hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ulmus pumila 'Manchu'
The Siberian Elm cultivar Ulmus pumila 'Manchu' was raised by Stewarts Nurseries, Sutherland, Saskatchewan, c. 1951 from seed collected by Mr Ptitsin from near Harbin, China, an area which has a similar climate to that of the Great Plains. Green reported (1964) a suggestion to merge 'Manchu' and the Siberian elm cultivar 'Harbin' with 'Dropmore', as all came from the same area.

Ulmus pumila
Ulmus pumila, the Siberian elm, is a tree native to Asia. It is also known as the Asiatic elm and dwarf elm, but sometimes mistakenly called the "Chinese" elm (Ulmus parvifolia). U. pumila has been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America, Argentina, and southern Europe, becoming naturalized in many places, notably across much of the United States.
Dark Horizon
Dark Horizon, released as Tarr Chronicles: Guardians of the Border (Russian: Хроники Тарр: Стражи Пограничья) in Russia, is a space combat simulation game developed by Russian team Quazar Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. The game released in North America on September 23, 2008. Dark Horizon is the prequel to Tarr Chronicles.

The game received mixed reviews, and it was the second and last game produced by Quazar Studio.

Tarr Chronicles
Tarr Chronicles (Russian: Хроники Тарр: Призраки звёзд) is a space combat simulation game developed by Quazar Studio and Akella and published by Paradox Interactive (AUS) and cdv Software. The game was released in 2007.

Tarr Chronicles initially debuted with incomplete joystick support.  The game appeared to be released (and apparently designed) with the mouse and keyboard as the primary control system. The 1.0.6.0 patch however introduces joystick axis mapping to any game actions.
Ivchenko-Progress
Ivchenko-Progress ZMKB (Ukrainian: Запорізьке машинобудівне конструкторське бюро «Прогрес» ім. О.Г.Івченка, Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau "Progress" State Enterprise named after Academician O.H.Ivchenko), formerly OKB-478 and Ivchenko Lotarev, is a state design bureau that creates drafts and plans for aircraft engines in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine whose products are widely used in both civil and military aircraft, most notably by Antonov, Beriev, Ilyushin, Tupolev, Mil and Yakovlev. The design bureau works closely with Motor Sich, the turbine manufacturer located in Zaporizhzhia which produces those engines.

Polish manufacturer PZL-Mielec used the Progress ZMKB AI-25TL engine in the PZL M-15 Belphegor cropduster. Both the largest plane in the world, the Antonov An-225 Mriya and the largest helicopter, the Mil Mi-26, are powered by Progress/Lotarev engines.

The bureau is administered by the Ukrainian Defense Industry and the Ministry of Industrial Policy.

Motor Sich
The Motor Sich, Joint Stock Company (Ukrainian: АТ «Мотор Січ») is a Ukrainian aircraft engine manufacturer headquartered in Zaporizhzhia. The company manufactures engines for airplanes and helicopters as well as industrial marine gas turbines and installations.
Ueno Route
The Ueno Route (上野線, Ueno-sen), signed as Route 1, is one of the tolled routes of the Shuto Expressway system serving the Greater Tokyo Area. It is one two expressways signed as Route 1 in the system, the other expressway signed as Route 1 is the Haneda Route. The route is a 4.4-kilometer (2.7 mi) long radial highway running northeast from the ward of Chūō in central Tokyo to the ward of Taitō. It connects Tokyo's Inner Circular Route in central Tokyo to the Ueno area and Ueno Station, a major rail hub, and National Route 4, which connects the Kantō region to the Tōhoku region.

