hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bivariant theory
In mathematics, a bivariant theory was introduced by Fulton and MacPherson (Fulton & MacPherson 1981), in order to put a ring structure on the Chow group of a singular variety, the resulting ring called an operational Chow ring.

On technical levels, a bivariant theory is a mix of a homology theory and a cohomology theory. In general, a homology theory is a covariant functor from the category of spaces to the category of abelian groups, while a cohomology theory is a contravariant functor from the category of (nice) spaces to the category of rings. A bivariant theory is a functor both covariant and contravariant; hence, the name “bivariant”.

Chow group
In algebraic geometry, the Chow groups (named after Wei-Liang Chow by Claude Chevalley (1958)) of an algebraic variety over any field are algebro-geometric analogs of the homology of a topological space. The elements of the Chow group are formed out of subvarieties (so-called algebraic cycles) in a similar way to how simplicial or cellular homology groups are formed out of subcomplexes.  When the variety is smooth, the Chow groups can be interpreted as cohomology groups (compare Poincaré duality) and have a multiplication called the intersection product.  The Chow groups carry rich information about an algebraic variety, and they are correspondingly hard to compute in general.
Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak
You might be looking for Nachman bar Huna or Nachman bar Yaakov.

Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak (Hebrew: רב נחמן בר יצחק; died 356 CE) was a Babylonian rabbi, of the fourth and fifth generations of amoraim.

It is generally accepted that references to "Rav Nachman" in the Talmud refer to Rav Nachman bar Yaakov, not to Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak.

Rav Nachman
Rav Nachman bar Yaakov (Hebrew: רב נחמן בר יעקב; died 320 CE) was a prominent Jewish Talmudic sage (Amora) of the third generation, who lived in Babylonia. He is generally identified with the figure referred to simply as Rav Nachman in the Babylonian Talmud. He was married to Yalta, who is mentioned several times in Talmudic literature.

It is generally accepted that references to Rav Nachman in the Talmud refer to Rav Nachman bar Yaakov, not to Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak.
Open letter
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.

Open letters usually take the form of a letter addressed to an individual but are provided to the public through newspapers and other media, such as a letter to the editor or blog. Critical open letters addressed to political leaders are especially common.

Two of the most famous and influential open letters are J'accuse...! by Émile Zola to the president of France, accusing the French government of wrongfully convicting Alfred Dreyfus for alleged espionage; and Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail", including the famous quotation "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere".

Letter (message)
A letter is a written message conveyed from one person (or group of people) to another through a medium. Something epistolary means that it is a form of letter writing. The term usually excludes written material intended to be read in its original form by large numbers of people, such as newspapers and placards, although even these may include material in the form of an "open letter". The typical form of a letter for many centuries, and the archetypal concept even today, is a sheet (or several sheets) of paper that is sent to a correspondent through a postal system. A letter can be formal or informal, depending on its audience and purpose. Besides being a means of communication and a store of information, letter writing has played a role in the reproduction of writing as an art throughout history. Letters have been sent since antiquity and are mentioned in the Iliad. Historians Herodotus and Thucydides mention and use letters in their writings.
Diocese of Tennessee
The Diocese of Tennessee is the diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America that covers roughly Middle Tennessee.  A single diocese spanned the entire state until 1982, when the Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee was created; the Diocese of Tennessee was again split in 1985 when the Episcopal Diocese of East Tennessee was formed. It is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee.

The diocese reported 16,904 members in 2019 and 15,460 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 national parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 45 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $17,958,668. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 4,298 persons.

The diocese includes 52 parishes and mission outposts. Most of its present communicants reside in the metropolitan Nashville area (chiefly Davidson, Rutherford, Sumner, and Williamson counties). St. Paul's Church in Franklin is the diocese's oldest congregation.

Diocese of West Tennessee
The Diocese of West Tennessee is the diocese of the Episcopal Church that geographically coincides with the political region known as the Grand Division of West Tennessee.  The geographic range of the Diocese of West Tennessee was originally part of the Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee, which was partitioned into three separate dioceses during 1982–1985.  Phoebe A. Roaf is the current bishop of West Tennessee. It is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee on the close of St. Mary's Cathedral.

The diocese reported 7,832 members in 2015 and 6,163 members in 2023; no membership statistics were reported in 2024 national parochial reports. Plate and pledge income for the 29 filing congregations of the diocese in 2024 was $11,165,604. Average Sunday attendance (ASA) was 2,028 persons.
Mike Arcuri
Michael Angelo Arcuri (born June 11, 1959) is an American politician who was the U.S. representative for New York's 24th congressional district from 2007 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He lost re-election on November 2, 2010, to Republican Richard L. Hanna.

Arcuri is a member and an administrative law judge of the New York Industrial Board of Appeals.

