hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Pakistan Antarctic Programme
The Pakistan Antarctic Programme (Urdu: پاکستان پروگرام برائے قطبِ جنوبی), abbreviated as PAP) is a scientific administrative division of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) which represents the Government of Pakistan on the continent of Antarctica. The program coordinates scientific research and operational support in the region. The program is funded by the Pakistan Science Foundation and the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Currently, the PAP maintains and controls two polar stations in the region: the Jinnah Antarctic Station (JNS), and the Polar Research Cell (PRC), which was established by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) to co-ordinate all Antarctic related activities.

National Institute of Oceanography, Pakistan
The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), (Urdu: قومی ادارہَ جغرافیہَ بحر) is a department of the Government of Pakistan and a major research institute of Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan). The NIO is a science and research executive organization located in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The NIO research and studies are funded by the Federal Government of Pakistan while the facilities are provided by the Sindh Government.
Jodhpur–Bathinda line
The Jodhpur–Bathinda line connects Jodhpur, in the Indian state of Rajasthan to Bathinda in the Punjab, via Dabwali Railway in Haryana. During the British Raj, Bathinda was on the Delhi–Karachi line and after independence and partition of India in 1947, it is on the Delhi–Fazilka line. This line operates under the jurisdiction of North Western Railway.

Delhi–Fazilka line
The Delhi–Fazilka line is a railway line connecting Delhi and Fazilka the latter in the Indian state of Punjab. There is a link to Firozpur Cantonment. The line is under the administrative jurisdiction of Northern Railway. This line was a part of the historic Delhi–Karachi line.
Rosanna Carter
Rosanna Rolle Carter (September 20, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a Bahamian American television, stage and film actress. During the Harlem Renaissance, she acted at New Lafayette Theater as one of the Lafayette Players. She acted in The Brother from Another Planet, a well-reviewed 1984 film described by its director as a science fiction allegory of immigration. She was the sister of Esther Rolle and Estelle Evans.

Estelle Evans
Estelle Rolle Evans (October 1, 1906 – July 20, 1985) was a Bahamian-American actress during the 20th century. Some of her more famous appearances were in the movies The Quiet One (1948),  To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), and The Learning Tree (1969).

Evans was the older sister of actresses Rosanna Carter and Esther Rolle.
Filippo Abbiati
Filippo Abbiati (1640–1715) was an Italian painter of the early-Baroque period, active in Lombardy and Turin, together with Andrea Lanzani and Stefano Maria Legnani, he was a prominent mannerist painters from the School of Lombardy. Born in Milan, he was a pupil of the painter Antonio Busca. Alessandro Magnasco was one of his pupils along with Pietro Maggi and Giuseppe Rivola. Ticozzi claims he trained, along with Federigo Bianchi, with Carlo Francesco Nuvolone. Along with Bianchi, he painted the cupola of Sant'Alessandro Martire in Milan. Abbiati also painted a St. John preaching in the Wilderness for a church in Saronno.

Carlo Francesco Nuvolone
Carlo Francesco Nuvolone (1608 or 1609 in Milan – 1661 or 1662 in Milan) was an Italian painter of religious subjects and portraits who was active mainly in Lombardy. He became the leading painter in Lombardy in the mid-17th century, producing works on canvas as well as frescoes. Because his style was perceived as close to that of Guido Reni he was nicknamed il Guido della Lombardia (the Guido of Lombardy).
Ameena Begum
Pirani Ameena Begum (Hindustani: अमीना बेगम / امینہ بیگم; born Ora Ray Baker; 8 May 1892 – 1 May 1949) was a writer and poet who was the wife of Sufi Master Inayat Khan and the mother of their four children: World War II SOE agent Noor-un-Nisa (1914–1944), Vilayat (1916–2004), Hidayat (1917–2016) and Khair-un-Nisa (Claire) (1919–2011).

