hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Beer in Chile
The primary beer brewed and consumed in Chile is pale lager, though the country also has a tradition of brewing corn beer, known as chicha. Chile's beer history has a strong German influence – some of the bigger beer producers are from the country's southern lake district, a region populated by a great number of German immigrants during the 19th century. Chile also produces English ale-style craft beers while also developing its own craft beer identity.

The city of Valdivia in southern Chile is often referred as Chile's "beer capital".

Chicha
Chicha is a fermented (alcoholic) or non-fermented beverage of Latin America, emerging from the Andes and Amazonia regions. In both the pre- and post-Spanish conquest periods, corn beer (chicha de jora) made from a variety of maize landraces has been the most common form of chicha. However, chicha is also made from a variety of other cultigens and wild plants, including, among others, quinoa (Chenopodium quinia), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), peanut, manioc (also called yuca or cassava), palm fruit, rice, potato, oca (Oxalis tuberosa), and chañar (Geoffroea decorticans). There are many regional variations of chicha. In the Inca Empire, chicha had ceremonial and ritual uses.
Counts of Villafranca
The Counts of Savoy-Villafranca, and later the Counts of Villafranca-Soissons, are legitimate male–line descendants of Thomas Francis of Savoy, Prince of Carignano, the founder of the Carignano branch of the House of Savoy.

Prince Eugenio Emanuele, Count of Villafranca
Prince Eugene Emmanuel of Savoy-Carignano, Count of Villafranca (Paris, 14 April 1816 – Turin, 15 December 1888) was a statesman and  military leader for Piedmont–Sardinia and later for the Kingdom of Italy.
York High School (Virginia)
York High School is a York County School Division high school located in  York County, Virginia, on U.S. Route 17 about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Yorktown and with a Yorktown post office address.

The school was opened in 1954 and currently enrolls over one thousand students. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League's AA Bay Rivers District in Region I.  The school is the home of the school division's television station and offers television production courses in the curriculum.  The school is also the home of the York River Academy (a charter school that focuses on collaborative education teaching computer repair, cabling, and web design) and is the YCSD site for the International Baccalaureate Programme.

York High School was once home to the most powerful high school radio station in the United States, WYCS 91.5.

York County School Division
The York County School Division or YCSD  is a school division (school district) in York County, Virginia, United States. The division consists of approximately 12,750 students in 19 schools, of which there are 10 elementary schools, 4 middle schools, 4 high schools, and 1 charter school. The division employs about 1,050 instructional staff members and over 730 support staff members.
Secant method
In numerical analysis, the secant method is a root-finding algorithm that uses a succession of roots of secant lines to better approximate a root of a function f.  The secant method can be thought of as a finite-difference approximation of Newton's method, so it is considered a quasi-Newton method. Historically, it is as an evolution of the method of false position, which predates Newton's method by over 3000 years.

Quasi-Newton method
In numerical analysis, a quasi-Newton method is an iterative numerical method used either to find zeroes or to find local maxima and minima of functions via an iterative recurrence formula much like the one for Newton's method, except using approximations of the derivatives of the functions in place of exact derivatives. Newton's method requires the Jacobian matrix of all partial derivatives of a multivariate function when used to search for zeros or the Hessian matrix when used for finding extrema. Quasi-Newton methods, on the other hand, can be used when the Jacobian matrices or Hessian matrices are unavailable or are impractical to compute at every iteration.

Some iterative methods that reduce to Newton's method, such as sequential quadratic programming, may also be considered quasi-Newton methods.
Edgard De Caluwé
Edgard De Caluwé (1 July 1913 in Denderwindeke – 16 May 1985 in Geraardsbergen) was a Belgian cyclist.

He had twenty victories as a professional from 1933 to 1947. He won the Paris-Brussels and Bordeaux-Paris in 1935. He finished second in the Tour of Flanders in 1936 and won it in 1938. He had already won the Tour of Flanders in 1933, but as an independent.

His career was interrupted by World War II. He also won some victories after the war, but his best years were before it.

He also participated in the Tour de France twice, without much success.

The Grote Prijs Beeckman-De Caluwé in Ninove has been named after him.

Grote Prijs Beeckman-De Caluwé
Grote Prijs Beeckman-De Caluwé is a single-day road bicycle race held annually in July in Ninove, Belgium. The 169 km race is named after the local cyclists Kamiel Beeckman and Edgard de Caluwé, winner of the Tour of Flanders (1938).
Cefovecin
Cefovecin (INN) is an antibiotic of the cephalosporin class, licensed for the treatment of skin infections in cats and dogs. It is marketed by Zoetis under the trade name Convenia. It is used to treat skin infections caused by Pasteurella multocida in cats, and Staphylococcus intermedius and Streptococcus canis in dogs. The advantage of using a long-acting injectable antibiotic is that, unlike in daily administration, doses cannot be missed. Missed doses may allow partially resistant microbes to recover. The disadvantage is the presence of subtherapeutic concentrations in the weeks after the resolution of infections. This is associated with the development of resistance in microbes. It should not be used in pregnant or lactating animals or in animals with a history of allergies to penicillin or cephalosporin drugs.

