hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Indian Antarctic Programme
The Indian Antarctic Programme is a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional programme under the control of the National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. It was initiated in 1981 with the first Indian expedition to Antarctica. The programme gained global acceptance with India's signing of the Antarctic Treaty and subsequent construction of the Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base in 1983, superseded by the Maitri base from 1989. The newest base commissioned in 2012 is Bharati, constructed out of 134 shipping containers.  Under the programme, atmospheric, biological, earth, chemical, and medical sciences are studied by India, which has carried out 40 scientific expeditions to the Antarctic.

Bharati (research station)
Bharati is a permanent Antarctic research station commissioned by India. It is India's third Antarctic research facility and one of two active Indian research stations, alongside Maitri. India's first committed research facility, Dakshin Gangotri, is being used as a supply base. India has demarcated an area beside the Larsemann Hills at 69°S, 76°E for construction. The research station has been operational since 18 March 2012. Since its completion, India has become one of nine nations to have multiple stations within the Antarctic Circle. Bharati's research mandate focuses on oceanographic studies and the phenomenon of continental breakup. It also facilitates research to refine the current understanding of the Indian subcontinent's geological history. News sources have referred to the station as "Bharathi", "Bharti" and "Bharati".
Scutum
The scutum (Classical Latin: [ˈskuːt̪ʊ̃]; pl.:scuta) was a type of shield used among Italic peoples in antiquity, most notably by the army of ancient Rome starting about the fourth century BC.

The Romans adopted it when they switched from the military formation of the hoplite phalanx of the Greeks to the formation with maniples (Latin: manipuli). In the former, the soldiers carried a round shield, which the Romans called a clipeus. In the latter, they used the scutum, which was larger. Originally, it was oblong and convex, but by the first century BC, it had developed into the rectangular, semi-cylindrical shield that is popularly associated with the scutum in modern times. This was not the only kind the Romans used; Roman shields were of varying types depending on the role of the soldier who carried it. Oval, circular and rectangular shapes were used throughout Roman history.

Clipeus
In the military of classical antiquity, a clipeus (Latin: [ˈklɪpeʊs̠]; Ancient Greek: ἀσπίς) was a large shield worn by the Greek hoplites and Romans as a piece of defensive armor, which they carried upon the arm, to protect them from the blows of their enemies. It was round in shape and in the middle was a bolt of iron, or of some other metal, with a sharp point. The clipeus was more-or-less identical to the earlier aspis.
Passion bearer
In Eastern Christianity, a passion bearer (Russian: страстотéрпец, romanized: strastoterpets, IPA: [strəstɐˈtʲɛrpʲɪts]) is one of the various customary saint titles used in commemoration at divine services when honouring their feast on the Church Calendar; it is not generally used by Latin Catholics, but it is used within the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Canonization of the Romanovs
The canonization of the Romanovs (also called "glorification" in the Eastern Orthodox Church) was the elevation to sainthood of the last imperial family of Russia – Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei – by the Russian Orthodox Church.

The family was murdered by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918 at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. The house was later demolished. The Church on Blood was built on this site, and the altar stands over the execution site.
Firefly (cache coherence protocol)
The Firefly cache coherence protocol is the schema used in the DEC Firefly multiprocessor workstation, developed by DEC Systems Research Center. This protocol is a 3 State Write Update Cache Coherence Protocol. Unlike the Dragon protocol, the Firefly protocol updates the Main Memory as well as the Local caches on Write Update Bus Transition. Thus the Shared Clean and Shared Modified States present in case of Dragon Protocol, are not distinguished between in case of Firefly Protocol.