Inayat Khan
Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan (Urdu: عنایت خان رحمت خان; 5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927), was an Indian professor of musicology, singer, exponent of the sarasvati vina, poet, philosopher, writer, and pioneer of the transmission of Sufism to the West. At the urging of his students, and on the basis of his ancestral Sufi tradition and four-fold training and authorisation at the hands of Sayyid Abu Hashim Madani (d. 1907) of Hyderabad, he established an order of Sufism (The Sufi Order) in London in 1914. By the time of his death in 1927, centers had been established throughout Europe and North America, and multiple volumes of his teachings had been published.
Street Smart (film)
Street Smart is a 1987 American crime thriller film directed by Jerry Schatzberg and starring Christopher Reeve, Morgan Freeman, Kathy Baker, and Mimi Rogers. Reeve portrays an ambitious reporter who fabricates an interview with a pimp. When a real pimp who closely matches the fictional description (Freeman) is indicted for murder, both he and the prosecutor try to exploit the reporter for their own ends.

The film was released to theatres by Cannon Films on March 20, 1987. Despite being well-received by audiences and critics, the film was a commercial failure. The performances of Freeman and Baker were highly praised, and Freeman considered his role as his film breakthrough. He was nominated for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance.

The Cannon Group, Inc.
The Cannon Group, Inc. was an American group of companies, including Cannon Films, which produced films from 1967 to 1994. The extensive group also owned, amongst others, a large international cinema chain and a video film company that invested heavily in the video market, buying the international video rights to several classic film libraries. The Cannon catalogue encompasses a wide range of different genres. Cannon Films is known for its highly successful 1980s action B movies, such as Missing in Action (1984), American Ninja (1985), and Bloodsport (1988). It also produced the Oscar-nominated films Joe (1970), Runaway Train (1985) and Street Smart (1987).
Jean Mouton
Jean Mouton (c. 1459 – 30 October 1522) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was famous both for his motets, which are among the most refined of the time, and for being the teacher of Adrian Willaert, one of the founders of the Venetian School.

Adrian Willaert
Adrian Willaert (c. 1490 – 7 December 1562) was a Flemish composer of High Renaissance music. Mainly active in Italy, he was the founder of the Venetian School. He was one of the most representative members of the generation of northern composers who moved to Italy and transplanted the polyphonic Franco-Flemish style there.
DeKalb County, Missouri
DeKalb County is a county located in the northwest portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,029. Its county seat is Maysville. The county was organized February 25, 1845 and named for General Johann de Kalb, Baron de Kalb, of the Revolutionary War. DeKalb County is part of the St. Joseph, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.

Maysville, Missouri
Maysville is a city in DeKalb County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,095 at the 2020 census. Maysville is the county seat of DeKalb County.

Maysville is part of the St. Joseph, Missouri metropolitan area.
Butapichón
Butapichón or Butapichún or Putapichon was the Mapuche toqui from 1625 to 1631, as successor to Lientur.  After the death of Quepuantú in 1632 he became toqui once again from 1632 to 1634.

Butapichón as toqui lead the Mapuche in successful malones and battles against Spanish forces.  On January 24, 1630 he managed to ambush the maestre de campo Alonso de Córdoba y Figueroa in Pilcohué without achieving the victory but causing them many casualties. After Quepuantú succeeded him as Toqui the two fought the Spanish led by the very competent Governor Francisco Laso de la Vega who finally defeated them in the pitched battle of La Albarrada on January 13, 1631.  Thereafter he refused to engage in open battles against Laso de la Vega, reverting to the Malón strategy of Lientur.  The toqui Huenucalquin succeeded Butapichón.

Lientur
Lientur was the Mapuche toqui from 1618 to 1625.  He was the successor to Loncothegua.  Lientur with his vice toqui Levipillan was famed for his rapid malóns or raids.  Because of his ability to slip back and forth over the Spanish border between its fortresses and patrols and raid deep into Spanish territory north of the Bio-Bio River without losses he was called the Wizard by the Spanish.

In 1625 his successor Butapichón was elected when he resigned his office when he felt himself to be too old and tired to continue as before.  However a cacique named Lientur continued to lead troops in the field.  He was present leading troops at the Battle of Las Cangrejeras.  A cacique of that name also participated in the Parliament of Quillín in 1641.
ATC code C08
ATC code C08 Calcium channel blockers is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products. Subgroup C08 is part of the anatomical group C Cardiovascular system.

