hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.

In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.: Ch1  It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics.

Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines field theory, special relativity and quantum mechanics.: xi  QFT is used in particle physics to construct physical models of subatomic particles and in condensed matter physics to construct models of quasiparticles. The current standard model of particle physics is based on QFT.

Despite its extraordinary predictive success, QFT faces ongoing challenges in fully incorporating gravity and in establishing a completely rigorous mathematical foundation.
Bombing of Granollers
The bombing of Granollers took place during the Spanish Civil War in 1938. On 31 May 1938, the Italian Aviazione Legionaria bombed the town of Granollers. There were between 100 and 224 civilian deaths.

Granollers
Granollers (Catalan: [ɡɾənuˈʎes]; Spanish: [ɡɾanoˈʝers] ⓘ) is a city in central Catalonia, about 30 kilometres north-east of Barcelona. It is the capital and most densely populated city in the comarca of Vallès Oriental.

Granollers is now a bustling business centre, having grown from a town dominated by Catalonia's textile industry that was prominent during the 19th century. However, in the southern portion of the municipality, the Palou area retains the agricultural characteristics of the past.

Granollers forms a conurbation with Canovelles, Les Franqueses del Vallès and the district of La Torreta in La Roca del Vallès. The city is crossed by the Congost river,  a tributary of the Besòs. It is considered to be the other jewel of the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is around 25 km north-east of the centre of Barcelona.
Ole Nydahl
Ole Nydahl (born 19 March 1941), also known as Lama Ole, is a lama providing Mahamudra teachings in the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Since the early 1970s, Nydahl has toured the world giving lectures and meditation courses. With his wife, Hannah Nydahl (1946-2007), he founded Diamond Way Buddhism, a worldwide Karma Kagyu Buddhist organization with over 600 centers for lay practitioners.

Nydahl is the author of more than twenty books (in German and English) about Diamond Way Vajrayana Buddhism, with translations into multiple languages. Titles include The Great Seal: Mahamudra View of Diamond Way Buddhism,The Way Things Are, Entering the Diamond Way, Buddha and Love and Fearless Death.

Diamond Way Buddhism
Diamond Way Buddhism (Diamond Way Buddhism – Karma Kagyu Lineage) is a lay organization within the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The first Diamond Way Buddhist center was founded in 1972 by Hannah Nydahl and Ole Nydahl in Copenhagen under the guidance of Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa. Today there are approximately 650 centers worldwide, directed by Ole Nydahl under the guidance of Trinley Thaye Dorje, one of two claimants to the title of the 17th Karmapa (See Karmapa Controversy). Buddhist teachers such as Sherab Gyaltsen Rinpoche, Lama Jigme Rinpoche and Nedo Kuchung Rinpoche visit Diamond Way Buddhism centers and large meditation courses.
Northern Circuit
The Northern Circuit is a circuit of the General Council of the Bar and English judiciary.

The Northern Circuit stretches from Carlisle in Cumberland at its northernmost point, running through Lakeland to the port of Whitehaven in the West, on through Preston and Burnley in Lancashire to Manchester, Liverpool and Chester.

It has chambers in Cheshire, Liverpool, Manchester, and Preston.

Circuits of England and Wales
Circuits are the highest-level administrative divisions of the Bar of England and Wales and His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service. Today, they serve as professional associations for barristers practising within their areas, as well as administrative divisions for the purposes of administration of justice.

There are six circuits in total: Midland, Northern, North Eastern, Western, Wales and Chester, and South Eastern.

There is also the European Circuit, which is an association of barristers with interests in European law. Though it is called a circuit and recognised by the Bar Council, it does not serve any administrative or judicial purposes.

Circuits are divided along local authority area borders.
Loka Prakash Malla
Loka Prakash Malla, also known as Lokaprakash, (Nepali: लोकप्रकाश मल्ल) was a Malla dynasty king and the King of Patan. He succeeded Yoganarendra Malla as the king in 1705 and reigned for a brief period of eleven months.

