hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of a sentence
In mathematical logic, the spectrum of a sentence is the set of natural numbers occurring as the size of a finite model in which a given sentence is true. By a result in descriptive complexity, a set of natural numbers is a spectrum if and only if it can be recognized in non-deterministic exponential time.

NEXPTIME
In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NEXPTIME (sometimes called NEXP) is the set of decision problems that can be solved by a non-deterministic Turing machine using time .

In terms of NTIME,

Alternatively, NEXPTIME can be defined using deterministic Turing machines as verifiers. A language L is in NEXPTIME if and only if there exist polynomials p and q, and a deterministic Turing machine M, such that

For all x and y, the machine M runs in time  on input ⁠⁠

For all x in L, there exists a string y of length  such that ⁠⁠

For all x not in L and all strings y of length , ⁠⁠

We know

P ⊆ NP ⊆ EXPTIME ⊆ NEXPTIME

and also, by the time hierarchy theorem, that

NP ⊊ NEXPTIME

If P = NP, then NEXPTIME = EXPTIME (padding argument); more precisely, E ≠ NE if and only if there exist sparse languages in NP that are not in P.
French Market
The French Market (French: Marché français) is a market and series of commercial buildings spanning six blocks in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded as a Native American trading post predating European colonization, the market is the oldest of its kind in the United States. It began where Café du Monde currently stands and has been rebuilt and renovated a number of times.

The market is included on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.

Café du Monde
Café du Monde (French for 'Café of the World' or 'the People's Café') is a renowned open-air coffee shop located on Decatur Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is a New Orleans landmark and tourist destination, known for its café au lait and beignets. Its coffee with chicory is widely available in the continental United States.
Fenton, Michigan
Fenton is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan that lies mostly in Genesee County, with small portions in neighboring Oakland and Livingston Counties. It is part of the Flint Metropolitan statistical area.

As of the 2020 census, Fenton had a population of 12,050.

Oakland County, Michigan
Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a principal county of the Detroit metropolitan area, containing the bulk of Detroit's northern suburbs. Its county seat is Pontiac, and its largest city is Troy. As of the 2020 census, its population 1,274,395, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan (behind neighboring Wayne County), and the most populous county in the United States without a city of 100,000 residents.

Founded in 1819 and organized the following year, Oakland County is composed of 62 cities, villages, and townships. In 2010, Oakland County was among the ten wealthiest counties in the United States to have over one million residents. It is also home to Oakland University, a large public institution that straddles the border between the cities of Auburn Hills and Rochester Hills.
Church of the Province of South East Asia
The Church of the Province of South East Asia is an Anglican church that comprises four dioceses. It is an autonomous member of the Anglican Communion and was established on 2 February 1996 with the dioceses of Kuching, Sabah, Singapore and West Malaysia.

The province covers most of Southeast Asia as well as Nepal apart from Myanmar and the Philippines, and its headquarters is located in Singapore. As of 2016, there are approximately 168,079 Anglicans within the province and the current Metropolitan Archbishop and Primate of the Province is Titus Chung, Bishop of Singapore.

Diocese of West Malaysia
The Diocese of West Malaysia is an Anglican diocese which covers the entire West Malaysia. The Diocese of West Malaysia (DWM) was founded on 8 April 1970, as DWM together with Diocese of Singapore split from Diocese of Singapore and Malaya. As a result, Diocese of Singapore and Malaya was dissolved.
Koelichen Palace
Koelichen Palace (Polish pronunciation: [kɔ.ɛˈli.xɛn]; Polish: Pałac Koelichenów) is a neoclassical palace in Warsaw, Poland, located within the Włochy district, at 2 Chrościckiego Street, and surrounded by the Combatants Park. The building has three storeys. It was designed by architect Aleksander Zabierzowski, and built in 1859, as the residence for the Koelichen family. It currently houses a public library.

