hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chemical field-effect transistor
A ChemFET is a chemically-sensitive field-effect transistor, that is a field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution. When the target analyte concentration changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the analyte solution separates the source and gate electrodes. A concentration gradient between the solution and the gate electrode arises due to a semi-permeable membrane on the FET surface containing receptor moieties that preferentially bind the target analyte. This concentration gradient of charged analyte ions creates a chemical potential between the source and gate, which is in turn measured by the FET.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a type of transistor that uses an electric field to control the current through a semiconductor. It comes in two types: junction FET (JFET) and metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET). FETs have three terminals: source, gate, and drain. FETs control the current by the application of a voltage to the gate, which in turn alters the conductivity between the drain and source.

FETs are also known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-carrier-type operation. That is, FETs use either electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel) as charge carriers in their operation, but not both. Many different types of field-effect transistors exist. Field effect transistors generally display very high input impedance at low frequencies. The most widely used field-effect transistor is the MOSFET.
Herluin de Conteville
Herluin de Conteville (c. 1001–1066) was the stepfather of William the Conqueror and the father of Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain, both of whom became prominent during William's reign. He died in 1066, the year his stepson conquered England.

Odo of Bayeux
Odo of Bayeux (died 1097) was a Norman nobleman who was a bishop of Bayeux in Normandy and was made Earl of Kent in England following the Norman Conquest. He was the maternal half-brother of duke, and later king, William the Conqueror, and was, for a time, William's primary administrator in the Kingdom of England, although he was eventually tried for defrauding William's government.  It is likely Odo commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry, a large tableau of the Norman Conquest, perhaps to present to his brother William.  He later fell out with his brother over Odo's support for military adventures in Italy.  William, on his deathbed, freed Odo. Odo died in Palermo, Sicily, on the way to crusade.
Gtkmm
gtkmm (formerly known as gtk-- or gtk minus minus) is the official C++ interface for the popular GUI library GTK. gtkmm is free software distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

gtkmm allows the creation of user interfaces either in code or with the Glade Interface Designer, using the Gtk::Builder class. Other features include typesafe callbacks, a comprehensive set of graphical control elements, and the extensibility of widgets via inheritance.

GTK
GTK (formerly GIMP ToolKit and GTK+) is a free open-source widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) targeted at Linux and specifically GNOME (though with some use in other desktop environments). It is licensed under the terms of the GNU LGPL, allowing both free and proprietary software to use it.

The GTK team releases new versions on a regular basis. GTK 4 and GTK 3 are actively maintained, while GTK 2 is no longer supported. GTK 1 is independently maintained by the CinePaint project.
Chester services
Chester services is a motorway service area on the M56 motorway in Cheshire, England. The site is approximately 10 mi (16 km) from Chester city centre. Operated by Roadchef, it is the only motorway service area on the M56 and the last before heading into North Wales.

M56 motorway
The M56 motorway serves the Cheshire and Greater Manchester areas of England. It runs east to west from junction 4 of the M60 at Gatley, south of Manchester, to Dunkirk, approximately four miles (six kilometres) north of Chester. With a length of 33.3 miles (53.6 km), it connects North Wales and the Wirral peninsula with much of the rest of North West England, serves business and commuter traffic heading towards Manchester, particularly that from the wider Cheshire area, and provides the main road access to Manchester Airport from the national motorway network.

Between junctions 9 and 16, the motorway forms part of the unsigned European route E22 on its route in the UK between Holyhead in Anglesey and Immingham in Lincolnshire.
Hypermodernism (chess)
Hypermodernism is a school of chess that emerged after World War I. It featured challenges to the chess ideas of central European masters, including Wilhelm Steinitz's approach to the centre and the rules established by Siegbert Tarrasch.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Nadia van Dyne
Nadezhda "Nadia" van Dyne (née Pym) is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mark Waid and Alan Davis, the character first appeared in Free Comic Book Day 2016 Civil War II (July 2016), and was loosely based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe character Hope van Dyne, played by Evangeline Lilly.

The daughter of Hank and Maria Pym, Nadia was raised as an assassin of the Red Room before escaping with the use of her father's Pym Particles and becoming the Unstoppable Wasp. Like her predecessor and stepmother, Janet van Dyne, Nadia is depicted as having the ability to shrink to a height of several centimeters, fly by means of insectoid wings, and fire bioelectric energy blasts, while like her biological father, she has bipolar disorder. She is a founding member of G.I.R.L. as well as a longtime leader of the organization.

Wasp (character)
The Wasp (Janet van Dyne) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee, Ernie Hart, and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Tales to Astonish #44 (June 1963).

