hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Photoelastic modulator
A photoelastic modulator (PEM) is an optical device used to modulate the polarization of a light source.  The photoelastic effect is used to change the birefringence of the optical element in the photoelastic modulator.

PEM was first invented by J. Badoz in the 1960s and originally called a "birefringence modulator."  It was initially developed for physical measurements including optical rotary dispersion and Faraday rotation, polarimetry of astronomical objects, strain-induced birefringence, and ellipsometry. Later developers of the photoelastic modulator include J.C Kemp, S.N Jasperson and S.E Schnatterly.

Ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is an optical technique for investigating the dielectric properties (complex refractive index or dielectric function) of thin films. Ellipsometry measures the change of polarization upon reflection or transmission and compares it to a model.

It can be used to characterize composition, roughness, thickness (depth), crystalline nature, doping concentration, electrical conductivity and other material properties. It is very sensitive to the change in the optical response of incident radiation that interacts with the material being investigated.

A spectroscopic ellipsometer can be found in most thin film analytical labs. Ellipsometry is also becoming more interesting to researchers in other disciplines such as biology and medicine. These areas pose new challenges to the technique, such as measurements on unstable liquid surfaces and microscopic imaging.
An Acceptable Time
An Acceptable Time is a 1989 young adult science fiction novel by American author Madeleine L'Engle, the last of her books to feature Polyhymnia O'Keefe, better known as Poly (The Arm of the Starfish, Dragons in the Waters) or Polly (A House Like a Lotus, An Acceptable Time). Marketed as part of the author's Time Quintet, An Acceptable Time connects Polly's adventures with those of her parents, Meg Murry and Calvin O'Keefe, which take place a generation earlier. The book's title is taken from Psalm 69:13, "But as for me, my prayer is to You, O Lord, at an acceptable time."

Time Quintet
The Time Quintet is a science fantasy series of five young adult novels written by American author Madeleine L'Engle and made up of A Wrinkle in Time (1962), A Wind in the Door (1973), A Swiftly Tilting Planet (1978), Many Waters (1986), and An Acceptable Time (1989).
Graaff baronets
The Graaff Baronetcy, of Cape Town in the Cape of Good Hope Province of the Union of South Africa, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 6 February 1911 for the South African businessman and politician David Pieter de Villiers Graaff. His son, the second Baronet, was also a politician and served as Leader of the United Party between 1956 and 1977.

The baronetcy is one of twelve conferred on South Africans between 1841 and 1924.

Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet
Sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff, 1st Baronet (30 March 1859 – 13 April 1931) was a South African cold storage magnate and politician. Graaff revolutionized the cold storage industry in Africa.  He founded the Imperial Cold Storage and Supply Company in 1899, and aggressively ran it until he left to serve in government.  Graaff grew the company into one of the largest in Africa. Graaff's wealth soared, at the turn of the century.  During World War I he personally part financed the South African war effort and for this he was knighted as well as for services at the Paris Peace Conference 1919.
Guildford School of Art
51°12′58″N 0°48′22″W﻿ / ﻿51.216°N 0.806°W﻿ / 51.216; -0.806

Guildford School of Art was formed in 1856 as Guildford Working Men's Institution and was one of several schools of art run by Surrey County Council. After several mergers with tertiary art institutions it became part of the University for the Creative Arts in 2008.

University for the Creative Arts
The University for the Creative Arts is a specialist art and design university in Southern England.

It was formed in 2005 as University College for the Creative Arts at Canterbury, Epsom, Farnham, Maidstone and Rochester when the Kent Institute of Art and Design was merged into the Surrey Institute of Art & Design, which already had degree-awarding status; both constituent schools had been formed by merging the local art schools, in Kent and Surrey respectively. It was granted university status in 2008, and the name changed to the present one.
Slip Anchor
Slip Anchor (1982–2011) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1985 Epsom Derby by seven lengths. After showing some promise as a two-year-old, he showed substantial improvement in the spring of 1985, winning the Derby Trial at Lingfield Park Racecourse by ten lengths before recording a rare start-to-finish win in the Derby. He was rated the best racehorse in Europe in 1985. His subsequent career was disrupted by injury, and he finished second in his other three races before being retired to stud. He had some success as a breeding stallion and died in 2011.

