hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dragon curve
A dragon curve is any member of a family of self-similar fractal curves, which can be approximated by recursive methods such as Lindenmayer systems. The dragon curve is probably most commonly thought of as the shape that is generated from repeatedly folding a strip of paper in half, although there are other curves that are called dragon curves that are generated differently.

L-system
An L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting system and a type of formal grammar. An L-system consists of an alphabet of symbols that can be used to make strings, a collection of production rules that expand each symbol into some larger string of symbols, an initial "axiom" string from which to begin construction, and a mechanism for translating the generated strings into geometric structures. L-systems were introduced and developed in 1968 by Aristid Lindenmayer, a Hungarian theoretical biologist and botanist at the University of Utrecht. Lindenmayer used L-systems to describe the behaviour of plant cells and to model the growth processes of plant development. L-systems have also been used to model the morphology of a variety of organisms and can be used to generate self-similar fractals.
Pan-American Exposition
The Pan-American Exposition was a world's fair held in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901. The fair occupied 350 acres (0.55 mi2) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue. It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the shooting of United States President William McKinley at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The exposition was illuminated at night. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. filmed it during the day and a pan of it at night.

Temple of Music
The Temple of Music was a concert hall and auditorium built for the Pan-American Exposition which was held in Buffalo, New York in 1901. United States President William McKinley was shot inside the building on September 6, 1901 by Leon Czolgosz. The structure, like most of the other buildings at the exposition, was demolished when the fair ended.
Pennsylvania Route 187
Pennsylvania Route 187 (PA 187) is a 43.1-mile-long (69.4 km) state highway located in Wyoming and Bradford counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 87 in Lovelton. The northern terminus is at the New York state line, north of Windham Center. The route continues as New York State Route 282 (NY 282) for 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) north to its terminus at NY 17C.

Pennsylvania Route 87
Pennsylvania Route 87 (PA 87) is a 69.3-mile-long (111.5 km) north–south state highway located in northern Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at exit 21 of Interstate 180 (I-180)/U.S. Route 220 (US 220) in Montoursville. The northern terminus is at US 6 in Washington Township.

The road is called Loyalsock Avenue at its southern terminus in Montoursville.  It joins PA 154 for 200 yards (180 m) in Forksville and US 220 for 1,200 yards (1,100 m) in Dushore.  While in Dushore, it serves as the northern terminus of PA 487, and is also known as South German Street, East Main Street, Mill Street, and Carpenter Street.
Rajmachi
Rajmachi Fort (Killa) is a historical fort in the hills of the Sahyadri mountains (Western Ghats). It consists of two twin fortresses Shriwardhan and Manaranjan, with a wide machi (plateau) surrounding the two Balekillas. Udhewadi is a small village of about 60 households (as per 2011 census report) situated on the machi, at the southern foot of Manaranjan Balekilla of Rajmachi Fort.

Shrivardhan Fort
Shrivardhan Fort is one of the two hill forts that constitute the Rajmachi fortification, the other being Manaranjan Fort. It is located in Rajmachi village which 8.5 km from Lonavala in the Sahyadris mountain range. At 900 m(3000 feet) above sea level it was the taller of the two peaks and was named after Shrivardhan Ganpatrao Patwardhan. Other than a rampart there is no visible construction. It was probably used at a watchtower for the Sahyadri region. There are two water tanks at the top of the hill but one of them has an iron pillar in it.
Monastery of St Lot
The Monastery of St Lot (Τὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Λωτ) is a Byzantine-period monastic site near the Dead Sea in Jordan, at the entrance to a natural cave, which Catholics believed to have been the one where Lot and his daughters sought shelter after Sodom was destroyed (Genesis 19:24–25). The monastery, dating to the 5th-7th centuries, is centered around a basilical church and overlooks from a steep slope the southeastern Dead Sea and the modern town of Safi in Jordan.