Haneda Route
The Haneda Route (羽田線, Haneda-sen), signed as Route 1, is one of the tolled routes of the Shuto Expressway system serving the Greater Tokyo Area. It is one two expressways signed as Route 1 in the system, the other expressway signed as Route 1 is the Ueno Route. The route is a 13.8-kilometer (8.6 mi) long radial highway running south from the ward of Minato in central Tokyo to the ward of Ōta. It connects Tokyo's Inner Circular Route in central Tokyo to Haneda International Airport, one of the Tokyo area's two international airports, as well as the Yokohane Route, which leads to Kawasaki and Yokohama in Kanagawa Prefecture.
Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. Prince is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The female equivalent is a princess. The English word derives, via the French word prince, from the Latin noun prīnceps, from primus (first) and caput (head), meaning "the first, foremost, the chief, most distinguished, noble ruler, prince".

In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire.

Grand duke
Grand duke (feminine: grand duchess) is a European hereditary title, used either by certain monarchs or by members of certain monarchs' families. The title is used in some current and former independent monarchies in Europe, particularly:

in present-day Luxembourg, the last surviving Grand Duchy

historically by the sovereigns of former independent countries, such as Tuscany (from 1569 to 1860, now part of Italy)

in Baden, Hesse, Oldenburg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (officially simply the Grand Duchy of Saxony) – grand duchies from 1815 to 1918, and all now part of Germany

formerly also in some countries in Northern Europe, such as the Grand Duchy of Finland or the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

currently by claimants to the Russian Imperial Throne (eg. Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia)
Omarigliptin
Omarigliptin (MK-3102) is a potent, long-acting oral antidiabetic drug of the DPP-4 inhibitor class used for once-weekly treatment of type 2 diabetes and currently under development by Merck & Co. It inhibits DPP-4 to increase incretin levels (GLP-1 and GIP), which inhibit glucagon release, which in turn increases insulin secretion, decreases gastric emptying and decreases blood glucose levels.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4 inhibitors or gliptins) are a class of oral hypoglycemics that block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). They can be used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2.

The first agent of the class—sitagliptin—was approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2006.

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase incretin levels (GLP-1 and GIP), which inhibit glucagon release, which in turn increases insulin secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases blood glucose levels.

A 2018 meta-analysis found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction or stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Thunder Rising
Thunder Rising is a children's fantasy novel in the Warriors series by Erin Hunter. Thunder Rising is the second book in the Dawn of the Clans arc, the first being The Sun Trail. Dawn of the Clans follows a group of anthropomorphic cats as they struggle to find peace within themselves, before the rise of the five Clans in the later Warriors series. Thunder Rising follows a young cat, Thunder, as he grows up under his uncle's care after his father abandoned him. He is torn between the cat that raised him and longing for the acknowledgement of his biological father.

The Sun Trail
Children's literature portal

The Sun Trail is a children's fantasy novel and the first book in Erin Hunter's Warriors: Dawn of the Clans series. Published on 5 March 2013, it was the first novel in a six-novel prequel arc published following the previous arc, Warriors: Omen of the Stars, though was immediately preceded in publication by the novella Cloudstar's Journey. It was followed by the second novel in the series, Thunder Rising. The novel centers on a group of feral cats living before the rise of the five Clans in the other main Warriors series.
Diesel (company)
45°41′30″N 11°33′42″E﻿ / ﻿45.691672°N 11.561608°E﻿ / 45.691672; 11.561608

Diesel S.p.A. is a retail brand headquartered in Breganze, Italy known for luxury denim which also vends clothing, footwear, and accessories. It is part of OTB Group.

Diesel USA filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in March 2019, and announced it would close some of its brick-and-mortar stores. Its parent company, Diesel SpA, was not part of the bankruptcy filing.

Belgian designer Glenn Martens was appointed artistic director of Diesel in October 2020.

OTB Group
Only The Brave, S.p.A., commonly known as OTB Group, is an Italian multinational  holding company  specializing in luxury goods, headquartered in Breganze. The company was founded in 2002 by Renzo Rosso as a holding company for Diesel and future acquisitions of fashion houses. OTB Group is the parent company of brands including Diesel, Maison Margiela, Marni, Jil Sander, and Viktor & Rolf.

