hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lincoln Service
The Lincoln Service is a 284-mile (457 km) higher-speed rail service operated by Amtrak that runs between Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri. The train is a part of the Illinois Service and is partially funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The train uses the same route as the long-distance Texas Eagle, which continues to San Antonio and Los Angeles. A connection with the Kansas City-bound Missouri River Runner is available in St. Louis.

As of June 2023, the average trip time between Chicago and St. Louis was 4 hours 59 minutes.

During fiscal year 2023, the Lincoln Service trains carried 523,304 passengers, an increase of 9.9% from FY2022. This is a 16.7% decrease from pre-COVID-19 pandemic ridership, with 627,599 passengers in FY2019. In FY2016, the service had a total revenue of $14,266,964, a decrease of 1.3% from FY2015.

Texas Eagle
The Texas Eagle is a long-distance passenger train operated daily by Amtrak on a 1,306-mile (2,102 km) route between Chicago, Illinois, and San Antonio, Texas, with major stops in St. Louis, Little Rock, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Austin. Three days per week, the train joins the Sunset Limited in San Antonio and continues to Los Angeles via El Paso and Tucson. The combined 2,728-mile (4,390 km) route is the longest in the United States and the second-longest in the Americas, after the Canadian.

Prior to 1988, the train was known simply as the Eagle.
Rudras
Rudras refer to the forms of the god Rudra, whose traditions have since been associated with Shiva. They make up eleven of the thirty-three gods in the Vedic pantheon. They are at times identified with the storm deities referred to as Maruts, while at other times considered distinct from them.

While the Vamana Purana describes Rudras as the sons of Kashyapa and Aditi, Maruts are described distinct from the Rudras as the 49 sons of Diti, sister of Aditi, and the attendants of Indra, rather than Rudra.

Maruts
In Hinduism, the Maruts (/məˈrʊts/; Sanskrit: मरुत, IPA: [mɐrut̪ɐ]), also known as the Marutagana and sometimes identified with Rudras, are storm deities and sons of Rudra and Prisni. The number of Maruts varies from 27 to sixty (three times sixty in RV 8.96.8). They are very violent and aggressive, described as armed with golden weapons i.e. lightning and thunderbolts, as having iron teeth and roaring like lions, as residing in the northwest, as riding in golden chariots drawn by ruddy horses.

In the Vedic mythology, the Maruts act as Indra's companions as a troop of young warriors. According to French comparative mythologist Georges Dumézil, they are cognate to the Einherjar and the Wild hunt.
Tarn (river)
The Tarn (French pronunciation: [taʁn] ⓘ; Occitan: Tarn, Latin: Tarnis, possibly meaning 'rapid' or 'walled in') is a 380.2-kilometre (236.2 mi) long river in the administrative region of Occitania in southern France. It is a right tributary of the Garonne.

The Tarn runs in a roughly westerly direction, from its source at an elevation of 1,550 m (5,090 ft) on Mont Lozère in the Cévennes mountains (part of the Massif Central), through the deep gorges and canyons of the Gorges du Tarn that cuts through the Causse du Larzac, to Moissac in Tarn-et-Garonne, where it joins the Garonne, 4 km (2.5 mi) downstream from the centre of town.

Its basin covers approximately 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi), and it has a mean flow of approximately 140 cubic metres per second (4,900 cu ft/s).

The Millau Viaduct spans the valley of the Tarn near Millau, and is now one of the area's most popular attractions.

Garonne
The Garonne (/ɡəˈrɒn, ɡæˈrɒn/ gə-RON, garr-ON, French: [ɡaʁɔn] ⓘ; Spanish, Catalan, Basque and Occitan: Garona, Occitan pronunciation: [ɡaˈɾunɔ]; Latin: Garumna
or Garunna) is a river that flows in southwest France and northern Spain. It flows from the central Spanish Pyrenees to the Gironde estuary at the French port of Bordeaux – a length of 529 km (329 mi), of which 47 km (29 mi) is in Spain (Val d'Aran); the total length extends to 602 km (374 mi) if one includes the Gironde estuary between the river and the sea. Its basin area is 56,000 km2 (22,000 sq mi), which increases to 84,811 km2 (32,746 sq mi) if the  Dordogne River, which flows from the east and joins the Garonne at Bec d'Ambès to form the Gironde estuary, is included.

