hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
G-dwarf problem
In astronomy, the G-dwarf problem refers to the apparent discrepancy in the distribution of metallicity levels in stars of different populations as compared to closed box models of galactic chemical evolution. According to closed box models, which represent galaxies without outside non-metallic material inflow, the distribution of metallicity levels in stars should follow a logarithmic curve. This amounts to high and low mass stars having the least metallicity, with G-type stars inbetween. However, these models are inconsistent with Milky Way observations. Other galaxies have been shown to have the same problem. The name comes from G-type stars, which are bright enough to be studied easily, yet are most often found unevolved. This provides an extensive look at relatively young stars. Despite this, the G-dwarf problem has also been observed in K and M dwarfs (the M dwarf problem).

G-type main-sequence star
A G-type main-sequence star is a main-sequence star of spectral type G. The spectral luminosity class is V.  Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 solar masses and an effective temperature between about 5,300 and 6,000 K (5,000 and 5,700 °C; 9,100 and 10,000 °F).  Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star converts the element hydrogen to helium in its core by means of nuclear fusion.

The Sun is an example of a G-type main-sequence star (more specifically a G2V star). Each second, the Sun fuses approximately 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium in a process known as the proton–proton chain (4 hydrogens form 1 helium), converting about 4 million tons of matter to energy. Besides the Sun, other well-known examples of G-type main-sequence stars include Alpha Centauri, Tau Ceti, and 51 Pegasi.
IIT Kharagpur
The Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur or IIT KGP) is a public institute of technology, research university, and autonomous institute established by the Government of India in Kharagpur, West Bengal. Founded in 1951, the institute is the first of the IITs to be established and is recognized as an Institute of National Importance. In 2019 it was awarded the status of Institute of Eminence by the Government of India.

The institute was initially established to train engineers after India attained independence in 1947. However, over the years, the institute's academic capabilities diversified with offerings in Science, management, law, architecture, humanities, medicine, etc. The institute has an 8.7-square-kilometre (2,100-acre) campus and has about 22,000 residents.

Indian Institutes of Technology
The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a network of prestigious, autonomous public engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are under the purview of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India and are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961. The Act designates them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers, duties, and governance framework as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology. There are currently 23 IITs functioning under this act. Each IIT operates autonomously and is linked to the others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education (India) serves as the ex officio chairperson of the IIT Council.
Type theory
In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a type theory is the formal presentation of a specific type system. Type theory is the academic study of type systems.

Some type theories serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation of mathematics. Two influential type theories that have been proposed as foundations are:

Typed λ-calculus of Alonzo Church

Intuitionistic type theory of Per Martin-Löf

Most computerized proof-writing systems use a type theory for their foundation. A common one is Thierry Coquand's calculus of inductive constructions.

Curry–Howard correspondence
In programming language theory and proof theory, the Curry–Howard correspondence is a direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs. It is also known as the Curry–Howard isomorphism or equivalence, or the proofs-as-programs and propositions- or formulae-as-types interpretation.

It is a generalization of a syntactic analogy between systems of formal logic and computational calculi that was first discovered by the American mathematician Haskell Curry and the logician William Alvin Howard. It is the link between logic and computation that is usually attributed to Curry and Howard, although the idea is related to the operational interpretation of intuitionistic logic given in various formulations by L. E. J. Brouwer, Arend Heyting and Andrey Kolmogorov (see Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov interpretation) and Stephen Kleene (see Realizability). The relationship has been extended to include category theory as the three-way Curry–Howard–Lambek correspondence.
Anna (feral child)
Alice Marie Harris (March 6, 1932 – August 6, 1942), known under the pseudonym Anna, was a feral child from Pennsylvania who was raised in isolation. She was abused for being an illegitimate child. From the age of five months to six years, she was kept strapped down in the attic of her home, malnourished and unable to speak or move. She was discovered and rescued in 1938, but died at the age of ten before she was able to fully recover from hemorrhagic jaundice. She is often compared to the feral children cases of Isabelle and Genie.

