hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galatasaray University
Galatasaray University (Turkish: Galatasaray Üniversitesi, French: Université Galatasaray) is a public university established in Istanbul, Turkey in 1992, following an agreement signed in the presence of President François Mitterrand of France and President Turgut Özal of Turkey during a ceremony at Galatasaray High School, the mother school of the university. Turkey's Ambassador to France, Coşkun Kırca, was instrumental in facilitating the agreement.

Galatasaray University is a member of the Galatasaray Community, alongside Galatasaray High School and Galatasaray Sports Club, and is recognized as a prominent institution in Turkey. Galatasaray University is located at Ortaköy within the borough of Beşiktaş, a populous central district on the European side of Istanbul. The building that accommodates  Galatasaray University was originally the Feriye Palace, a coastal summer palace on the Bosphorus built in 1871.

Feriye Palace
The Feriye Palace (Turkish: Feriye Sarayı) is a complex of Ottoman imperial palace buildings along the European shoreline of the Bosphorus strait in Istanbul, Turkey. Currently, the buildings host educational institutions such as a high school and a university.
Pioneer Academy
Pioneer Academy is an independent college-preparatory school for grades PreK through 12, located in Wayne, in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The Pioneer Academy curriculum focuses on studies of science, mathematics, cultural studies, and language. The school was founded in 1999 and moved from Clifton to its Wayne campus at the start of the 2013-14 school year. In 2024, the school was one of 11 schools in the state recognized by the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program as an Exemplary High Performing School.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 415 students (plus 26 in PreK) and 47 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.8:1. The school's student body was 63.1% (262) White, 27.0% (112) Asian, 4.3% (112) Hispanic, 3.9% (16) Black, 1.4% (6) two or more races and 0.2% (1) American Indian / Alaska Native.

Wayne, New Jersey
Wayne is a township in Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Home to William Paterson University and located less than 20 miles (32 km) from Midtown Manhattan, the township is a bedroom suburb of New York City and regional commercial hub of North Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 54,838, an increase of 121 (+0.2%) from the 2010 census count of 54,717, which in turn reflected an increase of 648 (+1.2%) from the 54,069 counted in the 2000 census.

Wayne was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 12, 1847, from portions of Manchester Township. Totowa was formed from portions of Wayne and Manchester Township on March 15, 1898. Points of interest include William Paterson University, Willowbrook Mall, Wayne Towne Center, High Mountain Park Preserve, and Dey Mansion.
Units of energy
Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units

An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics, and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.602176634×10−19 J.

In spectroscopy, the unit cm−1 ≈ 0.0001239842 eV is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation .

In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used.

Electronvolt
In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written as electron-volt and electron volt, is a unit of measurement equivalent to the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in a vacuum. When used as a unit of energy, the numerical value of 1 eV expressed in unit of joules (symbol J) is equal to the numerical value of the charge of an electron in coulombs (symbol C). Under the 2019 revision of the SI, this sets 1 eV equal to the exact value 1.602176634×10−19 J.
Historically, the electronvolt was devised as a standard unit of measure through its usefulness in electrostatic particle accelerator sciences, because a particle with electric charge q gains an energy E = qV after passing through a voltage of V.
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea relations are foreign relations between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The relationship between the two countries has existed for a long time, even before Papua New Guinea's independence, when it was still under Australian control. The Indonesian and Australian governments collaborated to establish a boundary line for Indonesia and British New Guinea in the early 1970s.

For Indonesia, Papua New Guinea is an important country, one of three countries sharing a land border with Indonesia. The two countries share an 820-kilometre (510 mi) border that has raised tensions and ongoing diplomatic issues over many decades.

Indonesia is represented in Papua New Guinea with an embassy in Port Moresby and a consulate in Vanimo, while Papua New Guinea is represented in Indonesia with an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate-general in Jayapura. Both nations are members of APEC, Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations.

Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border
The Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border separates the Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua provinces of Indonesia from the Sandaun and Western provinces of Papua New Guinea. The border, which divides the island of New Guinea in half, consists of two straight north–south lines connected by a short section running along the Fly River, totalling 824 km (512 mi).
Cassa di Risparmio di Civitavecchia
Cassa di Risparmio di Civitavecchia (Cariciv) was an Italian retail bank based in Civitavecchia, in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. In 2015, along with two other Lazio-based subsidiaries: Rieti and Viterbo, were absorbed by parent company Intesa Sanpaolo. Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Civitavecchia found in 1992 by separating the charity function from the bank, was still operates as in 2016.

Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia di Viterbo
Cassa di Risparmio della Provincia di Viterbo (Carivit) was an Italian bank and charity organization. The banking business was acquired by Cariplo in 1990s. In 2015 Intesa Sanpaolo completely absorbed the bank.
Britannia Industries
Britannia Industries Limited is an Indian multinational food products company, which sells biscuits, breads and dairy products. Founded in 1892, it is one of India's oldest existing companies and currently part of the Wadia Group headed by Nusli Wadia. As of 2023, about 80% of its revenues came from biscuit products.

