hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
BIC TCP
BIC TCP (Binary Increase Congestion control) is one of the congestion control algorithms that can be used for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). BIC is optimized for high-speed networks with high latency: so-called long fat networks. For these networks, BIC has significant advantage over previous congestion control schemes in correcting for severely underutilized bandwidth.

BIC implements a unique congestion window (cwnd) algorithm. This algorithm tries to find the maximum cwnd by searching in three parts: binary search increase, additive increase, and slow start. When a network failure occurs, the BIC uses multiplicative decrease in correcting the cwnd.

BIC TCP is implemented and used by default in Linux kernels 2.6.8 and above. The default implementation was again changed to CUBIC TCP in the 2.6.19 version.

TCP congestion control
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a congestion control algorithm that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, along with other schemes including slow start and a congestion window (CWND), to achieve congestion avoidance. The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the Internet. Per the end-to-end principle, congestion control is largely a function of internet hosts, not the network itself. There are several variations and versions of the algorithm implemented in protocol stacks of operating systems of computers that connect to the Internet.

To avoid congestive collapse, TCP uses a multi-faceted congestion-control strategy. For each connection, TCP maintains a CWND, limiting the total number of unacknowledged packets that may be in transit end-to-end. This is somewhat analogous to TCP's sliding window used for flow control.
National Agency on Corruption Prevention
The National Agency on Corruption Prevention (Ukrainian: Національне агентство з питань запобігання корупції, romanized: Natsionaľne ahenstvo z pytań zapobihanńia koruptsiji, abbr. НАЗК, NACP) is a national anti-corruption agency of the Ukrainian government which is responsible for shaping and implementing anti-corruption policy, while creating an environment conducive to corruption prevention. It has been functioning since 2016.

Corruption in Ukraine
Corruption in Ukraine is a significant issue affecting society, rooted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After declaring independence, Ukraine faced a series of politicians from across the political spectrum, as well as criminal bosses and oligarchs, who exploited corruption within the police, political parties, and industry to gain power. While Ukraine is still considered one of the more corrupt countries in Europe, it has made steady progress in improving its standing since 2015.
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (17 August 1840 – 10 September 1922), sometimes spelt Wilfred, was an English poet and writer. He and his wife Lady Anne Blunt travelled in the Middle East and were instrumental in preserving the Arabian horse bloodlines through their farm, the Crabbet Arabian Stud.

Blunt was best known for his poetry, which appeared in a collected edition in 1914, and also wrote political essays and polemics. He became additionally known for strongly anti-imperialist views that were relatively uncommon in his time.

Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth
Anne Isabella Noel Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth (née King, later King-Noel; 22 September 1837 – 15 December 1917), known for most of her life as Lady Anne Blunt, along with her husband the poet Wilfrid Blunt, was co-founder of the Crabbet Arabian Stud in England and the Sheykh Obeyd estate near Cairo. The two married on 8 June 1869. From the late 1870s, Wilfrid and Lady Anne travelled extensively in Arabia and the Middle East, buying Arabian horses from Bedouin princes such as Emir Fendi Al-Fayez and the Egyptian Ali Pasha Sherif. Among the great and influential horses they took to England were Azrek, Dajania, Queen of Sheba, Rodania and the famous Ali Pasha Sherif stallion Mesaoud. To this day, the vast majority of purebred Arabian horses trace their lineage to at least one Crabbet ancestor.
Maine Italian sandwich
The Maine Italian sandwich, also called Amato's Italian (after its namesake), is a submarine sandwich in Italian-American cuisine. The Maine Italian sandwich was invented in Portland, Maine. It is similar to, but distinct from, other types of sandwiches called "Italians" and is closely associated with the Amato's sandwich shop chain, though it is found widely throughout the state. The sandwich is named for the Italian-American community in Portland and not for its ingredients. "Italian" sandwiches have been referred to as "a part of people's lives" in Maine.

Submarine sandwich
A submarine sandwich, commonly known as a sub, is a type of American cold or hot sandwich made from a submarine roll (an elongated bread roll) that is split lengthwise and filled with meats, cheeses, vegetables, and condiments.