The company recorded an annual revenue of €1.9 billion in 2023.  Ubaldo Minelli has been CEO of the company since 2017.
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, also known as Aba (Tibetan: རྔ་བ་བོད་རིགས་དང་ཆང་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ།, Wylie: rnga ba bod rigs cha'ang rigs rang skyong khul; Qiang: Rrmeabba Shbea Rrmea Nyujwju Gvexueaj Legea; simplified Chinese: 阿坝藏族羌族自治州; traditional Chinese: 阿壩藏族羌族自治州), is an autonomous prefecture of northwestern Sichuan, bordering Gansu to the north and northeast and Qinghai to the northwest. Its seat is in Barkam, and it has an area of 83,201 km2 (32,124 sq mi). The population was 895,200 by 2022.

The county of Wenchuan in Ngawa is the site of the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, in which over 20,000 of its residents died and 40,000 were injured.

Wenchuan County
Wenchuan County is a county in Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. The county has an area of 4,084 square kilometres (1,577 sq mi), and a population of 100,771 as of 2010. Wolong National Nature Reserve is a protected area located in Wenchuan County, which houses more than 150 highly endangered giant pandas. The Wolong Special Administrative Region is also located here.

The county's Yingxiu town was the site of the epicentre of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, also known as the Wenchuan earthquake.
Bell P-59 Airacomet
The Bell P-59 Airacomet is a single-seat, twin jet-engine fighter aircraft that was designed and built by Bell Aircraft during World War II. It was the first jet produced in the United States. Because the British were more advanced in jet engine development, they donated an engine for the United States to copy in 1941 that became the basis of the General Electric J31 jet engine used by the P-59 a year later. Bell produced a combined 18 prototype and test aircraft; because the plane was underpowered, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was not impressed by its performance and canceled half of the original order for 100 fighters, using the 50 completed production aircraft as trainers. The USAAF would instead go on to select the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star as its first operational jet fighter. Although no P-59s entered combat, the aircraft paved the way for later generations of U.S. turbojet-powered aircraft.

Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star
The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star is the first jet fighter used operationally by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during World War II. Designed and built by Lockheed in 1943 and delivered just 143 days from the start of design, two pre-production models saw limited service in Italy just before the end of World War II but no combat. Designed with straight wings, the type saw extensive combat in Korea with the United States Air Force (USAF) as the F-80.

America's first successful turbojet-powered combat aircraft, it was soon outclassed with the appearance of the swept-wing transonic MiG-15 and was quickly replaced in the air superiority role by the transonic F-86 Sabre. The F-94 Starfire, an all-weather interceptor using the same airframe, also saw Korean War service. The closely related T-33 Shooting Star trainer remained in service with the U.S. Air Force and Navy well into the 1980s, with the last NT-33 variant not retired until April 1997.
Gina de Venecia
Maria Georgina Vera Perez-de Venecia (born February 15, 1949), also known as Gina de Venecia, is a Filipino politician and former broadcaster. A member of the Vera-Perez family of film producers and politicians, she has served as a member of the Philippine House of Representatives for the 4th district of Pangasinan since 2025, previously holding the seat from 2010 to 2016. She was married to Jose de Venecia Jr., the five-time Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998 and 2001 to 2008.

Jose de Venecia Jr.
Jose Claveria de Venecia Jr. (Tagalog pronunciation: [vɛˈnɛʃa]; December 26, 1936 – February 10, 2026), also known as JDV, Joe De V or Manong Joe, was a Filipino politician and journalist who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998 and from 2001 to 2008. A member of Lakas–CMD, he ran for president in the 1998 election, but lost to Vice President Joseph Estrada, finishing second among 11 candidates.