Ghor es-Safi
Ghor es-Safi, also transliterated Ghawr as-Safi, is an area in the Jordan valley located in the Wadi al-Hasa. It is situated between the governorates of Karak and Tafilah, near the southern Dead Sea. The location is depicted on the 6th-century Madaba map as "Zoara."

Ghor as-Safi is perhaps best known for its historical sugar cane factories from the 11th century.
Pennsylvania Route 314
Pennsylvania Route 314 (PA 314) is an 7.26-mile (11.68 km) state highway located in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at PA 940 in Pocono Summit. The eastern terminus is at PA 715 in Pocono Township. The route is a two-lane undivided road that passes through forested areas of the Pocono Mountains. In Swiftwater, PA 314 has a short concurrency with PA 611. The road between Pocono Summit and U.S. Route 611 (US 611) in Swiftwater was designated as PA 15 in 1927 and became PA 115 a year later. PA 940 replaced the PA 115 designation on this stretch in 1935. PA 314 was designated to its current alignment in 1964, replacing this section of PA 940 which was rerouted to the north.

Pennsylvania Route 715
Pennsylvania Route 715 (PA 715) is a 17.7-mile-long (28.5 km) north–south state route located entirely in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 209 (US 209) in the Chestnuthill Township hamlet of Brodheadsville. The northern terminus is at PA 191 in the Paradise Township hamlet of Henryville. PA 715 also intersects Interstate 80 (I-80) in Tannersville at Exit 299. The route is a two-lane undivided road running through forested areas of the Pocono Mountains. The road was paved between 1930 and the 1940s. PA 715 was designated to its present alignment in 1963.
GNU Manifesto
The GNU Manifesto is a call-to-action by Richard Stallman encouraging participation and support of the GNU Project's goal in developing the GNU free computer operating system. The GNU Manifesto was published in March 1985 in Dr. Dobb's Journal. It is held in high regard within the free software movement as a fundamental philosophical source.

The full text is included with GNU software such as Emacs, and is publicly available.

GNU
GNU (/ɡnuː/ ⓘ GNOO) is an extensive collection of free software (387 packages as of June 2025), which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems. The use of the completed GNU tools led to the family of operating systems popularly known as Linux. Most of GNU is licensed under the GNU Project's own General Public License (GPL).

GNU is also the project within which the free software concept originated. Richard Stallman, the founder of the project, views GNU as a "technical means to a social end". Relatedly, Lawrence Lessig states in his introduction to the second edition of Stallman's book Free Software, Free Society that in it Stallman has written about "the social aspects of software and how Free Software can create community and social justice".
Stillorgan
Stillorgan (Irish: Stigh Lorgan), formerly a village in its own right, is now a suburban area of Dublin in Ireland. Stillorgan is located in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, and contains many housing estates, shops and other facilities, with the old village centre still present. Stillorgan is at least partly contiguous with Kilmacud and neighbours other southside districts such as Mount Merrion, Sandyford, Leopardstown, Dundrum, Blackrock, Goatstown and Foxrock.

The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Stillorgan, an area considerably larger than Stillorgan village, was 18,212 at the 2022 census. Stillorgan is in a civil parish of the same name, in the barony of Rathdown.

Dundrum, Dublin
Dundrum (Irish: Dún Droma, meaning 'the ridge fort'), originally a village in its own right, is an outer suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Dundrum is located in the local authority area of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council and the postal districts of Dublin 14 and Dublin 16. The area is home to the Dundrum Town Centre, the largest shopping centre in Ireland.
Lastminute.com
lastminute.com is an online travel and leisure retailer.

The company was founded by Martha Lane Fox and Brent Hoberman in 1998 and was a part of the UK internet boom of the late 1990s, part of the dot-com bubble and trading on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol 'LMN'.

In May 2015, lastminute.com was acquired from Sabre by the Bravofly Rumbo Group which rebranded as lastminute.com Group.

Lastminute.com Group
Lastminute.com N.V. is the owner of several travel brands including lastminute.com, Volagratis, Rumbo, Bravofly, Jetcost, Crocierissime.it, weg.de, and Hotelscan.

