family unfairly ventures out for revenge amid mixed fate and love.

The daily drama premiered on MBC on August 9, 2021, and aired every weekday at 19:10 (KST) till April 5, 2022. In view of the popularity of the series, it was extended for another 30 episodes from its original 120 episodes making a total of 150 episodes.
John A. Wise
John A. Wise, PhD (1939–2011), was an American scientist. He retired in 2010 as the chief science officer for Natural Alternatives International (NAI), a nutritional products manufacturer based in San Marcos, California, US.  Earlier in his career, he was the vice-president of research and development for United Sciences of America, Inc. (USAI) until 1986. USAI was a multi-level marketing company in Dallas, Texas which went bankrupt after controversial marketing practices were revealed.

United Sciences of America
United Sciences of America, Inc. (also known as USA) was an American company that was accused of fraud and shut down in the late 1980s. USA manufactured nutritional supplements such as "Master Formula", "Calorie Control Formula", "Fiber Energy Bar", and "Formula Plus", distributing them via multi-level marketing (a.k.a. pyramid marketing).  The company experienced rapid growth in the 1980s, was heavily endorsed and marketed by various celebrities, and was marketed via over 140,000 distributors. However, an exposé by NBC revealed fraudulent practices, and this was followed by multiple lawsuits from attorneys general in three different states.  Several of the company's advisors resigned, and USA declared bankruptcy in 1987.
Drunken boxing
Drunken boxing (Chinese: 醉拳; pinyin: zuì quán), also known as Drunken Fist, is a general name for various styles of Chinese martial arts that imitate the movements of a drunk person. It is an ancient style, and its origins are mainly traced back to the Buddhist and Daoist religious communities. The Buddhist style is related to the Shaolin temple, while the Daoist style is based on the Daoist tale of the drunken Eight Immortals. Drunken boxing has the most unusual body movements among all styles of Chinese martial arts. Hitting, grappling, locking, dodging, feinting, ground and aerial fighting, and all other sophisticated methods of combat are incorporated.

Shaolin kung fu
Shaolin kung fu (Chinese: 少林功夫; pinyin: Shàolín gōngfū), also called Shaolin Wushu (少林武術; Shǎolín wǔshù), or Shaolin quan (少林拳; Shàolínquán), is the largest and most famous style of kung fu. It combines Mahayana Buddhist, Chan philosophy and martial arts. 
It was developed in the Shaolin Temple in Henan, China during its 1500-year history. In Chinese folklore there is a saying, "Shaolin kung fu is the best under heaven", which indicates its superiority among martial arts, and "All martial arts under heaven originated from Shaolin", which indicates its influence on other martial arts. The name Shaolin is also used as a brand for the external styles of kung fu. Many styles in southern and northern China use the name Shaolin.
Aruval
The aruval (ISO: arivāḷ) is a type of billhook machete from southern India, particularly common in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is also known as the koḍuvāḷ, the kodavali, the machchu longu or the koita. It is a type of long sickle with a knife-like scythe-handle, and is used both as a tool and a weapon. Tamils revere the weapon as a symbol of Karupannar. In popular culture, it is sometimes associated with gangsters, especially in the Rayalaseema region. In Kerala, its primary use is for agriculture, mainly in coconut cutting, clearing pathways, cutting wood and other uses.

Karuppuswamy
Karuppuswamy or Karupparayan (Tamil: கருப்பசாமி, Malayalam: കറുപ്പണ്ണസാമി; romanization: Karuppusāmi, Bhojpuri,Awadhi: संगानी बाबा, lit. 'Black God'  or 'Black'), is a guardian deity (kaval daivam) in the Dravidian folk religion, especially among rural and agrarian communities in Tamil Nadu and parts of Sri Lanka. He is revered as a fierce protector, upholder of justice, and divine enforcer of dharma (righteousness).

Among Indians, Karuppuswamy is represented as a village deity (gramadevata) as well as in an ancestral deity (kuladevata) practices. Adherents, especially in Tamil Nadu and the border regions of Kerala, believe that the deity was once a historical figure who fought for the protection of his community and, over time, became deified.

Among Indo-Caribbean communities, Karuppasamy is called Sanganie Baba. In the Indo-Caribbean communities of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, Sanganie Baba is worshipped as a powerful deity
Goswick rail crash
The Goswick rail crash occurred on 26 October 1947 near the village of Goswick, Northumberland, England. The Flying Scotsman express from Edinburgh Waverley to London King's Cross failed to slow down for a diversion and derailed. Twenty-eight people were killed, including the talented Scottish biochemist, John Masson Gulland. It was the last major accident to occur on British railways before their nationalisation on 1 January 1948.

