hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Diocese of Hallam
The Diocese of Hallam (Latin: Dioecesis Hallamensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in England. The diocese comprises the whole of the City of Sheffield, and the surrounding towns of Rotherham, Doncaster, Barnsley, Chesterfield, the Peak District and areas of Worksop and Retford. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Liverpool.

Archdiocese of Liverpool
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Liverpool (Latin: Archidioecesis Metropolitae Liverpolitana) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church that covers the Isle of Man and part of North West England. The episcopal see is Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. The archdiocese is the centre of the Ecclesiastical Province of Liverpool which covers the north of England as well as the Isle of Man.
Upper Yafa
Upper Yafa (Arabic: يافع العليا Yāfi‘ al-‘Ulyā), officially the State of Upper Yafa (Arabic: دولة يافع العليا Daulat Yāfiʿ al-ʿUlyā), was a military alliance in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia. It was ruled by the Harharah dynasty and its capital was Mahjaba, a small town on a hill located about 50km northeast of Habilayn. Upper Yafa was one part of Yafa'a, the other part being Lower Yafa.

The sultan of Upper Yafa had very little control over Upper Yafa's constituent sheikdoms, which had separate protectorate treaties with the British, and were free to disassociate from the policies of the Upper Yafa sheikh. The only time that the Upper Yafa sheikh held influence was during a crisis that threatened the independence of Upper Yafa's states, during which they would unite under the sultan. This meant that Upper Yafa was more akin to a military alliance than a genuine state.

Protectorate of South Arabia
The Protectorate of South Arabia (Arabic: محمية الجنوب العربي), also known as the Eastern Aden Protectorate, consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under treaties of protection with Britain. The area of the former protectorate became part of South Yemen after the Aden Emergency  and is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
Crofton Park
Crofton Park is a predominantly residential suburb in the London Borough of Lewisham.

It is the original site of the former agricultural hamlet of Brockley. It is located 5.3 miles (8.5 km) south east of Charing Cross, and is south of Brockley and north of Honor Oak. Major points of interest include the Rivoli Ballroom, the Brockley Jack Theatre and the Arts and Crafts Gothic church of St Hilda.

Crofton Park Ward is bordered by Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries to the north, and Garthorne Road Nature Reserve in the west with the London to Brighton railway running along the western boundary of the ward and a section of Ladywell Fields to the south east. The area also offers easy access to South East London Green Chain of walks. Nearby, between Honor Oak and Catford, is Blythe Hill Fields, one of a number of hills in south east London and which provide good views of Canary Wharf and the City of London.

Honor Oak
Honor Oak is an inner suburban area principally of the London Borough of Lewisham, with part in the London Borough of Southwark. It is named after the oak tree on One Tree Hill that Elizabeth I is reputed to have picnicked under.
Zhao Xing
Zhao Xing (Chinese: 趙興; pinyin: Zhào Xīng; Cantonese: Ziu6 Hing1, Vietnamese: Triệu Hưng, ? – 112 BC), was the second son of Zhao Yingqi and the fourth ruler of Nanyue. His rule began in 115 BC and ended with his death in 112 BC, when he was overthrown and killed by Lü Jia.

Lü Jia (Nanyue)
Lü Jia (Chinese: 呂嘉; Wade–Giles: Lü Chia; Jyutping: Leoi5 Gaa1; died 111 BC), or Lữ Gia in Vietnamese, also called Bảo Công (保公), was the prime minister of Nanyue (Nam Việt) during the reigns of its three last kings (Zhao Yingqi, Zhao Xing and Zhao Jiande). Lü overthrew and killed Zhao Xing and Queen Jiu of Nanyue. Eventually Lü was killed and defeated by Han forces.
Power usage effectiveness
For more energy efficiency metric on data centers, see Data center.

Power usage effectiveness (PUE) or power unit efficiency is a ratio that describes how efficiently a computer data center uses energy; specifically, how much energy is used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead that supports the equipment).

