hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Stamp Duties Management Act 1891
The Stamp Duties Management Act 1891 (54 & 55 Vict. c. 38) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated enactments relating to the management of stamp duty in the United Kingdom.

Stamp duty in the United Kingdom
Stamp duty in the United Kingdom is a form of tax charged on legal instruments (written documents), and historically required a physical stamp to be attached to or impressed upon the document in question. The more modern versions of the tax no longer require a physical stamp.
Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3
The Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 (Лавочкин-Горбунов-Гудков ЛаГГ-3) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. It was a refinement of the earlier LaGG-1 and was one of the most modern aircraft available to the Soviet Air Forces at the time of Germany's invasion in 1941. Compared to its opponents the LaGG-3 was underpowered and, despite its wooden construction, overweight. It was unpopular with Soviet pilots, but despite this, at one point in the war, on average 12 LaGG-3s were being completed daily and 6,528 had been built in total when production switched to the Yak-3 in 1944.
The LaGG-3 was steadily improved, forming the basis for the more successful La-5 and La-7.

Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-1
The Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-1 (Russian: Лавочкин-Горбунов-Гудков ЛаГГ-1) was a Soviet fighter aircraft of World War II. Although not very successful, it formed the basis for a series of aircraft that would eventually become some of the most formidable Soviet fighters of the war.
Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala
Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala ("St. James of the Knights of Guatemala") was the name given to the capital city of the Spanish colonial Captaincy General of Guatemala in Central America. It is located in present-day Antigua Guatemala.

Captaincy General of Guatemala
The Captaincy General of Guatemala (Spanish: Capitanía General de Guatemala), also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish: Reino de Guatemala), was an administrative division of the Spanish Empire, under the viceroyalty of New Spain in Central America, including present-day Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and the Mexican state of Chiapas. The governor-captain general was also president of the Royal Audiencia of Guatemala, the superior court.
San Martín barracks
San Martín barracks (Spanish: Cuartel San Martín), originally Junín barracks (Spanish: Cuartel Junín), was a military installation inaugurated in 1921 to house the Mounted Grenadiers Regiment of the Argentine delegation that visited the country for the Centennial of the Independence of Peru. Located the 13th block of the Avenida del Ejército, it was subsequently closed and auctioned in 2009 and demolished a year later.

Avenida del Ejército
The Avenida del Ejército (Army Avenue), which takes the name of Augusto Pérez Araníbar Avenue (Avenida Augusto Pérez Araníbar) when crossing San Isidro, is an avenue in Lima, Peru. It begins at Brazil Avenue and continues until it reaches the Plaza Centroamérica, crossing the districts of Magdalena del Mar, San Isidro, and Miraflores in the process.
Lonapegsomatropin
Lonapegsomatropin, sold under the brand name Skytrofa, is a human growth hormone used for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency. Lonapegsomatropin is a prodrug of somatropin.

Lonapegsomatropin was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2021, and in the European Union in January 2022.

Growth hormone therapy
Growth hormone therapy refers to the use of growth hormone (GH) as a prescription medication—it is one form of hormone therapy. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction. In the past, growth hormone was extracted from human pituitary glands. Growth hormone is now produced by recombinant DNA technology and is prescribed for a variety of reasons. GH therapy has been a focus of social and ethical controversies for 50 years.

This article describes the history of GH treatment and the current uses and risks arising from GH use. Other articles describe GH physiology, diseases of GH excess (acromegaly and pituitary gigantism), deficiency, the recent phenomenon of HGH controversies, growth hormone in sports, and growth hormone for cows.
Catch 21
Catch 21 is an American game show broadcast by Game Show Network (GSN). Created by Merrill Heatter (who also produced the show's predecessor Gambit), the series follows three contestants as they play a card game centered on blackjack and trivia. The show is based on a popular online game from GSN's website and aired for four seasons from 2008 to 2011. It was hosted by Alfonso Ribeiro, with actress Mikki Padilla serving as card dealer. The show was revived on October 14, 2019, and concluded on January 21, 2020, with Ribeiro returning as host and Witney Carson as card dealer. Catch 21 received favorable critical reception for its format.

