hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century
The expansion of Jerusalem outside of the Old City walls, which included shifting the city center to the new neighborhoods, started in the mid-19th century and by the early 20th century had entirely transformed the city. Prior to the 19th century, the main built up areas outside the walls were the complex around King David's Tomb on the southern Mount Zion, and the village of Silwan.

In the mid-19th century, with an area of only one square kilometer, the Old City had become overcrowded and unsanitary, with rental prices on a constant rise. In the mid-1850s, following the Crimean War, institutions including the Russian Compound, Kerem Avraham, the Schneller Orphanage, Bishop Gobat school and the Mishkenot Sha'ananim compound, marked the beginning of permanent settlement outside Jerusalem's Old City walls.

Mishkenot Sha'ananim
Mishkenot Sha'ananim (Hebrew: משכנות שאננים, lit. Peaceful Dwellings) was the first Jewish settlement built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, on a hill directly across Mount Zion. It was built in 1859–1860. This guesthouse was one of the first structures to be built outside the Old City, the others being Kerem Avraham, the Schneller Orphanage, Bishop Gobat school, and the Russian Compound.
Diocese of Agder og Telemark
The Diocese of Agder og Telemark (Norwegian: Agder og Telemark bispedømme) is a diocese of the Church of Norway, covering all of Agder county and Telemark county in Norway. The cathedral city is Kristiansand, Norway's fifth largest city. Kristiansand Cathedral serves as the seat of the presiding Bishop. The bishop since 2013 has been Stein Reinertsen. As of 1 January 2003, there were 347,324 members of the Church of Norway in the diocese.

Kristiansand Cathedral
Kristiansand Cathedral (Norwegian: Kristiansand domkirke) is a cathedral of the Church of Norway in Kristiansand Municipality in Agder county, Norway. It is located in the Kvadraturen area in the central part of the city of Kristiansand. It is the church for the Kristiansand domkirken parish which is the seat of the Kristiansand domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark. The cathedral is also the seat of the Bishop of Agder and Telemark. The gray, brick church was built in a Neo-Gothic cruciform design in 1885 using plans drawn up by the architect Henrik Thrap-Meyer. The church seats about 1,000 people, making it one of the largest cathedrals in Norway. This cathedral is the fourth church and third cathedral to be located on this site over the centuries.
Who'll Stop the Rain
Who'll Stop the Rain is a 1978 American neo-noir thriller crime drama film directed by Karel Reisz and starring Nick Nolte, Tuesday Weld, Michael Moriarty, and Anthony Zerbe. It was released by United Artists and produced by Herb Jaffe and Gabriel Katzka with Sheldon Schrager and Roger Spottiswoode as executive producers. The screenplay was by Judith Rascoe and Robert Stone, based on Stone's novel Dog Soldiers (1974), the music score by Laurence Rosenthal, and the cinematography by Richard H. Kline. The movie was entered in the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.

Dog Soldiers (novel)
Dog Soldiers is a novel by Robert Stone, published by Houghton Mifflin in 1974. The story features American journalist John Converse, a Vietnam correspondent during the war, Merchant Marine sailor Ray Hicks, Converse's wife Marge, and their involvement in a heroin deal gone bad. It shared the 1975 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction with The Hair of Harold Roux by Thomas Williams (split award). Dog Soldiers was named by Time magazine one of the 100 best English-language novels, 1923 to 2005.

The book was adapted into the 1978 film Who'll Stop the Rain starring Nick Nolte with a script co-written by Stone.
Samuel Hill (sea captain)
Samuel Hill (February 20, 1777 – September 1, 1825) was an American merchant sea captain and adventurer. He commanded various ships on many long voyages, often to remote parts of the world.

As one of the early maritime fur traders he rescued John R. Jewitt, who had been enslaved by the Nuu-chah-nulth chief Maquinna. Hill was the first American to live in Japan, almost met Lewis and Clark near Fort Clatsop and received a letter from them, entertained King Kamehameha of the Hawaiian Kingdom on his ship, was involved in the Chilean War of Independence, was imprisoned by the British during the War of 1812, rescued victims of Malayan pirates, and much else.  Accounts of Hill by officers serving under him and by other captains consistently describe him as a vicious and unstable tyrant.