Kingdom of Lalitpur
The Kingdom of Lalitpur, also known as Patan, (Nepali: ललितपुर/पाटन) was a kingdom ruled by the Malla dynasty of Nepal established in 1482 after King Yaksha Malla's death. His sons divided the kingdom into four parts: Bhaktapur, Kantipur, Lalitpur, and Banepa.

In 1768, It became part of the Gorkha Kingdom―present day Kingdom of Nepal―after an aggressive unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah.
Kingdom of Denkyira
Denkyira (also known as Denkira, Denchira, or Dinkira) was an Akan kingdom that rose to prominence in precolonial Ghana, dominating large parts of the forest zone in the south-central Gold Coast. Centered around its capital at Abankeseso, Denkyira emerged as a leading gold-producing polity and a military power, particularly during the 17th century. At its height it reduced neighboring states such as Adanse, Sefwi, Kingdom of Aowin, Wassa, Kingdom of Assin, Kingdom of Twifo, and pre-Asante states to tributaries, and played a critical role in shaping regional trade and warfare.

In 1701, Denkyira was defeated by the Asante Empire and became a vassal. After a failed rebellion in 1824, the Denkyirahene and his people escaped south of the Ofin River, and maintain a non-sovereign monarchy based in Dunkwa to the present day.

Denkyirahene
Denkyirahene is the title given to the King of the Denkyira people of the Central Region of Ghana. They are part of the Akan ethnic group. The Denkyirahene's official palace is the Amponsem Fie in Dunkwa-on-Offin. He comes from the Agona Clan.
Empire Stadium (Vancouver)
Empire Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium that stood at the Pacific National Exhibition site at Hastings Park in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Track and field and Canadian football, as well as soccer, rugby and musical events, were held at the stadium. The stadium was originally constructed for the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The stadium (which sat 32,375 upon opening, but 30,229 after 1974) hosted both Elvis Presley and The Beatles. It saw most of its use as the home of the BC Lions of the CFL from 1954 to 1982, in which the venue also played host to the first Grey Cup game held west of Ontario in 1955. Empire Stadium also hosted the Grey Cup game in 1958, 1960, 1963, 1966, 1971, and 1974; seven times in total.

Pacific National Exhibition
The Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) is a nonprofit organization that operates an annual 15-day summer fair, 12-day winter fair, a seasonal amusement park, and indoor arenas in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The PNE fair is held at Hastings Park, beginning on the third Saturday of August and ending in early September, usually Labour Day, and in mid-December until Christmas.

The organization was established in 1907 as the Vancouver Exhibition Association, and organized its first fair at Hastings Park in 1910. The organization was renamed to the Pacific National Exhibition in 1946. During the mid-20th century, a number of facilities were built on the PNE grounds, including Pacific Coliseum and PNE Agrodome. In 1993, the amusement park adjacent to the PNE, Playland, became a division of the PNE.
South Shore Cultural Center
The South Shore Cultural Center, in Chicago, Illinois, is a cultural facility located at 71st Street and South Shore Drive, in the city's South Shore neighborhood. It encompasses the club facility, grounds, and beach of the former South Shore Country Club, which in the 1970s became part of the public Chicago Park District.

South Shore, Chicago
South Shore is one of the 77 community areas of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Located on the city's South Side, the area is named for its location along the city's southern lakefront. Although South Shore has seen a greater than 40% decrease in residents since Chicago's population peaked in the 1950s, the area remains one of the most densely populated neighborhoods on the South Side. The community benefits from its location along the waterfront, its accessibility to Lake Shore Drive, and its proximity to major institutions and attractions such as the University of Chicago, the Museum of Science and Industry, and Jackson Park.
Los Super Seven
Los Super Seven is an American supergroup which debuted in 1998. According to Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "Los Super Seven isn't a band, per se – it's a collective, organized by manager Dan Goodman, who comes up with a concept for each of the group's albums and assembles a band to fit." The collective has released three albums to date, with wildly varying personnel. Only Ruben Ramos and Rick Trevino are featured on all three releases.

