hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Comber Recreation F.C.
Comber Recreation Football Club (or more commonly Comber Rec.) is an intermediate, Northern Irish football club based in Comber, playing in the Premier Division of the Northern Amateur Football League. The club was founded in 1950 as Comber Youth Club. Its home ground is located at Parkway in Comber. The team are managed by Gareth McKeown and Mark Picking. In addition to its first XI, Comber also fields two reserve teams and multiple youth teams. The 2nd XI currently play in the Amateur League Division 3A while the 3rd XI are in Division 1 of the Down Area Winter Football League. The 4th XI play in the Down Area Winter Football League Reserve divisions.

Down Area Winter Football League
The Down Area Winter Football League (DAWFL), is an amateur association football league in County Down, Northern Ireland. The league was formed in August 1974 in Downpatrick, and currently has over 50 clubs affiliated with it. The league runs a winter season from September to May. Teams compete in a number of divisions, as well as cup competitions.

A number of players within the league have gone on to play professionally. These include Northern Ireland internationals, such as Steven Davis and Keith Gillespie. NIFL teams submit their reserve teams to the league.
St. Hebron, Florida
St. Hebron is a small unincorporated community in Gadsden County, Florida, United States, which borders St. John, Scottown and Havana. St. Hebron, along with its neighboring communities, is located on the outside of the city limits of Quincy, between Quincy and Havana.

Gadsden County, Florida
Gadsden County is a county located in the panhandle of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,826. Its county seat is Quincy. Gadsden County is included in the Tallahassee Metropolitan Statistical Area. As part of the broader Black Belt region within the Deep South, Gadsden County is the only majority African-American county in Florida.
Wally Tittleton
Wally Tittleton was a rugby league player who began his career playing in the Waikato of New Zealand. He represented South Auckland (Waikato) and made the New Zealand team before moving to Auckland in 1936 and joining the Richmond Rovers club. Prior to that he had played for the Ngāruawāhia and Taupiri clubs in the Waikato. While in Auckland he made the Auckland team and played for them 7 times. He also played for Auckland Pākehā, and the North Island on several occasions. In total Tittleton played for New Zealand 15 times and when he debuted in 1935 he became Kiwi No. 241. In 1942 he joined the Motor Transport Pool rugby union team which won the Gallaher Shield before rejoining the rugby league code in 1943.

North Island rugby league team
The North Island rugby league team is a rugby league team that represents the North Island of New Zealand. They first played in 1920 against the touring England team in Napier, Hawke's Bay. However the primary purpose of the side was to play against the South Island team, with the match often serving as a trial type match to choose the New Zealand international side.
Gross–Koblitz formula
In mathematics, the Gross–Koblitz formula, introduced by Gross and  Koblitz (1979) expresses a Gauss sum using a product of values of the p-adic gamma function. It is an analog of the Chowla–Selberg formula for the usual gamma function. It implies the Hasse–Davenport relation and generalizes the Stickelberger theorem.
Boyarsky (1980) gave another proof of the Gross–Koblitz formula ("Boyarsky" being a pseudonym of Bernard Dwork), and 
Robert (2001) gave an elementary proof.

Neal Koblitz
Neal I. Koblitz (born December 24, 1948) is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Washington. He is also an adjunct professor with the Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research at the University of Waterloo.  He is the creator of hyperelliptic curve cryptography and the independent co-creator of elliptic curve cryptography.
Auguste Perret
Auguste Perret (French pronunciation: [ɔɡyst(ə) pɛʁɛ]; 12 February 1874 – 25 February 1954) was a French architect and a pioneer of the architectural use of reinforced concrete. His major works include the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, the first Art Deco building in Paris; the Church of Notre-Dame du Raincy (1922–23); the Mobilier National in Paris (1937); and the French Economic, Social and Environmental Council building in Paris (1937–39). After World War II he designed a group of buildings in the centre of the port city of Le Havre, including St. Joseph's Church, Le Havre, to replace buildings destroyed by bombing during World War II.  His reconstruction of the city is now a World Heritage Site for its exceptional urban planning and architecture.