Maquinna
Maquinna (also transliterated Muquinna, Macuina, Maquilla from m̓ukʷina in Nuu-chah-nulth) was the chief of the Nuu-chah-nulth people of Nootka Sound, during the heyday of the maritime fur trade in the 1780s and 1790s on the Pacific Northwest Coast. The name means "possessor of pebbles". His people are today known as the Mowachaht and reside today with their kin, the Muchalaht, at Gold River, British Columbia, Canada.
The Bachelor (franchise)
The Bachelor is an American romance and relationship multimedia franchise which began with the reality television series The Bachelor in 2002 and now includes multiple spin-off television series, a podcast network, a website, live tour, and more.

The franchise has been financially successful, bringing in $86 million in advertising revenue alone in 2017.

The Bachelor (American TV series)
The Bachelor is an American dating and relationship reality television series that debuted on March 25, 2002, on ABC. For its first 25 seasons, the show was hosted by Chris Harrison. As the essence of the original  The Bachelor franchise, its success resulted in several spin-offs including The Bachelorette, Bachelor Pad, Bachelor in Paradise, Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise, The Bachelor Winter Games, The Bachelor Presents: Listen to Your Heart, The Bachelor: The Greatest Seasons – Ever!, The Golden Bachelor, and The Golden Bachelorette, as well as spawning many international editions of the shows.

On May 10, 2024, ABC renewed the series for a twenty-ninth season, which premiered on January 27, 2025. On June 30, 2025, the series was renewed for a thirtieth season.
Wayne Dumont
Wayne Dumont, Jr. (June 25, 1914 – March 19, 1992) was an American Republican Party politician from New Jersey. He represented Warren County in the New Jersey Senate from 1952 to 1966 and northwestern New Jersey more broadly from 1968 until his retirement in 1990. He was the Republican nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1965, losing to Richard J. Hughes.

Richard J. Hughes
Richard Joseph Hughes (August 10, 1909 – December 7, 1992) was an American lawyer, politician, and judge. A Democrat, he served as the 45th governor of New Jersey from 1962 to 1970, and as Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1973 to 1979. Hughes is the only person to have served New Jersey as both governor and chief justice. Hughes was also the first Roman Catholic governor in New Jersey's history.
Dublje (Svilajnac)
Dublje (Serbian Cyrillic: Дубље) is a village in Serbia. It is located in the Svilajnac municipality, in the Pomoravlje District. According to 2002 census, its population numbers 1,050 people. There is a book about Dublje.

Svilajnac
Svilajnac (Serbian Cyrillic: Свилајнац, pronounced [sviːlaɪnʌt͡s]) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia. The population of the town is 8,593 inhabitants, while the municipality has 20,141 inhabitants (2022 census).

It is located 100 km (62 mi) south-east of Belgrade, on the banks of the river Resava, and bordering the river Morava. Its name stems from the word for silk in Serbian.
Nyboma
Nyboma Mwan'dido (or Muan'dido), often simply Nyboma (born 1952), a prominent Congolese soukous tenor vocalist, has been over a fifty-year span a leading member of several outstanding bands, including Orchestre Bella Bella, Orchestre Lipua Lipua, Orchestre Kamale, Les Quatre Étoiles, and Kékélé, in addition to performing and recording as a solo artist. He is widely recognized as one of the best singers in Congolese music.

Les Quatre Étoiles
Les Quatre Etoiles was a Congolese musical group active from 1982 to 1996. They played the Soukous style of dance music, which gained widespread popularity in the 1980s and 1990s.

The members were Paris-based musicians Bopol Mansiamina (bass and rhythm guitar), Wuta Mayi (vocals), Syran Mbenza (lead guitar) and Nyboma (vocals). It was commonly called a "supergroup," since each of the four members of Les Quatre Etoiles had long established individual musical careers before joining forces.
Lin Shu-ling
Lin Shu-ling (Chinese: 林淑玲; pinyin: Lín Shūlíng; born 1976), is an Amis woman from the Tse-tung buluo (indigenous village community), in the Fushan Village, Beinan Township, Taitung County, Taiwan. As a traditional custodian of the land on which the Taitung Miramar Resort was built, she was a leader of the community movement against it, and became a voice for indigenous land rights in Taiwan.

In 2018, Lin announced her intention to run as a plains aborigines candidate in the Beinan Township representing the New Power Party in the November 2018 Taitung County Government elections. However, in September 2018, she was disqualified by the Taitung Election Commission due to having a conviction for "public abuse". She has appealed her disqualification to the Central Election Commission.

