hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
International Socialist Group (Scotland)
The International Socialist Group was a revolutionary socialist organisation based in Scotland which was formed in April 2011 by former members of the Socialist Workers Party. The group produced a free monthly broadsheet and online blog, Communiqué. The ISG participated in a number of campaigns, such as the Coalition of Resistance, Stop the War Coalition and the Radical Independence Campaign. In 2015 the ISG formally dissolved with its members participating in the Scottish Left Project, the organisational process which led to the RISE electoral alliance to contest the 2016 Scottish Parliamentary elections alongside the Scottish Socialist Party, individuals from the Radical Independence Campaign and other activists and trade unionists.

Notable figures within the ISG included Jonathon Shafi, co-founder of the Radical Independence Campaign, and Cat Boyd.

RISE – Scotland's Left Alliance
RISE – Scotland's Left Alliance was a left-wing electoral alliance and political party created ahead of the 2016 Scottish Parliament general election. The name was a contrived acronym standing for Respect, Independence, Socialism and Environmentalism. The Party name was registered as 'RISE - Respect, Independence, Socialism and Environmentalism'. The party was deregistered in November 2020.

The alliance was formally established at a conference in Glasgow on 29 August 2015. The Scottish Socialist Party affiliated to the alliance for the 2016 election, in which RISE fielded candidates on the regional list in all electoral regions, but none were elected.
Warwick
Warwick (/ˈwɒrɪk/ WORR-ik) is a market town, civil parish and the county town of Warwickshire in the Warwick District in England, adjacent to the River Avon. It is 9 miles (14 km) south of Coventry, and 19 miles (31 km) south-east of Birmingham. It is adjoined with Leamington Spa and Whitnash.

Warwick has ancient origins and an array of historic buildings, notably from the Medieval, Stuart and Georgian eras. It was a major fortified settlement from the early Middle Ages, the most notable relic of this period being Warwick Castle, a major tourist attraction. Much was destroyed in the Great Fire of Warwick in 1694 and then rebuilt with fine 18th century buildings, such as the Collegiate Church of St Mary and the Shire Hall. The population was estimated at 36,665 at the 2021 Census.

Warwick District
Warwick is a local government district in Warwickshire, England. It is named after the historic county town of Warwick, which is the district's second largest town; the largest town is Royal Leamington Spa, where the council is based. The district also includes the towns of Kenilworth and Whitnash and surrounding villages and rural areas. Leamington Spa, Warwick and Whitnash form a conurbation which has about two thirds of the district's population.

The neighbouring districts are Rugby, Stratford-on-Avon, Solihull and Coventry.
Harley Rouda
Harley Edwin Rouda Jr. (born December 10, 1961) is an American attorney, businessman and politician who served as the U.S. representative for California's 48th congressional district from 2019 to 2021. He was the first Democrat to represent the district, which encompasses southwestern coastal portions of Orange County including the cities of Huntington Beach, Costa Mesa and Newport Beach. He was defeated for reelection by Orange County Supervisor Michelle Steel in 2020.

Rouda first ran for office in the 2018 election, when he defeated 15-term Republican incumbent Dana Rohrabacher. Following his departure in 2020, Rouda considered running for Congress in the 2022 elections, but later announced he would not seek any public office that cycle.

On January 11, 2023, Rouda announced his candidacy for California's 47th congressional district, the House seat to be vacated by incumbent Katie Porter. Three months later Rouda announced he was ending his campaign, citing health concerns.

Michelle Steel
Michelle Eunjoo Steel (née Park, born June 21, 1955) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for California's 45th congressional district from 2023 to 2025, previously representing the 48th congressional district from 2021 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, she concurrently served as a member of House minority whip Steve Scalise's Whip Team for the 117th Congress. Steel ran for re-election to a third term in 2024, but she was defeated in the general election by Democratic challenger Derek Tran.