Beginning in 1987, de Venecia was elected to six terms as a representative of the 4th district of Pangasinan. He served as Speaker of the House throughout the Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth and Thirteenth Congresses of the Philippines. He had served for more than a year as the House Speaker of the Fourteenth Congress when on February 5, 2008, 174 representatives, or a considerable majority of members of the House, voted to remove de Venecia as speaker. He was the first Filipino to hold the speakership five times in separate terms.
Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel
Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel was a famous nineteenth-century Dutch machine factory. It built steam engines and machinery for the sugar industry and for maritime purposes, as well ships, rolling stock and large metal structures like the Moerdijk bridge and a floating dock. In 1871 it was reorganized to become the public company Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere Werktuigen. In a second reorganization in 1890, parts of it were saved and continued under the name Koninklijke Nederlandsche Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel, renamed to Werkspoor in 1927.

Werkspoor
Werkspoor N.V. was the shortened, and later the official name of the Nederlandsche Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel. It was a Dutch machine factory, known for rolling stock, (ship) steam engines, and diesel engines. It was a successor of the company Van Vlissingen en Dudok van Heel, later named Koninklijke Fabriek van Stoom- en andere Werktuigen. In 1954 Werkspoor was merged with Stork.
Circular segment
In geometry, a circular segment or disk segment or meglios area(symbol: ⌓) is a region of a disk which is "cut off" from the rest of the disk by a straight line. The complete line is known as a secant, and the section inside the disk as a chord.

More formally, a circular segment is a plane region bounded by a circular arc (of less than π radians by convention) and the circular chord connecting its endpoints.

Chord (geometry)
A chord (from the Latin chorda, meaning "catgut or string") of a circle is a straight line segment whose endpoints both lie on a circular arc. If a chord were to be extended infinitely on both directions into a line, the object is a secant line. The perpendicular line passing through the chord's midpoint is called sagitta (Latin for "arrow").

More generally, a chord is a line segment joining two points on any curve, for instance, on an ellipse. A chord that passes through a circle's center point is the circle's diameter.
Angelo State University Management Instruction and Research Center
The Angelo State University Management Instruction and Research center was founded in 1975. It is an Agriculture Research Center that concentrates primarily on areas of research involving sheep, goat, and cattle production; range management and improvement, and wildlife management. The center resides on over 6,000 acres (24 km2) of land under long-term lease from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is located on the shores of O.C. Fisher Lake outside San Angelo, Texas. The research center serves as a full-sized working ranch, one of  few among U.S. universities. It includes 150 Rambouillet sheep (the university mascot), 100 Suffolk and hair sheep, 95 Boer goats, 50 Angora goats, and over 100 Angus cattle. Departments within the MIR include the $1.6 million, 8,000-square-foot (743 m2) Food Safety and Product Development Laboratory facility opened in 2005 and the associated ASU Meat Market.

Angelo State University
Angelo State University is a public university in San Angelo, Texas, United States. It was founded in 1928 as San Angelo College. It gained university status and awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1967 and graduate degrees in 1969, the same year it took on its current name. It offers 50 undergraduate programs and 31 graduate programs. It is the second-largest campus in the Texas Tech University System.
Symphony No. 3 (Price)
The Symphony No. 3 in C minor is a symphony for orchestra composed by Florence Price in 1938, and revised in 1940. The work was commissioned by the Works Progress Administration's Federal Music Project during the height of the Great Depression. It was first performed at the Detroit Institute of Arts on November 6, 1940, by the Michigan WPA Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Valter Poole.  The composition is Price's third symphony, following her Symphony in E minor—the first symphony by a Black woman to be performed by a major American orchestra—and her lost Symphony No. 2.

Symphony No. 1 (Price)
The Symphony in E minor is the first symphony written by the American composer Florence Price. The work was completed in 1932 and was first performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Frederick Stock in June 1933. The piece was Price's first full-scale orchestral composition and was the first symphony by a Black woman to be performed by a major American orchestra.
Haplogroup CT
Haplogroup CT is a human Y chromosome haplogroup. CT has two basal branches, CF and DE. DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed haplogroup D-CTS3946 and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E-M96, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and haplogroup F-M89, which dominates most non-African populations.

Haplogroup C-M130
Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and  later Japan.

The haplogroup is also found with moderate to low frequency among many present-day populations of Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia.