Taitung Miramar Resort
Taitung Miramar Resort (Chinese: 美麗灣渡假村; pinyin: Měilì Wān Dùjià Cūn) is a BOT (Build Operate Transfer) development on Shanyuan (杉原灣)/Fudafudak in Beinan Township, Taitung County, Taiwan. In 2004, a contract was signed by Miramar Resort Taitung Ltd (majority owned by Huang Chun-fa) and the Taitung County Government under then County Magistrate Hsu Ching-yuan. It was supported by three subsequently elected magistrates. Although still standing, Miramar was unable to open due to Supreme Court rulings relating to the legality of its construction.
Heavy Neolithic
Heavy Neolithic (alternatively, Gigantolithic) is a style of large stone and flint tools (or industry) associated primarily with the Qaraoun culture in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon, dating to the Epipaleolithic or early Pre-Pottery Neolithic at the end of the Stone Age. The type site for the Qaraoun culture is Qaraoun II.

Qaraoun
Qaraoun is a Lebanese village, 85 km from Beirut, known for its Lake Qaraoun in the Beqaa Valley formed by the El Wauroun Dam built in 1959. It is an ecologically fragile zone in the   Western Beqaa District. The village lies about 800 m above sea level. The dam is located nearby on the Litani River.
MTV (Brazilian TV channel)
MTV was a Brazilian pay television channel owned by Paramount Networks Americas. The channel is the second Brazilian version of MTV after the free-to-air network MTV Brasil, founded in 1990, ended its operations. The channel premiered at 9:30 pm BRT of 1 October 2013, with the TV show Coletivation.It appeared after Grupo Abril, who operated the terrestrial MTV Brasil for 23 years, gave back the rights of the MTV brand to Viacom.

Among the international versions of MTV regarding the amount of local programming, the Brazilian version ended up in second place, losing only to its US parent in 2014. Its signal, in 2014, reached approximately 12.6 million subscribers.

MTV channels in Brazil ceased broadcasting on 1 January 2026.

Grupo Abril
Grupo Abril (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈɡɾu.pu aˈbɾiw]; lit. 'April Group') simply also known as Abril)  is a Brazilian media conglomerate headquartered in São Paulo. The company is the holding company of Editora Abril, which publishes the weekly newsmagazine Veja.
Mińsk Mazowiecki
Mińsk Mazowiecki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈmij̃sk mazɔˈvjɛtskʲi] ⓘ, lit. 'Masovian Minsk') is a town in eastern Poland with 40,999 inhabitants (2020). It is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship and is a part of the Warsaw metropolitan area. It is the capital of Mińsk County. Located 20 kilometers from the city limits of Warsaw and 38 kilometers from Warsaw's center.

Mińsk County
Mińsk County (Polish: powiat miński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland. It was (re)created on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Mińsk Mazowiecki, which lies 39 kilometres (24 mi) east of Warsaw. The county contains three other towns: Sulejówek, 21 km (13 mi) west of Mińsk Mazowiecki, Halinów, 16 km (10 mi) west of Mińsk Mazowiecki, and Kałuszyn, 17 km (11 mi) east of Mińsk Mazowiecki.

The county covers an area of 1,164.35 square kilometres (449.6 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 150,480, out of which the population of Mińsk Mazowiecki is 40,836, that of Sulejówek is 19,766, that of Halinów is 3,739, that of Kałuszyn is 2,899, and the rural population is 82,638.
President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)
The President of the Federal Senate (Portuguese: Presidente do Senado Federal), sometimes referred to as the President of the Senate (Portuguese: Presidente do Senado), is the presiding officer of the Federal Senate of Brazil.

In addition to chairing the chamber's debates and ordering its business, the President of the Federal Senate stands third in the order of presidential succession, after the Vice President of the Republic and the President of the Chamber of Deputies, but before the President of the Supreme Federal Court. The Federal Senate president is also a member of the Council of the Republic, and presides over joint sessions of the Legislative branch, in his capacity as ex officio President of the National Congress. Until 25 August 1961, this position was held ex officio by the Vice President of the Republic.

The current President of the Federal Senate is Davi Alcolumbre, of Brazil Union, elected on 1 February 2025.

