hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Common Schools Act of 1871
The Common Schools Act of 1871 was a statute of the Canadian Province of New Brunswick, passed by the 22nd New Brunswick Legislature. The statute replaced the Parish Schools Act of 1858. It abolished church-run schooling in New Brunswick and replaced them with a system of government-run "common schools." The case of Maher v. Town Council of Portland was initiated as a result, and in the end, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council upheld the Act. The Act was stridently opposed by the Roman Catholic Church and its adherents, and a series of clashes between New Brunswick Catholics and the provincial government culminated in the shooting of two people following riots at Caraquet in 1875, after which the Act was substantially amended to implement a joint religious/secular schooling system.

22nd New Brunswick Legislature
The 22nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between February 16, 1871, and May 15, 1874.

Lemuel Allan Wilmot served as Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick until  November 1873, when he was replaced by Samuel Leonard Tilley.

E.A. Vail was chosen as speaker.

The Liberal-Conservatives led by George E. King formed the government. George L. Hathaway took over the leadership of the party in February 1871. George E. King became leader again in 1872 after Hathaway's death.

In May 1871, the Common Schools Act was passed; it came into effect the following year. This legislation implemented a system of publicly funded schools. However, it excluded denominational schools; religious instruction in schools operated under the system was banned. The act offended Roman Catholics and Acadians in the province.
The Death of the Author
"The Death of the Author" (French: La mort de l'auteur) is a 1967 essay by the French literary critic and theorist Roland Barthes (1915–1980), which spawned a literary theory of the same name. Barthes' essay argues against traditional literary criticism's practice of relying on the intentions and biography of an author to definitively explain the "ultimate meaning" of a text. Instead, the essay emphasizes the primacy of each individual reader's interpretation of the work over any "definitive" meaning intended by the author, a process in which subtle or unnoticed characteristics may be drawn out for new insight. The essay's first English-language publication was in the American journal Aspen, no. 5–6 in 1967; the French debut was in the magazine Manteia, no. 5 (1968). The essay later appeared in an anthology of Barthes' essays, Image-Music-Text (1977), a book that also included his "From Work to Text".

Authorial intent
In literary theory and aesthetics, authorial intent is an author's intent as it is encoded in their work. Authorial intentionalism is the hermeneutical view that an author's intentions should constrain the ways in which a text is properly interpreted. Opponents, who dispute its hermeneutical importance, have labelled this position the intentional fallacy and count it among the informal fallacies.

There are in fact two types of Intentionalism: Actual Intentionalism and Hypothetical Intentionalism. Actual Intentionalism is the standard intentionalist view that the meaning of a work is dependent on authorial intent. Hypothetical Intentionalism is a more recent view; it views the meaning of a work as being what an ideal reader would hypothesize the writer's intent to have been — for hypothetical intentionalism, it is ultimately the hypothesis of the reader, not the truth, that matters.
Ratchaburi Hospital
Ratchaburi Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลราชบุรี) is the main hospital of Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. It is classified by the Ministry of Public Health as a regional hospital. It has a Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctors (CPIRD) Medical Education Center which trains doctors for the MOPH-Mahidol CPIRD Program.

Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor, Mahidol University
Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-Mahidol University's Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD) (Thai: โครงการร่วมผลิตแพทย์เพิ่มเพื่อชาวชนบท กระทรวงสาธารณสุข สถาบันสมทบมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล), or previously named the Praboromarajchanok Institute until 2019, is the 13th medical program established in Thailand, and was founded in 1997. The  project runs in the collaboration between Ministry of Public Health and Mahidol University which consists of a collection of Medical Education Centers (MEC) (Thai: ศูนย์แพทยศาสตรศึกษาชั้นคลินิก). The university approved 4 hospitals as teaching affiliates in this project, and offers only the Doctor of Medicine program (M.D.), which produces around 132 medical doctors annually. The old abbreviation of PI from Praboromarajchanok Institute remains in use.
Hispanics in the Roman army
Peoples from the Iberian Peninsula played a vital role in the Roman army even before their Roman conquest was finished. The resultant province of Hispania would become the biggest source of military manpower for Rome, with Hispanics (Hispanorum) numbering only second to Italics in the imperial Roman army for the first two centuries AD, until being eventually displaced by recruited Germanic peoples in the mid-3rd century. The Hispanics, famous by their singular warrior culture, transferred to Rome the military services they had played for Carthage during the Punic Wars, serving first as auxilia and later as soldiers, bodyguards and praetorians.