Église Notre-Dame du Raincy
The Église Notre-Dame du Raincy (Church of Notre Dame du Raincy) is a Roman Catholic church in the commune of Le Raincy near Paris. It was built in 1922-23 by the French architects Auguste Perret and Gustave Perret. The edifice is considered a monument of modernism in architecture, using reinforced concrete in a manner that expresses the possibilities of the new material.
Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code
Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code is a 2004 report by Kenneth Brown. The report suggests that the Linux kernel may have been created or distributed illegally and that open-source software may be generally subject to such abuses.

The report states that the Linux kernel was written using copied source code from Minix and other resources acquired improperly or possibly illegally by Linus Torvalds. It also suggests that one can never be certain of the origins of open source code, so similar misuse of copyrighted code may exist for other open-source projects. Finally, it asserts that the GNU General Public License is bad for the economy.

The book was greeted with widespread rejection by the technical world and was repudiated by many of its claimed sources.

The prerelease has long been delisted from the distributor's site and the book was never given a proper release, although the prerelease PDF is available online.

Alexis de Tocqueville Institution
The Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI) was a Washington, D.C.–based think tank.

AdTI was named after the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville. Founded in 1988, its president was Ken Brown and its chairman was Gregory Fossedal. At its peak it had 14 full-time staff researchers. In 2006, the organization ceased most operations, issuing its last press release in 2007 to announce that its former chairman, Mike Gravel, was running for President of the United States.
Lovely (2012 film)
Lovely is a 2012 Telugu-language romantic comedy film written and directed by B. Jaya. Produced by B. A. Raju and R. R. Venkat, the film stars Aadi and Shanvi Srivastava in her acting debut. The music was composed by Anup Rubens. Along with directing, B. Jaya also handled the editing. The film was released on 30 March 2012 and was a commercial success. It was later dubbed into Hindi as Vijay Meri Hai.

Shanvi Srivastava
Shanvi Srivastava (born 8 December 1993) is an Indian actress and model who primarily works in Kannada and Telugu films. Srivastava is the only Kannada actress to have won both the SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada for Masterpiece and the SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Kannada for Tarak. She has appeared in successful films such as Masterpiece (2015), Sundaranga Jaana (2016), Tarak (2017), Mufti (2017), and Avane Srimannarayana (2019).
Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen
The Twenty-Four Generals (武田二十四将, Takeda Nijūshi-shō) were just one of many historically famous groupings of battle commanders from Japan's Sengoku Period. These Twenty-Four were the most trusted companions of Takeda Shingen. A third of them died at the famous Battle of Nagashino in 1575 when they led the Takeda forces against Oda Nobunaga. When Takeda Katsuyori committed suicide in 1582, declaring the end of the Takeda clan, only three of them were still serving under the Takeda.

Akiyama Nobutomo
Akiyama Nobutomo (秋山 信友; 1527 – December 28, 1575) was a samurai during the Sengoku period in Japan.  He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen".  Nobutomo also served under Shingen's son, Takeda Katsuyori.
Imperial Library (Japan)
35°43′10.5″N 139°46′25.4″E﻿ / ﻿35.719583°N 139.773722°E﻿ / 35.719583; 139.773722

The Imperial Library (帝国図書館, Teikoku Toshokan) of the Empire of Japan was established in 1872. Prior to World War II, it was the only national library in Japan. It is one of the predecessors of the current National Diet Library.

National Diet Library
The National Diet Library (NDL) (国立国会図書館, Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan) is the national library of Japan and among the largest libraries in the world. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the National Diet of Japan (国会, Kokkai) in researching matters of public policy. The library is similar in purpose and scope to the United States Library of Congress.

The National Diet Library (NDL) consists of two main facilities in Tokyo and Kyoto, and several other branch libraries throughout Japan.
Susan Catherine Koerner Wright
Susan Catherine Koerner Wright (née Koerner; April 30, 1831 – July 4, 1889) was the mother of aviation pioneers Wilbur and Orville Wright and suffragette Katharine Wright Haskell, and the wife of bishop Milton Wright. She gave birth to seven children, and fostered in them an interest in carpentry and mechanics with her deep skills in those areas.

