hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)
The title Surgeon-General has been used for different purposes at different times in the United Kingdom. Initially it was the designation of a director of the Army's medical services. Subsequently it was a senior rank in the Army Medical Department (and, briefly, in the Royal Navy). Having lapsed after the First World War, the title was again revived in the late 20th century for the most senior uniformed medical officer in the British Armed Forces. Currently, it pertains to a senior uniformed medical officer, working under the Director General Defence Medical Services.

Defence Medical Services
The Defence Medical Services (DMS) is an umbrella organisation within the Ministry of Defence in the United Kingdom. It describes the Royal Navy Medical Service, Army Medical Services and RAF Medical Services. The Defence Medical Services Group and Headquarters DMS is part of Strategic Command, although with the exception of civilian staff, the personnel contained in it are each part of their respective three Services.
Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Salisbury, North Carolina)
Sacred Heart Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church on Lumen Christi Lane in Salisbury, North Carolina, United States. The building cost $9.4 million, has 12,083 square feet (1,122.5 m2) and measures 60 by 170 feet (52 m), seating 760, on 107 acres (0.43 km2) of land. The church held a dedication mass on December 19, 2009. Sacred Heart has about 1000 registered families.

Diocese of Charlotte
The Diocese of Charlotte (Latin: Dioecesis Carolinana) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in western North Carolina in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Atlanta. Its mother church is the Cathedral of Saint Patrick in Charlotte.
WUPW
WUPW (channel 36) is a television station in Toledo, Ohio, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by American Spirit Media, which maintains a joint sales agreement (JSA) with Tegna Inc., owner of CBS affiliate WTOL (channel 11), for the provision of certain services. The two stations share studios on North Summit Street in downtown Toledo; WUPW's transmitter is located on Corduroy Road in Oregon, Ohio.

Tegna Inc.
Tegna Inc. (stylized in all caps as TEGNA) is an American publicly traded broadcast, digital media and marketing services company headquartered in Tysons, Virginia. It was created on June 29, 2015, when the Gannett Company split into two publicly traded companies. Tegna comprised the more profitable broadcast television and digital media divisions of the old Gannett, while Gannett's publishing interests were spun off as a "new" company which retained the Gannett name (later renamed to the USA Today Co.). Tegna owns or operates 68 television stations in 54 markets, and holds properties in digital media.

In terms of audience reach, Tegna is the largest group owner of NBC-affiliated stations, ahead of Hearst Television and Sinclair Broadcast Group. Tegna is the fourth-largest group owner of ABC affiliates, behind Hearst, the E. W. Scripps Company, and Sinclair. Tegna also owns two digital multicast networks (True Crime Network and Quest).
Roger Rivière
Roger Rivière (French pronunciation: [ʁɔʒe ʁivjɛʁ]; 23 February 1936 – 1 April 1976) was a French track and road bicycle racer. He raced as a professional from 1957 to 1960.

Rivière, a time trialist, all-around talent on the road, and a three-time world pursuit champion on the track, lost his career to injury. He was considered to have a chance of winning the 1960 Tour de France but crashed on the Col de Perjuret descent of Mont Aigoual in the Massif Central while following leader Gastone Nencini. Rivière hit a guard-block on the edge of the road, falling 20 meters into a ravine. He landed in brush, breaking two vertebrae. The injury permanently disabled Riviére, confining him to a wheelchair and ending his career.

Gastone Nencini
Gastone Nencini (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaˈstoːne nenˈtʃiːni]; 1 March 1930 – 1 February 1980) was an Italian road racing cyclist who won the 1960 Tour de France and the 1957 Giro d'Italia.

Nicknamed Il Leone del Mugello, "The Lion of Mugello" (from his birthplace Barberino di Mugello, near Florence), Nencini was a powerful all-rounder, particularly strong in the mountains.

