hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Computational astrophysics
Computational astrophysics  refers to the methods and computing tools developed and used in astrophysics research. Like computational chemistry or computational physics, it is both a specific branch of theoretical astrophysics and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, mathematics, and wider physics. Computational astrophysics is most often studied through an applied mathematics or astrophysics programme at PhD level.

Well-established areas of astrophysics employing computational methods include magnetohydrodynamics, astrophysical radiative transfer, stellar and galactic dynamics, and astrophysical fluid dynamics. A recently developed field with interesting results is numerical relativity.

Computational physics
Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical analysis to solve problems in physics. Historically, computational physics was the first application of modern computers in science, and is now a subset of computational science. It is sometimes regarded as a subdiscipline (or offshoot) of theoretical physics, but others consider it an intermediate branch between theoretical and experimental physics — an area of study which supplements both theory and experiment.
Ruby Mountains
The Ruby Mountains (Shoshoni: 'Duka Doya', meaning “Snowcapped”) are a mountain range, primarily located within Elko County with a small extension into White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11,387 feet (3,471 m) on the summit of Ruby Dome. To the north is Secret Pass and the East Humboldt Range, and from there the Rubies run south-southwest for about 80 miles (130 km). To the east lies Ruby Valley, and to the west lie Huntington and Lamoille Valleys. The Ruby Mountains are the only range of an introduced bird, the Himalayan snowcock, in North America. The mountain range was named after the garnets found by early explorers. The central core of the range shows extensive evidence of glaciation during recent ice ages, including U-shaped canyons, moraines, hanging valleys, and steeply carved granite mountains, cliffs, and cirques.

Ruby Dome
Ruby Dome is the highest mountain in both the Ruby Mountains and Elko County, in Nevada, United States. It is the twenty-seventh-highest mountain in the state, and also ranks as the thirteenth-most topographically prominent peak in the state.  The peak is located about 21 miles (34 km) southeast of the city of Elko within the Ruby Mountains Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The mountain rises from a base elevation of about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) to a height of 11,387 feet (3,471 m). It is the highest mountain for over 90 miles in all directions.
Pallache family
Pallache, also de Palacio(s), Palache, Palaçi, Palachi, Palatsi, Palacci, Palaggi, al-Fallashi, and many other variations, is a prominent Sephardic Jewish family from the Iberian Peninsula, who spread mostly through the Mediterranean after the Alhambra Decree in 1492, and related events.

The Pallaches established themselves in cities in Morocco, the Netherlands, Turkey, Egypt, and other countries from the 1500s to the 1900s. The family includes Chief Rabbis, rabbis, founders of synagogues and batei midrash, scientists, entrepreneurs, writers, and others. Best known are Moroccan envoys and brothers Samuel Pallache (c. 1550–1616) and Joseph Pallache, at least three grand rabbis of Izmir – Gaon. Haim Palachi (1788–1868), his sons Abraham Palacci (1809–1899) and Rahamim Nissim Palacci (1814–1907), grand rabbi of Amsterdam Isaac Juda Palache (1858–1927), American mineralogist Charles Palache (1869–1954), and Dutch linguist Juda Lion Palache (1886–1944).

Isaac Juda Palache
Isaac Juda Palache (Dutch:  Izak van Juda Palache) (January 30, 1858 – December 2, 1926) (Hebrew calendar:  15 Siebat 5618–26 Kiesliw 5687) was grand rabbi of the Portuguese Sephardic community of Amsterdam from 1900 to 1926 and a member of the Pallache family.
Glenmore Trail
Glenmore Trail is a 22-kilometre (14 mi) expressway in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, named after the reservoir which it crosses. It is a freeway between Sarcee Trail in southwest Calgary to Ogden Road in the southeast, carrying nearly 160,000 vehicles per weekday at its busiest point placing it second only to Deerfoot Trail as the busiest road in Alberta. East of Calgary, Glenmore Trail becomes Highway 560 en route to Langdon.