Feral child
A feral child (also called wild child) is a young individual who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, with little or no experience of human care, social behavior, or language. Such children lack the basics of primary and secondary socialization. The term is used to refer to children who have suffered severe abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away. They are sometimes the subjects of folklore and legends, often portrayed as having been raised by animals. While there are many cases of children being found in proximity to wild animals, there are no eyewitness accounts of animals feeding human children.
Bilino Polje abjuration
Bilino Polje abjuration, also known as “Confessio Christianorum bosniensis”, was an act of heresy abjuration by Bosnian clergy in presence of Ban Kulin and Giovanni da Casamari. It was signed by seven priors of the Bosnian Church, on 8 April 1203 at Bilino Polje field, near today town of Zenica, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The same document was brought to Buda, in 30 April by Giovanni da Casamari, Ban Kulin and two abbots, where it was examined by Emeric, King of Hungary, and the high clergy.

Bosnian Church
The Bosnian Church (Serbo-Croatian: Crkva bosanska, Црква босанска) was an autonomous Christian church in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Historians traditionally connected the church with the Bogomils, although this connection has been challenged, and is now rejected by the majority of scholars. Adherents of the church called themselves simply Krstjani ("Christians") or Dobri Bošnjani ("Good Bosnians"). The church's organization and beliefs are poorly understood, because few if any records were left by church members; the church is mostly known from the writings of outside — primarily Catholic — sources.

The monumental tombstones called stećak that appeared in medieval Bosnia, as well as Croatia, Serbia, and Montenegro, are sometimes identified with the Bosnian Church.
Matsumoku
Matsumoku Industrial was a Japanese manufacturing company based in Matsumoto, Nagano, between 1951 and 1987. Established in 1951 as a woodworking and cabinetry firm, Matsumoku is remembered as a manufacturer of guitars and bass guitars, including some Epiphone and Aria guitars.

Aria (guitar company)
Aria Guitars Co. is a Japanese manufacturer of musical instruments. The company, sited in the city of Nagoya, produces electric, acoustic and classical guitars, electric basses and ukuleles through its brands Laule'A, Mojo Gig Bags, Fiesta, José Antonio, Pignose and Kelii.
Robyn Erbesfield-Raboutou
Robyn Erbesfield-Raboutou (born 8 May 1963), is an American rock climber and rock climbing coach. In competition lead climbing, she is a 4-time World Cup champion (1992, 1993, 1994, 1995), and won the biennial World Championships in 1995.  She is the third-ever woman in history to redpoint a 5.14a (8b+) graded sport climbing route. She has coached several competition climbers, including Natalia Grossman, Megan Mascarenas, Margo Hayes, Colin Duffy, Emily Harrington and her daughter, Brooke Raboutou.

Colin Duffy (climber)
Colin Duffy (born December 10, 2003) is an American professional rock climber who specializes in competition climbing. At age 17, he became the youngest climber to qualify to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Andrew Selby
Andrew Selby (born 25 December 1988) is a Welsh professional boxer who held the British flyweight title from 2016 to 2019. As an amateur, he won a silver medal at the 2011 World Championships, Bronze at the 2013 World Championships, and gold at the 2011 and 2013 European Championships, all in the flyweight division. He is the younger brother of former featherweight world champion Lee Selby.

Lee Selby
Lee Selby (born 14 February 1987) is a retired Welsh former professional boxing world champion who competed from 2008 to 2022. He held the IBF featherweight title from 2015 to 2018, and previously the British, Commonwealth, and European featherweight titles between 2011 and 2014.
7th Arkansas Infantry Battalion
The 7th Arkansas Infantry Battalion (1861–1862) was a Confederate Army infantry battalion during the American Civil War.  The battalion, which was often referred to as Desha's Battalion, was eventually consolidated with the 9th Arkansas Infantry Battalion and the 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiment.

