hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hermann Josef Schnell
Hermann Schnell ( 16. September March 1916 – 7 September 1999) was a German organic chemist who developed the first commercial polycarbonate, Makrolon.
Hermann Schnell studied chemistry at the University of Freiberg. His supervisor was Hermann Staudinger a well-known polymer chemist.

After his phd he worked in the research laboratory of the Bayer AG in Uerdingen, starting in 1946. In 1953 he developed the synthesis of polycarbonates by reacting phosgene with bisphenol A. This material marketed as Makrolon was a commercial success.

Polycarbonate
Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed.  Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique resin identification code (RIC) and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer bisphenol A (BPA).
Block quotation
A block quotation (also known as a long quotation or extract) is a quotation in a written document that is set off from the main text as a paragraph, or block of text, and typically distinguished visually using indentation and a different typeface or smaller size font. This is in contrast to setting it off with quotation marks in a run-in quote. Block quotations are used for long quotations. The Chicago Manual of Style recommends using a block quotation when extracted text is 100 words or more, or approximately six to eight lines in a typical manuscript.

Indentation (typesetting)
In the written form of many languages, indentation describes empty space (white space) used before or around text to signify an important aspect of the text such as:

Beginning of a paragraph

Hierarchy – subordinate concept

Quotation

Many computer languages use block indentation to demarcate blocks of source code.

Indentation is essentially the same regardless of whether the writing system is left-to-right (e.g. Latin and Cyrillic) or right-to-left (e.g. Hebrew and Arabic) when considering line beginning and end. For example, indenting at the beginning of line means on the left for a left-to-right script and on the right for right-to-left script.

Indent is both a noun and a verb. The verb is the act of formatting text to be indented whereas the noun refers to the  resulting empty space.
Salt Creek, Colorado
Salt Creek is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place (CDP) located in and governed by Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The CDP is a part of the Pueblo, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of the Salt Creek CDP was 507 at the United States Census 2020. The Pueblo post office (Zip Code 81006) serves the area. The community takes its name from Salt Creek, a stream that flows on the community's west side.

Pueblo County, Colorado
Pueblo County (/ˈpwɛbloʊ/ or  /ˈpjɛbloʊ/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 168,162. The county seat is Pueblo. The county was named for the historic city of Pueblo which took its name from the Spanish language word meaning "town" or "village". Pueblo County comprises the Pueblo, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Penistone railway station
Penistone railway station serves the town of Penistone, in the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. The current station, at the junction of the Woodhead Line and Penistone Line, opened in 1874; it replaced a station solely on the Woodhead Line, dating from the line's opening by the Sheffield, Ashton-Under-Lyne and Manchester Railway in 1845. The station currently  hosts services between Huddersfield, Barnsley and Sheffield.

Penistone Line
The Penistone Line is operated by Northern Trains, in the West Yorkshire Metro and Travel South Yorkshire areas of northern England. It connects Huddersfield and Sheffield, via Penistone and Barnsley, serving many rural communities. Metrocards (Zone 5) can be used for travel between Huddersfield and Denby Dale and intermediate stations.
Codex Fuldensis
The Codex Fuldensis, also known as the Victor Codex (Fulda University and State Library, Codex Bonifatianus I), designated by F, is a New Testament manuscript based on the Latin Vulgate made between 541 and 546. The codex is considered the second most important witness to the Vulgate text; and is also the oldest complete manuscript witness to the order of the Diatessaron. It is an important witness in any discussion about the authenticity of 1 Corinthians 14:34–35  and the Comma Johanneum. It is one of the earliest dated manuscripts of the New Testament. It was corrected until 2 May, 546 AD.

Diatessaron
The Diatessaron (Syriac: ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܡܚܠܛܐ, romanized: Ewangeliyôn Damhalltê; c. 160–175 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony. It was created in the Syriac language by Tatian, an Assyrian early Christian apologist and ascetic. Tatian sought to combine all the textual material he found in the four gospels – Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John – into a single coherent narrative of Jesus's life and death. However, and in contradistinction to most later gospel harmonists, Tatian appears not to have been motivated by any aspiration to validate the four separate canonical gospel accounts; or to demonstrate that, as they stood, they could each be shown as being without inconsistency or error.