Gambit (game show)
Gambit is an American television game show based on the card game blackjack, created by Heatter-Quigley Productions. The show originally ran on CBS from September 4, 1972, to December 10, 1976, and was recorded at CBS Television City in Studios 31, 33, 41, and 43. On October 27, 1980, NBC revived the show as Las Vegas Gambit, as a replacement for The David Letterman Show, and kept it on its schedule until November 27, 1981. As the title implied, this edition of Gambit was recorded in Las Vegas at the Tropicana Las Vegas.  Both versions were hosted by Wink Martindale and announced by Kenny Williams. Elaine Stewart (co-creator Merrill Heatter's wife) was the card dealer/co-hostess for the CBS version, while Beverly Malden filled this role for the first half of Las Vegas Gambit, and was later replaced by Lee Menning.

Another Merrill Heatter-produced, blackjack-based quiz show, Catch 21, began airing on GSN in 2008.
Spacing Guild
The Spacing Guild is an organization in Frank Herbert's science fiction Dune universe that possesses a monopoly on interstellar travel and banking. Guild Navigators (alternately Guildsmen or Steersmen) use the drug melange (also called "the spice") to achieve limited prescience, a form of precognition that allows them to successfully navigate "folded space" and safely guide enormous starships called heighliners across interstellar space instantaneously.

The power of the Guild is balanced against that of the Padishah Emperor as well as of the assembled noble Houses of the Landsraad. Essentially apolitical, the Guild is primarily concerned with the flow of commerce and preservation of the economy that supports them. Although their ability to dictate the terms of and fees for all transport gives them influence in the political arena, they do not pursue political goals beyond their economic ones.

Melange (Dune)
Melange (/meɪˈlɑːnʒ/), often referred to as "the spice", is the fictional psychedelic drug central to the Dune series of science fiction novels by Frank Herbert and derivative works.

In the series, the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe is melange, a drug that gives the user a longer life span, greater vitality, and heightened awareness. In some humans, the spice can also unlock prescience, a form of precognition based in genetics but made possible by use of the drug in larger dosages. By far the most important of prescience’s functions is that it makes safe and accurate interstellar travel possible. However, melange is also highly addictive, and withdrawal is fatal. Harvesting melange is also hazardous in the extreme, as its only known source is the harsh desert planet Arrakis, where its deposits are guarded by giant sandworms.
University of Lethbridge Students' Union
The University of Lethbridge Students' Union (ULSU) is a non-profit organization representing interests of undergraduate students studying at the University of Lethbridge.

With approximately 7800 students on the main Lethbridge campus and 500 students in the Calgary campus, the ULSU administers student affairs, including advocacy, committee representation, student services, and events.

University of Lethbridge
The University of Lethbridge (also known as uLethbridge, uLeth, and U of L) is a public comprehensive and research university located in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, with a second campus in Calgary, Alberta, and until 2015 a third campus in Edmonton, Alberta.

Founded in the liberal arts tradition, the university offers over 150 undergraduate degree programs in the Arts, Sciences, Management, Education, Health Sciences and Fine Arts. Further, the university has over 50 Masters and PhD programs.

Ranked as one of the top primarily undergraduate universities in Canada by Maclean's magazine, the university has a provincial economic impact of $2.0 billion. It is the second largest employer in the city of Lethbridge, with over 1,000 staff, including 600 academic staff. The student population consists of 7,528 undergraduates and 735 graduate students as of 2022. There are over 50,000 alumni around the world.
Rāmañña Nikāya
Rāmañña Nikāya (රාමඤ්ඤ නිකාය, also spelled Ramanya Nikaya) was one of the three major Buddhist orders in Sri Lanka. It was founded in 1864 when Ambagahawatte Saranankara, returned to Sri Lanka after being ordained by the Neyyadhamma Munivara Sangharaja of Ratnapunna Vihara in Burma. It was one of three Sri Lankan orthodox Buddhist monastic orders, along with Siam Nikaya and Amarapura Nikaya. On 16 August 2019, the Amarapura and Rammana Nikaya were unified as the Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya, making it the largest Buddhist fraternity in Sri Lanka.

Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya
The Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya (Sinhala: අමරපුර–රාමඤ්ඤ සාමග්‍රී මහා සංඝ සභාව, romanized: Amarapura–Rāmañña Sāmagrī Mahā Saṁgha Sabhāva) is the larger of the two Buddhist monastic orders (Pali: nikāya) in Sri Lanka, the other being the Siyam Nikāya.
PAL
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 frames) per second, and associated with CCIR analogue broadcast television systems B, D, G, H, I and K. The articles on analogue broadcast television systems further describe frame rates, image resolution, and audio modulation.

PAL was developed by Walter Bruch at Telefunken in Hanover, West Germany, with important input from Gerhard Mahler. The format was patented by Telefunken in December 1962, citing Bruch as inventor, and unveiled to members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) on 3 January 1963. When asked why the system was named "PAL" and not "Bruch", the inventor answered that a "Bruch system" would probably not have sold very well ("Bruch" is the German word for "breakage").

CCIR System K
CCIR System K is an analog broadcast television system used in countries that adopted CCIR System D on VHF, and in Benin, Guinea, Republic of the Congo, Togo, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, Chad, Central African Republic, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and French Guiana.

It is identical System D in most respects. Used only for UHF frequencies, its paired with SECAM or PAL color systems.
Wallace Beery
Wallace Fitzgerald Beery (April 1, 1885 – April 15, 1949) was an American film and stage actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Bill in Min and Bill (1930) opposite Marie Dressler, as General Director Preysing in Grand Hotel (1932), as the pirate Long John Silver in Treasure Island (1934), as Pancho Villa in Viva Villa! (1934) for which he won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor, and his title role in The Champ (1931), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Beery appeared in some 250 films during a 36-year career. His contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer stipulated in 1932 that he would be paid $1 more than any other contract player at the studio. This made Beery the highest-paid film actor in the world during the early 1930s. He was the brother of actor Noah Beery and uncle of actor Noah Beery Jr.

For his contributions to the film industry, Beery was posthumously inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960.

Noah Beery Jr.
Noah Lindsey Beery (August 10, 1913 – November 1, 1994) was an American actor often specializing in warm, friendly character roles similar to many portrayed by his Oscar-winning uncle, Wallace Beery. Unlike his more famous uncle, however, Beery Jr. seldom broke away from playing supporting roles. Active as an actor in films or television for well over half a century, he was best known for playing James Garner's character's father, Joseph "Rocky" Rockford, in the NBC television series The Rockford Files (1974–1980). His father, Noah Beery, enjoyed a similarly lengthy film career as a supporting actor in major films, although the elder Beery was also frequently a leading man during the silent film era.
Tenby
Tenby (Welsh: Dinbych-y-pysgod, lit. 'fortlet of the fish') is a seaside town and community in the county of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It lies within Carmarthen Bay. In 2011 it had a population of 4696.

Notable features include three miles (five kilometres) of sandy beaches and the Pembrokeshire Coast Path, the 13th-century medieval town walls, including the Five Arches barbican gatehouse, Tenby Museum and Art Gallery, the 15th-century St. Mary's Church, and the National Trust's Tudor Merchant's House.

Boats sail from Tenby's harbour to the offshore monastic Caldey Island. St Catherine's Island is tidal and has a 19th-century Palmerston Fort.

The town has an operating railway station. The A478 road from Cardigan, Ceredigion, connects Tenby with the M4 via the A477, the A40 and the A48 in approximately 40 miles (60 kilometres).

