hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)
The U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty is a peace treaty between the United States and Austria, signed in Vienna on August 24, 1921, in the aftermath of the First World War. This separate peace treaty was required because the United States Senate refused to advise and consent to the ratification of the multilateral Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919.

Ratifications were exchanged in Vienna on November 8, 1921, and the treaty became effective on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on November 22, 1921.

Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (French: Traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the Republic of German-Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary and the Treaty of Versailles with the Weimar Republic, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States but was followed by the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921.

The treaty signing ceremony took place at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
Bob Carr (Michigan politician)
Milton Robert Carr (March 27, 1943 – August 27, 2024) was an American lawyer, academic, and politician from Michigan.

Carr served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 6th and 8th congressional districts for eight terms and one term, respectively. Carr's career in the U.S. House had a two-year hiatus in which he had lost his seat to Jim Dunn in 1980 before being reelected to Congress in 1982.

Following his career in Congress, Carr became of counsel at a Washington, D.C.–based communications law firm in 2005. He was involved with the United States Association of Former Members of Congress, where he served on the board of directors.

James Whitney Dunn
James Whitney Dunn (born July 21, 1943) is an American politician and businessman from the Michigan. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 1983 before unsuccessfully seeking reelection. He ran for the Senate in 1984, losing the Republican primary to astronaut Jack R. Lousma, and in 1988, when he was defeated by Democratic incumbent Donald W. Riegle, Jr. He sought another term in the U.S. House in 1990, but lost in the Republican primary to Dave Camp, ending his electoral career.
Francisco de Almeida
Dom Francisco de Almeida (Portuguese pronunciation: [fɾɐ̃ˈsiʃku ðɨ alˈmɐjðɐ]; c. 1450 – 1 March 1510), was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492. In 1505 he was appointed as the first governor and viceroy of the Portuguese State of India (Estado da Índia). Almeida is credited with establishing Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean with his victory at the naval Battle of Diu in 1509. Before Almeida returned to Portugal he lost his life in a conflict with indigenous people at the Cape of Good Hope in 1510. His only son Lourenço de Almeida had previously been killed in the Battle of Chaul.

Lourenço de Almeida
Lourenço de Almeida (c. 1480 – March 1508) was a Portuguese explorer and military commander.

He was born in Martim, Portugal, the son of Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of Portuguese India.  Acting under his father, Lourenço distinguished himself in the Indian Ocean, and made Ceylon (present Sri Lanka) tributary to Portugal (see Portuguese Ceylon). He belonged to the Order of Christ.

He made the first Portuguese voyage to Ceylon in 1505 and established a settlement there, thus permitting the expansion of the Portuguese Empire in Asia.

He defeated the fleet of the Zamorin at the Battle of Cannanore in 1506. Two years later however, he died in a naval action off Chaul, in India, at the Battle of Chaul.
Renault Cléon-Fonte engine
The Cléon-Fonte engine is a family of inline four-cylinder automobile engines developed and manufactured by Renault. It has also been called the Sierra engine, the C-engine, or the C-Type. It has been in continuous production by Renault or a licensee from 1962 to 2004. After about three decades of use in Renault's compact models, it was gradually replaced by the E-type engine from the late 1980s onward.

The C-type is a water-cooled design, with a wet linered cast iron block with five main bearings and a single, chain-driven cam-in-block mounted high on the side that drives two overhead valves per cylinder in an aluminum cylinder head via short pushrods and rocker arms.

Renault Energy engine
The Renault Energy engine also known as "E engine" or "E-Type" (E for Energy) is an automotive gasoline four-stroke inline four cylinder internal combustion engine, with a sleeved water cooled cast iron block, equipped with 5 crankshaft bearings, an overhead camshaft driven by a toothed timing belt and an aluminum cylinder head with 8 overhead valves. Developed and produced by Renault in the late 1980s, the engine made its first appearance in the Renault 19.
Withaferin A
Withaferin A is a steroidal lactone, derived from Acnistus arborescens, Withania somnifera and other members of family Solanaceae. It is the first member of the withanolide class of ergostane type product to be discovered.