Dragon protocol
The Dragon Protocol is an update based cache coherence protocol used in multi-processor systems. Write propagation is performed by directly updating all the cached values across multiple processors. Update based protocols such as the Dragon protocol perform efficiently when a write to a cache block is followed by several reads made by other processors, since the updated cache block is readily available across caches associated with all the processors.
Maxxxwell Carlisle
Maxxxwell Carlisle (Maxxxwell McHugh Carlisle) is an American heavy metal guitarist, songwriter, producer, YouTube host, and bodybuilder from Los Angeles, California. He was a guitarist in the American Heavy Metal bands Hellion and Society 1. He is also known for his work as a solo artist, as the keyboardist/guitarist of Raptor Command, as a former member of the American Thrash band Deathriders, as the host of the weekly Maxed-Out Metal Hour Show on internet radio station Metal Express Radio, and for his collaborations with other notable musicians such as Michael Angelo Batio, Tina Guo, Nita Strauss, and Ethan Brosh. Carlisle also is the host of two YouTube channels: Guitar Max, devoted to music gear and related topics, and Heavy Metal Horizons, which chronicles Carlisle's training as a pilot and explores other topics including airplanes and automobiles.

Hellion (band)
Hellion is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1982. The band's original lineup included Ann Boleyn (vocals), Ray Schenck (guitar), Sean Kelley (drums) and Peyton Tuthill (bass). Hellion continues to perform today with different band members.
William R. C. Blundell
William Richard Charles Blundell OC (13 April 1927 – 10 March 2023) was a Canadian engineer and businessman. Blundell served as a senior official with Canadian General Electric, Manulife, and Alcan.

Born in Montreal, Quebec, he received a B.A.Sc. in 1949 from the University of Toronto. He joined Canadian General Electric in 1949 eventually becoming chairman and chief executive officer from 1985 to 1990. He retired from GE Canada in 1991.

Blundell was appointed to the board of directors of Manulife Financial in 1991. He was the interim President and chief executive officer from 1993 to 1994. From 1994 to 1998, he was chairman of the board. In 2001, he was appointed interim President and CEO of Alcan Aluminium Limited.

In 1997, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

On 20 March 1959, Blundell married Monique Audet. They had one son and three daughters. Blundell died on 10 March 2023 at the age of 95.

Manulife
Manulife Financial Corporation (French: Financière Manuvie) is a Canadian multinational insurance company and financial services provider headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. The company operates in Canada and Asia as "Manulife" and in the United States primarily through its John Hancock Financial division. As of December 2021, the company employed approximately 38,000 people and had 119,000 agents under contract, and has CA$1.4 trillion in assets under management and administration. Manulife at one point serviced over 26 million customers worldwide.

Manulife is the largest insurance company in Canada and the 28th largest fund manager in the world based on worldwide institutional assets under management (AUM).

Manulife Bank of Canada is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Manulife.
M23 (New York City bus)
The 23rd Street Crosstown is a surface transit line on 23rd Street in Manhattan, New York City. It currently hosts the M23 SBS bus route of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s Regional Bus Operations. The M23 runs between Chelsea Piers, along the West Side Highway near 22nd Street, via 23rd Street, to Avenue C and 20th Street in Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village.

The route was originally the Twenty-third Street Railway, a street railway that was originally operated as horse cars and later electric traction. The company was chartered on January 29, 1872. The Twenty-third Street Railway was leased by numerous larger companies in the late 19th and early 20th century. The trolley line was replaced with bus service in 1936 and was originally numbered the M18-15 and the M26 before gaining the current M23 designation in 1989. On November 6, 2016, it became a Select Bus Service (SBS) route.

23rd Street (Manhattan)
23rd Street is a broad thoroughfare in the New York City borough of Manhattan, one of the major two-way, east-west streets in the borough's grid. As with Manhattan's other "crosstown" streets, it is divided into its east and west sections at Fifth Avenue. The street runs from Avenue C and FDR Drive in the east to Eleventh Avenue in the west.

23rd Street was created under the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. The street hosts several famous hotels, including the Fifth Avenue Hotel and Hotel Chelsea, as well as many theaters. Several skyscrapers are located on 23rd Street, including the Flatiron Building, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, and One Madison.
These Amazing Shadows
These Amazing Shadows is a 2011 documentary film which tells the history and importance of the National Film Registry, a roll call of American cinema treasures that reflects the diversity of film, and indeed the American experience itself.