Codes for veterinary use (ATCvet codes) can be created by placing the letter Q in front of the human ATC code: for example, QC08. National issues of the ATC classification may include additional codes not present in this list, which follows the WHO version.

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System is a drug classification system that classifies the active ingredients of drugs according to the organ or system on which they act and their therapeutic, pharmacological and chemical properties. Its purpose is an aid to monitor drug use and for research to improve quality medication use. It does not imply drug recommendation or efficacy. It is controlled by the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (WHOCC), and was first published in 1976.
Jerrygibbsite
Jerrygibbsite is a rare silicate mineral with the chemical formula (Mn,Zn)9(SiO4)4(OH)2.  Jerrygibbsite was originally discovered by Pete J. Dunn in 1984, who named it after mineralogist Gerald V. Gibbs (born 1929). It has only been reported from the type locality of Franklin Furnace, New Jersey, United States, and in Namibia's Otjozondjupa region. Jerrygibbsite is member of the leucophoenite family of the humite group. It is always found with these two minerals. It is a dimorph of sonolite.

Sonolite
Sonolite is a mineral with formula Mn9(SiO4)4(OH,F)2. The mineral was discovered in 1960 in the Sono mine in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. In 1963, it was identified as a new mineral and named after the Sono mine.
Jean Westwood (figure skater)
Jean Thomson Westwood (1931 – 26 July 2022) was a British ice dancer. With partner Lawrence Demmy, she was the World Champion for four consecutive years, 1952 to 1955 (plus the unofficial trial event in 1951), and European Champion in its first two editions in 1954 and 1955.  They were inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1977.

She later became an elite-level coach in the United States and Canada (she had switched national teams, via a spell as skating director of the Ice Follies touring show, prior to the 1961 Sabena Flight 548 aviation disaster in which several former students and colleagues were killed). She was inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame for her coaching services in 1997.

The Scottish long jumper Alix Jamieson (1964 Summer Olympics) was her second cousin.

Lawrence Demmy
Lawrence Demmy (1931 – 9 December 2016) was an English ice dancer. With partner Jean Westwood, he was the World Champion for four consecutive years, 1952 to 1955 (plus the unofficial trial event in 1951), and European Champion in its first two editions in 1954 and 1955.

They were inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1977.
Theresa Mathilde Clark
Theresa Mathilde Clark (née Scheidemantle; October 30, 1884 – December 22, 1953) of New York City, was a philatelist and philatelic editor. She was the wife of Hugh Massey Clark, with whom she purchased the Scott Stamp and Coin Company in 1935.

Scott catalogue
The Scott catalogue of postage stamps, published by Scott Stamp LLC, is updated annually and lists all the stamps of the world that its editors recognize as issued for postal purposes. It is published in fourteen large volumes (as of 2021) that include twelve volumes containing all the countries of the world that have ever issued postage stamps, the United States Specialized Catalog, and the 1840–1940 Classic Specialized Catalogue (covering the world for the first 100 years that stamps were issued).  The numbering system used by Scott to identify stamps is dominant among stamp collectors in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Madeleine Dior
Marie Madeleine Juliette Martin (French pronunciation: [maʁi madlɛn ʒyljɛt maʁtɛ̃]; 1879–1931) was the wife of the industrialist Maurice Dior, known for her English-style garden at her villa Les Rhumbs in Granville, Manche, France. She was also the mother of the grand couturier Christian Dior and the French Resistance member Catherine Dior.

Christian Dior
Christian Ernest Dior (French: [kʁistjɑ̃ djɔʁ]; 21 January 1905 – 24 October 1957) was a French fashion designer and founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, Christian Dior SE. His fashion house is known all around the world, having gained prominence "on five continents in only a decade."

Dior's skills led to his employment and design for various fashion icons in attempts to preserve the fashion industry during World War II. After the war, he founded and established the Dior fashion house, with his collection of the "New Look". In 1947, the collection debuted featuring rounded shoulders, a cinched waist, and very full skirt. The New Look celebrated ultra-femininity and opulence in women's fashion.