Combatants Park
The Combatants Park (Polish: Park Kombatantów), also known as the Koelichen Park (Polish pronunciation: [kɔ.ɛˈli.xɛn]; Polish: Park Koelichenów), is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland, located within the Włochy district. It is placed between Obrońców Pokoju, Cianista, Świerszcza, Chrościckiego, and Łuki Wielkie Streets, within the neighbourhood of New Włochy. It has an area of 5.06 ha (1250.353 acres). It includes the Koelichen Palace, a historic neoclassical palace dating to 1859, which currently houses a public library. The park was originally developed as a garden around a palace residence, founded around 1800, by politician and statesman Tadeusz Antoni Mostowski, a politician and statesman. In 1842, it was redeveloped as English landscape garden, together with construction of a new residence, which was later replaced in 1859 by the Koelichen Palace.
Playas de Tijuana
Playas de Tijuana (Spanish for "beaches of Tijuana") is the westernmost borough of the municipality of Tijuana, Baja California, stretching from the United States border in the north to Rosarito Beach Municipality in the south. The Bullring by the Sea was opened in 1960.

Bullring by the Sea
The Plaza Monumental de Tijuana (also called the "Plaza Monumental de Playas de Tijuana" after the neighborhood in which it is located), and popularly known in English as the Bullring by the Sea, is a bullring in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Its opening was held on June 26, 1960. The stadium holds 21,621 people. In addition to bullfighting, the bullring frequently hosts boxing matches, concerts, cultural, and sporting events. It is located just 60 meters from the Mexico–United States border and one block from the Pacific Ocean.
Steck (piano)
Steck was a brand of pianos manufactured from 1857 to 1985. They were initially made by George Steck & Company before combining with the Aeolian Company in 1904. The Aeolian Company went bankrupt in 1985. The Steck piano brand was then sold to Sohmer & Co., and then to America Sejung Corporation, which dissolved in 2013.

George Steck & Company had a performance hall known as Steck Hall, which was also the site of several notable speeches.

Sohmer & Co.
Sohmer & Co. was a piano manufacturing company founded in New York City in 1871. Sohmer & Co. marketed the first modern baby grand piano, and also manufactured pianos with aliquot stringing and bridge agraffes, as well as Cecilian "all-inside" player pianos and Welte-Mignon-Licensee reproducing pianos. Sohmer pianos were owned by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge, and composers Victor Herbert and Irving Berlin.  Sohmer was later purchased by Samick Music Corporation in Korea.
California Strawberry Festival
The California Strawberry Festival is a two-day annual strawberry festival that takes place in Ventura County, California on the third weekend of May. The event was initiated in 1984 at Channel Islands Harbor in Oxnard before it began its 28-year run at College Park, finally moving to its current location at the Ventura County Fairgrounds in Ventura.

The festival is set up as a nonprofit organization, which is supported by local businesses and growers who work in California's strawberry cultivation economy. It features an array of strawberry menu items, along with other food vendors, carnival rides, musical entertainment, pie-eating contests and an arts and crafts market.

Strawberry festival
A strawberry festival is an event and celebration in many towns in North America.  In most instances, areas around these towns are, or have been, deeply involved in the production and marketing of strawberries, and the festivals are usually held in late spring around the time of the strawberry harvest.  Such festivals generally involve a parade and other community events and the consumption of the fruit, and may attract visitors from other places.
Initial-stress-derived noun
Initial-stress derivation is a phonological process in English that moves stress to the first syllable of verbs when they are used as nouns or adjectives. (This is an example of a suprafix.) This process can be found in the case of several dozen verb-noun and verb-adjective pairs and is gradually becoming more standardized in some English dialects, but it is not present in all. The list of affected words differs from area to area, and often depends on whether a word is used metaphorically or not.  At least 170 verb-noun or verb-adjective pairs exist.  Some examples are:

record.

as a verb, "Remember to recórd the show!".
as a noun, "I'll keep a récord of that request."

permit.

as a verb, "I won't permít that."
as a noun, "We already have a pérmit."

Stress and vowel reduction in English
Stress is a prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress). Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with vowel reduction – many such syllables are pronounced with a centralized vowel (schwa) or with certain other vowels that are described as being "reduced" (or sometimes with a syllabic consonant as the syllable nucleus rather than a vowel). Various contradictory phonological analyses exist for these phenomena.

For example, in the following sentence, a speaker would typically pronounce have with a schwa, as /həv/ or /əv/:

Alice and Bob have arrived.