Although "submarine" or just "sub" is the general term for both the bread roll and sandwiches made with it in both the US and other English speaking nations, there are many local nicknames, especially in the northeastern United States, such as hoagie (Philadelphia English and Western Pennsylvania English), hero (New York City English), Maine Italian (Maine English), grinder (New England English, Fulton County, NY), wedge (Westchester, NY) or spuckie (Boston English).
Gaeboo Achyok
Gaeboo Achyok (r. c. 1660 – 1676) or Gyalpo Ajok (Tibetan: ཨ་ལྕོག, Wylie: rgyal po A lcog, THL: gyalpo achok) was a Lepcha chieftain of a principality based at Damsang, presently in the Kalimpong district of West Bengal, India.

Achyok faced active threats from Bhutan and formed an alliance with Tibet. The conflict resulted in several wars until Achyok was captured at Daling and executed.

Lepcha people
The Lepcha (/ˈlɛptʃə/; also called Rongkup (Lepcha: ᰕᰫ་ᰊᰪᰰ་ᰆᰧᰶ ᰛᰩᰵ་ᰀᰪᰱ ᰛᰪᰮ་ᰀᰪᰱ, Mútuncí Róngkup Rumkup, "beloved children of the Róng and of God") and Rongpa (Sikkimese: རོང་པ)) are among the indigenous people of the Indian state of Sikkim as well as the bordering Darjeeling and Kalimpong in the state of West Bengal, and in the neighbouring country of Nepal. They number around 80,000. Many Lepcha are also found in western and southwestern Bhutan, Darjeeling, the Koshi Province of eastern Nepal, and in the hills of West Bengal. The Lepcha people are composed of four main distinct communities: the Renjóngmú of Sikkim; the Dámsángmú of Kalimpong, Kurseong, and Mirik; the ʔilámmú of Ilam District, Nepal; and the Promú of Samtse and Chukha in southwestern Bhutan.
Hidden Man
Hidden Man (Chinese: 邪不压正) is a 2018 action comedy film co-written and directed by Jiang Wen and starring Eddie Peng, Liao Fan, Jiang Wen, Zhou Yun, and Xu Qing. A Chinese-Hong Kong co-production, the film is an adaptation of Zhang Beihai's wuxia novel Xia Yin. After Let the Bullets Fly and Gone with the Bullets, it completes Jiang Wen's gangster Beiyang trilogy.
The film was released on July 13, 2018, in China. It was selected as the Chinese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.

Gone with the Bullets
Gone with the Bullets (Chinese: 一步之遥) is a 2014 action comedy film directed by Jiang Wen. The film is co-produced by China, United States, and Hong Kong. It stars Jiang, Ge You, Zhou Yun and Shu Qi. Production started on location in Beijing at the China Film Group studio in Huairou on October 2, 2013. Production wrapped before the Chinese New Year holiday. The film was released on December 18, 2014. A version, which was 22 minutes shorter, was screened in the main competition section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.

This film is the second part of Jiang Wen's gangster Beiyang trilogy with Let the Bullets Fly and Hidden Man.

The film was named 2014's "smokiest movie" by an anti-smoking group in China, featuring 45 smoking scenes in all, equivalent to someone smoking every 3.1 minutes.
1871 British Columbia federal by-elections
The 1871 Canadian federal by-elections in British Columbia occurred in November and December 1871 to elect British Columbia's first members of Parliament following the province's entry into Canada. Five electoral districts were established to elect six members to the Canadian House of Commons.

Unlike the 1871 British Columbia general election where non-partisan democracy was practiced, candidates in the federal by-elections campaigned as members of the two main Canadian political parties at the time, with the Conservative Party of Canada and Liberal Party of Canada winning three seats each.

1871 British Columbia general election
The 1871 British Columbia general election was held from October to December 1871. Formerly a British colony, British Columbia became a province of Canada on July 20, 1871. An interim Cabinet was appointed by the lieutenant governor of British Columbia and election writs for the first general election as a province of Canada were issued to choose 25 members of the first provincial legislature from 12 ridings (electoral districts). These ridings were:

Cariboo (three members)

Comox (one member)

Cowichan (two members)

Esquimalt (two members)

Kootenay (two members)

Lillooet (two members)

Nanaimo (one member)

New Westminster (two members)

New Westminster City (one member)

Victoria (two members)

Victoria City (four members)

Yale (three members)
French aviso Montmirail
Montmirail was an aviso of the Arras class, also known as the Amiens class, ordered by the French Navy at the end of the First World War. Designed as fast escorts, the ships had a primary armament of two 138.6 mm (5 in) guns and depth charges. Launched in 1920, the vessel was initially based in Cherbourg for trials before joining the Escadre de Méditerranée (Mediterranean Squadron) to combat the Red Sea slave trade. In 1925 and 1926, the aviso served as part of a blockade of the Morocco coast during the Rif War alongside sister ships Amiens and Calais. After further service in the Mediterranean Sea, the ship was retired from service in the region in 1931. In 1935, Montmirail was sold and broken up.