PUE is the ratio of the total amount of energy used by a computer data center facility to the energy delivered to computing equipment. PUE is the inverse of data center infrastructure efficiency.

PUE was originally developed by a consortium called The Green Grid. PUE was published in 2016 as a global standard under ISO/IEC 30134-2:2016

An ideal PUE is 1.0. Anything that isn't considered a computing device in a data center (e.g. lighting, cooling, etc.) falls into the category of facility energy consumption.

Data center infrastructure efficiency
Data center infrastructure efficiency (DCIE), is a performance improvement metric used to calculate the energy efficiency of a data center. DCIE is the percentage value derived, by dividing information technology equipment power by total facility power.
Norman yoke
The Norman yoke is a term denoting the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England, attributed to the impositions of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, his retainers and their descendants. The term was used in English nationalist and democratic discourse from the mid-17th century.

English nationalism
English nationalism is a nationalism that asserts that the English are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of English people. In a general sense, it comprises political and social movements and sentiment inspired by a love for English culture, language and history, and a sense of pride in England and the English people. English nationalists often see themselves as predominantly English rather than British.

At political level, some English nationalists – such as the English Democrats – have advocated self-government for England. This could take the form of either a devolved English parliament within the United Kingdom or the re-establishment of an independent sovereign state of England outside the United Kingdom.
2025 UEFA Nations League Finals
The 2025 UEFA Nations League Finals was the final tournament of the 2024–25 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the fourth season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA. The tournament was held from 4 to 8 June 2025 in Germany, and was contested by the four quarter-final winners from Nations League A. The tournament consisted of two semi-finals, a third place play-off and final to determine the champions of the UEFA Nations League.

Spain were the defending champions, having won the 2023 finals. Portugal won the final against Spain on penalties, following a 2–2 draw after extra time, for their second Nations League title.

2024–25 UEFA Nations League A
The 2024–25 UEFA Nations League A was the top division of the 2024–25 edition of the UEFA Nations League, the fourth season of the international football competition involving the men's national teams of the 55 member associations of UEFA. League A began with the league phase in September 2024, and culminated with the Nations League Finals in June 2025 to determine the champions of the competition.

For the first time, a quarter-final round was contested in League A by the group winners and runners-up, with the winners advancing to the Nations League Finals.

Spain were the defending champions, having won the 2023 finals.

Portugal won the final against Spain, 5–3 on penalties following a 2–2 draw after extra time, for their second UEFA Nations League title.
FC Brașov (2021)
Asociația Clubul Sportiv Fotbal Club Brașov – Steagul Renaște (Romanian pronunciation: [braˈʃov]), commonly known as FC Brașov or simply Brașov, was a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Brașov, Brașov County.

The team was formed in 2021 in order to become the legal successor of the original FC Brașov, which was dissolved five years earlier. The new entity has permission to use the original club brand and is supported by the local authorities; however, it has a continuity issue  and was directly enrolled in the Liga II on the berth of Corona Brașov, a former rival of the original club.

The Silviu Ploeșteanu Stadium has been the home ground of both the old and the new FC Brașov, and has a capacity of 8,800 seats.

CSM Corona Brașov (football)
Clubul Sportiv Municipal Corona Brașov, commonly known as Corona Brașov or simply as Corona, is a Romanian football team based in Brașov, Brașov County, currently competes in Liga IV – Brașov County, the fourth tier of the Romanian football.

The team represents the men's football section of the multi-sport club CSM Corona Brașov that include women's handball, ice hockey, men's basketball, ice skating, skiing, swimming, water polo, women's and men's volley sections.
Inflatable
An inflatable is an object that can be inflated with a gas, usually with air, but hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen are also used. One of several advantages of an inflatable is that it can be stored in a small space when not inflated, since inflatables depend on the presence of a gas to maintain their size and shape. Function fulfillment per mass used compared with non-inflatable strategies is a key advantage. Stadium cushions, impact guards, vehicle wheel inner tubes, emergency air bags, and inflatable space habitats employ the inflatable principle. Inflation occurs through several strategies: pumps, ram-air, blowing, and suction.