The company operates websites and mobile apps in 17 languages and 40 countries and has 43 million monthly unique users.

It was called Bravofly Rumbo Group until May 2015.
Chyolomdzha
The Chyolomdzha (Russian: Чёломджа; Even: Чаламдя) is a river in Magadan Oblast, Russia. It has a length of 228 kilometres (142 mi) and a drainage basin of 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi).

The Chyolomdzha is the longest tributary of the Taui (Kava) and flows across an uninhabited area, part of the Magadan Nature Reserve. 
The name of the river originated in the Even language.

Taui
The Taui (Russian: Тауй), also known as Kava (Russian: Кава) for part of its course, is a river in Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast, Russian Far East. It has a drainage basin of 25,900 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi).

The river is a spawning ground for salmon and is part of the Magadan Nature Reserve. Its last stretch is navigable.
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy
Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (Italian: Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita, DL), commonly known simply as The Daisy (La Margherita), was a centrist political party in Italy. The party was formed from the merger of three parties within the centre-left coalition: the Italian People's Party, The Democrats and Italian Renewal.

The party president and leader was Francesco Rutelli, former mayor of Rome and prime minister candidate during the 2001 general election for The Olive Tree coalition, within which The Daisy electoral list won 14.5% of the national vote. The Daisy became a single party in February 2002. It was set up by former left-leaning Christian Democrats, centrists,  and social-liberals, including former Liberals and Republicans, as well as other left-wing politicians from the former Italian Socialist Party and Federation of the Greens. On 14 October 2007, DL merged with the Democrats of the Left to form the Democratic Party (PD).

The Olive Tree (Italy)
The Olive Tree (Italian: L'Ulivo) was a denomination used for several successive centre-left political and electoral alliances of  Italian political parties from 1995 to 2007.

The historical leader and ideologue of these coalitions was Romano Prodi, Professor of Economics and former leftist Christian Democrat, who invented the name and the symbol of The Olive Tree with Arturo Parisi in 1995. For the 2006 general election The Olive Tree was largely supplanted by a wider Prodi-led alliance  called The Union, while The Olive Tree remained a smaller federation of parties which merged to form the Democratic Party in October 2007, which continues to be the lead party of an unnamed centre-left coalition.
Malviya Nagar (Delhi)
Malviya Nagar is a residential locality in South Delhi. Situated between Saket and Hauz Khas, its namesake is the freedom fighter Madan Mohan Malviya.

Malviya Nagar was initially a part of the Shahpur Jat village
, in which after partition was  populated in the 1950s by refugees from Pakistan, after the Partition of India.  A large portion of the population were ethnic Rajasthani, U.P., Haryanvi, Punjabis and Sindhis, as well as Afghan refugees who were displaced during the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1970s and 1980s.

Today, Malviya Nagar is bounded by Panchsheel Enclave in the north, Sheikh Sarai in the east, Saket in the south and Hauz Khas in the west. Sub localities that are part of Malviya Nagar include Geetanjali Enclave, Navjeevan Vihar, Bhavishya Nidhi Enclave, Shivalik colony, Begumpur, Sarvodaya Enclave and MMTC Colony.

It is serviced by the Malviya Nagar station located on the Yellow Line of the Delhi Metro.   Malviya Nagar is also home to Delhi Police's Training School.

Saket (Delhi)
Saket is a residential colony and the administrative headquarters of the South Delhi district of Delhi in India.

The local district headquarters are also situated on M.B. Road, Saket. The DDA has developed the Saket Sports Complex spread over 18.5 acres, in 1990.

Saket Colony was developed on the lands of the Khirki Chauhan village, the Jat‑dominated village of Said‑ul‑Ajaib, and the Hauz Rani village.
Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages
The Chuukic–Pohnpeic  or historically Trukic-Ponapeic languages are a family of Micronesian languages consisting of two dialect continua, Chuukic and Pohnpeic.  They are the westernmost and historically most recent Micronesian languages.