Slip Anchor was the fifth Epsom Derby winner whose sire (Shirley Heights) and paternal grandsire (Mill Reef) were themselves winners of Britain's premier classic.

Shirley Heights (horse)
Shirley Heights (1 March 1975 – 17 March 1997) was a British Thoroughbred race horse and winner of the Derby in 1978. The colt had previously won the Royal Lodge Stakes and the Dante Stakes, and he went on to win the Irish Derby before his racing career was ended by injury. He became a highly successful breeding stallion.
Trofeo Maserati
The Trofeo Maserati is a single-marque motorsport championship that was started by Maserati Corse in 2003, with the introduction of the Maserati Coupé. Its title is commonly confused as Maserati Trofeo, which in fact refers to the name devised for the 4200 Coupé built for the series. However, in recent years Maserati themselves have been very inconsistent regarding the name of the championship, making it hard to define what is officially correct. In this article, the series will be referred to as Trofeo Maserati.

It is very similar to the Ferrari Challenge, although not on such a large scale. The concept is simple: customers purchase or rent a Trofeo car which is for track use only, register themselves and their team for a season or race and compete. Teams are not allowed to tune their engines, but can adjust suspension, brakes etc. Entrants can also use Maserati in-house teams at an additional cost.

Ferrari Challenge
The Ferrari Challenge is a single-marque motorsport championship that was created in 1993, initially catering to owners of the 348 Challenge who wanted to race their cars. The first European season took place in 1993, with a North American series added in 1994. It now encompasses five official series in Europe, North America, Japan, The United Kingdom & Australasia. Competitors from each series are brought together at the annual World Finals (Finali Mondiali) event.

In the course of more than 30 years of history, the one-make championship has featured nine cars from the Maranello marque: the 348 Challenge, F355 Challenge, 360 Challenge, F430 Challenge, 458 Challenge, 458 Challenge Evo, 488 Challenge, 488 Challenge Evo and currently the 296 Challenge.
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Joseph Arrow (August 23, 1921 – February 21, 2017) was an American economist, mathematician and political theorist. He received the John Bates Clark Medal in 1957, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1972, along with John Hicks.

In economics, Arrow was a major figure in postwar neoclassical economic theory. Four of his students (Roger Myerson, Eric Maskin, John Harsanyi, and Michael Spence) went on to become Nobel laureates themselves. His contributions to social choice theory, notably his "impossibility theorem", and his work on general equilibrium analysis are significant. His work in many other areas of economics, including endogenous growth theory and the economics of information, was also foundational.

John Harsanyi
John Charles Harsanyi (Hungarian: Harsányi János Károly; May 29, 1920 – August 9, 2000) was a Hungarian-American economist who spent most of his career at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.

Harsanyi is best known for his contributions to the study of game theory and its application to economics, specifically for his developing the highly innovative analysis of games of incomplete information, so-called Bayesian games. He also made important contributions to the use of game theory and economic reasoning in political and moral philosophy (specifically utilitarian ethics) as well as contributing to the study of equilibrium selection. For his work, he was a co-recipient along with John Nash and Reinhard Selten of the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

He moved to the United States in 1956, and spent most of his life there. According to György Marx, he was one of The Martians.
Zhang Chai
Zhang Chai was a minister and regent of China's Later Zhao dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He was a close ally to Shi Hu (Emperor Wu)'s empress, Empress Liu, who helped her establish themselves as the paramount leaders of Zhao through her son Shi Shi following the death of Shi Hu in 349. The pair attempted to centralize their power and eliminate their rivals, but a popular coup led by Shi Zun saw their reign barely lasting a month as they were removed and subsequently executed. Despite the coup, it would soon be known as the beginning of a bigger power struggle within the Shi family over the throne that led to the destruction of Later Zhao in 351 in the hands of Ran Min.