8th Arkansas Infantry Regiment
8th Arkansas Infantry Regiment (also known as the "Eighth Arkansas") was an infantry formation in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. It served throughout the war in the western theater, seeing action in the Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia campaigns. Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments, finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Infantry Regiment.
Inter-Service Rugby Championship
The Inter-Service Rugby Championship, commonly known as the Inter-Service Championship, is an annual tournament played between the rugby union teams of the British Armed Forces. The largest and most viewed fixture of the Championship is the Army Navy Match which is played at Twickenham Stadium.

The tournament has been played annually since 1920, with breaks only occurring during The Second World War and the COVID-19 pandemic. The championships primary broadcaster is BFBS, and since 2024 the senior men's and women's matches have also been streamed globally on RugbyPass TV. Sponsors of the tournament include Babcock International, which since 2025 has been the primary sponsor of the tournament, as well as other sponsors including BT and Rohde & Schwarz.

The current reigning champion is the British Army, after winning their 48th title.

Army Rugby Union
The Army Rugby Union (ARU) is the governing body for rugby union in the British Army and a constituent body of the Rugby Football Union (RFU). The ARU was formed on 31 December 1906 and marked the fulfilment of Lieutenant J. E. C. "Birdie" Partridge's (Welch Regiment) idea to have a body to administer the playing of rugby union in the British Army.

It fields a team that competes in the competitions, such as the Inter-Service Championship which includes the Army Navy Match.
Walis Perin
Walis Perin (born 8 August 1952) is a Seediq Taiwanese politician. He served four terms in the Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 2005, each time with a different political affiliation. He became a founding member of the Non-Partisan Solidarity Union in 2004, and after losing reelection, was appointed the minister for the Council of Indigenous Peoples in 2005. He stepped down in 2007, and since then has launched two unsuccessful legislative campaigns, in 2012 with the People First Party and 2016, representing the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2018, Walis Perin was appointed to the Control Yuan.

Seediq people
The Seediq (sometimes Sediq, Seejiq, pronounced [seˈʔediq], [səˈdiq], or [səˈʔəɟiq]; Chinese: 賽德克族; pinyin: Sàidékèzú) are a Taiwanese indigenous people who live primarily in Nantou County and Hualien County. Their language is also known as Seediq.

They were officially recognized as Taiwan's 14th indigenous group on 23 April 2008. Previously, the Seediq, along with the closely related Taroko people, were classified as Atayal.
Coca-Cola Zero Sugar
Coca-Cola Zero Sugar, also known as Coca-Cola No Sugar, commonly known as Coke Zero, is a diet soda produced by the Coca-Cola Company. The drink was introduced in 2005 as Coca-Cola Zero, designed to be a no-calorie equivalent of the company's flagship cola drink, Coca-Cola, with artificial sweeteners in place to imitate the sugar taste. It is distinct from the company's earlier Diet Coke product which was based on an entirely different formula. In 2016–2017, the drink was reformulated and the name changed to Coca-Cola Zero Sugar (with language variations for some regions), and the drink was reformulated again in 2021.

Diet Coke
Diet Coke, also branded as Coca-Cola Light or Diet Coca-Cola, is a sugar-free and low-calorie diet soda produced and distributed by the Coca-Cola Company. It is a cola drink containing artificial sweeteners, primarily aspartame, instead of sugar. Diet Coke is based on a different recipe from the flagship Coca-Cola drink, with a distinct taste of its own.

Unveiled on July 8, 1982, it was the first new brand since the Coca-Cola Company's creation in 1886 to use the Coca-Cola trademark. Following its launch, Diet Coke/Coca-Cola Light became wildly successful and a cultural status symbol to some. It has since been a core product and brand for the company, leading worldwide diet soda sales for most of its existence.
Erika Manilla
Erika Manilla (born February 1, 1998) is an American racquetball player. Manilla is the current Pan American Games Champion in Mixed Doubles, winning gold with her brother Adam at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile. She also won doubles at the 2022 US Open Racquetball Championships with Natalia Mendez, and has won six USA Racquetball (USAR) National titles (2 singles, 3 doubles, 1 mixed doubles).