Chuukic languages
Chuukic (/ˈtʃuːkɪk/), historically also rendered as Trukic (/ˈtruːkɪk/), is a subgroup of the Chuukic–Pohnpeic family of the Austronesian language family. The languages are primarily spoken in Chuuk State and Yap State of the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as in the outer islands of Palau. The Carolinians of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands also speak their own language distinct from the historically native Chamorro people.
MV Rozi
MV Rozi was a tugboat, built in Bristol in 1958. She was originally called Rossmore, and was later renamed Rossgarth. She was sold to Tug Malta in 1981 as the Rozi and operated in the Grand Harbour. After being decommissioned, in 1992 she was scuttled off Ċirkewwa as an artificial reef. It is now one of the most popular dive sites in Malta.

Ċirkewwa
Ċirkewwa (Maltese: Iċ-Ċirkewwa) is a harbour and zone situated at the northernmost point of Malta, part of the locality of Mellieħa.

It is the site of the Ċirkewwa Ferry Terminal, from where regular car ferries operate to the port of Mġarr in Gozo. In the summer, boat trips to Comino also operate, as well as organised diving excursions. As Ċirkewwa is a point on the northernmost end of the island, and not a town, there is no major infrastructure besides the terminal, but near the harbour there is a hotel resort. Paradise Bay, a sandy beach, is also nearby, to the south of the Ċirkewwa peninsula.

Visitors travelling to Gozo can reach Ċirkewwa by car by following road signs to Gozo, and by bus directly from Valletta, Sliema, Buġibba and St. Paul's Bay.
Dragon's Back
The Dragon's Back (Chinese: 龍脊) is a mountain ridge in southeastern Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong that passes through Shek O Peak. It lies within the Shek O Country Park. In 2019, the Dragon's Back Trail was selected by CNN as one of the world's 23 best trails. Dragon's Back is part of Stage 8 of the Hong Kong Trail.

Shek O Country Park
Shek O Country Park is a 701-hectare rural marine park located on Shek O, Southern District, Hong Kong and facing the South China Sea. The park opened on 21 September 1979.

The park is popular for its Hiking trails. In 2004, Time Magazine Asia described one of the trails, the Dragon's Back, as the best urban hiking trail in Asia.

The spider species Uroballus carlei was discovered in Shek O Country park in 2019.
Night eating syndrome
Night eating syndrome (NES) is classified as an Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). It involves recurrent episodes of night eating after awakening from sleep or after the evening meal. Awareness and recall of the eating is present, which is a key characteristic that differentiates the disorder from Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED). Although there is some degree of comorbidity with binge eating disorder (BED), it differs from binge eating in that the amount of food consumed in the night is not necessarily objectively large nor is a loss of control over food intake required. The syndrome causes significant distress or functional impairment and cannot be better explained by external influences such as changes in the sleep-wake cycle, social norms, substance use, medication, or another mental or medical disorder.

Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder
Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder (NSRED) is a combination of a parasomnia and an eating disorder. It is a non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) parasomnia. It is described as being in a specific category within somnambulism or a state of sleepwalking that includes behaviors connected to a person's conscious wishes or wants. Thus many times NSRED is a person's fulfilling of their conscious wants that they suppress; however, this disorder is difficult to distinguish from other similar types of disorders.
Rex Britten
Rex David Britten is a fictional main character in the American police procedural drama television series Awake. He is portrayed by Dylan Minnette. The character first appeared in "Pilot" and last appeared in "Turtles All the Way Down". He appears in Michael's green reality (where Hannah is dead from the car crash). This is because it is his favorite color. Rex was created and designed by series creator and executive producer Kyle Killen after he created and developed the series Lone Star for the Fox network; Killen had been called in to pitch a new drama for NBC after the cancellation of Lone Star.

As a teenager, Rex is the only son and child of Michael and Hannah. He is currently a teenager at school.