He was an amateur painter and a chain smoker. He was a gifted descender. "The only reason to follow Nencini downhill would be if you had a death wish", said the French rider Raphaël Géminiani. It was in trying to follow Nencini down a mountain on Stage 14 of the 1960 Tour de France that Roger Rivière missed a bend, crashed over a wall and broke his spine.
Al-Fotuwa SC
Al-Fotuwa Sports Club (Arabic: نادي الفتوة الرياضي) is a Syrian professional football club based in the city of Deir ez-Zor that competes in the Syrian Premier League, the top flight of Syrian football. Nicknamed "the Blue Knight" (Arabic: الفارس الأزرق) or Azzurri Deir ez-Zor, Al-Fotuwa have won four Premier League titles and four Cup titles. It was founded in 1930 in Deir ez-Zor.

Syrian Cup
The Syrian Cup (Arabic: كأس سوريا) is Syria's premier knockout Cup tournament in men's football. It was first contested in 1959. Al-Ittihad SC have won the competition on 10 occasions. The final was first played in the 1960-61 season during the UAR era and was won by Al-Majd SC. The tournament has been held annually since then, except for the 1963, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977 seasons.

The record for consecutive wins in the competition is four titles, only two teams, Al-Karamah and Al-Fotuwa, have achieved that. Al-Ittihad are the current title holders.
South Korean identity card
Korean citizens are issued a national ID card (Korean: 주민등록증; Hanja: 住民登錄證; RR: jumin deungnokjeung; MR: Chumin tŭngnokchŭng) when they reach the age of 18. This card contains a unique Resident registration number (Korean: 주민등록번호; Hanja: 住民登錄番號; RR: jumin deungnok beonho; MR: chumin tŭngnok pŏnho). The first six numbers indicate the citizen's date of birth, in the format YYMMDD, for example, someone born on 1980 August 15 would have 800815 as the first six digits. The last seven numbers includes information such as where the birth was registered. This resident registration number is used by Korean citizens and foreign nationals for all forms of record-keeping.

Resident registration number
In South Korea, a resident registration number (RRN) (Korean: 주민등록번호; Hanja: 住民登錄番號; RR: jumin deungnok beonho) is a 13-digit number issued to all residents of South Korea regardless of nationality. Similar to national identification numbers in other countries, it is used to identify people in various private transactions such as banking and employment. It was also used extensively for online identification purposes, but after 2013 resident registration number cannot be used for identification unless other laws require processing resident registration numbers. Foreign nationals receive a foreign resident number (외국인등록번호) upon registration with the local immigration office.

Every South Korean citizen within a month of their 17th birthday registers their fingerprint at the government local office and is issued the Resident Registration Card (주민등록증) that contains their name, registration number, home address, fingerprint, and photograph.
Theory (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, a theory (also called a formal theory) is a set of sentences in a formal language. In most scenarios a deductive system is first understood from context, giving rise to a formal system that combines the language with deduction rules. An element  of a deductively closed theory  is then called a theorem of the theory. In many deductive systems there is usually a subset  that is called "the set of axioms" of the theory , in which case the deductive system is also called an "axiomatic system". By definition, every axiom is automatically a theorem. A first-order theory is a set of first-order sentences (theorems) recursively obtained by the inference rules of the system applied to the set of axioms.

Formal system
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms.

In 1921, David Hilbert proposed to use formal systems as the foundation of knowledge in mathematics.
However, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved that any consistent formal system sufficiently powerful to express basic arithmetic cannot prove its own completeness. This effectively showed that Hilbert's program was impossible as stated.

The term formalism is sometimes a rough synonym for formal system, but it also refers to a given style of notation, for example, Paul Dirac's bra–ket notation.
Beginner's Luck (1935 film)
Beginner's Luck is a 1935 Our Gang short comedy film directed by Gus Meins.  It was the 135th Our Gang short to be released. It was also the first short for seven-year-old  Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer and his ten-year-old brother  Harold Switzer to appear.

Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer
Carl Dean Switzer (August 7, 1927 – January 21, 1959) was an American child actor, comic singer, dog breeder, and guide. He was best known for his role as Alfalfa in the Our Gang series of short-subject comedies.

Switzer (rhyming with "Schweitzer", as pronounced in the Our Gang shorts Framing Youth and Alfalfa's Aunt) began his career as a child actor in 1934. He appeared in the Our Gang shorts as Alfalfa, one of the series' most popular and best-remembered characters. After outgrowing the series in 1940, Switzer struggled to find substantial roles, but was typecast as a juvenile actor. As an adult, he appeared mainly in bit parts and B-movies. He later became a dog breeder and hunting guide.

