hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Japanese space program
The Japanese space program (Japanese: 日本の宇宙開発) originated in the mid-1950s as a research group led by Hideo Itokawa at the University of Tokyo. The size of the rockets produced gradually increased from under 30 cm (12 in) at the start of the project, to over 15 m (49 ft) by the mid-1960s. The aim of the original research project was to launch a man-made satellite.

By the 1960s, two organizations, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), were developing their own rockets. After experiencing numerous failures in the 1990s and 2000s, ISAS and NASDA merged — along with the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) — to form the unified Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in 2003. In recent years, Japanese space policy has been shaped by the US-Japan alliance and intensifying great power competition.

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
35°33′30″N 139°23′43″E﻿ / ﻿35.558389°N 139.395255°E﻿ / 35.558389; 139.395255

Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (宇宙科学研究所, Uchū Kagaku Kenkyūsho), or ISAS, is a Japanese national research organization of astrophysics using rockets, astronomical satellites and interplanetary probes which played a major role in Japan's space development. Established as part of the University of Tokyo in 1964, the institute spun off from the university to come under direct purview of the Ministry of Education. Since 2003, it is a division of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Megalochori, Methana
Megalochori (Greek: Μεγαλοχώρι) is a village and a community in the western part of the volcanic Methana peninsula, Greece. It is located 3km northwest of Methana town. The community consists of the villages Megalochori, Vathy, Kaimeni Chora and Megalo Potami. The ancient Acropolis of Methana, which was described by Pausanias, is located near Megalochori.

Methana
Methana (Greek: Μέθανα, Méthana) is a town and a former municipality on the Peloponnese peninsula, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Troizinia-Methana, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 50.161 km2.

Methana is situated on a volcanic (the Methana Volcano) peninsula, attached to the Peloponnese. Administratively, it belongs to the Attica region. The town (pop. 892 in 2011) is located north of the road connecting to the rest of the Peloponnese and Galatas. The highest point is 740 metres (2,428 feet) (Helona Mountain). The municipal unit has a land area of 50.161 square kilometres (19.367 square miles) and a population of 1,352 inhabitants at the 2021 census.
Godfried-Willem Raes
Godfried-Willem Raes is a Belgian composer, performer and instrument maker. He is the founder of the Logos Foundation of which he is still the president. He holds a PhD from Ghent University and is professor of experimental music composition at the Ghent Royal Conservatory.

Logos Foundation
The Logos Foundation is a professional artistic organisation founded in 1968. It focuses on the promotion of new musics and audio related arts by means of new music production, concerts, performances, composition, technological research projects and other contemporary music related activities.

The Logos Foundation (and its concert hall, the Logos Tetrahedron) is based in Ghent, Belgium (Flanders region).

Composers Godfried-Willem Raes and Moniek Darge are the major driving forces behind the Logos Foundation.

Since the last decades of the 20th century the Logos Foundation encourages publication of music in a copyright-free format.
From Copenhagen Stock Exchange
From Copenhagen Stock Exchange (Danish: Fra Kjøbenhavns Børs) is a monumental 1895 oil on canvas group portrait painting by Peder Severin Krøyer, featuring 50 representatives of the Danish commercial and financial industries gathered in the Great Hall of Børsen (the Exchange Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Børsen
Børsen (Danish for "the bourse" or "the stock exchange"), is a 17th-century commodity bourse and later stock exchange in the centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. The historic building is situated next to Christiansborg Palace, the seat of the Danish Parliament, on the island of Slotsholmen.

Built under the reign of Christian IV in 1619–1640, the building is considered a leading example of the Dutch Renaissance style in Denmark. It is a protected building for conservation purposes. A popular tourist attraction, Børsen is most noted for its distinctive spire, shaped as the tails of four dragons twined together, reaching a height of 56 m (184 ft). On 16 April 2024, the building was severely damaged by a fire, which toppled the spire.
Shire of Cambooya
The Shire of Cambooya was a local government area in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, immediately south of the regional city of Toowoomba. The shire, administered from the town of Greenmount, covered an area of 638.5 square kilometres (246.5 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1914 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the Toowoomba area to form the Toowoomba Region.

