hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur
French university associations known as "pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur" (PRES; English: centers for research and higher education) were a form of higher-level organization for universities and other institutions established by French law in effect from 2007 to 2013. The 2013 Law on Higher Education and Research (France) discontinued the PRES; these have been largely replaced by the new Communities of Universities and Institutions (French translation abbreviated COMUE). The list below indicates the status of those institutions designated as PRES or related associations before the 2013 law took effect. See the list of public universities in France for the current status of these institutions.

Lists of public universities and higher education institutes in France
The French Ministry of Higher Education and Research lists 160 public higher education establishments. It divides these into four categories:

65 universities

60 écoles

25 grands établissements

10 other establishments

These are summarized in the following template and further detailed in the lists that follow.
Theatre of Living Arts
The Theatre of Living Arts (known commonly as the TLA) is a concert venue located on South Street in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The venue, which opened in 1988, dates back to the early 1900s as a nickelodeon. In the 1960s, it was a regional theater led by Andre Gregory named Theatre of the Living Arts.

Over the years, the venue has seen many incarnations ranging from concert hall to movie theater to theater. Known for its acoustics, it was voted as one of the best concert venues in America by Complex.

South Street (Philadelphia)
South Street in Philadelphia, initially named Cedar Street in William Penn's original street grid, is an east–west street forming the southern border of Center City and the northern border for South Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, United States.

The South Street Headhouse District between Front and 7th or 8th streets is a neighborhood known for its bohemian, punk, and alternative atmosphere and its diverse urban mix of shops, bars, and eateries. South Street is one of Philadelphia's largest and most prominent tourist attractions.
Pleurotus pulmonarius
Pleurotus pulmonarius, commonly known as the Indian oyster, Italian oyster, phoenix mushroom, or the lung oyster, is a mushroom very similar to Pleurotus ostreatus, the pearl oyster, but with a few noticeable differences. The caps of P. pulmonarius are much paler and smaller than P. ostreatus and develop more of a stem. P. pulmonarius also prefers warmer weather than P. ostreatus and will appear later in the summer. The taste and cultivation of the two species is generally described as largely the same. Another similar species, North America's Pleurotus populinus, is restricted to growing on aspen and cottonwood.

Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus, commonly known as the oyster mushroom, grey oyster mushroom, oyster fungus, hiratake, or pearl oyster mushroom, is a popular edible mushroom found in temperate and subtropical forests around the world.
RCTI
RCTI (an abbreviation of Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia) is an Indonesian free-to-air television network. It is best known for its soap operas, celebrity news, general news, and sports programmes. The network was launched in 1989, initially operating as a local pay television service that mainly broadcast foreign programmes, before switching to a free-to-air terrestrial network a year later.

RCTI was originally co-owned by PT Rajawali Wira Bhakti Utama (later Rajawali Corpora) and PT Bimantara Citra (later Global Mediacom, now known as PT Media Nusantara Citra (MNC)), from which its name is derived. One of its commissioners at the time, Indra Rukmana, is the husband of Tutut Soeharto, the founder and former owner of its eventual sister network, TPI.

RCTI is now fully owned by MNC, which also operates GTV, MNCTV, and iNews, all of which are private Indonesian television networks.

GTV (Indonesian TV network)
PT Global Informasi Bermutu, operating as GTV,  which is an initialism derived from its previous name, Global TV, is an Indonesian free-to-air television network. It was launched on 8 October 2002. Originally a music television channel as MTV broadcaster in Indonesia and Asia, it was one of the first television network in the world to broadcast MTV for 24 hours a day free-to-air over UHF. GTV shifted its focus to general entertainment programming targeting young adults. Currently, the broadcaster airs news, sports, soap opera, reality and game shows, along with Nickelodeon animation series and anime, making up its programming schedule. It is owned by Media Nusantara Citra (MNC), which also owns RCTI, MNCTV and iNews.
Parade
A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume, and often accompanied by marching bands, floats, or sometimes large balloons. Parades are held for a wide range of reasons, but are usually some variety of celebration.