Milton Wright (bishop)
Milton Wright (November 17, 1828 – April 3, 1917) was an American bishop of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, best known today for being the father of aviation pioneers Wilbur and Orville Wright, as well as suffragette Katharine Wright Haskell.
Mary Belle Allen
Mary Belle Allen  (November 11, 1922, Morristown, New Jersey  –1973, Fairbanks, Alaska) was an American botanist, chemist, mycologist, algologist, and plant pathologist, and a  pioneer of biochemical microbiology.  With Daniel I. Arnon and F. Robert Whatley, she did breakthrough research discovering and demonstrating the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis. In 1962 she received the  Darbaker Prize from the Botanical Society of America for her work on microbial algae. In 1967 she was nominated jointly (but unsuccessfully) with Arnon and Whatley for a Nobel Prize.

The abbreviation M.B.Allen is used to indicate Mary Belle Allen as the author of the description and scientific classification of genera and species. (Consult IPNI).

Daniel I. Arnon
Daniel Israel Arnon (November 14, 1910 – December 20, 1994) was a Polish-born American plant physiologist and National Medal of Science recipient whose research led to greater insights into the operation of photosynthesis and nutrition in plants.

In the first part of his professional career, the so-called "Plant Nutrition Years (1936-1950)", Arnon and collaborators  discovered the essentiality of molybdenum for the growth of all plants and of vanadium for the growth of green algae. In the second one, the so-called "Photosynthesis Period (1951-1978)", plant micronutrient work led him to photosynthesis.

In 1954, Arnon,  Mary Belle Allen and Frederick Robert Whatley  discovered photophosphorylation in vitro. In 1967, for this work, he was nominated jointly with Allen and Whatley for a Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Laurentius Christophori Hornæus
Laurentius Christophori Hornaeus or also known as Lars Christophri Hornæus (1645 – April 27, 1719), was a priest of the Church of Sweden. He was the parish vicar of Torsåker and Ytterlännäs, Sweden, and known for his role during the Torsåker witch trials.

Torsåker witch trials
The Torsåker witch trials took place in 1675 in Torsåker parish in Sweden and were the largest witch trials in Swedish history. In a single day 71 people (65 women and 6 men) were beheaded and then burned.
Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire
Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire or Adalbert Emil Walter Le Tanneux von Saint Paul-Illaire (born 1860; died 1940) was a German colonial official in East Africa. He hailed from the noble family of Le Tanneux von Saint Paul, which had moved to Prussia in the 17th century. The genus Saintpaulia of the African violet was named in his honour after he discovered it in the Usambara Mountains and had sent its seeds in 1893 to Hermann Wendland, the German botanist and Chief Royal gardener at the Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover, who gave the plant its first description, calling it the Usambara veilchen ('Usambara violet').

Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia
Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia is a section within Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella consisting of about ten species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa. The section was previously treated as a separate genus, Saintpaulia, but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was nested within the genus Streptocarpus.

Species and cultivars are commonly called African violets (although they are not closely related to true violets) or saintpaulias. They are commonly sold as house plants.

Several of the species and subspecies of the section are endangered, and many more are threatened, as their native cloud forest habitats are cleared for agriculture. The conservation status of Streptocarpus ionanthus has been classed as near-threatened.
Vasilisa Davankova
Vasilisa Alexandrovna Davankova (Russian: Василиса Александровна Даванкова; born 2 May 1998) is a Russian YouTuber and a former ice dancer and pair skater. With former partner Andrei Deputat, she was the 2012 World Junior bronze medalist, the 2012–13 JGP Final silver medalist, and the 2012 Russian Junior champion. She then briefly teamed up with Alexander Enbert but ended their partnership in 2015.

