hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kripke structure (model checking)
A Kripke structure is a variation of the transition system, originally proposed by Saul Kripke, used in model checking to represent the behavior of a system.
It consists of a graph whose nodes represent the reachable states of the system and whose edges represent state transitions, together with a labelling function which maps each node to a set of properties that hold in the corresponding state. Temporal logics are traditionally interpreted in terms of Kripke structures.

Temporal logic
In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example, "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry until I eat something"). It is sometimes also used to refer to tense logic, a modal logic-based system of temporal logic introduced by Arthur Prior in the late 1950s, with important contributions by Hans Kamp. It has been further developed by computer scientists, notably Amir Pnueli, and logicians.

Temporal logic has found an important application in formal verification, where it is used to state requirements of hardware or software systems. For instance, one may wish to say that whenever a request is made, access to a resource is eventually granted, but it is never granted to two requestors simultaneously. Such a statement can conveniently be expressed in a temporal logic.
Populus
Populus is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (/ˈpɒplər/ ⓘ), aspen, and cottonwood.

The western balsam poplar (P. trichocarpa) was the first tree to have its full DNA code determined by DNA sequencing, in 2006.

Populus trichocarpa
Populus trichocarpa, the  black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar or California poplar, is a  deciduous broadleaf tree species native to western North America. It is used for timber, and is notable as a model organism in plant biology. The tree is notable for the seed-carrying cottony fluff it releases into the air each spring.
Salphen
Salphen (also Zalfen) is a hamlet which is part of the village of Oostmalle in the Campine region of Flanders, Belgium. The history of Salphen dates back to the 13th century when in the records of the Chapter of Our Lady (Dutch: O.L. Vrouw Kapittel) of Antwerp it was called Zalhulfe.

Oostmalle
Oostmalle is a village which is located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The village itself is part of the municipality of Malle.

Oostmalle was an independent municipality until 1976. It has a surface area of 28.27 km2 and in 2004 had 6,510 inhabitants.
Sabaash Meena
Sabaash Meena (transl. Bravo Meena) is a 1958 Indian Tamil-language comedy film produced and directed by B. R. Panthulu. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, B. Saroja Devi, Chandrababu and Malini, with Panthulu and S. V. Ranga Rao in supporting roles. It was released on 3 October 1958. The film was remade into Hindi as Dil Tera Deewana (1962), in Kannada as Aliya Geleya (1971), and in Malayalam as Chirikkudukka (1976).

Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)
Dil Tera Deewana (transl. The Heart's Crazy Over You) is a 1962 Hindi-language comedy film. The film was directed by B.R.Panthulu, and written by Inder Raj Anand and Raj Baldev Raj.

It stars Shammi Kapoor, Mala Sinha, Mehmood, Pran and Om Prakash. The music is by Shankar Jaikishan. The film is black and white in an era where colour films had already started making their appearance. The music of the film was popular. The film was a remake of the Tamil film Sabaash Meena.
Vân Đài
Ðào Thị Nguyệt Minh (January 29, 1903 – 1964), known by the pseudonym Vân Ðài,  was a Vietnamese poet. Well known as one of Vietnam's primary female poets, Vân Ðài's work is also closely associated with the Resistance during the Vietnam War. In 1943 Vân Ðài published Hương Xuân, the first women's poetry collection in quốc ngữ (the Vietnamese alphabet), together with Hằng Phương, Mộng Tuyết, and Anh Thơ. Vân Ðài was selected by the editorial board of Feminist Publishing House of New York City University as one of the pioneer poets of the New Poetry style.

Hằng Phương
Hằng Phương (Điện Bàn, 9 September 1908 – 2 February 1983) was a Vietnamese intimist poet.

She was born into an educated Confucian family and married writer Vũ Ngọc Phan. Her daughter is the painter Vũ Giáng Hương.
Roshan Khan
Roshan Khan (Pashto / Urdu: روشن خان; 26 November 1929 – 6 January 2006) was a squash player from Nawakille, Peshawar, Pakistan. He was one of the leading players in the game in the early 1960s, and won the British Open title in 1957.

His son Jahangir Khan became the world's leading squash player in the 1980s and has been recognized as the greatest squash player of all time.

Jahangir Khan
Jahangir Khan (Pashto, Urdu: جهانګير خان born 10 December 1963) is a former professional Pakistani squash player. He won the World Open title six times, and the British Open title ten times (1982–1991). He is widely regarded as the greatest squash player of all time, and the greatest sportsman in Pakistan history. From 1981 to 1986, Khan was unbeaten and won 555 consecutive matches during that time – the longest winning streak by any athlete in top-level professional sport as recorded by Guinness World Records.