But in other contexts where the word carries stress, it would be pronounced in its "strong" (unreduced) form as /hæv/. For example:

Have Alice and Bob arrived?

[In response to the question "Have Alice and Bob arrived?"] They have.
Grant Nelson (basketball)
Grant Nelson (born March 18, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Alabama Crimson Tide and the North Dakota State Bison.

North Dakota State Bison men's basketball
The North Dakota State Bison men's basketball team is a part of the athletic program at North Dakota State University in Fargo, North Dakota, U.S. They are members of the NCAA Division I and have been part of The Summit League since May 2007.  Home games are played at the Scheels Center which is located on the NDSU campus in Fargo, ND. The team shares a conference rival with the South Dakota State Jackrabbits.  The Bison men's head coach is David Richman.

On March 10, 2009 the Bison made their biggest comeback in school history with a 66–64 win over Oakland University to win the Summit League tournament championship and became the first team since Southwestern Louisiana (now Louisiana-Lafayette) in 1972 to advance to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship in their first year of eligibility. North Dakota State has appeared four times in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, most recently in 2019.
Hacienda Buena Vista
Hacienda Buena Vista, also known as Hacienda Vives (or Buena Vista Plantation in English), was a coffee plantation located in Barrio Magueyes, Ponce, Puerto Rico. The original plantation dates from the 19th century. The plantation was started by Don Salvador de Vives in 1833.

The Hacienda is located on 81.79 acres (331,000 m2) of fertile land that includes a humid subtropical forest some 7 miles (11 km) north of Ponce on Route PR-123, in Corral Viejo, a subbarrio of Barrio Magueyes. The plantation house was built in the Spanish Colonial style, with the surrounding buildings being built in the local Criollo style. The original Hacienda covered 482 cuerdas (approx. 468 acres).

It is now owned by the Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Conservation Trust), which operates it as a museum which it opened in 1986.

Magueyes, Ponce, Puerto Rico
Magueyes is one of the 31 barrios of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Together with Cerrillos, Machuelo Arriba, Maragüez, Montes Llanos, Portugués, Sabanetas, and Tibes, Magueyes is one of the municipality's eight interior barrios. The name of this barrio is of native Indian origin. It was created in 1831.
It's Tight Like That
"It's Tight Like That" is a hokum or dirty blues song, recorded by Tampa Red and Georgia Tom on October 24, 1928. Vocalion Records issued it on the then standard 10-inch 78 rpm shellac record in December 1928. It became successful and eventually sold over seven million copies.

Hokum
Hokum is a particular song type of American blues music—a song which uses extended analogies or euphemistic terms to make humorous, sexual innuendos. This trope goes back to early dirty blues recordings, enjoyed huge commercial success in the 1920s and 1930s, and is used from time to time in modern American blues and blues rock.

An example of hokum lyrics is this sample from "Meat Balls", by Lil Johnson, recorded in 1937:

Got out late last night, in the rain and sleet
Tryin' to find a butcher that grind my meat
Yes I'm lookin' for a butcher
He must be long and tall
If he want to grind my meat
'Cause I'm wild about my meat balls.
Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri
Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri, popularly known as Makhdoom-ul-Mulk Bihari and Makhdoom-e-Jahan (1263–1381), was a 13th-century Sufi mystic and saint active in medieval Bihar.

He was a maternal grandson of Pir Jagjot(Sayyid Shihab Ad-Din Suhrawardi) who was the first Suhrawardi saint to come into India as well as the direct student of the famous Shihab Ad-Din Abu Hafs 'Umar Suhrawardi and of Najm Ad-Din Kubra, the founder of the Kubrawiyya Order.

Makhdoom Yahya Maneri
Kamaluddin Yahya Maneri (Urdu: مخدوم کمال الدین یحییٰ منیری; Died 1323) popularly known as Makhdoom Yahya Maneri was an Indian Sufi saint of the 13th century. His tomb is known as Badi Dargah, near a mosque located in Maner Sharif, 29 km from Patna, Bihar, India.
The Ultimate Hits Collection (Juice Newton album)
The Ultimate Hits Collection is a compilation album by country pop singer Juice Newton. It was released by Fuel Records in 2011. All ten tracks from Newton's 1998 album The Trouble With Angels were included in this release (in remixed form) along with ten other recordings from various other Newton albums and one new track. An iTunes edition added two more tracks.

