hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hapke parameters
The Hapke parameters are a set of parameters for an empirical model that is commonly used to describe the directional reflectance properties of the airless regolith surfaces of bodies in the Solar System. The model has been developed by astronomer Bruce Hapke at the University of Pittsburgh.

The main parameters are:

— Single scattering albedo. This is the ratio of scattering efficiency to total light extinction (which includes also absorption), for small-particle scattering of light. That is, , where  is the scattering coefficient, and  is the absorption coefficient

— The width of the opposition surge.

or  — The strength of the opposition surge.

or g — The particle phase function parameter, also called the asymmetry factor.

— The effective surface tilt, also called the macroscopic roughness angle.

The Hapke parameters can be used to derive other albedo and scattering properties, such as the geometric albedo, the phase integral, and the Bond albedo.

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol , is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world light, in computer graphics algorithms, and in computer vision algorithms. The function takes an incoming light direction, , and outgoing direction,  (taken in a coordinate system where the surface normal  lies along the z-axis), and returns the ratio of reflected radiance exiting along  to the irradiance incident on the surface from direction . Each direction  is itself parameterized by azimuth angle  and zenith angle , therefore the BRDF as a whole is a function of  4 variables. The BRDF has units sr−1, with steradians (sr) being a unit of solid angle.
Bell Canyon Park
Bell Canyon Park is a large open-space regional park located in the Simi Hills at the western end of the San Fernando Valley in West Hills, Los Angeles and Bell Canyon, California. Bell Creek, a primary tributary to the Los Angeles River, flows through the park with riparian zone vegetation along its natural banks. The geographic landmark Escorpión Peak (Castle Peak) is high above it to the south in adjacent El Escorpión Park.

El Escorpión Park
El Escorpión Park is a three-acre (12,000 m2) park located in the Simi Hills of the western San Fernando Valley, in the West Hills district of Los Angeles, California. The park contains the geographic landmark known as Escorpión Peak or Castle Peak (kas'ele'ew picacho), a 1,475-foot-tall (450 m) rocky peak seen from most parts of the park and the surrounding community.
Dayawati Modi
Dayawati Modi (1915–1994) was an Indian philanthropist. She was the wife of industrialist Gujarmal Modi. She was referred to as Maji as a sign of respect and gratitude. She provided educational opportunities to women and children in Modinagar and elsewhere. She is the grandmother of Lalit Modi, the founder of the Indian Premier League (IPL).

Gujarmal Modi
Gujarmal Modi  (9 August 1902 – 22 January 1976) was an Indian industrialist and philanthropist who co-established the Modi Group of companies and the industrial city of Modinagar in 1933, along with his brother Kedar Nath Modi. A sugar mill in Modinagar marked the beginning of the Modi Group conglomerate, which later diversified into varied fields.

GM Modi established schools and colleges at his birthplace, Mahendragarh, in Patiala and in Modinagar. He also contributed in the field of higher education by giving grants to established institutions such as Banaras Hindu University, and different colleges in Meerut and other places. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India in 1968. He is the grandfather of Lalit Modi, the founder of the Indian Premier League (IPL).
Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup
The Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup is an international wheelchair rugby league tournament contested by the top national teams. The tournament was first held in Australia as part of the 2008 Festival of World Cups and was upgraded to a centrepiece event in 2021.

2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup
The 2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup was the fourth staging of the Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup, and was one of three major tournaments part of the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. The tournament was held in England from 3 November to 18 November 2022. It was originally planned to be held in November 2021 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England. It was the first occasion on which the wheelchair rugby league competition took place concurrently with the men's and women's tournaments. The competition was also the first time that participants in the wheelchair tournament received the same participation fees as players in the other competitions and the first time that prize money was awarded.

