hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jafar Agha
Jafar Agha Shikak (Kurdish: جەعفەر ئاغا, romanized: Ce'fer Axa) was a Kurdish chieftain of the Shekak tribe in the early 20th century in Qajar Iran. He played an important role in the leadership of the tribe. In 1905, Jafar Agha was killed in Tabriz by an Iranian government trap. His death caused tensions in the region, and led to his younger brother Simko Shikak taking over the leadership of the Shekak tribe.

Simko Shikak
Ismail Agha Shikak (Kurdish: ئیسماعیل ئاغا شکاک, Îsmaîl Axayê Şikak), also known as Simko (Kurdish: سمکۆ, Simko; 1887–1930), was a Kurdish chieftain of the Shekak tribe. He was a warlord who controlled significant land and led thousands of Kurdish rebels who defeated the Qajar and Pahlavi armies on several occasions. He had also fought against the Ottomans and other foreign troops in Iran. He also led ethnic conflicts of Assyrians and Azerbaijanis. In 1930, he was assassinated by the government of Pahlavi Iran.
Nicholas McCarthy (director)
Nicholas McCarthy (born November 10, 1970) is an American film director and writer based in Los Angeles. A lifelong lover of film, McCarthy struggled for the first decades of his career, receiving his first break into the motion picture industry at the age of 40 with the release of his 2012 feature film The Pact. In 2014 he released At the Devil's Door, establishing himself primarily as a maker of horror film.

At the Devil's Door
At the Devil's Door (originally titled Home) is a 2014 American supernatural horror film directed by Nicholas McCarthy. The film had its world premiere on March 9, 2014, at South by Southwest. It stars Naya Rivera as a woman caught amidst ghostly events.
20 January 1920 Street, Bydgoszcz
20 Stycznia 1920 Street is located in downtown district, in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Many of the buildings along this axis are either registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, or part of a historical ensemble of Eclectic and Art Nouveau architecture in the city.

Gdańsk Street, Bydgoszcz
Gdańsk Street is one of the main streets of downtown Bydgoszcz, Poland. Initially, the street was a thoroughfare, but in the second half of the 19th century, it was designated as residential. It ran from the Brda river to the northern part of Bydgoszcz, and has gradually become the city's center of trade and entertainment. During the interwar period, Gdańsk Street was the third longest street in Bydgoszcz, with a total length of 3.19 km.

The street connects the Old Town Road with the northern areas of Bydgoszcz's agglomeration. The southern part is the real "vertebrate column" of Bydgoszcz's downtown and the most architecturally representative, while the northern part – from the Municipal Stadium to the southern boundaries of the city – is bordered by Forest Park of Culture and Leisure and the Gdańsk Forest. Gdańsk Street is rich architecturally and has many buildings that are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage list.
Palmyra offensive (2017)
The Palmyra offensive in 2017 was launched by the Syrian Arab Army against the armed forces of the Islamic State (IS) in the Eastern Homs Governorate in January 2017, with the goal of recapturing Palmyra and its surrounding countryside. ISIL forces had retaken the city of Palmyra in a sudden offensive from 8 to 11 December, after previously being expelled from it by Syrian government and Russian forces in March 2016. On 2 March 2017, the Syrian Army alongside Russian reinforcement, succeeded again in recapturing the beleaguered city of Palmyra.

Palmyra (modern)
Palmyra (/ˌpɑːl-maɪrə/; Arabic: تَدْمُر, romanized: Tadmur; Palmyrene: 𐡶𐡣𐡬𐡥𐡴 Tadmor) is a city in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is located in an oasis in the middle of the Syrian Desert 215 kilometres (134 mi) northeast of Damascus and 180 kilometres (110 miles) southwest of the Euphrates River. The ruins of ancient Palmyra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are situated about 500 metres (1⁄3 mile) southwest of the modern city centre. Relatively isolated, the nearest localities include Arak to the east, Al-Sukhnah further to the northeast, Tiyas to the west and al-Qaryatayn to the southwest.
Bruree
Bruree (Irish: Brú Rí, meaning 'abode of kings') is a village in south-eastern County Limerick, Ireland, on the River Maigue. It takes its name from the nearby ancient royal fortress, the alternative name of which from the earliest times into the High Middle Ages was Dún Eochair Maigue or the "fortress on the brink of the maigue". Other very old spellings and names include Brugh Righ, and Brugh Ri. The village is in a townland and civil parish of the same name.

