hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion
The Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion is a condition for linear stability (sometimes called spectral stability) of solitary wave solutions to a wide class of U(1)-invariant Hamiltonian systems, named after Soviet scientists Aleksandr Kolokolov (Александр Александрович Колоколов) and Nazib Vakhitov (Назиб Галиевич Вахитов).
The condition for linear stability of a solitary wave  with frequency  has the form

where  is the charge (or momentum) of the solitary wave
,
conserved by Noether's theorem due to U(1)-invariance of the system.

Linear stability
In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include  exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exists an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".
Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality
In the theory of probability and statistics, the Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality (DKW inequality) provides a bound on the worst case distance of an empirically determined distribution function from its associated population distribution function. It is named after Aryeh Dvoretzky, Jack Kiefer, and Jacob Wolfowitz, who in 1956 proved the inequality

with an unspecified multiplicative constant C in front of the exponent on the right-hand side.

In 1990, Pascal Massart proved the inequality with the sharp constant C = 2, confirming a conjecture due to Birnbaum and McCarty.

Empirical distribution function
In statistics, an empirical distribution function (a.k.a. an empirical cumulative distribution function, eCDF) is the distribution function associated with the empirical measure of a sample. This cumulative distribution function is a step function that jumps up by 1/n at each of the n data points. Its value at any specified value of the measured variable is the fraction of observations of the measured variable that are less than or equal to the specified value.

The empirical distribution function is an estimate of the cumulative distribution function that generated the points in the sample. It converges with probability 1 to that underlying distribution, according to the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem. A number of results exist to quantify the rate of convergence of the empirical distribution function to the underlying cumulative distribution function.
Liberalism in Australia
In Australia, liberalism has a vast interpretation and a broad definition. It dates back to the earliest Australian pioneers and has maintained a strong foothold to the present day. Modern-day Australian liberalism is the successor to colonial liberalism, and has been compared to British liberalism for its similarity. The primary representation (and political entity) of Australian liberalism is the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia. Unlike in the United States, in Australia, the term "liberal", is often associated with conservatism.

Conservatism in Australia
Conservatism in Australia refers to the political philosophy of conservatism as it has developed in Australia. Politics in Australia has, since at least the 1910s, been most predominantly a contest between the Australian labour movement (primarily the Australian Labor Party) and the combined forces of anti-Labour groups (primarily the Liberal-National Coalition). The anti-Labour groups have at times identified themselves as "free trade", "nationalist", "anti-communist", "liberal", and "right of centre", among other labels; until the 1990s, the label "conservative" had rarely been used in Australia, and when used it tended to be used by pro-Labour forces as a term of disparagement against their opponents. Electorally, conservatism tends to be the most popular political brand in Australian history.
Nikopol Raion
Nikopol Raion (Ukrainian: Нікопольський район, romanized: Nikopolskyi raion) is a raion (district) of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Nikopol. Population: 250,746 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast was reduced to seven, and the area of Nikopol Raion was significantly expanded. One abolished raion, Tomakivka Raion, Marhanets and Pokrov Municipalities, as well as the city of Nikopol, which was previously incorporated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to the raion, were merged into Nikopol Raion. The area of the raion before expansion was 1,940 square kilometres (750 sq mi) (second largest among all the raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast). The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 38,879 (2020 est.).

The southern border of the raion is by the Kakhovka Reservoir by the Dnieper River.

Nikopol, Ukraine
Nikopol (Ukrainian: Нікополь, pronounced [ˈn⁽ʲ⁾ikopolʲ] ⓘ) is a city and municipality (hromada) in Nikopol Raion in the south of Ukraine, on the right bank of the Dnieper River, about 63 km south-east of Kryvyi Rih and 48 km south-west of Zaporizhzhia. Population: 105.160 (2022 estimate).

Nikopol is the fourth-most populous city in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. Located on a cape by the Kakhovka reservoir, it is a powerful industrial city with several pipe-producing factories, such as the Interpipe corporation, and steel rolling mills, such as the factory of ferroalloys, constituting Nikopol metropolitan area.

Formerly, the settlement served as one of the capital cities of the Zaporizhian Sich and was known as one of the main crossings over the Dnieper.
John II, Count of Ligny
John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny (1392 – 5 January 1441) was a French nobleman and soldier, a younger son of John of Luxembourg, Lord of Beauvoir, and Marguerite of Enghien. His older brother Peter received his mother's fiefs, including the County of Brienne, while John received Beaurevoir. He married Jeanne de Béthune, Viscountess of Meaux, widow of Robert of Bar, on 23 November 1418, and became step-father to Jeanne de Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons. He and Jeanne de Béthune had no children.

