hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (c. 25) (nicknamed the Snoopers' Charter) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which received royal assent on 29 November 2016. Its different parts came into force on various dates from 30 December 2016. The Act comprehensively sets out and in limited respects expands the electronic surveillance powers of the British intelligence agencies and police. It also claims to improve the safeguards on the exercise of those powers.

The Act was amended by the Investigatory Powers (Amendment) Act 2024, following a review by Lord Anderson of Ipswich, the person who originally proposed the Act.

David Anderson, Baron Anderson of Ipswich
David William Kinloch Anderson, Baron Anderson of Ipswich, KBE, KC (born 5 July 1961) is a British barrister and life peer, who was the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation in the United Kingdom between 2011 and 2017.  On 8 June 2018 it was announced that he would be introduced to the House of Lords as a cross-bench (non-party) working peer. On the same day he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE), for services to national security and civil liberties, in the Queen's 2018 Birthday Honours.
Perfecto Yasay Jr.
Perfecto Rivas Yasay Jr. (January 27, 1947 – June 12, 2020) was a Philippine government official who served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines under the Duterte administration in an ad interim basis from June 30, 2016, until March 8, 2017, the rejection of his appointment by the Commission on Appointments over eligibility concerns resulting from questions on his citizenship.

He served as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and was Bangon Pilipinas Party's vice-presidential candidate in the 2010 Philippine elections, running alongside Eddie Villanueva.

Bangon Pilipinas
Bangon Pilipinas Party (BPP, lit. '"Rise Up Philippines Party"') or Bangon is a political party in the Philippines, formed in 2004 as the Bangon Pilipinas Movement. It is the political vehicle of its leader, televangelist Eddie Villanueva. Villanueva ran for president in 2004 and 2010 but lost in both elections. The party put up a senatorial slate for the 2010 elections, but none of its candidates won.

Villanueva's son, Eduardo "Jon-Jon" Villanueva, Jr., was the highest-ranking elected official of the party, serving as mayor of Bocaue, Bulacan; he ran as the Liberal Party's candidate for mayor in the 2013 elections and won.

In the 2016 Senate election, the party endorsed another Villanueva son, then TESDA Director General Joel Villanueva. He won the second-highest number of votes in that election.
French Valley
French Valley is a region located in southwestern Riverside County, near the cities and communities of Hemet, Winchester, Murrieta, and Temecula in the state of California, United States. It is part of the Plains of Leon, contiguous with the Perris Plain, that drains into the Temecula Basin by means of tributaries of the Santa Margarita River.

Temecula, California
Temecula is a city in southwestern Riverside County, California, United States. The city had a population of 110,003 as of the 2020 census and was incorporated on December 1, 1989. The city is a tourist and resort destination, with the Temecula Valley Wine Country, Old Town Temecula, Pechanga Resort Casino, championship golf courses, and resort accommodations contributing to the city's economic profile.

The city of Temecula, forming the southwestern anchor of the Inland Empire region, is approximately 58 miles (93 km) north of downtown San Diego and 85 miles (137 km) southeast of downtown Los Angeles. Temecula is part of the Greater Los Angeles area. Temecula is bordered by the city of Murrieta to the north and the Pechanga Indian Reservation and San Diego County to the south. Temecula is also the principal city of the Temecula–Murrieta–Menifee, CA urban area, which had a population of 528,991 as of the 2020 census.
Sir Hector Mackenzie, 4th Baronet
Sir Hector Mackenzie, 4th Baronet of Gairloch (September 1758-26 April 1826) was a Scottish landowner and baronet.  He succeeded his father Sir Alexander on 13 April 1770. He held the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Ross-shire.

The Mackenzies of Gairloch were clan leaders in the traditional sense and were known for their attachment to their tenants. During the Highland Clearances of the 19th century, Sir Hector Mackenzie and his sons Sir Francis and Dr. John Mackenzie refused to evict a single tenant, despite the estate running at a loss. As a result, evicted Highlanders from other communities came to live in the area and has caused Gairloch to maintain a thriving community to the present day.