Its main pursuits included dairying and beef cattle, pig production, horse spelling and breeding, grain growing and vegetable production. The northern section, containing rural-residential suburbs such as Vale View and Hodgson Vale, are commuter districts within 12 kilometres (7 mi) of Toowoomba's urban core.

Shire of Clifton
The Shire of Clifton was a local government area in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, southwest of the regional city of Toowoomba. The shire, administered from the town of Clifton, covered an area of 867.5 square kilometres (334.9 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the Toowoomba area to form the Toowoomba Region.
Jack's Mannequin
Jack's Mannequin is an American rock band formed in 2004, hailing from Orange County, California. The band originally began as a solo project for Andrew McMahon, the frontman of Something Corporate.

The band was signed to Maverick Records and released Everything in Transit in August 2005, peaking at 37 on the Billboard 200. The Glass Passenger was released in 2008 on Sire Records, sold 49,000 copies in its first week, and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200. People and Things was released October 4, 2011. Shortly afterward, it was announced that McMahon would discontinue releasing music under the name Jack's Mannequin, choosing to release music under his own name henceforth.

On November 30, 2015, McMahon announced that he would reunite Jack's Mannequin for a tenth-anniversary tour of Everything In Transit. The band has since reunited for shows in 2024 and 2025.

Andrew McMahon
Andrew Ross McMahon (born September 3, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter. He is the vocalist, pianist and primary lyricist for the bands Something Corporate and main songwriter for Jack's Mannequin and performs solo both under his own name as well as his moniker, Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness. On April 30, 2013, he debuted his first solo work, an EP titled The Pop Underground, which was followed by his debut album Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness, released on October 14, 2014. His second album, Zombies on Broadway, was released on February 10, 2017. He released his third album, Upside Down Flowers, on November 16, 2018. His fourth album, Tilt at the Wind No More, was released on March 31, 2023. His memoir, Three Pianos, was published by Princeton Architectural Press on October 26, 2021.
Southwestern Indiana Conference
The Southwestern Indiana Athletic Conference (SWIAC), is an eight-member IHSAA-sanctioned athletic conference located within Clay, Daviess, Greene and Sullivan Counties in Southwest and West Central Indiana. North Central (Farmersburg) joined in 2010 with the folding of the Tri-River Conference. Prior to that time, Clay City, Linton Stockton, Shakamak, and Union (Dugger) also participated in the Tri-River Conference concurrently while playing in the SWIAC. The conference was originally formed in 1939, but information on early membership between then and 1958 is incomplete.

Tri-River Conference
The Tri-River Conference, established around 1965, was a seven-member IHSAA-sanctioned conference located within Clay, Greene, Morgan, and Sullivan counties in Indiana. It was named for the southern Eel, White, and Wabash rivers which flow through the territory of the conference.  Clay City, Linton Stockton, Shakamak, and Union (Dugger) high schools also participated in the Southwestern Indiana Conference at the same time. The conference disbanded at the end of the 2009–2010 school year.
Line 3 (Guangzhou Metro)
Line 3 of the Guangzhou Metro is a 74.83-kilometer (46.50 mi) rapid transit line that connects Haibang to Airport North (Terminal 2). The entire line, including all track and stations, is located in tunnels. Its 67.33 km (41.84 mi) main branch, excluding the 7.5 km (4.66 mi) branch between Tianhe Coach Terminal and Tiyu Xilu is now the second longest continuous subway tunnel in the world, and the longest rail tunnel of any kind (surpassing the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland).

Line 3 is split into two sections, Shiqiao line (main line, from Haibang to Tianhe Coach Terminal) and Airport line (northern branch, Tiyu Xilu to Airport North), and are branded with the colour orange. The line is extremely congested, with numerous sections officially operating over 100% capacity. The line uses Seltrac S40 communications-based train control from Alcatel.