The group won a Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album in 1999 for its self-titled album. Their musical style has changed with each incarnation, blending sounds from Tejano, mariachi, Cuban, Afro-Peruvian, Brazilian, blues, rhythm and blues, country, jazz, and rock. The personnel included the members of Texas Tornados, Los Lobos, Calexico, Ozomatli, and others.

Rick Trevino
Ricardo Treviño Jr. (born May 16, 1971), known professionally as Rick Trevino, is an American country music artist. Signed to Columbia Nashville in 1993, Trevino began his career that year with the release of his debut single "Just Enough Rope", the first mainstream country music single to feature separate English and Spanish versions. The song was included  on his debut album Dos Mundos; a self-titled album followed a year later. Trevino has charted a total of fourteen singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and recorded seven studio albums. His highest-charting single, "Running Out of Reasons to Run", reached No. 1 on that chart in 1996.
Gardner Fox
Gardner Francis Cooper Fox (May 20, 1911 – December 24, 1986) was an American writer known best for creating numerous comic book characters for DC Comics. He is estimated to have written more than 4,000 comics stories, including 1,500 for DC Comics. Fox was also a science fiction author and wrote many novels and short stories.

Fox is known as the co-creator of DC Comics heroes Barbara Gordon, the original Flash, Hawkman, Hawkgirl, Doctor Fate, Zatanna and the original Sandman, and was the writer who first teamed several of those and other heroes as the Justice Society of America, and later recreated the team as the Justice League of America. Fox introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics in the 1961 story "Flash of Two Worlds!".

Jay Garrick
Jason Peter "Jay" Garrick is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the first character known as the Flash. The character first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (January 1940), created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert.

In the original Golden Age comics, Jay Garrick gained his speed-enhancing abilities by inhaling hard water vapor during a lab experiment. This accident granted him superhuman speed and agility, allowing him to become the Flash and fight crime.

Jay Garrick has made numerous appearances in other media. For television series on The CW, John Wesley Shipp portrayed the character as a recurring character in The Flash and in a guest capacity in Stargirl. Additionally, Billy Mitchell played the character's live-action debut as a cameo in Smallville, with a cameo appearance in The Flash (2023) portrayed via CGI and modeled after editor Jason Ballantine.
Ad blocking
Ad blocking (or ad filtering) is a software capability for blocking or altering online advertising in a web browser, an application or a network. This may be done using browser extensions or other methods, such as browsers with inside blocking.

Browser extension
A browser extension is a software module for customizing a web browser. Browsers typically allow users to install a variety of extensions, including user interface modifications, cookie management, ad blocking, and the custom scripting and styling of web pages.

Browser plug-ins are a different type of module and no longer supported by the major browsers. One difference is that extensions are distributed as source code, while plug-ins are executables (i.e. object code). The most popular browser, Google Chrome, has over 200,000 extensions available but stopped supporting plug-ins in 2020.
CP Mérida
Club Polideportivo Mérida was a Spanish football team based in Mérida, in the autonomous community of Extremadura.

Having played twice in La Liga (1995–96 and 1997–98), the club was dissolved in 2000, due to serious economic debts. Its successor was renamed Mérida UD.

1997–98 La Liga
The 1997–98 La Liga season was the 67th since its establishment. It began on 30 August 1997, and concluded on 16 May 1998.

On 29 March 1998, following Sporting Gijón's 0–0 draw with Zaragoza, combined with Racing Santander's 4–3 loss to Athletic Bilbao, Sporting Gijón became the first team in La Liga history to be relegated in March, ending the season with a league-record lowest points tally of just 13.
Adina Mosque
The Adina Mosque (Bengali: আদিনা মসজিদ) is a historical mosque in Malda District, West Bengal, India. It was the largest structure of its kind in the Indian subcontinent and was built during the Bengal Sultanate as a royal mosque by Sikandar Shah, who is also buried inside. The mosque is situated in Pandua, a former royal capital.

The vast architecture resembles the hypostyle of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, a style that was used during the introduction of Islam in new areas. The early Bengal Sultanate harbored imperial ambitions after having defeated the Delhi Sultanate twice in 1353 and 1359. The Adina Mosque was commissioned in 1373.

