hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linth
The Linth (pronounced [ˈlɪnt] "lint") is a Swiss river that rises near the village of Linthal in the mountains of the canton of Glarus, and eventually flows into the Obersee section of Lake Zurich. It is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) in length.

The water power of the Linth was a main factor in the creation of the textile industry of the canton Glarus, and is today used to drive the Linth–Limmern power stations in its upper reaches.

The river and its upper valley forms the boundary between the mountain ranges of the Glarus Alps, to its east and south, and the Schwyzer Alps, to its west. In its lower part, in the Linth plain (Linthebene), the Linth Canal forms the boundary between the cantons of Glarus and St. Gallen and part of the boundary between the cantons of St. Gallen and Schwyz.

The river lends its name to the former canton of Linth (1798–1803).

Canton of Glarus
The canton of Glarus (German: Kanton Glarus [ˈɡlaːrʊs] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Glaruna; French: Canton de Glaris; Italian: Canton Glarona) is a canton in east-central Switzerland. The capital is Glarus.
The population speaks a variety of Alemannic German.
The majority of the population (81%) identifies as Christian, about evenly split between Protestants and Catholics.
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala (Spanish pronunciation: ['xoɾxe eʎ'eθeɾ gai'tan aʝala]; 23 January 1903 – 9 April 1948) was a Colombian politician and statesman who was the leader of the Liberal Party. A nationalist, he served as the mayor of Bogotá from 1936–37, the national Education Minister from 1940–41, and the Labor Minister from 1943–44.

He was assassinated during his second presidential campaign in 1948, setting off the Bogotazo  and leading to the outbreak of a brutal ten-year civil war in Colombia known as La Violencia (1948–1958). His ideas, known as Gaitanismo, are considered a form of liberal socialism in Colombia.

La Violencia
La Violencia (Spanish pronunciation: [la βjoˈlensja], The Violence) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, mainly fought in the countryside.

La Violencia is considered to have begun with the assassination on 9 April 1948 of Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, a Liberal Party presidential candidate and frontrunner for the 1949 November election. His murder provoked the Bogotazo rioting, which lasted ten hours and resulted in around 5,000 casualties. An alternative historiography proposes the Conservative Party's return to power following the election of 1946 to be the cause. Rural town police and political leaders encouraged Conservative-supporting peasants to seize the agricultural lands of Liberal-supporting peasants, which provoked peasant-to-peasant violence throughout Colombia.

La Violencia is estimated to have killed at least 200,000 people, almost 1 in 50 Colombians.
Frederick Lois Riefkohl
Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl (February 27, 1889 – September 1969), a native of Maunabo, Puerto Rico, was an officer in the United States Navy  and the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the United States Naval Academy and to be awarded the Navy Cross. The Navy Cross is the second highest medal, after the Medal of Honor, that can be awarded by the U.S. Navy for heroism or distinguished service. He was a World War I Navy Cross recipient who served as Captain of the USS Vincennes during World War II.

Navy Cross
The Navy Cross is the United States naval services' second-highest military decoration awarded for sailors and marines who distinguish themselves for extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force. The medal is equivalent to the Distinguished Service Cross of the United States Army, the Air Force Cross of the United States Air Force and Space Force, and the Coast Guard Cross of the United States Coast Guard; collectively, these awards are known as the "service crosses".

The Navy Cross is bestowed by the secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services, and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services. The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 65-253) and approved on February 4, 1919.
C/1969 T1 (Tago–Sato–Kosaka)
Comet Tago–Sato–Kosaka, formally designated as C/1969 T1, is a non-periodic comet that became visible in the naked eye between late 1969 and early 1970. It was the first comet ever observed by an artificial satellite, OAO-2.