Natalia Méndez
Natalia Mendez (born January 28, 1997) is a Bolivian-born Argentine racquetball player. She is the current South American Champion in Women's Doubles and the current Pan American Champion in Women's Doubles, winning that title with Valeria Centellas. Mendez has also medaled at the International Racquetball Federation (IRF) World Championships as well as the Pan American Games.
Stevia (genus)
Stevia (/ˈstiːviə, ˈstɛviə/) is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the family Asteraceae, native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America. The species Stevia rebaudiana in this genus is widely grown for its extraction of sweet compounds from its leaves and sold as a sugar substitute known as stevia and other trade names.

Stevia rebaudiana
Stevia rebaudiana is a plant species in the genus Stevia of the family Asteraceae. It is commonly known as candyleaf, sweetleaf or sugarleaf.

It is a small seasonal plant which grows to a height of 30–60 centimetres (1–2 feet). It has elongated leaves that grow along the stems and are lined up against each other. The flowers are typically trimmed to improve the taste of the leaves. Stevia is a tender perennial native to parts of Brazil and Paraguay having humid, wet environments.

Stevia is widely grown for its leaves, from which extracts can be manufactured as sweetener products known generically as stevia and sold under various trade names. The chemical compounds that produce its sweetness are various steviol glycosides (mainly stevioside and rebaudioside), which have 200–300 times the sweetness of sugar. Stevia leaves contain 9.1% stevioside and 3.8% rebaudioside A.
Jan Cornelius van Sambeek
Jan Cornelius van Sambeek, M.Afr. (or John van Sambeek) was a Dutch White Fathers missionary who was the Vicar Apostolic of Tanganyika (1936–1946), and then Bishop of Kigoma (1946–1957), in the former British-administered Tanganyika Territory, now Tanzania.

Diocese of Kigoma
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Kigoma (Latin: Dioecesis Kigomaënsis) is a diocese located in Kigoma in the ecclesiastical province of Tabora in Tanzania. Because of the appointment of Bishop Protase Rugambwa as an Archbishop ad personam (given the personal title of archbishop with the position of Deputy Secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and  President of the Pontifical Mission Societies) by Pope Benedict XVI on Tuesday, June 26, 2012, the Diocese became a vacant see (sede vacante).
Philippe Soupault
Philippe Soupault (2 August 1897 – 12 March 1990) was a French writer and poet, novelist, critic, and political activist. He was active in Dadaism and later was instrumental in founding the Surrealist movement with André Breton. Soupault initiated the periodical Littérature together with writers Breton and Louis Aragon in Paris in 1919, which, for many, marks the beginnings of Surrealism. The first book of automatic writing, Les Champs magnétiques (1920), was co-authored by Soupault and Breton.

André Breton
André Robert Breton (/brəˈtɔːn/; French: [ɑ̃dʁe ʁɔbɛʁ bʁətɔ̃]; 19 February 1896 – 28 September 1966) was a French writer and poet, known as a principal theorist and co-founder of surrealism. His writings include the first Surrealist Manifesto (Manifeste du surréalisme) of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".

Along with his role as leader of the surrealist movement he is the author of celebrated books such as Nadja and L'Amour fou. Those activities, combined with his critical and theoretical work on writing and the plastic arts, made André Breton a major figure in 20th-century French art and literature.
Nissan Quest
The Nissan Quest is a minivan manufactured and marketed by Nissan for model years 1993–2017 over four generations.

The first two generations (internally designated V40 and V41) of the Quest were short-wheelbase models co-developed and manufactured with Ford, aside its badge engineered Mercury Villager. For model year 2004 and the third generation (V42), Nissan ended its joint venture with Ford, manufacturing the Quest on its own. For model year 2011, the fourth generation (RE52) became a widened variant of the Nissan Elgrand minivan and became manufactured in Japan. For the preceding generations, the Quest loosely shared its chassis and powertrain with the Nissan Maxima.

