hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Unobservable
An unobservable (also called impalpable) is an entity whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not directly observable by humans. In philosophy of science, typical examples of "unobservables" are the force of gravity, causation and beliefs or desires.: 7  The distinction between observable and unobservable plays a central role in Immanuel Kant's distinction between noumena and phenomena as well as in John Locke's distinction between primary and secondary qualities. There is considerable disagreement about which objects should be classified as unobservable, for example, whether bacteria studied using microscopes or positrons studied using cloud chambers count as unobservable. Different notions of unobservability have been formulated corresponding to different types of obstacles to their observation.

Primary–secondary quality distinction
The primary–secondary quality distinction is a conceptual distinction in epistemology and metaphysics, concerning the nature of reality.  It is most explicitly articulated by John Locke in his Essay concerning Human Understanding, but earlier thinkers such as Galileo and Descartes made similar distinctions. Primary qualities are thought to be properties of objects that are independent of any observer, such as solidity, extension, motion, number and figure, while secondary qualities are thought to be properties that produce sensations in observers, such as color, taste, smell, and sound.
Administrative jurisdiction in France
The administrative jurisdiction in France is the branch of the judiciary responsible for judicial review, adjudicating and overseeing the French public administration of the state, territorial collectivities, and social security administrations, as well as resolving disputes involving them. In France, such disputes are handled by specialized judges: administrative judges.

This administrative jurisdiction generally evolved from the administration itself, which prior to 1872 judged its own disputes.

Administrative courts are fully independent tribunals, separate from judicial tribunals. They form one of the two jurisdictional orders in France, the other being the judicial order.

Proceedings are primarily written: lawyers rarely plead orally, except in certain disputes, such as those involving immigration law.

Judiciary of France
The judiciary of France is the court system, administrated by the Minister of Justice, of France. It is separated into the ordinary courts, which litigate criminal and civil cases, and the administrative courts, which supervise the government and handle complaints thereof. There are three tiers to each court: the inferior court, the intermediate appellate court and the court of last resort. The intermediate appellate court hears cases on appeal from the inferior court, and the court of last resort hears appeals from the intermediate appellate courts. Judges are appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary and serve for life unless removed, with due process, by the Council.
Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal
The Temple of Amun is an archaeological site at Jebel Barkal in Northern State, Sudan. It is situated about 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of Khartoum near Karima. The temple stands near a large bend of the Nile River, in the region that was called Nubia in ancient times. The Temple of Amun, one of the largest temples at Jebel Barkal, is considered sacred to the local population. Not only was the Amun temple a main centre of what at one time was considered to be an almost universal religion, but, along with the other archaeological sites at Jebel Barkal, it was representative of the revival of Egyptian religious values. Up to the middle of the 19th century, the temple was subjected to vandalism, destruction, and indiscriminate plundering, before it came under state protection.

Jebel Barkal
Jebel Barkal or Gebel Barkal (Arabic: جبل بركل, romanized: Jabal Barkal) is a mesa or large rock outcrop located 400 km north of Khartoum, next to Karima in Northern State in Sudan, on the Nile River, in the region that is sometimes called Nubia. The jebel is 104 m tall, has a flat top, and came to have religious significance for both ancient Kush and ancient Egyptian occupiers. In 2003, the mountain, together with the extensive archaeological site at its base (ancient Napata), were named as the center of a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Jebel Barkal area houses the Jebel Barkal Museum.
Archdiocese of L'Aquila
The Archdiocese of L'Aquila (Latin: Archidioecesis Aquilana) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy. It was erected as the Diocese of Aquila on 20 February 1257 by Pope Alexander IV and promoted to an archdiocese by Pope Pius IX on 19 January  1876. Pope Paul VI elevated it to the rank of a metropolitan archdiocese on 15 August  1972, with the suffragan sees of Avezzano and Sulmona–Valva.

The archdiocese's mother church and the seat of its archbishop is the Cattedrale di SS. Massimo e Giorgio. L'Aquila also contains the Basilica of San Bernardino da Siena, which was granted the honorific title of minor basilica by Pope Pius XII, in an Apostolic Letter "Uberrimos Sane Gratiae" of 20 May 1946. It also contains the church of S. Maria di Collemagio, which was begun in 1283, and consecrated on 25 August 1288.

Diocese of Avezzano
The Diocese of Avezzano (Latin: Dioecesis Marsorum) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in central Italy, whose name in Italian was changed in 1986. It was previously known as the Diocese of Marsi, as it still is in Latin. It has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of L'Aquila since 1972.
Second Extinction
Second Extinction was a cooperative first-person shooter developed and published by Systemic Reaction for Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. In the game, mutated dinosaurs have taken over the Earth, and players must work together in fighting a war against the animals. The game received an early access release through Steam on October 13, 2020, and through Xbox Game Preview on April 28, 2021.

