hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Inverse-Wishart distribution
In statistics, the inverse Wishart distribution, also called the inverted Wishart distribution, is a probability distribution defined on real-valued positive-definite matrices.  In Bayesian statistics it is used as the conjugate prior for the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution.

We say  follows an inverse Wishart distribution, denoted as , if its inverse  has a Wishart distribution . Important identities have been derived for the inverse-Wishart distribution.

Wishart distribution
In statistics, the Wishart distribution is a generalization of the gamma distribution to multiple dimensions. It is named in honor of John Wishart, who first formulated the distribution in 1928. Other names include Wishart ensemble (in random matrix theory, probability distributions over matrices are usually called "ensembles"), or Wishart–Laguerre ensemble (since its eigenvalue distribution involve Laguerre polynomials), or LOE, LUE, LSE (in analogy with GOE, GUE, GSE).

It is a family of probability distributions defined over symmetric, positive-definite random matrices (i.e. matrix-valued random variables). These distributions are of great importance in the estimation of covariance matrices in multivariate statistics. In Bayesian statistics, the Wishart distribution is the conjugate prior of the inverse covariance-matrix  of a multivariate-normal random vector.
New Mexico State Road 146
State Road 146 (NM 146) is a 19.157-mile-long (30.830 km), paved, two-lane state highway in Grant County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. NM 146's southern terminus is in  Hachita at the road's junction with NM 9. The road's northern terminus is in between Wilna and Separ at the road's junction with Interstate 10 (I-10) and U.S. Route 70 (US 70).

Interstate 10 in New Mexico
Interstate 10 (I-10) in the US state of New Mexico is a 164.264-mile-long (264.357 km) route of the Interstate Highway System. I-10 traverses southern New Mexico through Hidalgo, Grant, Luna, and Doña Ana counties. The Interstate travels east–west from the Arizona state line to the interchange with I-25 in Las Cruces, and then travels north–south to the Texas state line. US Route 80 (US 80) was replaced by I-10 in the state.
Jay Ruiz
Jaybee C. Ruiz (born April 1974) is a Filipino broadcaster, journalist, and artist who previously as the Secretary of the Presidential Communications Office from February 24, 2025 to July 10, 2025, succeeding acting Secretary Cesar Chavez. Ruiz is known for his extensive career in journalism, his contributions to media and public communication, and his advocacy for the arts.

Cesar Chavez (journalist)
Cesar Bermejo Chavez (born December 6, 1965) is a Filipino government official and former media executive currently serving as the chief of staff to Manila City Mayor Isko Moreno since June 30, 2025; a position he previously held in 2021.

Before returning as Moreno’s chief of staff, Chavez served as acting Secretary of the Presidential Communications Office, appointed by President Bongbong Marcos on September 5, 2024, succeeding Atty. Cheloy Garafil. He stepped down from the role on February 28, 2025.
Newbiggin, south Wensleydale
Newbiggin is a village and civil parish in Bishopdale, a side dale on the south side of Wensleydale, in the Yorkshire Dales in North Yorkshire, England.  The population was estimated at 80 in 2012.

The name Newbiggin derived from the words 'niwe', which is Old English for 'new' and 'bigging', a word from Middle English, said to mean 'building'. This translates to New Building in today's language.

Bishopdale, North Yorkshire
Bishopdale is a dale in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in North Yorkshire, England.  The dale is a side dale on the south side of Wensleydale, and extends for some 6 miles (10 km) south west from Aysgarth.  Bishopdale is also the name of a civil parish, which includes only the sparsely populated upper reaches of the dale, from the head of the dale as far downstream as Howesyke and Howgill Gill.
Gamble-Skogmo
Gamble-Skogmo Inc. was an American conglomerate of retail chains and other businesses that was headquartered in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Business operated or franchised by Gamble-Skogmo included Gambles hardware and auto supply stores, Woman's World and Mode O'Day clothing stores, J.M. McDonald department stores, Leath Furniture stores, Tempo and Buckeye Mart Discount Stores, Howard's Brandiscount Department Stores, Rasco Variety Stores, Sarco Outlet Stores, Toy World, Rasco-Tempo, Red Owl Grocery, Snyder Drug and the Aldens mail-order company.  In Canada, retail operations consisted of Macleods Hardware, based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Stedmans Department Stores, based in Toronto, Ontario. Gamble-Skogmo carried a line of home appliances, including radios, televisions, refrigerators, and freezers, under the Coronado brand name.