Switzer married heiress Diantha Collingwood in 1954 and they had one son. He was shot and killed by Moses "Bud" Stiltz in 1959 due to a disagreement regarding a business arrangement.
The Itchyworms
The Itchyworms is a Filipino rock band. The band is composed of Jugs Jugueta on Vocals and Guitar, Jazz Nicolas on Vocals and Drums, Kelvin Yu on Bass and Vocals, Chino Singson on Lead Guitar, Weckl Mercado on Guitar and Vocals and Michael Vargas on Vocals, Keyboards, Violin, Acoustic Guitar, and Percussion. The group made their name in the OPM (Original Pilipino Music) scene in 2006 with their second album, Noontime Show, with songs such as "Akin Ka Na Lang" and "Beer".

Jugs Jugueta
Eric Rommel Jugueta (born January 21, 1979) is a Filipino musician, songwriter, and television presenter. He is the co-lead vocalist and founding member of the rock band the Itchyworms. He is also a regular host and judge on ABS-CBN's noontime variety show It's Showtime.
Waw an Namus
Waw an Namus (also spelled Wau-en-Namus, Arabic: واو الناموس) is a volcano in Libya. Of either Pleistocene or Holocene age, it is located within the eastern Fezzan region. The origin of the volcanism there and at Al Haruj farther north is not clear. Radiometric dating has yielded an age of about 200,000 years, but other circumstantial evidence points to a formation of the volcano during Holocene or even historical times.

Waw an Namus is characterized by a caldera surrounded by an apron of dark tephra, which has a notable colour contrast to the surrounding desert terrain of the Sahara. A smaller crater lies northwest of the Waw an Namus caldera. The caldera itself contains a scoria cone. Several small lakes and associated vegetation are located within the caldera.

Tephra
Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size, or emplacement mechanism.

Volcanologists also refer to airborne fragments as pyroclasts. Once clasts have fallen to the ground, they remain as tephra unless hot enough to fuse into pyroclastic rock or tuff. When a volcano explodes, it releases a variety of tephra including ash, cinders, and blocks. These layers settle on the land and, over time, sedimentation occurs incorporating these tephra layers into the geologic record.

Tephrochronology is a geochronological technique that uses discrete layers of tephra—volcanic ash from a single eruption—to create a chronological framework in which paleoenvironmental or archaeological records can be placed. Often, when a volcano explodes, biological organisms are killed and their remains are buried within the tephra layer. These fossils are later dated by scientists to determine the age of the fossil and its place within the geologic record.
Gepirone
Gepirone, sold under the brand name Exxua, is a medication used for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It is taken orally.

Side effects of gepirone include dizziness, nausea, insomnia, abdominal pain, and dyspepsia (indigestion). Gepirone acts as a partial agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. An active metabolite of gepirone, 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine, is an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Gepirone is a member of the azapirone group of compounds.

Gepirone was synthesized by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1986 and was developed and marketed by Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals. It was approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in the United States in September 2023. This came after the drug had been rejected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) three times over two decades due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness.

Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals
Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals is a pharmaceutical company that specializes in the development of psychotropic drugs. Products in their current development pipeline include gepirone and FKB01MD for major depression, gepirone and FKW00GA for social anxiety disorder, gepirone for hypoactive sexual desire disorder, FKF02SC for schizophrenia, and FKK01PD for Parkinson's disease.

The company has also conducted clinical studies on a gepirone extended release formulation for major depression.

In 2007, Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals along with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) received a 'not approvable' letter from the US Food and Drug Administration, for a gepirone extended release drug, an antidepressant treatment for adults.
Elena Neill
Elena Joy Neill (née Tice, born 16 November 1997), also referred to as Lena Tice, is an Ireland women's field hockey international. She was a member of the Ireland team that played in the 2018 Women's Hockey World Cup final. Tice is also an Ireland women's cricket international. She was a dual Ireland women's cricket and field hockey international by the age of 17. In 2011, she made her senior international cricket debut, aged just 13 years and 272 days. As a result, after Pakistan's Sajjida Shah, Tice became the second youngest player in the history of cricket, male or female, to make their international debut playing in an official One Day International or Twenty20 International. She also represented Ireland at the 2014 ICC Women's World Twenty20. Tice has also won Irish Senior Cup and Women's Irish Hockey League titles with UCD Ladies' Hockey Club.