Alberta Highway 560
Alberta Provincial Highway No. 560, commonly referred to as Highway 560 or Glenmore Trail, is a highway in the province of Alberta, Canada. It runs west–east from the east Calgary boundary at 84 Street SE (Range Road 290), north along the city boundary to Range Road 284, across Highway 791 south of Chestermere to the southern terminus of the northern section of Highway 797, Centre Street in Langdon.

It is named Glenmore Trail within Calgary city limits.  Highway 560 extends to the west in an interchange with the freeways of Hwy 2 and Highway 8.  It extends to the east as Township Road 234 to Highway 24, and Highway 817.
José Núñez (politician)
José Núñez (1800 – 5 March 1880) was a conservative Nicaraguan doctor and politician who served as the 11th, 13th, and 15th Supreme Chief of Nicaragua, and 1st Supreme Director of Independent Nicaragua.

Núñez and Joaquín del Cossío were the most important figures in the Independence of Nicaragua, as they began the first and second transitional governments that lead to Nicaragua's independence.

Joaquín del Cossío
Joaquín del Cossío (born in El Viejo on September 2, 1789) was a Nicaraguan politician, member of the Legitimist Party who served as acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua on two occasions, first alongside Evaristo Rocha until May 15, and again from July 27, to October 20, 1839.

José Núñez and Cossío were the most important figures in the Independence of Nicaragua, as they began the first and second transitional governments that lead to Nicaragua's independence.
Video Single Disc
Video Single Disc (VSD) is a disc-based format that carried the same analog video information as a LaserDisc, but on a 12-centimetre (4.75 inch) diameter CD-sized disc. It was spearheaded by Sony and was released in Japan in 1990. It was a new variety of laserdisc and variation on the CD Video (CD-V) format, except that VSD disc carried only a video track (of up to 5 minutes' duration), and its associated audio, with no CD-compatible partition. The disc is the same size as a standard CD and holds five minutes of video with digital sound.  It did not have any additional audio tracks like CD-V.  Like CD-V, VSD discs could be played back by multi-disc or LaserDisc players that had VSD playback capability.

CD Video
CD Video (also known as CDV, CD-V, or CD+V) was a format of optical media disc that was introduced in 1987 that combines the technologies of standard compact disc and LaserDisc. CD-V discs are the same size as a standard 12 cm (4.7 in) audio CD, and contain up to 20 minutes' worth of CD audio that can be played on any audio CD player. They also contain up to 5 minutes of analog LaserDisc video information with a digital CD-quality soundtrack, which can be played back on a newer LaserDisc player capable of playing CD-V discs or CD-V-only players.

The "CD Video" brand was also used to market some 20 cm (7.9 in) and 30 cm (12 in) LaserDiscs which included a digital soundtrack but no CD-compatible content.
Liaoxiornis
Liaoxiornis is a dubious genus of enantiornithean bird. The only named species is Liaoxiornis delicatus, described by Hou and Chen in 1999. Because the species was named for a hatchling specimen, it cannot be matched with adult specimens, and so it is impossible to determine which, if any, birds from the same rocks represent adults of this species. Luis Chiappe and colleagues therefore regarded it as a nomen vanum ("empty name") or at least a nomen dubium, and recommended that use of the name be abandoned.

Enantiornithes
The Enantiornithes, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense), the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. Almost all retained teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds externally. Over seventy species of Enantiornithes have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so it is likely that not all are valid. The Enantiornithes became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, along with Hesperornithes and all other non-avian dinosaurs.
Junchen
Junchen (Chinese: 軍臣, Old Chinese (ZS): *kun-gin; r. 161–126 BCE) was the son and successor to Laoshang Chanyu. As chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire, Junchen outlived the Han emperors Wen (r. 180–157 BC) and Jing (r. 157–141 BC). He died during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC). All three Han emperors confirmed the heqin peace and kinship treaty with the Xiongnu.

