hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shido, Kagawa
Shido (志度, Shido) is a community and former town, currently part of Sanuki City, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. Shido is in the eastern part of the prefecture facing Sanuki Bay, an inlet of the Seto Inland Sea, to the north.

Shido is known for Shido-ji Temple, the 86th temple of the Shikoku Pilgrimage. It is also the birthplace of Hiraga Gennai, a prolific 18th-century inventor.

Shido was designated a village in the late 19th century and merged with Sue to the south in 1890. The village was upgraded to a town in 1898, and incorporated the villages of Kamoshō and Oda in 1956. In 2002, town of Shido (志度町, Shido-chō) was dissolved and merged with the towns of Ōkawa, Nagao, Sangawa and Tsuda (all from Ōkawa District) to create the new city of Sanuki.

Sanuki City Hall is located in Shido. The town is the terminus for the Kotoden Shido Line, which opened in 1911 and runs from the city of Takamatsu. It is also serviced by the JR Kōtoku Line.

Sanuki, Kagawa
Sanuki (さぬき市, Sanuki-shi) is a city in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2022, the city had an estimated population of 46,016 in 20847 households and a population density of  and a population density of 290 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 158.63 square kilometres (61.25 sq mi).
Mayor of Galway
The office of Mayor of Galway is an honorific title used by the Cathaoirleach of Galway City Council. The council has jurisdiction throughout its administrative area of the city of Galway which is the largest city in the province of Connacht, in Ireland. The current mayor is Mike Cubbard, independent.

Galway City Council
Galway City Council (Irish: Comhairle Cathrach na Gaillimhe) is the local authority of the city of Galway, Ireland. As a city council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, and environment. The council has 18 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of mayor. The city administration is headed by a chief executive, Leonard Cleary. The council meets at City Hall, College Road, Galway.
Afro-Turks
Afro-Turks (Turkish: Afrikalı Türkler) are Turkish people of African Zanj descent, who trace their origin to the Ottoman slave trade like the Afro-Abkhazians. Afro-Turk population is estimated to be between 5,000 and 20,000 people. Afro-Turks are distinct from African immigrants in Turkey, which number around 1.5 million individuals as of 2017 according to state-owned Anadolu Agency.

Africans in Turkey
Africans in Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye'deki Afrikalılar) are people of Sub-Saharan African descent who are citizens or residents of Turkey. They are immigrant and refugee communities mostly from western, central and eastern Africa. African immigrants are distinct to Afro-Turks, which number around 20,000. As of 2017, there are 1.5 million Africans living across Turkey, with one in four residing in Istanbul.
Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Қарулы Күштері, Qazaqstan Respublikasynyñ Qaruly Küşterı; Russian: Вооружённые силы Республики Казахстан) are the unified armed forces of Kazakhstan. They consist of three branches (Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces, Naval Forces) as well as four independent formations (Air Assault Forces, Special Forces, Rocket and Artillery Forces, and Territorial Troops). The National Guard, Civil Defense, Border Service and the State Security Service serve as militarized affiliates of the armed forces. The national defence policy aims are based on the Constitution of Kazakhstan. They guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its land area, territorial waters and airspace and its constitutional order. The armed forces of Kazakhstan act under the authority of the Kazakhstan Ministry of Defence.

Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)
The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan (MD RK, Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасы Қорғаныс министрлігі, romanized: Qazaqstan Respublikasy Qorğanys ministrlıgı, ҚР ҚМ; Russian: Министерство обороны Республики Казахстан, МО РК) is a government agency of Kazakhstan which is the main executive body in implementing military policy. The Defense Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of the Ministry of Defense, whose duties are to exercise the administrative leadership of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The ministry was first established in May 1992 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The first Minister of Defense was Army General Sagadat Nurmagambetov who served from 1992 to 1995.
Paparoa
Paparoa is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The Paparoa Stream flows from the east, through the settlement, and into the Paparoa Creek to the south, which joins the Arapaoa River which is part of the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 12 passes through Paparoa. Matakohe is 6 km to the south west, and Maungaturoto is 12 km east.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "long flats" for Paparoa.