River Maigue
The River Maigue (locally /ˈmæɡ/, Irish: An Mháigh, meaning '[river of] the plain') rises in the Milford area of north County Cork, Ireland. The River Maigue is 38.75 miles (62.36 km) long. It drains an area of 1,000 square kilometres (390 sq mi)

It is joined by the small River Glen and the larger River Loobagh in south County Limerick. It then flows north through Bruree, after which it augmented by the River Morning Star. It flows through Croom and Adare before entering the Shannon Estuary (Irish: An tSionainn) just north of Ferry Bridge between Kildimo and Clarina, just west of Limerick city. The River Maigue is tidal up to Adare on the N21 Road Bridge.
Masinloc Church
The Diocesan Shrine and Parish of San Andres, commonly known as Masinloc Church, is an 18th-century Baroque style Roman Catholic church located at Brgy. South Poblacion, Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines. The parish church, dedicated to Saint Andrew the Apostle, is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Iba. The church is unusual among Spanish-era churches in the Central Luzon region for having been built with coral instead of adobe, and was declared a National Cultural Treasure by the National Museum of the Philippines along with 25 other Spanish-era churches in 2001.

Masinloc
Masinloc, officially the Municipality of Masinloc (Sambal: Babali nin Masinloc; Ilocano: Ili ti Masinloc; Filipino: Bayan ng Masinloc), is a municipality in the province of Zambales, Philippines. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 56,579 people.
Brownian ratchet
In the philosophy of thermal and statistical physics, the Brownian ratchet or Feynman–Smoluchowski ratchet is an apparent perpetual motion machine of the second kind (converting thermal energy into mechanical work), first analysed in 1912 as a thought experiment by Polish physicist Marian Smoluchowski. It was popularised by American Nobel laureate physicist Richard Feynman in a physics lecture at the California Institute of Technology on May 11, 1962, during his Messenger Lectures series The Character of Physical Law in Cornell University in 1964 and in his text The Feynman Lectures on Physics  as an illustration of the laws of thermodynamics.  The simple machine, consisting of a tiny paddle wheel and a ratchet, appears to be an example of a Maxwell's demon, able to extract mechanical work from random fluctuations (heat) in a system at thermal equilibrium, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.  Detailed analysis by Feynman and others showed why it cannot actually do this.

Ratchet (device)
A ratchet (occasionally spelled rachet) is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used in machinery and tools. The word ratchet is also used informally to refer to a ratcheting socket wrench.
2 Esdras
2 Esdras, also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra, is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, whom the book identifies with the sixth-century figure Shealtiel.: 37

2 Esdras forms a part of the canon of Scripture in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (an Oriental Orthodoxy body), though it is reckoned among the apocrypha by Roman Catholics and Protestants. Within Eastern Orthodoxy it forms a part of the canon although its usage varies by different traditions. 2 Esdras was translated by Jerome as part of the Vulgate, though he placed it in an appendix.

Shealtiel
Shealtiel (Hebrew: שְׁאַלְתִּיאֵל, Šəʾaltīʾēl), transliterated in Greek as Salathiel (Koine Greek: Σαλαθιηλ, Salăthiēl), was the son of Jehoiachin, king of Judah (1 Chronicles, 1 Chronicles 3:17–18). The Gospel of Matthew 1:12 also list Shealtiel as the son of Jeconiah (line of Solomon). Jeconiah, Shealtiel, as well as most of the royal house and elite of the kingdom, were exiled to Babylon by order of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon after the first siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC. During the Babylonian captivity, Shealtiel was regarded as the second Exilarch (or king-in-exile), following his father.
Open adoption
Open adoption is a form of adoption in which the biological and adoptive families have access to varying degrees of each other's personal information and have an option of contact. While open adoption is a relatively new phenomenon in the west, it has been a traditional practice in many Asian societies, especially in South Asia, for many centuries. In Hindu society, for example, it is relatively common for a childless couple to adopt the second or later son of the husband's brother when the childless couple has limited hope of producing their own child.