Although widely used by early Syriac Christians, the original text has not survived. It was reconstructed in 1881 by Theodor Zahn from translations and commentaries.
Amor Vincit Omnia (album)
Amor Vincit Omnia is the second full-length album by British progressive rock band Pure Reason Revolution.

The title of the album is Latin for Love Conquers All, alluding to Vergil's famous line from Eclogue 10.69. It is also a reference to the painting Amor Vincit Omnia by the Italian baroque painter Caravaggio, completed circa 1601. The track title Victorious Cupid is also an alternate name of the same painting. Lead singer and songwriter Jon Courtney, however, claims that the album title was derived from his school motto, veritas vincit omnia (truth conquers all).

The album introduces a more electronic sound than the first album. The band makes heavy use of synths, most noticeably on "Les Malheurs" and "Deus ex Machina". The album cover and artwork have been designed by band member Chloe Alper.

The lyric, "Did you feel loved? Did you ever burn Avalon?" is repeated on several tracks on the album including "Deus Ex Machina", "Disconnect" and "AVO".

Pure Reason Revolution
Pure Reason Revolution is a British rock group formed at the University of Westminster in 2003. Their music incorporates elements of progressive rock and electronic. Members have a shared appreciation for the work of bands such as Pink Floyd, Porcupine Tree, Nirvana, Justice, Kraftwerk and Fleetwood Mac.
Imsland Municipality
Imsland is a former municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 90.9-square-kilometre (35.1 sq mi) municipality existed from 1923 until its dissolution in 1965. The area is now divided between Suldal Municipality and Vindafjord Municipality in the traditional district of Haugaland. The administrative centre was the village of Imslandsjøen.

Prior to its dissolution in 1965, the 90.9-square-kilometre (35.1 sq mi) municipality was the 427th largest by area out of the 525 municipalities in Norway. Imsland Municipality was the 520th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 445. The municipality's population density was 4.9 inhabitants per square kilometre (13/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 20.4% over the previous 10-year period.

Vindafjord Municipality
Vindafjord is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Haugaland. Since 2005, the administrative centre of the municipality has been the village of Ølen (prior to that time it was the village of Sandeid). Other villages in the municipality include Bjoa, Imslandsjøen, Ølensvåg, Skjold, Vats, Vikebygd, and Vikedal. The municipality is centered on the Vindafjorden and Sandeidfjorden in the east and it lies north and east of the Skjoldafjorden in the west.

The 620.53-square-kilometre (239.59 sq mi) municipality is the 185th largest by area out of the 357 municipalities in Norway. Vindafjord Municipality is the 123rd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 9,069. The municipality's population density is 14.6 inhabitants per square kilometre (38/sq mi) and its population has increased by 3.5% over the previous 10-year period.
Richard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond
Richard Preston, 1st Earl of Desmond (died 1628) was a favourite of King James VI and I of Scotland and England. In 1609 the king made him Lord Dingwall. In 1614, he married Elizabeth Butler, the only child of Black Tom, the 10th Earl of Ormond, and in 1619 he was created Earl of Desmond.

Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond
Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond and 3rd Earl of Ossory KG PC (Ire) (Irish: Tomás Dubh de Buitléir, Iarla Urmhamhan; c. 1531 – 1614), was an influential courtier in London at the court of Elizabeth I. He was Lord Treasurer of Ireland from 1559 to his death. He fought for the crown in the Rough Wooing, the Desmond Rebellions, and Tyrone's Rebellion. He fought his rival, Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond in the Battle of Affane in 1565.
Vacuum cleaner
A vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum (or a hoover in the UK), is a device that uses suction, and often agitation, in order to remove dirt and other debris from carpets, hard floors, and other surfaces.