Withanolide
Withanolides are a group of at least 300 naturally occurring steroids built on an ergostane skeleton. They occur as secondary metabolites primarily in genera of the Nightshade family, for example in the tomatillo.

Structurally, withanolides consist of a steroid backbone bound to a lactone or one of its derivatives; they are produced via oxidation of steroids. It remains unknown to what end withanolides are produced; they may act as a deterrent for feeding insect larvae and other herbivores.

Genera within the nightshade family that produce withanolides include: Datura, Iochroma, Lycium, Nicandra, Physalis, Salpichroa, Solanum, Mandragora, Withania, and Jaborosa. No withanolide has been discovered in Nicotiana to date.
Massachusetts Route 139
Route 139 is a 32.24-mile-long (51.89 km) west–east state highway in southeastern Massachusetts. Its western terminus is at Route 27 and Route 138 in Stoughton and its eastern terminus is at Route 14 in Duxbury. Along the way it intersects several major highways including Route 24 in Stoughton and Route 3 in Pembroke.

Massachusetts Route 138
Route 138 is a 43.58-mile-long (70.14 km) north–south state highway in Massachusetts. From the state line in Tiverton, Rhode Island to Milton, Route 138 runs as an extension of Rhode Island Route 138, which is itself an extension of Connecticut Route 138. Route 138's northern terminus is at Route 28 in Milton.
Bluff War
The Bluff War, also known as Posey War of 1915, or the Polk and Posse War, was one of the last armed conflicts between the United States and Ute and Paiute Native Americans (Indians) in Utah. In March 1914,  several Utes accused Tse-ne-gat (also known as Everett Hatch), the son of the Paiute Chief Narraguinnep ("Polk"), of murdering a shepherd named Juan Chacon. When a posse attempted to arrest Tse-ne-gat in February 1915, the Paiute and Ute bands headed by Polk and Posey resisted and several people on both sides were killed or wounded. The conflict took place near the town of Bluff, Utah. In March 1915,  after negotiations, Polk surrendered Tse-ne-gat to U.S. Army General Hugh L. Scott. In July 1915 he was found innocent of murder in a trial in Denver.

Posey War
The Posey War was a small, brief conflict with Native Americans in Utah.  Though it was a minor conflict, it involved a mass exodus of Ute and Paiute native Americans from their land around Bluff, Utah to the deserts of Navajo Mountain. The natives were led by a chief named Posey, who took his people into the mountains to try to escape his pursuers. Unlike previous conflicts, posses played a major role while the United States Army played a minor one. The war ended after a skirmish at Comb Ridge. Posey was badly wounded and his band was taken to a prisoner-of-war camp in Blanding. When Posey's death was confirmed by the authorities, the prisoners were released and given land allotments to farm and raise livestock. According to the Utah Encyclopedia, "for the Indians it was not a war and never was intended to be such ... a few shots fired as a delaying action, and a very rapid surrender do not justify elevating an exodus to a war."
Reglet
A reglet is found on the exterior of a building along a masonry wall, chimney or parapet that meets the roof. It is a groove cut within a mortar joint that receives counter-flashing meant to cover surface flashing used to deflect water infiltration. Reglet can also refer to the counter-flashing itself when it is applied on the surface, known as "face reglet" or "reglet-flashing".

Flashing (weatherproofing)
Flashing is thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier system. In modern buildings, flashing is intended to decrease water penetration at objects such as chimneys, vent pipes, walls, windows and door openings to make buildings more durable and to reduce indoor mold problems. Metal flashing materials include lead, aluminium, copper, stainless steel, zinc alloy, and other materials.
Chime Tulku
Chime Tulku Rinpoche is a Buddhist Tulku.  Rinpoche was born in 1991 into the family of Jamyang Khechog, an official at Surmang Namgyal Tse monastery.