French aviso Calais
Calais was an aviso of the Arras class, also known as the Amiens class, that served in the Second World War. Ordered by the French Navy at the end of the First World War, the ships were designed as fast escorts with a primary armament of two 138.6 mm (5 in) guns and depth charges. Launched in 1919, Calais was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. While serving as a patrol ship during the Rif War, the vessel operated with the submarines Galatée, Naïade, Nymphe, and Sirène, undertaking training exercises including a mock battle. During the Second World War, the aviso participated in the Battle of Dakar, rescuing sailors from the sinking submarine Persée. In 1946, Calais was sold and broken up.
Naval Tata
Naval Hormusji Tata (30 August 1904 – 5 May 1989) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist who worked for the Tata Group. He was the adopted son of Sir Ratan Tata, and the father of Ratan, Jimmy and Noel Tata.

Noel Tata
Noel Naval Tata (born 1957) is an Indian businessman of Parsi descent. He is the chairman of the Tata Sons, Trent and Tata Investment Corporation, the managing director of Tata International, and the vice chairman of Titan Company and Tata Steel.

On 11 October 2024, following the death of his half-brother Ratan Tata, Noel Tata was appointed chairman of the Tata Sons that holds a 66% stake in Tata Sons, the parent company of the Tata Group that holds the bulk of shares of the Group.
Gluckstadt, Mississippi
Gluckstadt is a city in Madison County, Mississippi, United States. It was a census-designated place and unincorporated community until the municipal incorporation of the City of Gluckstadt became effective in June 2021. As of the 2020 census, prior to incorporation, the Gluckstadt CDP had a population of 3,208. The city is located along Interstate 55 in south-central Madison County, between the cities of Madison and Canton. It is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Canton, Mississippi
Canton is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Mississippi, United States, and is situated in the northern part of the metropolitan area surrounding the state capital, Jackson. The population of Canton was 10,948 at the 2020 census, down from 13,189 in 2010.

The city is adjacent to a large auto manufacturing facility owned by Nissan.
Karandash
Mikhail Nikolayevich Rumyantsev (10 December 1901 [O.S. 27 November] – 31 March 1983), better known under his stage name Karandash was a famous Soviet clown. He was a People's Artist of the USSR and a Hero of Socialist Labour, and was the teacher of the famous Russian clowns Oleg Popov and Yuri Nikulin.

Yuri Nikulin
Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin (Russian: Юрий Владимирович Никулин; 18 December 1921 – 21 August 1997) was a Soviet and Russian actor and clown who starred in many popular films. He is best known for his roles in Leonid Gaidai's comedies, such as The Diamond Arm and Kidnapping, Caucasian Style, although he occasionally starred in dramatic roles and performed in Moscow Circus.

He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1973 and Hero of Socialist Labour in 1990. He also received a number of state awards, including the prestigious Order of Lenin, which he received twice in his lifetime.
The Forge (2024 film)
The Forge is a 2024 American independent Christian drama film directed by Alex Kendrick, who co-wrote and co-produced it with Stephen Kendrick. A spin-off to War Room (2015), it is the Kendrick brothers' ninth film and the sixth through their subsidiary, Kendrick Brothers Productions. Their initial five films were created under Sherwood Pictures. It stars Cameron Arnett, Priscilla Shirer, Aspen Kennedy, Karen Abercrombie, T. C. Stallings, B. J. Arnett, Ken Bevel, Benjamin Watson, Jonathan Evans, Jerry Shirer, and Tommy Woodard.

The Forge was released in the United States by Sony Pictures Releasing on August 23, 2024. It received mixed reviews from critics but positive reviews from its audience, and grossed $40.4 million worldwide against a $5 million budget.

