hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Vaynor
Vaynor (Welsh: Y Faenor, 'the Manor') is a village and community (formerly a parish) in Merthyr Tydfil County Borough in Wales, United Kingdom. The population of the community at the 2011 census was 3,551.

Merthyr Tydfil County Borough
Merthyr Tydfil County Borough (Welsh: Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful) is a county borough in the south-east of Wales. In 2024, it had an estimated population of 58,972, making it the smallest local authority in Wales by population. It is located in the historic county of Glamorgan and takes its name from the town with the same name. The county borough consists of the northern part of the Taff Valley and the smaller neighbouring Taff Bargoed Valley. It borders the counties of Rhondda Cynon Taf to the west, Caerphilly County Borough to the east, and Powys to the north. The area was awarded county borough status in 1908 until the original county borough was abolished in 1974. In 1996, Merthyr Tydfil became a principal area and one that is styled as a "county borough" in recognition of its historical status.
Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Yusuf ibn Tashfin, also Tashafin, Teshufin, (Arabic: يوسف بن تاشفين ناصر الدين بن تالاكاكين الصنهاجي, romanized: Yūsuf ibn Tāshfīn Naṣr al-Dīn ibn Tālākakīn al-Ṣanhājī; reigned c. 1061 – 1106) was a Sanhaja leader of the Almoravid Empire. He cofounded the city of Marrakesh and led the Muslim forces in the Battle of Sagrajas.

Yusuf ibn Tashfin came to al-Andalus from the Maghreb to help the Muslims fight against Alfonso VI of León, eventually achieving victory in Sagrajas and promoting an Islamic legal system in the region. In 1061 he took the title Amir al-Muslimin "Leader of the Muslims", recognizing the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliph as Amir al-Mu'minin "Leader of the Believers".

Battle of Sagrajas
The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqah (Arabic: معركة الزلاقة, romanized: Maʿrakat az-Zallāqah), was a conflict fought in 1086 between the Almoravid army, led by their king, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and the forces of King Alfonso VI of Castile. The Almoravids were called into battle by the taifas, Muslim principalities in Al-Andalus that often fought amongst themselves but united against the expanding Christian kingdoms to the north. In addition to the Almoravid forces, the Taifas, bolstered the Muslim side, tilting the battle in their favor. The battlefield became known as az-Zallaqah (meaning "slippery ground") due to the immense bloodshed that made the terrain treacherous, giving rise to its name in Arabic.
Neil
Neil is a masculine name of Irish origin. The name is an anglicisation of the Irish Niall which is of disputed derivation. The Irish name may be derived from words meaning "cloud", "passionate", "victory", "honour" or "champion". Most authorities cite the meaning of Neil in the context of a surname as meaning "champion".

Niall
Niall is a male given name of Irish origin. The original meaning of the name is unknown, but popular modern sources have suggested that it means "champion" (derived from the Old Irish word niadh). According to John Ryan, Professor of Early and Medieval History at University College Dublin, Niall "seems to be so ancient that its meaning was lost before records began."
Urania P. Cummings
Urania Prince Cummings was born in the Danish island of Saint Thomas in 1889. She is documented as being an early West Indian pioneer settler in San Francisco and the San Francisco Bay Area. She was an artist, painter, ceramist, lecturer, poetress, civic leader, and educator for decades.

Before studying art and becoming an artist Cummings raised her three children and grandchildren.

Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Saint Thomas (Danish: Sankt Thomas, Spanish: Santo Tomás, French: Saint-Thomas) is one of the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea, and a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Along with surrounding minor islands, it is one of three county equivalents in the USVI. Together with Saint John, it forms one of the districts of the USVI. The territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie is located on the island.

Of the three islands, St. Thomas is the second largest, with St. Croix being the largest, and St. John, the smallest. As of the 2010 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634, about 48.5% of the total population of the United States Virgin Islands. Crown Mountain is the highest point in Saint Thomas and in the entire United States Virgin Islands. Hence, it is called "Rock City". The island has a land area of 32 square miles (83 km2).
Chico River Dam Project
The Chico River Dam Project was a proposed hydroelectric power generation project involving the Chico River on the island of Luzon in the Philippines that locals, notably the Kalinga people, resisted because of its threat to their residences, livelihood, and culture. The project was shelved in the 1980s after public outrage in the wake of the murder of opposition leader Macli-ing Dulag. It is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines.