Bourne End rail crash
The Bourne End rail crash occurred on 30 September 1945 when a sleeper train from Perth to London Euston derailed, killing 43. The cause was driver error, possibly compounded by ambiguous signalling regulations.
New Hampshire Route 4
New Hampshire Route 4 (NH 4) is a 3.78-mile (6.08 km) state highway located in eastern Strafford County, New Hampshire. Its western terminus is at an intersection with New Hampshire Route 9 and New Hampshire Route 108 in Dover.  Its northern terminus is at the Maine state border in Rollinsford, where it continues as Maine State Route 4.

For most of its length NH 4 is signed as an east–west highway.  Signage in downtown Dover while overlapped with NH 9 and NH 108 is inconsistent as it is sometimes signed north–south.  In general, NH 4 follows a southwest-to-northeast alignment.

NH 4 is not related to U.S. Route 4, which also enters the Dover city limits.  They are the only non-linked highways to share a number in New Hampshire and remain under NHDOT maintenance. (Maine State Route 113 does cross into New Hampshire near NH 113, but remains completely under MaineDOT maintenance.)

Maine State Route 4
State Route 4 (SR 4) is a 168.85-mile (271.74 km) long state highway located in southern and western Maine.  It is a major interregional route and the first such route to be designated in the state. The southern terminus is at the New Hampshire border in South Berwick, where it connects to New Hampshire Route 4, and the northern terminus is at Haines Landing on Mooselookmeguntic Lake in Rangeley. Major cities and towns along the length of SR 4 include Sanford, Gorham, Windham, Auburn and Farmington.
Fredrik Åkesson
Karl Fredrik Henrik Åkesson is a Swedish heavy metal guitarist. He is a current member of Opeth and is also active in Krux, Monsters of Metal, and Talisman. He also recorded three studio albums with Ghost.

Talisman (band)
Talisman was a Swedish hard rock band. Founded in 1989 by the songwriting bassist Marcel Jacob and fronted by the American singer Jeff Scott Soto, the band released seven studio albums from 1990 to 2006, before going on a farewell tour in 2007. While mainly described as hard rock and heavy metal, the band's sound had also been influenced by a variety of genres outside the rock music scope, such as rhythm and blues, soul, and funk in particular.

After Marcel Jacob died in 2009, Talisman has reunited three times for one-off festival shows held in 2014, 2016, and 2017 with Johan Niemann filling in on bass. In 2019, to mark a ten-year anniversary of Marcel Jacob's passing, Talisman reunited once again to record and release a commemorative song "Never Die". Five years later, in January 2024, the band released another newly recorded song "Save Our Love", celebrating what would have been Marcel Jacob's 60th birthday and the band's legacy.
German alphabet
The modern German alphabet consists of the twenty-six letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet plus four extra letters placed at the end:

German uses letter-diacritic combinations (Ä/ä, Ö/ö, Ü/ü) using the umlaut and one ligature (ẞ/ß (called eszett (sz) or scharfes S, sharp s)).

Before 1940 German employed Fraktur, a blackletter typeface (see also Antiqua–Fraktur dispute), and Kurrent, various cursives that include the 20-century Sütterlin. Grundschrift describes several current handwriting systems.

Ä
Ä (lowercase: ä) is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter A with an umlaut mark or diaeresis. It is used mainly in Northern European and Central Asian languages. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it is sometimes used to represent the open central unrounded vowel.
Danny Sullivan (technologist)
Danny Sullivan is an American technologist, journalist, and entrepreneur. He is the founder of Search Engine Watch in 1997, one of the earliest online publications about search engine marketing. He also launched Search Engine Strategies, one of the earliest search marketing trade shows. After selling both companies in 2006, he co-founded Search Engine Land, another search marketing publication. In 2017, he joined Google as an adviser at the search division of the company.

He has been credited with popularizing the term "search engine marketing" and has been described as the father of the search engine marketing industry.

Search engine marketing
Search engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising. SEM may incorporate search engine optimization (SEO), which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture to achieve a higher ranking in search engine results pages to enhance pay-per-click (PPC) listings and increase the call to action (CTA) on the website.
Missing fundamental
The pitch being perceived with the first harmonic being absent in the waveform is called the missing fundamental phenomenon.

It is established in psychoacoustics that the auditory system, with its natural tendency to distinguish a tone from another, will persistently assign a pitch to a complex tone given that a sufficient set of harmonics are present in the spectrum.

For example, when a note (that is not a pure tone) has a pitch of 100 Hz, it will consist of frequency components that are integer multiples of that value (e.g. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500.... Hz). However, smaller loudspeakers may not produce low frequencies, so in our example, the 100 Hz component may be missing. Nevertheless, a pitch corresponding to the fundamental may still be heard.

Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics is the branch of psychophysics involving the scientific study of the perception of sound by the human auditory system. It is the branch of science studying the psychological responses associated with sound, including noise, speech, and music. Psychoacoustics is an interdisciplinary field including psychology, acoustics, electronic engineering, physics, biology, physiology, and computer science.