Red Owl (retail chain)
Red Owl was a grocery store chain in the United States, headquartered in Hopkins, Minnesota. Founded in 1922, it was initially owned and operated by a private investment firm affiliated with General Mills, and purchased in 1968 by Gamble-Skogmo.
Madame Cavé
Madame Cavé (1806, 1809 or 1810, – 1883) was a French painter and drawing professor. Born Marie-Élisabeth Blavot and also known as Marie Monchablon in her youth (from her mother's name), she married the painter Clément Boulanger and then, after Boulanger's death, Edmond Cavé—whom she also outlived.

Known as Madame Cavé during the July Monarchy due to her husband's official duties, she was equally friendly with Neoclassicist admirers of Ingres and with Romantic painters such as Delacroix, with whom she was friends. After she was widowed, she taught drawing to young women and published two teaching pamphlets on drawing and colour during the Second French Empire. She later also published reflections on women's conduct and place in society.

Clément Boulanger
For the Canadian clergyman, see Clément Boulanger (Jesuit priest).

Clément Boulanger, who was born at Paris in 1805, studied under Ingres, and died in 1842 at Magnesia ad Maeandrum in Asia Minor (According to the memorial inscription at St. Polycarp church in Smyrna). His pictures are chiefly historical, but he also painted landscapes and portraits. The following are some of the principal:

Bordeaux. Museum.

Portrait of Cardinal Donnet, Archbishop of Bordeaux. 1839.
The Vintage of Médoc.

Lille. Museum. Procession of the Corpus Domini (signed and dated ROMAE 1830).

Nantes. Museum. Procession of the 'Ardents.'  1842.

Toulouse. Museum. Procession of the 'Gargouille' at Rouen. 1837.

Versailles. Gallery. Entry of the French Army into Moutiers.

He was the first husband of the painter Marie-Élisabeth Blavot.
North Quincy station
North Quincy station is a rapid transit station in Quincy, Massachusetts. Located in North Quincy off Hancock Street (Route 3A), it serves the Braintree branch of the MBTA's Red Line. A major park-and-ride stop, it has over 1200 parking spaces for commuters. The station is fully accessible.

It opened in 1971 along with Wollaston and Quincy Center as the first section of the South Shore Line section of the Red Line. It is the only one of the four Red Line stations in Quincy not located at a former Old Colony Railroad station site; the Old Colony served Atlantic and Norfolk Downs stations short distances away.

Wollaston station
Wollaston station is a rapid transit station in Quincy, Massachusetts. Located in the Wollaston neighborhood, it serves the Braintree branch of the MBTA's Red Line. It was opened in September 1971 as the second of three stations in the original South Shore Extension, replacing a mainline rail station which had been located there from 1845 to 1959. Wollaston station was closed from January 8, 2018, to August 16, 2019, for renovations to the station, including flood mitigation and accessibility improvements.
Weak measurement
In quantum mechanics (and computation & information), weak measurement is a type of quantum measurement that results in an observer obtaining very little information about the system on average, but also disturbs the state very little. From Busch's theorem any quantum system is necessarily disturbed by measurement, but the amount of disturbance is described by a parameter called the measurement strength.

Weak measurement is a subset of the more general form of quantum measurement described by operators known as POVMs, where the strength of measurement is low. In the literature weak measurements are also known as unsharp, fuzzy, dull, noisy, approximate, and gentle measurements. Additionally weak measurements are often confused with the distinct but related concept of the weak value.