Completed in 1375, it was the largest mosque in the entire Indian subcontinent at the time. The site is a Monument of National Importance.

Pandua, Malda
Pandua, also historically known as Hazrat Pandua and later Firuzabad, is a ruined city in the Malda district of the Indian state of West Bengal. It served as the capital city of the independent Sultanate of Bengal for nearly a century, until the capital was moved to nearby Lakhnauti in 1450.
2011–12 Toto Cup Al
The 2011–12 Toto Cup Al was the thirtieth season of the third most important football tournament in Israel since its introduction and the first under the current format. It was held in two stages. First, sixteen Premier League teams were divided into four groups. The winners and runners-up, were advanced to the Quarterfinals. Quarterfinals, Semifinals and Finals were held as one-legged matches, with the Final played at HaMoshava Stadium in Petah Tikva.

It began on 30 July 2011 and ended on 24 January 2012. Ironi Kiryat Shmona were the defending champions, who made it their first Toto Cup Al title overall.

On 24 January 2012, Ironi Kiryat Shmona defended the cup after beating Hapoel Tel Aviv in the finals.

2011–12 Israeli Premier League
The 2011–12 Israeli Premier League was the thirteenth season since its introduction in 1999 and the 70th season of top-tier football in Israel. It began on 20 August 2011 and ended on 12 May 2012. Maccabi Haifa were the defending champions.

Ironi Kiryat Shmona secured the title with a 0–0 draw against Hapoel Tel Aviv on 2 April 2012. This was their first Israeli league title, This draw gave Ironi Kiryat Shmona a 16-point advantage over the second-place team Hapoel Tel Aviv with five more rounds to go.
Doggfather
"Doggfather" is a single by American rapper Snoop Dogg featuring vocals by American musician Charlie Wilson. It was released on April 8, 1997 as the third and final single from Snoop's second album Tha Doggfather (1996). Daz Dillinger produced "Doggfather", and wrote it with Snoop Doggy Dogg and Charlie Wilson. The hip hop song samples "Humpin'" from Wilson's group The Gap Band. "Doggfather" didn't chart in the US, but peaked at number 20 in both New Zealand and the UK.

The song's music video is shot in black-and white and features Snoop in a 1940s gangster club setting. The song was mixed by DJ Pooh and the keyboards were done by Priest "Soopafly" Brooks.

Humpin'
"Humpin'" is a 1980 song by The Gap Band, from their fifth album The Gap Band III released as a single in 1981. The original B-side, "No Hiding Place", was originally released on The Gap Band II. The song had mixed chart success, only peaking at No. 60 R&B, but busting into the top-20 on the dance charts. "Humpin'" is a fan-favorite, featured on almost all of the band's compilation albums Like their previous release, "Burn Rubber on Me", "Humpin'" was later packaged and placed as part of a single with "Yearning for Your Love" as the A-side.
Princess Helena of Nassau
Princess Helena of Nassau (German: Prinzessin Helene Wilhelmine Henriette Pauline Marianne von Nassau-Weilburg; 18 August 1831 – 27 October 1888) was the daughter of William, Duke of Nassau, and the wife of George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont.

William, Duke of Nassau
Wilhelm (Given names: Georg Wilhelm August Heinrich Belgicus; 14 June 1792, Kirchheimbolanden – 20/30 August 1839, Bad Kissingen) was joint sovereign Duke of Nassau, along with his father's cousin Frederick Augustus, reigning from 1816 until 1839. He was also sovereign Prince of Nassau-Weilburg from 1816 until its incorporation into the duchy of Nassau.

Frederick Augustus died in 1816 and Wilhelm inherited the Usingen territories and became sole sovereign of the Duchy of Nassau.