Tenby town walls
The Tenby town walls are Grade I-listed medieval defensive walls around the town of Tenby in Pembrokeshire. They are assessed as one of the most important surviving medieval city walls in Britain. The walls were built in the 13th century by the Earls of Pembroke and improved in the 1450s. They were last known to have been repaired in 1588 and have declined thereafter. Most of the town's gates were demolished beginning in the 18th century and only one survives.
South Turramurra
South Turramurra is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. Turramurra and North Turramurra are separate suburbs.

South Turramurra is a leafy suburb, surrounded by the upper section of the Lane Cove National Park. There are many walking trails, including the Great North Walk and walking trails with access to neighbouring suburbs such as North Epping, Marsfield and West Pymble.

West Pymble
West Pymble is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. Pymble is a separate suburb to the east, sharing the postcode of 2073.
Kamiza
The kamiza (Japanese: 上座) is the "top seat" within a room, meaning the seat of honor; the term also applies to the best seats in airplanes, trains, and cars. The antonym, meaning "bottom seat," is shimoza (下座). In a room, the kamiza is the seat or position that is most comfortable, usually furthest from the door. This is because it is the warmest, and was the safest from attack back in the feudal era. In a traditional washitsu room, it would often be a zabuton placed so the person sitting there has his back to the tokonoma; the kamiza is the spot closest to the tokonoma or simply furthest from the door in a room lacking a tokonoma. In a Western-style room, it would be a comfortable armchair or sofa, or the head of a table. The term is general, and does not only apply to Japanese culture.

Etiquette in Japan
Etiquette in Japan forms common societal expectations of social behavior practiced throughout the nation of Japan. The etiquette of Japan has changed greatly over the millennia as different civilizations influenced its culture. Modern Japanese etiquette has a strong influence from that of China and the Western world, but retains many of its unique traditional elements.
Saturno Villaverde
Saturno Villaverde Lavandera (29 February 1892 - Unknown), nicknamed Saturnino and also known as Villaverde II, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for Athletic Club de Madrid. His brothers, Fernando and Senén, were also footballers and also played for Athletic Madrid.

Fernando Villaverde
Fernando Villaverde Lavandera (30 March 1894 – 23 June 1937), also known as Villaverde I was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. His brothers, Saturnino and Senén, were also footballers and also played for Athletic Club de Madrid.
Institute of National Museums of Rwanda
The Institute of National Museums of Rwanda (INMR) was a governmental organization in Rwanda. It was merged into the Rwanda Cultural Heritage Academy in 2020.

It was started as an ethnographic museum in September 1989, consisting only of the National Museum of Rwanda in Butare, but it now contains the:

Ethnographic Museum

Kandt House Museum of Natural History

Museum of Rwesero

King's Palace Museum

Rwanda Art Museum

Museum of Environment

National Liberation Museum Park

Museum for Campaign Against Genocide

Ethnographic Museum (Rwanda)
The Ethnographic Museum (Kinyarwanda: Inzu ndangamurage), formerly the National Museum of Rwanda (French: Musée national du Rwanda, Kinyarwanda: Ingoro y'Umurage w'u Rwanda), is a national museum in Rwanda. It is located in Butare. It is owned by Institute of National Museums of Rwanda.

It was built with help of the Belgian government and opened in 1989. It is also a good source of information on the cultural history of the country and the region. It is also known as the site of the murder of Queen Dowager Rosalie Gicanda and several others during the Rwandan genocide.
1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida
The 1852 United States House of Representatives election in Florida was held on Tuesday, October 5, 1852, to elect the single United States Representative from the state of Florida, one from the state's single at-large congressional district, to represent Florida in the 33rd Congress. The election coincided with the elections of other offices, including the presidential election, the gubernatorial election, and various state and local elections.

The winning candidate would serve a two-year term in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1855.