Steel served as the member of the Orange County Board of Supervisors from the 2nd district from 2015 to 2021 and of the California State Board of Equalization from the 3rd district from 2007 to 2015. Steel, fellow California Republican Young Kim and Democrat Marilyn Strickland of Washington are the first Korean-American women to serve in Congress.
Jiangmen
Jiangmen (Chinese: 江门), alternately romanized in Cantonese as Kongmoon, is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong Province in southern China. It consists of three urban districts (Pengjiang, Jianghai, Xinhui), Heshan, and the more rural Siyi (Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping, and Enping), which is the ancestral homeland (侨乡, qiao'xiang) of approximately 4 million overseas Chinese.  As of the 2020 census, Jiangmen had a total population of about 4,798,090. Its urban region, consisting of Pengjiang, Jianghai, and Heshan, had 2,657,062 inhabitants.

Taishan, Guangdong
Taishan is a county-level city in the southwest of Guangdong province, China. It is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen. During the 2020 census, there were 907,354 inhabitants (941,095 in 2010), but only 433,266 were considered urban. As one of the most renowned qiao'xiangs, Taishan calls itself the "First Home of the Overseas Chinese". An estimated half a million Chinese Americans are of Taishanese descent.

It was named Xinning (新寧) until 1914, which was romanised as "Sunning".
Visayan bulbul
The Visayan bulbul (Hypsipetes guimarasensis) or Steere's bulbul, is a songbird species in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.

It is endemic to the western Visayas in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.  Until 2010, it was considered to be a subspecies of the Philippine bulbul.

Philippine bulbul
The Philippine bulbul (Hypsipetes philippinus) is a songbird species in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae.

It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forest and tropical moist montane forest.
Naval Works Department (Royal Navy)
The Naval Works Department  was the department of the Inspector-General of Naval Works, Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, who in 1796 had been given responsibility (over and above that of the Navy Board) for modernising and mechanising the Royal Navy dockyards. The Department was established under the direct authority of the Board of Admiralty on 25 March 1796. In 1808 Bentham's job title was changed to Civil Architect and Engineer of the Navy, and he and his department were placed under the oversight of the Navy Board. In 1812 Bentham was dismissed and the department dissolved; most of its responsibilities were taken over by a new Department of the Surveyor of Buildings.

Surveyor of Buildings (Royal Navy)
The Surveyor of Buildings, also known as the Department of the Surveyor of Buildings, was the civil officer initially a member of the Navy Board then later the Board of Admiralty responsible for superintending, maintaining and improving the British Royal Navy Dockyards, Naval Buildings, and Architectural Works  of the Admiralty from 1812 to 1837.
Redoubt Four (West Point)
Redoubt Four was a supporting defensive position of Fort Putnam during the Revolutionary War defensive network at West Point.  It was constructed under the command of Tadeusz Kosciuszko in 1778-1779.  During the war, it was a key defensive overwatch position for Fort Putnam 300 feet below, which was in turn the key overwatch position for Fort Clinton. According to Benedict Arnold, the fort required approximately 100 soldiers to man it.  The redoubt was partially restored in 1975-1976 as part of the bicentennial celebration.  It can be accessed by foot year round from Patrick Trail (road) approximately .5 miles from the West Point Post Exchange complex.

Fort Putnam
Fort Putnam was a military garrison during the Revolutionary War at West Point, New York, United States.  Built by a regiment of Colonel Rufus Putnam's 5th Massachusetts Regiment, it was completed in 1778 with the purpose of supporting Fort Clinton, which sat on the edge of the Hudson River about 3/4 of a mile away. The fort was rebuilt and enlarged in 1794 before falling into disuse and disrepair as the military garrison at West Point became obsolete in the early mid-19th century.  It underwent a major preservation as a historical site in 1909, and has been continually in the process of preservation since. Sitting at an elevation of 500 feet, it was West Point's largest garrison during the Revolutionary War. The Fort is under the supervision of the West Point Museum Director, David M. Reel, and is operated by the United States Army Garrison, West Point. Access to the Fort is seasonal and as summer staff are available.
Inhalational anesthetic
An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that is delivered via inhalation. They are administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anesthetic vaporiser and an anesthetic delivery system. Agents of significant contemporary clinical interest include volatile anesthetic agents such as isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane, as well as certain anesthetic gases such as nitrous oxide and xenon.