Laoshang
Laoshang (Chinese: 老上; r. 174–161 BCE), whose personal name was Jiyu (Chinese: 稽鬻), was a chanyu of the Xiongnu Empire who succeeded his father Modu Chanyu in 174 BCE. Under his reign, the Xiongnu Empire continued to expand against the Yuezhi with the Xiongnu gaining control of the Hexi Corridor.
Arkansas Highway 259
Highway 259 (AR 259, Ark. 259, and Hwy. 259) is a designation for three north–south state highways in northeast Arkansas. A southern route of 12.11 miles (19.49 km) runs north from Highway 238 to US Route 70 (US 70) at Lake Grove, Arkansas. A second route of 6.90 miles (11.10 km) begins at Highway 306 and runs north to Highway 284 in Cross County. A third route of 3.14 miles (5.05 km) begins at Highway 364 and runs north to Highway 42 near Hickory Ridge.

Arkansas Highway 42
Arkansas Highway 42 (AR 42) is an east–west state highway in northeast Arkansas. The route runs 53.54 miles (86.16 km) from Highway 37 south of Beedeville east to Barton Street in Turrell. The highway is a rural, two-lane road with relatively low traffic serving a sparsely populated agricultural area of Arkansas. Highway 42 is one of the original state highways created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering, and has remained largely unchanged since bridge construction and an eastward extension in 1938. It is maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ARDOT).
New York State Route 183
New York State Route 183 (NY 183) is a state highway located within Oswego County, New York, in the United States. The southern terminus is at an intersection with NY 69 in the hamlet of Amboy Center within the town of Amboy. Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 13 in the hamlet of Williamstown within the town of the same name.

New York State Route 69
New York State Route 69 (NY 69) is a state highway extending for 57.42 miles (92.41 km) across the central portion of the U.S. state of New York. The western terminus of the route is at NY 104 in the Oswego County village of Mexico. The eastern terminus is at NY 5A in the Oneida County village of Yorkville, just west of Utica. In between, NY 69 serves the city of Rome.

When NY 69 was first assigned in 1930, it stretched only from Colosse to Rome. By the early 1940s, NY 69 was extended to encompass all of its current alignment, as well as what is now NY 5A from Yorkville to Utica. It was reduced to its current length in 1970.
1:72 scale
1:72 scale is a scale used for scale models, most commonly model aircraft, where one inch on the model equals six feet (which is seventy-two inches) in real life. The scale is popular for aircraft because sizes ranging from small fighters to large bombers are all reasonably manageable and displayable.

Scale model
A scale model is a physical model that is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.

Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.

Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Novi Township, Michigan
Novi Township is a civil township of Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  At the 2020 census, the township had a population of 160. Of the original 36-square-mile (93 km2) survey township, only a small portion of 0.11 square miles (0.28 km2) remains unincorporated from the surrounding city of Novi.  Novi Township is the smallest township in the state by total land area and the third-smallest municipality after the villages of Ahmeek and Copper City.

The township consists solely of the Brookland Farms #1 subdivision and is served by the Northville 48167 ZIP Code.  Students within Novi Township attend Northville Public Schools.

Novi, Michigan
Novi (/ˈnoʊvaɪ/ ⓘ NOH-vy) is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. A northwestern suburb of Detroit, Novi is located roughly 25 miles (40.2 km) northwest of downtown Detroit. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 66,243, an increase of 20% from the 2010 census.
Maria Pia of Savoy
Dona Maria Pia (16 October 1847 – 5 July 1911) was by birth an Italian princess of the House of Savoy and by marriage Queen of Portugal as the wife of King Luís I of Portugal. On the day of her baptism, Pope Pius IX, her godfather, gave her a Golden Rose. Maria Pia was married to Luís on 6 October 1862 in Lisbon. She was the grand mistress of the Order of Saint Isabel. She was the third queen of the House of Savoy on the Portuguese throne after Mafalda and Marie-Françoise of Savoy-Nemours.

Luís I of Portugal
Dom Luís I (Luís Filipe Maria Fernando Pedro de Alcântara António Miguel Rafael Gabriel Gonzaga Xavier Francisco de Assis João Augusto Júlio Valfando; 31 October 1838 – 19 October 1889), known as "the Popular" (Portuguese: o Popular) was King of Portugal from 1861 to 1889.

Luís was a member of the ruling House of Braganza. The second son of Queen Maria II and her consort, King Ferdinand II, and born as the Duke of Porto, he acceded to the throne upon the death of his elder brother King Pedro V.
World Ninepin Bowling Association
The World Ninepin Bowling Association (WNBA) is the world governing body of nine-pin bowling, and one of two member associations of the International Bowling Federation. The WNBA counts approximately 250,000 members in 28 countries in Europe, South America and Asia.