Tianhe Coach Terminal station
Tianhe Coach Terminal Station (simplified Chinese: 天河客运站; traditional Chinese: 天河客運站; Jyutping: tin1 ho4 haak3 wan6 zaam6; Cantonese Yale: Tīnhòh Haak'wahnjaahm) is an interchange station between Line 3 and Line 6 of the Guangzhou Metro, and is also the northern terminus of the Line 3 branch line. It started operations on 30 December 2006. It is located under the junction of Tianyuan Road (天源路) and the Guangzhou North Ring Expressway (广州北环高速公路) in the Tianhe District. It is also located at the East Square of the Tianhe Coach Terminal, which has services to other locations in Guangdong and other provinces. Line 6 started operations on 28 December 2013.

The Chinese name of the station never has the word 'station' (站; zaam; jaahm) at the end, as the word 'coach terminal' already has the word 'station' (客运站; Haak wan zaam; Haak'wahnjaahm; 'passenger moving station').
Hamlin County, South Dakota
Hamlin County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,164. Its county seat is Hayti. The county was created in 1873 and organized in 1878. It was named for Hannibal Hamlin, Lincoln's first vice-president.

Hayti, South Dakota
Hayti (pronounced "HAY-tie") is a town in and the county seat of Hamlin County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 393 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Watertown, South Dakota Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is the county seat of Hamlin County.

According to tradition, the name is derived from the practice of tying bundles of hay to be burned on the prairie, hence the name Hay-tie.
Rimyongsu Sports Club
Rimyŏngsu Sports Club  (Korean: 리명수체육단) is a North Korean professional football club based in Sariwŏn. Despite never winning the DPR Korea League, Rimyŏngsu supplied four players to the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship and five players to the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, more than any other North Korean club. Like the Amrokkang Sports Club, Rimyŏngsu is affiliated with the Ministry of People's Security. It was named after General Ri Myŏng-su.

In 2014, Rimyongsu got to the final of the AFC President's Cup, but lost to HTTU Aşgabat of Turkmenistan 2-1.

Forward Kang Kuk-chol was one of the top scorers in the 2015 edition of the Poch'ŏnbo Torch Prize.

In 2022, Rimyongsu won their first Hwaebul Cup after defeating 4.25 SC 2–1 with a goal from Jong Il-gwan in the second half.

Hwaebul Cup
The Hwaebul Cup (홰불, Torch) is an annual association football competition in men's domestic football in North Korea. It is organised by the DPR Korea Football Association, the governing body of football in North Korea. The competition is held for Youth Day, 28 August, one of North Korea's major holidays.
Sembah
Sembah (Javanese: ꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ, Sundanese: ᮞᮨᮙᮘᮃᮠ, Balinese: ᬲᭂᬫ᭄ᬩᬄ) is an Indonesian greeting and gesture of respect and reverence performed by clasping the palms together solemnly in a prayer-like fashion, placing them in front of the chest and, while bowing slightly, moving the pressed palms up to either the chin, or until the thumbs touch the tip of their nose, depending on the status of the person greeted.

Sembah is endemic and prevalent in Nusantara regional cultures sharing dharmic heritage—such as Balinese, Javanese, and Sundanese. It is cognate to the Cambodian sampeah and Thai wai. All of these greetings are based on the Indian Añjali Mudrā used in namasté.

Etiquette in Indonesia
Various codes of etiquette in Indonesia govern the expectations of social behavior in the country and are considered very important. Etiquette demonstrates respect and is a key factor in social interactions. Like many social cultures, etiquette varies greatly depending on one's status relative to the person in question. Some conventions may be region-specific, and thus may not exist in all regions of Indonesia. The following are generally accepted contemporary customs in Indonesia.
Murder of Tulay Goren
Tulay Goren (March 1983 – 7 January 1999) was a 15-year-old Kurdish schoolgirl from Woodford Green, East London who went missing in January 1999.