Isoflurane
Isoflurane, sold under the brand name Forane among others, is a halogenated ether used as a general anesthetic. It can be used to start or maintain anesthesia; however, other medications are often used to start anesthesia, due to airway irritation with isoflurane. Isoflurane is a inhalational anesthetic given via inhalation.

Isoflurane was approved for medical use in the United States in 1979. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Cérilly, Allier
Cérilly (French pronunciation: [seʁiji] ⓘ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

It is in close proximity to the largest and oldest untouched oak forest in western Europe: the Forest of Tronçais. Many oak trees exceed 250 years in age. The Tronçais (pronounced: Tronssay) forest was first planted during the 13th century and used continuously since the late 17th century and until the early 19th century to supply masts and spars to the old French navy. It is now a state forest which supplies much of the choice oak used in making the best wine barrels that are used mostly in Burgundy.

Forest of Tronçais
The Forest of Tronçais (French: Forêt de Tronçais, IPA: [tʁɔ̃sɛ]) is a national forest comprising 10,600 hectares (26,000 acres) in the Allier department of central France. It is managed by the National Forests Office (ONF). Its oaks, planted by Louis XIV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to supply the French Navy, constitute one of the principal stands of oaks in Europe.

Within the forest boundaries are the communes of Braize, Cérilly, Isle-et-Bardais, Le Brethon, Meaulne-Vitray, Saint-Bonnet-Tronçais, Urçay and Valigny. It is mainly made up of sessile oak. It also contains 130 hectares (320 acres) of ponds and is deemed by many as the most beautiful oakwood in Europe.
Clarksville, Tennessee
Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, United States, its county seat, and only incorporated municipality. The city had a population of 166,722 as of the 2020 census, making it the fifth-most populous city in Tennessee. It is the principal city of the Clarksville metropolitan area, which consists of Montgomery and Stewart counties in Tennessee and Christian and Trigg counties in Kentucky.

The city was founded in 1785 and incorporated in 1807, and named for General George Rogers Clark, frontier fighter and Revolutionary War hero, and brother of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Clarksville is the home of Austin Peay State University; The Leaf-Chronicle, the oldest newspaper in Tennessee; and neighbor to the Fort Campbell, United States Army post. The site of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell is located about 10 miles (16 km) from downtown Clarksville and straddles the Tennessee-Kentucky state line.

Christian County, Kentucky
Christian County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 72,748. Its county seat is Hopkinsville. The county was formed in 1797. Christian County is part of the Clarksville, Tennessee–Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Mount Lyell (Tasmania)
Mount Lyell is a mountain in the West Coast Range of Western Tasmania, Australia.

Mount Lyell has an elevation of 917 metres (3,009 ft) above sea level. The adjacent mountains are Mount Sedgwick to the north and Mount Owen to the south.

The mountain was named by Charles Gould in 1863 after geologist Charles Lyell, a supporter of Charles Darwin.

Mount Lyell was also the common short name of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company.

Mount Owen (Tasmania)
Mount Owen is a mountain directly east of the town of Queenstown on the West Coast Range in Western Tasmania, Australia.

With an elevation of 1,146 metres (3,760 ft) above sea level, like most of the mountains in the West Coast Range, it was named by the geologist Charles Gould after Richard Owen. The taller mountains were named after opponents or critics of Charles Darwin, the smaller after his supporters. The north western slopes are clearly seen from Gormanston and the Linda Valley 'Long Spur'.
Grand Rapids Christian Schools
Grand Rapids Christian Schools is a  private, Christian school system located in Kent County, Michigan, serving students from pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. The majority of its campuses are situated in Grand Rapids with an additional campus in Rockford. The administrative headquarters of the school system is located adjacent to Grand Rapids Christian High School.

As of 2026, Aaron Winkle is the superintendent of the system.