The tournament was won by England who beat France 28–24 in the final on 18 November 2022.
Eoalligator
Eoalligator is an extinct genus of alligatoroid crocodilian known from fragmentary remains that have been recovered from Late Cretaceous to Paleocene sediments of China. Fossils of the type and only species, Eoalligator chunyii, were first discovered in 1964 and described alongside the bones of Asiatosuchus nanlingensis. While one 2016 study eventually suggested that the two might in fact represent the same animal, more recent work has been published arguing that the two are in fact different. At one point a second species was also named, but has since placed in its own genus, Protoalligator. The relationship between Eoalligator and other crocodilians has repeatedly shifted: it was initially interpreted as an alligatorine, then for some time as a type of crocodyloid before being placed in the clade Orientalosuchina, a group of crocodilians with disputed affinities endemic to Asia during the Cretaceous and Paleogene.

Protoalligator
Protoalligator is an extinct genus of alligatoroid from the Paleocene Wanghudun Formation of China. It was first described as a species of Eoalligator in 1982 before being placed in its own genus in 2016. The name, which translates to "first alligator", was meant to carry on the same meaning as that of Eoalligator ("dawn alligator") as the latter was thought to be synonymous with another crocodilian by the team describing it. Recent studies have suggested that Protoalligator was part of an early radiation of alligatoroids endemic to Asia known as orientalosuchins, though not all studies agree with it being placed within this group nor with orientalosuchins being alligatoroids in the first place. Protoalligator is a monotypic genus, containing only the type species: Protoalligator huiningensis.
Denver–Aurora–Greeley combined statistical area
On July 21, 2023, the United States Office of Management and Budget defined the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area as comprising the ten-county Denver–Aurora–Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, the single-county Boulder, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the single-county Greeley, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population was 3,752,505 as of July 1, 2024, an increase of +3.56% since the 2020 United States Census, and ranking as the 17th most populous combined statistical area and the 19th most populous primary statistical area of the United States.

Boulder County, Colorado
Boulder County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 330,758. The most populous municipality in the county and the county seat is Boulder. Boulder County comprises the Boulder, Colorado Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area.
Ontario Hockey Association
The Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) is the governing body for the majority of junior and senior level ice hockey teams in the province of Ontario. Founded in 1890, the OHA is sanctioned by the Ontario Hockey Federation along with the Northern Ontario Hockey Association. Other Ontario sanctioning bodies along with the OHF include the Hockey Eastern Ontario and Hockey Northwestern Ontario. The OHA controls three tiers of junior hockey; the "Tier 2 Junior "A", Junior "B" , Junior "C", and one senior hockey league, Allan Cup Hockey.

In 1980, the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League vacated what was known as Tier I Junior "A" hockey.  The league is now known as the Ontario Hockey League.  Although it is not a charter member of the OHA, the OHL is affiliated with the OHA and Ontario Hockey Federation.

Hockey Eastern Ontario
Hockey Eastern Ontario (HEO), formerly the Ottawa District Hockey Association (ODHA) and the Ottawa and District Amateur Hockey Association (ODAHA), is the governing body of a variety of ice hockey Junior leagues and a minor hockey system based out of the Greater Ottawa area and Southwestern Quebec. It is one of thirteen regional branches of Hockey Canada.  The ODHA became HEO in the Summer of 2013.
Arkansas Highway 9
Arkansas Highway 9 (AR 9) is a designation for three state highways in Arkansas. One segment of 51.44 miles (82.78 km) runs from U.S. Route 79 (US 79) at Eagle Mills north to US 67 in Malvern. A second segment of 79.76 miles (128.36 km) runs from Highway 5 at Crows north to US 65 at Choctaw. A third segment of 94.41 miles (151.94 km) runs from US 65 in Clinton north to US 63 in Mammoth Spring. The route was created during the 1926 Arkansas state highway numbering, and has seen only minor extensions and realignments since. Pieces of all three routes are designated as Arkansas Heritage Trails for use during the Civil War and the Trail of Tears.

The Highway 9 designation also extends to two spur routes and one business route. All routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).

Arkansas Highway 5
Arkansas Highway 5 (AR 5) is a designation for three state highways in Arkansas. The southern segment of 45.84 miles (73.77 km) runs from U.S. Route 70 (US 70) east of Hot Springs north to Interstate 430 (I-430) in Little Rock.