He retired as a player in 1993, and served as President of the World Squash Federation from 2002 to 2008. Later in 2008, he became Emeritus President of the World Squash Federation.
Dangui
Dangui (Korean: 당의; Hanja: 唐衣; lit. Tang clothing; also written with the Hanja characters《唐衣服》; Korean pronunciation: [tɐŋɰi]), also called dang-jeogori (당저고리; 唐저고리; lit. Tang jeogori), dang-jeoksam (당적삼; 唐的衫; lit. Tang's robe), dang-hansam (당한삼; 唐汗衫; lit. Tang sweat robe), danggoui (당고의; 唐고의), and samja (삼자; 衫子; lit. shirt),  is a type of jeogori (upper garment) for women in hanbok, the Korean traditional clothing, which was worn for ceremonial occasions (e.g. for minor ceremonies in the palace as soryebok (小禮服)) in the palace during the Joseon period. It was typically a garment item reserved for the upper class and commoners of this period would rarely see anyone in this garment. It was worn as a simple official outfit or for small national ceremonies while court ladies wore it as a daily garment.

Jeogori
Jeogori or tseogori (Korean: 저고리; Korean pronunciation: [t͡ɕʌ̹ɡo̞ɾi]) is a basic upper garment of the hanbok, a traditional Korean garment, which has been worn by both men and women. Men usually wear the jeogori with a baji or pants while women wear the jeogori with chima, or skirts. It covers the arms and upper part of the wearer's body.
Silsden
Silsden is a town and civil parish in the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, on the River Aire and Leeds and Liverpool Canal between Keighley and Skipton, which had a population of 8,390 at the 2021 Census. The parish includes the hamlet of Brunthwaite.

A milestone on the A6034 "Keighley Road" as it crosses the River Aire marks the boundary of the town.

Keighley
Keighley (/ˈkiːθli/ ⓘ KEETH-lee) is a market town and a civil parish
in the City of Bradford Borough of West Yorkshire, England. It is the second-largest settlement in the borough, after Bradford.

Keighley is 8 miles (13 kilometres) north-west of Bradford, 4 mi (6.5 km) north-west of Bingley, 11 mi (18 km) north of Halifax and 8 mi (13 km) south-east of Skipton. It is governed by Keighley Town Council and Bradford City Council. Keighley is in West Yorkshire, close to the borders of North Yorkshire and Lancashire. Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, it lies between Airedale and Keighley Moors. At the 2011 census, Keighley had a population of 56,348.
Chifeng
Chifeng, also known as Ulankhad in Mongolian, is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol League to the north and west, Tongliao to the northeast, Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast and Chengde (Hebei) to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 km2 (34,855 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, had a population of 4,035,967 inhabitants (4,341,245 in 2010). However, 1,175,391 of those residents lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts of Hongshan and Songshan, as Yuanbaoshan is not conurbated yet. However, a large part of Songshan district is still rural and Yuanbaoshan district a de facto separate town 27 kilometers away from the core district of Chifeng. The city was the administrative center of the previous Ju Ud League.

Tongliao
Tongliao is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants. The city was the administrative centre of the defunct Jirem League.

The original Mongolian name for Tongliao city proper (i.e. Horqin District) is Bayitalai (Chinese: 白音泰赉/巴林太来; pinyin: Báiyīntàilài; lit. 'having buildings'), while the original name of the prefecture-level city is Jirem. The Mongolian dialect spoken in this area is Khorchin Mongolian.
Lust from Beyond
Lust from Beyond is a 2021 horror game developed by Movie Games Lunarium and published by Movie Games.  It is the sequel to Lust for Darkness and, like the previous game, features an erotic horror story influenced by H. P. Lovecraft, H. R. Giger, and Zdzisław Beksiński.

Lust for Darkness
Lust for Darkness is a 2018 horror game developed by Movie Games Lunarium and published by Movie Games.  It is an erotic horror story inspired by Zdzisław Beksiński, H. R. Giger, and H. P. Lovecraft.  It was originally released for Windows and macOS.  SimFabric published it for Switch and PlayStation 4 in 2019 and 2020, respectively.  A sequel, Lust from Beyond, was released in 2021.
Maquis des Glières
The Maquis des Glières was a Free French Resistance group, which fought against the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II. The name is also given to the military conflict that opposed Resistance fighters to German, Vichy and Milice forces.

Maquis (World War II)
The Maquis (French pronunciation: [maki] ⓘ) were rural guerrilla bands of French and Belgian Resistance fighters, called maquisards, during World War II. Initially, they were composed of young, mostly working-class men who had escaped into the mountains and forests to avoid conscription into Vichy France's Service du travail obligatoire (STO; 'Compulsory Work Service') which provided forced labor for Germany. To avoid capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into active resistance groups.

They had an estimated 25,000 to 40,000 members in autumn of 1943 and approximately 100,000 members in June 1944.
Semisoft sign
The semisoft sign (Ҍ ҍ; italics: Ҍ ҍ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

The semisoft sign is used in the alphabet of the Kildin Sami language, where it indicates palatalization (sometimes also called "half-palatalization") of the preceding stop, /nʲ/, /tʲ/, or /dʲ/.