The term "parade" is also used in different contexts; for example, in the Canadian Armed Forces, "parade" is used both to describe the procession and in other informal connotations.

Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade, but these are usually referred to as a march instead.

Float (parade)
A float is a decorated platform, either built on a vehicle like a truck or towed behind one, which is a component of many festive parades, such as those of Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, the Carnival in São Paulo, the Carnival of Viareggio, the Maltese Carnival, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Mardi Gras in New Orleans, the Gasparilla Pirate Festival, the 500 Festival Parade, the United States Presidential Inaugural Parade, and the Tournament of Roses Parade. For the latter event, floats are decorated entirely in flowers or other plant material.
People's Armed Police Band
The People's Armed Police Band (Chinese: 人民武装警察乐队) is the sole military music unit of the Chinese People's Armed Police (PAP) and one of the four premier military bands in the People's Republic of China. It is currently under the command of the Central Military Commission's Political Work Department and the Political Department of the PAP. It is the sole police band operating in mainland China and it represents the PAP and the Ministry of Public Security at state events.

Founded in 1986, the Band is notable for its responsibility of the monthly performance of March of the Volunteers at the national flagpole at Tiananmen Square, during a flag raising ceremony which is done with the Beijing Garrison Honor Guard Battalion and formerly with the PAP Honour Guard Battalion.

People's Armed Police Honour Guard Battalion
The People's Armed Police Honour Guard Battalion (Chinese: 中国人民武装警察部队仪仗队), also known as the PAP Honor Guard is the main honor guard and police unit of the People's Armed Police of China, the country's Gendarmerie force.

Since then, it has been a part of the Beijing Mobile Detachment, 1st Mobile Contingent Command (since 2018), formerly as part of the 1st Division, BAPC.
Eston
Eston is a former industrial town in the Redcar and Cleveland unitary area of North Yorkshire, England. It is part of Greater Eston, which includes the outlying settlements of Grangetown, Normanby, South Bank, Teesville and part of Ormesby.

Grangetown, North Yorkshire
Grangetown is an area in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland, North Yorkshire, England. The area is 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Middlesbrough and 4 miles (6.4 km) south-west of Redcar.

It is part of Greater Eston, which includes the area and the other centres of Eston, Normanby, South Bank, Teesville and part of Ormesby.
Pundit (explorer)
The term pundit was used in the second half of the 19th century to denote native Indian surveyors used by the British to secretly explore regions north of British India. The Pundit was the code-name for one of the first native explorers, Nain Singh, who was originally a schoolteacher (or pundit). His accomplishments were so remarkable that the whole group of around twenty native explorers became known as the Pundits.
Two of the most famous pundits included the cousins Nain Singh and Kishen Singh (code-named A.K.)

Nain Singh
Nain Singh Rawat (21 October 1830 – 1 February 1882), was one of the first Indian explorers (dubbed "pundits") employed by the British to explore the Himalayas and Central Asia. He came from the Johar Valley in Kumaon. He surveyed the trade route through Ladakh to Tibet, determined the location and altitude of Lhasa in Tibet, and surveyed a large section of Brahmaputra. His reports were initially made under the code name Number 9. He walked "1,580 miles, or 3,160,000 paces, each counted."
Levosimendan
Levosimendan (INN) is a calcium sensitizer used in the management of acutely decompensated congestive heart failure. It is marketed under the trade name Simdax (Orion Corporation). Overall the drug has a two fold mechanism of action. It leads to greater inotropy by increasing the calcium sensitivity as it binds to troponin and this results in a greater positive inotrophic force. Secondly, the drug is able to open ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, and the vascular dilatory effects of the drug lead to a decreased preload and afterload, putting less work on the heart. This drug is in the process of review by the FDA but has not been approved for use in the United States yet.

Inotrope
An inotrope or inotropic is a drug or any substance that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction.