In an open adoption, the adoptive parents hold all the rights as the legal parents, yet the individuals of the biological and adoptive families may exercise the option to open the contact in varying forms: from just sending mail and/or photos, to face-to-face visits between birth and adoptive families.

Adoption
Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that person's biological or legal parent or parents. Legal adoptions permanently transfer all rights and responsibilities, along with filiation, from the biological parents to the adoptive parents.

Unlike guardianship or other systems designed for the care of the young, adoption is intended to effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition, either through legal or religious sanction. Historically, some societies have enacted specific laws governing adoption, while others used less formal means (notably contracts that specified inheritance rights and parental responsibilities without an accompanying transfer of filiation). Modern systems of adoption, arising in the 20th century, tend to be governed by comprehensive statutes and regulations.
Centinela Valley Union High School District
Centinela Valley Union High School District, (CVUHSD) is a public union high school district located in southern California that serves about 6,800 students in grades 9–12 from all of Lawndale and Lennox, most of Hawthorne and Alondra Park (a.k.a. El Camino Village), and a small portion of Inglewood. The district's three associated elementary feeder school districts are Hawthorne School District, Lawndale Elementary School District, and Lennox School District. Previously Wiseburn Unified School District, now a unified district, fed into CVUSD.  The Centinela Valley district also offers adult education classes.

Students attend Hawthorne High School, Lawndale High School, Leuzinger High School, or the continuation school, Lloyde Continuation High School.

Lawndale, California
Lawndale is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 31,807 at the 2020 census, down from 32,769 at the 2010 census. The city is in the South Bay region of the Greater Los Angeles Area.
Agui
Agui (Chinese: 阿桂; pinyin: Āguì; Wade–Giles: A¹-kuei⁴; Manchu: ᠠᡤᡡᡳ, Möllendorff: agūi, Abkai: agvi; September 7, 1717 – October 10, 1797) was a Manchu noble general for the Qing dynasty. As the only son of Akdun, he was a scion of a noble family who led a number of important Manchu  military operations, including several of the "Ten Great Campaigns".

Ten Great Campaigns
The Ten Great Campaigns (Chinese: 十全武功; pinyin: Shíquán Wǔgōng) were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid–late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796). They included three to enlarge the area of Qing control in Inner Asia: two against the Dzungars (1755–1757) and the "pacification" of Xinjiang (1758–1759). The other seven campaigns were more in the nature of police actions on frontiers already established: two wars against the Gyalrong of Jinchuan, Sichuan, another against the Taiwanese aboriginals (1787–1788), and four expeditions abroad against the Burmese (1765–1769), the Vietnamese (1788–1789), and the Gurkhas on the border between Tibet and Nepal (1790–1792), with the last group having two campaigns waged against them.
Benjamin D. Pritchard
Benjamin Dudley Pritchard (January 29, 1835 – November 26, 1907) was a United States Army officer, most known for leading the Union cavalry regiment which captured the fugitive Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, in the weeks surrounding the close of the American Civil War.

George Munger (soldier)
George Munger, Corporal, 4th Michigan Cavalry Company L. is credited with having recognized and helped to capture Jefferson Davis.

Although Private Andrew Bee of Martin, Michigan also claimed to be the first to recognize Davis, the official report submitted by General James H. Wilson, Commander of the Cavalry Corps, Department of the Mississippi, credited Allegan, Michigan native George Munger with blocking Davis’ escape after others alerted him, allowing Lieutenant-Colonel B D Pritchard's regiment to capture Davis and end his hopes of re-establishing the Confederate Government in the Trans-Mississippi.
Kabe Station (Hiroshima)
Kabe Station (可部駅, Kabe-eki) is a railway station on the Kabe Line in Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West). From December 1, 2003, to March 4, 2017, it was the terminal station of the Kabe Line.

Aki-Kameyama Station
Aki-Kameyama Station (あき亀山駅, Aki-Kameyama-eki) is a train station in Asakita-ku, Hiroshima on the Kabe Line operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The station opened on March 4, 2017, but is at a different location than Aki-Kameyama Station (with different Japanese script) which closed in 2003.
No. 9 Squadron SLAF
No. 9 "Attack Helicopter" Squadron is a squadron of the Sri Lanka Air Force. It currently operates the air force's fleet of Attack Helicopter of Mil Mi-24s, Mil Mi-35s and Mi-17Sh s from SLAF Hingurakgoda for Close Air Support. The squadron is tasked with close air support/battlefield air interdiction, air interdiction, maritime air operations, armed escort missions and air defence operations.

In March 2009, the squadron was presented with the President's Colours.

Mil Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (Russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and was introduced by the Soviet Air Force in 1972. As of 2025, the helicopter is in use with 52 countries.

In NATO circles, the export versions, Mi-25 and Mi-35, are denoted with a letter suffix as "Hind D" and "Hind E". Soviet pilots called the Mi-24 the "flying tank" (Russian: летающий танк, romanized: letayushchiy tank), a term used historically with the famous World War II Soviet Il-2 Shturmovik armored ground attack aircraft. Other common unofficial nicknames were "Galina" (or "Galya"), "Crocodile" (Russian: Крокодил, romanized: Krokodil), due to the helicopter's camouflage scheme, and "Drinking Glass" (Russian: Стакан, romanized: Stakan), because of the flat glass plates that surround earlier Mi-24 variants' cockpits.
Parvata kingdom
Parvata kingdom refers to the territory of a tribe known as Parvatas (mountaineers), mentioned in the epic Mahabharata. Most of the descriptions of Parvata kingdom in the epic refer to a mountainous country in the Himalayas. Tribes belonging to other mountainous regions in the north west, west and the east of the Indo-Gangetic Plain were also known as Parvatas, when used as a collective name. Parvatas took part in the Kurukshetra War. The epic also mentions a sage named Parvata who was a companion of sage Narada.

Kirata kingdom
Kirata kingdom in Sanskrit literature and Hindu mythology refers to any kingdom of the Kiratas, who were dwellers mostly in the Himalayas (mostly eastern Himalaya). They took part in the Kurukshetra War along with Parvatas (mountaineers) and other Himalayan tribes.
Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association
Jammu and Kashmir Cricket Association (JKCA) is an organisation that governs and manages cricket in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It fields the Jammu and Kashmir cricket team in the Ranji Trophy domestic tournament. It is a member of the Board of Control for Cricket in India.

JKCA's home ground is the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium in Srinagar, which has held One Day International matches in the past. The association is currently constructing an indoor academy at the stadium, which is also its headquarters.

JKCA is registered with J&K Registrar of Societies. In its constitution, all the districts of Jammu and Kashmir are given equal representation in voting.

Jammu and Kashmir cricket team
The Jammu and Kashmir cricket team is a cricket team based in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, run by JKCA. It is in the Elite Group C of the Ranji Trophy. Its main home ground is the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium in Srinagar, and it also plays at Gandhi Memorial Science College Ground in Jammu.
ArXiv
arXiv (pronounced as "archive"—the X represents the Greek letter chi ⟨χ⟩) is an open-access repository of electronic preprints and postprints (known as e-prints) approved for posting after moderation, but not peer reviewed. It consists of scientific papers in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electrical engineering, computer science, quantitative biology, statistics, mathematical finance, and economics, which can be accessed online. In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are self-archived on the arXiv repository before publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Some publishers also grant permission for authors to archive the peer-reviewed postprint. Begun on August 14, 1991, arXiv.org passed the half-million-article milestone on October 3, 2008. By the end of 2014, it had surpassed one million articles, and it reached two million by the end of 2021. As of November 2024, the submission rate is about 24,000 articles per month.

Self-archiving
Self-archiving is the act of (the author's) depositing a free copy of an electronic document online in order to provide open access to it. The term usually refers to the self-archiving of peer-reviewed research journal and conference articles, as well as theses and book chapters, deposited in the author's own institutional repository or open archive for the purpose of maximizing its accessibility, usage and citation impact. The term green open access has become common in recent years, distinguishing this approach from gold open access, where the journal itself makes the articles publicly available without charge to the reader.
KTM ETS
The KTM ETS, commercially known as ETS (Electric Train Service), is an inter-city higher-speed rail service in Malaysia. It is operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM). ETS followed KTM Komuter to be the second electric train service to be operated by KTM. ETS is Malaysia's second inter-city rail service after KTM Intercity.