Although the term inflatable can refer to any type of inflatable object, the term is often used in boating to specifically refer to inflatable boats.

Inflatable boat
An inflatable boat is a lightweight boat constructed with its sides and bow made of flexible tubes containing pressurised gas. For smaller boats, the floor and hull are often flexible, while for boats longer than 3 metres (9.8 ft), the floor typically consists of three to five rigid plywood or aluminium sheets fixed between the tubes, but not joined rigidly together. Often the transom is rigid, providing a location and structure for mounting an outboard motor.

Some inflatable boats can be disassembled and packed into a small volume, so that they can be easily stored and transported. The boat, when inflated, is kept rigid cross-ways by a foldable removable thwart. This feature makes these boats suitable for liferafts for larger boats or aircraft, and for travel or recreational purposes.
Sonic Drift
Sonic Drift is a 1994 kart racing video game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Players control one of four characters as they race to the finish line, with 18 tracks themed after levels in 1991's Sonic the Hedgehog.

Although it was designed with inspiration from Nintendo's 1992 game Super Mario Kart, Sonic Drift shares gameplay similarities to "Super Scaler" games previously released by Sega. Sonic Drift was released exclusively in Japan; a western release was planned but later canceled due to concerns about its quality.  Sonic Drift was later released worldwide as part of Sonic Adventure DX in 2003 and the compilation game Sonic Mega Collection Plus in 2004. It was released again in 2023 as part of Sonic Origins Plus.

Reception to Sonic Drift was negative, with criticism for its gameplay and lack of difficulty. A sequel, Sonic Drift 2, was not confined to Japan and released the following year.

Sonic Drift 2
Sonic Drift 2, released in Europe as Sonic Drift Racing, is a 1995 kart racing video game developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. It is the sequel to Sonic Drift; unlike its predecessor, the game was released internationally. It added three characters: Knuckles, Fang the Sniper and Metal Sonic, marking the first playable appearance for the latter two characters. Sonic Drift 2 was later re-released via the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console, as well as in multiple compilation releases such as Sonic Adventure DX, Sonic Gems Collection, and Sonic Origins Plus.
Ramón Sender (composer)
Ramón Sender Barayón (born October 29, 1934) is a composer, visual artist and writer. He was the co-founder with Morton Subotnick of the San Francisco Tape Music Center in 1962. He is the son of Spanish writer Ramón J. Sender.

Morton Subotnick
Morton Subotnick (born April 14, 1933) is an American composer of electronic music, best known for his 1967 composition Silver Apples of the Moon, the first electronic work commissioned by a record company, Nonesuch.  He was one of the founding members of California Institute of the Arts, where he taught for many years.

Subotnick has worked extensively with interactive electronics and multi-media, co-founding the San Francisco Tape Music Center with Pauline Oliveros and Ramon Sender, often collaborating with his wife Joan La Barbara. Subotnick is one of the pioneers in the development of electronic music and multi-media performance and an innovator in works involving instruments and other media, including interactive computer music systems. Most of his music calls for a computer part, or live electronic processing; his oeuvre utilizes many of the important technological breakthroughs in the history of the genre.
Keighley & Worth Valley Railway
The Keighley & Worth Valley Railway (KWVR) is a 5-mile-long (8 km) heritage railway in the Worth Valley, West Yorkshire, England, which runs from Keighley to Oxenhope. It connects to the National Rail network at Keighley railway station.