The Trouble with Angels (Juice Newton album)
The Trouble with Angels is the tenth solo studio album by American country pop singer Juice Newton. It was released by River North Records in 1998. Newton's previous studio album had been Ain't Gonna Cry (1989). After the release of that album she spent several years performing on concert tours and in night clubs. The Trouble With Angels marked her return to studio recording after nine years.
Calcutta Chord link line
The Calcutta Chord link line, also known as the C.C. link line, is a 22 km (14 mi) long branch line of the Kolkata Suburban Railway which comes under the jurisdiction of Eastern Railway's Sealdah Division & Howrah Division.

The line directly connects the Sealdah railway station (erstwhile Calcutta railway station) on the east bank of the Hooghly River with the Howrah–Bardhaman chord line at the Dankuni Junction on the west bank of the Hooghly River via the Vivekananda Setu. The Andul Calcutta Chord link branch line (known as the A.C.C.L. branch line) is a 9 km (5.6 mi) long branch line from Dankuni Junction which connects C.C. link line with the Santragachi–Amta branch line and Andul on the Howrah–Kharagpur line.

Howrah–Barddhaman chord line
The Howrah–Barddhaman chord line is a broad-gauge rail line connecting Howrah and Bardhaman. The 95-kilometre-long (59 mi) railway line operates in Howrah,  Hooghly and Purba Bardhaman districts in the state of West Bengal. It is part of the Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line, Howrah–Delhi main line, Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line and the Kolkata Suburban Railway system.
Montenegrin Regional Cups
The Montenegrin Regional Cups (Montenegrin: Crnogorski regionalni kupovi) are the lower football competitions in which are participating members of Montenegrin Third League. There are three regional cups - Northern, Central and Southern (Montenegrin: Kup Sjeverne regije; Kup Srednje regije; Kup Južne regije). Finalists of every regional cup are qualifying for Montenegrin Cup.

Montenegrin Third League
The Montenegrin Third League (Montenegrin: Treća crnogorska liga / Трећа црногорска лига) is the third and lowest-tier football league in Montenegro. It is headed by the regional unions of the Football Association of Montenegro (Union of the clubs - North, Union of the clubs - Center, Union of the clubs - South), under the Football Association of Montenegro. In the 2025–26 season, 28 teams participated divided into three regions. The top team from each region qualifies for the playoff from which the top team qualify for the Montenegrin Second League.
Ingress (TV series)
Ingress (or Ingress: The Animation) is a Japanese anime television series based on Niantic's augmented reality mobile game of the same name. The series aired from October to December 2018 on Fuji TV's brand new +Ultra programming block. It also premiered on Netflix on April 30, 2019.

+Ultra
+Ultra (プラス・ウルトラ, Purasu Urutora; pronounced Plus Ultra) is a Japanese late-night animeprogramming block produced on Fuji Television under the FNS affiliation, and airs on Wednesday nights from 24:55 to 25:25 JST (effectively Thursday mornings from 12:55 to 1:25 a.m.).
Mulga Lands
The Mulga Lands are an interim Australian bioregion of eastern Australia consisting of dry sandy plains with low mulga woodlands and shrublands that are dominated by Acacia aneura (mulga). The Eastern Australia mulga shrublands ecoregion is coterminous with the Mulga Lands bioregion.

Acacia aneura
Acacia aneura, commonly known as mulga, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to inland Australia. It is a variable shrub or small tree with flat, narrowly linear to elliptic phyllodes, cylindrical spikes of bright yellow flowers and more or less flat and straight, leathery pods.
Big Brother (Finnish TV series) season 7
Big Brother 2011 is the seventh season of the Finnish reality television series Big Brother. The season premiered on 31 August 2011, on Sub and the finale was aired on 11 December 2011. The show is produced by Endemol Finland Oy. The seventh season was confirmed on 8 March 2011, in a press release issued from Sub.