Weak value
In quantum mechanics (and computation), a weak value is a quantity related to a shift of a measuring device's pointer when usually there is pre- and postselection. It should not be confused with a weak measurement, which is often defined in conjunction. The weak value was first defined by Yakir Aharonov, David Albert, and Lev Vaidman in 1988, published in Physical Review Letters and is related to the two-state vector formalism. The first experimental realization came from researchers at Rice University in 1991. The physical interpretation and significance of weak values remains a subject of ongoing discussion in the quantum foundations and metrology literature.
Kue pastel
In Indonesia, kue pastel is a type of kue (snack food) filled with meat, vegetables, and rice vermicelli deep fried in vegetable oil. It is consumed as a snack and commonly sold in Indonesian traditional markets.

Pastels are derived from the Portuguese influence in Indonesia. It is a type of kue made of thin pastry crust, with a filling of meat (usually chicken or beef), vegetables (potatoes, carrots and bean sprouts), rice vermicelli, and sometimes boiled eggs, then deep fried in vegetable oil. It is consumed as a snack and is commonly sold in Indonesian traditional markets. The snack is very popular during iftar for Ramadan.

The similar Manadonese/North Sulawesi version replaces the thin flour pie crust with bread, and is filled with spicy cakalang (skipjack tuna). This variation of the snack is called panada.

The similar Riau Islands version of pastel is called epok-epok.

Empanada
An empanada is a type of baked or fried turnover consisting of pastry and filling, common in Spain, Portugal, other Southern European countries, North African countries, West African countries (where they are known as meatpies in Nigeria), South Asian countries, Latin American countries, and the Philippines. The name comes from the Spanish empanar (to bread, i.e., to coat with bread), and translates as 'breaded', that is, wrapped or coated in bread. They are made by folding dough over a filling, which may consist of meat, cheese, tomato, corn, or other ingredients, and then cooking the resulting turnover, either by baking or frying.
Ohio State Route 257
State Route 257 (SR 257, OH 257) is a 26.19-mile (42.15 km) north - south state highway in the central portion of the U.S. state of Ohio. The highway's southern terminus is in the northwestern Columbus suburb of Dublin at a roundabout intersection with U.S. Route 33 (US 33) and SR 161. This mainly two-lane highway follows the eastern side of the Scioto River from Dublin to its junction with US 42. After crossing over the river with the U.S. highway, SR 257 parallels the river's western bank. SR 257 has its northern terminus at a T-intersection with SR 47 on the western village limits of Prospect. SR 257 was created in 1926, and extended in 1935 and 1937.

Ohio State Route 161
State Route 161 (SR 161) is an east–west state highway in central Ohio. Its western terminus is in Mutual at State Route 29 and its eastern terminus is near Alexandria at State Route 37. It is 57.46 miles (92.47 km) long. State Route 161 passes through the northern parts of Columbus, Ohio's state capital, and a variety of towns including Plain City, Dublin, and New Albany.

The route was established in 1924 to connect Plain City and Dublin. It was later expanded to cover Mutual and Granville. Parts of SR 161 in Dublin and New Albany were upgraded to a freeway in 1969 and 1997.
Mélanie (rocket)
Mélanie is a French solid rocket motor, 16 cm in diameter, initially used as first stage of the Monica rocket.

There are two versions, Mélanie and "2Mélanie" (exact name unknown) :

The first version was used on Monica I, II and IVA; while the improved "2Melanie", with twice the propellant, was used on Monica III, IVB and V.

Melanie was later used in several ATEF and ONERA rockets. In the ONERA rockets, such as Daniel, Antarès and Berenice, Melanie was placed inside a 22 cm diameter cylindrical housing. This version delivered a total impulse of 48 kN.s with about 22 kilograms of propellant.

Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D)
The Antarès (OPd-56-39-22D) was a French multistage rocket designed by ONERA for reentry studies. In the late 1950s, the study of missile warhead reentry necessitated the development of a more robust rocket than the existing OR, VD and OPd series. The Antarès rocket, designated OPd-56-39-22D during its developmental phase, was designed to facilitate the study of kinetic heating on objects flying at speeds up to Mach 7.
Xiuhefu
Xiuhefu (Chinese: 秀禾服) is a two-piece garment set of attire which was designed to look like a style of traditional Chinese wedding dress and follows the traditional Chinese yichang clothing system. The Xiuhefu is a modern recreation version of the Qing dynasty wedding aoqun, a form of Hanfu, which was worn by the Han Chinese women, composed of a qun as lower garment and an ao as an upper garment. It was developed in modern China and became popular in 2001 when it was popularized by when Zhou Xun, the actress who played the role of Xiu He, in the Chinese television drama Juzi Hongle (橘子紅了; 'Orange turned red'), thus gaining its contemporary name from name of the television drama character. It is often confused with another traditional Chinese wedding dress known as qungua due to their similarities in appearance.