Chime Tulku Rinpoche was identified as the fourth incarnation of Benchen Chime Tulku Rinpoche one of the four Tulkus (incarnate Lamas) of Benchen Monastery by the 12th Situ Rinpoche Pema Dönyö Nyinje.

The Four Benchen Tulkus are

Chime Tulku (The subject of this article)

Radha Tulku (more commonly known as Chime Rinpoche) Born 1941.  Established Marpa House the first Tibetan Buddhist Centre in England. The present Radha Tulku has been referred to by his childhood name 'Chime' all of his life. This can be confusing, as at present two Benchen Tulkus known as 'Chime'.

Sangye Nyenpa Rinpoche

Tenga Rinpoche

Chime Rinpoche
Lama Chime Tulku Rinpoche is a Tibetan Buddhist, Tulku  and Dharma teacher.  Chime Rinpoche was born in 1941 in Kham, Tibet. In 1959, due to the annexation of Tibet, he was forced to flee to India via Bhutan into exile. Gaining British citizenship in 1965, he taught extensively throughout Europe and established Marpa House, the first Tibetan Buddhist Centre in England. His students include American author and Buddhist nun Pema Chödrön and musicians Mary Hopkin, David Bowie and Tony Visconti.
SS Libau
SS Libau (pronounced [lɪˈbaʊ]; originally known as SS Castro) was a merchant steam ship. In 1916 she was disguised with the identity of a Norwegian vessel named the SS Aud (German pronunciation: [ʔaʊ̯d]) in an attempt to carry arms from Germany to Ireland as part of the preparation for the Easter Rising.

SS Aud
SS Aud was a 1,102 gross register tons (GRT) Norwegian steamboat, built in 1907 in Bergen, Norway, by Bergen Mekaniske Verksted for J. Kuhnle, Jr. During World War I, she was stopped and searched on 30 November 1916 by SM UB-18 at 50°19′N 5°33′W﻿ / ﻿50.317°N 5.550°W﻿ / 50.317; -5.550 when sailing from Cardiff, Wales, to Lisbon, Portugal, with a load of coal. UB-18′s commanding officer, Claus Lafrenz, declared the cargo contraband and sank the ship after putting the crew in the lifeboats. Captain Andreas Stehen and his men were later picked up by the Spanish steamer SS Alu Mendi, home-ported at Bilbao, Spain, which had also been stopped and searched by UB-18 but released. They returned to Norway unharmed.

In April 1916, the German steamer Libau posed as the neutral Aud when delivering a cargo of rifles for the Easter Rising in Ireland.
76th Punjabis
The 76th Punjabis was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It was raised by Captain Thomas Lane at Trichonopoly on 16 December 1776, as the 16th Carnatic Battalion. It was designated as the 76th Punjabis in 1903 and became the 3rd Battalion 1st Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to the Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 3rd Battalion The Punjab Regiment.

Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
The Punjab Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army. The regiment takes its name from the historic Punjab region, which is now divided into the Punjab province of Pakistan and the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. It was raised in its current form in 1956, following the amalgamation of the 1st, 14th, 15th and 16th Punjab regiments that were inherited by the Dominion of Pakistan from the British Indian Army upon the Partition of India. Since then, the regiment has expanded in size to 63 battalions.

It is the oldest regiment in the Pakistan Army, tracing its lineage to as far back as 1751, during the reign of the Mughal Empire. The regiment's battalions have a distinguished record of military service, spanning the rise and decline of British colonial rule in South Asia, both World War I and World War II, as well as post-independence Pakistan.
Georgia State Route 109
State Route 109 (SR 109) is a 62.7-mile-long (100.9 km) state highway that runs west-to-east through portions of Troup, Meriwether, Pike, and Lamar counties in the western part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The route travels from the Alabama state line to at SR 18 near Barnesville.  Traffic data shows it serves as the primary east-west route of both middle Troup County and Meriwether County. It is considered a medium priority route by the Georgia DOT for its entire length, except between the cities of Lagrange and Greenville, where it is considered a critical priority route. It is also the first east-west state route in west-central Georgia north of the Pine Mountain Range. SR 109 has one Spur route connecting Greenville to Gay.  It was first designated on April 7, 1933 much shorter than it is today and shown in August 1933.