It has a similar shape to the yat (ѣ) but the horizontal stroke across the upright is shorter.

Yat
Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet.

There is also another version of yat, the iotated yat (majuscule: ⟨Ꙓ⟩, minuscule: ⟨ꙓ⟩), which is a Cyrillic character combining a decimal I and a yat. There was no numerical value for this letter and it was not in the Glagolitic alphabet. It is encoded in Unicode 5.1 at positions U+A652 and U+A653.
Army Network Enterprise Technology Command
United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM) is a US Military unit subordinate to United States Army Cyber Command. NETCOM's mission is to operate and defend the computer networks of the United States Army. The numerical command for NETCOM was 9th Army Signal Command, though this distinction was removed on 1 October 2011. Its heritage can be traced back to the creation of the 9th Service Company in 1918. The command headquarters is at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Major General Jacqueline D. McPhail assumed command of NETCOM in August 2024.

United States Army Cyber Command
The U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) conducts information dominance and cyberspace operations as the Army service component command of United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM).

ARCYBER was established on 1 October 2010, intending to be the Army's single point of contact for external organizations regarding information operations and cyberspace.
Jacobi elliptic functions
In mathematics, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a set of basic elliptic functions.  They are found in the description of the motion of a pendulum, as well as in the design of electronic elliptic filters. While trigonometric functions are defined with reference to a circle, the Jacobi elliptic functions are a generalization which refer to other conic sections, the ellipse in particular. The relation to trigonometric functions is contained in the notation, for example, by the matching notation  for . The Jacobi elliptic functions are used more often in practical problems than the Weierstrass elliptic functions as they do not require notions of complex analysis to be defined and/or understood. They were introduced by Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi (1829). Carl Friedrich Gauss had already studied special Jacobi elliptic functions in 1797, the lemniscate elliptic functions in particular, but his work was published much later.

Weierstrass elliptic function
In mathematics, the Weierstrass elliptic functions are elliptic functions that take a particularly simple form. They are named for Karl Weierstrass. This class of functions is also referred to as ℘-functions and they are usually denoted by the symbol ℘, a uniquely fancy script p. They play an important role in the theory of elliptic functions, i.e., meromorphic functions that are doubly periodic. A ℘-function together with its derivative can be used to parameterize elliptic curves and they generate the field of elliptic functions with respect to a given period lattice.
Jenny Greenteeth
Jenny Greenteeth  a.k.a. Wicked Jenny, Ginny Greenteeth and Grinteeth is  a figure in English folklore.  A river-hag, similar to Peg Powler and derived from the grindylow, she would pull children or the elderly into the water and drown them.  The name is also used to describe pondweed or duckweed, which can form a continuous mat over the surface of a small body of water, making it misleading and potentially treacherous, especially to unwary children. With this meaning the name is common around Liverpool and southwest Lancashire.

Grindylow
In English folklore, Grindylow or Grundylow is a creature in the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire. The name is thought to be connected to Grendel, a name or term used in Beowulf and in many Old English charters where it is seen in connection with meres, bogs and lakes.

Grindylows are supernatural creatures that appear in the folklore of England, most notably the Lancaster area. They are described as diminutive humanoids with scaly skin, a greenish complexion, sharp claws and teeth, and long, wiry arms with lengthy fingers at the end. They are said to dwell in ponds and marshes waiting for unsuspecting children, which they grab with their shockingly strong grip, and then drag  under the surface of the waters.

Grindylows have been used as shadowy figures to frighten children away from pools, marshes, or ponds where they could drown.

Peg Powler, Nelly Longarms, and Jenny Greenteeth are similar water spirits.
Plym Valley Railway
The Plym Valley Railway is a 1-mile-14-chain (1.9 km) heritage railway based on part of the now-closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway, a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon, England.
The line originally opened in 1859 and closed in 1962. Heritage trains first ran in 2001.

South Devon and Tavistock Railway
The South Devon and Tavistock Railway linked Plymouth with Tavistock in Devon; it opened in 1859. It was extended by the Launceston and South Devon Railway to Launceston, in Cornwall in 1865. It was a broad gauge line but from 1876 also carried the standard gauge (then referred to as narrow gauge) trains of the London and South Western Railway between Lydford and Plymouth: a third rail was provided, making a mixed gauge. In 1892 the whole line was converted to standard gauge only.