Janet van Dyne is usually depicted as having the ability to shrink to a height of several centimeters, fly by means of insectoid wings, and fire bioelectric energy blasts. She is a founding member of the Avengers and the one who gave them their name as well as a longtime leader of the team. She is also the ex-wife of Hank Pym and the stepmother of Nadia van Dyne. The Wasp has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes.

Michelle Pfeiffer portrayed Janet van Dyne in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films while Evangeline Lilly portrayed an original MCU version, Hope van Dyne (based on Hope Pym), in the films Ant-Man (2015), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019) and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023).
Markland
Iotun-heimar (Jötunheimr)

Riseland (Land of the Risi)

Grönlandia (Greenland)

Helleland (Helluland)

Markland

Skrælinge Land (Land of the Skræling)

Promontorium Winlandiæ (Promontory of Vinland)

Markland (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈmɑrkˌlɑnd]) is the name given to one of three lands on North America's Atlantic shore discovered by Leif Eriksson around 1000 AD. It was located south of Helluland and north of Vinland.

Although it was never recorded to be settled by Norsemen, there were probably a number of later expeditions from Greenland to gather timber. A 1347 Icelandic document records that a ship went off course and ended up in Iceland in the process of returning from Markland, without further specifying where Markland was.

Helluland
Helluland (Old Norse pronunciation: [ˈhelːoˌlɑnd]) is one of the three lands, the others being Vinland and Markland, seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson, encountered by Leif Erikson and further explored by Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America. As some writers refer to all land beyond Greenland as Vinland, Helluland is sometimes considered a part of Vinland.
Albert White (musician)
Albert White (born December 1, 1942) is an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He has released two albums in his own name, although his musical career started in the late 1950s, when he played in Piano Red's then   ensemble, later known as Dr. Feelgood & the Interns.

White has variously performed with the Tams, Joe Tex, Ray Charles, Beverly Watkins, Clarence Carter, Ben E. King, Hank Ballard and The Midnighters, and Rufus Thomas.

Beverly Watkins
Beverly "Guitar" Watkins (April 6, 1939 – October 1, 2019) was an American blues guitarist. Sandra Pointer-Jones wrote, "Beverly Watkins is a pyrotechnic guitar maven whose searing, ballistic attacks on the guitar have become allegorical tales within the blues community."  George Varga, reviewing her debut CD, observed that Watkins “sings and plays with enough poise and verve to make musicians half her age or younger consider alternative means of employment.”
André Galvão
André Luiz Leite Galvão (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈdɾɛ ɡawˈvɐ̃w]; born September 29, 1982) is a Brazilian grappler and professional mixed martial artist. A 5th degree Brazilian jiu-jitsu black belt under Fernando "Tererê" Augusto as well as a judo black belt, Galvão is one of the most decorated BJJ athletes ever, having won most major international tournaments multiple times.

Galvão is the co-founder and former head coach of Atos Jiu Jitsu, one of the most successful grappling teams in competitive sport, and a coach to numerous world champions. He is the author of the martial arts book Drill to Win: One Year to Better Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

In 2022, Galvão was inducted into the IBJJF Hall of Fame and the ADCC Hall of Fame.

Fernando "Tererê" Augusto
Fernando Augusto da Silva (born 15 November 1979) is a Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitor, mixed martial arts fighter, and submission grappler. He is a black belt under professor Alexandre Paiva of Team Alliance. Tererê is a two-time World Champion in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (2000 and 2003) in black belt division. He has also won a number of other Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitions, including Pan-American Championship, South-American Championship, Copa do Mundo and Brazilian National Championship.

Tererê is known as one of the most influential competitors of all-time, as well as the most entertaining, because of his aggressive and highly active style.
Fritz Menzer
Ostwin Fritz Menzer (6 April 1908 in Herrndorf near Niederschöna in Saxony between Chemnitz and Dresden – 25 October 2005 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe) was a German cryptologist, who before and during World War II, worked in the In 7/VI, the Wehrmacht signals intelligence agency, later working in (OKW/ Chi) that was the cipher bureau of the supreme command of the Nazi party, and later in Abwehr, the military intelligence service of the Wehrmacht. He was involved in the development and production of cryptographic devices and procedures, as well as the security control of their own methods.

Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht
The Cipher Department of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (German: Amtsgruppe Wehrmachtnachrichtenverbindungen, Abteilung Chiffrierwesen) (also Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Chiffrierabteilung or Chiffrierabteilung of the High Command of the Wehrmacht or Chiffrierabteilung of the OKW or OKW/Chi or Chi) was the Signal Intelligence Agency of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces of the German Armed Forces before and during World War II. OKW/Chi, within the formal order of battle hierarchy OKW/WFsT/Ag WNV/Chi, dealt with the cryptanalysis and deciphering of enemy and neutral states' message traffic and security control of its own key processes and machinery, such as the rotor cipher ENIGMA machine. It was the successor to the former Chi bureau (German: Chiffrierstelle) of the Reichswehr Ministry.
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg (Alexandrina Marie Wilhelmina Catherine Charlotte Theresa Henrietta Louise Pauline Elizabeth Frederica Georgina; German: Alexandrine Marie Wilhelmine Katharine Charlotte Theresia Henriette Luise Pauline Elisabeth Friederike Georgine; 14 April 1818 – 9 January 1907) was Queen of Hanover from 18 November 1851 until 20 September 1866 as the wife of King George V. George V was a grandson of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