The documentary was directed by Paul Mariano and Kurt Norton and was an official selection of the 2011 Sundance Film Festival in the Documentary Premieres category.

These Amazing Shadows is distributed under the Independent Film Channel (IFC) brand, Sundance Selects, and was broadcast on the American television PBS series, Independent Lens, on December 29, 2011.

National Film Registry
The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation, each for its cultural, historical and aesthetic contributions since the NFPB's inception in 1988.
Attack on Hrubieszów
The attack on Hrubieszów was a joint action of the Polish post-Home Army (AK) organization Freedom and Independence (WiN) and the Ukrainian partisans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which took place in Hrubieszów, Poland, on the night of 27 May 1946. It was the most significant joint action carried out by both organizations, which had previously often fought each other, but they decided to co-operate in the face of the common threat from the Polish communists and the Soviet NKVD.

Hrubieszów
Hrubieszów is a town in southeastern Poland, with a population of around 18,212 (2016). It is the capital of Hrubieszów County within the Lublin Voivodeship.

Throughout history, the town's culture and architecture was strongly shaped by its Polish Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Jewish inhabitants. Almost all of the Jewish community of the town, however, perished in the Holocaust. Hrubieszów is also the birthplace of the Polish writer, novelist and author of popular books Bolesław Prus, and the entrepreneur and Holocaust survivor Henry Orenstein.
Carl Weyant
Carl Weyant (born October 4, 1983) is an American actor, writer, producer, model and musician who has appeared in Karma: Crime, Passion and Reincarnation, Elle: A Modern Cinderella Tale The Young and the Restless and recently worked with Danny Glover, Michael Rooker, and famed actor Martin Landau in the psychological thriller Mysteria

Karma (2008 Indian film)
Karma: Crime. Passion. Reincarnation  is a psychological thriller, filmed in India, that touches upon reincarnation. The film was premiered at the Cannes Film Festival, and it went on to win various awards including Best Picture at the Marbella Film Festival in Spain.
Cubic-octahedral honeycomb
In the geometry of hyperbolic 3-space, the cubic-octahedral honeycomb is a compact uniform honeycomb, constructed from cube, octahedron, and cuboctahedron cells, in a rhombicuboctahedron vertex figure. It has a single-ring Coxeter diagram, , and is named by its two regular cells.

A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs.  Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.

Uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space
In hyperbolic geometry, a uniform honeycomb in hyperbolic space is a uniform tessellation of uniform polyhedral cells. In 3-dimensional hyperbolic space there are nine Coxeter group families of compact convex uniform honeycombs, generated as Wythoff constructions, and represented by permutations of rings of the Coxeter diagrams for each family.
Shirakawa, Gifu (village)
Shirakawa (白川村, Shirakawa-mura; lit. 'White River Village') is a village located in Ōno District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is best known for being the site of Shirakawa-gō, a small, traditional village showcasing a building style known as gasshō-zukuri. Together with Gokayama in Nanto, Toyama, it is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.

As of 1 January 2019, the village had an estimated population of 1,630 in 588 households and a population density of 4.6 persons per km2. The total area of the village was 356.55 km2 (137.66 sq mi).

Minka
Minka (Japanese: 民家; lit. "folk houses") are vernacular houses constructed in any one of several traditional Japanese building styles.
In the context of the four divisions of society, Minka were the dwellings of farmers, artisans, and merchants (i.e., the three non-samurai castes). This connotation no longer exists in the modern Japanese language, and any traditional Japanese-style residence of appropriate age could be referred to as Minka.

Minka are characterized by their basic structure, their roof structure, and their roof shape. Minka developed through history with distinctive styles emerging in the Edo period.
L. B. Cole
Leonard Brandt Cole (August 28, 1918 – December 5, 1995), commonly known as L. B. Cole, was a comic book artist, editor, and publisher who worked during the Golden Age of Comic Books, producing work in various genres. Cole was particularly known for his bold covers, featuring what he referred to as "poster colors"—the use of primary colors often over black backgrounds. In addition to his covers, Cole did interior art for comics published by Holyoke Publications, Gilberton, and Ajax/Farrell. He also worked as an editor for Holyoke in the 1940s.