Ran Min
Ran Min (simplified Chinese: 冉闵; traditional Chinese: 冉閔; pinyin: Rǎn Mǐn; died 352), also known as Shi Min (石閔), posthumously honored by the Former Yan as Heavenly King Wudao of (Ran) Wei ((冉)魏武悼天王), courtesy name Yongzeng (永曾), nickname Jinu (棘奴), was a military leader during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China and the only emperor of the short-lived state Ran Wei (冉魏). He was known for ordering the massacre of the Jie and other "Hu" barbarians, during which 200,000 people, both Han and non-Han people, were killed between 349 and 350.

In the Book of Jin, Shi Min was described as over 1.9 meters (8 chi) tall and possessed unusual physical strength. In battle, he fought by wielding two weapons in each hands, consisting of a crescent shaped Chinese Halberd by his right hand, and a double-edged spear by his Left hand. His ride was a horse named Zhu Long (朱龍; "Red Dragon"), which was recorded in his final battle.
Adele Ajosun
Oba Adele or Adele Ajosun (died 1837) reigned twice as Oba of Lagos; first, from c1811 to 1821, and a second time from 1835 to 1837. His father was Oba Ologun Kutere and his siblings were Obas Osinlokun and Akitoye, thus the Ologun Kutere line has remained the dominant line in the Obaship of Lagos.

Osinlokun
Oba Osinlokun or Eshinlokun (died 1829) reigned as Oba of Lagos from 1821 to 1829. His father was Oba Ologun Kutere and his siblings were Obas Adele and Akitoye, making the Ologun Kutere Obaship line the dominant one in Lagos. Among Osinlokun's children were Idewu Ojulari, Kosoko, and Opo Olu.
Sir William Gage, 7th Baronet
Sir William Gage  (1695 – 23 April 1744) was a British landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1744.  He was an early patron of cricket, in association with his friend Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond.

Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny, KG, KB, PC, FRS (18 May 1701 – 8 August 1750), of Goodwood Park near Chichester in Sussex, was a British nobleman and politician. He was the only son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond and Lennox, the youngest of the seven illegitimate sons of King Charles II.

The Duke was the most important of the early patrons of the game of cricket and did much to help its evolution from village cricket to cricket.
Clapton railway station
Clapton is a station on the Weaver line of the London Overground, located in Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney. It is 3 miles 78 chains (6.4 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Hackney Downs and St. James Street on the Chingford branch line. The station is in London fare zone 2 and 3. It opened to traffic in August 1872 along with the route from Hackney Downs.

National Rail services operated by Greater Anglia pass through the station, as it is located on the West Anglia Main Line between Hackney Downs and Tottenham Hale (via Coppermill Junction), which is used by trains towards Cheshunt, Broxbourne, Hertford East and Cambridge.  However, none of these services are currently scheduled to stop here.

Hackney Downs railway station
Hackney Downs is a London Overground and National Rail station in Hackney Central and serves the old common land of Hackney Downs in Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney, it is on the Lea Valley lines and West Anglia Main Line. It is 2 miles 78 chains (4.8 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and has a direct passenger link to Hackney Central station, providing interchange with the North London line of the Overground network.

On the London Overground, Lea Valley Lines the station is between London Fields and either Clapton (on the Chingford branch) or Rectory Road (on the Cheshunt/Enfield Town branch). Main line trains, operated by Greater Anglia, call at Hackney Downs between Liverpool Street and Tottenham Hale. Its three-letter station code is HAC and it is in London fare zone 2.

The station was originally named  Hackney Downs Junction until 1896.
Prue Leith
Dame Prudence Margaret Leith, DBE (born 18 February 1940) is a South African and British restaurateur, broadcaster, cookery writer, novelist, and former university administrator.

Leith was a judge on BBC Two's Great British Menu for eleven years, from 2005-16. She left it to join The Great British Bake Off in March 2017, replacing Mary Berry as a judge, when the television programme moved to Channel 4. She remained a judge until 2025. She was Chancellor of Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh from 2016 to 2024.