Andrei Deputat
Andrei Dmitriyevich Deputat (Russian: Андрей Дмитриевич Депутат; born 20 December 1992) is a Ukrainian-Russian pair skater who has represented Russia internationally since 2012. With former partner Vasilisa Davankova, he is the 2012 World Junior bronze medalist, the 2012–13 JGP Final silver medalist, and the 2012 Russian Junior champion. He later competed with Vera Bazarova.
Customs and monetary union
A customs and monetary union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a customs union and a currency union. The participant countries have both common external trade policy and share a single currency.

Customs and monetary union is established through trade pact.

Customs union
A customs union is generally defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.

Customs unions are established through trade pacts where the participant countries set up common external trade policy (in some cases they use different import quotas). Common competition policy is also helpful to avoid competition deficiency.

Reasons for establishing a customs union normally include increasing economic efficiency and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. It is the third stage of economic integration. Every economic union, customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union includes a customs union.
Mutterschied
Mutterschied is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis (district) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen, whose seat is in Simmern.

Simmern im Hunsrück
Simmern (German pronunciation: [ˈzɪmɐn] ⓘ; officially Simmern/Hunsrück) is a town of roughly 8,155 inhabitants (Dec. 2023) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, the district seat of the Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis, and the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde Simmern-Rheinböllen. In the Rhineland-Palatinate state development plan, it is set out as a middle centre.
Araeoscelidia
Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct tetrapods (traditionally classified as diapsid reptiles) superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian.
The group contains the genera Araeoscelis, Petrolacosaurus, the possibly aquatic Spinoaequalis, and less well-known genera such as Kadaliosaurus and Zarcasaurus. This clade is usually considered to be the sister group to all (currently known) later diapsids.

Zarcasaurus
Zarcasaurus tanyderus is a species of araeoscelidian tetrapods found in the Cutler Formation (Early Permian) of New Mexico. The only elements of the skeleton known from this animal is a partial jaw bone, vertebrae, and broken limb bones.
Australian Women's Ice Hockey League
The Australian Women's Ice Hockey League (AWIHL) is Australia's top-tier women's ice hockey league. Established in 2005 as Australia's first women's national league, the AWIHL has amateur status and is sanctioned by Ice Hockey Australia (a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation). The AWIHL is currently contested by six teams from five Australian states, including South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria. The league champion is awarded the Joan McKowen Memorial Trophy and the premier is awarded The Gower Memorial Shield (which replaced the Stephanie Boxall Trophy in 2023). The most successful team in AWIHL history is Melbourne Ice (women), who have claimed nine championship titles. The current champion, from 2024–25, is the Melbourne Ice (women).

Sydney Sirens
The Sydney Sirens are an ice hockey team based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Sirens compete in the Australian Women's Ice Hockey League (AWIHL). The AWIHL is the top tier national league in the country for women and they were one of the founding members. The Sirens have been affiliated with several different hockey rinks in the state throughout their existence and have won 3 titles since the league's inception.
Warner's Grant, Vermont
Warner's Grant is a gore located in Essex County, Vermont, United States. At the 2020 Census, the grant had a total population of 0.

Warner's Grant is named after Seth Warner, a leader of the Green Mountain Boys.

Seth Warner
Seth Warner (May 17, 1743 [O.S. May 6, 1743] – December 26, 1784) was an American soldier. He was a Revolutionary War officer from Vermont who rose to the rank of Continental colonel and was often given the duties of a brigade commander. He is best known for his leadership in the capture of Fort Crown Point, the Battle of Longueuil, the siege of Quebec, the retreat from Canada, and the battles of Hubbardton and Bennington.

Before the war, Warner was a captain in the Green Mountain Boys. He was outlawed by New York but never captured.

In the final years of the war, Warner remained loyal to the United States while the independent state of Vermont negotiated separately with the British.
William Ringwood
William Ringwood (Irish: Uilliam Ringwood; c. 1769 – 1842) was an Irish luthier and professor from Dublin. He was a apprentice and associate of the firm Perry & Wilkinson, before setting up his own business with John Wheatley, and later his son, Arthur Ringwood. The style of his instruments were based on the Amati and Stradivari models.