In December 2009, some ten years after her disappearance, her father Mehmet Goren was convicted of her murder. She was killed in a so-called honour killing because of her relationship with an older man, from a different branch of the Islamic faith. Mehmet Goren was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 22 years. Tulay's body has never been found.

Goren's trial was the first time an expert witness in honour-based violence was called to give evidence in a British Court.

Murder of Heshu Yones
Heshu Yones (Sorani Kurdish: هێشو یۆنس; 1986 – 12 October 2002) was a 16-year-old Iraqi Kurd from Acton, London who was murdered by her father in an honour killing. Abdalla Yones killed his daughter for becoming too "westernised" and for engaging in a relationship against his orders. He was sentenced to life in prison in September 2003, with a minimum term of fourteen years.

Heshu's case was the first in the United Kingdom to be legally recognised and prosecuted as an honour killing; it led to the creation of a specialist task force in honour-based violence and, subsequently, to the reviewing of more than 100 previous cases of murder and suicide for any indication that "honour" was a factor.
Sheldon Glashow
Sheldon Lee Glashow (US: /ˈɡlæʃoʊ/, UK: /ˈɡlæʃaʊ/; born December 5, 1932) is an American theoretical physicist. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics with Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current". He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University, and a Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics, emeritus, at Harvard University. Glashow is a member of the board of sponsors for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.

Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (/ˈʃwɪŋər/; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics with Richard Feynman and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles". He developed a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and renormalized QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a physics professor at several universities.

Schwinger is recognized as an important physicist, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin-3/2 field. He shared the inaugural Albert Einstein Award with Kurt Gödel.
Liga 4 (Indonesia)
Liga 4 (English: League Four) is the fourth-tier of the football competition system in Indonesia. The competition is organized by the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) and the first season started in 2024.

Football Association of Indonesia
The Football Association of Indonesia (Indonesian: Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia, lit. 'All-Indonesian Football Association'; abbreviated as PSSI) is the governing body of football in Indonesia. It was founded on 19 April 1930. The PSSI joined FIFA in 1952 and the Asian Football Confederation in 1954.
Joey Calderazzo
Joseph Dominick Calderazzo (February 27, 1965) is an American jazz pianist and brother of musician Gene Calderazzo. He played extensively in bands led by Michael Brecker and Branford Marsalis, and has also led his own bands.

Michael Brecker
Michael Leonard Brecker (March 29, 1949 – January 13, 2007) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Over a four‑decade career, he recorded widely in jazz and popular music and appeared on more than 900 albums as a leader and sideman. He received 15 Grammy Awards from the Recording Academy, was inducted into the DownBeat Hall of Fame in 2007, and received an honorary doctor of music degree from Berklee College of Music in 2004. He died in New York City in 2007 from complications of leukemia following a 2005 diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Ernest L. Blumenschein
Ernest Leonard Blumenschein (May 26, 1874  – June 6, 1960) was an American artist and founding member of the Taos Society of Artists. He is noted for paintings of Native Americans, New Mexico and the American Southwest.

Taos Society of Artists
The Taos Society of Artists was an organization of visual arts founded in Taos, New Mexico. Established in 1915, it was disbanded in 1927. The Society was essentially a commercial cooperative, as opposed to a stylistic collective, and its foundation contributed to the development of the tiny Taos art colony into an international art center.
2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier
The 2011 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier was a ten-team tournament held in Bangladesh from 14 to 26 November 2011 to decide the final four qualifiers for the 2013 Women's Cricket World Cup. Additionally, the top two teams, excluding Sri Lanka and West Indies, would qualify for the 2012 ICC Women's World Twenty20. West Indies won the tournament after defeating Sri Lanka in the semi-final and Pakistan in the final. Pakistan, as the runners-up, and South Africa who had lost in the other semi-final to Pakistan, became the other top teams to qualify for the 2012 event.