In addition to the basal paragroup C*, this haplogroup now has two major branches: C1 (F3393/Z1426; previously CxC3, i.e. old C1, old C2, old C4, old C5 and old C6) and C2 (M217; the former C3).
Farman NC.470
The Farman NC.470 (also known as the Centre N.C-470 when Farman was nationalised to form  SNCAC) was a French twin-engined floatplane designed as a crew trainer for the French Navy.  It was used in small numbers for both its intended role as a trainer and as a coastal reconnaissance aircraft at the start of World War II.

Farman Aviation Works
Farman Aviation Works (French: Avions Farman) was a French aircraft company founded and run by the brothers Richard, Henri, and Maurice Farman. They designed and constructed aircraft and engines from 1908 until 1936; during the French nationalization and rationalization of its aeronautical industry, Farman's assets were assigned to the Société Nationale de Constructions Aéronautiques du Centre (SNCAC).

In 1941 the Farman brothers reestablished the firm as the "Société Anonyme des Usines Farman" (SAUF), but only three years later it was absorbed by Sud-Ouest.  Maurice's son, Marcel Farman, reestablished the SAUF in 1952, but his effort proved unsuccessful and the firm was dissolved in 1956.

The Farman brothers designed and built more than 200 types of aircraft between 1908 and 1941. They also built cars until 1931 and boats until 1930.
Early Rain Covenant Church
Early Rain Covenant Church (traditional Chinese: 秋雨聖約教會; simplified Chinese: 秋雨圣约教会; pinyin: Qiūyǔ Shèngyuē Jiàohuì; Sichuanese romanization: Tsiu-ü Shen-io Chiao-hue; lit. 'Autumn Rain Covenant Church') is a house church within the Reformed Presbyterian tradition based in the Sichuanese provincial capital city of Chengdu, southwestern China. It was established as Early Rain Blessings Fellowship by Pastor Wang Yi and his wife, Jiang Rong, in their own home in Chengdu, in April 2005. The small congregation has evolved into a house church three years later, and since then it had been variously known as Early Rain Blessings Church, Early Rain Reformed Church and Early Rain Reformed Presbyterian Church before adopting its current name.

Wang Yi (pastor)
Wang Yi (Chinese: 王怡; pinyin: Wáng Yí; born June 1, 1973), pen name Wang Shuya (simplified Chinese: 王书亚; traditional Chinese: 王書亞; pinyin: Wáng Shūyà), is the founding pastor of the Early Rain Covenant Church, a Calvinist house church in Chengdu. He is also a productive writer, editor, and social activist, and was a legal scholar at Chengdu University before he resigned to take up the pastorate.
Vasantha Maligai
Vasantha Maligai (transl. Palace of Spring) is a 1972 Indian Tamil-language romance film directed by K. S. Prakash Rao and produced by D. Ramanaidu. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan and Vanisri. It is remake of the 1971 Telugu film Prema Nagar, which also directed by K. S. Prakash Rao himself and Vanisri reprised her role from original film.

Vasantha Maligai was released on 29 September 1972 and became a major commercial success, running at the box office for nearly 750 days. A digitally restored version of the film was released on 8 March 2013, and another one on 21 June 2019.

Prema Nagar
Prema Nagar (transl. Abode of Love) is a 1971 Indian Telugu-language romance film directed by K. S. Prakash Rao and produced by D. Ramanaidu under the Suresh Productions banner. It stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Vanisri with music composed by K. V. Mahadevan. The film is based on a novel of the same name by Koduri Kausalya Devi.

Prema Nagar was a blockbuster, grossing ₹1.45 crores at the box office. D. Ramanaidu whose earlier films had failed and was in financial troubles had a dramatic turnaround in his career with the stupendous success of Prema Nagar. The film had a theatrical run of over 750 days. It was remade in Tamil as Vasantha Maligai (1972) and in Hindi as Prem Nagar (1974) by K. S. Prakash Rao himself.