Richard Hanna (New York politician)
Richard Louis Hanna (January 25, 1951 – March 15, 2020) was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from New York from 2011 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, his district was numbered the 24th during his first term in Congress; from 2013 to 2017, it was numbered as the 22nd district.
Sarbani
The Saṛbanī (Pashto: سړبني) or Sarban Confederacy are a tribal group of Pashtuns. They are situated in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Sarbani include many Pashtun tribes, including Yusufzai, Mandanr, Utmanzai,  Sherani, Tareen, Loni, Durrani (Abdali), Khalil, Kheshgi, Kasi which includes Mohmand and Shinwari, Daudzai, Muhammadzai, Chamkani and Tarkalani. According to the Pashtun legend of origins, the members of the Sarbani group all descend from Sarban, said to be the first son of the legendary founding father of the Pashtun people, Qais Abdur Rashid.

Durrani
The Durrānī (Pashto: دراني, pronounced [durɑˈni]1), formerly known as Abdālī (ابدالي), are one of the largest tribal confederation of Pashtuns. Their traditional homeland is in southern Afghanistan (Loy Kandahar region), straddling into Toba Achakzai in Balochistan, Pakistan, but they are also settled in other parts of Afghanistan and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is considered the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan, belonged to the Abdali tribe. In 1747 after establishing the Durrani Empire based in Kandahar, he adopted the epithet Shāh Durr-i-Durrān, "King, Pearl of Pearls," and changed the name of his Tareen Abdali tribe to "Durrani" after himself.
TCN
TCN is the flagship television station of the Nine Network in Australia. The station is currently located at 1 Denison Street, North Sydney. The licence, issued to a company named Television Corporation Ltd headed by Frank Packer, was one of the first four licences (two in Sydney, two in Melbourne) to be issued for commercial television stations in Australia. TCN-9 is the home of the NRL coverage and national-level Nine News bulletins.

Nine News
Nine News (stylised as 9News) is a national news service on the Nine Network in Australia. Its flagship program is an hour-long bulletin at 6:00 pm, with editions produced by Nine's owned-and-operated stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. A half-hour news program for the Gold Coast also airs every weeknight before the 6:00pm news. National bulletins air throughout the day and evening, broadcast from Nine's headquarters in Sydney.

Until the mid-2000s, Nine News was positioned as the highest-rated news service in Australia, but it was overtaken by rival news service Seven News in 2005 before regaining the top position in 2013.
Cryogenic gas plant
A cryogenic gas plant is an industrial facility that creates molecular oxygen, molecular nitrogen, argon, krypton, helium, and xenon at relatively high purity. As air is made up of nitrogen, the most common gas in the atmosphere, at 78%, with oxygen at 19%, and argon at 1%, with trace gasses making up the rest, cryogenic gas plants separate air inside a distillation column at cryogenic temperatures (about 100 K/-173 °C) to produce high purity gases such as argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and many more with 1 ppm or less impurities. The process is based on the general theory of the Hampson-Linde cycle of air separation, which was invented by Carl von Linde in 1895.

Air separation
An air separation plant separates atmospheric air into its primary components, typically nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes also argon and other rare inert gases.

The most common method for air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic air separation units (ASUs) are built to provide nitrogen or oxygen and often co-produce argon. Other methods such as membrane, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) are commercially used to separate a single component from ordinary air. High purity oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, used for semiconductor device fabrication, require cryogenic distillation. Similarly, the only viable source of the rare gases neon, krypton,  xenon is the distillation of air using at least two distillation columns. Helium is also recovered in advanced air separation processes.
Kilbride, St. John's
Kilbride (Irish: Cill Bhríde) is a neighbourhood in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Kilbride was once a village located southwest of St. John's. The Way Office was established in 1889 and the first Waymaster was Edward Morris. It had Canadian Post status on May 30, 1891. The population was 438 in 1940 and 121 in 1956.

Kilbride and the Goulds are served hourly by Metrobus Routes 18 and 25.

Neighbourhoods in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
The city of St. John's is made up of many neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods such as Georgestown and Rabbittown have long histories in the city and were among the first residential neighbourhoods to be built, while other neighbourhoods such as the Goulds and Kilbride are former communities that have been amalgamated with St. John's.
Fort Southerland
Fort Southerland, also known as Redoubt E and Fort Diamond, is a redoubt built during the American Civil War to protect Camden, Arkansas, United States. Confederate forces, assisted by slave labor, built it along with four other redoubts in early 1864 after a Union victory in the Little Rock campaign the previous year.  Roughly oval-shaped, it mounted three cannons. When Union forces captured Camden in April 1864 during the Camden Expedition, they improved the defenses of the five redoubts, which were not sufficient for proper defense of the city.  After the Confederates retook Camden later that month, they continued to improve the city's defenses.

The fort lies within Fort Southerland Park, a municipal park dedicated in 1974.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994, and is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark.  Along with Fort Lookout (Redoubt A), it is one of only two redoubts around Camden still in existence.