Matakohe
Matakohe is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The Matakohe River is a short river which runs from the north into the Arapaoa River, which is part of the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 12 passes through Matakohe. Ruawai is 16 km to the west, and Paparoa is 6 km north east. The Hukatere Peninsula extends south into the Kaipara Harbour.

The Kauri Museum at Matakohe shows the area's heritage in the kauri timber industry.
Jennifer Byrne Presents
Jennifer Byrne Presents was an Australian television series of specials that was a spinoff from the First Tuesday Book Club presented by ABC journalist Jennifer Byrne. The show first aired on ABC TV on 9 October 2007. The program was broadcast on selected Tuesdays at 10:00pm and was replayed at 4:30pm on the following Sunday.

The series was sometimes broadcast on Thursday evenings at 8:00pm. In September 2012, an audience of 823,000 viewed her interview with J. K. Rowling and in October 2013, an audience of 637,000 viewers viewed her interview with Tim Winton.

The last known episode of the program was aired on 17 May 2016.

The Book Club
The Book Club (formerly First Tuesday Book Club) was an Australian television show that discussed books, ostensibly in the style of a domestic book club. Hosted by journalist Jennifer Byrne, it used a panel format with two regular members – book reviewer Jason Steger and author/blogger Marieke Hardy – and two guest members. The show first aired on ABC on 1 August 2006 and was scheduled as a monthly program. The show concluded in 2017.
William E. English
William Eastin English (November 3, 1850 – April 29, 1926) was an American attorney and politician, a U.S. Representative from Indiana. He was the son of vice-presidential candidate and businessman William Hayden English, and his wife Emma Mardulia Jackson.

William Hayden English
William Hayden English (August 27, 1822 – February 7, 1896) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. representative from Indiana from 1853 to 1861 and was the Democratic Party's nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1880.

English retired from the House in 1861, but remained involved in party affairs. In the American Civil War he was a War Democrat, supporting the Union war effort. As well as pursuing a political career, he was an author and businessman. He owned an opera house, was president of a bank, and developed many residential properties. English was successful in business, and became one of the wealthiest men in Indiana. After nearly two decades in the private sector, English returned to political life as the Democratic nominee for vice president in 1880. English and his presidential running mate, Winfield Scott Hancock, lost narrowly to their Republican opponents, James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.
Hebert High School
Hebert High School was a traditionally black high school in the South Park Independent School District in Beaumont, Texas, US. It was founded in the early 20th century to serve the black community, and became an accredited high school in 1923. In response to a court desegregation order, it was merged with Forest Park High School in 1982 to form West Brook High School, with the Hebert campus originally housing the ninth and tenth grades. The campus later became the site of Ozen Senior High School, and following a merger with Central High School, of Beaumont United High School.

Beaumont Independent School District
Beaumont Independent School District is a U.S. public school district serving Beaumont in Southeast Texas. The district originated in the annexation of the former Beaumont ISD by the South Park Independent School District after its trustees voted in 1983 to dissolve it as the culmination of a struggle over desegregation of both districts. The original Beaumont ISD had previously absorbed the smaller French ISD.

As of May 2025, the district operates 14 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, 3 high schools, a Headstart center, and 3 other specialized and alternative learning centers. Since April 2014, it has been under direct state control, with a superintendent and board of managers appointed by the Texas Education Agency.
Characteristic subgroup
In mathematics, particularly in the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, a characteristic subgroup is a subgroup that is mapped to itself by every automorphism of the parent group.  Because every conjugation map is an inner automorphism, every characteristic subgroup is normal; though the converse is not guaranteed.  Examples of characteristic subgroups include the commutator subgroup and the center of a group.

Commutator subgroup
In mathematics, more specifically in abstract algebra, the commutator subgroup or derived subgroup of a group is the subgroup generated by all the commutators of the group.