War Room (film)
War Room is a 2015 American Christian drama film directed by Alex Kendrick and written by him and Stephen Kendrick. It is the Kendrick brothers' fifth film and their first through their subsidiary, Kendrick Brothers Productions. The film was produced by Provident Films, Affirm Films and TriStar Pictures in partnership with the Kendrick brothers. The film stars Priscilla Shirer, T.C. Stallings, Karen Abercrombie, Alex Kendrick, and Michael Jr.

The film was released by Sony Pictures Releasing in North American theaters on August 28, 2015, and received generally negative reviews from film critics, while Christian media critics gave mostly positive reviews, and became a box office success and a sleeper hit, grossing $74 million worldwide including $67.8 million domestically to become the 7th highest-grossing Christian film in the United States. A spin-off titled The Forge (also made by the Kendrick Brothers), was released on August 23, 2024.
Betty Everett
Betty Jean Everett (November 23, 1939 – August 19, 2001) was an American soul singer and pianist, best known for her biggest hit single, the million-selling "Shoop Shoop Song (It's In His Kiss)", and her duet "Let It Be Me" with Jerry Butler.

Jerry Butler
Jerry Butler Jr. (December 8, 1939 – February 20, 2025) was an American soul singer-songwriter, producer, musician, and politician. He was the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group the Impressions, who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. After leaving the group in 1960, Butler achieved over 55 Billboard Pop and R&B Chart hits as a solo artist including "He Will Break Your Heart," "Let It Be Me," and "Only the Strong Survive." He was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015.

Butler served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, from 1985 to 2018. As a member of the 17-member county government board, he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee.
Jesse Ed Davis
Jesse Edwin Davis III (September 21, 1944 – June 22, 1988) was a Native American guitarist. He was well regarded as a session artist and solo performer, was a member of Taj Mahal's backing band and played with musicians such as Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, John Lennon, George Harrison, and Jackson Browne.

In 2018, Davis was posthumously inducted into the Native American Music Hall of Fame at the 18th Annual Native American Music Awards. Davis was an enrolled citizen of the Kiowa Indian Tribe of Oklahoma with Comanche, Muscogee, and Seminole ancestry.

Taj Mahal (musician)
Henry St. Claire Fredericks Jr. (born May 17, 1942), better known by his stage name Taj Mahal, is an American blues musician. He plays the guitar, piano, banjo, harmonica, and many other instruments along with singing and whistling, often incorporating elements of world music into his work. Mahal has done much to reshape the definition and scope of blues music over the course of his more than 50-year career by fusing it with nontraditional forms, including sounds from the Caribbean, Africa, India, Hawaii, and the South Pacific.
Status offense
A status offense is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people, and most often applied only to crimes committed by minors.

In the United States, the term status offense also refers to an offense such as a traffic violation where motive is not a consideration in determining guilt. In the United Kingdom and Europe, this type of status offense may be termed a regulatory offence or strict liability offence.

Regulatory offence
In criminal law, a regulatory offence or quasi-criminal offence  is a class of crime in which the standard for proving culpability has been lowered so a mens rea (Law Latin for "guilty mind") element is not required. Such offences are used to deter potential offenders from dangerous behaviour rather than to impose punishment for moral wrongdoing.
Glenageary
Glenageary (Irish: Gleann na gCaorach, meaning 'Glen of the Sheep' [ˌɟlʲaːn̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈɡeːɾˠə]) is an area on the Southside of Dublin, Ireland, within Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown. While it has no formal boundary, it is surrounded by the areas of Dalkey, Dún Laoghaire, Glasthule, Johnstown, Killiney and Sallynoggin.

On early 20th century maps, Glenageary and Sallynoggin are considered to be the same place and it was not until the building of local authority houses in the late 1940s and 1950s in the townlands of Honeypark and Thomastown by Dún Laoghaire Borough Corporation that a clear distinction between Sallynoggin and Glenageary was created.

The Roman Catholic Parish of Glasthule covers all of Glasthule and Sandycove together with Glenageary east of Upper Glenageary Road and south of Lower Glenageary Road. The Church of Ireland has a defined boundary for the Parish of Glenageary.