Macli-ing Dulag
Macli-ing Dulag (customarily referred to by his first name, also spelled Macliing or Macli'ing (April 13, 1930 – April 24, 1980) was a pangat (leader) of the Butbut tribe of Kalinga province in the Philippines. He is best known as one of the leaders of the opposition to the Chico River Dam Project, which led to his assassination by armed forces under the command of then-president Ferdinand Marcos.

Because his murder was a watershed moment that united the peoples of the Cordillera in opposition against the dam, Macli-ing Dulag is among the most well known of the many victims of Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, and his name is inscribed on the Bantayog ng mga Bayani's Wall of Remembrance memorial in Quezon City.
Wrasse
The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine ray-finned fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into eight subfamilies.

They are typically small, most of them less than 20 cm (7.9 in) long, although the largest, the humphead wrasse, can measure up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft). They are efficient carnivores, feeding on a wide range of small invertebrates. Many smaller wrasses follow the feeding trails of larger fish, picking up invertebrates disturbed by their passing. Juveniles of some representatives of the genera Bodianus, Epibulus, Cirrhilabrus, Oxycheilinus, and Paracheilinus hide among the tentacles of the free-living mushroom corals and Heliofungia actiniformis.

Humphead wrasse
The humphead wrasse (Crassilabrus undulatus) is the largest species of wrasse mainly found on coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. It is also known as the Māori wrasse, napoleon wrasse, and napoleonfish.

The species is one of the top predators of the reef ecosystem, mainly consuming various invertebrate species including the crown-of-thorns starfish. It is of interest to humans for food and for aquaria, along with a growing value in providing ecological services.
Carlos Fitzcarrald
Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald López (6 July 1862 – 9 July 1897) was a Peruvian rubber baron. He was born in San Luis, Ancash, in a province that was later named after him. In the early 1890s, Fitzcarrald discovered the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald, which was a portage route from the Ucayali River into the Madre de Dios River basin. Fitzcarrald became known as the "King of Caucho" (natural rubber) due to his success during the rubber boom. His enterprise exploited and enslaved Asháninka, Mashco-Piro, Harákmbut, Shipibo-Conibo and other native groups, who were then dedicated to the extraction of rubber. In 1897, Fitzcarrald, along with his Bolivian business partner Antonio Vaca Díez, drowned in an accident on the Urubamba River.

Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald province
Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald is one of the 20 provinces of the Ancash Region of Peru. It is named after Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, the rubber tycoon whose life served as an inspiration behind the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo.
On'yomi
On'yomi (Japanese: 音読み; [oɰ̃.jo.mi], lit. 'sound reading') or ondoku (音読; [on.do.kɯ]) is a way of homophonically reading kanji (Chinese characters) in Japanese. The on (音; [oɴ], lit. 'sounds') here are the approximated pronunciations, using Japanese consonants and vowels, of historical Chinese words. In contrast, the "readings" acquired from the translations of those same Chinese words into Japanese are known as kun'yomi.

A single kanji might have multiple on'yomi pronunciations, reflecting the Chinese pronunciations from different time periods or regions. On'yomi pronunciations are generally classified into go-on, kan-on, tō-on and kan'yō-on, roughly based on when they were borrowed from Chinese during the peaks of the Sinosphere.

Generally, on'yomi pronunciations are used for technical, compound words, which were mostly foreign loanwords from Ancient China; while the native kun'yomi pronunciation is used for singular, simpler words.