Hannah Britten
Hannah Britten is a fictional protagonist in the American police procedural drama television series Awake. She is portrayed by Laura Allen. The character first appeared in "Pilot" and last appeared in the series finale "Turtles All the Way Down". Hannah was created and designed by series creator and executive producer Kyle Killen after he created and developed the series Lone Star for the Fox network.
Marlene Kratz
Marlene Kratz  is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Moya O'Sullivan. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 5 July 1994. She was introduced as the estranged mother of Cheryl Stark (Caroline Gillmer). The pair often argued and Marlene constantly interferes in other people's business, but O'Sullivan believed Marlene meant well. She also described her as enormously caring, but Cheryl struggles to forgive Marlene for leaving her and her father. As she settles in, Marlene opens a bric-a-brac store and is often up for a scam or a bet. She also has a brief romance with Colin Taylor (Frank Bren). The character was written out in mid-1997 and exited the serial on 14 October 1997, when she went on a three-month cruise and never returned. O'Sullivan reprised her role for the show's 20th anniversary episode, which was broadcast on 27 July 2005. Marlene revealed that she is still sailing the seas.

Cheryl Stark
Cheryl Stark is a fictional character from the Australian television soap opera Neighbours, played by Caroline Gillmer. She made her first appearance during the episode broadcast on 26 July 1993. Colette Mann took over the role for eight weeks from late 1995 to early 1996 when Gillmer fell ill. In September 1996, Gillmer departed the show and Cheryl was killed off.
Bandwidth (computing)
In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth.

This definition of bandwidth contrasts with usage in signal processing, wireless communications, modem data transmission, digital communications, and electronics, in which bandwidth is used to refer to the signal bandwidth measured in hertz, meaning the frequency range between lowest and highest attainable frequency while meeting a well-defined impairment level in signal power. The actual bit rate that can be achieved depends not only on the signal bandwidth but also on the noise on the channel.

Bit rate
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.

In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s (1 byte = 8 bits).  However if stop bits, start bits, and parity bits need to be factored in, a higher number of bits per second will be required to achieve a throughput of the same number of bytes.
Gadgil formula
The Gadgil formula is named after Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil, a social scientist and the first critic of Indian planning. It was evolved in 1969 for determining the allocation of central assistance for state plans in India. Gadgil formula was adopted for distribution of plan assistance during Fourth and Fifth Five-Year Plans.

Five-Year Plans of India
The Five-Year Plans of India were a series of national development programmes implemented by the Government of India from 1951 to 2017. Inspired by the Soviet model, these plans aimed to promote balanced economic growth, reduce poverty and modernise key sectors such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure and education.

The Planning Commission, chaired ex-officio by the prime minister, conceptualised and monitored the plans until its replacement by the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) in 2015. The plans evolved to address changing developmental priorities, introducing innovations like the Gadgil formula in 1969 for transparent resource allocation to states. While the five-year plans significantly shaped India's economic trajectory, they were discontinued in 2017, transitioning to a more flexible framework under the NITI Aayog.
Ladronka
Ladronka is a homestead (usedlost) situated in a park in Břevnov, Prague 6, in the Czech Republic. Built by Charles IV in 1340, it was bought by an Italian count, then owned by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta before being broken into flats during the communist period. It was then squatted in 1993, becoming an internationally famous anarchist, self-managed social centre. The squatters organised gigs, exhibitions, readings and theatre, before being evicted in 2000 following the anti-globalization protests in Prague. After several years of renovation, Ladronka was re-opened as an activity centre in 2005, serving the surrounding park.

Squatting in the Czech Republic
Squatting (the occupation of unused property without the permission of the owner) became a political phenomenon in the Czech Republic after the Velvet Revolution in 1989. Squats in Prague included Sochora (an infoshop), Stary Střešovice (a cultural project) and Ladronka (an anarchist self-managed social centre). Milada was occupied in 1998 and following its final eviction in 2009, there was a lull in squatting actions. In the 2010s a new social movement (Obsaď a Žij) squatted houses to highlight the number of derelict properties in Prague and the social centre Klinika was founded in 2014.