Elina Viitanen and Susanna Laine both returned to host the show, though it was originally reported that Laine would not continue. Viitanen is the host of Big Brother Extra and Big Brother Talk Show, and Laine hosts Big Brother Talk Show alongside Viitanen. Viitanen also joined the House as a Guest Housemate on Day 70.

Big Brother (Finnish TV series)
Big Brother Suomi (formerly Big Brother) is the Finnish version of the reality television franchise Big Brother. The Finnish adaptation was broadcast on Sub (formerly SubTV) in Finland from 2005 to 2014.

The series premiered on Sub on 28 August 2005, and the tenth season concluded on 14 November 2014. Since season 7, the series has been produced by Endemol Finland Oy; the previous seasons were produced by Metronome Film & Television Oy. The season winner wins €50,000. In the tenth season, the winner wins €100,000.

On 5 March 2013, Sub announced that the ninth season would air in the fall of 2013 and would be the first season to feature celebrities as contestants. The ninth season was shorter than the previous season and featured only one host.

On 10 January 2019, Nelonen announced the show would be returned in fall 2019 on Jim, and the series' name was changed to Big Brother Suomi.
Dining philosophers problem
In computer science, the dining philosophers problem is an example problem often used in concurrent algorithm design to illustrate synchronization issues and techniques for resolving them.

It was originally formulated in 1965 by Edsger Dijkstra as a student exam exercise, presented in terms of computers competing for access to tape drive peripherals.
Soon after, Tony Hoare gave the problem its present form.

Starvation (computer science)
In computer science, resource starvation is a problem encountered in concurrent computing where a process is perpetually denied necessary resources to process its work. Starvation may be caused by errors in a scheduling or mutual exclusion algorithm, but can also be caused by resource leaks, and can be intentionally caused via a denial-of-service attack such as a fork bomb.

When starvation is impossible in a concurrent algorithm, the algorithm is called starvation-free, lockout-freed or said to have finite bypass. This property is an instance of liveness, and is one of the two requirements for any mutual exclusion algorithm; the other being correctness. The name "finite bypass" means that any process (concurrent part) of the algorithm is bypassed at most a finite number times before being allowed access to the shared resource.
Veterans' Legion of Indonesia
The Veterans' Legion of Indonesia (Indonesian: Legiun Veteran Republik Indonesia), established on 1 January 1957, is the national ex-service organisation of Indonesia, serving men and women veterans and veterans' families who previously served in the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It is governed by the Veterans of the Republic of Indonesia Law passed by the People's Representative Council on 3 August 1967. It is a member of the World Veterans Federation.

The VLI is mandated to serve the veterans who in the period of struggle and the period of defense of the independence of Indonesia struggled to take up arms to defend the independence and freedom of the Republic against foreign and domestic enemies threatening the national ideology of Pancasila and the territorial integrity of the state.

The legal basis of the VLI is Proclamation 103 of 1 January 1957 and the Veterans of the Republic of Indonesia Law of 3 August 1967, which serves as the official charter of the Legion.

World Veterans Federation
The World Veterans Federation (WVF) is the world's largest international veteran organisation. The federation consists of 172 veterans organizations from 121 countries representing some 60 million veterans worldwide.

It is a humanitarian organisation, a charity and a peace activist movement. The WVF maintains its consultative status with the United Nations since 1951 and was conferred the title of "Peace Messenger" in 1987. The WVF was nominated for Nobel Peace Prize 8 times.
Langanes Air Station
Langanes Air Station (ADC/NATO ID: H-2) was a United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station. It is located 265 miles (426 km) northeast of the closed Naval Air Station Keflavik, Iceland.

In 1992 a new station was constructed around 15 km south of the original Langanes station which is now known as H-2 (H-2A) Gunnólfsvíkurfjall under the Iceland Air Defence System operated by the Icelandic Coast Guard.

Iceland Air Defence System
The Iceland Air Defence System (Icelandic: Íslenska loftvarnarkerfið) is a part of the Icelandic Coast Guard, funded by NATO. It operates four radar complexes, a software and support facility as well as a command and report centre.

It is primarily used to monitor all military and civilian air traffic and direct allied interceptors based out of country and forms part of the NATO Integrated Air Defense System.