International Bowling Federation
International Bowling Federation (IBF), formerly known as the Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ) from 1952 to April 2014 and as World Bowling (WB) from April 2014 to November 2020, is the world governing body of nine-pin and ten-pin bowling. IBF was founded in 1952 in Hamburg, Germany by officials of the International Bowling Association (founded 1926) to grow worldwide interest in amateur ten-pin and nine-pin bowling, as well as international friendship by encouraging world and zone tournaments and other competition between bowlers of different countries. IBF has been recognized by the International Olympic Committee since 1979 as the governing body for bowling sports. Starting with five member federations in 1952, it grew to 141 in 2010. IBF has member federations located in all five Olympic regions.
Durance
The Durance (French pronunciation: [dyʁɑ̃s]; Durença in the Occitan classical norm or Durènço in the Mistralian norm) is a major river in Southeastern France. A left tributary of the Rhône, it is 323.2 km (200.8 mi) long. Its drainage basin is 14,472 km2 (5,588 sq mi).

Its source is in the southwestern part of the Alps, in the Montgenèvre ski resort near Briançon; it flows southwest through the following departments and cities:

Hautes-Alpes: Briançon, Embrun.

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Sisteron, Manosque.

Vaucluse: Cavaillon, Avignon.

Bouches-du-Rhône.

The Durance's largest tributary is the Verdon. The Durance itself is a tributary of the Rhône and flows into the Rhône near Avignon. The Durance is the second longest (after the Saône) of the tributaries of the Rhône and the third largest in terms of its flow (after the Saône and Isère).

Verdon (river)
The Verdon (French pronunciation: [vɛʁdɔ̃], Occitan: [ˈbeɾðu]) is a 166.5-kilometre-long (103.5 mi) river in Southeastern France, left tributary of the Durance. Its drainage basin is 2,295 km2 (886 sq mi). The Verdon is best known for its impressive canyon: the Verdon Gorge. This limestone canyon, also called the "Grand Canyon of Verdon", 20 kilometres (12 mi) long and more than 300 metres (980 ft) deep, is a popular climbing and sight-seeing area. The name comes from the green appearance of the waters of the river, in the canyon.
SimCity Societies
SimCity Societies is a city-building simulation video game developed by Tilted Mill Entertainment and published by Electronic Arts, and is part of the SimCity series. The gameplay is significantly different from previous SimCity titles, with a greater focus on social development. SimCity Societies was released in 2007, and received mixed reviews, with praise for the game's improved accessibility and visuals, but criticism for being oversimplified and having poor performance.

SimCity
SimCity is an open-ended city-building video game franchise originally designed by Will Wright. The first game in the series, SimCity, was published by Maxis in 1989 and was followed by several sequels and many other spin-off Sim titles, including 2000's The Sims, which itself became a best-selling computer game and franchise. Maxis developed the series independently until 1997, and continued under the ownership of Electronic Arts (EA) until 2003. EA commissioned various spinoffs from other companies during the 2000s, focusing on console and mobile releases. A 2013 EA-Maxis reboot was subject to what has been described as "one of the most disastrous launches in history", which may have triggered the 2015 shutdown of Maxis Emeryville and the end of the franchise.
The Nationalists (France)
The Nationalists (French: Les Nationalistes), also known as Parti Nationaliste Français, is a far-right neo-fascist political movement in France originally established in 1983 by former National Front (FN) members, including former Waffen-SS members like Pierre Bousquet, Jean Castrillo, and Henri Simon, around the magazine Militant. Inactive after the early 1990s, it was reactivated in 2015 following the dissolution of the néo-Pétainist movement L'Œuvre Française by the French authorities in 2013. Far-right militant Yvan Benedetti serves as its current leader.