Holyoke Publishing
The Holyoke Publishing Company was an American magazine and comic-book publisher with offices in Holyoke, and Springfield, Massachusetts, and New York City, Its best-known comics characters were Blue Beetle and the superhero duo Cat-Man (later rendered as Catman, sans hyphen) and Kitten, all inherited from defunct former clients of Holyoke's printing business.

Holyoke is sometimes confused with companies owned by Frank Z. Temerson, including Helnit, Et-Es-Go, and Continental; with Worth Carnahan's Bilbara Publishing Company; and with Temerson's art director L. B. Cole's packaging clients Narrative Publishers and Aviation Press.
Texas dip
The Texas dip is a form of elaborate curtsey and prostration performed in Texas during debutante balls. It involves the woman extending her arms completely to either side and lowering herself fully so that one knee touches the floor while simultaneously bowing her head to the side so that her left ear touches her lap. The Texas dip is believed to have originated in about 1909.

Debutante
A debutante, also spelled débutante (/ˈdɛbjʊtɑːnt/ DEB-yuu-tahnt; from French: débutante [debytɑ̃t], 'female beginner'), or deb is a young woman of aristocratic or upper-class family background who has reached maturity and is presented to society at a formal "debut" (UK: /ˈdeɪbjuː, ˈdɛbjuː/ DAY-byoo, DEB-yoo, US: /deɪˈbjuː/ day-BYOO; French: début [deby]) or debutante ball. Originally, the term indicated that the woman was old enough to be married, and one purpose of her "coming out" was to display her to eligible bachelors and their families with a view to marriage within a select circle.

A debutante ball, sometimes called a coming-out party, is a formal ball that includes presenting debutantes during the social season, usually during the spring or summer. Debutante balls may require prior instruction in social etiquette and appropriate morals.
Reginald Ernest Moreau
Reginald "Reg" Ernest Moreau (29 May 1897 – 30 May 1970) was an English civil servant who worked as an accountant in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) and later contributed to ornithology. He also made studies on the migration of birds between Europe and Africa; and on clutch size in nesting birds, compared the life-histories of birds in different latitudes and was a pioneer in the introduction of quantitative approaches to the study of birds. He was also a long time editor of the ornithological journal Ibis. He published two major books, The Palaearctic-African Bird Migration Systems (1972) and The Bird Faunas of Africa and its Islands (1966).

Avian clutch size
Clutch size refers to the number of eggs laid in a single brood by a nesting pair of birds. The numbers laid by a particular species in a given location are usually well defined by evolutionary trade-offs with many factors involved, including resource availability and energetic constraints. Several patterns of variation have been noted and the relationship between latitude and clutch size has been a topic of interest in avian reproduction and evolution. David Lack and R.E. Moreau were among the first to investigate the effect of latitude on the number of eggs per nest. Since Lack's first paper in the mid-1940s there has been extensive research on the pattern of increasing clutch size with increasing latitude. The proximate and ultimate causes for this pattern have been a subject of intense debate involving the development of ideas on group, individual, and gene-centric views of selection.
Alabama State Route 39
State Route 39 (SR 39) is a 23.057-mile-long (37.107 km) state highway in the western part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with U.S. Route 11 (US 11) near Livingston. The northern terminus of the highway is at its intersection with SR 14 at Clinton, an unincorporated community in western Greene County.

Greene County, Alabama
Greene County is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,730, the least populous county in Alabama. Its county seat is Eutaw. It was named in honor of Revolutionary War General Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island.

As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 81% African American, making it the fourth-most heavily black county by proportion in the United States, and the most black county among all counties located outside of the state of Mississippi. It is documented as one of the unhealthiest counties in the United States, with a population with an obesity percentage of 46.3 percent, the highest of any county in the state, and second to only Claiborne County in the western portion of neighboring Mississippi. The life expectancy there is 74.9 years, over 2 years lower than the national average.
Wenham, Massachusetts
Wenham (/ˈwɛnəm/) is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts. The population was 4,979 at the time of the 2020 census.