Warfare in the ancient Iberian Peninsula
Warfare in ancient Iberian Peninsula played an important role in historical chronicles, first during the Carthaginian invasion of Hispania, including the Punic Wars, and later during the Roman conquest of the peninsula. The bellicose character of the Pre-Roman peoples who inhabited Hispania was repeatedly shown in their conflicts against Rome, Carthage and each other.
Georgia Lloyd
Georgia Lloyd (September 5, 1913 – February 18, 1999) was an American pacificist, peace activist, author, philanthropist, and world government advocate active in the realm of civil liberties and international peace efforts during the 20th century. Born into a family deeply entrenched in social activism, with social and political prestige at the time, she was the daughter of Lola Maverick Lloyd.

Lloyd was a prominent figure in the mid-20th century, advocating for international cooperation and a democratic union of nations. She co-founded the Campaign for World Government and was executive secretary from 1943 to 1990. She participated in the formation of the United Nations in 1945.

Campaign for World Government
The Campaign for World Government was established in 1937 by prominent feminists and peace activists Rosika Schwimmer and Lola Maverick Lloyd. CWG emerged as the pioneering organization advocating for the establishment of a democratic federal world government. From 1943 to 1990, Georgia Lloyd, daughter of Lola Maverick Lloyd, led the Campaign after Lola's passing.
Znamianka Druha
Znamianka Druha (Ukrainian: Знам'янка Друга; Russian: Знаменка Вторая) is a rural settlement in Kropyvnytskyi Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast in Ukraine. It is located immediately west of the city of Znamianka. Znamianka Druha belongs to Znamianka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 5,010 (2022 estimate).

Znamianka, Kirovohrad Oblast
Znamianka (Ukrainian: Знам'янка, IPA: [ˈznɑmjɐnkɐ] ⓘ) is a city in central Ukraine, Kropyvnytskyi Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast. It hosts the administration of Znamianka urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 21,221 (2022 estimate).

It is located about halfway between the regional center Kropyvnytskyi (west), and cities of Oleksandriia (east) and Svitlovodsk (north). A popular reservoir in the city is a Balka Orlova river and it's numerous ponds.
Acanthurus leucosternon
Acanthurus leucosternon, commonly known as the blue surgeonfish, powder blue tang or powder-blue surgeonfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Acanthuridae, the surgeonfishes, unicornfishes and tangs. This species is found in the Indian Ocean.

Acanthuridae
The Acanthuridae are a family of ray-finned fish which includes surgeonfishes, tangs, and unicornfishes. The family includes about 86 extant species of marine fishes living in tropical seas, usually around coral reefs. Many of the species are brightly colored and popular in aquaria.
Plecia avus
Plecia avus is an extinct species of Plecia in the March fly family Bibionidae and is solely known from Early Eocene sediments exposed in central southern British Columbia.  The species is one of twenty bibionid species described from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands.

Plecia
Plecia is a genus of March flies (Bibionidae) comprising many species, both extant and fossilised.  Several species of this genus are commonly known as "lovebugs" due to their behavior of flying around coupled together while mating.
The Power (Snap! song)
"The Power" is a song by German Eurodance group Snap! featuring American rapper Turbo B and American singer Penny Ford, and released as the group's debut single. It was released on 3 January 1990 by Logic Records as the lead single from their debut studio album, World Power (1990). The song was both written and produced by the group and reached number one in Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe, as well as on the US Billboard Dance Club Play and Hot Rap Singles charts. On the Billboard Hot 100, "The Power" managed to reach number two for one week. The accompanying music video was directed by The Molotov Brothers. In 2022, Rolling Stone magazine featured it in their list of the "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time".

