hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charaxes imperialis
Charaxes imperialis, the imperial blue charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia.

Charaxes smaragdalis
Charaxes smaragdalis, the western blue charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Senegal to Somalia, from Angola to Kenya and from Sudan to Egypt.

The butterfly's wingspan is 85 to 100 mm.
Vince Dizon
Vivencio "Vince" Bringas Dizon GCrL (born August 18, 1974) is a Filipino economist, consultant, and political aide who has served as the secretary of public works and highways since 2025 on an ad interim basis under President Bongbong Marcos. He previously served as the 41st secretary of transportation under President Marcos from February to September 2025. He also served as President Rodrigo Duterte's adviser on flagship programs and projects, deputy chief implementer of the National Action Plan Against COVID-19, and president and CEO of the Bases Conversion and Development Authority.

Order of Lakandula
The Order of Lakandula (Filipino: Orden ni Lakandula) is one of the highest civilian orders of the Philippines, established on September 19, 2003. It is awarded for political and civic merit and in memory of Lakandula’s dedication to the responsibilities of leadership, prudence, fortitude, courage and resolve in the service of one’s people.
Kurdish literature
Kurdish literature (Kurdish: وێژەی کوردی, romanized: Wêjeya kurdî or ئەدەبی کوردی) is literature written in the Kurdish languages. Literary Kurdish works have been written in each of the six main Kurdish languages: Zaza, Gorani, Kurmanji, Sorani, Laki and Southern Kurdish. Balül, a 9th-century poet and religious scholar of the Yarsani faith, is the first well-known poet who wrote in Gorani Kurdish. Ehmedê Xanî (1650–1707) is probably the most renowned of the old Kurdish poets. He wrote the romantic epic Mem û Zîn in Kurmanji, sometimes considered the Kurdish national epic. Sorani poetry developed mainly after the late 18th century.

Most written Kurdish literature was poetry until the 20th century, when prose genres began to be developed.

Central Kurdish
Central Kurdish, also known as Sorani Kurdish, is a Kurdish language variety spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the Iranian provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan. Central Kurdish is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".

The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate, refers to a variety of Central Kurdish based on the dialect spoken in Slemani. Central Kurdish is written in the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet, an adaptation of the Arabic script developed in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby.
Daewoo Gentra
The Daewoo Gentra is an automotive nameplate used by the South Korean automobile brand Daewoo. The marque has utilized the "Gentra" name on two different vehicles—a subcompact model sold in South Korea between 2005 and 2011—and a compact car offered in Uzbekistan by Uz-Daewoo Auto since 2013. The Uzbekistani car was renamed Ravon Gentra in 2015.

UzAuto Motors
UzAuto Motors (formerly GM Uzbekistan) is an automotive manufacturer owned by the Government of Uzbekistan. It is based in Asaka, Uzbekistan. It manufactures vehicles under the Chevrolet marque. Formerly UzAuto Motors had also manufactured vehicles under the Ravon marque, which is Uzbek for calm and straight road or easy journey.

It was formerly partly owned by General Motors and, in 2019, it was acquired by the Uzbekistan government and renamed "UzAuto Motors". By February 2023, the company completed an IPO on the Tashkent Stock Exchange.
Antoni Waga
Antoni Stanisław Florian Waga (8 May 1799 – 23 November 1890) was a Polish zoologist, traveller, writer, literary critic and Piarist. He was also a collector of rare books on natural history. Along with Taczanowski and under the patronage of Konstanty Branicki, they established the zoological cabinet at the University of Warsaw.

Konstanty Branicki
Count Konstanty Grzegorz Branicki (9 May 1824 – 14 July 1884) was a Polish landowner, collector and naturalist who established a private museum of natural history in Warsaw. The bird species Heliodoxa branickii and Odontorchilus branickii described from his collections were named after him.
Ben Houchen
Ben Houchen, Baron Houchen of High Leven (born 9 December 1986) is a British Conservative politician and life peer. He has been Tees Valley Mayor since 2017, winning the inaugural mayoral election in the combined authority. Houchen was re-elected in 2021 and won a third term in 2024.

As mayor, Houchen represents the five local authority areas in the Tees Valley: Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar and Cleveland, Hartlepool, and Darlington, and he also acts as chairman of the Tees Valley Combined Authority, the body tasked with driving economic growth and job creation in the area.

After the May 2024 local elections, Houchen was the Conservative Party's only combined authority mayor in England, until Paul Bristow won the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough mayoral election in May 2025.

2021 Tees Valley mayoral election
The 2021 Tees Valley mayoral election was held on 6 May 2021 to elect the Tees Valley Mayor on the same day as other local elections across the country. The mayor was elected by the supplementary vote. The election was originally due to take place in May 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conservative incumbent mayor Ben Houchen was seeking re-election, with Labour candidate Jessie Joe Jacobs challenging him.
Inova Health System
Inova Health System is a not-for-profit health organization based in Falls Church, Virginia, United States, near Washington, D.C. The system is a network of hospitals, outpatient services, assisted living and long-term care facilities, and healthcare centers in the Northern Virginia market.

The system's hospitals provide much of the healthcare needs for citizens in Northern Virginia, including the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax and Falls Church and Fairfax County and Loudoun County. The flagship hospital, Inova Fairfax Hospital, has been recognized as one of the best hospitals in the nation by HealthGrades and U.S. News & World Report.

Fairfax, Virginia
Fairfax (/ˈfɛərfæks/ FAIR-faks) is an independent city in Virginia and the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia,  United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,146.

Fairfax is part of both the Washington metropolitan area and Northern Virginia regions. It is located 14 miles (23 km) west of Washington, D.C. Fairfax is served by  Washington Metro's Orange Line.

George Mason University, located in unincorporated Fairfax County along Fairfax's southern border, is the largest public university in Virginia with 40,185 students as of 2023.
Gebaberg
The Gebaberg, also called the Hohe Geba or Die Geba, near Geba in the county of Schmalkalden-Meiningen in southern Thuringia, Germany, is  750.7 m above sea level (NHN), and thus the highest point of the Anterior Rhön (Vorderer Rhön).

Rhön Mountains
The Rhön Mountains (German: [ˈʁøːn] ⓘ) are a group of low mountains (or Mittelgebirge) in central Germany, located around the border area where the states of Hesse, Bavaria and Thuringia come together. These mountains, which are at the extreme southeast end of the East Hesse Highlands (Osthessisches Bergland), are partly a result of ancient volcanic activity. They are separated from the Vogelsberg Mountains by the river Fulda and its valley. The highest mountain in the Rhön is the Wasserkuppe (950.2 metres or 3,117 feet), which is in Hesse. The Rhön Mountains are a popular tourist destination and walking area.
Massachusetts Route 62
Route 62 is an 82.1817-mile-long (132.2586 km) east–west state route in Massachusetts. The route crosses four of the Bay State's 13 interstates (I-190, I-495, I-93, and I-95), as well as U.S. Route 1 (US 1), US 3, Route 2 and Route 128 as it heads from the northern hills of Worcester County through the northern portions of Greater Boston, ending in the North Shore city of Beverly at Route 127.

Massachusetts Route 127
Route 127 is a 26.70-mile-long (42.97 km) north–south Massachusetts state route that runs from Beverly to Gloucester. Much of the northern part of the route is in Cape Ann. Route 127's southern terminus is at Route 1A and the southern terminus of Route 22 in Beverly and the northern terminus is at Route 128 in Gloucester.
Mark Yee
Mark Yee (born January 4, 1982) is a Filipino professional basketball player for the Abra Solid North Weavers of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL).

A two-time Philippine Basketball Association champion, Yee has seen much success after joining the MPBL in 2018, where he won Finals MVP with the Davao Occidental Tigers in 2021. He is also the only player in MPBL history to notch two Defensive Player of the Year awards. He also has three all-star selections on top of his two appearances in the All-MPBL First Team.

MPBL Defensive Player of the Year award
The MPBL Defensive Player of the Year award is an annual Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League award given to the player with the best defensive performance in the regular season. It was first awarded during the 2018–19 MPBL season.

As of 2025, five players have won the award, with Mark Yee being the only recipient to have won the award more than once. Yee is also the only recipient who has also won Finals Most Valuable Player. The most recent recipient was Antonio Bonsubre Jr.
John the Exarch
John the Exarch (also transcribed Joan Ekzarh; Church Slavonic: Їѡаннъ Єѯархъ Bulgarian: Йоан Екзарх) was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and translator, one of the most important men of letters working at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. He was active during the reign of Boris I (r. 852–889) and his son Simeon I (r. 893–927). His most famous work is the compilation Shestodnev (Шестоднев – Hexameron) that consists of both translations of earlier Byzantine authors and original writings. The Russian Orthodox Church canonized him and his memory is honoured on the 13 August [O.S. 31 July]. In a manuscript of the Gospels, held in the National Library of Serbia, an alternative date is given, namely — 13 February [O.S. 31 January].

Preslav Literary School
The Preslav Literary School (Bulgarian: Преславска книжовна школа), also known as the "Pliska Literary School" or "Pliska-Preslav Literary school" was the first literary school in the medieval First Bulgarian Empire. It was established by Boris I in 886 in Bulgaria's capital, Pliska. In 893, Simeon I moved the seat of the school from the First Bulgarian capital Pliska to the new capital, Veliki Preslav. Preslav was captured and burnt by the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimisces in 972 in the aftermath of Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria.
Tom Hurndall
Thomas Hurndall (27 November 1981 – 13 January 2004) was a British photography student, a volunteer for the International Solidarity Movement (ISM), and an activist against the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. On 11 April 2003, he was shot in the Gaza Strip by an Israeli IDF sniper, Taysir Hayb. Hurndall was left in a coma and died nine months later.

Hayb was convicted of manslaughter and obstruction of justice by an Israeli military court in April 2005 and sentenced to eight years in prison. On 10 April 2006, a British inquest jury returned a verdict of unlawful killing.

Tom's mother Jocelyn Hurndall has written a biography of him called Defy the Stars: The Life and Tragic Death of Tom Hurndall, published in April 2007 and reprinted in May 2008 with the alternative title My Son Tom: The Life and Tragic Death of Tom Hurndall. His sister, Sophie, works for Medical Aid for Palestinians.

Taysir Hayb
Idier Wahid Taysir Hayb (or al-Heib) (Arabic: تيسير الهيب; Hebrew: תייסיר אל-היב) is a Bedouin Israeli sergeant, convicted of manslaughter, who shot International Solidarity Movement civilian activist Tom Hurndall, while on duty in Gaza on April 11, 2003. Hurndall died in January 2004, after a nine-month coma. Hayb was sentenced to eight years for manslaughter. His sentence was reduced in July 2010, and he was released after only five years. He is the brother of Amira al Hayb, the first Bedouin Israeli female to join the IDF.
Benesse
Benesse Corporation (ベネッセコーポレーション, Benesse Kōporēshon) is a Japanese company which focuses on correspondence education and publishing. Based in Okayama, it is the parent company of Berlitz Language Schools, which in turn is the parent company of ELS Language Centers. Benesse is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (listing code 9783).

The company name is derived from the Latin words "bene" (well) and "esse" (being).

Berlitz Corporation
Berlitz Corporation (founded in 1878) is an American education company that offers language courses in more than 50 languages, intercultural training, leadership and soft-skills programs. Its teaching is based on the Berlitz Method, an immersion-based approach to language instruction in which lessons are delivered only in the target language, focusing on the immediate use in conversation. Recently, Berlitz has incorporated AI-enabled tools into its online platforms, including speech recognition, automated speaking practice, and conversational chatbots, to enhance learning.

The company is headquartered in Princeton, New Jersey, and operates internationally through a mix of franchised and company-owned centres. Berlitz later became part of Language Education Holdings, the parent company of ELS Educational Services and the ILSC Education Group. As of 2025, Berlitz operates in 76 countries with approximately 375 learning centres worldwide and also offers courses online.
1965 Indian Everest Expedition
The 1965 Indian Everest Expedition reached the summit of Mount Everest on 20 May 1965. It was the first successful scaling of the mountain by an Indian climbing expedition.

After the first conquest of Mount Everest in 1953 by the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay, Indian military forces made several attempts to conquer the summit. The first expedition by the Indian Army, which was led by Brigadier Gyan Singh in 1960, failed. Climbers Colonel Narendra Kumar, Sonam Gyatso, and Sherpa Nawang Gombu reached 28,300 feet (8,600 m), just 700 feet (210 m) from the summit, but had to turn back due to extremely bad weather. The second expedition by the Indian Army, led by Major John Diaz in 1962, also failed. Captain Mohan Singh Kohli, Sonam Gyatso, and Hari Dang got to almost 400 feet (120 m) below the summit at 28,600 feet (8,700 m), but also had to give up due to bad weather.  Mohan Singh Kohli was a member of both these expeditions.

Nawang Gombu Sherpa
Nawang Gombu (1 May 1936 – 24 April 2011) was a Sherpa mountaineer who was the first man in the world to have climbed Mount Everest twice.(p393)

Gombu was born in Minzu, Tibet and later became an Indian citizen, as did many of his relatives including his uncle Tenzing Norgay.  He was the youngest Sherpa to reach 26,000 ft. In 1964, he became the first Indian and the third man in the world to summit Nanda Devi (24,645 ft). In 1965, he became the first climber to summit Mount Everest twice—a record that remained unbroken for 15 years. First was with the American Expedition in 1963 as the eleventh man in world  and the second was with Indian Everest Expedition 1965 as seventeenth.
Ooo Baby Baby
"Ooo Baby Baby" is a song written by Smokey Robinson and Pete Moore. It was a 1965 hit single by the Miracles for the Tamla (Motown) label.

The song has inspired numerous other cover versions by other artists over the years, including covers by Ella Fitzgerald, Todd Rundgren, the Escorts, the Five Stairsteps, Linda Ronstadt, and many others. The Miracles' original version of "Ooo Baby Baby" was listed as number 266 on Rolling Stone Magazine's 2010 list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".

Warren "Pete" Moore
Warren Thomas "Pete" Moore (November 19, 1938 – November 19, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter and record producer, notable as the bass singer for Motown group the Miracles from 1955 onwards, and was one of the group's original members. He is also a 2012 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductee, and a BMI and ASCAP award-winning songwriter, and was the vocal arranger on all of the group's hits.
Cold reading
Cold reading is a set of techniques used by mentalists, psychics, fortune-tellers, and mediums. Without prior knowledge, a practiced cold-reader can quickly obtain a great deal of information by analyzing the person's body language, age, clothing or fashion, hairstyle, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, level of education,  manner of speech, place of origin, etc. during a line of questioning. Cold readings commonly employ high-probability guesses, quickly picking up on signals as to whether their guesses are in the right direction or not. The reader then emphasizes and reinforces any accurate connections while quickly moving on from missed guesses. Psychologists believe that this appears to work because of the Barnum effect and due to confirmation biases within people.

Barnum effect
The Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect or, less commonly, the Barnum–Forer effect, is a common psychological phenomenon whereby individuals give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically to them, yet which are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a broad range of people. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some paranormal beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, aura reading, and some types of personality tests.

Psychologist Bertram Forer originally called it the "fallacy of personal validation" in 1949. Psychologist Paul E. Meehl coined the term "Barnum effect" in 1956 in his essay "Wanted – A Good Cookbook", because he relates the vague personality descriptions used in certain "pseudo-successful" psychological tests to those given by showman P. T. Barnum.
Not the Nine O'Clock News
Not the Nine O'Clock News is a British television sketch comedy show that was broadcast on BBC2 from 16 October 1979 to 8 March 1982. Originally shown as a comedy alternative to the Nine O'Clock News on BBC1, the show features satirical sketches on news stories and popular culture of the early 1980s, as well as parody songs, comedy sketches, re-edited videos, and spoof television formats. The programme features Rowan Atkinson, Pamela Stephenson, Mel Smith, and Griff Rhys Jones, as well as Chris Langham in the first series.

Griff Rhys Jones
Griffith Rhys Jones OBE (born 16 November 1953) is a Welsh actor, comedian, writer and television presenter. He starred in a number of television series with his comedy partner, Mel Smith. He and Smith came to national attention in the 1980s for their work in the BBC television comedy sketch shows Not the Nine O'Clock News and Alas Smith and Jones.

From 2008 to 2018, Jones presented the television bloopers show It'll Be Alright on the Night for ITV, having replaced Denis Norden and being succeeded in 2018 by David Walliams.
Sean Ryan (American politician)
Sean M. Ryan (born March 4, 1965) is an American attorney and politician who is currently serving as the mayor of Buffalo. He previously served in New York State Senate representing the 61st district and 60th district from 2021 to 2025, and in the New York State Assembly from 2011 to 2020 in both the 144th district and the 149th district.

New York's 61st State Senate district
New York's 61st State Senate district is one of 63 districts in the New York State Senate. The seat has been vacant following then-incumbent Sean Ryan's resignation on December 31, 2025 to serve as Mayor of Buffalo. Jeremy Zellner won a special election for the seat held on February 3, 2026.
Tadeusz Wojda
Tadeusz Wojda (born 29 January 1957) is a Polish prelate of the Catholic Church. He was archbishop of Białystok from 10 June 2017 until 2 March 2021, when he was named Archbishop of Gdansk. Since 14 March 2024, he has been president of the Polish Episcopal Conference.

Polish Episcopal Conference
The Polish Episcopal Conference or Polish Bishops' Conference (Polish: Konferencja Episkopatu Polski or KEP) is the central organ of the Catholic Church in Poland. It is composed of 3 cardinals, 24 archbishops and 118 bishops.
Hernán Venegas Carrillo
Hernán Venegas Carrillo Manosalvas  (c.1513 – 2 February 1583) was a Spanish conquistador for who participated in the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and Panche people in the New Kingdom of Granada, present-day Colombia. Venegas Carrillo was mayor of Santa Fe de Bogotá for two terms; in 1542 and from 1543 to 1544.

Panche people
The Panche or Tolima are an indigenous group of people that lived in what is now Colombia. They inhabited the southwestern parts of the department of Cundinamarca and the northeastern areas of the department of Tolima, close to the Magdalena River. At the time of the Spanish conquest, more than 30,000 Panche were living in what would become the New Kingdom of Granada. Early knowledge about the Panche has been compiled by scholar Pedro Simón.
Parsadi Lal Meena
Parsadi Lal Meena (born 1 February 1951) is an Indian politician and Former Cabinet Minister of Health & State Excise in Ashok Gehlot ministry and also member of 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 13th and 15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan. He also served as  Minister of Cooperative and Food Supply for two terms (1998–2003) and (2008–2013). And currently he represents Lalsot Assembly constituency as a member of Indian National Congress.

Lalsot Assembly constituency
Lalsot Assembly constituency is a constituency of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly covering the Lalsot Tehsil in the Dausa district of Rajsathan, India. Lalsot is one of eight assembly constituencies in the Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency). Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 89 amongst 200 constituencies.

Currently this seat belongs to Bhartiya Janta party candidate Rambilas Meena who won in last Assembly election of 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election by defeating Indian National Congress candidate Parsadi Lal Meena by a margin of almost 53000 votes.
Stream of consciousness (psychology)
The metaphor "stream of consciousness" suggests how thoughts seem to flow through the conscious mind. Research studies have shown that humans only experience one mental event at a time, as a fast-moving mind-stream. The full range of thoughts one can be aware of forms the content of this "stream".

The term was coined by  Alexander Bain in 1855, when he wrote in The Senses and the Intellect, "The concurrence of Sensations in one common stream of consciousness (on the same cerebral highway) enables those of different senses to be associated as readily as the sensations of the same sense". But the man who popularized it is commonly credited instead: William James, often considered the father of American psychology, used it in 1890 in The Principles of Psychology.

Mindstream
Mindstream (Pali: citta-santāna, Sanskrit: citta-saṃtāna, Tibetan: sems-rgyud, Ch: xin xiangxu 心相續) in Buddhist philosophy is the moment-to-moment continuum of sense impressions and mental phenomena (citta), which is also described as continuing from one life to another. Often described as a "stream of mind" or "mental continuum," the mindstream is not a static entity but a dynamic flow of arising and passing mental phenomena, which refers as a string of passing moments that happen either in the same lifetime or in the transitional period between one life and another.