The town of Wenham was settled in 1635 and incorporated in 1643, and is closely tied to its neighboring town of Hamilton, sharing a school system, library, recreation department and commuter rail station.

Noted for its historic character and rural scenery, Wenham has farm lands, lakes, woodlands, historic homes, and old stone walls that accompany its winding tree-lined roads. It features nearly 300 acres (120 ha) of parks, playgrounds, and recreational lands.

Hamilton/Wenham station
Hamilton/Wenham station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Hamilton and Wenham, Massachusetts. It serves the Newburyport Branch of the Newburyport/Rockport Line and is located just south of the intersection of Bay Road (MA Route 1A) and Walnut Road, straddling the Hamilton–Wenham town line, with the southern end of the platform geographically in Wenham.
William Chapple (surveyor)
William Chapple (1718–1781) was an English surveyor and mathematician. His mathematical discoveries were mostly in plane geometry and include:

the first proof of the existence of the orthocentre of a triangle,

a formula for the distance between the incentre and circumcentre of a triangle,

the discovery of Poncelet's porism on triangles with a common incircle and circumcircle.

He was also one of the earliest mathematicians to calculate the values of annuities.

Euler's theorem in geometry
In geometry, Euler's theorem states that the distance d between the circumcenter and incenter of a triangle is given by

or equivalently

where  and  denote the circumradius and inradius respectively (the radii of the circumscribed circle and inscribed circle respectively). The theorem is named for  Leonhard Euler, who published it in 1765. However, the same result was published earlier by William Chapple in 1746.

From the theorem follows the Euler inequality:

which holds with equality only in the equilateral case.
Ana Contreras
Ana Rita Contreras Sosa (born July 31, 1984), also known as Dominicana Prestigiosa is a Dominican beauty pageant titleholder.

She was born in and grew up in  Bayaguana, Monte Plata, Dominican Republic.  In Miss Dominican Republic 2006 she represented the province of Barahona, placing 13th in the preliminaries.  Although she failed to make the top ten, she won the special Miss Communication award.  She represented Monte Plata in Miss Dominican Republic 2009, placing as first runner-up.  When Miss Mundo Dominicana 2009 was cancelled due to lack of funds and sponsors, she was selected to be the representative of the Dominican Republic at Miss World 2009.

Miss Mundo Dominicana 2009
In 2009, the Miss Mundo Dominicana pageant was cancelled due to lack of money and sponsors. While the winner usually went on to represent the Dominican Republic in the Miss World 2009 beauty pageant, due to the cancellation it was decided that Miss Republica Dominicana Universo 2009 first runner-up, Ana Rita Contreras Sosa from Bayaguana, Monte Plata, would receive the title of Miss Mundo Dominicana 2009 and represent that country instead.
Third umpire
The third umpire (or TV Umpire) is an off-field umpire used in some cricket matches, particularly international matches. Their role is to make the final decision in questions referred to them by the two on-field umpires or the players.

The third umpire is also there to act as an emergency on-field umpire if required.

Decision Review System
The Decision Review System (DRS) is a technology-based system used in cricket to assist the match officials in their decision-making. On-field umpires may choose to consult with the third umpire (known as an Umpire Review), and players may request that the third umpire consider a decision of the on-field umpires (known as a Player Review).

The main elements that have been used are television replays, technology that tracks the path of the ball and predicts what it would have done, microphones to detect small sounds made as the ball hits bat or pad, and infra-red imaging to detect temperature changes as the ball hits the bat or pad.

While on-field Test match umpires have been able to refer some decisions to a third umpire since November 1992, the formal DRS system to add Player Reviews was first used in a Test match in 2008, first used in a One Day International (ODI) in January 2011, and used in a Twenty20 International in October 2017.