Grand Rapids Christian High School
Grand Rapids Christian High School (GRCHS) is a private Christian secondary school in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Founded in 1920, "Christian High" is a member of Grand Rapids Christian Schools and Christian Schools International. The school was first accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools in 1925, one of the first six high schools in Kent County to receive that honor. GRCHS is also a member of the Michigan Association of Non-public Schools.
Crowell, Oxfordshire
Crowell is a village and civil parish in the South Oxfordshire district, in Oxfordshire, England, about 4 miles (6.4 km) southeast of the market town of Thame and 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest of the village of Chinnor. The 2001 Census recorded the parish's population as 100.  Crowell village is a spring line settlement at the source of a stream called the Pleck at the foot of the Chiltern Hills escarpment. The toponym "Crowell" is derived from the Old English for "crow's spring" or "crow's stream".

Crowell is a strip parish about 3 miles (5 km) long on a northwest – southeast axis and less than 1⁄2-mile (800 m) wide at its widest point. The northwest part of the strip is low-lying land in the Vale of Oxford about 350 feet (110 m) above sea level; the southeast part of the strip is in the Chilterns and rises to 774 feet (236 m) above sea level. The southeastern part of the parish is bounded on three sides by Buckinghamshire.

Chinnor
Chinnor is a large village and civil parish in South Oxfordshire, England, about 4 miles (6 km) southeast of Thame and close to the border with Buckinghamshire. The village is a spring line settlement on the Icknield Way below the Chiltern escarpment. Since 1932 the civil parish has included the village of Emmington. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 5,924.
Julaki
Julaki (Persian: جولكي) is a city in, and the capital of, Julaki District of Aghajari County, Khuzestan province, Iran. As a village, it was the capital of Julaki Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Sar Julaki.

Sar Julaki Rural District
Sar Julaki Rural District (Persian: دهستان سرجولکی) is in Julaki District of Aghajari County, Khuzestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Sar Julaki. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Julaki, now a city.
Ulmus 'Plantyn'
Ulmus 'Plantyn' (Anglicized form of 'Plantijn') was one of three Dutch hybrid elms released by the Dorschkamp Research Institute for Forestry & Landscape Planning, Wageningen, in 1973.  Derived from a crossing of the Dutch hybrids '202' (U. 'Exoniensis' × U. wallichiana) and '302' (U. minor '1' × U. minor '28'), it was to prove of great significance in later developments. A selfed seedling was to become the first Dutch clone to prove effectively immune to disease, released in 1989 as 'Columella'. 'Plantyn' was also destined to be the female parent of Lutèce released in 2002. In Italy, 'Plantyn' was used again as female parent in hybridizations with the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), to create three new cultivars better adapted to the Mediterranean climate (see Hybrid cultivars).

Ulmus 'Columella'
Ulmus 'Columella' is a Dutch elm cultivar raised by the Dorschkamp Research Institute for Forestry & Landscape Planning, Wageningen. Originally thought to have been derived from a selfed or openly pollinated seedling of the hybrid clone 'Plantyn', DNA analysis later determined it arose from a cross of 'Plantyn' and Ulmus minor.  Sown in 1967, it was released for sale in 1993 after proving extremely resistant to Dutch elm disease following injection with unnaturally high doses of the pathogen, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.  However, propagated by grafting onto wych elm rootstocks, graft failure owing to incompatibility became a common occurrence in the Netherlands, as with earlier clones such as 'Lobel' and the practice abandoned, all trees now raised on their own roots.
Jennifer Janse van Rensburg
Jennifer Janse van Rensburg (née Urban; born 9 May 1993) is a German ice dancer. With her skating partner, Benjamin Steffan, she is a five-time ISU Challenger Series medalist and five time German national champions (2022–26). Janse van Rensburg/Steffan represented Germany at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

With her previous skating partner Sevan Lerche, she is the 2015 German national silver medalist.

Competing in women's singles, she is the 2010 German junior national bronze medalist.

Benjamin Steffan
Benjamin Steffan (born 12 January 1996) is a German ice dancer. With his skating partner, Jennifer Janse van Rensburg, he is a five-time ISU Challenger Series medalist and five time German national champions (2022–26). Janse van Rensburg/Steffan represented Germany at the 2026 Winter Olympics.