Camden Expedition Sites
The Camden Expedition Sites is a national historic landmark consisting of nine nationally significant historic places in southwest Arkansas where events of the Union army's disastrous Camden Expedition of 1864 occurred during the American Civil War. The Union was attempting to take over Shreveport, Louisiana. Each of the sites are individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a national historic landmark on April 19, 1994.

The National Park Service (NPS) nomination refers to nine sites, yet only eight of them are listed by name. The nomination fully describes the eight sites. The Arkansas Historic Preservation Program website includes the Old U.S. Arsenal in Little Rock, where the expedition started, in the designation. The photos accompanying the NPS nomination include images of the arsenal as well as the other eight sites.
Blanche Auzello
Blanche Auzello (née Rubenstein; c. 1897–1969) was a French American who ran the Hôtel Ritz Paris with her husband. She relayed messages for the French Resistance during the Nazi occupation of Paris. She acted in silent films in the United States before leaving for Paris with her friend, fellow actor Pearl White. In Paris, she married Claude Auzello who later became the manager of the Ritz. She was imprisoned and interrogated at the Fresnes Prison during the resistance. Her husband shot her in a murder–suicide in 1969.

Pearl White
Pearl Fay White (March 4, 1889 – August 4, 1938) was an American stage and film actress. She began her career on the stage at age 6, and later moved on to silent films appearing in a number of popular serials.

Dubbed the "Queen of the Serials", White was noted for doing the majority of her own stunts, most notably in The Perils of Pauline. Often cast as a plucky onscreen heroine, White's roles directly contrasted those of the popularized archetypal ingénue.
United SC (Paris)
The United Sports Club, better known as United SC, was a football team based in Paris that existed between 1894 and 1909. In 1906, United SC merged with Swiss Football Club to form the US Suisse Paris.

Created by British members of the Standard Athletic Club, it began its activities in the second edition of the French Championship organized by the USFSA, the first football competition in France. Notably, United SC finished runners-up in the 1902 USFSA Paris championship and then won the Coupe Dewar in 1903. The 1903–04 season was the most successful in the club's history, as the club won the Paris Championship, thus qualifying for the French Championship, where they reached the final, which ended in a 2–4 loss to RC Roubaix.

US Suisse Paris
Union Sportive Suisse de Paris, also known as simply US Suisse or Suisse Paris, is  a French amateur football club based in Paris. The club was founded in 1906, as the result of a merger between United SC and Suisse Football Club. It currently plays in the Promotion d'Honneur of the Ligue Île-de-France, the ninth division of the French football league system.
David Lan (politician)
David Lan Hong-Tsung GBS, ISO, JP (Chinese: 藍鴻震, born 29 May, 1940) is a former politician and civil servant in Hong Kong who served as the Secretary for Home Affairs from September 1997 to 7 July, 2000. He is currently a National Committee Member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference representing Hong Kong, serving in that post since January 2003.

David is also a businessman who currently serves as an Independent Non Executive Director of SJM Holdings Limited and Hutchison Telecommunications Hong Kong Holdings since 2008.

Gold Bauhinia Star
The Gold Bauhinia Star (Chinese: 金紫荊星章, GBS) is the highest rank in Order of the Bauhinia Star, under the honours system of Hong Kong, created in 1997 to replace the British honours system after the transfer of sovereignty to the People's Republic of China and the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR).

It is awarded to individuals who have given distinguished service to the community or rendered public or voluntary services of a very high degree of merit.
SBP (nonprofit organization)
SBP (formerly the St. Bernard Project) is a nonprofit, disaster relief organization. After temporarily volunteering in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina, Liz McCartney and Zack Rosenburg returned permanently in March 2006 and founded the project. The organization eventually expanded to include offices in New Orleans and Baton Rouge in Louisiana, Joplin, Missouri, Columbia, South Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and West Virginia. By August 2022, SBP's national impact included assistance to 5,500 families, including the rebuilding of over 1,200 homes (as of 2017), including 600 in New Orleans. They have collaborated extensively with Toyota (for organizational expertise) and AmeriCorps (for its pool of volunteers).  As a result of its accomplishments, the organization and its founders have been recognized by Senator Mary Landrieu, CNN, and President Barack Obama.

St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
St. Bernard Parish (French: Paroisse de Saint-Bernard; Spanish: Parroquia de San Bernardo) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and largest community is Chalmette. The parish was formed in 1807. St. Bernard Parish is part of the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area; the parish is located southeast of the city of New Orleans and comprises the Chandeleur Islands and Chandeleur Sound in the east.

St. Bernard was the fastest growing parish in Louisiana from 2010 to 2020, increasing from a population of 35,897 in the 2010 census to 43,764 in 2020. It remains at less than two-thirds of its 2000 population of 67,229, prior to Hurricane Katrina.
Shadow Hills High School
Shadow Hills High School is a public high school for grades 9–12. It is located in north Indio, California, United States.