The line closed to passengers in 1962 although sections at either end were retained for a while to carry freight traffic. A short section has since been reopened as a preserved line by the Plym Valley Railway.
New York State Route 385
New York State Route 385 (NY 385) is a state highway in Greene County, New York, in the United States. It runs from the village of Catskill to the village of Coxsackie, serving as an alternate route of U.S. Route 9W between the two locations. While US 9W follows a more inland routing, NY 385 runs along the Hudson River and serves the village of Athens. Modern NY 385 is the original routing of US 9W between Catskill and Coxsackie. NY 385 was originally assigned c. 1932 to what is now US 9W between Catskill and Coxsackie; however, the alignments of both routes were flipped by the following year.

U.S. Route 9W
U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway in the states of New Jersey and New York. It begins in Fort Lee, New Jersey, as Fletcher Avenue crosses the US 1/9, US 46, and Interstate 95 (I-95) approaches to the George Washington Bridge, and heads north up the west side of the Hudson River to US 9 in Albany, New York. As its "W" suffix indicates, US 9W is a westerly alternate route of US 9 between the two locations. US 9W directly serves three cities—Newburgh, Kingston, and Albany—and enters the vicinity of several others. As the route heads north, it connects to several highways of regional importance, including I-84, US 209, New York State Route 23 (NY 23), and US 20. Much of US 9W parallels the New York State Thruway and NY 32; additionally, the latter overlaps with US 9W in four locations.
Strigomonas culicis
Strigomonas culicis is a protist and member of flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an independent life without the bacteria.
Along with Angomonas deanei, S. culicis is researched as model organism for the evolution of symbiotic relationships with intracellular bacteria.

Trypanosomatida
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid unicellular organisms distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek trypano (borer) and soma (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. Some trypanosomatida are intracellular parasites, with the important exception of Trypanosoma brucei.
Ion (DC Comics)
Ion is a fictional character, a DC Comics superhero. Created by writer Judd Winick and artist Dale Eaglesham for Green Lantern (vol. 3) #142, Ion was devised as the new superhero identity for Green Lantern protagonist Kyle Rayner. It was later revealed to be able to form mutualism with a host, bestowing its power to a host willingly. This followed a similar retcon as Parallax, originally the new supervillain alias of Hal Jordan, which was revealed to be a parasitic embodiment of fear in the 2004–2005 miniseries Green Lantern: Rebirth.

Parallax (character)
Parallax is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, primarily as an enemy of the Green Lantern Corps. It is the embodiment of the emotion of fear, and serves as the power source for the Sinestro Corps.
Charles Street Meeting House
The Charles Street Meeting House is an early-nineteenth-century historic church in Beacon Hill at 70 Charles Street, Boston, Massachusetts.

The church has been used over its history by several Christian denominations, including Baptists, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church, and Unitarian Universalist. In the 1980s, it was renovated and adapted for use as office space, with the exterior restored and preserved. This project received awards from the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the American Institute of Architects.

The meeting house is a site on the National Park Service's Black Heritage Trail and is part of the Beacon Hill Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Beacon Hill, Boston
Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is also the location of the Massachusetts State House. The term "Beacon Hill" is used locally as a metonym to refer to the state government or the legislature itself, much like Washington, D.C.'s Capitol Hill does at the federal level.

A bastion of "Old Money" Boston Brahmins, Federal-style rowhouses, narrow streets and brick sidewalks run through the neighborhood, which is generally regarded as one of the more desirable and expensive in Boston. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood was 9,023.
Alberto Uría
Alberto Uría (11 July 1924 – 4 December 1988) was a racing driver from Uruguay. He participated in two Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 16 January 1955. He entered two Argentine Grand Prix races as a privateer running a Maserati. He scored no championship points, his best finish being a shared sixth place with Óscar González in 1956.

Óscar González (racing driver)
Óscar Mario "Bocha" González Alonso (10 November 1923 – 5 November 2006) was a racing driver from Uruguay.

González participated in one Formula One Grand Prix, the 1956 Argentine Grand Prix on 22 January 1956, finishing sixth in a shared drive with countryman Alberto Uría. He scored no championship points.
Waste Services Inc.
Waste Services Incorporated (WSI) was a Canadian company founded in 2001 that provided waste management services in Canada and the United States. It was headquartered in Burlington, Ontario. The company operated from 2001 until 2010 when it was merged into BFI Canada.

Waste Connections of Canada
Waste Connections of Canada Inc., formerly Progressive Waste Solutions, is a waste collection company, that provides non-hazardous solid waste collection, recycling, composting, renewable energy, and landfill disposal services to commercial, industrial, municipal, and residential customers throughout the United States and Canada. The company is based in Toronto, and its headquarters in the United States is in The Woodlands, Texas.

In 2016, Progressive Waste Solutions merged with Waste Connections, a New York Stock Exchange-traded company (NYSE: TSX), becoming the third-largest solid waste management company in North America with a network of operations in 40 U.S. states, the  District of Columbia and five Canadian provinces.

Following the merger, the company was rebranded in Canada as Waste Connections of Canada in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario, and as Enviro Connexions in Quebec.