hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Printing
Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of printing evolved from ink rubbings made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century. Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using woodblock printing) appeared later that century. Later developments in printing technology include the movable type invented by Bi Sheng around 1040 and the printing press invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.

Bi Sheng
Bi Sheng (972–1051) was a Chinese artisan and engineer during the Song dynasty (960–1279), who invented the world's first movable type. Bi's system used fired clay tiles, one for each Chinese character, and was invented between 1039 and 1048. Printing was one of the Four Great Inventions. Because Bi was a commoner, not an educated person, little is known about his life besides this invention.
Cornelius Gurlitt (art collector)
Rolf Nikolaus Cornelius Gurlitt (28 December 1932 – 6 May 2014) was a German art collection owner. The son of Hildebrand Gurlitt, an art gallery director and Nazi-era dealer of looted art who worked for Adolf Hitler and Hermann Göring, Gurlitt inherited from his father a collection of over 1,400 artworks known as the Gurlitt trove or Gurlitt Collection, a small number (less than 20) of which were subsequently demonstrated to have been looted from Jews by Nazis. Upon its public discovery, the collection was impounded by the Augsburg Prosecutor's Office as evidence in a possible case for tax evasion that was never mounted; the works were not returned to Gurlitt's estate until after his death. In his will, Gurlitt left the entire collection, minus any works that turned out to be looted, to the Museum of Fine Arts Bern (German: Kunstmuseum Bern), apparently in reaction over his perceived poor treatment by the German authorities.

Nazi plunder
Nazi authorities systematically plundered art and valuables from occupied European countries. Jewish property was looted beginning in 1933 in Germany and was a key part of the Holocaust. Nazis also plundered occupied countries, sometimes with direct seizures, and sometimes under the guise of protecting art through Kunstschutz units. In addition to gold, silver, and currency, cultural items of great significance were stolen, including paintings, ceramics, books, and religious treasures.

Many of the artworks looted by the Nazis were recovered by the Allies' Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA, also known as the Monuments Men and Women), following the war; however many of them are still missing or were returned to countries but not to their original owners. An international effort to identify Nazi plunder which still remains unaccounted for is underway, with the ultimate aim of returning the items to their rightful owners, their families, or their respective countries.
Indian locomotive class WCAM-1
The Indian locomotive class WCAM-1 was a class of dual-voltage (25 kV AC and 1.5 kV DC) electric locomotives that was developed in 1973 by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works for Indian Railways. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), DC Current (C), AC Current (A), Mixed traffic (M) locomotive,  1st generation (1). They entered service in March 1973. A total of 53 WCAM-1 were built at CLW between 1973 and 1979, which made them the most numerous class of mainline dual-power AC/DC electric locomotive.

The WCAM-1 was one of the most successful locomotives of Indian Railways, having served both passenger and freight trains for over 40 years between 1973 and 2015. This class was a bi-current version of the WAM-4 class. However, with the advent of new 3-phase locomotives like WAP-5 and WAP-7, the aging fleet of WCAM-1 locomotives were relegated to hauling smaller passenger trains and have been fully withdrawn from mainline duties. All units have been scrapped with no locomotives preserved.

Indian locomotive class WCAM-3
The Indian locomotive class WCAM–3 is a class of dual-power AC/DC series electric locomotives That was developed in 1997 by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited used in the Indian Railways system. They are the third locomotives from  the WCAM class. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), DC Current (C), AC Current (A), Mixed traffic (M) locomotive, 3rd generation (3). They entered service in 1997. A total of 53 WCAM-3 were built at BHEL between 1997 and 1998, which made them the most numerous class of mainline dual-power AC-DC electric locomotive. They were specifically designed for use by Central Railways in the Ghat section towards Nashik and Pune.
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr.
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. (February 18, 1918 – May 31, 1990), a grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, was a soldier, scholar, polyglot, authority on the Middle East, and career CIA officer. He served as chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's stations in Istanbul, Madrid and London. Roosevelt had a speaking or reading knowledge of at least twenty languages.