Throughout his lifetime, and after his death, he won numerous awards for Best Costume Design.
California Science Center
The California Science Center (sometimes spelled California ScienCenter) is a state agency and science museum located in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, next to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and the University of Southern California. The museum includes many exhibits of aircraft and spacecraft, including Space Shuttle Endeavour, multiple hands-on galleries, special exhibitions, and IMAX movies.

Billed as the West Coast's largest hands-on science center, this museum is a public-private partnership between the State of California and the California Science Center Foundation. The California Natural Resources Agency oversees the California Science Center and the California African American Museum. Founded in 1951 as the "California Museum of Science and Industry", the Museum was remodeled and renamed in 1998 as the "California Science Center," which hosts the California State Science Fair annually.

California African American Museum
34°00′57″N 118°17′00″W﻿ / ﻿34.015806°N 118.283465°W﻿ / 34.015806; -118.283465

The California African American Museum (CAAM) is a museum located in Exposition Park, Los Angeles, next to the California Science Center. The museum focuses on enrichment and education on the cultural heritage and history of African Americans with a focus on California and western United States.

Admission is free to all visitors. Their mission statement is "to research, collect, preserve, and interpret for public enrichment the history, art and culture of African Americans with an emphasis on California and the western United States."

CAAM hosts independent and collaborative educational programs both on and off site of lectures, workshops, innovative programs, and hands-on activities that serve public and private school students, museum patrons and community visitors.
Bob Ferguson (journalist)
Robert Ferguson (July 1, 1931 – November 23, 2014) was a Canadian sports journalist and writer. He began in journalism with The London Free Press from 1952 to 1964, and was colour commentator for baseball games broadcast on CFPL (AM). He also served as the official statistician of the Intercounty Baseball League from 1958 to 1966, and owned the London Pontiacs in the same league during the 1963 and 1964 seasons. He later worked for the Ottawa Citizen from 1967 to 1996, and was the paper's first writer assigned to cover the Montreal Expos. He believed in giving angry athletes a second chance at a better quote to avoid making the player look bad, and was a board member for Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. He wrote Who's Who in Canadian Sport, a book of biographies for Canadian sports persons; first published in 1977, with subsequent volumes in 1985, 1999 and 2005. His career was recognized with induction into the Ottawa Sport Hall of Fame in 2009, as a builder in the media category.

London Majors
The London Majors are an independent, professional baseball team of the Canadian Baseball League. The team was founded in 1925, and is based in London, Ontario. They play their home games at the 5,200 seat Labatt Memorial Park.
Idea Vilariño
Idea Vilariño Romani (Montevideo, 18 August 1920 – 28 April 2009) was a Uruguayan poet, essayist and literary critic.

She belonged to the group of intellectuals known as "Generación del 45". In this generation, there are several writers such as Juan Carlos Onetti, Mario Benedetti, Sarandy Cabrera, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Ángel Rama, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Maggi, Alfredo Gravina, Mario Arregui, Amanda Berenguer, Humberto Megget, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Gladys Castelvecchi and José Pedro Díaz among others.

She also worked as a translator, composer and lecturer.

Carlos Maggi
Carlos Maggi (5 August 1922, Montevideo, Uruguay – 15 May 2015, Montevideo, Uruguay) was a Uruguayan lawyer, playwright, journalist and writer. Among his acquaintances he was known as "the Kid" (Spanish: el Pibe).

He was one of the last surviving members of the Generation of 45, a Uruguayan intellectual and literary movement: Juan Carlos Onetti, Manuel Flores Mora, Ángel Rama, Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Idea Vilariño, Carlos Real de Azúa, Carlos Martínez Moreno, Mario Arregui, Mauricio Muller, José Pedro Díaz, Amanda Berenguer, Tola Invernizzi, Mario Benedetti, Ida Vitale, Líber Falco, Juan Cunha, among others.
Snake lemma
The snake lemma is a tool used in mathematics, particularly homological algebra, to  construct long exact sequences. The snake lemma is valid in every abelian category and is a crucial tool in homological algebra and its applications, for instance in algebraic topology. Homomorphisms constructed with its help are generally called connecting homomorphisms.