Tō-on
Tō-on or tōon (唐音; English: /ˈtoʊ.ɒn/ TOH-on; Japanese pronunciation: [toꜜːoɴ], "Tang sound") are Japanese kanji readings imported from China by Zen monks and merchants during and after the Song dynasty, as a form of on'yomi (音読み). As with kan-on and go-on, the "tō" in "tō-on" does not denote the Tang dynasty but is a term meaning China itself.
Undercliff (Isle of Wight)
The Undercliff, Isle of Wight, England is a tract of semi-rural land, around 5 miles (8.0 km) long by 0.25–0.5 miles (0.40–0.80 km) wide, skirting the southern coast of the island from Niton to Bonchurch. Named after its position below the escarpment that backs this coastal section, its undulating terrain comprises a mix of rough pasture, secondary woodland, parkland, grounds of large isolated houses, and suburban development. Its sheltered south-facing location gives rise to a microclimate considerably warmer than elsewhere on the island. Although inhabited, the Undercliff is an area prone to landslips and subsidence, with accompanying loss of property over time. Settlements along the Undercliff, from west to east, are: Puckaster, St Lawrence, Steephill, the town of Ventnor, and Bonchurch.

St Lawrence, Isle of Wight
St Lawrence is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Ventnor, on the south (English Channel) coast of the Isle of Wight, in southern England. It is located to the west of the town of Ventnor, in the Undercliff, which is subject to landslips. The Undercliff lies between the original high cliff and the sea, formed over thousands of years, since the last Ice Age, from accumulated landslips. Several rocky coves can be accessed from the coastal path, which affords fine views of some prominent Victorian villas, set in a wooded landscape below the great rock wall of the original sea cliff: Woody Bay, Mount Bay and Orchard Bay. The area of the parish was around 329 acres (133 ha) in size. In 1931 the parish had a population of 329. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Ventnor.
Krohn–Rhodes theory
In mathematics and computer science, the Krohn–Rhodes theory (or algebraic automata theory) is an approach to the study of finite semigroups and automata that seeks to decompose them in terms of elementary components. These components correspond to finite aperiodic semigroups and finite simple groups that are combined in a feedback-free manner (called a "wreath product" or "cascade").

Krohn and Rhodes found a general decomposition for finite automata. The authors discovered and proved an unexpected major result in finite semigroup theory, revealing a deep connection between finite automata and semigroups. Decidability of Krohn-Rhodes complexity long motivated much work in semigroup theory. In June 2024, Stuart Margolis, John Rhodes, and Anne Schilling announced a proof that the complexity is decidable.

Aperiodic semigroup
In mathematics, an aperiodic semigroup is a semigroup S such that every element is aperiodic, that is, for each x in S there exists a positive integer n such that xn = xn+1.  An aperiodic monoid is an aperiodic semigroup which is a monoid.
Melbourne tram route 109
Melbourne tram route 109 is a tram route on the Melbourne tramway network serving the city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Operated by Yarra Trams, the route is coloured orange and extends from Box Hill to Port Melbourne over 19.3 kilometre of double track via Whitehorse Road, Victoria Street and Collins Street. It is serviced out of Kew depot utilising A and C class trams.

A-class Melbourne tram
The A-class Melbourne tram is a class of bogie trams that operate on the Melbourne tram network. Seventy were built by Comeng, Dandenong between 1984 and 1987 in two batches, 28 A1s and 42 A2s, with only minor differences. They are the smallest trams by capacity currently operating on the network.
Curveball
In baseball and softball, the curveball is a type of pitch thrown with a characteristic grip and hand movement that imparts forward spin to the ball, causing it to dive as it approaches the plate. Varieties of curveball include the 12–6 curveball, power curveball, and the knuckle curve. Its close relatives are the slider and the slurve. The "curve" of the ball varies from pitcher to pitcher.

12–6 curveball
The 12–6 curveball is a type of pitch thrown in baseball. It is categorized as a breaking ball because of its downward break. The 12–6 curveball, unlike the normal curveball (also referred to as the "11 to 5 curve" or a "2 to 8 curve" for its motion), breaks in a downward motion in a straight line. This explains the name "12–6", because the break of the pitch refers to the ball breaking from the 12 o'clock position to 6 o'clock on a clock face.  While the 11–5 and 2–8 variations are very effective pitches, they are less effective than a true 12–6, because the ball will break into the heart of the bat more readily.

The pitch is used throughout Major League Baseball. It has several nicknames, including the "yellow hammer" and "drop curveball".
Samboja
Samboja (Indonesian pronunciation: [samˈbodʒa]) is a district in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. As of 2023, it was inhabited by 41,607 people, and has a total area of 284.93 km2 (110.01 sq mi). Its district seat is located at the village of Kampung Lama.