Archibald Roosevelt
Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Sr. (April 9, 1894 – October 13, 1979) was a  U.S. Army officer and commander of U.S. forces in World War I and II, and the fifth child of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. In both conflicts he was wounded. He earned the Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster, and the French Croix de Guerre.  After World War II, he became a businessman and the founder of a New York City bond brokerage house, as well as a spokesman for conservative political causes.
Laura, Queensland
Laura is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It is the centre for the largest collection of prehistoric rock art in the world, including Quinkan Country which is on the Australian National Heritage List. In the 2021 census, the locality of Laura had a population of 133 people.

Cooktown, Queensland
Cooktown is a coastal town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repairs in 1770. Both the town and Mount Cook (431 metres or 1,415 feet) which rises up behind the town were named after James Cook.

Cooktown is one of the few large towns in the Cape York Peninsula and was founded on 25 October 1873 as a supply port for the goldfields along the Palmer River. It was called "Cook's Town" until 1 June 1874.

In the 2021 census, the locality of Cooktown had a population of 2,746 people.
Massacre at Béziers
43°20′51″N 3°13′08″E﻿ / ﻿43.3476°N 3.2190°E﻿ / 43.3476; 3.2190

The Massacre at Béziers occurred on 22 July 1209 during the sack of Béziers by crusaders. It was the outcome of the Siege of Béziers, which was the first major military action of the Albigensian Crusade.

Béziers
Béziers (French: [bezje] ⓘ; Occitan: Besièrs) is a city in southern France. It is a subprefecture of the Hérault department in the Occitanie region. Every August Béziers hosts the famous Feria de Béziers, which is centred on bullfighting. A million visitors are attracted to the five-day event.

The town is located on a small bluff above the river Orb, about ten kilometres (six miles) from the Mediterranean coast and 75 kilometres (47 miles) southwest of Montpellier. At Béziers, the Canal du Midi passes over the river Orb by means of the Pont-canal de l'Orb, an aqueduct claimed to be the first of its kind.
Atromitos F.C.
Atromitos Football Club (Greek: Π.Α.Ε. Α.Π.Σ. Ατρόμητος Αθηνών, PAE APS Atromitos Athinon), also simply known as Atromitos lit. 'Fearless'), is a Greek professional football club based in Peristeri, a suburban city in the Athens agglomeration, that competes in the Super League. Founded in 1923, club's home ground is Peristeri Stadium.

In the past few years, Atromitos has established itself as one of the most competitive and strong clubs in Greece. They were runners-up of the Greek Cup in 2011 and 2012 and have had breakthrough runs in the league, finishing 4th in 2011–12, 3rd in 2012–13, 4th in 2013–14 and 4th as well in 2014–15 and 2018–19. Their best performance in the league has been third place, which they have achieved in the 1928 and 2013 seasons of the Greek Championship.

2010–11 Greek Football Cup
The 2010–11 Greek Football Cup was the 69th edition of the Greek Football Cup. A total of 67 clubs had been accepted to enter, after the withdrawal of Egaleo, Kalamata and Pyrsos Grevena and their relegation to Delta Ethniki. The competition commenced on 4 September 2010 with the First Round and concluded on 30 April 2011 with the final, held at Olympic Stadium. The final was contested by Atromitos and AEK Athens, with AEK winning 3–0.
Marshfield, Wisconsin
Marshfield is a city in Wood and Marathon counties of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,929 at the 2020 census; of this, 18,119 were in Wood County and 810 were in Marathon County. It is a principal city of the Marshfield–Wisconsin Rapids micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Wood County and had a population of 74,207 in 2020.

It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 10, Highway 13 and Highway 97. Marshfield is home to the Marshfield Clinic, a large healthcare system that serves much of Central, Northern, and Western Wisconsin.