The term inotropic state is most commonly used in reference to various drugs that affect the strength of contraction of heart muscle. However, it can also refer to pathological conditions. For example, enlarged heart muscle can increase inotropic state, whereas dead heart muscle can decrease it.
Diamond principle
In mathematics, and particularly in axiomatic set theory, the diamond principle  is a combinatorial principle introduced by Ronald Jensen in Jensen (1972) that holds in the constructible universe and that implies the continuum hypothesis. Jensen extracted the diamond principle from his proof that the axiom of constructibility implies the existence of a Suslin tree.

Suslin tree
In mathematics, a Suslin tree is a tree of height ω1 such that
every branch and every antichain is countable. They are named after Mikhail Yakovlevich Suslin.

Every Suslin tree is an Aronszajn tree.

The existence of a Suslin tree is independent of ZFC, and is equivalent to the existence of a Suslin line (shown by Kurepa (1935)) or a Suslin algebra. The diamond principle, a consequence of V=L,  implies that there is a Suslin tree, and Martin's axiom MA(ℵ1) implies that there are no Suslin trees.

More generally, for any infinite cardinal κ, a κ-Suslin tree is a tree of height κ such that every branch and antichain has cardinality less than κ. In particular a Suslin tree is the same as a ω1-Suslin tree.  Jensen (1972) showed that if V=L then there is a κ-Suslin tree for every infinite successor cardinal κ. Whether the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis implies the existence of an ℵ2-Suslin tree, is a longstanding open problem.
Poh San Teng Temple
The Poh San Teng Temple (Chinese: 宝山亭; pinyin: Bǎo Shān Tíng is a Chinese temple located at the foot of Bukit China, next to the Malacca Warrior Monument and King's Well in Malacca City, Malacca, Malaysia. The temple is dedicated to Tua Pek Kong and was founded in 1795 during the era of Dutch Malacca by Chinese Kapitan Chua Su Cheong (Tsai Shih-chang).

Bukit Cina
Bukit China (Malay: "Chinese Hill"; Chinese: 三宝山) is a hillside of historical significance in Malacca City, the capital of the Malaysian state of Malacca. It is located several kilometres to the north from the historical centre of Malacca (Dutch town and Chinatown). The site is today surrounded by the modern city on all sides.
Balkrishna Sama
Balkrishna Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana or Bala Krishna Sama (Nepali: बालकृष्ण सम; 8 February 1903 – 20 June 1981) was a Nepalese dramatist. For his great contributions to Nepali literature, he was awarded the title Natya Siromani (Crest-jewel of playwright). He is considered as one of the trimurti (trinity) of Nepali literature alongside Laxmi Prasad Devkota and Lekhnath Paudyal. He is often called the Shakespeare of Nepal.

Laxmi Prasad Devkota
Laxmi Prasad Devkota (Nepali: लक्ष्मीप्रसाद देवकोटा, 12 November 1909 – 14 September 1959) was a Nepalese poet, playwright, novelist, and politician. Honored with the title of Mahakabi (Nepali: महाकवि, lit. 'Greatest poet') in Nepali literature, he was known as a poet with a golden heart, and is considered one of the most famous literary figures in Nepal. Some of his popular works include Muna Madan, Sulochana, Kunjini, Bhikhari, and Shakuntala.
Plaxton Pointer
The Plaxton Pointer (originally known as the Reeve Burgess Pointer, and later as the TransBus Pointer and Alexander Dennis Pointer) is a single-deck midibus body that was manufactured between 1991 and 2006, predominantly on the Dennis Dart chassis, by Reeve Burgess, Plaxton and latterly Alexander Dennis.

Dennis Dart
The Dennis Dart is a rear-engined single-decker midibus chassis that was introduced by Dennis of Guildford, England, in 1989, replacing the Dennis Domino. Initially built as a high-floor design, in 1996 the low-floor second generation Dennis Dart SLF was launched. In 2001, production of the Dart SLF passed to TransBus International, during which time it was sold as the TransBus Dart SLF; Alexander Dennis took over production in 2004, renaming the product as the Alexander Dennis Dart SLF.

More than 12,600 Darts were produced in total during a 19-year production run. Most were purchased by United Kingdom operators, although examples were sold in Europe, North America, Australia and Hong Kong. In the United States, the Dart SLF, with Alexander ALX200 bodywork, was built and sold by Thomas Built Buses as the Thomas SLF 200.