UCD Ladies' Hockey Club
UCD Ladies' Hockey Club is a women's field hockey club in Dublin, Ireland, operating within University College Dublin. In addition to playing in Colours matches with Dublin University and competing in intervarsity tournaments, the club also enter teams in the Women's Irish Hockey League, the Irish Senior Cup and the Irish Junior Cup. During the 2010s UCD has emerged as one Ireland's strongest teams in women's field hockey, winning three Irish Hockey League titles  and four Irish Senior Cups. UCD has also represented Ireland in the 2015 and 2018 EuroHockey Club Champions Cups.
Vinerian Scholarship
The Vinerian Scholarship is a scholarship given to the University of Oxford student who "gives the best performance in the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Civil Law". Currently, £2,500 is given to the winner of the scholarship, with an additional £950 awarded at the examiners' discretion to a proxime accessit (runner-up).

The Vinerian Scholarship is the most prestigious law scholarship awarded by the University of Oxford. Past award holders have distinguished themselves in the judiciary, legal practice, academia, civil service and in other fields. The list of scholars includes four Law Lords (Lord Uthwatt, Lord Hoffmann, Lord Edmund-Davies and Lord Saville of Newdigate), and justices of the highest courts in Australia (Dyson Heydon and Patrick Keane), Canada (Ronald Martland) and South Africa (Edwin Cameron).

Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann
Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann GBS PC (born 8 May 1934) is a senior South African–British judge. Currently, he serves as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong; he formerly served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009.

Well known for his lively decisions and willingness to break with convention, Hoffmann has had an especially large impact on the interpretation of contracts, shareholder actions in UK company law, in restricting tort liability for public authorities, human rights and intellectual property law, in particular patents.
Windsor, Virginia
Windsor is an incorporated town in Isle of Wight County in the Hampton Roads region of southeastern Virginia,  United States. It is located near the crossroads of U.S. routes 460 and 258. As of the 2020 census, Windsor had a population of 2,746.

U.S. Route 258
U.S. Route 258 (US 258) is a spur of US 58 in the U.S. states of North Carolina and Virginia.  The U.S. Highway runs 220.15 miles (354.30 km) from US 17 Business and NC 24 Business in Jacksonville, North Carolina north to Virginia State Route 143 (SR 143) at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia.  In North Carolina, US 258 connects Jacksonville with the Inner Banks communities of Kinston, Snow Hill, Farmville, Tarboro, and Murfreesboro.  The U.S. Highway continues through the Virginia city of Franklin, where the highway intersects US 58, and the town of Smithfield on its way to the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.  US 258 crosses the James River on the James River Bridge and follows Mercury Boulevard through Newport News and Hampton.
81st Troop Carrier Squadron
The 81st Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last assignment was with the 436th Troop Carrier Group, based at Grenier Air Force Base, New Hampshire.  It was inactivated on 16 Nov 1957.

436th Operations Group
The 436th Operations Group is an active United States Air Force unit. It is the flying component of the Eighteenth Air Force 436th Airlift Wing, stationed at Dover Air Force Base, Delaware.

The unit's World War II predecessor unit, the 436th Troop Carrier Group was a C-47 Skytrain transport unit assigned to Ninth Air Force in Western Europe. The group earned the Distinguished Unit Citation for its first missions 6–7 June, the Normandy Invasion. On subsequent missions the 436th dropped troops and supplies and inserted gliders into Southern France and the Netherlands. In March 1945, the unit was a part of the Allied push across the Rhine and into Germany's heartland. Following the war, the 436th evacuated patients and prisoners of war until it was inactivated in November 1945.
Rabia Sultan
Rabia Sultan (Turkish pronunciation: [ɾabiˀa suɫtʰan]; Ottoman Turkish: رابعه سلطان, "spring"; died 14 January 1712) was the main consort of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed II and the last Haseki sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1692 to 1695. She was the last woman to held the title and position of Haseki sultan before it was abolished by Sultan Mustafa II.

Haseki sultan
Haseki Sultan (Ottoman Turkish: خاصکى سلطان, romanized: Hāṣekī Sulṭān, Turkish pronunciation: [haseˈci suɫˈtaːn]) was a title used for the favorite of an Ottoman sultan. It was created for Hürrem Sultan, the legal wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. The title lost its exclusivity under Ibrahim, who bestowed it upon eight women simultaneously, but continued to be used until the 17th century, when kadın became the highest-ranking title for imperial concubines.
Isère
Isère (US: /iːˈzɛər/ ee-ZAIR; French: [izɛʁ] ⓘ; Arpitan: Isera; Occitan: Isèra, Occitan pronunciation: [iˈsɛɾa]) is a landlocked department in the southeastern French region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Isère, it had a population of 1,271,166 in 2019. Its prefecture is Grenoble. It borders Rhône to the northwest, Ain to the north, Savoie to the east, Hautes-Alpes to the south, Drôme and Ardèche to the southwest and Loire to the west.

Rhône (department)
Rhône (French: [ʁon] ⓘ; Arpitan: Rôno) is a French department located in the east-central administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Named after the river Rhône, its prefecture is Lyon. Its sole subprefecture is Villefranche-sur-Saône. Including the Lyon Metropolis, it had a population of 1,875,747 in 2019.
Instant Karma (record label)
Instant Karma is an independent record label created by former Warner Music Group chairman and head of the BPI, Rob Dickins, in 1999.
The label was founded by Dickins after his resignation from Warner Music, where he gained fame for his track record of signing female vocalists such as Enya and the Corrs. Instant Karma's first release was Helicopter Girl's How to Steal the World album in June 2000; the label received attention for the fact that its very first release was short-listed for the Mercury Prize. Helicopter Girl signed with Instant Karma on the condition that she be permitted not to tour.

Dickins noted that he was pleased to have How to Steal the World as the label's "calling card", but that he planned other releases to have more immediate commercial appeal.

The label was funded by Sony Music UK. British DJ/producer K-Gee's first solo single and album were released on Instant Karma in October 2000 and October 2002, respectively.

Helicopter Girl
Helicopter Girl (born 15 August 1963) is the stage name of Jacqueline Margaret "Jackie" Joyce, a musician from Perth, Scotland. She was born to a Scottish mother and Ghanaian father. She was previously a member of the groups Mouth Music and Ambisonic.
The Abbey (bar)
The Abbey Food and Bar is a gay bar in West Hollywood, California. The Abbey is a core part of LGBT culture in Los Angeles, and has expanded several times since its establishment in 1991. In 2016, the Abbey opened the adjacent nightclub The Chapel at the Abbey.

In 2006, owner and founder David Cooley sold a 75-percent stake of the Abbey to SBE Group. Nine years later, he re-bought the stake, becoming sole owner. In 2023, Cooley sold the Abbey and the Chapel to Tristan Schukraft.

As of 2021, the Abbey has 275 employees.

West Hollywood, California
West Hollywood is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Incorporated in 1984, it is home to the Sunset Strip, and located between the cities of Los Angeles and Beverly Hills. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 35,757.
Peter Littlewood
Peter Brent Littlewood, FRS (born 18 May 1955) is a British physicist and Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago. He was the 12th Director of Argonne National Laboratory. He previously headed the Cavendish Laboratory as well as the Theory of Condensed Matter group and the Theoretical Physics Research department at Bell Laboratories. Littlewood served as the founding chair of the board of trustees of the Faraday Institution from 2018 to 2024.

Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the School of Physical Sciences. The laboratory was opened in 1874 on the New Museums Site as a laboratory for experimental physics and is named after the British chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish. The laboratory has had a huge influence on research in the disciplines of physics and biology.

The laboratory moved to a new site in West Cambridge in 1974.  In 2025 it moved again to the Ray Dolby Centre, still in West Cambridge.

As of 2019, 30 Cavendish researchers have won Nobel Prizes. Notable discoveries to have occurred at the Cavendish Laboratory include the discovery of the electron, neutron, and structure of DNA.