Jeanne of Bar, Countess of Marle and Soissons
Jeanne de Bar, suo jure Countess of Marle and Soissons, Dame d'Oisy, Viscountess of Meaux, and Countess of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano (1415 – 14 May 1462)  was a noble French heiress and Sovereign Countess. She was the only child of Robert of Bar, Count of Marle and Soissons, Sire d'Oisy, who was killed at the Battle of Agincourt when she was a baby, leaving her the heiress to all his titles and estates. In 1430, at the age of fifteen, Jeanne was one of the three women placed in charge of Joan of Arc when the latter was a prisoner in the castle of John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, Jeanne's stepfather.

She was the first wife of Louis of Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, of Brienne, de Ligny, and Conversano, Constable of France.
Battle of Hampden
The Battle of Hampden was an action in the British campaign to conquer present-day Maine and remake it into the colony of New Ireland during the War of 1812. Sir John Sherbrooke led a British force from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to establish New Ireland, which lasted until the end of the war, eight months later. Revenues from the short-lived colony funded a military library in Halifax and the Dalhousie College.

The subsequent retirement of the British expeditionary force from its base in Castine to Nova Scotia ensured that eastern Maine would remain a part of the United States. Lingering local feelings of vulnerability, however, would help fuel the post-war movement for statehood for what was then a part of Massachusetts, formally the District of Maine. The withdrawal of the British after the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent represented the end of two centuries of violent contest over Maine by rival nations (initially the French and British, and then the British and Americans).

New Ireland (Maine)
New Ireland was a Crown colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain twice established in modern-day Maine after British forces captured the area during the American Revolutionary War and again during the War of 1812.  The colony lasted four years during the Revolution, and eight months during the War of 1812. At the end of each war the British ceded the land to the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Ghent, respectively.
Western Omo–Tana languages
The (Western) Omo–Tana or Arboroid languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic family and are spoken in Ethiopia and Kenya.

The languages are:

Arbore

Daasanach

El Molo

Yaaku

The first three have long been recognized as related; Bender (2020) adds Yaaku, whose classification had been obscure.
The El Molo language of Kenya is nearly extinct.

El Molo language
El Molo is a moribund or extinct language belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. It was spoken by the El Molo people on the southeastern shore of Lake Turkana, in northern Kenya. Alternate names to El Molo are Dehes, Elmolo, Fura-Pawa, and Ldes. It was thought to be extinct in the middle part of the 20th century, but a few speakers were found in the later 20th century. Most of the El Molo population have shifted to the neighboring Samburu language, and there are only semispeakers left. El Molo also has no known dialects but it is similar to Daasanach.

Oral tradition sees the El Molo people as an offshoot of the Arbore people in South Ethiopia. This seems to be confirmed by El Molo's linguistic proximity to the Arbore language.
Pennsylvania Route 138
Pennsylvania Route 138 (PA 138) is a 10.6-mile-long (17.1 km) state highway located in Butler County, Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 8 near West Liberty.  The northern terminus is at PA 38 in North Washington.

Pennsylvania Route 38
Pennsylvania Route 38 (PA 38) is a 40.2-mile-long (64.7 km) state highway located in northwest Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at U.S. Route 422 (US 422) and PA 68 northeast of downtown Butler. The northern terminus is at US 322 in Rockland Township.
Victorinox
Victorinox (/vɪkˈtɒriˌnɒks/) is a knife manufacturer and watchmaker based in the town of Ibach, in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. It is known for its Swiss Army knives. Since its acquisition of rival Wenger in 2005, it has become the sole supplier of multi-purpose knives to the Swiss army. It is the world's biggest manufacturer of pocket knives; additionally, the company licenses its logo for watches, apparel, and travel gear.

Wenger
Wenger was a Swiss cutlery manufacturer that exists today as a brand of once-rival Victorinox, used for knives, watches and licensed products. Founded in 1893, it was best known as one of two companies to manufacture Swiss Army knives. Based in Delémont, Wenger was acquired in 2005 by Victorinox and partially absorbed. Since 2013 Wenger Swiss Army knives have been integrated in the Victorinox collection as the "Delémont collection".
St. Ivan Island
St. Ivan Island (Bulgarian: остров св. Иван, ostrov Sveti Ivan) is the largest Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, with an area of 0.66 square kilometres (0.25 square miles). It lies off the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast near Sozopol, a town with rich history and a popular tourist place, and is separated by a strait several hundred metres long from the small neighbouring St. Peter Island. Standing at 33 metres (108 feet) above sea level, it is also the highest of the Bulgarian sea islands. It lies 920 metres (0.57 miles) from the Stolets peninsula, the location of Sozopol's Old Town.