C/1968 H1 (Tago–Honda–Yamamoto)
Comet Tago–Honda–Yamamoto, formally designated C/1968 H1, is a retrograde non-periodic comet discovered by Akihiko Tago, Minoru Honda, and Hirofumi Yamamoto on 1 May 1968. Although officially named after the three Japanese astronomers, it was actually first spotted by Kōichi Itagaki about five days earlier on 25 April 1968, however he could not report his sighting for another couple of weeks.
Urban Māori
Urban Māori are Māori people living in urban areas outside the rohe (traditional tribal lands) of their iwi (tribe) or hapū (sub-tribe). The 2013 New Zealand census showed that 84% of Māori in New Zealand lived in urban areas, 25% lived in Auckland, and most others lived in other metropolitan centres like Wellington and Christchurch. Many Māori continued to associate with their iwi and their rohe, but more than 15% did not know their tribal affiliation.

Urban Māori associations include Ngāti Ākarana in Auckland, Ngāti Poneke in Wellington. There are also Māori associations in major cities in Australia, as well as Ngāti Rānana in London.

Ngāti Ākarana
Ngāti Ākarana is a Māori cultural club in Auckland, New Zealand. It is a pan-tribal group of urban Māori who have migrated to Auckland, similar to the groups Ngāti Poneke in Wellington and Ngāti Rānana in London. "Ākarana" is a Māori-language approximation of the name Auckland.
Stein Inge Brækhus
Stein Inge Brækhus (born 12 February 1967) is a Norwegian jazz musician (drums) and record producer, known from a series of album releases and as a key musician at the Jazz scenes of Stavanger and Bergen.

Ivar Kolve
Ivar Kolve (born 31 March 1967) is a Norwegian jazz musician (xylophone, vibraphone, marimba and percussion), the younger brother of the saxophonist Kåre Kolve, and known from several album releases as soloartist and for collaborations with Maria Joao, Jan Gunnar Hoff, Ståle Storløkken, Mathias Eick, Eivind Aarset and Bjørn Kjellemyr among others.
Glycocholic acid
Glycocholic acid, or cholylglycine, is a crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. Its anion is called glycocholate.

In a prospective study, positive associations were observed between prediagnostic plasma levels of seven conjugated bile acid metabolites, including glycocholic acid, and colon cancer risk. These findings support experimental data suggesting that high circulating bile acids promote colon cancer risk.

Bile acid
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates. Diverse bile acids are synthesized in the liver in peroxisomes. Bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine residues to give anions called bile salts.

Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts. The salts of their 7-alpha-dehydroxylated derivatives, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, are also found, with derivatives of cholic, chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids accounting for over 90% of human biliary bile acids.
Ancient Diocese of Hamar
The former Norwegian Catholic diocese of Hamar existed from 1152 to 1542, when the Protestant Reformation turned it into a bishopric of the Lutheran state church. The cathedral see was at Hamar, and the diocese included the (modern) counties of Hedmark (except Solør, Odalen and the northern part of Østerdalen), Oppland (except Valdres), and the middle part of Buskerud (the traditional districts Numedal and Ringerike). It also included some parts of Telemark (the modern municipalities of Hjartdal, Notodden, Seljord, Tinn and Vinje).

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros
The Archdiocese of Nidaros (or Niðaróss) was the metropolitan see covering Norway in the later Middle Ages. The see was the Nidaros Cathedral, in the city of Nidaros (now Trondheim). The archdiocese existed from the middle of the twelfth century until the Protestant Reformation.
Contra Costa Community College District
The Contra Costa Community College District is a community college district that encompasses three community colleges in Contra Costa County, California - Contra Costa College, Diablo Valley College and Los Medanos College. The headquarters is in the George R. Gordon Education Center in Martinez, California.

Contra Costa College
Contra Costa College is a public community college in San Pablo, California, United States. It is the west campus of the Contra Costa Community College District. It is part of the California community colleges system, one of the three college systems in California.
Hairun
Sultan Hairun Jamilu (Jawi: سلطان حيور جميلو‎; c. 1522 – 28 February 1570) was the 6th Muslim ruler of Ternate in Maluku, reigning from 1535 to 1570. During his long reign, he had a shifting relation to the Portuguese who had a stronghold in Ternate and tried to dominate the spice trade in the region. This ended with his assassination at the hands of a Portuguese soldier in 1570.

Sultanate of Ternate
The Sultanate of Ternate (Jawi: کسلطانن ترناتي‎), previously known as the Kingdom of Gapi, is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.