The commutator subgroup is important because it is the smallest normal subgroup such that the quotient group of the original group by this subgroup is abelian. In other words,  is abelian if and only if  contains the commutator subgroup of . So in some sense it provides a measure of how far the group is from being abelian; the larger the commutator subgroup is, the "less abelian" the group is.
Wolnościowcy
Wolnościowcy (Polish pronunciation: [vɔl.nɔɕˈt͡ɕɔ.vtsɨ], W), variously translated as Freedomites, Liberalists, Liberals, Libertarians or the Freedom Party, was a Polish political party created by the former KORWiN members who at first remained within the Confederation Liberty and Independence coalition and parliamentary group, then left on 13 February 2023, following Artur Dziambor being kicked out of the Confederation by the party court. Artur Dziambor was selected as a president of the party, while Jakub Kulesza, Dobromir Sośnierz, Tomasz Grabarczyk and Marek Kułakowski became vice-presidents.

New Hope (Poland)
The New Hope (Polish: Nowa Nadzieja [ˈnova naˈd͡ʑɛ.ja], NN) is a far-right political party in Poland and member of Confederation.  As of 2024, it is led by Sławomir Mentzen.

Founded in 2015 by Janusz Korwin-Mikke as a result of his removal from the Congress of the New Right, his former party, it was initially called Coalition for the Renewal of the Republic of Liberty and Hope (Koalicja Odnowy Rzeczypospolitej Wolność i Nadzieja) and then subsequently Confederation for the Renewal of the Republic of Liberty and Hope (Konfederacja Odnowy Rzeczypospolitej Wolność i Nadzieja), both backronym to KORWiN or sometimes shortened to Liberty (Wolność).

Among the party's other members are Przemysław Wipler, who held a seat in the Polish Sejm, and Robert Iwaszkiewicz, Member of the European Parliament. The party's Polish name was originally a backronym of the founder's name Korwin-Mikke, who took part in the 2015 presidential election.
Taktser Rinpoche
Taktser Rinpoche (Tibetan: སྟག་འཚེར་རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, ZYPY: Dagcêr Rinboqê; Chinese: 当彩活佛) was born in 1922 in "the small village of Taktser, meaning 'roaring tiger,' located in the Amdo region of eastern Tibet." He became a lama of the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism and was named Thubten Jigme Norbu, the oldest brother of Tenzin Gyatso—the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. Soon after birth, he was recognized by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the previous Taktser Rinpoche, who was "one of the thirty or so reincarnated lamas who were a part of Kumbum's tradition." On September 5, 2008, Norbu, 86, died at his Indiana, US, home after illness for many years. He was survived by his wife Kunyang Norbu, and 3 sons.

Thubten Jigme Norbu
The 6th Taktser Rinpoche Thubten Jigme Norbu (Tibetan: ཐུབ་བསྟན་འཇིགས་མེད་ནོར་བུ་, Wylie: Thub-stan 'Jigs-med Nor-bu) (August 16, 1922 – September 5, 2008), was a Tibetan lama, writer, civil rights activist and professor of Tibetan studies and was the eldest brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. He was one of the first high-profile Tibetans to go into exile and was the first to settle in the United States.
R v Linekar
R v Linekar [1995] 3 All ER 69 73 is a leading case in which the Court of Appeal ruled on cases of "rape by fraud" in English law, and the extent to which deceit may be involved before it negates consent.

In the case, the defendant agreed to pay £25 for sexual intercourse with a prostitute but afterward refused to pay. The ruling retained the "very narrow" definition of rape that, although consent was based on payment, refusing to do so after the fact was only fraud, not rape.

Rape by deception
Rape by deception is a situation in which the perpetrator deceives the victim into participating in a sexual act to which they would otherwise not have consented, had they not been deceived. Deception can occur in many forms, such as illusory perceptions, false statements, and false actions.
Tonight with Boy Abunda
Tonight with Boy Abunda is a Philippine television talk show broadcast by ABS-CBN. Hosted by Boy Abunda, it aired on the network's Primetime Bida line up from September 28, 2015 to May 4, 2020, replacing Aquino & Abunda Tonight and was replaced by The World Tonight.