The first generation Dart ceased production in 1998. Production of the Dart SLF continued until 2008, when it was replaced by the Alexander Dennis Enviro200.
Buddhapālita
Buddhapālita (Chinese: 佛護; Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་བསྐྱངས་, Wylie: sangs rgyas bskyangs, fl. 5th-6th centuries CE) was an Indian Mahayana Buddhist commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva. His Mūlamadhyamaka-vṛtti is an influential commentary to the Mūlamadhyamakakarikā.

Buddhapālita's commentarial approach works was criticised by his contemporary Bhāviveka, and then defended by the later Candrakīrti (c. 600–650).

Later Tibetan scholasticism (11th century onwards) would characterize the two approaches as the prasaṅgika (Buddhapālita-Candrakīrti) and svatantrika (Bhāviveka's) schools of Madhyamaka philosophy (but these terms do not appear in Indian Sanskrit sources).

Bhāviveka
Bhāviveka, also called Bhāvaviveka (traditional Chinese: 清辯; ; pinyin: Qīngbiàn; Wylie: slob dpon bha bya, skal ldan, legs ldan), and Bhavya was a sixth-century (c. 500 – c. 570) madhyamaka Buddhist philosopher. Alternative names for this figure also include Bhavyaviveka, Bhāvin, Bhāviviveka, Bhagavadviveka and Bhavya. Bhāviveka is the author of the Madhyamakahrdaya (Heart of the Middle), its auto-commentary the Tarkajvālā (Blaze of Reasoning) and the Prajñāpradīpa (Lamp for Wisdom).

In Tibetan Buddhism Bhāviveka is regarded as the founder of the svātantrika tradition of mādhyamaka, as opposed to the prāsaṅgika madhyamaka of Chandrakirti.

There is also another later author called Bhāvaviveka who wrote another set of madhyamaka texts. He is sometimes called Bhāvaviveka II by modern scholars.
Al Monchak
Alex Monchak (March 5, 1917 – September 12, 2015) was an American baseball shortstop who played briefly for the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1940 season. Listed at 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m), 180 pounds (82 kg), he batted and threw right-handed. He was primarily known as the first-base coach for all the Major League Baseball (MLB) teams managed by Chuck Tanner from 1971 to 1988, including the 1979 World Series Champion Pittsburgh Pirates.

Chuck Tanner
Charles William Tanner (July 4, 1928 – February 11, 2011) was an American professional baseball player and manager. A left fielder and pinch hitter who appeared in 396 games in Major League Baseball (MLB) between 1955 and 1962, he was known for his unwavering confidence and infectious optimism. As a manager for all or parts of 19 seasons, he led the Pittsburgh Pirates to a World Series championship in 1979. In his last baseball job, he served as a senior advisor to Pirates general manager Neal Huntington.
Mark Ciavarella
Mark Arthur Ciavarella Jr. (born March 3, 1950) is an American convicted felon and former President Judge of the Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, who was involved, along with fellow judge Michael Conahan, in the "kids for cash" scandal in 2008, for which he was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison in 2011.

Michael Conahan
Michael Thomas Conahan is an American convicted felon and former judge. He received a J.D. degree from Temple University and went on to serve from 1994 to 2007 as judge on the Court of Common Pleas for Luzerne County. During the last four years of his tenure, he was the president judge of the county.

He was serving a 17.5 year sentence for his part in the "kids for cash" scandal of giving harsh sentences to juvenile offenders, often accused of minor crimes, sending them to for-profit facilities in exchange for kickback payments. Due to coronavirus concerns, Conahan was released on furlough on June 19, 2020, to home confinement. On December 12, 2024, the remainder of his sentence was commuted by President Joe Biden.
Las Vegas Outlaws (XFL)
The Las Vegas Outlaws were an American football team in the XFL. They played in the Western Division with the Los Angeles Xtreme, San Francisco Demons and Memphis Maniax.  They played their home games at Sam Boyd Stadium. On February 3, 2001, The Outlaws hosted the first nationally televised XFL game on NBC against the New York/New Jersey Hitmen.