With his previous skating partners Sandrine Hofstetter and Leah Steffan, he is a three-time German junior national bronze medalist.
2024 UEFA Women's Champions League final
The 2024 UEFA Women's Champions League final was the final match of the 2023–24 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 23rd season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 15th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. The match was played at the San Mamés Stadium in Bilbao, Spain, on 25 May 2024, between Spanish club Barcelona and French club Lyon, a repeat of the 2019 and 2022 finals.

Barcelona won the match 2–0 for their second consecutive and third overall UEFA Women's Champions League title. Thus, they completed their first continental quadruple.

2019 UEFA Women's Champions League final
The 2019 UEFA Women's Champions League final was the final match of the 2018–19 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 18th season of Europe's premier women's club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 10th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Women's Cup to the UEFA Women's Champions League. This was the first time since the final is played as a single match that a host city for the Women's Champions League final was not automatically assigned by which city won the bid to host the men's Champions League final, although the same association is still allowed to host both finals by the UEFA bid regulations. It was played at the Groupama Arena in Budapest, Hungary on 18 May 2019, between French side Lyon and Spanish side Barcelona.

Lyon won the final 4–1 for their fourth consecutive and record-extending sixth overall UEFA Women's Champions League title.
Star refinement
In mathematics, specifically in the study of topology and open covers of a topological space X, a star refinement is a particular kind of refinement of an open cover of X.  The term has two similar but distinct usages.  A related term sometimes used to differentiate the weaker of these two properties is the notion of a barycentric refinement.

Star refinements are used in the definition of a fully normal space, in the definition of a strongly paracompact space, and in one among several equivalent formulations of a uniform space.

Cover (topology)
In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering) of a set  is a family of subsets of  whose union is all of . More formally, if  is an indexed family of subsets  (indexed by the set ), then  is a cover of  if

Thus the collection  is a cover of  if each element of  belongs to at least one of the subsets .
Rahat
Rahat (Arabic: رهط, Hebrew: רַהַט) is an Arab Bedouin city in the Southern District of Israel. In 2023 it had a population of 75,684. As such, it is the largest Bedouin city in Israel, and the only one to have city status. It is the largest Arab city in Israel.

Rahat is one of seven Bedouin townships in the Negev desert with approved plans and developed infrastructure. The other six are Hura, Tel as-Sabi (Tel Sheva), Ar'arat an-Naqab (Ar'ara BaNegev), Lakiya, Kuseife (Kseife) and Shaqib al-Salam (Segev Shalom).

Hura
Hura, or Houra (Hebrew: חוּרָה, Arabic: حورة) is a Bedouin town in the Southern District of Israel. It is located near Beersheba and beside the town Meitar. The town was established in 1989 as a part of solution offered by the state for the consolidation of Negev Bedouin population, and was declared a local council in 1996. In 2023 it had a population of 21,937.

Hura is one of seven Bedouin townships in the Negev desert with approved plans and developed infrastructure (the other six are: Ar'arat an-Naqab (Ar'ara BaNegev), Lakiya, Shaqib al-Salam (Segev Shalom), Kuseife (Kseife), Tel as-Sabi (Tel-Sheva) and the city of Rahat, the largest among them).
Mayang (boat)
Perahu Mayang or simply mayang is a type of fishing boat from Java, Indonesia. This type of boat is used mainly for fishing and trading. Historically, this indigenous vessel is also favored by European skippers and private merchants for trading in East Indies: 50% of them were using mayang and pencalang. It is mostly used in northern coast of Java. The major production site is in Rembang, Central Java.

Pencalang
Pencalang is a traditional merchant ship from Nusantara. Historically it was also written as pantchiallang or pantjalang. It was originally built by Malay people from the area of Riau and the Malay Peninsula, but has been copied by Javanese shipwrights.: 20 : 27  By the end of the 17th century this ship has been built by Javanese and Chinese shipbuilders in and around Rembang. However it was a popular choice for Balinese skippers followed by Sulawesian skippers.