Mary Berry
Dame Mary Rosa Alleyne Hunnings DBE (née Berry; born 24 March 1935) is an English food writer, chef, baker and television presenter. After being encouraged in domestic science classes at school, she studied catering at college. She then moved to France at the age of 22 to study at Le Cordon Bleu culinary school, before working in a number of cooking-related jobs.

Berry has published more than 75 cookery books, including her best-selling Baking Bible in 2009. Her first book was The Hamlyn All Colour Cookbook in 1970. She hosted several television series for the BBC and Thames Television. Berry is an occasional contributor to Woman's Hour and Saturday Kitchen. She was a judge on the television programme The Great British Bake Off from 2010 until 2016.
Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké
Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké (Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke; Wolof: Sëriñ Muhammadu Mustafaa Mbàkke; 1888-1945) was a Senegalese religious leader. He served as the first Caliph of the Mouride brotherhood, a large Sufi order based in Senegal, from 1927 until his death on July 13, 1945. He was the first son of Sufi saint and religious leader Sheikh Amadou Bamba.

Amadou Bamba
Amadou Bamba (1853–1927), also known to followers as the Servant of the Messenger (Arabic: خادِم الرسول, romanized: Khādim al-Rasūl)  and Serigne Touba or "Sheikh of Touba", was a Sufi saint and founder of the Mouride Brotherhood (the Muridiyya).
Mastermind (board game)
Mastermind or Master Mind (Hebrew: בול פגיעה, romanized: bul pgi'a) is a code-breaking game for two players invented in Israel.
It resembles an earlier pencil and paper game called Bulls and Cows that may date back a century.

Bulls and cows
Bulls and cows (also known as cows and bulls or pigs and bulls) is a code-breaking mind or paper and pencil game for two or more players. The game is played in turns by two opponents who aim to decipher the other's secret code by trial and error.

Bulls and cows predates the commercially marketed board game version, Mastermind, and its word-based variant predates the gameshow Lingo and web game Wordle. A version known as MOO was widely available for early mainframe computers, Unix and Multics systems, among others.
Marlene Gerson
Marlene Gerson (born June 1940) is a female former tennis player from South Africa who was active in the late 1950s and the first half of the 1960s. Her best singles result at the Wimbledon Championships was reaching the third round in 1959. Partnering Australian Eva Duldig, she reached the quarterfinal of the doubles event in 1961. At the 1961 Maccabiah Games in Israel, she won gold medals in women's doubles and mixed doubles.

Eva Duldig
Eva Ruth de Jong-Duldig (née Duldig; born 11 February 1938) is an Austrian-born Australian and Dutch former tennis player, and current author. From the ages of two to four, she was detained by Australia in an isolated internment camp, as an enemy alien.  She later competed in tennis, representing Australia at the Wimbledon Championships in 1961. She also played at Wimbledon in 1962 and 1963 for the Netherlands, and competed in the Australian Open, French Championships, Fed Cup, and in the Israel-based Maccabiah Games, sometimes called the Jewish Olympics, where she won two gold medals.
European Karate Federation
The European Karate Federation (EKF) is the governing body of competitive karate in more than 50 countries across Europe.  The EKF's stated goal is to promote, organize, regulate, and popularize the sport of karate. It is one of the five continental federations recognized by the World Karate Federation.

EKU (1966–1992) / EKF (from 1993)

World Karate Federation
The World Karate Federation (WKF) is an international governing body of sport karate with 198 member countries. It is the only karate organization recognised by the International Olympic Committee and has more than a hundred million members. The WKF organizes their Junior and Senior Karate World Championships, which are each held every other year. The President of the WKF is Antonio Espinós, and the headquarters are located in Madrid, Spain.
OPNsense
OPNsense is an open source, FreeBSD-based firewall and routing software developed by Deciso, a company in the Netherlands that makes hardware and sells support packages for OPNsense.