Ruqun
Ruqun (Chinese: 襦裙) is a set of traditional Han Chinese clothing which consists of a short jacket typically called rú (襦) worn under a long Chinese skirt called qún (裙). It has also become a general term to describe hanfu which consists of a separated upper garment and a wrap-around lower skirt, replacing the generic term yīcháng (衣裳).: 27  In this sense, ruqun can include the shanqun (衫裙) and aoqun (袄裙; 襖裙) in its definition.: 48–50 : 47–50, 54

The ruqun was worn by both men and women;: 48–50 : 47–50, 54  it was however primarily worn by women. It is the traditional Hanfu for the Han Chinese women. The aoqun and/or ruqun is the most basic set of clothing of Han Chinese women in China and has been an established tradition for thousands of years.: 47–50, 54  Various forms and style of Chinese trousers, referred broadly under the generic term ku, can also be worn under the ruqun.
Thom Hannum
Thomas Patrick "Thom" Hannum (born June 14, 1957)
is an American percussionist and music educator, known for being the former associate director of the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band. He previously served as interim director after the sudden death of bandleader George N. Parks while the Minuteman Band was on a trip to Michigan, and served in this position until 2011, when Timothy Todd Anderson was named the new director.

Hannum has long been regarded as one of the nation’s foremost marching percussion arrangers, instructors, and clinicians having presented numerous seminars and workshops.

George N. Parks
George N. Parks (May 23, 1953 – September 16, 2010) was the director of the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band at University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1977 until 2010. He also led the George N. Parks Drum Major Academy, a summer workshop program for high school drum majors that he founded in 1978.
Gymnasium (Denmark)
The Danish gymnasium offers a 3-year general academically-oriented upper secondary program which builds on the 9th-10th form of the Folkeskole and leads to the upper secondary school exit examination (the studentereksamen). This qualifies a student for admission to higher education Preparatory, subject to the special entrance regulations applying to the individual higher education programmes. Colloquially, gymnasium refers to what is formally called STX.

Apart from the common academic gymnasium, there are other types of occupation-oriented upper secondary education in Denmark. The main ones are højere handelseksamen or HHX ("Higher Commercial Examination Programme"), højere teknisk eksamen or HTX ("Higher Technical Examination Programme"), and højere forberedelseseksamen or HF ("Higher Preparatory Examination Programme").

Higher Preparatory Examination (HF)
The Higher Preparatory Examination (in Danish: Højere Forberedelseseksamen or HF) is a 2-year general upper secondary programme building on to the 10th form of the Folkeskole and leading to the higher preparatory examination (the HF-examination), which qualifies for admission to higher education, subject to the special entrance regulations applying to the individual higher education programmes.
Trans States Holdings
Trans States Holdings, Inc. is a privately owned airline holding company in the United States, which owns and operates GoJet Airlines. The holding company is headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri near St. Louis Lambert International Airport. The holding company formerly owned and operated Trans States Airlines and Compass Airlines until their cessation of operations on April 1, 2020, and April 5, 2020, respectively.

Trans States Airlines
Trans States Airlines was a regional airline in the United States that operated from 1982 until 2020, when it shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  It was owned by Trans States Holdings and headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. At the time of its closing, the airline operated flights for United Airlines under the United Express brand. Trans States Airlines ceased all operations on April 1, 2020.
Shafiqur Rahman
Shafiqur Rahman (Bengali: শফিকুর রহমান, romanized: Śôphikur Rôhômān; born 31 October 1958) is a Bangladeshi politician and physician who has been serving as the Leader of the Opposition since February 2026 and as the ameer (party leader) of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami since 2019.