The World Tonight (Philippine TV program)
The World Tonight is a Philippine television news broadcasting show broadcast by ABS-CBN, ANC, Kapamilya Channel and All TV. Originally anchored by Hal Bowie and Henry Halasan, it aired on ABS-CBN's evening line up from November 21, 1966 to September 22, 1972. The newscast returned on the network's evening line up from September 15, 1986 to August 13, 1999. The show began broadcasting on ANC on May 1, 1996, followed by a broadcast on Kapamilya Channel on July 27, 2020. Tony Velasquez currently serves as the anchor. It is the longest-running news broadcasting show in the Philippines.
Dvapara Yuga
Dvapara Yuga (IAST: Dvāpara-yuga) (Devanagari: द्वापर युग), in Hinduism, is the third and third-best of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga Cycle, preceded by Treta Yuga and followed by Kali Yuga. Dvapara Yuga lasts for 864,000 years (2,400 divine years).

According to the Puranas, this yuga ended when Krishna returned to his eternal abode of Vaikuntha. There are only two pillars of religion during the Dvapara Yuga: compassion and truthfulness. Vishnu assumes the colour yellow and the Vedas are categorized into four parts: Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda.

Yuga
A yuga, in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time.

In the Rigveda, a yuga refers to generations, a period of time (whether long or short), or a yoke (joining of two things). In the Mahabharata, the words yuga and kalpa (a day of Brahma) are used interchangeably to describe the cycle of creation and destruction.

In post-Vedic texts, the words  "yuga" and "age" commonly denote a catur-yuga (pronounced chatur yuga), a cycle of four world ages—for example, in the Surya Siddhanta and Bhagavad Gita (part of the Mahabharata)—unless expressly limited by the name of one of its minor ages: Krita (Satya) Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, or Kali Yuga.

The term "yuga" can represent the number four. In early Indian astronomy, it referred to a five-year cycle starting with the conjunction of the sun and moon in the autumnal equinox.
Outwood Academy Valley
Outwood Academy Valley (formerly Valley Comprehensive School) is a mixed secondary school with academy status, located in Worksop in Nottinghamshire, England. It had an enrolment of 1,550 pupils in 2017, with a comprehensive admissions policy.

The school is operated by Outwood Grange Academies Trust, and the current principal is Dave Cavill. Alongside Outwood Academy Portland they publish a termly magazine called Outlook.

Outwood Grange Academies Trust
Outwood Grange Academies Trust (OGAT) is a multi-academy trust (MAT) that operates forty schools (twenty-eight secondary and twelve primary) across northern England and the East Midlands. It is an exempt charity, regulated by the Department for Education. Its chief executive is Lee Wilson.

The trust was founded in 2009, led by Sir Michael Wilkins who was principal of the trust's namesake, Outwood Grange Academy. Its CEO, from 2016 to 2023, was Sir Martyn Oliver, who previously served as a principal of schools within the trust.

The trust operates using an "80:20" principle, where about 80% of how its schools operate is standardised and 20% is open to local innovation.
Bordelois-class ship of the line
The Bordelois class was a class of 56-gun ships of the line, designed by Antoine Groignard. This was a unique type, designed to provide a battlefleet armament (with 36-pounder guns in the principal battery) on a hull able to operate in the shallow waters around Dunkirk. The ships were funded by don des vaisseaux donations and rushed into production for the Seven Years' War, but were completed too late to take part in the conflict. The Flamand would later have a distinguished career during the War of American Independence.

French ship Flamand
Flamand was a  56-gun Bordelois-class ship of the line of the French Navy. She was funded by a don des vaisseaux donation from the Estates of Flanders, and built by engineer Léon Guignace on a design by Antoine Groignard. She took part in Suffren's campaign during the American Revolutionary War.
Astrakhan Khanate
The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar rump state of the Golden Horde. The khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, around the modern city of Astrakhan. Its khans claimed patrilineal descent from Toqa Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan.