Other high schools in the area are Indio High School, La Quinta High School and Palm Desert High School. The main feeder school are Indio Middle School and Desert Ridge Academy which replaced the former Woodrow Wilson Middle School in 2009.

Desert Sands Unified School District
The Desert Sands Unified School District (DSUSD) is a public school district with main offices located in La Quinta, California. The district was founded in 1964, after the California Department of Education consolidated all Indio public schools. As of 2017, DSUSD serves 28,958 students in Indio, La Quinta, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, Bermuda Dunes, and parts of Rancho Mirage and Coachella.
Toshiaki Nishioka
Toshiaki Nishioka (西岡 利晃, Nishioka Toshiaki; born July 25, 1976) is a Japanese former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2012. He held the WBC super-bantamweight title from 2008 to 2012, and challenged for the WBO and The Ring super-bantamweight titles in his final-fight. Nishioka is known for his series of fights against Veeraphol Nakonluang-Promotion, with two of their four encounters ending in draws. Unlike many of Japan's other world champions, Nishioka willingly fought outside of his own country.

Veeraphol Sahaprom
Theeraphol Samranklang (Thai: ธีระพล สำราญกลาง; born November 16, 1968), known professionally as Veeraphol Sahaprom  (Thai: วีระพล สหพรหม) or mononymously as Veeraphol, is a Thai retired professional Muay Thai fighter and professional boxer. A three-division Rajadamnern Stadium champion as well as a WBC and WBA bantamweight champion in boxing, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest Muay Thai fighters of all time and also one of the greatest western-style boxers from Thailand. Nicknamed "The Stoic Tiger" or "Deathmask", he was known for never changing his expression when throwing punches.  He is also known for his precise jab.
Alliance Française of New Orleans
Founded in 1984, the Alliance Française of New Orleans (AFNO) is a 501(c)(3) organization and cultural center dedicated to promoting the French language and francophone cultures in New Orleans and Gulf South area. It is located in the historic Garden District, New Orleans.

It is one of the chapters of international network of the Alliance Française

Alliance française
Alliance française (French pronunciation: [aljɑ̃s fʁɑ̃sɛːz]; "French Alliance", stylised as af) is an international organization that aims to promote the French language and francophone culture around the world. Created in Paris on 21 July 1883 under the name Alliance française pour la propagation de la langue nationale dans les colonies et à l'étranger (French alliance for the propagation of the national language in the colonies and abroad), known now simply as L'Alliance française, its primary goal is teaching French as a second language. Headquartered in Paris, the Alliance had 850 centers in 137 countries on every inhabited continent in 2014.
Edmund Quincy (1628–1698)
Edmund Quincy III (/ˈkwɪnzi/; 1628–1698) was an English colonist soldier, planter, politician, and merchant in the American colonies. He emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633 with his father, Edmund Quincy I.

Edmund Quincy (1602–1636)
Edmund Quincy II (1602–1636), known as "the Puritan", was an English settler, soldier, colonist, planter, landowner, merchant, and politician of Massachusetts Bay Colony in what later became the United States. He is notable as the progenitor of the Quincy family.
Mandra–Bhaun Branch Line
Mandra–Bhaun Branch Line (Urdu: مندرہ–بھون برانچ لائن) was one of several railway lines in Pakistan, operated and maintained by Pakistan Railways. The line began at Mandra Junction and ended at Bhaun, a town about 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) south of the Chakwal city, at the foothills of Salt Range in Punjab. The total length of this railway line was 74 kilometres (46 miles) with 8 railway stations.

Mandra Railway Station
Mandra railway Station (Urdu and Punjabi: مندرہ ریلوے اسٹیشن) is located in Mandra, Gujar Khan Tehsil, Rawalpindi District of Punjab, Pakistan. This station is located on the Karachi–Peshawar Railway Line. Mandra was a junction railway station from here trains go to Chakwal via Mandra–Bhaun Railway. Mandra railway station consists of two platforms. But now it is only a railway station, the status of junction has been ended since 1993.
Aeolis Palus
Aeolis Palus is a plain between the northern wall of Gale crater and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) on Mars. It is located at 4°28′S 137°25′E﻿ / ﻿4.47°S 137.42°E﻿ / -4.47; 137.42.

The NASA Mars Science Laboratory mission landed the Curiosity rover on Aeolis Palus in August 2012. Curiosity spent two (Earth) years exploring the plain as it drove towards Aeolis Mons. The rover left the plain in September 2014 when it reached the mountain's foothills.

Mars Science Laboratory
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012. The overall objectives include investigating Mars's habitability, studying its climate and geology, and collecting data for a human mission to Mars. The rover carries a variety of scientific instruments designed by an international team.