Born in Kulaura, Rahman joined politics in student life by affiliating with the JaSaD Chhatra League in 1973, followed by the Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir in 1977. After graduation, he joined the Sylhet District unit of Jamaat-e-Islami party in 1984. Following ATM Azharul Islam's detention in 2011, he became the acting secretary-general of the party. In 2019, he was elected as the ameer of the party.

Rahman is known for his moderate position as a leader of an Islamist party. However, some of his remarks have become a topic of controversy.

A. T. M. Azharul Islam
A. T. M Azharul Islam is a Bangladeshi politician from the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. He contested the 1996, 2001, and 2008 elections for the Rangpur-2 constituency in the Jatiya Sangsad but did not win. He is the incumbent Jatiya Sangsad member representing the Rangpur-2 constituency.

He served as the party's secretary general until 2012, when he was arrested and charged with war crimes during the Bangladesh Liberation War by the country's International Crimes Tribunal (ICT). He was convicted by the ICT in 2014. His appeal was rejected by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in 2019, but he was acquitted after a review by the division in 2025.
Aegis Combat System
The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin.

Initially used by the United States Navy, Aegis is now used also by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Spanish Navy, Royal Norwegian Navy, Republic of Korea Navy, and Royal Australian Navy, and is planned for use by the Royal Canadian Navy. As of 2022, a total of 110 Aegis-equipped ships have been deployed, and 71 more are planned (see operators).

Aegis BMD (Ballistic Missile Defense) capabilities are being developed as part of the NATO missile defense system.

NATO missile defense system
The NATO missile defense system is a missile defense system being constructed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in several member states and around the Mediterranean Sea. Plans for this system have changed several times since first studied in 2002, including as a response to Russian opposition.
Facebook Zero
Facebook Zero is an initiative undertaken by social networking service company Facebook in collaboration with mobile phone-based Internet providers, whereby the providers waive data (bandwidth) charges (also known as zero-rate) for accessing Facebook on phones via a stripped-down text-only version of its mobile website (as opposed to the ordinary mobile website m.facebook.com that also loads pictures). The stripped-down version is available online only through providers who have entered the agreement with Facebook. Photos are not loaded by default. Users may still choose to view them by clicking through but regular data charges apply to photo use.

Zero-rating
Zero-rating is the practice of providing Internet access without financial cost under certain conditions, such as by permitting access to only certain websites or by subsidizing the service with advertising or by exempting certain websites from the data allowance.

Commentators discussing zero-rating present it often in the context of net neutrality. While most sources report that use of zero-rating is contrary to the principle of net neutrality, there are mixed opinions among advocates of net neutrality about the extent to which people can benefit from zero-rating programs while retaining net neutrality protections. Supporters of zero-rating argue that it enables consumers to make choices to access more data and leads to more people using online services, but critics believe zero-rating exploits the poor, creates opportunities for censorship, and disrupts the free market.
Carnival Luminosa
Carnival Luminosa (formerly Costa Luminosa) is a cruise ship operated by Carnival Cruise Line. Originally built as Costa Luminosa, the ship entered service on 5 May 2009. Her design is a hybrid, using elements of Spirit and Vista classes. A sister ship, Costa Deliziosa, was launched in February 2010 and is based on the same design. Costa Luminosa departed Civitavecchia, Italy, on 3 June 2009, on her 13-night maiden voyage, with ports of call in Savona, Saint-Tropez, Barcelona, Lisbon, Le Havre and Amsterdam.

On 14 June 2022, it was announced that Costa Luminosa would be transferred to the fleet of Carnival Cruise Line, receiving the name Carnival Luminosa. She began sailing for Carnival in November 2022.

Costa Deliziosa
Costa Deliziosa is a cruise ship flagship operated by the Italian cruise line Costa Crociere. Ordered in 2007 as part of a five-ship expansion of the Costa Cruises fleet, Costa Deliziosa was constructed by Fincantieri, launched in March 2009, and handed over to Costa Crociere in January 2010.