Mahmud bin Küchük established the Khanate in the 1460s. The capital was the city of Xacitarxan, also known as Astrakhan in Russian chronicles. Its territory included the Lower Volga valley and the Volga Delta, including most of what is now Astrakhan Oblast and the steppeland on the right bank of Volga in present-day Kalmykia. To the south was the Caspian Sea, to the east the Nogai Horde, and to the west Nogais who were theoretically subjects of the Crimean Khanate.

Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Non-Euclidean geometry
In mathematics, non-Euclidean geometry consists of two geometries based on axioms closely related to those that specify Euclidean geometry. As Euclidean geometry lies at the intersection of metric geometry and affine geometry, non-Euclidean geometry arises by either replacing the parallel postulate with an alternative, or consideration of quadratic forms other than the definite quadratic forms associated with metric geometry. In the former case, one obtains hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry, the traditional non-Euclidean geometries. When isotropic quadratic forms are admitted, then there are affine planes associated with the planar algebras, which give rise to kinematic geometries that have also been called non-Euclidean geometry.

Elliptic geometry
Elliptic geometry is an example of a geometry in which Euclid's parallel postulate does not hold. Instead, as in spherical geometry, there are no parallel lines since any two lines must intersect. However, unlike in spherical geometry, two lines are usually assumed to intersect at a single point (rather than two). Because of this, the elliptic geometry described in this article is sometimes referred to as single elliptic geometry whereas spherical geometry is sometimes referred to as double elliptic geometry.

The appearance of work on this geometry in the nineteenth century stimulated the development of non-Euclidean geometry generally, including hyperbolic geometry.

Elliptic geometry has a variety of properties that differ from those of classical Euclidean plane geometry.  For example, the sum of the interior angles of any triangle is always greater than 180°.
Avondhu GAA
Avondhu GAA is a Gaelic football and hurling division in the north of County Cork, Ireland. The division includes teams such as Charleville, Mallow, Fermoy, and Mitchelstown. It is one of eight divisions of Cork County Board. It organizes competitions for the clubs within the division, from Under 12 up to the adult level. The winners of these competitions compete against other divisional champions to determine which club is the county champion. In addition, the division selects football and hurling teams from the adult teams playing at junior level or county intermediate level, and these then compete for the Cork GAA Senior Football Championship and Cork Senior Hurling Championship.

Fermoy GAA
Fermoy GAA is a Gaelic Athletic Association based in the town of Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland. The club fields teams in competitions organized by the Cork GAA county board and the Avondhu GAA divisional board. The club plays both Gaelic football and hurling.
Buttermere
Buttermere is a lake in the Lake District in North West England. It has a length of approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and a maximum width of 0.54 kilometres (0.34 mi), an area of 0.9 square kilometres (0.35 sq mi), a maximum depth of 28.6 metres (94 ft), and a surface elevation of 100.3 metres (329 ft) above sea level. Its primary outflow is Buttermere Dubs, a short stream which connects the lake to Crummock Water. From Crummock Water the River Cocker flows to Cockermouth, where it joins the River Derwent and finally enters the Irish Sea at Workington. The lake is in the unitary authority of Cumberland, and the ceremonial county of Cumbria.

Crummock Water
Crummock Water is a lake in the Lake District in North West England. It is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long, 0.6 miles (0.97 km) wide, 140 feet (43 m) deep, and has an area of 2.5 square kilometres (0.97 sq mi). The lake's primary inflow is Buttermere Dubs, itself the outflow of Buttermere, and its outflow is the River Cocker, which meets the River Derwent at Cockermouth before entering the Irish Sea at Workington. It is in the unitary authority of Cumberland and the ceremonial county of Cumbria. It is in the parish of Buttermere, and its western shore forms part of the western boundary of the parish.