Cephalosporin
The cephalosporins (sg. /ˌsɛfələˈspɔːrɪn, ˌkɛ-, -loʊ-/) are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungal genus Acremonium, which was previously known as Cephalosporium.

Together with cephamycins, they constitute a subgroup of β-lactam antibiotics called cephems. Cephalosporins were discovered in 1945, and first sold in 1964.
Selje Church
Selje Church (Norwegian: Selje kyrkje) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Stad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the village of Selje. It is the church for the Selje parish which is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. The white, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1866 using plans drawn up by the architect Frederik Hannibal Stockfleth. The church seats about 420 people.

Selje (village)
Selje is a village in Stad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located at the southwestern base of the Stadlandet peninsula at the entrance to the Moldefjorden. The village lies about 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the town of Måløy and about 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of the town of Ålesund. The small island of Selja lies just off the coast of the village. Selje Church is located in the village.

The 0.71-square-kilometre (180-acre) village has a population (2024) of 718 and a population density of 1,011 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,620/sq mi).
Cage (rapper)
Christian Palko (born May 4, 1973), better known by his stage name Cage, is an American rapper from Middletown, New York. With a majority of his career being spent with record labels Definitive Jux and Eastern Conference, he has released six solo albums, in addition to two compilation albums, three singles and three EPs.

Aside from his solo career, Cage is one of the founders of the underground hip-hop supergroup The Weathermen, which was formed in 1999. He also established a group called Smut Peddlers, with hip hop duo The High & Mighty, publishing an album titled Porn Again, in 2001. He is also known for his collaborations with New Jersey rapper Tame One; the two were collectively known as Leak Bros. Cage and Camu Tao made up the duo Nighthawks, who released an eponymous 2002 album.

Nighthawks (Nighthawks album)
Nighthawks is the only studio album by American hip hop duo Nighthawks, which consisted of rappers Cage and Camu Tao. It was released on November 26, 2002, under Eastern Conference Records. The album is a rap opera concept album.
2016 Lory Meagher Cup
The 2016 Lory Meagher Cup was the eighth edition of the Lory Meagher Cup since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 2009 and is the fourth-tier of Hurling for senior county teams (the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship is the first-tier trophy). It is contested by five GAA county teams ranked 31–35 in the 2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The championship began on 23 April 2016 and ended on 4 June 2016.

Fermanagh were the 2015 champions and play in the Nicky Rackard Cup having won promotion.

2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
The 2016 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was the 129th staging of the All-Ireland championship since its establishment by the Gaelic Athletic Association in 1887. It is the top tier of senior inter-county championship hurling.

The championship began on 1 May 2016 and ended on 4 September 2016.

Kilkenny were the defending champions. Kerry qualified for the competition for the first time since 2004

Tipperary won the title for the 27th time and for the first time since 2010, defeating Kilkenny in the final, 2–29 to 2–20.
Dan Snyder Memorial Trophy
The Dan Snyder Memorial Trophy is awarded each year to an Ontario Hockey League player who is a positive role model, and makes a notable humanitarian contribution within his community. Originally known as the OHL Humanitarian of the Year award, it was renamed in honour of former Owen Sound Platers captain Dan Snyder, who died from injuries sustained in an automobile accident in October 2003. Each winner is also nominated for the CHL Humanitarian of the Year award.

CHL Humanitarian of the Year
The CHL Humanitarian of the Year Award is given out annually to the Canadian Hockey League player judged to have made the most notable contribution to his community in a humanitarian sense. It is chosen from the winners of the QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year, the Dan Snyder Memorial Trophy (OHL), or the Doug Wickenheiser Memorial Trophy (WHL).
Charles Beamish
Group Captain Charles Eric St John Beamish (23 June 1908 – 18 May 1984) was an Irish rugby player and Second World War RAF pilot. He gained 12 caps for Ireland as a prop forward and also represented the British Isles on their 1936 tour of Argentina. He was one of the Beamish brothers - elder brother George also played for Ireland, and other brothers Victor and Cecil were also accomplished sportsmen and RAF officers.

1936 British Lions tour to Argentina
The 1936 British Lions tour of Argentina was a series of rugby union matches arranged between the British Lions and various Argentine teams. The tourists played ten matches, nine of which were against club and combined teams while one match took in a full Argentina national team. Despite being sanctioned by the International Rugby Board, no caps were awarded to players from either side.