A northern segment of 146.63 miles (235.98 km) runs from I-57 in Cabot north to the Missouri state line, including a lengthy overlap with Highway 25 between Heber Springs and Wolf Bayou. A portion of this route is designated as part of the Sylamore Scenic Byway. This segment also contained a former spur route in Mountain Home.

The Main Street Bridge in Little Rock carries a third, unsigned, Highway 5 designation. The bridge is 0.38 miles (0.61 km) in span.

All three routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Battlefield Heroes (film)
Battlefield Heroes (Korean: 평양성; RR: Pyeongyangseong) is a 2011 South Korean war comedy film directed by Lee Joon-ik. The film is a sequel to the 2003 film Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield and stars Jung Jin-young, Lee Moon-sik and Ryu Seung-ryong. The film is set in 668 and chronicles the war between the southern Korean state of Silla against the larger northern Korean state of Goguryeo. The film's box office returns were lower than expected in South Korea, which prompted Lee Joon-ik to announce his retirement shortly after the film's release. The film has been shown at the New York Asian Film Festival and Fantasia Festival.

Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield
Once Upon a Time in a Battlefield (Korean: 황산벌; RR: Hwangsanbeol) is a 2003 South Korean historical comedy film directed by Lee Joon-ik, centered around the Battle of Hwangsanbeol between Baekje and Silla in the 7th century. The film was the 8th most attended film of 2003 with 2,835,000 tickets sold nationwide. Its popularity spawned a sequel, titled Battlefield Heroes, which debuted in 2011, and takes place in the subsequent Silla-Tang invasion of Goguryeo.
Tororo Steel Mill
Tororo Steel Mill (TSM), a Ugandan factory that is under construction, is planned to be the largest manufacturer of steel in East Africa and Central Africa, when completed in 2027. Owned by the Devki Group, a Kenyan conglomerate that manufacturers construction materials, the steel mill has planned production capacity of one million tons annually. Construction of Tororo Steel Mill is budgeted at US$500 million.

Devki Group
The Devki Group of Companies, commonly referred to as the Devki Group, is a privately owned conglomerate in Kenya. Narendra Raval, a wealthy Kenyan industrialist and philanthropist, is a majority shareholder in each of the companies in the Group. The majority of the companies in the group focus on the manufacturing of building materials, including cement, aluminum and steel. The group has subsidiaries in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Société Belge de Banque
The Société Belge de Banque (SBB, lit. 'Belgian Banking Company') was a medium-sized Belgian bank, established in 1901 as the Banque Générale Belge (lit. 'General Belgian Bank'), renamed in 1932, and eventually merged in 1965 into the Société Générale de Banque.

Générale de Banque
The Générale de Banque (Dutch: Generale Bank) was a major Belgian bank, created in 1934 as a spin-off from the powerful financial conglomerate Société Générale de Belgique (SGB) in compliance with new Belgian legislation that mandated separation of commercial banking activities from investment holdings. It was initially named the Banque de la Société Générale de Belgique (referred to inside Belgium simply as the Banque de la Société Générale), then from 1965 to 1985 the Société Générale de Banque (Dutch: Generale Bankmaatschappij).

Upon establishment, it was the dominant bank in Belgium, with one-third of total banking assets, not counting other SGB-linked banking entities such as the Banque d'Anvers and the Banque Italo-Belge.: vii

In 1999, the Générale de Banque merged into Fortis Group, which itself became BNP Paribas Fortis following acquisition by BNP Paribas in 2008.
Antipodean albatross
The Antipodean albatross (Diomedea antipodensis) (Māori: Toroa) is a large seabird in the albatross family. Antipodean albatrosses are smaller than snowy albatrosses, and breed in predominantly brown plumage, but are otherwise difficult to distinguish from young snowy albatrosses (snowy albatrosses grow lighter in color with age, while the Antipodean stays darker).