Keighley railway station
Keighley railway station serves the market town of Keighley in West Yorkshire, England. The station is located on the Airedale line, 17 miles (27 km) north-west of Leeds. It provides electric services to Leeds, Skipton and Bradford Forster Square, operated by Northern, along with longer distance diesel services to Morecambe and Carlisle. The station is split in two: National Rail services operate from platforms 1 and 2, while platforms 3 and 4 are the northern terminus of heritage services to Oxenhope on the Keighley & Worth Valley Railway.
Skiatook, Oklahoma
Skiatook (Skī·ǎ·tōōk or Skī·ǎ·tǒǒk versus Skī·tōōk or Skī·tǒǒk) is a city in Osage and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma  located in the northeastern part of the state, approximately 20 miles north and west of Tulsa. Due to its location on the border between Osage County and Tulsa County, Skiatook has been referred to as "the Gateway to the Osage." The town includes the state highway junction of Oklahoma State Highway 11 and Oklahoma State Highway 20.
The population was 8,450 at the 2020 census, an increase of 14.24 percent over the figure of 7,397 recorded in 2010.

Osage County, Oklahoma
Osage County (/ˈoʊseɪdʒ/ OH-sayj) is the largest county by area in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Created in 1907 when Oklahoma was admitted as a state, the county is named for and is home to the federally recognized Osage Nation. The county is coextensive with the Osage Nation Reservation, established by treaty in the 19th century when the Osage relocated there from Kansas. The county seat is in Pawhuska, one of the first three towns established in the county. The total population of the county as of 2020 was 45,818.
CuriOdyssey
CuriOdyssey is a science museum and zoo in San Mateo, California containing animals and interactive science exhibits. CuriOdyssey is home to nearly 100 rescued animals, most native to California, that cannot survive in the wild. CuriOdyssey's exhibits include a science playground where kids play with scientific phenomena.

CuriOdyssey is a member of the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC) and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). CuriOdyssey also participates in the Museums for All program, offering free admission and reduced-cost membership to qualifying families.

San Mateo, California
San Mateo is the most populous city in San Mateo County, California, United States, on the San Francisco Peninsula. It is part of the San Francisco Bay Area metropolitan region, and is located about 20 miles (32 km) south of San Francisco. San Mateo borders Burlingame to the north, Hillsborough to the west, San Francisco Bay and Foster City to the east and Belmont to the south. The population was 105,661 at the 2020 census.  Some of the biggest economic drivers for the city include technology, health care and education.
Mindar
Mindar (Japanese: マインダー), also known as Android Kannon Mindar, is an android preacher at the Kōdai-ji temple in Kyoto, Japan. The humanoid robot regularly gives sermons on the Heart Sutra at the 400-year-old Zen Buddhist temple. It was created to represent and embody Kannon, a bodhisattva associated with compassion.

Mindar was designed through a collaboration between staff of Kōdai-ji and roboticists from Osaka University, including Hiroshi Ishiguro. Construction of the 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) tall android began in 2017 at Osaka University's robotics laboratory. Development of the android cost ¥25 million (US$227,250), while the total cost of the project was ¥100 million (US$909,090). Mindar was unveiled to the public at a ceremony in March 2019. Its 25-minute pre-programmed sermon was written by monks and addresses the Buddhist concepts of emptiness and compassion.

Hiroshi Ishiguro
Hiroshi Ishiguro (石黒浩, Ishiguro Hiroshi, born 23 October 1963) is a Japanese roboticist and engineer. He is the director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan. A notable development of the laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with lifelike appearance and visible behaviour such as facial movements.
North East 3
North East 3 was an English Rugby Union league which was at the ninth tier of the domestic competition and was available to teams in North East England.  Promoted teams moved up to North East 2 while relegated teams dropped to either Yorkshire 1 or Durham/Northumberland 1 depending on their location.

At the end of the 1999-2000 the division was cancelled along with North East 1, North East 2, and their counterparts North West 1, North West 2 and North West 3, due to northern league restructuring by the RFU.  Most teams in North West 3 were transferred to their relevant regional leagues - Yorkshire 1 or Durham/Northumberland 1 - although one side went into Yorkshire 2.