This was the third and final international tour to South America by a combined British team, and although classed as the British Lions, it was predominantly English, with a handful of Scottish and Irish players.

The Lions won all the games played, scoring 399 points and conceding only 12.
MasterChef (American TV series)
MasterChef is an American competitive cooking reality television series that premiered on Fox on July 27, 2010. Based on the British series of the same name and produced by Endemol Shine North America and One Potato Two Potato, the series features amateur and home chefs competing to win the title of MasterChef. As of the show's fifteenth season, the line-up of judges consists of Gordon Ramsay, Joe Bastianich, and Tiffany Derry.

The fifteenth season, subtitled Dynamic Duos, aired May–September 2025. In October 2025, the series was renewed for a sixteenth and seventeenth season, with judges Ramsay, Bastianich, and Derry all returning. The sixteenth season, subtitled Global Gauntlet, is set to premiere in April 2026.

Endemol Shine North America
Endemol Shine North America (stylized as EndemolShine NorthAmerica) is the American division of Banijay Entertainment that was founded on March 15, 2012, as a merger of Shine Americas, Shine USA, and Reveille Productions.

Endemol Shine North America produces and distributes scripted and unscripted television and digital content through its global Shine 360˚ division. Endemol Shine North America has produced original series including The Biggest Loser, Tabatha Takes Over, The Face, and Parental Control; adaptations of Shine Group formats MasterChef, Minute to Win It, One Born Every Minute, and The Office, Ugly Betty, and The Tudors; and over 20 original online series on MSN, Yahoo!, YouTube premium channels and other platforms. Through Banijay's distribution arm, Banijay Rights, Endemol Shine North America distributes to more than 150 countries.
Monroe City, Missouri
Monroe City is a city in Marion, Monroe, and Ralls counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. The population was 2,652 at the 2020 census.

The Marion and Ralls County portions of Monroe City are part of the Hannibal Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Ralls County, Missouri
Ralls County is a county located in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,355. Its county seat is New London. The county was organized November 16, 1820, and named for Daniel Ralls, Missouri state legislator.

Ralls County is part of the Hannibal, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Quincy-Hannibal, IL-MO Combined Statistical Area.
1978 United States gubernatorial elections
United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 7, 1978, in 36 states and two territories. The Republicans had a net gain of six seats, Democrats sustained a net loss of five seats, and there would be no governors of any other parties following these elections.

This was the first year in which Illinois held a gubernatorial election in a midterm election year since 1846. The state of Illinois moved its gubernatorial election date from presidential election years to midterm congressional election years. This election coincided with the Senate and the House elections.

1978 United States House of Representatives elections
The 1978 United States House of Representatives elections was an election for the United States House of Representatives on November 7, 1978, to elect members to serve in the 96th United States Congress. They occurred in the middle of Democratic President Jimmy Carter's term, amidst an energy crisis and rapid inflation. The Democratic Party lost a net of 15 seats to the Republican Party, and thus lost their two-thirds supermajority, but still maintained a large 277-seat majority.

As of 2025, this was the last midterm election where the Democrats managed to win a majority in the U.S. House of Representatives under a Democratic president, the last midterm election in which a registered third party member was elected, and the last time overall in which any party won at least 270 House seats.
Madras Engineer Group
Madras Engineer Group (MEG), informally known as the Madras Sappers, is an engineer group of the Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army. The Madras Sappers draw their origin from the erstwhile Madras Presidency army of the British Raj. This regiment has its HQ in Bengaluru. The Madras Sappers are the oldest of the three groups of the Corps of Engineers.

The Madras Sappers were the only regiment of the Madras Presidency Army to survive unscathed the extensive reorganisations that took place between 1862 and 1928. The thambis, as the troops of the Madras Sappers are popularly known, with their hallmark Shakos have distinguished themselves in many battlefields around the world for more than 200 years.

The Bangalore torpedo, a mine-clearing explosive device, was invented in the Centre at Bengaluru in the early years of the Twentieth Century.

Bombay Engineer Group
The  Bombay Engineer Group, or the  Bombay Sappers as they are informally known, are a regiment of the Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army. The Bombay Sappers draw their origin from the erstwhile Bombay Presidency army of the British Raj. The group has its centre in Khadki, Pune in Maharashtra state. The Bombay Sappers have gone on to win many honours and awards, both in battle and in peacetime, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, both before and after Independence. The gallantry awards won include the British Victoria Cross and the French Legion of Honour before independence, as well as the Param Vir Chakra and Ashok Chakra as part of Independent India.  The Group has also made its mark in peacetime activities such as sport, adventure, disaster relief, aid to civil authority and prestigious construction projects.
Doctor X (wrestler)
Clemente Marcelino Valencia Nájera (17 July 1968 – 11 October 2011) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado, or masked professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Doctor X, under which he worked for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) for most of his career, winning the Mexican National Welterweight Championship and the Mexican National Trios Championship, teaming with Sangre Azteca and Nitro.