2013 Women's Cricket World Cup
The 2013 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup was the tenth Women's Cricket World Cup, hosted by India for the third time, and held from 31 January to 17 February 2013. India previously hosted the World Cup in 1978 and 1997. Australia won the tournament for the sixth time, beating West Indies by 114 runs in the final.

It also marked the 40th anniversary of the inaugural Women's Cricket World Cup.
Platinum Stars F.C.
Platinum Stars was a South African football club based in Phokeng near Rustenburg, North West Province that played in the Premier Soccer League. The club was nicknamed Dikwena, the Tswana name for Crocodiles.

The team's best finish in the Premiership came during the 2006–07 season, when the club finished as league runners-up, earning them their only appearance in the CAF Champions League. During the same season, the Platinum Stars also collected their first major trophy, when the club won the Telkom Knockout in December 2006.

The club was purchased by a consortium in 2018. After initially indicating that the club would remain in place under the same name, it was dissolved in 2018 and a new club established in Cape Town, Cape Umoya United.

Rustenburg
Rustenburg (/ˈrʌstənbɜːrɡ/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈrœstənbœrχ], Afrikaans and Dutch: City of Rest) is a city at the foot of the Magaliesberg mountain range. Rustenburg is the most populous city in North West province, South Africa (549,575 in 2011 and 626,522 in the 2016 census). In 2017, the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached ZAR 63.8 billion, accounting for 21.1% of the GDP of the North West Province, and 1.28% of the GDP of South Africa.  Rustenburg was one of the official host cities of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, being in close proximity to Phokeng, the capital of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, where the Royal Bafokeng Stadium is located. The England national football team also used this as their base camp for the tournament.
Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)
The Communist Party (CP) and its allies played a role in the United States labor movement, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, but largely wasn't successful either in bringing the labor movement around to its agenda or in converting their influence in any particular union into membership gains for the Party. The CP has had only negligible influence in labor since its supporters' defeat in internal union political battles in the aftermath of World War II and the Congress of Industrial Organizations's (CIO) expulsion of unions in which the party held the most influence in 1950.  The expelled parties were often raided by stronger unions, and most withered away.

United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America
The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE) is a labor union representing workers in both the private and public sectors across the United States.

Several authors regard UE as one of the more democratic and politically progressive national unions in the United States. UE emphasizes its principles of democratic unionism with its longstanding slogan, "The members run this union."

Now representing 23,000 workers in a variety of industries, UE continues actively organizing private and public sector workers, and its democratic structure and practices have attracted several small independent unions to affiliate. Over the past two decades the union has built a strategic alliance with the Authentic Labor Front, an independent Mexican union, and UE is broadly active in international labor outreach and solidarity.
Elections Department Singapore
The Elections Department Singapore (ELD), known endonymously as the Elections Department, is a department under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) of the Government of Singapore which are responsible for overseeing the procedure for elections in Singapore, including parliamentary elections, presidential elections and referendums.

First established in 1947, it sees that elections are fairly carried out and has a supervisory role to safeguard against electoral fraud. It has the power to create constituencies and redistrict them, with the justification of preventing malapportionment.

Prime Minister's Office (Singapore)
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO; Malay: Pejabat Perdana Menteri; Chinese: 总理公署; Tamil: பிரதமர் அலுவலகம்) forms a part of the executive branch of the Government of Singapore, tasked with overseeing other ministries and managing key political matters of national significance, such as combating corruption, conducting elections and overseeing financial regulations.

The PMO is led by the prime minister alongside other appointed ministers. It operates from The Istana, which also serves as the official residence and office of the President of Singapore. In the context of Singapore's Westminster parliamentary system, the PMO functions similarly to a minister without portfolio. This was formerly an official Cabinet designation, referring to a minister who holds Cabinet rank without heading a specific ministry.