Inglis Baronets of Gairloch (1703)
The Inglis (initially Mackenzie) Baronetcy, of Gairloch, Ross-shire, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia for Kenneth Mackenzie, on 22 February 1703. It is now known as Inglis of Glencorse, and the baronetage is listed as vacant.
NOVO7
The NOVO7 is a series of Android tablet computers manufactured by the Chinese company Ainol Electronics. The "7" represents the size of the tablet's screen (7 inches); Ainol's other products include the Novo 5 and Novo 8.

Ainol
Shenzhen Ainol Electronics Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 深圳艾诺电子有限公司) was a Chinese consumer electronics manufacturing and distribution company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It specialises in Android tablets and phablets. The company principally sells its products under the Ainol brand, but also offers OEM production under other brand names. The company was founded in 2004. Its slogan is "Enjoy life. Enjoy ainol".
Malankara Archdiocese of North America
The Malankara Archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church in North America is an archdiocese of the Syriac Orthodox Church headquartered in New Jersey.

This Archdiocese comprises all the Malankara Syriac Orthodox parishes in the United States and Canada.  It is headed by Mor Titus Yeldho who has served as the Archbishop and Patriarchal Vicar since 2004.

Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church,  also known as the Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church, Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church, or the Syriac Orthodox Church in India is an autonomous maphrianate of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch based in Kerala, India and a part of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. It is headed by the Catholicos of India, Mor Baselios Joseph, within the hierarchy of Syriac Orthodox Church.

According to tradition, it was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle. It is currently the only church in Malankara that maintains the hierarchy of the Syriac Orthodox Church under the Holy See of Antioch. The church employs the West Syriac Rite's Liturgy of Saint James.
Oxidation with chromium(VI) complexes
Oxidation with chromium(VI) complexes involves the conversion of alcohols to carbonyl compounds or more highly oxidized products through the action of molecular chromium(VI) oxides and salts. The principal reagents are Collins reagent, PDC, and PCC. These reagents represent improvements over inorganic chromium(VI) reagents such as Jones reagent.

Cornforth reagent
The Cornforth reagent (pyridinium dichromate or PDC) is a pyridinium salt of dichromate with the chemical formula [C5H5NH]2[Cr2O7]. This compound is named after the Australian-British chemist Sir John Warcup Cornforth, who introduced it in 1962. The Cornforth reagent is a strong oxidizing agent which can convert primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones respectively. In its chemical structure and functions it is closely related to other compounds made from hexavalent chromium oxide, such as pyridinium chlorochromate and Collins reagent. Because of their toxicity, these reagents are rarely used nowadays.
Hassan Nour-el-Din Aman
Hassan Nour-el-Din Aman (born 7 May 1943) is an Egyptian-Chadian boxer. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he lost to Jürgen Schlegel of East Germany.

Hassan represented Chad at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich in the Light-heavyweight class, in the first round he was drawn against Yugoslavian Mate Parlov, he was stopped in the second round, Mate Parlov went on to win the gold medal.

Mate Parlov
Mate Parlov (16 November 1948 – 29 July 2008) was a Croatian-Yugoslavian boxer and Olympic gold medalist who was European and World Champion as an amateur and as a professional. Parlov was voted the Best Balkan Athlete of the Year for 1974.
Wilhelm Stich
Wilhelm Stich (26 November 1894 – unknown) was a German Nazi Party official who briefly served as the first Gauleiter of Gau East Prussia in the Party's early days. He was dismissed and expelled from the Party in February 1926 after only two months, but was allowed to re-enroll in 1928. No additional details of his life are documented.

Gau East Prussia
Gau East Prussia (German: Ostpreußen) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany encompassing the province of East Prussia in the Free State of Prussia from 1933 to 1945. Before that, from 1925 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area, having been established at a conference in Königsberg on 6 December 1925. In 1939, Gau East Prussia expanded following the annexation of the Klaipėda Region from Lithuania and the occupation of Poland, while a sliver of territory from the gau was transferred to Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. After Germany's attack on the USSR, the Belarusian city of Hrodna (German: Garten) also became part of the Gau.