The Ternate kingdom was established by Momole Cico, the first leader of Ternate, with the title Baab Mashur Malamo, traditionally in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries.

The dynasty founded by Cico continues to the present, as does the Sultanate itself, although it no longer holds any political power.
Nokomis East
Nokomis East is a group of neighborhoods in the southeastern corner of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It consists of four neighborhoods: Keewaydin, Minnehaha, Morris Park and Wenonah.  Nokomis East contains two schools, the Nokomis Community Library, and a post office.  On its western edge is Lake Nokomis, for which it is named. Two regional parks (Minnehaha and Lake Nokomis), and three neighborhood parks, (Keewaydin, Bossen Field and Morris Park) provide recreation and educational programming for all age groups. Seven churches serve residents of various denominations. Nokomis East is served by the Nokomis East Neighborhood Association (NENA). The main transportation corridors are the neighborhood boundaries: Cedar Avenue, 34th and 28th Avenues, 50th and 54th Streets, Hwy 55 (Hiawatha Avenue), and Crosstown highway 62.

Keewaydin, Minneapolis
Keewaydin (/kiˈweɪdɪn/ kee-WAY-din) is a neighborhood in the Nokomis community in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Its boundaries are Minnehaha Parkway to the north, 34th Avenue to the east, 54th Street to the south, and Cedar Avenue to the west.

The neighborhood contains the majority of Lake Nokomis. It is located both in Wards 11 and 12 of the Minneapolis City Council and state legislative district 63B..

Keewaydin shares a neighborhood organization with the Minnehaha, Morris Park, and Wenonah neighborhoods, which are collectively referred to as Nokomis East and served by the Nokomis East Neighborhood Association (NENA).
44°54′36″N 93°14′08″W﻿ / ﻿44.9099°N 93.2356°W﻿ / 44.9099; -93.2356
Andrzej Chyra
Andrzej Chyra (Polish: [ˈandʐɛj ˈxɨra], born 27 August 1964) is a Polish actor and theatre director. He is a member of the Polish Film Academy and the European Film Academy. In 2006, he received the Polish Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in Feliks Falk's drama film The Collector.

The Collector (2005 film)
The Collector (Polish: Komornik) is a 2005 Polish drama film directed by Feliks Falk. It was the Polish submission for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Shooting for the film began in November 2004 and was completed on January 5, 2005. Shooting was taken in Warsaw and Wałbrzych.
Espresso (processor)
Espresso is the codename of the 32-bit central processing unit (CPU) used in Nintendo's Wii U video game console. It was designed by IBM, and was produced using a 45 nm silicon-on-insulator process. The Espresso chip resides together with a GPU from AMD on an MCM manufactured by Renesas. It was revealed at E3 2011 in June 2011 and released in November 2012.

Multi-chip module
A multi-chip module (MCM) is generically an electronic assembly (such as a package with a number of conductor terminals or "pins") where multiple integrated circuits (ICs or "chips"), semiconductor dice and/or other discrete components are integrated, usually onto a unifying substrate, so that in use it can be treated as if it were a larger IC. Other terms for MCM packaging include "heterogeneous integration" or "hybrid integrated circuit". The advantage of using MCM packaging is it allows a manufacturer to use multiple components for modularity and/or to improve yields over a conventional monolithic IC approach.

A Flip Chip Multi-Chip Module (FCMCM) is a multi-chip module that uses flip chip technology. A FCMCM may have one large die and several smaller dice all on the same module.
Broken rice
Broken rice is fragments of rice grains, broken in the field, during drying, during transport, or during milling. Mechanical separators are used to separate the broken grains from the whole grains and sort them by size.

Broken rice is fragmented, not considered to be defective, and beside aesthetics, it is equivalent to non-broken rice. It is as nutritious as the equivalent quantity of unbroken rice (i.e. if all the germ and bran remains, it is as nutritious as brown rice; if none remains, it is as nutritious as white rice).

Broken rice has a long history; Ibn Baṭṭūṭa mentions rice couscous in the area of Mali in 1350, presumably made of African rice.