Marshfield Clinic
Marshfield Clinic Health System is an integrated health system serving Wisconsin founded in 1916. The system contains several hospitals and many clinics throughout Wisconsin, as well as a medical research institute and an education division, and employs more than 1,200 doctors and other clinicians.
Glenn Carano
Glenn Thomas Carano (born November 18, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for seven seasons with the  Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UNLV Rebels and was selected in the second round of the 1977 NFL draft. Carano also was a member of the Pittsburgh Maulers of the United States Football League (USFL). After his playing career, he became the general manager of Eldorado Resorts properties of Circus Circus, Eldorado, and Silver Legacy Resort & Casino.

UNLV Rebels football
The UNLV Rebels football program is a college football team that represents the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). The team is a member of the Mountain West Conference, which is a Division I Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The program, which began on September 14, 1968, plays its home games at Allegiant Stadium in Paradise, Nevada.
Great Bowden
Great Bowden is a village and civil parish in the Harborough district of Leicestershire, England. It is north-east of and a suburb of Market Harborough, although originally the parish of Great Bowden included Harborough. The population is around 1,000, being measured at the 2011 census as 1,017.    Places nearby include Market Harborough, Little Bowden, Sutton Bassett, Foxton and Thorpe Langton.

Harborough District
Harborough (/ˈhɑːrbərə/) is a local government district in Leicestershire, England. It is named after its main town, Market Harborough, which is where the council is based. The district also includes the town of Lutterworth and numerous villages and surrounding rural areas. In the north of the district it includes parts of the Leicester Urban Area, notably at Thurnby, Bushby and Scraptoft. Covering 230 square miles (600 km2), the district is the largest by area of the eight districts in Leicestershire and covers almost a quarter of the county.

The neighbouring districts are Blaby, Oadby and Wigston, Leicester, Charnwood, Melton, Rutland, North Northamptonshire, West Northamptonshire and Rugby.
Assistant (by Speaktoit)
Assistant was an intelligent personal assistant application for mobile devices developed by Speaktoit. Originally launched in October 2011 for the Android platform, Assistant was later made available on iOS and Windows Phones. Assistant used natural language processing and speech recognition to interact with its users and was able to have clarifying conversations.

The New York Times recognized Assistant as one of the top 10 Android Apps of 2011.

Assistant was discontinued on December 15, 2016. All web links to the app now redirect to api.ai's website.

Dialogflow
Dialogflow is a natural language understanding platform used to design and integrate a conversational user interface into mobile apps, web applications, devices, bots, interactive voice response systems and related uses.
Hail (city)
Hail (Arabic: حائل, Ḥāʾil) is a city in north-western Saudi Arabia, located between the Shammar Mountains of Aja and Salma. It is the seat and largest city of Hail Province. As of 2022, Hail has a population of 498,575.

Hail is largely agricultural, with significant grain, date, and fruit production. A large percentage of the kingdom's wheat production comes from Hail Province, where the area to the northeast, 60 to 100 km (37 to 62 miles) away, consists of irrigated gardens. Historically, Hail derived its wealth from being on the camel caravan route of the Hajj. Hail is well known for the generosity of its people throughout Saudi Arabia and the Arab world as it is the place where Hatim al-Tai lived. It is also the homeland of the Rashidi dynasty, historical rivals to the House of Saud.

Jabal Aja Protected Area
Jabal Aja Protected Area (Arabic: محمية جبل آجا) is a protected area in northern Saudi Arabia. It consists of a red granite mountain range projecting from a flatter area and is of importance for both plant and animal life. It lies at 27°30'N and 41°30'E close to the town of Ha'il and has a total area of around 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres). Jabal Aja has been designated an Important Plant Area and an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area.
Adcor A-556
The ADCOR A-556 is an assault rifle based on the M16/M4 series. It is produced by the Adcor Defense Company and was one of the contenders in the US Army Individual Carbine Competition to replace the M4 Carbine.