Snowy albatross
The snowy albatross (Diomedea exulans), also known as the wandering albatross, white-winged albatross, or goonie, is a large seabird from the family Diomedeidae; they have a circumpolar range in the Southern Ocean. It is the largest species of albatross and was long considered to be the same species as the Tristan albatross and the Antipodean albatross. Together with the Amsterdam albatross, it forms the wandering albatross species complex, which some began referring to more recently as "snowy".

The snowy albatross is one of the two largest members of the genus Diomedea (the great albatrosses), being similar in size to the southern royal albatross. It has the greatest known wingspan of any living bird and is also one of the most far-ranging birds. Some individual snowy albatrosses are known to circumnavigate the Southern Ocean three times in one year, covering more than 120,000 km (75,000 mi).
White House Plumbers
The White House Plumbers, sometimes simply called the Plumbers, the Room 16 Project, ODESSA or more officially, the White House Special Investigations Unit, was a covert White House Special Investigations Unit, established within a week of the publication of the Pentagon Papers in June 1971, during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Its task was to stop and/or respond to the leaking of classified information, such as the Pentagon Papers, to the news media. The work of the unit "tapered off" after the bungled "Ellsberg break-in" but some of its former operatives branched into illegal activities while still employed at the White House together with managers of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President, including the Watergate break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal. The group has been described as Nixon's "fixers".

Committee for the Re-Election of the President
The Committee for the Re-election of the President (or the Committee to Re-elect the President, CRP, but often mocked by the acronym CREEP) was, officially, a fundraising organization of United States president Richard Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign during the Watergate scandal. In addition to fundraising, the organization also engaged in political sabotage against Nixon's opponents, the various Democratic politicians running in the election.
Norwich
Norwich (/ˈnɒrɪdʒ, -ɪtʃ/ ⓘ, "Norritch";) is a cathedral city and district of the county of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. It lies by the River Wensum, about 100 mi (160 km) north-east of London, 40 mi (64 km) north of Ipswich and 65 mi (105 km) east of Peterborough. The population of the Norwich City Council local authority area was estimated to be 144,000 in 2021, which was an increase from 143,135 in 2019. The wider Norwich built-up area had a population of 213,166 at the 2011 United Kingdom census.

Norwich the seat of the see of the Diocese of Norwich. For much of the second millennium, from medieval to just before industrial times, Norwich was one of the most prosperous and largest towns in England; it was second only to London. Today, it is the largest settlement in East Anglia.

River Wensum
The River Wensum is a chalk river in Norfolk, England and a tributary of the River Yare, despite being the larger of the two rivers. The river is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest and Special Area of Conservation.

The Wensum is the principal river on which the city of Norwich was founded. The river passes Carrow Road, the home of Norwich City F.C.; one end of the ground was originally named The River End in its honour, a name that still persists among fans.
DIA (supermarket chain)
Distribuidora Internacional de Alimentación, S.A. (DIA) is a Spanish multinational discount supermarket chain founded in 1979.

At the end of 2024 it had 3,346 stores, of which 2,310 were in Spain, 1,036 in Argentina and 590 in Brazil, with approximately 28,500 employees and a turnover of €6.9 billion.

Discount store
Discount stores are retail establishments that sell products at prices lower than the standard or recommended retail price. Discounters rely on bulk purchasing and efficient distribution to keep down costs. They include hypermarkets, "category killer" big box stores, warehouse club stores, discount grocery stores, dollar stores and variety stores.
Guðrúnarkviða I
Guðrúnarkviða I or the First Lay of Guðrún is simply called Guðrúnarkviða in Codex Regius, where it is found together with the other heroic poems of the Poetic Edda. Henry Adams Bellows considered it to be one of the finest of the eddic poems with an "extraordinary emotional intensity and dramatic force". It is only in this poem that Gjúki's sister Gjaflaug and daughter Gollrönd are mentioned, and the only source where Herborg, the queen of the Huns, appears. The Guðrún lays show that the hard-boiled heroic poetry of the Poetic Edda also had a place for the hardships of women.