The dirt is collected into a dust bag or a plastic bin. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in commercial settings, exist in a variety of sizes and types, including stick vacuums, handheld vacuums, upright vacuums, and canister vacuums. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to clean both solid debris and liquids.

Cyclonic separation
Cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air, gas or liquid stream, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. When removing particulate matter from liquid, a hydrocyclone is used; while from gas, a gas cyclone is used.  Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids.  The method can also be used to separate fine droplets of liquid from a gaseous stream.
Où est passée la noce?
Où est passée la noce is the second studio release by Quebec folk-rock group Beau Dommage.

Because of the long song "Un incident à Bois-des-Filion" on side two of the album, Beau Dommage has traditionally been classified as a progressive rock group since the 1970s by fans of that genre. The booklet accompanying the Beau Dommage box set acknowledges the influence of Jethro Tull and Supertramp on this album.

Beau Dommage
Beau Dommage was a rock band from Montreal, Quebec, who achieved success in Quebec and France in the 1970s. The group's style included rich vocal harmonies and elements borrowed from folk and country music.
Colne
Colne (/kɒln/) is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Pendle in Lancashire, England. The town is 3 miles (5 km) northeast of Nelson, 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Burnley and 25 mi (40 km) east of Preston.

The town should not be confused with the unrelated Colne Valley around the River Colne near Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.

Colne is close to the southern entrance to the Aire Gap, the lowest crossing of the Pennine watershed. The M65 terminates west of the town and from here two main roads take traffic onwards towards the Yorkshire towns of Skipton (A56) and Keighley (A6068). Colne railway station is the terminus of the East Lancashire railway line.

Colne adjoins the Pendle parishes of Foulridge, Laneshaw Bridge, Trawden Forest, Nelson, Barrowford and Blacko.

Borough of Pendle
Pendle is a local government district with borough status in Lancashire, England. The council is based in Nelson, the borough's largest town. The borough also includes the towns of Barnoldswick, Brierfield, Colne and Earby along with the surrounding villages and rural areas. Part of the borough lies within the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

The neighbouring districts are Burnley, Ribble Valley, North Yorkshire, Bradford and Calderdale.
Nicky Moore
Nicholas Charles Moore (21 June 1947 – 3 August 2022) was an English blues, rock and heavy metal singer, who was best known as a member of the British band Samson. He replaced Bruce Dickinson who left the band to join Iron Maiden in 1982. Moore left Samson in the late 1980s and rejoined in the late 1990s.

After his initial departure from Samson, Moore sang in the band Mammoth, which also featured former Gillan bassist John McCoy. Mammoth released two albums before splitting up in 1989.

In 2006, Moore teamed up with former Nazareth guitarist Manny Charlton and three musicians from the Swedish band Locomotive Breath to record an album under the band name "From Behind". The band performed at the Sweden Rock Festival on 9 June 2006.

From 1994, Moore worked with his own band, Nicky Moore and the Blues Corporation, who were voted 'Top Live Blues Band' by BBC Radio 2 listeners in the year 2000.

On 3 August 2022, Moore died at the age of 75 from Parkinson's disease.

John McCoy (musician)
John Matthew McCoy (born 9 March 1950) is an English bass guitarist, who is best known for his work with Ian Gillan and Mammoth as well as numerous other bands and sessions since the late 1960s. He also played in British rock trio Guy McCoy Tormé with former Gillan/Ozzy guitarist Bernie Tormé and Bruce Dickinson/Sack Trick drummer Robin Guy. He is also an accomplished guitar, drum, trumpet, cello, and double bass player. Nearly as well known as his music is his appearance: he is always pictured wearing sunglasses, with the striking contrast of bald head and robust chin beard. Along with guitarist Vic Elmes and ZZebra colleague Liam Genockey on drums, McCoy can also be heard playing in the intro and end titles theme of the 1970s cult TV series Space: 1999.
Green tea
Green tea is a type of tea made from the leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis that have not undergone the withering and oxidation process that creates oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China in the late 1st millennium BC, and since then its production and manufacture has spread to other countries in East Asia.