Georgia State Route 18
State Route 18 (SR 18) is a 147-mile-long (237 km) state highway that travels west-to-east through portions of Troup, Harris, Meriwether, Pike, Lamar, Monroe, Jones, Wilkinson, and Twiggs counties in the western and central parts of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects US 29/SR 14 in West Point, just east of the Alabama state line, with US 80/SR 19/SR 96 in Jeffersonville, via Pine Mountain, Greenville, Zebulon, Barnesville, Forsyth, Gray, and Gordon.
Beauport—Limoilou
Beauport—Limoilou is a federal electoral district in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Liberal Party of Canada MP Steeve Lavoie since 2025.

The riding was created in 2003 as "Beauport" from parts of Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans, Quebec and Quebec East ridings. It was renamed "Beauport—Limoilou" after the 2004 election.

Québec Centre
Québec Centre (formerly Québec and Langelier) is a federal electoral district that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1968. It is located in Quebec City in the province of Quebec, Canada.

Since its creation, the riding has been a provincial bellwether in federal elections. No party has ever carried this riding without winning the most seats in Quebec.
Faakhir Mehmood
Faakhir Mehmood (Urdu: فاخر محمود; born 20 April 1973)  is a Pakistani singer, keyboardist, composer and music producer. He started out his career with the Pakistani musical group Awaz in 1992. However, due to conflicts of interest, the band split in 2000 and its members went on to pursue solo careers. The band Awaz also consisted of well known musician Haroon.

Haroon (singer)
Aaron Haroon Rashid (Urdu: آرون ہارون راشد), known simply by his mononym Haroon, is a British-born Pakistani singer-songwriter, pop star, director, music producer, composer, script-writer and social activist. He has also won a Peabody Award as a creator, director and producer for Burka Avenger.

Formerly a member of the pop band Awaz in the 1990s, Haroon as a solo artist has sold millions of singles and albums worldwide and has performed at large venues such as the Wembley Arena.

As the founding CEO of Unicorn Black, an animation production company, he is the creator and director of the multi- award winning 3D animated television series Burka Avenger which received global critical acclaim. His company has also produced Teetoo and Tania, developed the pilot for Quaid Say Baatein and other successful animated series.
Baroda State
Baroda State was a kingdom within the    Maratha Empire and later a princely state in present-day Gujarat. It was ruled by the Gaekwad dynasty from its formation in 1721 until its accession to the newly formed Dominion of India. With the city of Baroda as its capital, its relations with the British Raj authorities were managed by the Baroda Residency. The revenue of the state in 1901 was Rs. 13,661,000. Baroda merged into the Dominion of India on 1 May 1949, before which an interim government was formed in the state.

Gaekwad dynasty
Gaekwads (also spelled as Gaikwads, Gaekwars) (IAST: Gāyakavāḍa), a Hindu Maratha dynasty of the former Maratha Empire and its subsequent (erstwhile) princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947. The ruling prince was known as the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states of British India, with its wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.
Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow)
The 20413 / 20414 Kashi Mahakal Express is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting Varanasi Junction in Uttar Pradesh and Indore Junction in Madhya Pradesh via Lucknow. It is currently being operated with 20413/20414 (via Lucknow) twice a week and 20415/20416 (via Prayagraj) once a week. This train share rake with Mahakal Superfast Express (Via Prayagraj).

Kashi Mahakal Express (via Prayagraj)
The 20415 / 20416 Kashi Mahakal Express  is a superfast express train of the Indian Railways connecting Varanasi Junction in Uttar Pradesh and Indore Junction in Madhya Pradesh via Prayagraj Junction. It is currently being operated with 20415/20416 train numbers weekly. This train shares its rake with Kashi Mahakal Express (via Lucknow).
AAA Northern California, Nevada & Utah
AAA Northern California, Nevada and Utah (AAA NCNU), formerly known as the California State Automobile Association (CSAA), is one of the largest motor clubs in the American Automobile Association (AAA) National Federation. As the name states, it serves members in Northern California, Nevada, and Utah. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California.