Turbo B
Durron Maurice Butler (born April 30, 1967), known as Turbo B, is an American rapper and beatboxer. He was once the frontman of the German electronic music group Snap!

After completing a period of service with the United States Army in Germany, Butler went on tour with the Fat Boys. He was soon discovered by the managers of Snap! and contributed to the albums World Power and The Madman's Return and their respective number-one hits, "The Power" and "Rhythm Is a Dancer".

After leaving Snap!, Butler pursued a solo career and also formed the group Centory, which had several minor hits. Butler is known to tour with other artists who were prominent in the 1990s. He has contributed to singles by Victoria Silvstedt, H-Blockx, Master Blaster, and Regi Penxten.
South Carolina Highway 12
South Carolina Highway 12 (SC 12) is a 28.250-mile (45.464 km) state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It serves Columbia and areas to its east. It serves as a parallel route to Interstate 20 (I-20) for much of its length.

Interstate 77 in South Carolina
Interstate 77 (I-77) is a north–south Interstate Highway, extending 91.2 miles (146.8 km) in the state of South Carolina, from the southern terminus at an interchange with I-26 near Columbia, north to the North Carolina state line near Rock Hill and Charlotte, North Carolina.
Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)
The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 was fought between Spain and England, with the Dutch Republic and Scotland participating on the English side. An offshoot of the Eighty Years' War between the Dutch and Spanish, the conflict's battles consisted of a mixture of land and naval engagements. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1630, resulting in a status quo ante bellum. However, the conflict resulted in English cloth merchants losing access to profitable markets in Flanders, leading to widespread discontent. It also increased divisions between the Parliament of England and the English monarchy, which would ultimately result in the First English Civil War in 1642.

Treaty of Madrid (1630)
The Treaty of Madrid of 1630 was a peace agreement through which Spain and England ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) that both countries had been engaged in since 1625. The treaty included the reestablishment of trade relations between the two countries.
Spofforth, North Yorkshire
Spofforth /ˈspɒfərθ/ is a village in the civil parish of Spofforth with Stockeld, in North Yorkshire, England. It is about 3 miles (4.8 km) north-west of Wetherby and 5 miles (8 km) south of Harrogate, on the River Crimple, a tributary of the River Nidd.

Crimple Beck
Crimple Beck or the River Crimple is a beck which flows through North Yorkshire, England. It is a tributary of the River Nidd which it joins between Little Ribston and Walshford north of Wetherby. The beck is 15.5 miles (24.9 km) long, and has a total catchment area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi), which drains the area around Harrogate. Its tributaries include the Park Beck.
Yoshinobu Nishizaki
Yoshinobu Nishizaki (西崎 義展, Nishizaki Yoshinobu; 18 December 1934 – 7 November 2010) was a Japanese film producer best known as one of the two co-creators of the anime series Space Battleship Yamato. He was sometimes credited as Yoshinori Nishizaki.  He was born in 1934 and graduated from the Nihon University Art Department. He also founded the studio Academy Productions which produced Space Battleship Yamato as well as the 1980 anime series; Space Emperor God Sigma for Toei Company.

Nihon University
Nihon University (日本大学, Nihon Daigaku; lit. 'Japan University'), abbreviated as Nichidai (日大), is a private research university in Japan. Its predecessor, Nihon Law School (currently the Department of Law), was founded by Yamada Akiyoshi, the Minister of Justice, in 1889. The university's name is derived from the Japanese word "Nihon" meaning Japan. Nihon University now has 16 colleges and 87 departments, 20 postgraduate schools, one junior college which is composed of five departments, one correspondence division, 32 research institutes and three hospitals. The number of students exceeds 70,000 and is the largest in Japan.
Gomphidius
Gomphidius is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as spike-caps, that are members of the Boletales (suborder Suillineae), or pored fungi. They appear to have gill-like structures which resemble those of agarics, however the similarity is superficial only. The best-known member is the slimy spike-cap (Gomphidius glutinosus). The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in north temperate areas, and contains 10 species.

Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes. The Boletales are now known to contain distinct groups of agarics, puffballs, and other fruiting-body types.
Grand River Transit
Grand River Transit (GRT) is the public transport operator for the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It operates daily bus services in the region, primarily in the cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge, alongside the ION rapid transit light rail system which began service on June 21, 2019.

It was named for the Grand River, which flows through the Region; the naming also echoes the Grand River Railway, a former electric railway which served the area in the early twentieth century. GRT is a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association.

Regional Municipality of Waterloo
The Regional Municipality of Waterloo (Waterloo Region or Region of Waterloo) is a metropolitan area of Southern Ontario, Canada. It contains the cities of Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo (KWC or Tri-Cities), and the townships of North Dumfries, Wellesley, Wilmot and Woolwich. Kitchener, the largest city, is the seat of government.

The region is 1,370 square kilometres (530 sq mi) in area, with a population of 587,165 as of the 2021 Canada census, though an end of 2023 estimate puts the population above 673,910 people. Waterloo Region forms the tenth-largest metropolitan area in Canada, with recent population growth almost entirely fuelled by international students.

The region was formerly called Waterloo County, created in 1853 and dissolved in 1973. The county consisted of five townships: North Dumfries, Waterloo, Wellesley, Wilmot, and Woolwich.
TV4 AB
TV4 AB (formerly Nordisk Television AB; previously traded as TV4-gruppen) is a Swedish media company owned by Schibsted through TV4 Media (formerly known as Bonnier Broadcasting). The company owns the largest commercial television channel in Sweden, TV4.

From 2007 until 2019, TV4 AB was owned by Bonnier, with Bonnier Broadcasting AB being its parent since 2016. The stock used to be traded at the Stockholm Stock Exchange (OM), but was removed from the OM when Bonnier took full control of the company.

On 20 July 2018, Telia Company announced the acquisition proposal of the Bonnier Broadcasting, which includes this company, for 9.2 billion SEK (roughly US$1 billion). The acquisition was completed on 2 December 2019.

On 25 February 2025, Schibsted Media announced the acquisition proposal of the TV4 Media for 6.55 billion SEK. The acquisition was completed on July 1, 2025.

TV4 (Swedish TV channel)
TV4 (TV fyra) is a Swedish free-to-air television network owned by TV4 AB, a subsidiary of the TV4 Media AB. It started broadcasting by satellite in 1990 and, since 1992, on terrestrial television. In 1994, TV4 became the largest channel and remained so for a number of years. The two channels of Sveriges Television (SVT) lost more and more viewers for a couple of years. After making schedule changes in 2001, SVT1 had practically the same numbers of viewers as TV4. From 2004 to 2019, the TV4 Group was a fully active member of the European Broadcasting Union.
Pekalongan Regency
Pekalongan Regency is a regency (Indonesian: kabupaten) on the north coast of Central Java province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 836.13 km2 and had a population of 838,621 at the 2010 census and 968,821 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 1,019,006 (comprising 517,684 males and 501,322 females). Its administrative centre was formerly at Pekalongan City, but since that city was administratively separated from the regency, the regency's capital is now at Kajen, which is located in the middle of the regency, about 25 km south of Pekalongan City. The regency was originally much larger, but on 14 June 1965 its eastern half was split off and formed into a separate Batang Regency. Pekalongan residents are well known for their pursuit of perfection regarding the Indonesian traditional clothing called Batik.

The Dutch name of the regency was Pacalongan.