North East 2
North East 2 was an English Rugby Union league was at the eighth tier of the domestic competition when it was founded in 1987 and was available to teams in North East England.  Promoted teams moved up to North East 1 while relegated teams dropped to Durham/Northumberland 1 and latterly North East 3.  The division was abolished at the end of the 1999–2000 season due to RFU restructuring with teams being transferred to regional leagues such as Yorkshire 1 or Durham/Northumberland 1.
Wallball (children's game)
Wallball is a team sport played between a various number of players per team in which players hit a bouncy ball against a wall, using their hands. The game requires the ball to be hit to the floor before hitting the wall, but in other respects is similar to squash. One player on one team may bounce the ball against the wall so a player only on the opposing team cannot bounce it back to the wall. The last person to be holding the ball after everyone is out is the winner, and their team immediately wins the game. The game requires lots of motion, and especially benefits young athletes when playing mostly at schools.

Wallball is derived from many New York City street games played by young people, often involving the Spalding hi-bounce balls popular in the 1950s. The game is similar to Gaelic handball, butts up, aces-kings-queens, Chinese handball, Pêl-Law (Welsh handball), and American handball. Wallball is sometimes referred to as downball.

Chinese handball
Chinese handball is a form of American handball popular on the streets of New York City, Philadelphia, and Bridgewater during the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s and still played today, mostly in New York City, Philadelphia, and San Diego. Different variations are played around the world. Its defining feature is that, unlike traditional handball, in Chinese or indirect handball, for a shot to be valid, the ball must hit the ground before it hits the wall. Because it is often played with large or irregular numbers of players, it is considered a more social and accessible alternative to conventional American handball, especially in schoolyard settings.
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164 is an English tort law case on negligent misstatement.

In the case, Denning LJ delivered a dissenting judgment, arguing that a duty of care arose when making negligent statements. His dissenting judgment was later upheld by the House of Lords in Hedley Byrne v Heller 1963.

Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd is an English tort law case on economic loss in English tort law resulting from a negligent misstatement. Prior to the decision, the notion that a party may owe another a duty of care for statements made in reliance had been rejected, with the only remedy for such losses being in contract law. The House of Lords overruled the previous position, in recognising liability for pure economic loss not arising from a contractual relationship, applying to commercial negligence the principle of "assumption of responsibility".
Gaius Atinius Labeo (praetor 195 BC)
Gaius Atinius Labeo was tribune of the plebs in 196 BC, and carried a bill authorizing five colonies.  He also joined with the tribune Quintus Marcius Ralla in vetoing the attempt of the consul, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, to prevent peace with Philip.

In 195 BC, Atinius was praetor peregrinus. He may have been the author of the lex Atinia de usucapione.

Atinius seems to have been a different man from the Gaius Atinius Labeo who was praetor in Sicilia in 190 BC, and the Gaius Atinius who was praetor in Hispania Ulterior in 188.

Atinia gens
The gens Atinia was a minor plebeian family at ancient Rome, which came to prominence during the late Republic.  No members of this gens ever attained the consulship, although several were praetors in the early second century BC, beginning with Gaius Atinius Labeo 195.
Christopher Finch-Hatton, 15th Earl of Winchilsea
Christopher Guy Heneage Finch-Hatton (2 August 1911 – 7 March 1950) was the 15th Earl of Winchilsea and 10th Earl of Nottingham. He acceded to the titles in 1939 on the death of his father, Guy Finch-Hatton, 14th Earl of Winchilsea. His mother was Margaretta Armstrong Drexel, the daughter of banker Anthony Joseph Drexel of Philadelphia.

Guy Finch-Hatton, 14th Earl of Winchilsea
Guy Montagu George Finch-Hatton, 14th Earl of Winchilsea and 9th Earl of Nottingham OBE, DSC (28 May 1885 – 10 February 1939) was an English peer and banker. He was the elder brother of renowned big-game hunter Denys Finch-Hatton. His daughter married Whitney Straight of the American Whitney family and his son married a member of the Vanderbilt family.