Doctor X was a member of Pandilla Guerreras and co-leader of Los Guerreros Tuareg. In August 2011, he quit CMLL and joined Perros del Mal Producciones under the more extreme ring name Doctor X-Treme. He had previously worked as Dr. O'Borman Jr., a name he licensed from the original Dr. O'Borman.

Throughout his career, Doctor X's real name and personal life was not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico. He was killed while trying to break up a fight.

Los Guerreros Tuareg
Los Guerreros Tuareg (Spanish for "The Tuareg Warriors") was a Mexican professional wrestling group, called a stable that worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) as a rudo (term used for wrestlers who portray the "Bad guys") faction. The group was the successor to Pandilla Guerrera ("Gang of Warriors") and was sometimes also referred to as Los Rebeldes del Desierto ("The Rebels of the desert") or even Los Rebeldes Tuareg ("The Tuareg Rebels"). The group was quietly disbanded in 2014 as only three members remained with CMLL and stopped teaming up on a regular basis.
TET enzymes
The TET enzymes are a family of ten-eleven translocation (TET) methylcytosine dioxygenases. They are instrumental in DNA demethylation.  5-Methylcytosine (see first Figure) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (C) that often regulates gene transcription and has several other functions in the genome.

Demethylation by TET enzymes (see second Figure), can alter the regulation of transcription.  The TET enzymes catalyze the hydroxylation of DNA 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), and can further catalyse oxidation of 5hmC to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and then to 5-carboxycytosine (5caC).  5fC and 5caC can be removed from the DNA base sequence by base excision repair and replaced by cytosine in the base sequence.

TET enzymes have central roles in DNA demethylation required during embryogenesis, gametogenesis, memory, learning, addiction and pain perception.

5-Methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine (5mC, m5C) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (C) that regulates gene transcription and takes several other biological roles. When cytosine is methylated, the DNA maintains the same sequence, but the expression of methylated genes can be altered (the study of this is part of the field of epigenetics). 5-Methylcytosine is incorporated in the nucleoside 5-methylcytidine.
Freimut Duve
Freimut Duve (26 November 1936 – 3 March 2020) was a German journalist, writer, politician and human rights activist. From 1980 to 1998 he was a member of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was the first OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media from 1998 to 2003. He was lesser known on the German literary scene.

OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
The OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media functions as a watchdog on media developments in all 57 participating member states of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). He or she provides early warning on violations of freedom of expression and promotes full compliance with OSCE principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and press freedom.
Dong, Arunachal Pradesh
Dong is a small village in the Dong valley of Anjaw district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is one of the easternmost villages in India, near the point where India, China, and Myanmar border meet. It is the location of a peak, atop which tourists climb at 3 am to see the sunrise. It isn't the easternmost point of the country but it is one of the easternmost locations accessible by car.

Anjaw district
Anjaw district (Pron:/ˈændʒɔ:/) is an administrative district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. It was created as a district in 2004, by splitting off from  the Lohit district under the Arunachal Pradesh Re-organization of Districts Amendment Act. The district borders China on the north. Hawai, at an altitude of 1296 m above sea level, is the district headquarters, located on the banks of the Lohit River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Anjaw is the easternmost district in India. The furthest villages towards the border with China are Dong, Walong, Kibithu and Kaho.

Anjaw is the second least populous district in India (out of 640).
Yukon Party
The Yukon Party, formerly the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party, is a conservative political party in Yukon, Canada. It is the current governing party, with a majority in the Yukon Legislative Assembly.

Yukon New Democratic Party
The Yukon New Democratic Party (YNDP; French: Nouveau Parti démocratique du Yukon) is a social democratic political party in the Yukon, Canada. It is the territorial section of the federal New Democratic Party. The party currently forms the official opposition in the Yukon Legislative Assembly.
University of Macau
The University of Macau (UMAC or UM) is a Macau public university located on Hengqin Island on land leased to Macau. It was established by the Macau legislature in 1991 and has been funded by the Government of Macau since then.

Hengqin
Hengqin (simplified Chinese: 横琴岛; traditional Chinese: 橫琴島, Portuguese: Ilha da Montanha) is an island that lies mostly in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and special economic zone in Guangdong Province of China. It has a population of about 3,000. Parts of Hengqin are leased to Macau by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, starting from 2009, mostly to house the new campus of the University of Macau. In the leased parts of the island, Macanese law applies.

The whole island is designated a special economic district, as the Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin.