hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Government performance auditing
Government performance auditing focuses on improving how governments provide programs and services.  While there is no one universally agreed upon definition, there are key definitions which capture the scope of government performance auditing.  According to the US Government Auditing Standards, "Performance audits are defined as audits that provide findings or conclusions based on an evaluation of sufficient, appropriate evidence against criteria."  Additionally, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions defines performance auditing as "an independent examination of the efficiency and effectiveness of government undertakings, programs or organizations, with due regard to economy, and the aim of leading to improvements."

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) is an intergovernmental organization whose members are supreme audit institutions. Nearly every supreme audit institution in the world is a member of INTOSAI. Depending on the type of system used in their home country, the members of INTOSAI may be variously titled the Chief Financial Controller, the Office of the Comptroller General, the Office of the Auditor General, the Court of Accounts, or the Board of Audit.

INTOSAI holds a triennial conference entitled the International Congress of Supreme Audit Institutions (INCOSAI).
It publishes the quarterly International Journal of Government Auditing and publishes guidelines and international standards on auditing.
Textile Machinery Makers Ltd
In the recession of the 1930s, Platt Brothers, Howard and Bullough, Brooks and Doxey, Asa Lees,  Dobson and Barlow, Joseph Hibbert, John Hetherington and Tweedales and Smalley merged to become  Textile Machinery Makers Ltd., but the individual units continued to trade under their own names until 1970, when they were rationalised into one company called Platt UK Ltd. In 1991 the company name changed to Platt Saco Lowell.
 The Globe works closed in 1993.

Platt Brothers
Platt Brothers, also known as Platt Bros & Co Ltd, was a British company based at Werneth in Oldham, North West England. The company manufactured textile machinery and were iron founders and colliery proprietors. By the end of the 19th century, the company had become the largest textile machinery manufacturer in the world, employing more than 12,000 workers.
Ryukyu Kingdom
The Ryukyu Kingdom was a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 until 1872, when it was reorganized as the Ryukyu Domain, before being fully abolished in 1879. It was ruled as a tributary state of the Ming dynasty by the Ryukyuan monarchy, who unified Okinawa Island to end the Sanzan period, and subsequently extended the kingdom to the Amami Islands and Sakishima Islands. The Ryukyu Kingdom played a central role in the maritime trade networks of medieval East Asia and Southeast Asia despite its small size. The Ryukyu Kingdom became a vassal state of the Satsuma Domain of Japan after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609 but retained de jure independence until it was transformed into the Ryukyu Domain by the Empire of Japan in 1872. The Ryukyu Domain was abolished by the Meiji government in 1879 and reorganized as Okinawa Prefecture, and the Ryukyuan monarchy was integrated into the new Japanese nobility.

Sanzan period
The Sanzan period (三山時代, Sanzan jidai; lit. 'three mountain period') is a period in the history of the Okinawa Islands when three lines of kings, namely Sanhoku (山北; lit. 'north of the mountain (island)'), Chūzan (中山; lit. 'middle mountain (island)') and Sannan (山南; lit. 'south of the mountain (island)'), are said to have co-existed on Okinawa Island. It is said to have started during King Tamagusuku's reign (traditional dates: 1314–1336) and, according to Sai On's edition of the Chūzan Seifu (1725), ended in 1429 when Shō Hashi unified the island. Historical records of the period are fragmentary and mutually conflicting. Some even question the co-existence of the three polities.
Matthew Brouillette
Matthew J. Brouillette (/briːˈjɛt/ bree-YET) is an American businessman and entrepreneur who is the founder and president of Commonwealth Partners Chamber of Entrepreneurs, a 501(c)(6) membership organization based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He is the former president and CEO of the Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives, a free-market think tank in Pennsylvania. He served in that position from February 2002 through June 2016.

Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives
The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives is a think tank based in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It develops and advances fiscally conservative and libertarian public policies. The organization's stated mission is to "transform free-market ideas into public policies so all Pennsylvanians can flourish." Its policy agenda is focused on "educational opportunity, public-sector labor reform, fiscal responsibility, and improving Pennsylvania's overall economic climate."

In 2024, the National Review described the organization as "a policy juggernaut considered one of the most successful and impactful of America's state-based, pro-liberty, free-market think tanks."
Maunabo, Puerto Rico
Maunabo (Spanish pronunciation: [mawˈnaβo]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Maunabo Valley on the southeastern coast, northeast of Patillas and south of Yabucoa. Maunabo is spread over eight barrios and Maunabo Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population in 2020 was 10,589.

Maunabo barrio-pueblo
Maunabo barrio-pueblo  is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) of Maunabo, a municipality of Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 317.

As was customary in Spain, in Puerto Rico, the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza, the municipal buildings (city hall), and a Catholic church. Fiestas patronales (patron saint festivals) are held in the central plaza every year.
Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America
Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America is a 2002 non-fiction book by David Wise. It is about the Robert Hanssen case.

Publishers Weekly stated that the author "covers aspects of the case that have been largely neglected to date" due to the information from people involved in the case and how Wise placed the central figure, Hanssen, in context. Kirkus Reviews stated that the book is "largely narrative" that lacks the analysis present in David Wise's other works.

The CIA had asked Wise to not state the name of a CIA employee who was erroneously accused of spying before Hanssen; Wise stated that the agency gave him "intense pressure" but he refused to do so. Instead he criticized the agency in a subsequent The New York Times op-ed article.

David Wise (journalist)
David Wise  (May 10, 1930 – October 8, 2018) was an American journalist and author who worked for the New York Herald-Tribune in the 1950s and 1960s, and published a series of non-fiction books on espionage and US politics as well as several spy novels. His book The Politics of Lying: Government Deception, Secrecy, and Power (1973) won the George Polk Award (Book category, 1973), and the George Orwell Award (1975).
Arrah
Arrah (also spelled as Arra, Arah, transliterated as Ara) is a city and a municipal corporation in Bhojpur district (formerly known as Shahabad district) in the Indian state of Bihar. During the British Raj, it served as the administrative headquarters and was considered the most populous urban centre of the historical Shahabad district. It is the headquarters of Bhojpur district, located near the confluence of the Ganges and Sone rivers, some 24 miles (39 km) from Danapur and 36 miles (58 km) from Patna.

The city holds an important position in Indian history, mainly because of its role in the Siege of Arrah, an important event during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Today, Arrah is a cultural centre for the Bhojpuri speaking region of India. Its economy is driven by agriculture and the trade of building materials, mainly sand and bricks from the riverine plains.

Shahabad district
Shahabad district (Bhojpuri pronunciation: sāhābāda, साहाबाद),  headquartered at Arrah, was a historic administrative district in British India. Making up the westernmost part of modern-day Bihar, its territory was defined by the Ganges river to the north and the Son River to the east, which traditionally separated the Bhojpuri-speaking culture of Shahabad from the Magahi culture of Magadh.

In 1972, the district was bifurcated into Bhojpur and Rohtas, which were later subdivided to create the four present-day districts that occupy its former territory.
Neptune Beach, Florida
Neptune Beach is a beachfront city east of Jacksonville in Duval County, Florida, United States. When the majority of Duval County communities consolidated with Jacksonville in 1968, Neptune Beach, along with Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach and Baldwin remained quasi-independent. Like those other municipalities, it maintains its own municipal government but its residents vote in the Jacksonville mayoral election and are represented on the Jacksonville city council. The population was 7,217 at the 2020 census. Neptune Beach is the smallest of the Jacksonville Beaches communities. it is part of the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Duval County, Florida
Duval County (/djuːˈvɔːl/ dew-VAWL), officially the City of Jacksonville and Duval County, is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, its population was 995,567, making it the sixth-most populous county in Florida. Its county seat is Jacksonville, with which the Duval County government has been consolidated since 1968. Duval County was established in 1822 and is named for William Pope Duval, Governor of Florida Territory from 1822 to 1834. Duval County is the central county of the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.
6th Canadian Infantry Division
The 6th Canadian Infantry Division was an infantry division of the Canadian Army, formed in 1942 during the Second World War. It was attached to Pacific Command. The division had a brigade sent to the Aleutian Islands Campaign, particularly at Kiska, but never saw action. The 6th Division was to have been part of a proposed Commonwealth Corps, formed for a planned invasion of Japan, but was disbanded on 31 January 1946, after the surrender of Japan in August 1945.

Kiska
Kiska (Aleut: Qisxa, Russian: Кыска) is one of the Rat Islands, a group of the  Aleutian Islands of Alaska. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long and varies in width from 1.5 to 6 miles (2.4 to 9.7 km).  It is part of Aleutian Islands Wilderness and as such, special permission is required to visit it. The island has no permanent population.
VCTC Intercity
VCTC Intercity (formerly known as Ventura Intercity Service Transit Authority or VISTA) is a public transit agency providing bus service in Ventura County, California. It provides an intercity bus service between the cities of Ventura, Oxnard, Camarillo, Thousand Oaks, Moorpark, Santa Paula, and Fillmore in Ventura County, and to communities in neighboring Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties. The agency is part of the Ventura County Transportation Commission, a governmental body that oversees transportation planning and funding in Ventura County. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 402,500, or about 1,400 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2024.

Ventura County, California
Ventura County (/vɛnˈtʊərə/ ⓘ) is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 843,843. The largest city is Oxnard, California, and the county seat is the city of Ventura, California.

Ventura County comprises the Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Greater Los Angeles area (Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA Combined Statistical Area). It is also considered the southernmost county along the California Central Coast.

Two of the Channel Islands are part of the county: Anacapa Island, which is the most visited island in Channel Islands National Park, and San Nicolas Island.
Mojave 3
Mojave 3 were a British rock band consisting of former Slowdive members Neil Halstead (vocals, guitar), Rachel Goswell (vocals, bass) and Ian McCutcheon (drums) alongside keyboardist Alan Forrester and former Chapterhouse guitarist Simon Rowe.

The band formed as a trio shortly after Slowdive's breakup in 1995, with Forrester and Rowe joining after the release of their debut album. Mojave 3 released five albums before going on a hiatus. The band returned to live performances in 2011 but permanently ceased after Goswell and Halstead reformed Slowdive.

Neil Halstead
Neil Halstead (born 7 October 1970) is an English musician known as the singer, primary songwriter, producer and guitarist of shoegaze band Slowdive. He has been hailed by AllMusic as "one of Britain's most respected songwriters", and Time Out as "one of Britain's greatest songwriters".
Siege of Novo Brdo (1440–1441)
The siege of Novo Brdo was a military blockade of Novo Brdo, an important fortified mining town in the Serbian Despotate, by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. The siege began in 1440 and lasted until the capture of the fortress on 27 June 1441. During the siege, the Serbian garrison was supported by the local community of citizens of the Republic of Ragusa.

Serbian Despotate
The Serbian Despotate (Serbian: Српска деспотовина / Srpska despotovina) was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is mistakenly considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 70 years, experiencing a cultural, economic, and political renaissance, especially during the reign of Despot Stefan Lazarević. After the death of Despot Đurađ Branković in 1456, the Despotate continued to exist for another three years before it finally fell under Ottoman rule in 1459.

After 1459, political traditions of the Serbian Despotate continued to exist in exile, in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, with several titular despots of Serbia, who were appointed by kings of Hungary. The last titular Despot of Serbia was Pavle Bakić, who fell in the Battle of Gorjani in 1537.
Safor
Safor (Valencian: [saˈfoɾ]; Spanish: [saˈfoɾ]) is a comarca within the province of Valencia, Valencian Community, Spain. The capital is the city of Gandia, but also includes the towns of Oliva, Piles and Daimús, among others. The beach area of Gandia, La Platja, is well known for its wild nightlife during the summer.

The former natural and historical comarca of Valldigna has been integrated into Safor comarca for administrative purposes.

Piles, Spain
Piles (Valencian pronunciation: [ˈpiles]) is a municipality in the comarca of Safor in the Valencian Community, Spain.

One of the watchtowers to defend Valencia against north-African forces was built in Piles 1577.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton
The Diocese of Rockhampton is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Australia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane. Erected in 1882, it covers Central Queensland.

Diocese of Townsville
The Diocese of Townsville is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in Australia. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Brisbane. Erected in 1930, the Diocese of Townsville covers North Queensland. It was assembled from territory separated from the Diocese of Rockhampton.
Kaph
Kaph (also spelled kaf) is the eleventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician kāp 𐤊, Hebrew kāp̄ כ‎, Aramaic kāp 𐡊, Syriac kāp̄ ܟ, and Arabic kāf ك‎ (in abjadi order). It is also related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪋‎, South Arabian 𐩫, and Ge'ez ከ.

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К.

Pe (Semitic letter)
Pe is the seventeenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic fāʾ ف‎, Aramaic pē 𐡐, Hebrew pē פ‎, Phoenician pē 𐤐, and Syriac pē ܦ. (in abjadi order). It is related to the Ancient North Arabian 𐪐‎, South Arabian 𐩰, and Ge'ez ፈ.

The original sound value is a voiceless bilabial plosive /p/ and it retains this value in most Semitic languages, except for Arabic, where the sound /p/ changed into the voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, carrying with it the pronunciation of the letter. However, the sound /p/ in Arabic is used in loanwords with the letter pe as an alternative. Under the Persian influence, many Arabic dialects in the Persian Gulf, as well as in Egypt and in some of the Maghreb under the Ottoman influence uses the letter pe to represent the sound /p/ which is missing in Modern Standard Arabic. Not to be confused with the Turned g. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Pi (Π), Latin P, Glagolitic Ⱂ, and Cyrillic П.
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
Mary, Princess Royal (Victoria Alexandra Alice Mary; 25 April 1897 – 28 March 1965), was a member of the British royal family. She was the only daughter of King George V and Queen Mary, the sister of kings Edward VIII and George VI, and aunt of Elizabeth II. In the First World War, she performed charity work in support of servicemen and their families. She married Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (later the 6th Earl of Harewood), in 1922. Mary was given the title of Princess Royal in 1932. During the Second World War, she was Controller Commandant of the Auxiliary Territorial Service. The Princess Royal and the Earl of Harewood had two sons, George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, and Gerald David Lascelles.

Wedding of Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles
The wedding of Princess Mary (later Princess Royal), and Henry Lascelles, Viscount Lascelles (later 6th Earl of Harewood) took place on Tuesday, 28 February 1922, at Westminster Abbey. The bride was the only daughter of King George V, while the groom was a member of the Lascelles family.
Odesa Raion
Odesa Raion (Ukrainian: Одеський район) or Odessa Raion (Russian: Одесский район) is a raion (district) of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. It was created on 17 July 2020 as part of the reform of administrative divisions of Ukraine. Biliaivka Raion, Biliaivka and Illichivsk municipalities, parts of Lyman and Ovidiopol raions, as well as the cities of Odesa, Teplodar, and Yuzhne were merged into Odesa Raion. The center of the raion is the city of Odesa. Population: 1,378,490 (2022 estimate).

Chornomorsk
Chornomorsk (Ukrainian: Чорноморськ, pronounced [tʃornoˈmɔrsʲk] ⓘ), formerly Illichivsk (Ukrainian: Іллічівськ), is a city in Odesa Raion, Odesa Oblast, south-western Ukraine, dependent on the Port of Chornomorsk. It hosts the administration of Chornomorsk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The city is located around the Sukhyi Estuary. Its population was given as 57,983 (2022 estimate).

Originally, the city was established as a satellite town of Odesa.
West Lockinge
West Lockinge is a hamlet in the civil parish of Lockinge, in the Vale of White Horse district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 local authority boundary changes transferred the Vale of White Horse to Oxfordshire. The village is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Wantage and is included within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

Wantage
Wantage (/ˈwɒntɪdʒ/) is a historic market town and civil parish at the foot of the Berkshire Downs in the Vale of White Horse, Oxfordshire, England. Historically in Berkshire, it has been administered as part of Oxfordshire since 1974. The town is on Letcombe Brook, 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Abingdon, 14 miles (23 km) north-west of Newbury, and 15 miles (24 km) south-west of Oxford.

It was the birthplace of King Alfred the Great in 849.
Toronto subway
The Toronto subway is a rapid transit system serving Toronto and the neighbouring city of Vaughan in Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC), an agency of the City of Toronto. The system is a rail network consisting of five lines: Line 1 Yonge–University, Line 2 Bloor–Danforth, Line 4 Sheppard, Line 5 Eglinton, and Line 6 Finch West.

In 1954, the TTC opened Canada's first underground rail line, then known as the "Yonge subway" and now part of Line 1, under Yonge Street between Union Station and Eglinton Avenue with 12 stations. As of 2026, the network encompasses 109 stations and 99.4 kilometres (61.8 mi) of route. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 331,789,000, or about 1,079,700 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it the busiest rapid transit system in Canada in terms of daily ridership. As of February 2026, there are 21 stations under construction as part of one new line (the Ontario Line) and two extensions to existing lines.

Ontario Line
The Ontario Line is a rapid transit line under construction in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its northern terminus will be at Eglinton Avenue and Don Mills Road, at Don Valley station, where it will connect with Line 5 Eglinton. Its southern terminus will be at the existing Exhibition GO Station on the Lakeshore West line. The Ontario Line was announced by the Government of Ontario on April 10, 2019. As of August 2024, the estimated cost for the 15.6-kilometre (9.7 mi) line is CA$27 billion with an estimated completion in 2031. Originally, the cost was estimated at $10.9 billion with completion by 2027. A groundbreaking ceremony for the project took place on March 27, 2022. Upon opening, the plan is for the line to be designated "Line 3". This identifier was used by Line 3 Scarborough until its closure in July 2023.
Mohamed Rabie Hrimat
Mohamed Rabie Hrimat (Arabic: محمد ربيع حريمات; born 7 August 1994) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as an Defensive midfielder and captains both AS FAR and the Morocco A' national football team.

Morocco A' national football team
The Morocco A' national football team (Arabic: منتخب المغرب لكرة القدم للمحليين) is the local national football team of Morocco and is open only to domestic league players. They have won the African Nations Championship a record three times (2018, 2020 and 2024).

The primary men's Morocco national football team contains expatriate players and represents Morocco at the Africa Cup of Nations.
University of Kalemie
The University of Kalemie (UNIKAL) is a public university located in the city of Kalemie, in Tanganyika Province of the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

At its creation, it was an Extension of the University of Lubumbashi, then called University Centre of Kalemie (C.U.K.). As of 2012 it had 800 students in 6 faculties. Its president is Kisimba Kya Ngoy. Instruction is in French.

Kalemie
Kalemie, formerly Albertville or Albertstad, is a city on the western shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 
The Lukuga River, that drains Lake Tanganyika to the Lualaba River, runs through the city. Kalemie is the capital of Tanganyika Province.