Launched in 2010, the ETS is Malaysia's fastest metre-gauge train service. It operates on the historical KTM West Coast Line in western Peninsular Malaysia. The line has since been mostly electrified and double-tracked. Its maximum speed of 140 km/h (87 mph) is among the world's fastest metre-gauge train services.

The service runs between both ends of the West Coast line, between Padang Besar, near the border with Thailand, to JB Sentral, near the border with Singapore.

KTM Intercity
KTM Intercity (Malay: KTM Antarabandar) are diesel-hauled intercity train services in Peninsular Malaysia, operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM). Services primarily operate along the KTM East Coast Line between Tumpat and Gemas. Services along the KTM West Coast Line have been mostly replaced by electric-hauled KTM ETS services following electrification and double-tracking, with only two services remaining between Gemas and Woodlands Train Checkpoint in Singapore. KTM Intercity has long enjoyed moderate success, but increasingly faces competition with road and air travel, as expressways increase in number and budget airlines offer shorter travelling time. In 2006, KTM Intercity earned a profit of RM 70.94 million as group revenue, hovering around the RM 65 million mark since 2001.
Selangor F.C. Futsal
Selangor F.C. Futsal, formerly known as Selangor MAC, is a Malaysian professional futsal club based in the city of Shah Alam, Selangor. It is a futsal section of Selangor F.C. Nicknamed The Red Giants, they play home games at the Panasonic National Sport Complex. The club is owned by the Red Giants Sdn. Bhd, with Tengku Amir Shah as chairman.

The Red Giants hold the records for most MPFL Division 1 titles and most Malaysia Futsal Cup titles. Selangor was the third Malaysian club to enter the AFF Futsal Club Championship, finishing third in 2021 and 2022 seasons.

2021 AFF Futsal Cup
The 2021 AFF Futsal Cup was the sixth edition of AFF Futsal Cup. The tournament was held in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand from 13 to 17 September 2021.

The defending champion was Chonburi Bluewave and they became champions 2 times in a row.
Occam (programming language)
Occam is a programming language which is concurrent and builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra, and shares many of its features. It is named after philosopher William of Ockham after whom Occam's razor is named.

Occam is an imperative procedural language (such as Pascal). It was developed by David May and others at Inmos (trademark INMOS), advised by Tony Hoare, as the native programming language for their transputer microprocessors, but implementations for other platforms are available. The most widely known version is occam 2; its programming manual was written by Steven Ericsson-Zenith and others at Inmos.

Concurrent computing
Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.

This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network—where there is a separate execution point or "thread of control" for each process. A concurrent system is one where a computation can advance without waiting for all other computations to complete.

Concurrent computing is a form of modular programming. In its paradigm an overall computation is factored into subcomputations that may be executed concurrently. Pioneers in the field of concurrent computing include Edsger Dijkstra, Per Brinch Hansen, and C.A.R. Hoare.
Dagi Khatun
Dagi (Mongolian: Тажи хатан, ᠲᠠᠵᠢ; Chinese: 答己; pinyin: Dájǐ), also rendered as Taji and Tagi, was a Mongol noblewoman who later became empress dowager and grand empress dowager of China's Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. She was the mother of Külüg Khan (Emperor Wuzong) and Buyantu Khan (Emperor Renzong).

Külüg Khan
Külüg Khan (Mongolian: Хүлэг Хаан; Mongolian script: ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠭ; Chinese: 曲律汗), born Khayishan (Mongolian: Хайсан ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠰᠠᠩ; Chinese: 海山, Mongolian: Хайсан, meaning "wall"), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Wuzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元武宗; pinyin: Yuán Wǔzōng; Wade–Giles: Wu-Tsung) (August 4, 1281 – January 27, 1311), was an emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China. Apart from being the Emperor of China, he is regarded as the seventh Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. His regnal name "Külüg Khan" means "warrior Khan" or "fine horse Khan" in the Mongolian language.