Originally scheduled to leave early access on October 20, 2022, the full launch was delayed several times due to unspecified issues, before being cancelled in October 2023. The game had been in development by a small 35-person team which lacked the resources necessary to continue. The game servers were scheduled to shut down in 2024.

Early access
Early access, also known as alpha access, alpha founding, paid alpha, or game preview, is a funding model in the video game industry by which consumers can play a game in the various pre-release development cycles, such as pre-alpha, alpha, and/or beta, while the developer is able to use those funds to continue further development on the game. Those that pay to participate typically help to debug the game, provide feedback and suggestions, and may have access to special materials in the game. The early-access approach is a common way to obtain funding for indie games, and may also be used along with other funding mechanisms, including crowdfunding. Many crowdfunding projects promise to offer access to alpha and/or beta versions of the game as development progresses; however, unlike some of these projects which solicit funds but do not yet have a playable game, all early access games offer an immediately playable version of the unfinished game to players.
County of Durango
The County of Durango (Basque: Durangoko Merinaldea), also known as Land of Durango and Merindad of Durango, was the ancient political administration of the territory that is now known as Durangaldea, in the Basque region of Biscay. This political administration included all the towns and elizates that existed within its territory. The elizates were all governed by the Foral law, while the towns had their own law. The county of Durango was a vassal state of the Kingdom of Pamplona (later, Navarre), and in the 13th century it became a constituent part of the Lordship of Biscay. It has been part of the territory of Biscay since then. Its capital city was the town of Durango.

Lordship of Biscay
The Lordship of Biscay (Spanish: Señorío de Vizcaya, Basque: Bizkaiko jaurerria) was a region under feudal rule in the region of Biscay in the Iberian Peninsula between c.1040 and 1876, ruled by a political figure known as the Lord of Biscay. One of the Basque señoríos, it was a territory with its own political organization, with its own naval ensign, consulate in Bruges and customs offices in Balmaseda and Urduña, from the 11th century until 1876, when the Juntas Generales were abolished. Since 1379, when John I of Castile became the Lord of Biscay, the lordship was integrated into the Crown of Castile, and eventually the Kingdom of Spain.
Grand Buddha at Ling Shan
The Grand Buddha (simplified Chinese: 灵山大佛; traditional Chinese: 靈山大佛; pinyin: Língshān Dà Fó) is located on the north shore of Lake Tai, near Wuxi, Jiangsu, within the Lingshan Scenic Area. It is one of the largest Buddha statues in China and also in the world.

The Grand Buddha at Ling Shan is an outdoor bronze Amitabha standing Buddha, weighing over 700 metric tons (690 long tons; 770 short tons). It was completed at the end of 1996. The monument is 88 meters (289 ft) in total height, including a 9 m lotus pedestal. In 2008, the Five-signets Palace and a Hinduism-inspired Brahma Palace were built south-east of the Grand Buddha Statue.

Lingshan Buddhist Palace
The Lingshan Buddhist Palace (Chinese: 靈山梵宮) is a Buddhist architectural complex located in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China. It is situated adjacent to the Lingshan Grand Buddha. This area covers an area of approximately 70,000 square meters. The total cost of building the palace was approximately ¥2.6 billion, which is roughly $380 million USD at the time of completion. The palace is part of the National 5A Tourist Attraction known as the Lingshan Scenic Area and was built as the third phase of the overall development project.
Ricky Karanda Suwardi
Ricky Karanda Suwardi (born 21 January 1992) is an Indonesian badminton player specializing in doubles. He is from Mutiara Cardinal Bandung club. Paired with Angga Pratama started end of 2014, the 2015 Singapore Open became the first BWF World Superseries title for him in the men's doubles after beating Chinese pair Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan in the final by 21–15, 11–21, 21–14.

Angga Pratama
Angga Pratama (born 12 May 1991) is an Indonesian badminton player affiliated with Jaya Raya Jakarta club. He competed in the men's doubles event in the international tournaments, and together with Ricky Karanda Suwardi, he won the 2015 Singapore Open, became his one and only BWF World Superseries title after beating Chinese pair Fu Haifeng and Zhang Nan by 21–15, 11–21, 21–14.
Direct sum of modules
In abstract algebra, the direct sum is a construction which combines several modules into a new, larger module. The direct sum of modules is the smallest module which contains the given modules as submodules with no "unnecessary" constraints, making it an example of a coproduct. Contrast with the direct product, which is the dual notion.

The most familiar examples of this construction occur when considering vector spaces (modules over a field) and abelian groups (modules over the ring Z of integers). The construction may also be extended to cover Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces.