John Mackintosh (luthier)
John Mackintosh (Scottish Gaelic: Iain Mac an Tòisich; c. 1780–1850) was a Scottish luthier, author and maker of violins who flourished in Dublin, Ireland in the first half of the 19th century. Towards the end of his career, he wrote a short publication on violin making and the Cremonese school, in which he claimed to have rediscovered their forgotten technique of wood preservation. Two of his violins are housed in museum collections, one at the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin and the other at the Chimei Museum, Tainan, Taiwan.
Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling
Maple Leaf Pro Wrestling (MLP) is a Canadian professional wrestling promotion owned by Scott D'Amore. MLP is the spiritual successor to Maple Leaf Wrestling, a promotion run by Frank Tunney in Toronto, Ontario, Canada during the 1970s and 1980s. D'Amore (owner of Border City Wrestling (BCW), and former president of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) acquired the trademarks in 2024, and formally announced a revival of the brand on August 8 of that year.

Scott D'Amore
Scott Francis D'Amore (born August 8, 1974) is a Canadian professional wrestling manager, promoter, booker and retired professional wrestler, best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he served as the president and an on-screen personality.
Quasi-Newton method
In numerical analysis, a quasi-Newton method is an iterative numerical method used either to find zeroes or to find local maxima and minima of functions via an iterative recurrence formula much like the one for Newton's method, except using approximations of the derivatives of the functions in place of exact derivatives. Newton's method requires the Jacobian matrix of all partial derivatives of a multivariate function when used to search for zeros or the Hessian matrix when used for finding extrema. Quasi-Newton methods, on the other hand, can be used when the Jacobian matrices or Hessian matrices are unavailable or are impractical to compute at every iteration.

Some iterative methods that reduce to Newton's method, such as sequential quadratic programming, may also be considered quasi-Newton methods.

Hessian matrix
In mathematics, the Hessian matrix, Hessian or (less commonly) Hesse matrix is a square matrix of second-order partial derivatives of a scalar-valued function, or scalar field. It describes the local curvature of a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematician Ludwig Otto Hesse and later named after him. Hesse originally used the term "functional determinants". The Hessian is sometimes denoted by H or  or  or  or .
Forsyth station
Forsyth station is a light rail station on the Blue Line of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This below-grade station is located beneath the intersection of Forest Park Parkway and Forsyth Boulevard near the border of University City and Clayton.

Clayton, Missouri
Clayton is a city in and the county seat of St. Louis County, Missouri, United States, that borders the west side of the independent city of St. Louis. The population was 17,355 at the 2020 census. Organized in 1877, the city was named after Ralph Clayton, a citizen who donated the land for the St. Louis County courthouse.
BioWare
BioWare is a Canadian video game developer based in Edmonton, Alberta. It was founded in 1995 by newly graduated medical doctors Ray Muzyka, Greg Zeschuk and Augustine Yip. Since 2007, the company has been owned by American publisher Electronic Arts.

BioWare specializes in role-playing video games, and achieved recognition for developing highly praised and successful licensed franchises: Baldur's Gate, Neverwinter Nights, and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic. They proceeded to make several other successful games based on original intellectual property: Jade Empire, the Mass Effect series, and the Dragon Age series. In 2011, BioWare launched their first massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), Star Wars: The Old Republic.

Mythic Entertainment
Mythic Entertainment (formerly BioWare Mythic, EA Mythic, Inc., and Interworld Productions) was an American video game developer based in Fairfax, Virginia that was most widely recognized for developing the 2001 massively multiplayer online role-playing game Dark Age of Camelot. Mythic was a prolific creator of multiplayer online games following its establishment in the mid-1990s.

On May 29, 2014, Electronic Arts announced it would be "closing the EA Mythic location in Fairfax", effectively winding down all the studio's operations. Despite the studio's closure, Dark Age of Camelot will continue to be supported by ex-Mythic staff under a new studio, Broadsword, which is also responsible for maintaining Ultima Online. As of 2025, the name remains a registered trademark of EA.