President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
The President of the Chamber of Deputies (Portuguese: Presidente da Câmara dos Deputados) is the speaker of the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil, elected by his peers for a two-year term. The president is assisted by a board of directors.

Hugo Motta, a deputy from Paraíba and a member of Republicanos, currently holds the office since 1 February 2025.
End of the Spear
End of the Spear is a 2005 American biographical adventure drama film directed by Jim Hanon, written by Bill Ewing, Bart Gavigan and Hanon, and stars Louie Leonardo and Chad Allen. The film recounts the story of Operation Auca, in which five American Christian missionaries attempted to evangelize the Waodani people of the tropical rain forest of Eastern Ecuador.

Based on actual events in 1956, wherein five male missionaries were speared by a group of the Waodani tribe, it is told from the perspective of Steve Saint (son of Nate Saint, one of the missionaries killed in the encounter), and Mincaye, one tribesman who participated in the attack.  The two formed a lifelong bond that continued until Mincaye's death in April 2020.

Nate Saint
Nathanael Saint (30 August 1923 – 8 January 1956) was an evangelical Christian missionary pilot who, along with four others, was killed in Ecuador while attempting to evangelize the Huaorani people through efforts known as Operation Auca.
Black and Blue (video)
Black and Blue is a live video by hard rock bands Black Sabbath and Blue Öyster Cult, filmed during their 1980 co-headlining tour of the United States, known as the "Black and Blue Tour". The film was originally released to theaters in 1981 as a concert film. It was later released on VHS, Betamax, and LaserDisc video format. It has not been officially released on DVD.

Heaven & Hell Tour
The Heaven & Hell Tour was the ninth world concert tour by the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath between April 1980 and February 1981 to promote their 1980 studio album, Heaven and Hell. The tour marked the band's first live shows with vocalist Ronnie James Dio, who had replaced original vocalist Ozzy Osbourne the previous year; drummer Vinny Appice, who replaced original drummer Bill Ward in the middle of the tour's North American leg after Ward suddenly left the band due to personal issues; and keyboardist Geoff Nicholls, who played keyboards on the Heaven and Hell album and accompanied the band on this tour as a sideman. For a portion of the North American tour, which was popularly known as the "Black and Blue Tour", Black Sabbath co-headlined with Blue Öyster Cult, with whom they shared a manager, Sandy Pearlman. The arrangement reportedly set attendance records but caused friction between the two bands as well as between Black Sabbath and Pearlman.
Emperor Napoleon I Memorial
The Emperor Napoleon I Memorial (Polish: Pomnik Cesarza Napoleona I) is a sculpture in Warsaw, Poland, placed at the Warsaw Insurgents Square, within the North Downtown neighbourhood. Its dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte, an 18th-century general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815, leader of the French First Republic, and later the First French Empire. It depicts him in form of a bronze bust placed on a tall plinth. The original sculpture, designed by Jan Antoni Biernacki, was first unveiled in 1921, before being taken down a few months later, and replaced with another, made by Michał Kamieński, in 1923. It was again removed after the Second World War, with its copy unveiled on 5 May 2011.

Warsaw Insurgents Square
Warsaw Insurgents Square (Polish: Plac Powstańców Warszawy), still popularly known by its former name Napoleon Square (Plac Napoleona), is a square in the Śródmieście district of Warsaw.

Located at the junction of ulica Świętokrzyska (Holy Cross Street) and ulica Szpitalna  (Hospital Street) and near Nowy Świat (New World Street), it is one of Warsaw's central squares. Historically, the area was called Plac Warecki during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and then Plac Napoleona under the Second Polish Republic. Most of the Square's buildings were destroyed in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, and the Square is now notable for only two landmarks: the seat of the Polish National Bank (which Varsovians irreverently call  "trumna" — "the coffin"), and the former Prudential building, which was the second skyscraper to be built in Warsaw and the tallest until the 1950s.
Sertoli cell
Sertoli cells are a type of sustentacular "nurse" cell found in human testes which contribute to the process of spermatogenesis (the production of sperm) as a structural component of the seminiferous tubules. They are activated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the adenohypophysis and express FSH receptor on their membranes.

Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body. FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) work together in the reproductive system.
Spare Parts (2015 film)
Spare Parts is a 2015 biographical drama film directed by Sean McNamara and produced by David Alpert, Rick Jacobs, Leslie Kolins Small, George Lopez, and Ben Odell. It is based on the Wired magazine article "La Vida Robot" (Robot Life) by Joshua Davis, about the true story of a group of students from a mainly Latino high school, who competed in the 2004 MATE ROV competition. The film was released by Lions Gate Entertainment on January 16, 2015.