See the article decomposition of a module for a way to write a module as a direct sum of submodules.

Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group, since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers.

Like a vector space, a module is an additive abelian group, and scalar multiplication is distributive over the operations of addition between elements of the ring or module and is compatible with the ring multiplication.

Modules are very closely related to the representation theory of groups. They are also one of the central notions of commutative algebra and homological algebra, and are used widely in algebraic geometry and algebraic topology.
Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest
The Nathan's Famous International Hot Dog Eating Contest is an annual American hot dog competitive eating competition. It is held each year on July 4 at Nathan's Famous' original, and best-known, restaurant at the corner of Surf and Stillwell Avenues in Coney Island, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City.

The contest has gained public attention since the mid-2000s due to the stardom of Takeru "The Tsunami" Kobayashi and Joey Chestnut. The defending men's champion is Joey Chestnut, who ate 70.5 hot dogs in the 2025 contest. The defending women's champion is Miki Sudo, who ate 33 hot dogs in 2025.

Competitive eating
Competitive eating, or speed eating, is a sport in which participants compete against each other to eat large quantities of food, usually in a short time period. Contests are typically eight to ten minutes long, although some competitions can last up to thirty minutes, with the person consuming the most food being declared the winner. Competitive eating is most popular in the United States, Canada, and Japan, where organized professional eating contests often offer prizes, including cash.
AJWright
AJWright (formatted as A.J. Wright until 2009) was an American retail chain that existed from 1998 to 2011. Owned by TJX, like its sister company T.J. Maxx, AJWright sold clothing, domestics, giftware, footwear, accessories, and fragrances at prices between twenty and seventy percent below regular prices. AJWright differed from other TJX chains by refreshing its merchandise on a regular basis. For most stores, new shipments arrived every weekday. It had about 129 locations in 2007. In early 2011, TJX closed the chain's remaining stores and converted some stores to other TJX brands.

Although moderate-income families were AJWright's main target market, other consumer groups were drawn by the company's recent expansion. The company's community service strategy centered on monetary donations to the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and other affiliates.

TJX
The TJX Companies, Inc. (abbreviated TJX) is an American multinational off-price department store corporation, headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts. It was formed as a subsidiary of Zayre Corp. in 1987, and became the legal successor to Zayre Corp. following a company reorganization in 1989.

As of 2019, TJX operates TJ Maxx (in the United States) and TK Maxx (in Australia and Europe), its flagship store chains, along with Marshalls, HomeGoods, HomeSense, and Sierra in the United States, and HomeSense, Marshalls, and Winners in Canada. There are over 4,557 discount stores in the TJX portfolio located in nine countries. TJX ranked No. 80 in the 2024 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. TJX is a  publicly listed stock on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the ticker symbol TJX and has a capital value of $170 Billion (November 2025).
Ouray, Colorado
Ouray (/ˈjʊəreɪ/ YOOR-ay) is a home rule municipality that is the county seat of Ouray County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 898 as of the 2020 census. The Ouray Post Office has the ZIP Code 81427. Located at an elevation of 7,792 feet (2,375 m), Ouray's climate, natural alpine environment, and scenery have earned it the nickname "Switzerland of America".

Ouray County, Colorado
Ouray County (/ˈjʊəreɪ/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 4,874. The county seat is Ouray. Because of its rugged mountain topography, Ouray County is known as the "Switzerland of America".
Offensive Security
Offensive Security (also known as OffSec) is an American international company working in information security, penetration testing and digital forensics. Beginning around 2007, the company created open source projects, advanced security courses, the ExploitDB vulnerability database, and the Kali Linux distribution. OffSec was started by Mati Aharoni, and employs security professionals with experience in security penetration testing and system security evaluation. The company has provided security counseling and training to many technology companies.

OffSec also provides cybersecurity training courses and certifications, such as the Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP).

Kali Linux
Kali Linux  is a Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security. The software is based on the testing branch of the Debian Linux Distribution: most packages Kali uses are imported from the Debian repositories. Kali Linux has gained popularity in the cybersecurity community due to its comprehensive set of tools designed for penetration testing, vulnerability analysis, and reverse engineering.

It was developed by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns of Offensive Security through the rewrite of BackTrack, their previous information security testing Linux distribution based on Knoppix.

Kali Linux was featured in multiple episodes of the TV series Mr. Robot.
Martin Ridge (historian)
Martin Ridge (May 7, 1923 – September 22, 2003) was an American historian and director of research at the Huntington Library. He is particularly known for the 1982 5th edition of "Westward expansion: a history of the American frontier" co-authored with Ray Allen Billington.