Several varieties of green tea exist, which differ substantially based on the variety of C. sinensis used, growing conditions, horticultural methods, production processing, and time of harvest. While it may slightly lower blood pressure and improve alertness, current scientific evidence does not support most health benefit claims, and excessive intake of green tea extracts can cause liver damage and other side effects.

Tea processing
Tea processing is the method in which the leaves from the tea plant Camellia sinensis are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing tea.

The categories of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo. In its most general form, tea processing involves different manners and degrees of oxidation of the leaves, stopping the oxidation, forming the tea and drying it.

The innate flavor of the dried tea leaves is determined by the type of cultivar of the tea bush, the quality of the plucked tea leaves, and the manner and quality of the production processing they undergo. After processing, a tea may be blended with other teas or mixed with flavourants to alter the flavor of the final tea. When producing black, pu'erh and oolong teas there is an additional purpose of processing: to encourage oxidization, which further develops flavour and aroma compounds.
Justified & Ancient
"Justified & Ancient" is a song by British band the KLF. It appeared featured on their 1991 studio album, The White Room, but its origins date back to the duo's debut album, 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?).

The song is best known for its remake that was released on 25 November 1991 as a pop-house single subtitled "Stand by the JAMs", with verses sung by American country music singer Tammy Wynette. This version was an international hit, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart, number 11 on the US US Billboard Hot 100, and number one in 18 countries. "Justified & Ancient" was the final release by the KLF through retail channels before Drummond and Cauty quit the music business and retired the KLF name.

What Time Is Love?
"What Time Is Love?" is a song released, in different mixes, as a series of singles by the British electronic music band the KLF. It featured prominently and repeatedly in their output from 1988 to 1992 and, under the moniker of 2K, in 1997. In its original form, the track was an instrumental electronic dance anthem; subsequent reworkings, with vocals and additional instrumentation, yielded the international hit singles "What Time Is Love? (Live at Trancentral)" (1990), and "America: What Time Is Love?" (1991), which respectively reached number five and number four on the UK Singles Chart, and introduced the KLF to a mainstream international audience.
Hexafluoropropylene
Hexafluoropropylene is the fluoroalkene with the formula CF3CF=CF2. It is the perfluorocarbon  counterpart to the hydrocarbon propylene. It is mainly used to produce copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene. Hexafluoropropylene is used as a chemical intermediate.

Tetrafluoroethylene
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) is a fluorocarbon with the chemical formula C2F4. It is a colorless gas. Its structure is F2C=CF2. It is used primarily in the industrial preparation of fluoropolymers. It is the simplest perfluorinated alkene.
Natal Mounted Police
The Natal Mounted Police (NMP) were the colonial police force of the Colony of Natal  created in 1874 by Major John Dartnell, a farmer and retired officer in the British Army as a semi-military force to bolster the defences of Natal in South Africa. When required the NMP would be assisted by the Colony's volunteer regiments including the Natal Carbineers. It enlisted European officers, NCOs and natives.  Men of the NMP fought and died in the Battle of Isandlwana and at Rorke's Drift during the Zulu War of 1879.

Battle of Rorke's Drift
The Battle of Rorke's Drift, also known as the Defence of Rorke's Drift, was an engagement in the Anglo-Zulu War. The successful British defence of the mission station of Rorke's Drift, under the command of Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead of the 24th Regiment of Foot, began once a large contingent of Zulu warriors broke off from the main force during the final hour of the British defeat at the day-long Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879. They travelled ten kilometres (six miles) to attack Rorke's Drift later that day and continuing into the following day.

Just over 150 British and colonial troops defended the station against attacks by 3,000 to 4,000 Zulu warriors. The massive but piecemeal attacks by the Zulu on Rorke's Drift came very close to overwhelming the much smaller garrison, but were consistently repelled. Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to individual defenders, along with a number of other decorations and honours.
Social Security Tribunal of Canada
Social Security Tribunal of Canada (formerly Canada Pension Plan / Old Age Security Review Tribunals) is a Canadian independent body that is mandated to hear quasi-judicial issues regarding the Canada Pension Plan (CPP), Old Age Security (OAS), and the Employment Insurance Act (EI).