Beginning with the circumstances of its takeover by the Wadia Group in the early 1990s, the company has been mired in several controversies connected to its management, but it continues to hold a large market share.

Wadia Group
Wadia Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, founded in Surat, headquartered in Mumbai. It was founded by Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia in 1736 and is the oldest company in India, with its subsidiary The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited, established in 1863, being the oldest publicly traded Indian company. Other notable companies of the group are Bombay Dyeing, a textile company established in 1879, and Britannia Industries, a food and beverage company established in 1918.

Lovji Wadia secured contracts with the British East India Company to build ships and docks in Bombay in 1736. This, and subsequent efforts, would result in Bombay becoming a strategic port for the British colonial undertakings in Asia. The Bombay dry dock, the first dry dock in Asia, was built by Lovji and his brother Sorabji in 1750. Among the historical ships built by the Wadia Group are HMS Minden, HMS Cornwallis, and HMS Trincomalee.
Lewis Theobald
Lewis Theobald /ˈtɪbəld/ (baptised 2 April 1688 – 18 September 1744), English textual editor and author, was a landmark figure both in the history of Shakespearean editing and in literary satire. He was vital for the establishment of fair texts for Shakespeare, and he was the first avatar of Dulness in Alexander Pope's The Dunciad.

Alexander Pope
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 O.S. – 30 May 1744) was an English poet, translator, and satirist of the Enlightenment era who is considered one of the most prominent English poets of the early 18th century. An exponent of Augustan literature,  Pope is best known for his satirical and discursive poetry including An Essay on Criticism (1711), The Rape of the Lock (1712–1717), The Dunciad (1728–1743), and for his translations of Homer.

Pope is often quoted in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, some of his verses having entered common parlance (e.g. "damning with faint praise" or "to err is human; to forgive, divine").
Babi dynasty
The Babi dynasty was a Pashtun dynasty that formed the ruling royal houses of various kingdoms and later princely states.  The Babi, also known as Babai, were originally of Afghan descent and largely resided in India as well as some parts of Pakistan. The community traces its royal origins to the dynasty founded by Sher Khanji Babi in 1654, who was himself a ruler from the dynasty's founding until 1690. The last Nawab of the British Indian princely state of Junagadh, Muhammad Mahabat Khan III, signed an Instrument of Accession and acceded his princely state of Junagadh, as well as its vassal state of Sardargadh, Bantva Manavadar, to the Dominion of Pakistan after the Partition of British India in 1947. However, the accession and annexation was not recognized by the Dominion of India.

Sher Khanji Babi
Shēr Khānji Babi was the Afghan founder of the Babi dynasty of Hindustan.

Muhammad Sher Khan Ji hailed from the Babai clan of Pashtuns. He served as a distinguished officer in the Imperial service in Delhi. His forefather was Adil Khan Babi of Kandahar who came to India with Humayun. Sher Khanji was a deputy governor of Saurashtra who would go on to establish the Babi dynasty.
Federation Council (Iraq)
The Federation Council of Iraq is the unconvened de jure upper house of the bicameral legislature of Iraq.

The constitution of Iraq defines the Federation Council as the upper chamber of Iraq's legislature composed of all governorates and federal regions. It also stipulates that the Federation Council is to be formed by a law passed by the Council of Representatives, but as of December 2025, no bill with two-thirds majority approval has established the upper chamber.

Federal regions of Iraq
According to the Constitution of Iraq, the Republic of Iraq is composed of the capital, federal regions, decentralised governorates, as well as local administrations. Article 117 of the constitution recognises Kurdistan Region as a federal region, and as of July 2023, it remains the sole federal region in the country. A number of additional federal regions have been proposed since 2005, such as Basra Region but none are currently in the process of implementation.
Maura Clarke
Maura Clarke, MM (January 13, 1931 – December 2, 1980), was an American Maryknoll Sister who served as a missionary in Nicaragua and El Salvador. She worked with the poor and refugees in Central America from 1959 until her murder in 1980. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries — Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel and Jean Donovan — by members of the military of El Salvador.

Dorothy Kazel
Dorothy Kazel, OSU (June 30, 1939 – December 2, 1980), was an American Ursuline religious sister and missionary to El Salvador. On December 2, 1980, she was beaten, raped, and murdered along with three fellow missionaries – Maryknoll Sisters Ita Ford, Maura Clarke and laywoman Jean Donovan –  by members of the military of El Salvador.
Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary
Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary (formerly Garbhanga and Rani Reserve Forest) is a wildlife sanctuary on the southwestern side of Guwahati City, bordering the state of Meghalaya, India. The forested area is the key urban wildlife site and catchment area near Guwahati City.