He is the father of Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Queen Sophia of Sweden and Norway, consort of King Oscar II and a 3rd cousin of William III of the Netherlands, who left a surviving daughter to rule his main realm, but the crown of Luxembourg went through the male line, looking to 17 generations back, to pass to the Duke of Nassau and then his descendants.
Tomioka, Gunma
Tomioka (富岡市, Tomioka-shi) is a city located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 September 2020, the city had an estimated population of 57,013 in 20,367 households, and a population density of 390 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 122.85 square kilometres (47.43 sq mi).  It is the location of the Tomioka Silk Mill, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Tomioka Silk Mill
Tomioka Silk Mill (富岡製糸場, Tomioka Seishijō) is Japan's oldest modern model silk reeling factory, established in 1872 by the government to introduce modern machine silk reeling from France and spread its technology in Japan. The factory is designated by the government as a National Historic Site and all its buildings are preserved in very good condition. It is located in the city of Tomioka, Gunma Prefecture, Japan, about 100 km northwest of Tokyo. It is also featured as the 'ni' card in Jomo Karuta playing cards.
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory
Jakarta Planetarium and Observatory (Indonesian: Planetarium dan Observatorium Jakarta) is a public planetarium and an observatory, part of the Taman Ismail Marzuki Art and Science Complex in Jakarta, Indonesia. The planetarium is the oldest of the three planetaria in Indonesia. The second planetarium is located in Surabaya, East Java. The third planetarium is located in Kutai, East Kalimantan.

Ismail Marzuki Park
Ismail Marzuki Park Jakarta Arts Center (Indonesian: Pusat Kesenian Jakarta Taman Ismail Marzuki, TIM), is an arts, cultural, and science center located at Cikini in Jakarta, Indonesia. Taman Ismail Marzuki complex comprises several facilities including six performing arts theaters, cinemas, an exhibition hall, a gallery, libraries, and an archive building. The complex is built on a 9-hectare land area, which was previously a zoo (which was in turn relocated to Ragunan). TIM is named after Ismail Marzuki, one of Indonesia's most influential composers.

The goal of building the complex was to use it as a hub for fine and performing arts, a window into Indonesia's diverse and rich culture. The complex was previously known as Jakarta Arts Center. Management of TIM was handed to the Jakarta Arts Council, while operations are funded by rental fees for the facilities and subsidies from the Jakarta city administration.
Imagine (Shola Ama song)
"Imagine" is a song by English singer Shola Ama, released as the second single from her 1999 second studio album In Return. It was produced by Fred Jerkins III and written by Jerkins, Harvey Mason Jr., LaShawn Daniels, and Ama. In April 2000, the song reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance Singles Chart due to the garage remix by Club Asylum. NME included the remix of "Imagine" in their "25 essential UK garage anthems" list.

Club Asylum
Club Asylum is the name of UK garage musician Jeremy Sylvester. They were originally a duo which consisted of Sylvester and Paul Emanuel. After the duo decided to go their separate ways, Sylvester continued to produce and remix under the Club Asylum moniker as a solo artist, and is still active to the present day.
East Coast Bays
East Coast Bays is an urban area along the east coast of the North Shore in New Zealand. First established as independent borough during the 1950s, East Coast Bays became contiguous with the Auckland urban area and was amalgamated into North Shore City and later into Auckland Council. East Coast Bays lines the north-east coast of the city along the shore of the Hauraki Gulf and Rangitoto Channel. They include, from north to south, Long Bay, Torbay, Waiake Bay, Browns Bay, Rothesay Bay, Murrays Bay, Mairangi Bay, Campbells Bay and Castor Bay. Most of the East Coast Bays are covered under the East Coast Bays subdivision of the Hibiscus and Bays local board area.

Castor Bay
Castor Bay is a bay and suburb of the North Shore, located in Auckland which is in the North Island of New Zealand. Located between Milford and Campbells Bay, it is part of the East Coast Bays. To the east lies the islands of Rangitoto and Motutapu, which are easily visible from land. The suburb is in the North Shore ward, one of the thirteen administrative divisions of Auckland Council.

The bay itself is quite small and is well sheltered by an artificial breakwater that extends from the northern edge of the bay, running towards the south. A small bark and grass area with several large pōhutukawa trees offering shelter complements the beachfront and an extended coastline stretches out to the north towards Campbells Bay.