Saint Peter Island (Bulgaria)
St. Peter Island (Bulgarian: остров св. Петър, ostrov sv. Petar) is a Bulgarian island in the Black Sea, with an area of 0.025 square kilometres (0.010 square miles) and a height of 9 metres (30 feet) above sea level. Also known as Bird Island, it is located in the Bay of Sozopol, close to the St. Ivan and St. Cyricus Islands. As it was not mentioned in any sources until the mid-19th century, it is presumed to have separated from the larger St. Ivan Island (which is a few hundred meters to the west) as a consequence of some kind of natural phenomenon around that time. Archaeologists have discovered the ruins of a Bulgarian National Revival-time chapel, as well as traces of ancient pottery. Two small islets or large rocks also existed to the east of St. Peter, known by the names of Milos and Gata; they were last described by Russian war correspondents in the 1820s and have presumably submerged in the following years.
Canajoharie Creek
The Canajoharie Creek (/ˌkænədʒəˈhɛəri/) is a river that flows into the Mohawk River in the Village of Canajoharie in the U.S. State of New York. The name "Canajoharie" is a Mohawk language term meaning "the pot that washes itself", referring to the "Canajoharie Boiling Pot", a 20-foot (6.1 m) wide and 10-foot (3.0 m) deep pothole in the Canajoharie Creek, just south of the village of Canajoharie. Bowmans Creek is one main tributary that enters the creek east of the Hamlet of Sprout Brook. The other main tributary is Brimstone Creek which enters the creek north-northwest of the Village of Ames.

Brimstone Creek
Brimstone Creek is a river in Schoharie County and Montgomery County in New York. It begins east of the Village of Sharon Springs and flows mostly in a northwest direction before flowing into Canajoharie Creek north-northwest of the Village of Ames.
Kropswolde railway station
Kropswolde (Dutch pronunciation: [krɔpsˈʋɔldə]; abbreviation: Kw) is an unstaffed railway station in Foxhol near Kropswolde in the Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 May 1868 and is located on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Groningen Europapark and Martenshoek in the province of Groningen. Train services are operated by Arriva.

Martenshoek railway station
Martenshoek (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌmɑrtənsˈɦuk]; abbreviation: Mth) is an unstaffed railway station in Martenshoek in the Netherlands. The station opened on 1 Jan 1905 and is located on the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway between Groningen and Nieuweschans. The services are operated by Arriva.
Altanserin
Altanserin is a compound that binds to the 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor). Labeled with the isotope fluorine-18 it is used as a radioligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the brain, i.e., studies of the 5-HT2A neuroreceptors. Besides human neuroimaging studies altanserin has also been used in the study of rats.

An alternative for PET imaging the 5-HT2A receptor is the 
[11C]volinanserin (MDL-100,907) radioligand.
18F-altanserin and 3H-volinanserin have shown very comparable binding.
Both altanserin and MDL 100,907 are 5-HT2A receptor antagonists.
[18F]-setoperone can also be used in PET.

An alternative SPECT radioligand is the [123I]-5-I-R91150 receptor antagonist.

A rapid chemical synthesis of fluorine-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin has been described.

Other ligands for other parts of the serotonin system used in PET studies are, e.g., DASB, ketanserin, and WAY-100635.

Setoperone
Setoperone (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; USANTooltip United States Adopted Name; developmental code name R-52245) is a compound that is a ligand to the 5-HT2A receptor. It can be radiolabeled with the radioisotope fluorine-18 and used as a radioligand with positron emission tomography (PET). Several research studies have used the radiolabeled setoperone in neuroimaging  for the studying neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression or schizophrenia. The drug was first described by at least 1984.
National Democratic Alliance (Armenia)
The National Democratic Alliance (Armenian: Ազգային ժողովրդավարական բևեռ, romanized: Azgayin zhoghovrdavarakan bever) sometimes referred as the National Democratic Pole or the National Democratic Party, is an Armenian political alliance between the Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party, the National Progress Party of Armenia, as well as, several independent politicians. The European Party of Armenia was a founding member, but withdrew from the alliance in May 2021. The alliance is currently led by a Council consisting of eight members.

European Party of Armenia
The European Party of Armenia (EPA) (Armenian: Հայաստանի եվրոպական կուսակցություն, romanized: Hayastani yevropakan kusakts’ut’yun) is a pro-European political party in Armenia. It was founded on 6 November 2018 by Tigran Khzmalyan. The party supports Armenia's accession process to the European Union and NATO.
Princess Clémentine of Orléans
Princess Clémentine, Princess of Koháry  (French: Marie Clémentine Léopoldine Caroline Clotilde d'Orléans; 3 June 1817 – 16 February 1907) was the sixth child and youngest daughter of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French and Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies. She was the mother of Ferdinand I, Tsar of Bulgaria.

Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
Ferdinand I (Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948) was the monarch of Bulgaria from 1887 to 1918, reigning as Prince of Bulgaria from 1887 to 1908 and Tsar of Bulgaria from 1908 until his abdication in 1918. Under his rule, Bulgaria entered the First World War on the side of the Central Powers in 1915.
Naxos
Naxos (/ˈnæksɒs, -soʊs/; Greek: Νάξος, pronounced [ˈnaksos]) is a Greek island belonging to the Cyclades island group. It is the largest island in the group. The largest town and capital of the island is Chora or Naxos City, with 8,897 inhabitants out of the total 20,578 in the island (2021 census). The main villages are Filoti, Apiranthos, Vivlos, Agios Arsenios, Koronos and Glynado. It was an important centre during the Bronze Age Cycladic Culture and in the Ancient Greek Archaic Period. The island is famous as a source of emery, a rock rich in corundum, which until modern times was one of the best abrasives available.

Apeiranthos
Apeiranthos or Aperathos (Greek: Απείρανθος or Απέραθος; local dialect: Απεράθου, Aperáthou) is a mountainous village on the island of Naxos in Greece. It is located 28 km (17 mi) north-east of the capital of the island, built on the foothill of mountain Fanari, on an altitude between 650 and 700 m. The similarities of the local dialect and traditions to those of mountainous Cretan villages has led some historians to the conclusion that Apeiranthos was built by Cretans during the 10th century. The first historical evidence regarding the existence of the village goes back to 1420, on a reference by the Italian traveler Cristoforo Buondelmonti on his book Liber insularum archipelagi (The Book of the Islands of the Archipelago).

The village has four museums: the Archaeological Museum of Apeiranthos, the Museum of Folk Art, the Geological Museum, and the Museum of Natural History. With a population of 722 (2011 census), the village is the second largest on the island after Filoti.
Places in Harry Potter
The fictional universe of Harry Potter contains numerous settings for the events in the novels, films and other media of the Harry Potter and the Fantastic Beasts series. These locations are divided into four main categories: residences, education, commerce, and government.

Fictional universe of Harry Potter
The fictional universe of the Harry Potter series of novels contains two distinct societies: the "wizarding world" and the "Muggle world". The term "Muggle world" refers to a society inhabited by non-magical humans ("Muggles"), while the term "wizarding world" refers to a society of wizards that live parallel to Muggles. The wizarding world is described as a veiled society wherein magic is commonly used and practised; the wizards live in self-enforced seclusion and hide their abilities from Muggles. The novels are set in 1990s Britain, which contains both Muggle and wizard communities. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the Wizarding World brand.
Relaxation (psychology)
In psychology, relaxation is the emotional state of low tension, in which there is an absence of arousal, particularly from negative sources such as anger, anxiety, or fear.

Relaxation is a form of mild ecstasy coming from the frontal lobe of the brain in which the backward cortex sends signals to the frontal cortex via a mild sedative. Relaxation can be achieved through meditation, autogenics, breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation and other means.

Relaxation helps improve coping with stress. Stress is the leading cause of mental and physical problems, therefore feeling relaxed is often beneficial for a person's health. When a person is highly stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated because one is in a fight-or-flight response mode; over time, this could have negative effects on a human body.

Autogenic training
Autogenic training is a relaxation technique first published by the German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz in 1932. The technique involves repetitions of a set of visualisations accompanied by vocal suggestions that induce a state of relaxation and is based on passive concentration of bodily perceptions like heaviness and warmth of limbs, which are facilitated by self-suggestions. Autogenic training is used to alleviate many stress-induced psychosomatic disorders.
Eloisa James
Eloisa James is the pen name of Mary Bly (born 1962). She is a tenured Shakespeare professor at Fordham University who also writes best-selling Regency and Georgian romance novels under her pen name. Her novels are published in 30 countries and have sold approximately 7 million copies worldwide. She also wrote a bestselling memoir about the year her family spent in France, Paris in Love.

She is the daughter of poet Robert Bly and short-story author Carol Bly.

Carol Bly
Carol Bly (April 16, 1930 – December 21, 2007) was an American teacher and an author of short stories, essays, and nonfiction works on writing. Her work often featured Minnesota women who must identify the moral crisis that is facing their community or themselves and enact change through empathy, or opening one's eyes to the realities of the situation.
Cora Belle Brewster
Cora Belle Brewster (1859 – July 25, 1937) was an American physician, surgeon, medical writer, and editor. She worked as a gynecological surgeon and co-founded two medical journals with her sister, Flora Alzora Brewster, M.D.

Flora A. Brewster
Flora Alzora Brewster (February 26, 1852 – February 1919) was an American physician, surgeon, journalist, medical editor, and inventor. She is remembered as Baltimore, Maryland's first woman surgeon.

In Baltimore, Brewster was a physician in charge of an institution caring for prostitutes and of a women's house of refuge. Later, she was the proprietor and surgeon in charge of a sanitarium. She was an ardent advocate of the higher medical education of women.