Located approximately 15 km (10 miles) away from Guwahati, Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the southern part of Assam, bordering the foothills of Meghalaya. It is located very close to the Deepor Bill, and because of its location in an urban area it is considered a key wildlife area of Guwahati City.

Garbhanga Wildlife Sanctuary has a total land area of 117 km2 (45 sq mi) and lies between the Garbhanga and Rani ranges.

Dipor Bil
Dipor Bil, also spelled Deepor Beel  (Pron: dɪpɔ:(r) bɪl) (bil or beel means "lake" in the local Assamese language), is located to the south-west of Guwahati city, in Kamrup Metropolitan district of Assam, India.
It is a permanent freshwater lake, in a former channel of the Brahmaputra River, to the south of the main river. In 1989, 4.1 km² of the area was declared a wildlife sanctuary by the Government of Assam. It is listed as a wetland under the Ramsar Convention which designated the lake as a Ramsar Site in November 2002 for undertaking conservation measures on the basis of its biological and environmental importance.

Considered one of the largest beels in the Brahmaputra valley of Lower Assam, it is categorised as representative of the wetland type under the Burma monsoon forest biogeographic region.
American Vegan Center
The American Vegan Center is a nonprofit educational space operated by the American Vegan Society (AVS), located in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Opened in September 2021, it is the first public facility operated by AVS since its founding in 1960. The center promotes veganism through public outreach, historical interpretation, and community-based events.

American Vegan Society
The American Vegan Society (AVS) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes veganism in the United States. It was founded in 1960 by H. Jay Dinshah. The date of the earlier The Vegan Society (UK)'s founding, November 1, is now celebrated annually as World Vegan Day.
Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands)
Desolation Island is one of the minor islands in the South Shetlands archipelago, Antarctica situated at the entrance to Hero Bay, Livingston Island.  The island is V-shaped with its northern coast indented by Kozma Cove. Surface area is  3.12 square kilometres (1.20 sq mi).

The island was discovered on 15 October 1819 by Captain William Smith in the English merchant brig Williams during his second visit to the islands.  The anchorage Blythe Bay at the southeast side of Desolation Island was frequented by the early nineteenth century English and American sealers.

Livingston Island
Livingston Island (Russian name Smolensk, 62°36′S 60°30′W﻿ / ﻿62.600°S 60.500°W﻿ / -62.600; -60.500) is an Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, part of the South Shetlands Archipelago, a group of Antarctic islands north of the Antarctic Peninsula. It was the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude in 1819, a historic event that marked the end of a centuries-long pursuit of the mythical Terra Australis Incognita and the beginning of the exploration and utilization of real Antarctica. The name Livingston, although of unknown derivation, has been well established in international usage since the early 1820s.
Durgaraja
Durga-raja (r. c. 1108–1116?) was a member of the Kakatiya dynasty of southern India. He is attested by only one record - the 1098 CE Kazipet dargah inscription, which was issued during the reign of his father Beta II. According to one theory, he probably ruled for a short period and rebelled against his Kalyani Chalukya overlord, before being subjugated by his brother Prola II who remained loyal to the Chalukyas.

Beta II
Beta II (r. c. 1076-1108 CE) alias Tribhuvana-Malla was a member of the Kakatiya dynasty of southern India. As a Kalyani Chalukya vassal, he obtained control of the Sabbi-1000 province centred around Vemulavada. He commissioned a Shaivite shrine, and also donated land for a Jaina temple.
Nikon D850
The Nikon D850 is a professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) produced by Nikon. The camera was officially announced on July 25, 2017 (the 100th anniversary of Nikon's founding), launched on August 24, 2017, and first shipped on September 8, 2017. Nikon announced it could not fill the preorders on August 28, 2017 and filled less than 10% of preorders on the first shipping day. It is the successor to the Nikon D810.

The D850 is the first Nikon DSLR featuring a back-illuminated image sensor claiming overall a one-stop image quality (image noise) improvement. This camera was the first full frame DSLR achieving 100 points at Dxomark. The D850 also won Camera of the Year for 2017 at Imaging Resource.

Nikon D810
The Nikon D810 is a 36.3-megapixel professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera produced by Nikon. The camera was officially announced in June 2014, and became available in July 2014.

Compared to the former D800/D800E it offers an image sensor with a base sensitivity of ISO 64 and extended range of ISO 32 to 51,200, an Expeed processor with noise reduction with claimed 1 stop noise improvement, doubled buffer size, increased frame rate and extended battery life, improved autofocus – now similar to the D4S, improved video with 1080p 60 fps and many software improvements.