San Francisco Demons
The San Francisco Demons (originally named San Jose Demons) were a short-lived springtime American football team based in San Francisco, California. This team was part of the failed XFL begun by Vince McMahon of World Wrestling Entertainment and by NBC, a major television network in the United States. Originally they were to be based in San Jose but prior to the start of the season they were moved to San Francisco. They were in the Western Division with the Los Angeles Xtreme, Las Vegas Outlaws and Memphis Maniax.

The team played in Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco; despite having the smallest stadium in the league, they also had the highest average attendance (34,954). The fans had a cheering section nicknamed "The Hellhole".

The team was coached by Jim Skipper, former running backs coach for the New York Giants.
Engen
Engen (延元) was a Japanese era of the Southern Court during the Era of Northern and Southern Courts after Kenmu and before Kōkoku, lasting from February 1336 to April 1340.  The reigning Emperors were Emperor Go-Daigo and Emperor Go-Murakami in the south and Emperor Kōmyō in the north.

Emperor Go-Murakami
Emperor Go-Murakami (後村上天皇, Go-Murakami-tennō) (1328 – March 29, 1368) was the 97th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and a member of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period of rival courts.  He reigned from September 18, 1339, until March 29, 1368 (Shōhei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month). His personal name was Noriyoshi (義良).  He reigned from Sumiyoshi, Ōsaka, Yoshino, Nara, and other temporary locations.

This 14th-century sovereign was named after the 10th-century Emperor Murakami and go- (後), translates as "later"; and thus, he is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Murakami". The Japanese word go has also been translated to mean the "second one"; and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Murakami, the second", or as "Murakami II".
Bhagirathi Massif
Bhagirathi Massif or Bhagirathi Group (Hindi: भागीरथी ) is a mountain range of Garhwal Himalaya in Gangotri Glacier Uttarakhand India, It has four peaks between 6856 meter and 6193 meter. The Bhagirathi I summits is 6856 meter or 22493 feet. It was first climbed by A Japanese team in 1980. It is surrounded by Glaciers on four side on the eastern side of the Massif is Vasuki Glacier, on the western side its Gangotri Glacier the main glacier in this area, northern side is surrounded by Chaturangi Glacier and southern side guarded by Swachhhand Glacier.

The entire massif and surrounding area are protected within the 2,390 km2 (920 sq mi) Gangotri National Park, the third largest national park in India. The Gangotri National Park is home to several world-class treks, including Gangotri Gomukh Tapoban, Kerdarnath Vasuki tal trek. Har ki dun valley trek.

Bhagirathi Parbat I
Bhagirathi Parbat I (Hindi: भागीरथी पर्वत I) is the highest peak of the Bhagirathi Massif of the Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India. It is the 62nd highest peak in India and 393rd highest in the world. The summit is 6,856 metres (22,493 ft) high. It was first climbed by a Japanese team in 1980.
Berenstain Bears
The Berenstain Bears is a children's literature franchise created by Stan and Jan Berenstain and continued by their son, Mike Berenstain. The books feature a family of anthropomorphic grizzly bears who generally learn a moral or safety-related lesson in the course of each story.

Since the 1962 debut of the first Berenstain Bears book, The Big Honey Hunt, the series has grown to over 400 titles, which have sold approximately 260 million copies in 23 languages. The Berenstain Bears franchise has also expanded well beyond the books, encompassing television series and a wide variety of other products and licenses. While enjoying decades of popularity and receiving numerous awards, the series has been criticized for its perceived saccharine tone and formulaic storytelling.

The Big Honey Hunt
The Big Honey Hunt is a children's book by Stanley and Janice Berenstain, the first in the long running Berenstain Bears series. It was first published in 1962, by Beginner Books, an imprint of Random House, co-founded and managed by Dr. Seuss. The book introduces a family of anthropomorphic bears: Papa Bear, Mama Bear, and Small Bear (later known in the series as Brother Bear following the introduction of Sister Bear).