George V of Hanover
George V (Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last King of Hanover, reigning from 18 November 1851 to 20 September 1866. The only child of King Ernest Augustus and Queen Frederica, he succeeded his father in 1851. George's reign was ended by the Austro-Prussian War, after which Prussia annexed Hanover.
U.S. Bus Corporation
U.S. Bus Corporation was a manufacturer of Type A (cutaway cab) school buses and non-school buses based in Suffern, New York. These school buses were sometimes used by churches and day care centers. U.S. Bus became Trans Tech in November 2007.

Trans Tech
Trans Tech Bus, a division of Transportation Collaborative Inc., is an American manufacturer of conventional and environmentally friendly electric Type A school buses. Established in 2007 as a successor to the defunct U.S. Bus Corporation, the company produces Type A & Type A-II School Buses and various models of commercial buses, all built on cutaway vehicle chassis.

Trans Tech Bus headquarters and production are located in a 70,000-square-foot (6,500 m2) facility located in Warwick, New York, United States.
North Platte Canteen
The North Platte Canteen (also known as the Service Men's Canteen in the Union Pacific Railroad station at North Platte) was a railroad stop served by local citizens of North Platte, Nebraska, United States, that operated from Christmas Day 1941 to April 1, 1946.

Located along the tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad, its purpose was to provide refreshments and hospitality to soldiers who were traveling through the area on the way to war during their ten- to fifteen-minute stopovers. During its run, nearly 55,000 Nebraska women served almost seven million soldiers on their way to fight in World War II.

North Platte, Nebraska
North Platte is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Nebraska, United States. It is located in the west-central part of the state, along Interstate 80, at the confluence of the North and South Platte Rivers forming the Platte River. The population was 23,390 at the 2020 census, making it the 11th most populous city in Nebraska.

North Platte is a railroad town; Union Pacific Railroad's large Bailey Yard is located within the city. Today, North Platte is served only by freight trains, but during World War II the city was known for the North Platte Canteen, a volunteer organization serving food to millions of traveling soldiers.

North Platte is the principal city of the North Platte Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Lincoln, Logan, and McPherson counties.
USS Astoria (CA-34)
The second USS Astoria (CL/CA-34) was a New Orleans-class cruiser of the United States Navy that participated in both the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway, but was then sunk in August 1942, at the Battle of Savo Island. Astoria was the first New Orleans-class cruiser to be laid down but launched after and received a hull number higher than the lead ship New Orleans.

Immediately after the months-long Guadalcanal campaign ended in February 1943, the remaining ships of the class would go through major overhauls to lessen top-heaviness due to new electrical and radar systems and advanced anti-aircraft weaponry. In doing so the ships took on a new appearance, most notably in the bridge.

New Orleans-class cruiser
The New Orleans-class cruisers were a class of seven heavy cruisers built for the United States Navy (USN) in the 1930s.

These ships participated in the heaviest surface battles of the Pacific War. Astoria, Quincy, and Vincennes were all sunk in the Battle of Savo Island, and three others were heavily damaged in subsequent battles in the Guadalcanal campaign.
Only Tuscaloosa, which spent most of the war in the Atlantic, got through the war without being damaged. Collectively, ships of the class earned 64 battle stars. The four surviving ships were laid up immediately after the end of the war, and sold for scrap in 1959.
2015 AFL Grand Final
The 2015 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match contested between the Hawthorn Football Club and the West Coast Eagles at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 3 October 2015. It was the 120th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 2015 AFL season. The match, attended by 98,632 spectators, was won by Hawthorn by a margin of 46 points, marking the club's third consecutive premiership and thirteenth VFL/AFL premiership victory overall. Hawthorn's Cyril Rioli was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground.

2015 AFL season
The 2015 AFL season was the 119th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured eighteen clubs, ran from 2 April until 3 October, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.

The premiership was won by the Hawthorn Football Club for the 13th time and third time consecutively, after it defeated West Coast by 46 points in the 2015 AFL Grand Final.

The season was marred by the mid-season death of Adelaide senior coach Phil Walsh, who was the victim of a domestic incident. Adelaide's following match was cancelled.
Scottish Enterprise
Scottish Enterprise (Scottish Gaelic: Iomairt na h-Alba) is a non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government which encourages economic development, enterprise, innovation, international and investment in business. The body covers the eastern and central parts of Scotland whilst similar bodies, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and South of Scotland Enterprise, operate in north-western and southern Scotland, respectively.