The D810 was succeeded by the Nikon D850 in August 2017 and was listed as discontinued in December 2019.
Median eminence
The median eminence is generally defined as the portion of the ventral hypothalamus from which the portal vessels arise. The median eminence is a small swelling on the tuber cinereum, posterior to and on top of the pituitary stalk; it lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral peduncles, and on its anterolateral region by the optic chiasm.

As one of the seven areas of the brain devoid of a blood–brain barrier, the median eminence is a circumventricular organ having permeable capillaries. Its main function is as a gateway for release of hypothalamic hormones, although it does share contiguous perivascular spaces with the adjacent hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, indicating a potential sensory role.

Hypophyseal portal system
The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland. The capillaries in the portal system are fenestrated (have many small channels with high vascular permeability) which allows a rapid exchange between the hypothalamus and the pituitary. The main hormones transported by the system include gonadotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone–releasing hormone, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
Tennessee State Route 260
State Route 260 (SR 260), also known as Browning Branch Road, is an east–west secondary highway that is located entirely in Trousdale County in Middle Tennessee, United States. Its western terminus is located at a junction with US 231 near the Sumner County line, and it ends at SR 141 just north of Hartsville.

Even though SR 260 is designated as a secondary highway, there are various signs along the highway stating it is a primary highway.

U.S. Route 231 in Tennessee
U.S. Route 231 (US 231) in Tennessee runs north–south for 121.15 miles (194.97 km), entirely in Middle Tennessee, that starts south of Fayetteville at the Alabama state line, and ends north of Westmoreland at the Kentucky state line. For the majority of its length, between the Alabama state line and Trousdale County, it is concurrent with unsigned State Route 10 (SR 10).
Railroad Labor Board
The Railroad Labor Board (RLB) was an institution established in the United States of America by the Transportation Act of 1920. This nine-member panel was designed as means of settling wage disputes between railway companies and their employees. The Board's approval of wage reductions for railroad shopmen was instrumental in triggering the Great Railroad Strike of 1922. The Board was terminated on May 20, 1926 when President Calvin Coolidge signed a new Railway Labor Act into law.

Railway Labor Act
The Railway Labor Act is a United States federal law that governs labor relations in the railroad and airline industries. The Act, enacted in 1926 and amended in 1934 and 1936, seeks to substitute bargaining, arbitration, and mediation for strikes to resolve labor disputes. Its provisions were originally enforced under the Board of Mediation, but they were later enforced under a National Mediation Board.
Kenneth Roderick O'Neal
Kenneth Roderick O'Neal (1908–1989), was an American architect, engineer, and painter. He founded the first Black-owned and led architecture firm in downtown Chicago. O'Neal was an artist of the Harlem Renaissance, who later studied under former Bauhaus instructors and colleagues of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and employed early career architects including Beverly Lorraine Greene, John Moutoussamy, and Georgia Louise Harris Brown.

John Moutoussamy
John Warren Moutoussamy (January 5, 1922 – May 6, 1995) was an American architect, best known for designing the headquarters building of the Johnson Publishing Company in downtown Chicago, Illinois. He was the first African-American architect to design a high-rise building in Chicago.
Okemos, Michigan
Okemos (/ˈoʊkəməs/ OH-kə-məss) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ingham County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population of the CDP was 25,121 at the 2020 census. Okemos is part of the urban area of Lansing–East Lansing, and is located near the campus of Michigan State University. Okemos is located mostly within Meridian Charter Township, with a small portion extending south into Alaiedon Township and east into Williamstown Township.

Okemos has post offices with 48805 and 48864 ZIP Codes, and the school district Okemos Public Schools, that also serves portions of the surrounding area.

Williamstown Township, Michigan
Williamstown Township is a civil township of Ingham County in the U.S. state of Michigan.  As of the 2020 census, the township population was 5,286. The city of Williamston occupies the southeast corner of the township, but the two are administered autonomously.
Loutro, Chania
Loutro (Greek: Λουτρό) (Greek: "Bath") lies in the municipality of Sfakia, on the south coast of Chania regional unit in west Crete, between Chora Sfakion and Agia Roumeli, the exit to the Samaria Gorge. The whole area is known as Sfakia.  The village got its name from the Greek word for "bath," for the many ancient baths found in the area.

Sfakia
Sfakiá (Greek: Σφακιά) is a mountainous area in the southwestern part of the island of Crete, in the Chania regional unit. It is considered to be one of the few places in Greece that have never been fully occupied by foreign powers. With a 2021 census population of 2,002 inhabitants living on a land area of 467.589 km2 (180.537 sq mi), Sfakia is one of the largest and least densely populated municipalities on the island of Crete. The etymology of its name is disputed. According to the prevailing theory, it relates to its rugged terrain, deriving from the ancient Greek word σφαξ, meaning land chasm or gorge.