Following the decline of minivan sales in North America, Nissan ended sales of the Quest after the 2017 model year.

Nissan Elgrand
The Nissan Elgrand (Japanese: 日産・エルグランド, Hepburn: Nissan Erugurando) is a minivan manufactured by Nissan Shatai for Nissan since 1997, available in fourth generations, with model codes E50 (1997–2002), E51 (2002–2010), E52 (2010–present), and E53 (2026–present). The E50 Elgrand was also configured and produced as a light commercial vehicle from 1998 to 2017.

The Elgrand's main competitors are the Toyota Alphard/Vellfire, and the Honda Odyssey.
Bottle cap
A bottle cap or bottle top is a common closure for the top opening of a bottle. A cap is sometimes colorfully decorated with the logo of the brand of contents. Metal caps with plastic backing are used for glass bottles, sometimes wrapped in decorative foil. Metal caps are usually either steel or aluminum, and of the crown cork type. Flip-top caps (like flapper closures) preceded such caps.

Plastic caps are used for plastic bottles, functioning as screw caps, or plastic caps may have a pour spout rather than being detachable. Plastic caps are commonly made from polyethylene or polypropylene, and caps for plastic bottles are often made of a different type of plastic from the bottle.

A cork stopper is another type of closure for the top of a bottle.

Crown cork
The crown cork (also known as a crown seal, crown cap, metal bottle cap, or just cap) was the first commercially successful bottle cap design. It was invented by William Painter in 1892 in Baltimore. Painter had been working for years trying various bottle cap designs, with his company the Bottle Seal Company. After he patented the crown cork in 1892, which was an immediate success, he started a new company, Crown Cork & Seal Company (now Crown Holdings) which went on to become one of the largest manufacturing companies in the United States producing billions of caps annually.
Henry G. Martin
Henry G. Martin (Henry Goule Martin) (3 April 1952 – 13 May 2022) was a Black British independent filmmaker in the 1980s and early 1990s. In addition to directing and producing films, he is known for starting the production company Kuumba in 1982 along with filmmakers Menelik Shabazz and Imruh Bakari, which later led to the founding of the noted Ceddo Film and Video Workshop.

Imruh Bakari
Imruh Bakari (Ishaq Imruh Bakari) is a film maker and writer born in 1950 on St Kitts, who is also referred to as Imruh Bakari Caesar or Imruh Caesar. He currently teaches Film Studies at the University of Winchester.  He works in the UK and a number of African countries in the area of culture and the creative industries.
Temple Beth Hillel Beth Abraham
Temple Beth Hillel Beth Abraham, officially Congregation Temple Beth Hillel – Beth Abraham of Carmel, is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 547 Irving Avenue in the Carmel section of Deerfield Township, near Millville, in Cumberland County, New Jersey, United States.

Formed in 2008 through the merger of Temple Beth Hillel in Deerfield Township, and Temple Beth Abraham in Bridgeton Township, the congregation worships in the former Beth Hillel synagogue that was built between 1901 and 1909. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1978, for its significance in architecture and social history.

Deerfield Township, New Jersey
Deerfield Township is a township in Cumberland County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the Vineland--Bridgeton metropolitan statistical area, which encompasses those cities and all of Cumberland County for statistical purposes and which constitutes a part of the Delaware Valley. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 3,136, an increase of 17 (+0.5%) from the 2010 census count of 3,119, which in turn reflected an increase of 192 (+6.6%) from the 2,927 counted in the 2000 census.

Deerfield Township was formed as a precinct on January 19, 1748, and was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. Portions of the township were taken to form Bridgeton Township (March 3, 1845) and Upper Deerfield Township (February 23, 1922). The township was named for Deerfield, Massachusetts.