Oryza glaberrima
Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is one of the two domesticated rice species.

The species was first domesticated and grown in West Africa around 3,000 years ago. In agriculture, it makes up an estimated 20% of rice grown commercially in West Africa, having largely been replaced by higher-yielding O. sativa (Asian rice). The number of O. glaberrima varieties grown is declining. Crossbreeding between African and Asian rice is difficult, but there exist some crosses.

In comparison to O. sativa (Asian rice), African rice is hardy, pest-resistant, low-labour, and suited to a larger variety of African conditions. It is described as filling, with a distinct nutty flavour. It is also grown for cultural reasons.
Jenny Taft
Jenny Taft (born September 5, 1987) is an American sports television personality who works as a lead college football sideline reporter on Fox broadcasts. Her broadcasting career began with the Fox Sports North (FSN) regional affiliate. Taft is also a pit reporter for BattleBots on the Discovery Channel and served as the moderator on Fox Sports 1's Undisputed.

Undisputed (TV series)
Undisputed is an American sports talk show program broadcast by Fox Sports 1 from September 6, 2016 to August 2, 2024. Originally titled Skip and Shannon: Undisputed, episodes aired live Monday through Friday from 9:30 a.m. EST until noon. The show was broadcast from the Fox Network Center in the Century City neighborhood and business district of Los Angeles, California.
Streetballers
Streetballers is a 2009 independent film by Matthew Scott Krentz. The film tells the story of a friendship between two junior college basketball players, one black, one Irish-American, both trying to use streetball as their escape. Jacob Whitmore, the black player is played by former University of Missouri basketball player Jimmy McKinney. Director Matthew Krentz plays the white basketball player John Hogan.

The film was shot in St. Louis, Missouri with an entirely local cast and crew. Krentz is from Webster Groves, one of the city's inner-ring suburbs.

Matthew Scott Krentz
Matthew Scott Krentz (born August 5, 1976), also known as Matt Krentz, is an American director, producer and actor.

Krentz was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated from Kansas City's Rockhurst University also spending several summers volunteering at Robert Redford's Sundance Summer Filmmakers' Lab.

His debut film directing was the short 15-minute The Call in 2002. He continued to produce Ponteuse in 2004. But his biggest success has been Streetballers, a film that tells the story of a friendship between two junior college basketball players, one African-American, one Irish-American, both trying to use streetball as their escape. Krentz plays the lead role, John Hogan, the white player befriending a black player named Jacob Whitmore played by Jimmy McKinney. He shot the film entirely in St. Louis, Missouri with an entirely local cast and crew. Krentz is from Webster Groves, one of the city's inner-ring suburbs.
Tonga national rugby union team
The Tonga national rugby union team (Tongan: timi feohi ʻakapulu fakafonua ʻa Tonga) represents Tonga in men's international rugby union. The team is nicknamed ʻIkale Tahi (Sea Eagles) and is governed by the Tonga Rugby Union. Like their Polynesian neighbours, the Tongans precede their matches with a traditional challenge – the Sipi Tau. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. The Ikale Tahi achieved a historic 19–14 victory over France in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but having lost to New Zealand and Canada, were unable to achieve what would have been their first-ever presence at the quarter-finals.

Tonga Rugby Union
The Tonga Rugby Union is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in Tonga. They are members of Oceania Rugby. There is a rugby union playing population of fewer than 800 out of a total population of 100,000.

They were formed in 1923, and joined the World Rugby in 1987 when they were invited to play in the inaugural Rugby World Cup.
Contempt
In colloquial usage, contempt usually refers to either the act of despising, or having a general lack of respect for something. This set of emotions generally produces maladaptive behaviour. Other authors define contempt as a negative emotion rather than the constellation of mentality and feelings that produce an attitude. Paul Ekman categorises contempt as the seventh basic emotion, along with anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. Robert C. Solomon places contempt on the same emotional continuum as resentment and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that resentment is anger directed towards a higher-status individual; anger is directed towards an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed towards a lower-status individual.