Bellows considers it to be one of the oldest heroic lays and with very few Scandinavian additions. Brynhild's only role is the cause of Sigurd's death and Guðrún's enemy.

Alfred Tennyson's poem Home They Brought Her Warrior Dead was inspired by Benjamin Thorpe's translation of the lay.

Gjúki
Gibica, better know by his later legendary names Gjúki or Gibeche, was an early king of the Burgundians. He is attested as one of the earlier kings in the prologue to the Lex Burgundionum (516 AD); otherwise, nothing is known about the historical figure. In later Germanic heroic legend, he becomes the father of other Burgundian kings and figures, including Gunther/Gunnarr and Gudrun/Kriemhild. Depending on the text, he may also be the father of Giselher, Gernot, and/or Högni. Some German sources, including the Nibelungenlied, replace the name Gibeche with another name such as Dancrat.
Arkansas Highway 181
Highway 181 (AR 181, Ark. 181, and Hwy. 181) is a designation for five segments of state highways in Mississippi County. A western route of 2.24 miles (3.60 km) runs from U.S. Route 61 (US 61) in Bassett to Interstate 55 (I-55). A second route, consisting of four segments connected by other state highways, of a total length of 31.19 miles (50.20 km) begins at Highway 14 in Marie and runs north to Missouri SSR-NN.

Interstate 55 in Arkansas
Interstate 55 (I-55) is a north–south Interstate Highway that has a 72.22-mile (116.23 km) section in the US state of Arkansas connecting sections in Tennessee and Missouri. The route enters Arkansas on the Memphis & Arkansas Bridge over the Mississippi River from Memphis, Tennessee. It travels northward through northeast Arkansas, connecting the cities of West Memphis and Blytheville. I-55 continues into Missouri heading to St. Louis, Missouri. The highway overlaps I-40 in West Memphis and has a junction with I-555, a spur route to Jonesboro, in Turrell. For the majority of its routing through Arkansas, I-55 generally follows U.S. Highway 61 (US 61) and has a 67.08-mile (107.95 km) long concurrency with US 78 from the Tennessee state line in Memphis to Blytheville for most of its length.
Delphian Club
The Delphian Club was an early American literary club active between 1816 and 1825. The focal point of Baltimore's literary community, Delphians like John Neal were prodigious authors and editors. The group of mostly lawyers and doctors gathered weekly to share refreshments and facetious stories, with many of their works being published in The Portico magazine. The club's structure and terminology were inspired by classical antiquity and comical verbosity. Sixteen men claimed membership over the club's nine-year run, with no more than nine serving at a time. Edgar Allan Poe satirized the group in his unpublished Tales of the Folio Club in the 1830s.

The Portico
The Portico: A Repository of Science & Literature (1816–1818) was a short-lived Baltimore literary journal founded and edited by Stephen Simpson and Tobias Watkins. The monthly journal was formed to publish the members of a small Baltimore literary society, called the Delphian Club. The Portico's contributors include John Pierpont, a poet, and John Neal, a poet, novelist, and journalist who went on to write for English periodicals such as Blackwood's Magazine and to serve as editor of several American papers.

The Portico regularly offered reviews of contemporary British and American works, humorous and serious essays on wide-ranging subjects, and original poetry and fiction. The journal's promotion of American literature through generous reviews of contemporary American works and authors made it one of the most important contributors to early American literary nationalism.
Digital organism
A digital organism is a self-replicating computer program that mutates and evolves.  Digital organisms are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution, and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical models of evolution.  The study of digital organisms is closely related to the area of artificial life.

Artificial life
Artificial Life, also referred to as ALife or A-Life, is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. The discipline was named by Christopher Langton, an American computer scientist, in 1986. In 1987, Langton organized the first conference on the field, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. There are three main kinds of artificial life, named for their approaches: soft, from software; hard, from hardware; and wet, from biochemistry. Artificial life researchers study traditional biology by trying to replicate aspects of biological phenomena.