Exact sequence
In mathematics, an exact sequence is a sequence of morphisms between objects (for example, groups, rings, modules, and, more generally, objects of an abelian category) such that the image of one morphism equals the kernel of the next.
Idaho State Highway 81
State Highway 81 (SH-81) is a state highway in Cassia County, Idaho. The highway runs for 33.978 miles (54.682 km) from SH-77 in Malta to U.S. Route 30 (US-30) in Burley. It also has a short spur route connecting the highway to Interstate 84 (I-84) at the Yale Interchange.

Prior to its designation as SH-81 in 1972, the highway was part of U.S. Route 30S (US-30S), a multi-state national highway that traveled from Burley to Granger, Wyoming.

Idaho State Highway 77
State Highway 77 (SH-77) is a 30.676-mile (49.368 km) state highway in Cassia County, Idaho, United States, that connects Idaho State Highway 81 (SH-81) in Malta with Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30 (I-84/US 30) north of Declo, via Albion. The highway also has a spur that runs from City of Rocks Road (south of Almo) to SH-77 in Connor.
Mitchell Caverns
The Mitchell Caverns, within the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve, are three solutional limestone caves, only two of which are open to the public, located on the east side of the Providence Mountains at an elevation of 4,300 feet (1,300 m), within the Providence Mountains State Recreation Area. The caverns are located in the Mojave Desert, in San Bernardino County, California, United States.

Providence Mountains State Recreation Area
The Providence Mountains State Recreation Area is located in the Providence Mountains, within the Mojave National Preserve in San Bernardino County, California. It is also home to the Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve.
Athisaya Penn
Athisaya Penn (transl. Wonder Woman) is a 1959 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film, produced and directed by M. V. Raman. The film stars Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Vyjayanthimala, with music composed by S. M. Subbaiah Naidu. It is a remake of the Hindi film Aasha (1957). The film was released on 6 March 1959.

Aasha (1957 film)
Aasha (transl. Hope) is a 1957 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by M. V. Raman. It stars Kishore Kumar and Vyjayanthimala. The film was a critical and commercial success. This film was partly coloured by both Gevacolor and Technicolor. The film was remade in Tamil as Athisaya Penn. Asha Parekh appears in the song 'Chal Chal Re Kanhai' and one scene after it with Vyjayanthimala.
Alan S. Boyd
Alan Stephenson Boyd (July 20, 1922 – October 18, 2020) was an American attorney and transportation executive who led several large corporations and also served the U.S. Government in various transportation-related positions. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson. Additionally, he served in executive positions with the Civil Aeronautics Board, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and was a president of Amtrak.

United States Secretary of Transportation
The United States secretary of transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation. The secretary serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all matters relating to transportation. The secretary is a statutory member of the Cabinet of the United States, and is fourteenth in the presidential line of succession.

The secretary of transportation oversees the U.S. Department of Transportation, which has over 55,000 employees and thirteen agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration, and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. As of January 2021, the secretary receives an annual salary of $221,400.

Sean Duffy has served as the 20th secretary of transportation since January 28, 2025. He was appointed by President Donald Trump to serve this position, and was confirmed by the Senate in a 77-22 vote.
Elizabeth Montagu
Elizabeth Montagu (née Robinson; 2 October 1718 – 25 August 1800) was a British social reformer, patron of the arts, salonnière, literary critic and writer, who helped to organize and lead the Blue Stockings Society. Her parents were both from wealthy families with strong ties to the British peerage and learned life. She was sister to Sarah Scott, author of A Description of Millenium [sic] Hall and the Country Adjacent. She married Edward Montagu, a man with extensive landholdings, to become one of the richer women of her era. She devoted this fortune to fostering English and Scottish literature and to the relief of the poor.

Sarah Scott
Sarah Scott (née Robinson; 21 September 1720 – 3 November 1795) was an English novelist, translator, social reformer, and member of the Bluestockings. Her most famous work was her utopian novel A Description of Millenium Hall and the Country Adjacent, followed closely by the sequel The History of Sir George Ellison.