Ray Allen Billington
Ray Allen Billington (September 28, 1903 in Bay City, Michigan – March 7, 1981 in San Marino, California) was an American historian who researched the history of the American frontier and the American West, becoming one of the leading defenders of Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier Thesis" from the 1950s to the 1970s,  expanding the field of the history of the American West.  He was a co-founder of the Western History Association in 1961.
Henry Kyd Douglas
Henry Kyd Douglas (September 29, 1838 – December 18, 1903) was a Confederate staff officer during the American Civil War. He participated in most of the battles of the Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia; serving on the staffs of Stonewall Jackson and his successors. Severely wounded on the third day of the battle of Gettysburg, he became a prisoner of war for almost ten months. At the end of the war, he commanded a brigade at the last battle of the war. After the war he returned to his civilian occupation as a lawyer, got involved in state politics, later as a Gold Democrat, and became an officer in the Maryland National Guard, eventually holding the appointment as Adjutant General. Today Douglas is foremost known for his wartime memoir, I rode with Stonewall, first published in 1940.

Adjutant General of Maryland
The Adjutant General of Maryland is the head military official of the Maryland National Guard, the Maryland Defense Force, and any other military or paramilitary units that may be maintained by the State of Maryland. The adjutant general is responsible for the military department's budget and maintains all State-owned armories in Maryland.
Temuan people
The Temuan people (Temuan: Uwang/Eang Temuan, Malaysian: Orang Temuan) are a Proto-Malay ethnic group indigenous to western parts of Peninsular Malaysia. They can be found in the states of Selangor, Pahang, Johor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca. The Temuans are classified as part of Orang Asli group according to the Malaysian government. They are also one of the largest (only smaller in population in comparison to the Semai people and Jakun people) and the most widespread of the Orang Asli ethnic groups.

Outwardly, the Temuan people; like the other Proto-Malays, are virtually indistinguishable from the Malays themselves. They have straight hair and light brown skin, but strong individual variations are found among the Temuan people. Their average height is approximately 153 cm for men and 142 cm for women. Culturally, the Malays and the Proto-Malays are also closely related.

They speak Temuan, an Austronesian language closely related to Malay.

Proto-Malay
The term Proto-Malay, primeval Malays, proto-Hesperonesians, first-wave Hesperonesians or primeval Hesperonesians, which translates to Melayu Asli (aboriginal Malay) or Melayu Purba (ancient Malay) or Melayu Tua (old Malay), refers to Austronesian speakers who moved from mainland Asia, to the Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BCE, before that of the Deutero-Malays about a thousand years later. The Proto-Malays have ancestry of the first humans living in Southeast Asia.

The Proto-Malays are believed to have been seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography who possessed advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over the years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result of acculturation and inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with, such as the Semang and Senoi peoples.
Mornington Crescent tube station
Mornington Crescent is a London Underground station in Somers Town in north-west London, named after the nearby street. It is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line, between Camden Town and Euston stations. It is in London fare zone 2.

The station was opened as part of the original route of the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (now the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line) on 22 June 1907. The surface building was designed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London's (UERL's) architect Leslie Green in the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). Prior to the station's opening, the name of "Seymour Street" had been proposed.  After opening, it was little used. For many years it was open only on weekdays, and before 1966 Edgware-bound trains passed through without stopping.

Mornington Crescent
Mornington Crescent is a terraced street in Camden Town, Camden, London, England. It was built in the 1820s, on a greenfield site just to the north of central London. Many of the houses were subdivided into flats during the Victorian era, and what was the street's communal garden is now the Carreras Building. Mornington Crescent tube station which opened in 1907, takes its name from the street.
Giuseppe Corsi
Giuseppe Corsi Evangelisti (Vangelisti) (1631/1632 in County of Celano – after 10 March 1691 in Ancona or Modena) better known as Gioseppe Corso Celani or Giuseppe Corsi da Celano, was an Italian composer of the Baroque era.  He was mainly active at Rome, where he was Maestro di cappella. He was the teacher of Giacomo Antonio Perti and Petronio Franceschini.

Giacomo Antonio Perti
Giacomo Antonio Perti (6 June 1661 – 10 April 1756) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era.  He was mainly active at Bologna, where he was Maestro di Cappella for sixty years.  He was the teacher of Giuseppe Torelli and Giovanni Battista Martini.
Marisa cornuarietis
Marisa cornuarietis, common name the Colombian ramshorn apple snail, is a species of large freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snail family.

These snails are popular in aquariums, and are also used in the wild as a biological control agent.

Apple snail
Ampullariidae (commonly known as apple snails), is a family of large freshwater snails that includes the mystery snail species. They present an operculum and simultaneously have a gill and a lung as respiratory structures, which are separated by a division of the mantle cavity. This adaptation allows these animals to be amphibious. Species in this family are considered gonochoristic, meaning that each individual is either male or female.