After the war, the territory of the former Gau became part of the Russian SFSR exclave of Kaliningrad in the Soviet Union, major sections were given to Poland, and the area of the Klaipėda Region was returned to the Lithuanian SSR and Hrodna - to the Belarusian SSR within the Soviet Union.
La Maigrauge Abbey
La Maigrauge Abbey or Magerau Abbey (French: Abbaye de la Maigrauge; German: Abtei Magerau) is a monastery of Cistercian nuns located in Fribourg, Switzerland, and founded in 1255. The abbey is situated on the Sarine River and lies on the border between French-speaking and German-speaking Switzerland. The community is bilingual.

Fribourg
Fribourg or Freiburg is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and district of La Sarine. Located on both sides of the river Saane/Sarine, on the Swiss Plateau, it is a major economic, administrative and educational centre on the cultural border between German-speaking and French-speaking Switzerland. Its Old City, one of the best-maintained in Switzerland, sits on a small rocky hill above the valley of the Sarine. In 2018, it had a population of 38,365.
Hardy–Littlewood Tauberian theorem
In mathematical analysis, the Hardy–Littlewood Tauberian theorem is a Tauberian theorem relating the asymptotics of the partial sums of a series with the asymptotics of its Abel summation. In this form, the theorem asserts that if the sequence
 is such that there is an asymptotic equivalence

then there is also an asymptotic equivalence

as .  The integral formulation of the theorem relates in an analogous manner the asymptotics of the cumulative distribution function of a function with the asymptotics of its Laplace transform.

The theorem was proved in 1914 by G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood.: 226  In 1930, Jovan Karamata gave a new and much simpler proof.: 226

John Edensor Littlewood
John Edensor Littlewood FRS (9 June 1885 – 6 September 1977) was a British mathematician. He worked on topics relating to analysis, number theory, and differential equations and had lengthy collaborations with G. H. Hardy, Srinivasa Ramanujan and Mary Cartwright.
G. David Schine
Gerard David Schine, better known as G. David Schine or David Schine (September 11, 1927 – June 19, 1996), was the wealthy heir to a hotel chain fortune who became a central figure in the Army–McCarthy hearings of 1954 in his role as the chief consultant to the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Later in life, he became a part of the film/television industry. He was the executive producer for the 1971 film The French Connection.

Army–McCarthy hearings
The Army–McCarthy hearings were a series of televised hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations (April–June 1954) to investigate conflicting accusations between the United States Army and U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy. The Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel Roy Cohn of pressuring the Army to give preferential treatment to G. David Schine, a former McCarthy aide and friend of Cohn's. McCarthy counter-charged that this accusation was made in bad faith and in retaliation for his recent aggressive investigations of suspected communists and security risks in the Army.

Chaired by Senator Karl Mundt, the hearings convened on March 16, 1954, and received considerable press attention, including gavel-to-gavel live television coverage on ABC and DuMont (April 22 – June 17). The media coverage, particularly television, greatly contributed to McCarthy's decline in popularity and his eventual censure by the Senate the following December.
Camacho, Minas Gerais
Camacho is a Brazilian municipality located in the center of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population as of 2020 was 2,869 people living in a total area of 222 km2 (86 sq mi). The city belongs to the meso-region of Oeste de Minas and to the micro-region of Formiga.  It became a municipality in 1962.

Formiga, Minas Gerais
Formiga (Portuguese for "ant") is a municipality in central-west Minas Gerais state, Brazil.  The population of the municipality (urban and rural) in 2020 is 67,822.  The area of the municipality is 1,504 km2.  It is located in the statistical meso-region of Centro-Oeste de Minas and the statistical micro-region of Formiga.  It was founded in 1839.
Garrigue
Garrigue or garigue (/ɡəˈriːɡ/ gə-REEG), also known as phrygana (Greek: φρύγανα [ˈfriɣana], n. pl.), is a type of low scrubland ecoregion and plant community in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.

It is found on limestone soils in southern France and around the Mediterranean Basin, generally near the seacoast where the moderated Mediterranean climate provides annual summer drought. It is an anthropogenic degradation and succession form of former evergreen oak forests that existed until around 2500 years BCE.

The term has also found its way into haute cuisine, suggestive of the resinous flavours of a garrigue shrubland.

Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub is a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. The biome is generally characterized by dry summers and rainy winters, although in some areas rainfall may be uniform. Summers are typically hot in low-lying inland locations, but can be cool near colder seas; while winters are typically mild to cool in low-lying locations, but can be cold in inland and higher locations. These ecoregions are highly distinctive, collectively harboring 10% of the Earth's plant species.
Police brutality
Police brutality is the excessive and unwarranted use of force by law enforcement against an individual or a group. It is an extreme form of police misconduct and is a civil rights violation. Police brutality includes, but is not limited to, asphyxiation, beatings, shootings, improper takedowns, racially-motivated violence and unwarranted use of tasers.

Police misconduct
Police misconduct is inappropriate conduct and illegal actions taken by police officers in connection with their official duties. Types of misconduct include among others: sexual offences, coerced false confession, intimidation, false arrest, false imprisonment, falsification of evidence, spoliation of evidence, police perjury, witness tampering, police brutality, police corruption, racial profiling, unwarranted surveillance, unwarranted searches, and unwarranted seizure of property.
Chestnut Street Bridge (Detroit)
The Chestnut Street Bridge is located where Chestnut Street passes over the Dequindre Cut (formerly owned by the Grand Trunk Western Railroad) in Detroit, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Dequindre Cut
The Dequindre Cut is a below-grade pathway, formerly a Grand Trunk Western Railroad line, located on the east side of Detroit, Michigan, just west of St. Aubin Street. Much of the Cut has been converted to a greenway; the colorful graffiti along the pathway has been left in place.
Honora Burke
Honora Burke became Honora FitzJames, Duchess of Berwick on Tweed (c. 1675 – 1698), married Patrick Sarsfield and went into French exile where he followed her soon afterwards. After his death at the Battle of Landen, she married James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, an illegitimate son of James II. She may have introduced the country dance (contredanse anglaise) to the French court.

Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan
Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan (c. 1655 – August 1693) was an Irish army officer. Fatally wounded at the Battle of Landen on 29 July 1693 while serving in the French Royal Army, he died of his injuries several weeks later, and is now best remembered as an Irish patriot and military hero.

Born into a wealthy Catholic family, Sarsfield began his military career during the 1672 to 1674 Third Anglo-Dutch War. After fellow Catholic James II of England was deposed by the Glorious Revolution in November 1688, Sarsfield served as a senior commander in the Jacobite army during the 1689 to 1691 Williamite War in Ireland, and was elected to the 1689 Patriot Parliament.

Fighting in Ireland ended with the 1691 Treaty of Limerick. Under the agreement, thousands of Irish soldiers went into exile in France, and many served in Flanders during the Nine Years' War, including Sarsfield.
Argyn
The Argyn (Kazakh: Арғын, romanized: Arğyn) is a Turkic tribe (or clan) that constituents of the Kazakh ethnicity. The Argyn are a component of the Orta jüz (Орта жүз; "Middle Horde"). The most numerous tribe of the Middle Zhuz, which migrated from the Golden Horde to the Timurid Empire during the reign of Abu Sa'id Mirza, the great-grandson of Timur. The Argyns were one of the four most powerful bey clans (karachi-beks) of the Crimean Khanate, who had the authority to confirm the khans on the throne and were members of the Divan (Crimean Khanate state council) of the khanate, significantly influencing the foreign policy of Crimea.

Jüz
A jüz (Modern Kazakh tribes) (/ˈ(d)ʒ(j)uːz/; Kazakh: ءجۇز  / жүз, pronounced [ʒʉz], also translated as 'horde') is one of the three main territorial and tribal divisions in the Kypchak Plain area that covers much of the contemporary Kazakhstan. It represents the main tribal division within the ethnic group of the Kazakhs.

The  Senior jüz (Kazakh: ۇلى ءجۇز, Ұлы Жүз, romanized: Ūly Jüz) covers territories of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Xinjiang) and parts of Uzbekistan.

The  Middle jüz (Kazakh: ورتا ءجۇز, Орта жүз, romanized: Orta Jüz) consists of six tribes, covering northern, central and eastern Kazakhstan, and northwestern China.