Kajen
Kajen is an administrative district (kecamatan) and a town (kelurahan) in Central Java Province of Indonesia, and is the administrative centre of the Pekalongan Regency in that province. It covers a land area of 75.15 km2, and had a population of 58,048 at the 2010 Census and 73,067 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 79,387. It is sub-divided into the town (kelurahan) of Kajen and 24 rural villages (desa), all sharing the postcode of 51161. The town had 2,982 inhabitants as at mid 2023.
William Logan Crittenden
Colonel William Logan Crittenden (May 30, 1823 – August 16, 1851) was a United States Army officer who fought in the Mexican–American War and later accompanied Narciso López's 1851 filibustering Lopez Expedition in Cuba. He was captured by Spanish forces and executed in Havana on August 16, 1851.

Lopez Expedition
The Lopez Expedition (Spanish: Expedición López) of 1851 was an attempt led by Narciso López to invade and seize control of Cuba which was then part of the Spanish Empire. Wary that Spain's rule in Cuba was unsustainable, López sought to have it annexed by the United States to ensure slavery's preservation in Cuba. He and American Southern volunteers hoped to incorporate Cuba as a slave state into the United States.

In August 1851, after two failed expeditions, a force comprising 420 Cuban emigres and American volunteers landed in western Cuba, where the invaders were defeated and captured by the Spanish forces. López and many of the other prisoners were executed. It was part of a string of filibustering raids launched from American territory during the era, in violation of the Neutrality Act.
Conejohela Flats
The Conejohela Flats are a group of islands in the flooded Conejohela Valley, a large floodplain along the southernmost 30 miles (50 km) of the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania and Maryland in the United States. The valley was flooded primarily during the early 1900s by the construction of the Holtwood, Conowingo, and Safe Harbor dams from 1910 to 1931.

Safe Harbor Dam
The Safe Harbor Dam (also Safe Harbor Hydroelectric Station) is a concrete gravity dam, with an associated hydroelectric power station, on the lower Susquehanna River. It is the most northerly and last of three Great Depression-era public electrification projects' hydroelectric dams, and was constructed between April 1, 1930, and December 7, 1931. It created a long and relatively shallow lake, known as Lake Clarke, along the upper stretch of the Conejohela Valley. The creation of the lake shrank the upper Conejohela Flats in size.

Two of the turbine units are dedicated to generating electricity for Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system, and the facility also has a frequency converter available for conversion of power between 25 Hz and the 60 Hz used by the electric grid.
Wyandotte County, Kansas
Wyandotte County (/ˈwaɪ.əndɒt/) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.  Its county seat and most populous city is Kansas City, with which it shares a unified government.  As of the 2020 census, the population was 169,245, making it Kansas's fourth-most populous county.  The county was named after the Wyandot tribe.

Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City (commonly known as KCK) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Kansas and the county seat of Wyandotte County. It is an inner suburb of the older and more populous Kansas City, Missouri, after which it is named. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 156,607, making it one of four principal cities in the Kansas City metropolitan area. It is situated at Kaw Point, the junction of the Missouri and Kansas rivers. It is part of a consolidated city-county government known as the "Unified Government". It is the location of the University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas City Kansas Community College.
Somni
Somni is a restaurant in West Hollywood, California, United States. It initially opened Beverly Hills, California in 2018, then closed in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. In November 2024, it reopened in West Hollywood, and, in June 2025, it became the first restaurant along with Providence in Greater Los Angeles to win three Michelin stars.

Providence (restaurant)
Providence is a Michelin-starred restaurant in Hollywood, California, United States.

Providence and Somni in West Hollywood were simultaneously the first restaurants in Greater Los Angeles to be awarded three Michelin stars.
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)
The Harriet Beecher Stowe House is a historic home and National Historic Landmark at 63 Federal Street in Brunswick, Maine, notable as a short-term home of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Calvin Ellis Stowe and where Harriet wrote her 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Earlier, it had been the home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow as a student. It is today owned by Bowdoin College. A space within the house, called Harriet's Writing Room, is open to the public.

Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (/stoʊ/; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist. She came from the religious Beecher family and wrote the popular novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans. The book reached an audience of millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and in Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings as well as for her public stances and debates on social issues of the day.