It borders West Samboja to the west and Muara Jawa to the north.

West Samboja
West Samboja (Indonesian: Samboja Barat, Indonesian pronunciation: [samˌbodʒa ˈbarat̪̚]) is a district in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. As of 2023, it was inhabited by 31,513 people, and currently has a total area of 415.92 km2. Its district seat is located at the village of Tani Bakti.

West Samboja was created from western parts of Samboja on 19 October 2020, and it is the youngest district in the regency along with Kota Bangun Darat. It borders Loa Janan and Muara Jawa to the north; Samboja to the east; West Balikpapan, Central Balikpapan, and East Balikpapan (Balikpapan) to the south; and Sepaku (Penajam North Paser) to the northwest.
The Graham Bond Organisation
The Graham Bond Organisation (GBO) were a British blues/blues rock group of the mid-1960s consisting of Graham Bond (vocals, keyboards, alto-saxophone), Jack Bruce (bass), Ginger Baker (drums), Dick Heckstall-Smith (tenor/soprano saxophone) and John McLaughlin (guitar). They recorded several albums and further recordings were issued when the group's members achieved fame in rock bands like Cream and Blind Faith, and also in jazz rock. On original releases, the spelling of the band's name varied between the British "Organisation" with an S and the American "Organization" with a Z.

Dick Heckstall-Smith
Richard Malden Heckstall-Smith (26 September 1934 – 17 December 2004) was an English jazz and blues saxophonist. He played with some of the most influential English blues rock and jazz fusion bands of the 1960s and 1970s. He is known for primarily playing tenor, soprano, and baritone saxophones, as well as piano, clarinet and alto saxophone.
Martha Mitchell
Martha Elizabeth Beall Mitchell (September 2, 1918 – May 31, 1976) was an American socialite and the wife of John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General under President Richard Nixon. Her public comments and interviews during the Watergate scandal were frank and revealing.

John N. Mitchell
John Newton Mitchell (September 15, 1913 – November 9, 1988) was the 67th attorney general of the United States under President Richard Nixon. He also was chairman of Nixon's 1968 and 1972 presidential campaigns. Prior to that, he had been a municipal bond lawyer and one of Nixon's associates. Mitchell was tried and convicted as a result of his involvement in the Watergate scandal.

After his tenure as U.S. Attorney General, he served as chairman of Nixon's 1972 presidential campaign. Due to multiple crimes he committed in the Watergate affair, Mitchell was sentenced to prison in 1977 and served 19 months. Despite this, he was noted for personifying the "law-and-order" positions of the Nixon administration as attorney general, amid several high-profile anti-Vietnam War demonstrations.
Henry Hodgkin
Henry Theodore Hodgkin (H. T. Hodgkin; 21 April 1877 – 26 March 1933) was a medical doctor and a British Quaker missionary who, in the course of his 55-year life, co-founded the West China Union University in Chengdu, co-founded and led the first Christian pacifist movement, the International Fellowship of Reconciliation, and founded the Pendle Hill Quaker meeting and training center, in Wallingford, Pennsylvania.

Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation
Pendle Hill is a Quaker study, retreat, and conference center located on a 24-acre (9.7 ha) campus in suburban Wallingford, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia. It was named for Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, that the first Quaker preacher described as the site of his calling to ministry. Founded in 1930, Pendle Hill offers programs open to people of all faiths. These programs include residential study programs, online and on-campus short-term courses and retreats, conference services, publications, leadership training, a walk-in bookstore, hybrid daily meeting for worship, dining services, and a bed and breakfast.
Dubai Media Incorporated
Dubai Media Incorporated (DMI) is the official media organization of the government of Dubai. It was established in 2003 as a state-owned company comprising a number of print, radio and TV channels under its umbrella, including: Dubai TV, Al Bayan, Dubai One, Dubai Sports, Emirates 24/7, Tawseel and Masar Printing Press. The chairman of the board of directors of DMI, Maktoum bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, is also the deputy ruler of Dubai.