L'Œuvre Française
L'Œuvre Française (French: [lœvʁə fʁɑ̃sɛːz], OF; English: "The French Work"), also called L'Œuvre (pronounced [lœvʁ]), was a French nationalist, néo-Pétainist and antisemitic far-right movement founded in 1968 by Pierre Sidos. Inspired by the "semi-fascist" regimes of Vichy France, Francoist Spain and the Estado Novo, L'Œuvre Française was—until its dissolution by the authorities in 2013—the oldest nationalist association still active in France.
John Steiner (psychoanalyst)
John Steiner (born 1934) is a British psychoanalyst, author and trainer at the British Psychoanalytical Society. Steiner, a "prolific London post-Kleinian", is best known for his conceptions of the "pathological organisation" or the "psychic retreat"...between the paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions'. His book, Psychic Retreats, describes a treatment methodology for patients with complex defence mechanisms that are difficult to treat with conventional psychoanalysis.

Melanie Klein
Melanie Klein (/klaɪn/; German: [klaɪn]; née Reizes; 30 March 1882 – 22 September 1960) was an Austrian-British author and psychoanalyst known for her work in child analysis. She was the primary figure in the development of object relations theory. Klein's work primarily focused on the role of ambivalence and moral ambiguity in human development. Klein suggested that pre-verbal existential anxiety in infancy catalyzed the formation of the unconscious, which resulted in the unconscious splitting of the world into good and bad idealizations. In her theory, how the child resolves that split depends on the constitution of the child and the character of nurturing the child experiences. The quality of resolution can inform the presence, absence, and/or type of distresses a person experiences later in life.
The Daily Beast
The Daily Beast is an American news website focused on politics, media, and pop culture. Founded in 2008, the website is owned by IAC Inc. It has been characterized as a "high-end tabloid" by Noah Shachtman, the site's editor-in-chief from 2018 to 2021. In a 2015 interview, former editor-in-chief John Avlon described the Beast's editorial approach: "We seek out scoops, scandals, and stories about secret worlds; we love confronting bullies, bigots, and hypocrites." In 2018, Avlon described the Beast's "strike zone" as "politics, pop culture, and power".

IAC Inc.
IAC Inc. is an American holding company that owns brands worldwide, mostly in media and Internet. The company originated in 1996 as HSN Inc., the holding company of Home Shopping Network and USA Network before changing its name to USA Networks, Inc. in 1999. The firm's television assets then were sold to Vivendi in 2002. (Currently, HSN is owned by QVC Group and USA Network is owned by Versant.)

The company is incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law but is headquartered in New York City. Joey Levin, who previously led the company's search and applications segment, served as chief executive officer from June 2015 until April 2025.
Psara
Psara (Greek: Ψαρά [ps̠aˈɾa]), known in ancient times as Psyra (Ψύρα) and Psyrie (Ψυρίη), is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Together with the small island of Antipsara, it forms the municipality of Psara. It is part of the Chios regional unit, which is part of the North Aegean region. The only town of the island and seat of the municipality is also called Psara.

Psara had 420 inhabitants according to the 2021 census. It has a small port linking to the island of Chios and other parts of Greece.

In the Psara massacre on the island, thousands of Greeks were massacred by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1824.

Destruction of Psara
The Destruction of Psara (in Greek: Καταστροφή των Ψαρών, Katastrofí ton Psarón) was the killing of thousands of Greeks on the island of Psara by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1824.
Ben Meier
Ben Meier (August 1, 1918 – October 2, 1995) was a North Dakota Republican Party politician who served as the Secretary of State of North Dakota for a record tenure of 34 years from January 1, 1955, to December 31, 1988. This tenure makes him the second longest serving state level Secretary of State in United States history. Bill Gardner of New Hampshire, who served for 54 years, from 1976 to 2022, surpassed Meier's record on December 9, 2010.

North Dakota Secretary of State
The North Dakota secretary of state is an elected office in the U.S. state of North Dakota. The incumbent as of 2023 was Michael Howe. Duties of the secretary of state include being the custodian of the state's Great Seal and other official state documents, recording the official acts of the governor, distributing copies of legislative resolutions, and recording original bills and resolutions from each biennial Legislative Assembly. Other duties of the office include those pertaining to statewide elections, licensing within the state, and recording trademarks. The secretary of state is second (behind the lieutenant governor) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of North Dakota.