Old Age Security
The Old Age Security (OAS, French: Sécurité de la vieillesse) program is a universal retirement pension available to most residents and citizens of Canada who have reached 65 years old. This pension is supplemented by the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), which is added to the monthly OAS payment for seniors with lower incomes. Some low-income spouses and survivors of OAS recipients are eligible to receive an income-tested allowance while they are aged 60 to 64.
Adam Cooper (dancer)
Adam Cooper (born 22 July 1971) is an English dancer. He works as both a performer and choreographer in musical theatre, and has choreographed and/or starred in award-winning shows such as On Your Toes, Singin' in the Rain and Grand Hotel. He began his professional career as a dancer of classical ballet and contemporary ballet and is a former Principal of the Royal Ballet, a major international ballet company based in London. He became internationally recognised for creating the lead role of "Swan/Stranger" in Matthew Bourne's contemporary dance production of the ballet Swan Lake, a role that was briefly featured in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, in which Cooper played the adult version of the titular character.

Swan Lake (Bourne)
Matthew Bourne's Swan Lake is a contemporary ballet based on the Russian romantic work Swan Lake, from which it takes the music by Tchaikovsky and the broad outline of the plot. Bourne's rendering is best known for having the traditionally female parts of the swans danced by men.

It was the longest-running ballet in London's West End and on Broadway. First staged at Sadler's Wells theatre in London in 1995, it has been performed in the UK, the USA, Europe, Russia, Australia, South Korea, Japan, Israel, China and Singapore.
Andrés Jaque
Andrés Jaque is a Spanish architect, scholar, writer and curator. In 2016, he was awarded with the 10th Frederick Kiesler Prize for Architecture and the Arts., in 2024 he won the UNESCO Global Award for Sustainable Architecture, and in 2014, the Silver Lion to the Best Project at the 14th Venice Biennale. His work explores architecture as a cosmopolitical practice. In 2003, he founded the Office for Political Innovation, a transdisciplinary agency working in the intersection of design, research and environmental activism.

Andrés Jaque is the Dean of Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation.

Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation
The Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) is the architecture school of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. It is also home to the Masters of Science program in Advanced Architectural Design, Computational Design Practice, Critical Curatorial & Conceptual Practices, Historic Preservation, Real Estate Development, Urban Design, and Urban Planning.

The school's resources include the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, the United States' largest architectural library and home to some of the first books published on architecture, as well as the origin of the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals.

Recent deans of the school have included architects James Stewart Polshek (1972–1987), Bernard Tschumi (1988–2003), Mark Wigley (2004–2014), Amale Andraos (2014–2021), Weiping Wu (Interim Dean, 2022), and Andrés Jaque (2022–present).
Pierre François Verhulst
Pierre François Verhulst (28 October 1804, in Brussels – 15 February 1849, in Brussels) was a Belgian mathematician and a doctor in number theory from the University of Ghent in 1825. He is best known for the logistic growth model.

Logistic function
A logistic function or logistic curve is a common S-shaped curve (sigmoid curve) with the equation

where

is the carrying capacity, the supremum of the values of the function;

is the logistic growth rate, the steepness of the curve; and

is the  value of the function's midpoint.

The logistic function has domain the real numbers, the limit as  is 0, and the limit as  is .

The exponential function with negated argument () is used to define the standard logistic function where , which has the equation

and is sometimes simply called the sigmoid function. It is also sometimes called the expit, being the inverse function of the logit.

The logistic function finds applications in a range of fields, including biology (especially ecology), biomathematics, chemistry, demography, economics, geoscience, mathematical psychology, probability, sociology, political science, linguistics, statistics, and artificial neural networks. There are various generalizations, depending on the field.