Paul Ekman
Paul Ekman (February 15, 1934 – November 17, 2025) was an American psychologist and professor at the University of California, San Francisco, who was a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century in 2002 by the Review of General Psychology.

His empirical and theoretical work helped to restart the study of emotion and non-verbal communication in the field of psychology, and introduced new quantitative frameworks which researchers could use to do so. He also carried out important early work on the physiology of emotions.
Kenchō-ji
Kenchō-ji (建長寺) is a Rinzai Zen temple in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, which ranks first among Kamakura's so-called Five Great Zen Temples (the Kamakura Gozan) and is the oldest Zen training monastery in Japan. These temples were at the top of the Five Mountain System, a network of Zen temples started by the Hōjō Regents. Still very large, it originally had a full shichidō garan and 49 subtemples. It was founded by Chinese monk Lanxi Daolong, also known as Rankei Doryū, of the Song dynasty at the invitation of Hōjō Tokiyori. The temple was constructed on the orders of Emperor Go-Fukakusa and completed in 1253, fifth year of the Kenchō era, from which it takes its name.

The sangō is Kofukusan (巨福山).

Shichidō garan
Shichidō garan is a Japanese Buddhist term indicating the seven halls composing the ideal Buddhist temple compound. This compound word is composed of shichidō (七堂), literally meaning "seven halls", and the abbreviated form of sangharama (伽藍, garan). The term is often shortened to just garan. Which seven halls the term refers to varies, and 七堂 may be a misinterpretation of "complete temple" (悉堂, shitsudō). In practice, shichidō garan often simply means a large temple with many buildings.
Nuhu Ribadu
Nuhu Ribadu mni (born 21 November 1960) is a Nigerian politician, barrister and retired police officer who is currently serving as the National Security Adviser to Nigerian President Bola Tinubu.

Ribadu ran unsuccessfully for office of the President of Nigeria in 2011 as the candidate of the Action Congress. He ran for governor of Adamawa State in 2015 as a candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party; before joining the All Progressives Congress to run in 2019 and lost his bid in 2023 to Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed.

He was the Chairman of the Petroleum Special Revenue Task Force from 2012 to 2014 and the Chairman of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) from 2003 to 2007.

National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies
The National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, (NIPSS), Kuru is a policy formation center for bureaucrats, private sector leaders, military officers, and medium- and senior-ranking civil servants. It is also regarded as a think tank for policy-making in Nigeria. NIPSS was established in 1979. Its first Director General was Major General Ogundeko. The current Director General is Professor Ayo Omotayo. Notable graduates of the NIPSS are General Ibrahim Babangida the former Nigerian Head of State, and Nuhu Ribadu, famed former anti-corruption czar who is also the current National Security Adviser to President Tinubu, and former head of the SSS, Ita Ekpeyong.
Herbert Steffes
Herbert J. Steffes (June 18, 1904 – July 19, 1975) was an American jurist who served as Milwaukee County District Attorney from 1936 to 1944 and as a criminal court judge in Milwaukee from 1944 to 1974.

Milwaukee County District Attorney
The Milwaukee County District Attorney is a state constitutional officer responsible for criminal prosecution in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.  The current district attorney is Kent Lovern, who has served since 2025.
Treaty of Kulja
The Treaty of Kulja (also spelled Kuldja; Chinese: 中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程; Russian: Кульджинский трактат) was a treaty between Qing China and the Russian Empire, signed in 1851, opening Kulja (Huiyuan and later Ningyuan) and Chuguchak to Sino-Russian trade. Prepared by the first Russian consul to China, Ivan Zakharov, the treaty was preceded by a gradual Russian advance throughout the nineteenth century into Kazakhstan in direct competition with British efforts to impose self-advantageous trade terms on China.

Yining
Yining (Chinese: 伊宁), also known as Ghulja (Uyghur: غۇلجا) or Kulja (Kazakh: قۇلجا), is a county-level city in northwestern Xinjiang, China. It is the administrative seat and largest city of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. Yining is the modern successor to the nearby ruined city of Almaliq, Huocheng County, and is the third largest city in Xinjiang after Ürümqi and Korla. It was established by Erdeni Batur Khong Tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate.