hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
6-APB
6-APB, also known as 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran, is an entactogen of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and benzofuran families. 6-APB and related drugs are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in media reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan or brown grainy powder.

While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs" if uncontrolled. Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to its popularity.

6-APB was first described in the scientific literature in 2000 and emerged as a novel designer drug in 2010.

6-APDB
6-APDB, also known as 6-(2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran or as 4-desoxy-MDA, is an entactogen of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and dihydrobenzofuran families. It is an analogue of MDA where the heterocyclic 4-position oxygen from the 3,4-methylenedioxy ring has been replaced with a methylene bridge. 5-APDB (3-desoxy-MDA) is an analogue of 6-APDB where the 3-position oxygen has been replaced with a methylene instead. 5-APDB was developed by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University as part of their research into non-neurotoxic analogues of MDMA and first described in 1993.
Dudum siquidem
Dudum siquidem (Latin for "A short while ago") was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on 26 September 1493, one of the Bulls of Donation addressed to the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon which supplemented the bull Inter caetera and granted to them "all islands and mainlands whatsoever, found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered, that are or may be or may seem to be in the route of navigation or travel towards the west or south, whether they be in western parts, or in the regions of the south and east and of India".

Bulls of Donation
The Bulls of Donation, also called the Alexandrine Bulls, and the Papal donations of 1493, are three papal bulls of Pope Alexander VI delivered in 1493 which granted overseas territories to Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Spain.

A fourth bull followed later the same year, and all four bulls were replaced by the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494.
Ichneutica skelloni
Ichneutica skelloni is a moth of the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. Its presence has been confirmed in the North Island only in the Wellington region but is widespread throughout the South Island. It is also found in Stewart Island. I. skelloni is extremely variable in size, in the colour and patterns on the fore and hind wings, length of pectinations on male antennae and even in its genitalia. A larger more patterned form can be found in Westland and Fiordland, a medium-sized form is found from Wellington to Stewart Island and there is also a smaller Dunedin and Southland form. This species can be confused with specimens with the species I. insignis, I. scutata and I. pelanodes. I. skelloni can be found in forest and shrubland habitat. Adults are on the wing from July to April and are attracted to light. Host plants for the larvae are found in the genera Plantago, Senecio and Ranunculus and also include the species Bellis perennis.

Ichneutica pelanodes
Ichneutica pelanodes is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been found in scattered locations in the North, South and Stewart Islands. I. pelanodes is easily confused with I. skelloni as the two species are visually extremely similar. In the North Island though the range of the two species appears not to overlap. Generally of the two species I. pelanodes tends to be darker in appearance. I. pelanodes inhabits wetlands but the life history of this species is unknown as are the host species of its larvae. Adults are on the wing from October to February and are attracted both to sugar and light traps.
Austroraptor
Austroraptor (/ˌɔːstroʊˈræptər/ AW-stroh-RAP-tər) is a genus of unenlagiine theropod dinosaur that lived during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina.

Austroraptor was a large, moderately-built, ground-dwelling, bipedal carnivore, measuring around 5–6 m (16–20 ft) long and weighing up to 300–520 kilograms (660–1,150 lb). It is one of the largest paravians known, with only large dromaeosaurids such as Achillobator and Utahraptor approaching a similar size.

Unenlagiinae
Unenlagiinae is a subfamily of long-snouted paravian theropods. They are traditionally considered to be members of Dromaeosauridae, though some authors place them into their own family, Unenlagiidae, sometimes alongside the subfamily Halszkaraptorinae.

Definitive members are known from the Late Cretaceous of South America,  though some researchers include taxa from other continents within this subfamily based on phylogenetic analyses. Two probable unenlagiine specimens (NMV P257601, NMV P180889) from the upper Strzelecki Group (Aptian) and Eumeralla Formation (lower Albian) of Australia might potentially extend their known fossil range to the Early Cretaceous, and Kakuru, which is considered a maniraptoran, might be an unenlagiine as well. Imperobator from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica, previously considered enigmatic, has also been recently interpreted as an unenlagiine.
North East Games
The North East Games formerly known as North East Olympic Games (NEOG) are a Multi-sport event held in Northeast India. The eight states of the region compete in each edition.

Manipur became the champion in the three consecutive years of the 2018, 2022 and 2024 Northeast Games.

Manipur has won the most medals in the first two editions. In third edition, Assam won most medals and Manipur was declared overall champion as they bagged most gold medals.

2022 North East Olympic Games
The 2022 North East Olympic Games (2022 NEOG) were the second edition of North East Olympic Games. Over 3,000 athletes participated in 18 Olympic disciplines.

Manipur won the most medals at the event, with 237 medals, and 85 of them being gold medals.
Kurt Graff
Kurt Graff (1910–1993), a choreographer and dancer, was part of a professional dance duo with his wife, Grace Cornell Graff. During the 1930s, Graff and Cornell established a ballet company, Graff Ballet, and founded the Little Concert House, a dance studio, dance theater, and home, in Chicago, Illinois. In the late 1940s, the Graffs moved to Hopkinton, New Hampshire and turned a colonial home into an artists' colony. The property was known as Meadow Hearth Theatre Art Center.

Grace Cornell Graff
Grace Cornell Graff (born Grace Cornell, 1906–1992), an American ballet and modern dancer, was part of a professional dance duo with her husband, Kurt Graff. During the 1930s, the Graffs established a ballet company, Graff Ballet, and founded the Little Concert House, a dance studio, dance theater, and home, in Chicago, Illinois. In the late 1940s, the Graffs moved to Hopkinton, New Hampshire and turned a colonial home into an artists' colony. The property was known as Meadow Hearth Theatre Art Center.
Backward Euler method
In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the backward Euler method (or implicit Euler method) is one of the most basic numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations. It is similar to the (standard) Euler method, but differs in that it is an implicit method. The backward Euler method has error of order one in time.

Euler method
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a given initial value. It is the most basic explicit method for numerical integration of ordinary differential equations and is the simplest Runge–Kutta method. The Euler method is named after Leonhard Euler, who first proposed it in his book Institutionum calculi integralis (published 1768–1770).

The Euler method is a first-order method, which means that the local error (error per step) is proportional to the square of the step size, and the global error (error at a given time) is proportional to the step size.
The Euler method often serves as the basis to construct more complex methods, e.g., predictor–corrector method.
National Bank Cup
The National Bank Cup, originally known as the Coca-Cola Cup, was the top level national New Zealand netball league between 1998 and 2007. The league was organised by Netball New Zealand. Between 1998 and 2001, it was sponsored by Coca-Cola. In 2002, the National Bank of New Zealand took over as the main sponsor. Otago Rebels were the inaugural premiers. However, Southern Sting, were subsequently the competition's most successful team. Sting played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Waikato Bay of Plenty Magic were the second most successful team, winning two premierships. Ahead of the 2008 season, the National Bank Cup league effectively merged with Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy to form the ANZ Championship.

Southern Sting
Southern Sting are a former New Zealand netball team that were based in Invercargill. Between 1998 and 2007, Sting played in the Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup league. They were the league's most successful team. They played in all ten grand finals and won seven of the ten titles played for. Between 1999 and 2004, Sting won six successive titles. Ahead of the 2008 season, Sting merged with Otago Rebels to form the new ANZ Championship team, Southern Steel.
Elina Born
Elina Born (born 29 June 1994) is an Estonian singer. She represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 along with Stig Rästa with the song "Goodbye to Yesterday". She previously attempted to represent Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2013 with the song "Enough", and attempted to represent Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017 finishing last in the final. She was the runner-up of the fifth season of Eesti otsib superstaari.

Stig Rästa
Raul-Stig Rästa (born 24 February 1980) is an Estonian politician, singer and songwriter who, along with singer Elina Born, represented Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Goodbye to Yesterday". Since 2025, Rästa has been a member of the 15th Riigikogu.
FC Chernomorets 1919 Burgas
FC Chernomorets 1919 (Bulgarian: ФК Черноморец 1919) is a Bulgarian football club from the city of Burgas, which currently competes in Second League, the second level of Bulgarian football. Chernomorets plays its home matches at the local Stadion Lazur temporary, until they complete the construction of their planned 5,000 seats Ivan Pritargov Stadium.

The club was founded in 2015, following the financial struggles of the former Burgas-based team, PSFC Chernomorets Burgas. Unlike PSFC Chernomorets, however, Chernomorets 1919 is considered to be the official reincarnation of the original club, founded in 1919. The Bulgarian Football Union considers it to be a legitimate successor to the original Chernomorets Burgas, thus it carries all records from the original club. PSFC Chernomorets’ records are kept separate.

FC Chernomorets Burgas
FC Chernomorets Burgas (Bulgarian: ФК Черноморец Бургас) or simply Chernomorets (Bulgarian: Черноморец) were a Bulgarian football club from the city of Burgas. Chernomorets played its home matches at the local Chernomorets Stadium. The team was a runner-up in the Bulgarian Cup and Bulgarian Supercup competitions.

Chernomorets established itself as one of the most consistent teams in Bulgaria, spending most of its history in the top tier A Group. Financial problems started in the early 2000s however, and the club eventually folded after the 2005–06 season. An unofficial successor, PSFC Chernomorets Burgas was soon founded. The new club played in the top tier between 2007 and 2014, but also encountered financial problems, folding in 2019. A third club from Burgas was created in the wake of PSFC Chernomorets’ problems, named FC Chernomorets 1919 Burgas, which began playing in the amateur levels.
Russian-occupied territories
The Russian Federation is currently occupying territories in whole or in part within Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine. Although the status of these territories may vary in Russian law, they are all widely regarded among the international community as being under military occupation. Russia disputes the consensus on sovereignty over these territories as a result of the post-Soviet conflicts, which broke out amidst the dissolution of the Soviet Union between 1988 and 1991.

The phrase "Russian-occupied territories" is applied to:

Moldova: Transnistria (since 1992)

Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia (since 2008)

Ukraine: Crimea and Sevastopol, Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson (since 2014 and 2022)

Operational Group of Russian Forces
The Operational Group of Russian Forces in Transnistria (OGRF; Romanian: Grupul Operativ al Trupelor Ruse din Transnistria, GOTR; Russian: Оперативная группа российских войск в Приднестровье, romanized: Operativnaya gruppa rossiyskikh voysk v Pridnestrovye, ОГРВ) is a sizable overseas military task force of the Russian Armed Forces. It serves as part of the tri-lateral Joint Control Commission (JCC) in the region with around 350 soldiers provided to the JCC.

1,500 soldiers of the military force are based at the former decommissioned Soviet-era ammunition depot at Cobasna, where it guards around 22,000 tons of military equipment and ammunition. The core of the OGRF consists of 70 to 100 Russian officers, with the rest being Transnistrian locals employed as soldiers. Troops of the OGRF are rotated once every six months.
Jinger Vuolo
Jinger Nicole Vuolo (née Duggar; born December 21, 1993; /ˈdʒɪndʒər/ JIN-jər) is an American television personality and author. She is known for her television appearances on TLC reality shows 19 Kids and Counting (2008–2015) and Counting On (2015–2021).

She also co-authored a book with her sisters Jana, Jill and Jessa titled Growing Up Duggar: It's All About Relationships.

Jana Wissmann
Jana Marie Wissmann (née Duggar; born January 12, 1990) is a former American television personality. She is known for her appearances on TLC as part of the reality television shows 19 Kids and Counting (2008–2015) and Counting On (2015–2021).
St. Augustine Church (Philadelphia)
St. Augustine Catholic Church, also called Olde St. Augustine's, is an historic Catholic church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Consecrated in 1848, the Palladian-style church was designed by Napoleon LeBrun.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The church was built to replace the Old St. Augustine Church which was completed in 1801. The first Augustinian church founded in the United States, the original St Augustine housed the Liberty Bell's "Sister Bell". The church was burned down in the anti-Catholic Philadelphia Nativist Riots on May 8, 1844. The church sued the city of Philadelphia for not providing it with adequate protection. The money awarded to the church went to rebuilding the current church, which broke ground on May 27, 1847. Organizations founded by the church led to the creation of both Villanova University and the Philadelphia Orchestra.

Order of Saint Augustine
The Order of Saint Augustine (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini), abbreviated OSA, is a mendicant religious order  of the Catholic Church. It was founded in 1244 by bringing together several eremitical groups in the Tuscany region who were following the Rule of Saint Augustine, written by Augustine of Hippo in the fifth century.

They are also commonly known as the Augustinians, Austin friars, or Friars Hermits and, until 1968, as the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (Latin: Ordo eremitarum sancti Augustini; abbreviated OESA).

The order has, in particular, spread internationally the veneration of the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Good Counsel (Mater boni consilii).

In the 2025 papal conclave, Leo XIV was elected as the first pope from the Order of Saint Augustine.
Anton Dahlberg
Anton Carl Diderik Dahlberg (born 10 May 1985) is a Swedish sailor, who specializes in the 470 class, a two-person dinghy. He has represented Sweden, along with his partner Sebastian Östling, in two editions of the Olympic Games (2008 and 2012), and with Fredrik Bergström in 2016 and 2020, winning an Olympic silver in 2020, and with Lovisa Karlsson in 2024, winning an Olympic bronze medal. He has been representing the Royal Swedish Yacht Club throughout most of his career.

Throughout his career he has been coached by Per Frykholm and Viktor Bergström.

Fredrik Bergström (sailor)
Carl Fredrik Bergström (born 9 July 1990) is a Swedish competitive sailor. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in the men's 470, where he, with partner Anton Dahlberg, finished in 6th place. At the 2020 Summer Olympics, he and Dahlberg won a silver medal in the men's 470.

Bergström was born in Onsala, and represents the Royal Swedish Yacht Club.
Mars sol
Sol (borrowed from the Latin word for sun) is a solar day on Mars; that is, a Mars-day. A sol is the apparent interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the same meridian (sundial time) as seen by an observer on Mars. It is one of several units for timekeeping on Mars.

A sol is slightly longer than an Earth day. It is approximately 24 hours, 39 minutes, 35 seconds long. A Martian year is approximately 668.6 sols, equivalent to approximately 687 Earth days or 1.88 Earth years.

The sol was adopted in 1976 during the Viking Lander missions and is a measure of time mainly used by NASA when, for example, scheduling the use of a Mars rover.

Timekeeping on Mars
Though no standard exists, numerous calendars and other timekeeping approaches have been proposed for the planet Mars. The most commonly seen in the scientific literature denotes the time of year as the number of degrees on its orbit from the northward equinox, and increasingly there is use of numbering the Martian years beginning at the equinox that occurred April 11, 1955.

Mars has an axial tilt and a rotation period similar to those of Earth. Thus, it experiences seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter much like Earth. Mars's orbital eccentricity is considerably larger, which causes its seasons to vary significantly in length. A sol, or Martian day, is not that different from an Earth day: less than an hour longer. However, a Mars year is almost twice as long as an Earth year.
Montesquieu
Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, intellectual, historian, and political philosopher.

He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word despotism in the political lexicon. His anonymously published The Spirit of Law (De l'esprit des lois, 1748) first translated into English (Nugent) in a 1750 edition was received well in both Great Britain and the American colonies, and influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States in drafting the U.S. Constitution.

Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually legislation, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinct and clearly articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each branch. To put this model into practice, government is divided into structurally independent branches to perform various functions (most often a legislature, a judiciary and an administration, sometimes known as the trias politica). When each function is allocated strictly to one branch, a government is described as having a high degree of separation; whereas, when one person or branch plays a significant part in the exercise of more than one function, this represents a fusion of powers. When one branch holds unlimited state power and delegates its powers to other organs as it sees fit, as is the case in communist states, that is called unified power.
Libertyville, Illinois
Libertyville is a village in Libertyville Township, Lake County, Illinois, United States. It is located 5 miles (8 km) west of Lake Michigan, approximately 40 miles north of the Chicago Loop. As such, it is part of the United States Census Bureau's Chicago combined statistical area (CSA). It is bordered by Gages Lake and Gurnee to the north, Vernon Hills to the south, Mundelein to the west, and Grayslake to the northwest.  The eastern portions of the village border Mettawa, unincorporated Waukegan and Lake Forest, and part of Knollwood CDP. Its 2020 census population was 20,579.

Grayslake, Illinois
Grayslake is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. The village's population at the 2020 census was 21,248. It is located in the Chicago metropolitan area, about 40 miles (64 km) north of Chicago's downtown, 14 miles (23 km) west of Lake Michigan, and 15 miles (24 km) south of the Wisconsin border.

Grayslake is home to the College of Lake County, Grayslake North High School, Grayslake Central High School, the University Center of Lake County and the Lake County Fairgrounds. At the south end of Grayslake, there are plans for a 641-acre (259 ha) development containing light industry, office space and residential space.
Codex Palatinus
Codex Palatinus is a 5th-century manuscript of the Latin New Testament Gospels written on purple dyed parchment. It is designated by e or 2 in the Beuron register of Latin New Testament manuscripts. The text is a version of the Old Latin New Testament. Most of the manuscript was in the Austrian National Library at Vienna until 1919, when it was transferred to Trent, where it is now being kept in the Library of Buonconsiglio Castle.

Two leaves were separated from the manuscript in the 18th century. One is now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (shelf number MS 1709), the other in the British Library (shelf number Add. MS 40107) in London.

Purple parchment
Purple parchment or purple vellum refers to parchment dyed purple; codex purpureus refers to manuscripts written entirely or mostly on such parchment. The lettering may be in gold or silver. Later the practice was revived for some especially grand illuminated manuscripts produced for the emperors in Carolingian art and Ottonian art, in Anglo-Saxon England and elsewhere. Some just use purple parchment for sections of the work; the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon Stockholm Codex Aureus alternates dyed and un-dyed pages.

It was at one point supposedly restricted for the use of Roman or Byzantine emperors, although in a letter of Saint Jerome of 384, he "writes scornfully of the wealthy Christian women whose books are written in gold on purple vellum, and clothed with gems".