Highlands and Islands Enterprise
Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE; Scottish Gaelic: Iomairt na Gàidhealtachd 's nan Eilean) is the development agency for the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government with the role to "help build a prosperous, sustainable and inclusive economy across the Highlands and Islands, attracting more people to live, work, study, invest and visit there."
Beautifying Bird
Nenaa'angebi  (c. 1794–1855), known in English as Beautifying Bird or Dressing Bird,  was a principal chief of the Prairie Rice Lake Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa, originally located near Rice Lake, Wisconsin. He served as the principal chief about the middle of the 19th century.

He was noted chiefly as an orator, and as the father of Aazhawigiizhigokwe (Hanging Cloud), who was the only Ojibwe woman ever to earn full ogichidaakwe (warrior) status.

The Wisconsin Historical Society claims that   Nay-naw-ong-gay-be is described as having been of "less than medium height and size," and having "intelligent features."

Hanging Cloud
Aazhaweyaagiizhigokwe, known in English as Hanging Cloud or Hanging Cloud Woman and by her nickname Aazhaweyaa was an Ojibwe warrior (Ojibwe: ogichidaakwe) of the Lac Courte Oreilles Band. She became well-known among the Ojibwe for being a skilled female warrior.
Golden sun of La Tolita
The Golden Sun of La Tolita, Golden Sun of the Central Bank of Ecuador, Golden Sun of Konanz, Golden Sun of Quito or simply Golden Sun, is an archaeological artifact in the form of a mask or a headdress that represents a personification of the Sun. The Central Bank of Ecuador adopted the artifact as its logo.

Usually, the Golden Sun is attributed to the archaeological culture of Tumaco-La Tolita that inhabited the northern Ecuadorian and southern Colombian coast. Despite this, there are doubts about the artifact's provenance. There is another very similar archaeological piece, known as the Golden Sun of Guayaquil or Golden Sun of Estrada, although there are doubts about its authenticity.

Tumaco-La Tolita culture
The Tumaco-La Tolita culture or Tulato culture, also known as the Tumaco Culture in Colombia or as the Tolita Culture in Ecuador was an archaeological culture that inhabited the northern coast of Ecuador and the southern coast of Colombia during the Pre-Columbian era. It takes its name from the two most representative archaeological sites of the culture, the Isla del Morro in the city of Tumaco and the Isla de la Tolita. They are known for the construction of earthen mounds known as Tolas, ceramic crafts and especially metalworking, since they handled gold with great skill and were also the first artisans in the world to work with platinum.
Viacheslav Krasilnikov
Viacheslav Borisovich Krasilnikov (Russian: Вячеслав Борисович Красильников, IPA: [vʲɪtɕɪˈslaf krɐˈsʲilʲnʲɪkəf]; born 28 April 1991) is a Russian beach volleyball player.

Krassilnikov finished fifth in the 2009 World Youth Championship in Alanya with Artyom Kucherenko. In 2012, he played his first Grand Slam on the World Tour with Ruslan Bykanov in Moscow. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's beach volleyball tournament. There, Krasilnikov paired with Konstantin Semenov, finishing as fourth. With Oleg Stoyanovskiy he won the men's gold medal at 2019 Beach Volleyball World Championships

Konstantin Semenov
Konstantin Sergeyevich Semenov (Russian: Константин Сергеевич Семёнов; born 9 June 1989, Tokmok) is a Russian beach volleyball player. He competed for Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics with his teammate Sergey Prokopyev finishing at the shared 9th place. As of August 2013 he has won one tournament in the FIVB World Tour and two in the CEV European Tour alongside two other podium spots in the World Tour. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Semenov and his new teammate Vyacheslav Krasilnikov finished as fourth.  Since the end of 2017, Semenov plays with Ilya Leshukov. They qualified for 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.
Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) is a professional organisation of film and television practitioners in Australia. The academy's aim is "to identify, award, promote, and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television".

It was established in August 2011 with the backing of the Australian Film Institute (AFI) to act as its industry engagement arm and to administer the AACTA Awards (formerly the Australian Film Institute Awards, also known as the AFI Awards) which rewards achievements in Australian feature film, television, documentary and short films.

The academy is composed of 15 chapters, each of which represents different screen artists including actors, directors, producers and writers, and it is overseen by the academy's president and the Honorary Council. Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was the inaugural president from 2011 to 2017, and hosted the inaugural AACTA Awards in January 2012.

Australian Film Institute
The Australian Film Institute (AFI) was founded in 1958 as a non-profit organisation devoted to developing an active film culture in Australia and fostering engagement between the general public and the Australian film industry. It is responsible for producing Australia's premier annual film and television awards, the AACTA Awards (previously the AFI Awards).