Carl Hayden High School
Carl T. Hayden Community High School is part of the Phoenix Union High School District.  The campus is located at 3333 W. Roosevelt Street just west of downtown Phoenix, Arizona, United States. Carl Hayden's enrollment is 2,209 students, over 93 percent of whom are Hispanic. The school predominantly serves students from partner elementary districts Isaac, Murphy and Riverside, however students from across the district come to the school for its two Phoenix Union Magnet Programs: Computer Studies and Marine Science.
Eggs (band)
Eggs was an American indie rock band based in Washington, D.C., centered on Andrew Beaujon. The band was formed in 1990 in Richmond, Virginia, United States. They were active in the early to mid 1990s and was signed to prominent indie pop record label TeenBeat Records.

Beaujon had previously appeared with Mark Nelson in the Virginia Teenbeat rock band Scaley Andrew and the Lizards from Hell.

TeenBeat Records
Teen Beat is an American independent record label, originally based in Arlington, Virginia, now based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was founded by Mark Robinson (of Unrest) in 1984 at Wakefield High School, along with Phil Krauth (of Unrest), Andrew Beaujon (of Eggs), Tim Moran (of Unrest), and Ian Zack (Thirsty Boys).
Zhetysu VC
Zhetysu Volleyball Club (Russian: ВК Жетысу) is a volleyball club based in Taldykorgan. They organize both a men's and women's team.

The Zhetysu women's team is a nine-time Kazakhstan Women's Volleyball League with the most recent league title won in the 2024–25 season. They are also nine-time Kazakhstan Cup winners and four-time Super Cup winners.

Zhetysu has played in the AVC Women's Champions League (formerly the Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship). They had played from 2008 to 2015 and in 2021.

The club won the 2025 AVC Women's Champions League title. Zhetysu also qualified for the 2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Club World Championship by finishing as one of the two finalists of the Asian tournament.

2025 AVC Women's Volleyball Champions League
The 2025 AVC Women's Volleyball Champions League was the first edition of the newly-rebranded AVC Women's Volleyball Champions League and the 25th overall edition of the formerly named Asian Women's Club Volleyball Championship, an annual international women's volleyball club tournament organized by the Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC) with the Philippine National Volleyball Federation (PNVF) and the Premier Volleyball League (PVL). It was held at the PhilSports Arena in Pasig, Philippines from 20 to 27 April 2025.

Zhetysu VC won the tournament for the first time by beating VTV Bình Điền Long An in the final and Karina Denisova named the MVP. Both teams qualified for the 2025 FIVB Women's Volleyball Club World Championship. Nakhon Ratchasima Qmin C VC claimed the bronze against BAIC Motor Volleyball Club in the 3rd place match.
Park im Grüene
Park im Grüene is a public park and a small amusement park in the municipality of Rüschlikon in Switzerland. The park area comprises the former estate of Adele and Gottlieb Duttweiler that went to public use in 1947.

Gottlieb Duttweiler
Gottlieb Duttweiler (15 August 1888 – 8 June 1962) was a Swiss businessman and politician, founder of both the Migros chain of grocery stores and the Alliance of Independents (Landesring der Unabhängigen, LDU) party.
Carry On (EP)
Carry On (stylized as Carry_On) is the debut extended play released by People on Vacation, a supergroup composed of Ryan Hamilton from indie rock band Smile Smile and Jaret Reddick from pop punk band Bowling for Soup. The EP was released on November 24, 2011, in the United States both on CD and as a digital download. The EP was released in the United Kingdom for download on February 13, 2012, and was released on CD as a split with Bowling for Soup bassist Erik Chandler's solo project on March 26, 2012. The group released their full-length album, The Summer and the Fall, on November 22, 2012, featuring the same recordings of "Rainy Day," "It's Not Love," and "Where Do We Go" from The Carry on EP.

People on Vacation
People on Vacation (often abbreviated as POV) was a collaboration composed of Ryan Hamilton from the indie rock band Smile Smile and Jaret Reddick from the pop punk band Bowling for Soup. The duo's concept is to "tell a story" and to "avoid typical topics such as relationships". The duo describe their genre as indie rock.