St Paul's Church, Glenageary
St Paul's Church in Glenageary, County Dublin, is a large parish of the Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough of the Church of Ireland. The building itself is a large one in the Gothic Revival style. The church has had a distinguished history of both rectors and curates, with many of them going on to senior posts in the Church of Ireland and further afield. The current rector is The Rev Gary Dowd.
Barny Boatman
Barny M. Boatman (born 10 January 1956) is an English professional poker player and the oldest member of the poker-playing foursome known as The Hendon Mob. He is the older brother of Ross Boatman, and resides in Archway.

During his lengthy poker career, Boatman became one of the pioneers of poker on television by regularly appearing in the Late Night Poker television series. He was also the first person to reach three consecutive final tables at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), and came close to winning a WSOP bracelet. In 2013, Boatman won his first career World Series of Poker bracelet in Event #49, $1,500 No-Limit Hold'em, winning $546,080. In February 2024, Boatman won the European Poker Tour Paris main event for €1,287,800, his largest live cash to date. As of February 2024, he has over $5.4 million in live tournament winnings.

Ross Boatman
Ross Maxim Boatman (born 3 March 1964) is an English actor, professional poker player and a member of the poker-playing group the Hendon Mob. He is known for the role of firefighter Kevin Medhurst in the ITV drama series London's Burning from 1988 to 1995 and again in 2000. He appeared as Derek in the BBC Two sitcom Mum from 2016 to 2019, before starring in Stay Close on Netflix in 2021, and then joined the cast of the BBC One soap opera EastEnders as Harvey Monroe.
Sambandar
Sambandar (Tamil: சம்பந்தர், romanized: Campantar), also referred to as Thirugnana Sambandar (Tamil: திருஞானசம்பந்தர், romanized: Tiruñāṉacampantar), was a Shaiva poet-saint of Tamil Nadu who lived sometime in the 7th century CE. According to the Tamil Shaiva tradition, he composed an oeuvre of 16,000 hymns in complex meters, of which 383 (384) hymns with 4,181 stanzas have survived. These narrate an intense loving devotion (bhakti) to the Hindu god Shiva. Sambandar merged with the divine effulgence when he was sixteen years of age. The surviving compositions of the poet-saint are preserved in the first three volumes of the Tirumurai called Thirukkadik kaappu, and provide a part of the philosophical foundation of Shaiva Siddhanta.

He is one of the most prominent of the sixty-three Nayanars, Tamil Shaiva bhakti saints who lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. He was a contemporary of Appar, another Shaiva poet-saint.

Appar
Appar (Tamil: அப்பர்), also referred to as Tirunavukkaracar (Tamil: திருநாவுக்கரசர், romanized: Tirunāvukkaracar) or Navukkarasar, was a seventh-century Tamil Shaiva poet-saint. Born in a peasant Shaiva family, raised as an orphan by his sister, he lived about 80 years and is generally placed sometime between 570 and 650 CE. Appar composed 4,900 devotional hymns to the god Shiva, out of which 313 have survived and are now canonized as the 4th to 6th volumes of Tirumurai. One of the most prominent of the sixty-three revered Nayanars, he was an older contemporary of Sambandar.

His images are found and revered in Tamil Shiva temples. His characteristic iconography in temples show him carrying a farmer's small hoe – a gardening tool and weed puller.
Netto Marken-Discount
Netto Marken-Discount (also known as just Netto [ˈnɛto] ⓘ, formerly Plus) is a German discount supermarket chain owned by the German supermarket cooperative Edeka Group, and operates mostly in the south and west of Germany. The company reached its 1000th store in 2004, then aggressively expanded to the 4000th store in 2009, making it the largest discounter in Germany.

Edeka
The Edeka Group (German pronunciation: [ˈeːdeːka]) is the largest German supermarket corporation as of 2017, holding a market share of 25.3%. Founded in 1907, it currently consists of several co-operatives of independent supermarkets, all operating under the umbrella organisation Edeka Zentrale AG & Co KG, with headquarters in Hamburg. There are approximately 4,100 stores with the Edeka nameplate, ranging from small corner stores to hypermarkets. On 16 November 2007, Edeka reached an agreement with Tengelmann to purchase a 70% majority stake in Tengelmann's Plus discounter store division, which was then merged into Edeka's Netto brand, resulting in around 4,200 stores by 2018. Across all brands, the company operated a total of 13,646 stores at the end of 2017.