Launched in 2015, it is a fork of pfSense, which in turn was forked from m0n0wall built on FreeBSD. When m0n0wall closed down in February 2015 its creator, Manuel Kasper, referred its developer community to OPNsense.

PfSense
pfSense is a firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD. The open source pfSense Community Edition (CE) and pfSense Plus is installed on a physical computer or a virtual machine to make a dedicated firewall/router for a network. It can be configured and upgraded through a web-based interface, and requires no knowledge of the underlying FreeBSD system to manage.
Regents Park railway station
Regents Park railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Main Southern line, serving the Sydney suburb of Regents Park. The station is heritage-listed in the state heritage register for New South Wales. It is served by Sydney Trains T3 Liverpool & Inner West Line and T6 Lidcombe & Bankstown Line services.

Main Southern railway line
The Main Southern railway line (or Great Southern Railway) is a major railway in New South Wales, Australia. It runs from Sydney to Albury, near the Victorian border. The line passes through the Southern Highlands, Southern Tablelands, South West Slopes and Riverina regions.
Adamawa Region
The Adamawa Region (French: Région de l'Adamaoua) is a constituent region of the Republic of Cameroon. It borders the Centre and East regions to the south, the Northwest and West regions to the southwest, Nigeria to the west, the Central African Republic (CAR) to the east, and the North Region to the north.

This mountainous area forms the barrier between Cameroon's forested south and savanna north. At almost 64,000 km2 in land area, the Adamawa is the third largest of Cameroon's ten regions. The land is rugged and sparsely populated, however, as most is devoted to the rearing of cattle. The Muslim Fulbe (Fulani) form the major ethnic group, though Tikar, Gbaya, and other peoples are present in lesser numbers.

North Region (Cameroon)
The North Region (French: Région du Nord) makes up 66,090 km2 of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon. Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north, the Adamawa Region to the south, Nigeria to the west, Chad to the east, and Central African Republic to the southeast. The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital. Garoua is Cameroon's third largest port, despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year.

Major ethnic groups include the Fula or Fulani (Fula: Fulɓe; French: Peul), who are Islamic pastoralists, and numerous Muslim and animist speakers of Adamawa, Chadic, and Nilo-Saharan languages. French is the language of formal education, and Fulfulde, the language of the Fulbe, is widespread as a lingua franca.
Morris Ranch, Texas
Morris Ranch is a ghost town, located 8.5 miles (13.7 km) southwest of Fredericksburg in  Gillespie County, in the U.S. state of Texas. The area was begun as a thoroughbred horse ranch by New Yorker Francis Morris in 1856, and the town grew up around it. In 1962, the school district was merged with Fredericksburg Independent School District, and the Morris Ranch School ceased operations. The Morris Ranch Schoolhouse was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, and added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas, on March 29, 1983.

Morris Ranch Schoolhouse
The Morris Ranch Schoolhouse is a ranch school located on Morris Ranch Road, 8.5 miles (13.7 km) southwest of Fredericksburg in  Gillespie County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was placed on the  National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981. Designed by Alfred Giles, who also designed the 1882 Fredericksburg Memorial Library, the schoolhouse was built in 1893. Winning thoroughbred trainer Max Hirsch began his career on Morris Ranch and attended classes in the schoolhouse.
Arellano Chiefs, Lady Chiefs and Braves
The Arellano University Chiefs and Lady Chiefs are the athletic teams of Arellano University's varsity program. The university is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the National Capital Region Athletic Association (NCRAA). Its program includes several intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men.

Arellano University
Arellano University (AU) is a private, nonsectarian university located in Manila, the Philippines. It was founded in 1938 as a law school by Florentino Cayco Sr., the first Filipino Undersecretary of Public Instruction. The university was named after Cayetano Arellano, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It operates seven campuses located throughout Metro Manila and the main campus is located along Legarda Street, Sampaloc, Manila. The Arellano University School of Law is autonomous and managed by the Arellano Law Foundation. Its athletic team, the Arellano University Chiefs, is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 2009.