Dubai Sports
Dubai Sports is a 24/7 sports channel based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The channel started in 1998 to be the home for sports news around the country and was awarded the privilege of showing different sports events locally and worldwide. It is one of the channels of Dubai Media Incorporated. It is well known for broadcasting Bundesliga from 2005 to 2015 for free in MENA. Currently, Dubai Sports is the home of Dutch Football.
Elisha Peck
Elisha Peck (1789–1851) was a Massachusetts-born merchant who formed a partnership with Anson Green Phelps.  He ran the British side of their business from Liverpool for about thirteen years.  The partnership ended in 1834 after an accident at their New York warehouse claimed the lives of seven people.  Their assets were divided and Peck took ownership of the metal manufacturing plants at Haverstraw, New York.  Phelps continued with the mercantile business that he had developed with Peck, forming a new company called Phelps Dodge.

Daniel James (businessman)
Daniel James (17 April 1801 – 2 November 1876) was one of the three founder partners of Phelps, Dodge & Co., a New York trading organisation established in 1833/4, exporting cotton to England and importing manufactured goods in return such as tin, tin plate, iron and copper.  James was born in America but was to live in Liverpool for 47 years running the British side of the business called Phelps, James & Co.  The company was to dominate the export market of tinplate from the United Kingdom for three-quarters of a century at a time when Wales was the centre of world production.
Agent (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event. The agent is a semantic concept distinct from the subject of a sentence as well as from the topic. While the subject is determined syntactically, primarily through word order, the agent is determined through its relationship to the action expressed by the verb. For example, in the sentence "The little girl was bitten by the dog", girl is the subject, but dog is the agent.

The word agent comes from the present participle agens, agentis ('the one doing') of the Latin verb agere, to 'do' or 'make'.

Patient (grammar)
In linguistics, the grammatical patient, also called the target or undergoer, is a semantic role representing the participant of a situation upon whom an action is carried out, or the thematic relation such a participant has with an action.

Sometimes, theme and patient are used to mean the same thing. When used to mean different things, patient describes a receiver that changes state ("I crushed the car") and theme describes something that does not change state ("I have the car"). By that definition, stative verbs act on themes, and dynamic verbs act on patients.
Battle of Cape Spartel
The Battle of Cape Spartel was an indecisive naval battle between a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova and a British fleet under Admiral Richard Howe. These forces met on 20 October 1782 after Howe successfully resupplied Gibraltar, then under siege by Bourbon forces during the American Revolutionary War.

Luis de Córdova y Córdova
Admiral Luis de Córdova y Córdova (8 February 1706 – 29 July 1796) was a Spanish Navy officer. He is best known for his service in the Navy during the Anglo-Spanish War. His best remembered actions were the capture of two merchant convoys totalling 79 ships between 1780 and 1782, including the capture of 55 ships from a convoy composed of Indiamen, and other cargo ships 60 leagues off Cape St. Vincent. In 1782 he battled the Royal Navy to a stalemate at the Battle of Cape Spartel, but failed to prevent the British relieving the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
Selfridges Group
Selfridges Group is a holding company of European department stores, itself owned by the Thai conglomerate Central Group and the Saudi Arabian Public Investment Fund. It operates the full-line stores Arnotts and Brown Thomas in Ireland, De Bijenkorf in the Netherlands, and Selfridges in the United Kingdom. The company previously owned the Canadian department stores Holt Renfrew and Ogilvy, both of which the Weston family retained in the acquisition.

Signa Holding's 40-percent stake in the acquisition was acquired by the Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund in 2024. The acquired stores are controlled by the department store division of Central Group, which is the majority owner with 60 percent.

De Bijenkorf
De Bijenkorf (Dutch pronunciation: [də ˈbɛi.ə(ŋ)kɔr(ə)f]; literally, "the beehive") is a chain of high-end department stores in the Netherlands, with its flagship store on Dam Square in Amsterdam. The chain is owned by Selfridges Group, owner also of Britain's Selfridges and Ireland's Brown Thomas and Arnotts.

It was a member of the International Association of Department Stores from 1929 to 2012, with various CEOs acting as president of the Association.