American Automobile Association
American Automobile Association (AAA) is a federation of motor clubs throughout North America. AAA is a privately held not-for-profit national member association and service organization with over 60 million members in the United States and Canada. AAA provides services to its members, including roadside assistance and others. Its national headquarters are in Heathrow, Florida.
Gatchinsky District
Gatchinsky District (Russian: Га́тчинский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southwestern central part of the oblast and borders with Krasnoselsky, Moskovsky, and Pushkinsky Districts of the federal city of St. Petersburg in the north, Tosnensky District in the east, Luzhsky District in the south, Volosovsky District in the west, and with Lomonosovsky District in the northwest. The area of the district is 2,868.7 square kilometers (1,107.6 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Gatchina. Population (excluding the administrative center): 140,210 (2010 Census); 132,010 (2002 Census); 138,022 (1989 Soviet census).

Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast
Lomonosovsky District (Russian: Ломоно́совский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Petrodvortsovy and Krasnoselsky Districts of the Federal city of Saint Petersburg in the east, Gatchinsky District in the southeast, Volosovsky District in the south, Kingiseppsky District in the southwest, and the city of oblast significance of Sosnovy Bor in the west. In the north, the district is bounded by the Gulf of Finland. The area of the district is 1,919 square kilometers (741 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Lomonosov (which is not a part of Leningrad Oblast and is located on the territory of the federal city of Saint Petersburg). Population: 70,245 (2010 Census); 65,297 (2002 Census); 66,104 (1989 Soviet census).
The Rosses
The Rosses (officially known by its Irish language name, Na Rosa; in the genitive case Na Rosann) is a traditional district in the west of County Donegal, Ireland. The Rosses has a population of over 7,000 centred on the town of Dungloe, which acts as the educational, shopping and civic centre for the area. Defined by physical boundaries in the form of rivers, as well as history and language use, the area has a distinctive identity, separate from the rest of County Donegal. The extensive district lies between the parish and district of Gweedore to the north and the town of Glenties to the south. A large part of the Rosses is in the Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking region). The Rosses, Cloughaneely and Gweedore, known locally as "the three parishes", with 16,000 Irish speakers, together form a social and cultural region different from the rest of the county, with Gweedore serving as the main centre for socialising and industry. Gaeltacht an Láir is another Irish-speaking area.

Dungloe
An Clochán Liath, known in English as Dungloe (sometimes misspelled as Dunglow; /dʌnˈloʊ/ dun-LOH), is a town on the west coast of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. It is the main town in The Rosses and the largest in the Donegal Gaeltacht. Dungloe developed as a town in the middle of the 18th century, and now serves as the administrative and retail centre for the west of County Donegal, and in particular The Rosses, with the only mainland secondary school for the area.
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd [1915] UKHL 1 (26 April 1915), [1915] AC 847 is an English contract law case, with relevance for UK competition law, decided in the House of Lords. It established that an agreement for resale price maintenance was unenforceable as a matter of privity of contract.

It should not be confused with Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd, a separate decision of the House of Lords in the preceding year relating to substantially the same resale price maintenance agreement but ruling on the concept of liquidated damages.

Under the modern law of the Competition Act 1998 or EU competition law an agreement like this would be regulated as an anticompetitive agreement.

Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd
Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd [1914] UKHL 1 (1 July 1914) is an English contract law case, concerning the extent to which damages may be sought for failure to perform of a contract when a sum is fixed in a contract. It held that only if a sum is of an unconscionable amount will it be considered penal and unenforceable. The legal standing of this case has been superseded by the Supreme Court's 2015 ruling in the combined cases of Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi and ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis.

The case should not be confused with Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd, which held that the same resale price maintenance practice was unenforceable against a third party reseller as a matter of the English rule of privity of contract.