1852 United States presidential election in Florida
The 1852 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 1852, as part of the 1852 United States presidential election. Voters chose three representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
Wattle-eye
Platysteiridae is a family of small, stout passerine birds of the African tropics. The family contains the wattle-eyes, batises and shrike-flycatchers. They were previously classed as a subfamily of the Old World flycatchers, Muscicapidae. These insect-eating birds are usually found in open forests or bush. They hunt by flycatching, or by taking prey from the ground like a shrike. The nest is a small, neat cup, placed low in a tree or bush.

Batis (bird)
Batis (pronounced BAT-iss) is a genus of passerine birds in the wattle-eye family. Its species are resident in Africa south of the Sahara. They were previously classed as a subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae.

They are small stout insect-eating birds, usually found in open forests or bush. The nest is a small neat cup low in a tree or bush. They hunt by flycatching, or by taking prey from the ground like a shrike.

Batis species are strikingly patterned, typically with a grey crown, black eye mask, dark back, and paler underparts, often with a coloured or black breast band and white on the throat which contrasts strongly with the black eye stripe. Male and female plumages usually differ.

The song is typically a descending triple whistle.
Forbidden Broadway Goes to Rehab
Forbidden Broadway Goes to Rehab is the 2008 incarnation of Gerard Alessandrini's long-running hit Off-Broadway musical revue Forbidden Broadway, which parodies notable current Broadway and Off-Broadway musicals. It was initially announced that this would be the final version of the show, until the franchise was revived with Forbidden Broadway: Alive & Kicking! in 2012 and Forbidden Broadway Comes Out Swinging! in 2014.

Forbidden Broadway
Forbidden Broadway is an off-Broadway revue parodying musical theatre, particularly Broadway musicals. Conceived, written, and directed by Gerard Alessandrini, the show has been updated many times to parody new musicals and productions. The revue is typically performed by a cast of four with a piano. Versions of the show have been staged in more than 200 U.S. cities, as well as London, Tokyo and elsewhere around the world.
Pamela Jones
Pamela Jones, commonly known as PJ, is the creator and was editor of Groklaw, a website that covered legal news of interest to the free and open-source software community.  Jones is an open source advocate who previously trained and worked as a paralegal.

Jones' articles have appeared in Linux Journal, LWN, LinuxWorld Magazine,  Linux Today, and LinuxWorld.com. She also wrote a monthly opinion column for the UK print publication Linux User and Developer. She is one of the contributors to the book Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution.

In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation awarded the Pioneer award to "Pamela Jones and the Groklaw Website"
for "Legal Blogging".

Groklaw
Groklaw was a website that covered legal news of interest to the free and open source software community. Started as a law blog on May 16, 2003, by paralegal Pamela Jones ("PJ"), it covered issues such as the SCO-Linux lawsuits, the EU antitrust case against Microsoft, and the standardization of Office Open XML.

Jones described Groklaw as "a place where lawyers and geeks could explain things to each other and work together, so they'd understand each other's work better".

Its name derives from "grok", roughly meaning "to understand completely", which had previously entered geek slang.

Other topics covered included software patents, DMCA, the actions of the RIAA against alleged illegal file sharers, and actions against free and open software such as Android and Linux.
Lambert v. California
Lambert v. California, 355 U.S. 225 (1957), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the defense of ignorance of the law when there is no legal notice. The court held that when one is required to register one's presence, failure to register may be punished only when there is a probability that the accused party had knowledge of the law before committing the crime of failing to register.

Ignorantia juris non excusat
In law, ignorantia juris non excusat (Latin for 'ignorance of the law excuses not'), or ignorantia legis neminem excusat ('ignorance of law excuses no one'), is a legal principle holding that a person who is unaware of a law may not escape liability for violating that law merely by being unaware of its content.

European-law countries with a tradition of Roman law may also use an expression from Aristotle translated into Latin: nemo censetur ignorare legem ('nobody is thought to be ignorant of the law') or ignorantia iuris nocet ('not knowing the law is harmful').