The  Junior jüz (Kazakh: كىشى ءجۇز, Кіші жүз, romanized: Kışı Jüz)) consists of three tribes, covering western Kazakhstan and eastern European  Russia (Orenburg Oblast).
Cynetes
The Cynetes, Cynesians or Conii were one of the pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Lower Alentejo regions of southern Portugal, and the southern part of Badajoz and the northwestern portions of Córdoba and Ciudad Real provinces in Spain before the 6th century BC (in what part of this become the southern part of the Roman province of Lusitania). According to Justin's epitome, the mythical Gargoris and Habis were their founding kings.

Southwest Paleohispanic script
The Southwest Script, also known as Southwestern Script, Tartessian, South Lusitanian, and Conii script, is a Paleohispanic script used to write an unknown language typically identified as Tartessian. Southwest inscriptions have been found primarily in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula, mostly in the south of Portugal (specifically in the Algarve and southern Alentejo), but also in Spain (in southern Extremadura and western Andalusia).
Shilese Jones
Shilese Jones (born July 26, 2002) is an American artistic gymnast.  She was a member of the teams that won gold at the 2022 World Championships, 2023 World Championships, and the 2018 Pan American Championships. Individually she is the 2022 World all-around and uneven bars silver medalist and the 2023 World all-around and uneven bars bronze medalist. Jones is also a two-time U.S. National Champion on uneven bars (2022–2023) and the 2022 U.S. National Champion on floor exercise. She currently trains with Ascend Gymnastics.

2022 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships
The 2022 U.S. National Gymnastics Championships, known as the 2022 OOFOS U.S. Gymnastics Championships, was the 58th edition of the U.S. National Gymnastics Championships. The competition was held at Amalie Arena in Tampa, Florida from August 18–21, 2022.
Mathias Payer
Mathias Payer (born 1981) is a Liechtensteiner computer scientist. His research is invested in software and system security. He is Associate Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and head of the HexHive research group .

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
EPFL (officially no longer an acronym; originally short for French: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, lit. 'Federal School of Technology in Lausanne') is a public research university in Lausanne, Switzerland. Founded in 1969, the university primarily teaches and conducts research in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.

Like its sister institution ETH Zurich, EPFL is part of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology Domain, a consortium of universities and research institutes under the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research. As of 2024, EPFL enrolled 14,012 students from over 130 countries.

Students, faculty, and researchers affiliated with EPFL include a Nobel laureate, two Fields Medalists, two Pritzker Prize winners, and one Turing Award recipient. EPFL has an urban campus that extends alongside Lake Geneva, and includes the EPFL Innovation Park as well as university research centers and affiliated laboratories.
Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda
Thomas Aquino Manyo Maeda (Japanese: 前田万葉, Hepburn: Maeda Manyō) (born 3 March 1949) is a Japanese Catholic prelate who has served as Archbishop of Osaka-Takamatsu since 2023. He was previously Archbishop of Osaka from 2014 to 2023 and Bishop of Hiroshima from 2011 to 2014. Pope Francis elevated him to the cardinalate on 28 June 2018.

Archdiocese of Osaka-Takamatsu
34°40′43.71″N 135°31′39.18″E﻿ / ﻿34.6788083°N 135.5275500°E﻿ / 34.6788083; 135.5275500

The Archdiocese of Osaka-Takamatsu (Latin: Archidiocesis Osakensis-Takamatsuensis, Japanese: カトリック大阪高松大司教区, Katorikku Oosaka Daishikyouku) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Japan. Its episcopal see is the city of Osaka.
P.O.S (rapper)
Stefon Leron Alexander (born August 18, 1981), better known by his stage name P.O.S, is an American hip hop artist from Minneapolis. He has been a member of groups such as Doomtree, Building Better Bombs, Gayngs, Marijuana Deathsquads, Cenospecies, Four Fists, and Shredders.

Shredders (music group)
Shredders is an American hip hop group from Minneapolis, Minnesota. It consists of rappers P.O.S and Sims and producers Lazerbeak and Paper Tiger. The four are part of the Doomtree collective. The group's debut studio album, Dangerous Jumps, peaked at number 43 on Billboard's Independent Albums chart.