Individual Carbine
The Individual Carbine was a competition to select the planned successor to the M4 carbine in the United States Army.

The U.S. Army conducted an open competition for a carbine to replace the M4. This competition was for the Army only—the United States Marine Corps and other branches chose to stay with current weapons in service. The proposal was passed before the Joint Requirements Oversight Council in August 2010, and the Army was to solicit submissions from the small arms industry by the end of that year. The competition was open to all manufacturers. However, Phase II testing reduced the field down to six rifles. The competition was intended to provide an evaluation of the full range of weapons available. Presolicitation notice W15QKN-11-R-F003 was posted January 31, 2011.

Complete results of the competition and selection of a new carbine were expected before FY 2013. However, the competition was cancelled in June 2013.
Marco Di Lauro
Marco Di Lauro (Italian pronunciation: [ˈmarko di ˈlauro]; born 16 June 1980) is an Italian Camorrista and member of the Di Lauro clan from Naples. After having been a fugitive for 14 years and been included on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy, he was captured in Naples on 2 March 2019.

Di Lauro clan
The Di Lauro clan (Italian pronunciation: [di ˈlauro]) is an Italian crime clan, part of the Camorra in Naples. The clan operates in the neighbourhoods of Secondigliano, Scampìa, Miano, Marianella, Piscinola, and in the adjacent municipalities of Casavatore, Melito, Arzano, Villaricca and Mugnano (all in the province of Naples). At its peak, between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the organisation was earning more than €500,000 a day from the sale of drugs alone, making Secondigliano the largest open-air drug market in Europe. The founder of the clan is Paolo Di Lauro (known as "Ciruzzo il milionario"), from Via Cupa dell'Arco, in Secondigliano.
J. M. Coetzee
John Maxwell Coetzee AC FRSL OMG (born 9 February 1940) is a South African and Australian novelist, essayist, linguist, and translator. The recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature, Coetzee is one of the most critically acclaimed and decorated authors in the English language. He has won the Booker Prize (twice), the CNA Literary Award (thrice), the Jerusalem Prize, the Prix Femina étranger, and The Irish Times International Fiction Prize, and holds a number of other awards and honorary doctorates.

Coetzee moved to Australia in 2002 and became an Australian citizen in 2006. He lives in Adelaide, South Australia. He is patron of the J. M. Coetzee Centre for Creative Practice at the University of Adelaide. His most recently published book is The Pole and Other Stories (2023).

Jerusalem Prize
The Jerusalem Prize for the Freedom of the Individual in Society is a biennial literary award given to writers whose works have dealt with themes of human freedom in society.

It is awarded at the Jerusalem International Book Forum (previously known as the Jerusalem International Book Fair), and the recipient usually delivers an address when accepting the award. The award is valued at $10,000.

The prize's inaugural year was 1963, awarded to Bertrand Russell who had won the Nobel Prize in 1950. Octavio Paz, V. S. Naipaul, J. M. Coetzee, and Mario Vargas Llosa all won the Jerusalem Prize prior to winning the Nobel Prize in Literature.

No prize was awarded in 2023, the first such occasion in the award's history.
House of Commons Library
The House of Commons Library is the library and information resource of the lower house of the British Parliament. It was established in 1818, although its original 1828 construction was destroyed during the burning of Parliament in 1834.

The library has adopted the phrase "Contributing to a well-informed democracy" as a summary of its mission statement.

House of Lords Library
The House of Lords Library is the library and information resource of the House of Lords, the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It provides Members of the House and their staff with books, Parliamentary material and reference and research services.
Abe Olman
Abe Olman (December 20, 1887 – January 4, 1984), born Abraham Olshewitz, was an American songwriter and music publisher.  He composed a number of successful ragtime and popular songs including "Red Onion Rag" (1912), "Down Among the Sheltering Palms" (1915), "Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!" (1917), and "Down By the O-Hi-O" (1920).  He was later director of ASCAP, and a founder of the Songwriters Hall of Fame which, in 1983, named the annual Abe Olman Publisher Award in his honor.

Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!
"Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh!" is a song composed by Abe Olman (1887–1984), lyricized by Ed Rose (pseudonym for Edward Smackels Jr.; 1875–1935), and published by Forster Music Publisher, Inc. The music was copyrighted 7 February 1917 and the copyright was renewed 29 December 1944. Under the Copyright Term Extension Act (1998), the sheet music is in the public domain, as is all music published in the U.S. prior to 1923. Its melody and structure form the basis of a self-calling circle dance, using square dance steps and popular in summer camps.
Steve Field (doctor)
Stephen John Field (born 22 June 1959) is a general practitioner and Chairman of The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust. He was previously Chief Inspector of General Practice (Primary Medical Services and Integrated Care) at England's Care Quality Commission. He is a past chairman of the Royal College of General Practitioners. He is Honorary Professor of Medical Education at the University of Warwick (2002–present) and Honorary Professor in the School of Medicine at the University of Birmingham (2003–present).

Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust
The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust (formerly Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust) runs New Cross Hospital and West Park Rehabilitation Hospital in Wolverhampton and Cannock Chase Hospital in Cannock.

In December 2020 it agreed to appoint a joint chair with Walsall Healthcare NHS Trust, anticipating plans to form a group model across the sustainability and transformation partnership.
Helmut Jahn
Helmut Jahn (January 4, 1940 – May 8, 2021) was a German and American architect, known for projects such as the Sony Center on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany; the Messeturm in Frankfurt, Germany; the James R. Thompson Center in Chicago; One Liberty Place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Suvarnabhumi Airport, in Bangkok, Thailand, among others.

His recent projects included 50 West Street, a residential tower in New York City in 2016; and the ThyssenKrupp Test Tower in Rottweil, Germany, in 2017. He was also behind 1000M in Chicago which began construction in 2019.

50 West Street
50 West Street is a 64-story, 778 ft (237 m) tall mixed-use retail and residential condominium tower developed by Time Equities Inc. in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It contains 191 residential units.
Antonio Pucci (cardinal)
Antonio Pucci (born 8 October 1485 – 12 October 1544) was an Italian cardinal belonging to the ancient Florentine Pucci noble family. He was the son of Alessandro Pucci and Sibilla di Francesco Sassetti, and the nephew of Cardinals Lorenzo Pucci and Roberto Pucci.

Pucci played a significant role in the Catholic Church, serving in various positions, including bishop of Pistoia and papal nuncio in Switzerland. His influence extended through his participation in major Church councils and diplomatic missions.

Diocese of Pistoia
The Diocese of Pistoia (Latin: Dioecesis Pistoriensis) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the Province of Florence. It has existed since the third century. From 1653 to 1954, the historic diocese was the diocese of Pistoia and Prato. The Diocese of Prato has been separate from 1954. The diocese is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Florence.
Fukrey Returns
Fukrey Returns (transl. Slackers Return) is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language  comedy film directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani. It is a sequel to the 2013 film Fukrey. The film stars Pulkit Samrat, Manjot Singh, Ali Fazal, Varun Sharma, Priya Anand, Vishakha Singh, Pankaj Tripathi, Rajiv Gupta, and Richa Chadda. Fukrey Returns was released on 8 December 2017.

Richa Chadha
Richa Chadha (born 18 December 1986) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi cinema. She made her acting debut with a small role in the comedy film Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye! (2008). Chadha's breakthrough came in 2012 with the crime film Gangs of Wasseypur, in which her role as the foul-tongued wife of a gangster earned her the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.

Her career progressed with a supporting role in Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013) and a leading role in the drama film Masaan (2015). She had her biggest commercial success with the comedy film Fukrey (2013) and its sequels in 2017 and 2023, and has also starred in the film Section 375 (2019), and series Inside Edge (2017–2021) and  Heeramandi (2024).