Umayyad and  Aquitanian forces fought the Battle of the River Garonne in 732 beside the river near present-day Bordeaux.
Kangal Shepherd Dog
The Kangal Shepherd Dog or Turkish Kangal (Turkish: Kangal Çoban Köpeği) is a traditional Turkish breed of large livestock guardian dog. The breed name derives from that of the town and district of Kangal in Sivas Province, the easternmost province of the Central Anatolia Region in central Turkey. The coat colour varies from pale fawn to wolf grey, always with a black mask.

It is a traditional flock guardian dog, kept with flocks of sheep to fend off wolves and other predators. Some have been exported to African countries such as Namibia, Kenya and Tanzania, where they successfully protect local flocks from cheetahs, thus contributing to the conservation of endangered cheetah populations.

Livestock guardian dog
The livestock guardian or flock guardian dog is a type of dog bred to protect livestock from predators.

Livestock guardian dogs stay with the group of animals they protect as a full-time member of the flock or herd. Their ability to guard their herd is mainly instinctive, as the dog is bonded to the herd from an early age. Unlike herding dogs which control the movement of livestock, they blend in with them, watching for intruders within the flock. They confront predators with vocal intimidation, barking and displaying aggression. This is often enough to ward off predators; dogs may attack or fight with those that cannot be driven away.
Galois extension
In mathematics, a Galois extension is an algebraic field extension E/F that is normal and separable; or equivalently, E/F is algebraic, and the field fixed by the automorphism group Aut(E/F) is precisely the base field F. The significance of being a Galois extension is that the extension has a Galois group and obeys the fundamental theorem of Galois theory.

A result of Emil Artin allows one to construct Galois extensions as follows: If E is a given field, and G is a finite group of automorphisms of E with fixed field F, then E/F is a Galois extension.

The property of an extension being Galois behaves well with respect to  field composition and intersection.

Field extension
In mathematics, particularly in algebra, a field extension is a pair of fields , such that the operations of K are those of L restricted to K. In this case, L is an extension field of K and K is a subfield of L. For example, under the usual notions of addition and multiplication, the complex numbers are an extension field of the real numbers; the real numbers are a subfield of the complex numbers.

Field extensions are fundamental in algebraic number theory, and in the study of polynomial roots through Galois theory, and are widely used in algebraic geometry.
War of the Camisards
The War of the Camisards (French: guerre des Camisards) or the Cévennes War (French: guerre des Cévennes) was an uprising of Protestant peasants known as Camisards in the Cévennes and Languedoc during the reign of Louis XIV. The uprising was a response to the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685.

Edict of Fontainebleau
The Edict of Fontainebleau (18 October 1685, published 22 October 1685), also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, was an edict issued by King Louis XIV of France, repealing the rights freedoms afforded to the Huguenots. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted Huguenots (French Calvinism Protestants) the right to practice their religion without state persecution. Protestants had lost their independence in places of refuge under Cardinal Richelieu on account of their supposed insubordination, but they continued to live in comparative security and political ease prior to the edict. From the outset, religious tolerance in France had been a royal, rather than popular, policy. However, the lack of universal adherence to Roman Catholicism was incompatible with Louis XIV's vision of a perfect autocracy, and through successive efforts, the Huguenots were left disenfranchised of their religious institutions and rits.
Florida State Road 415
State Road 415 (SR 415) is a north–south route in Central Florida running between State Road 44 in Volusia County and SR 46 in Seminole County.

The road continues north of State Road 44 to U.S. Route 92 (US 92) as County Road 415 (CR 415), Tomoka Farms Road.

Also SR 415 connects with the  eastern terminus of Lake Mary Boulevard at the intersection of SR 415 and SR 46.

Florida State Road 44
State Road 44 (SR 44) is an east–west state highway in the U.S. state of Florida. It runs from Crystal River on the Gulf of Mexico east to New Smyrna Beach on the Atlantic Ocean, passing through Inverness, Wildwood, Leesburg and DeLand.

A section in Lake County, between eastern Leesburg and a point north of Mount Dora, is concurrent with U.S. Highway 441 (SR 500). This concurrency is not signed; signs on US 441 mark it as TO SR 44. The former alignment of SR 44 in that area is now mostly County Road 44, which runs north of Lake Eustis, on the other side as US 441 and current SR 44.

A former western extension of SR 44 from Crystal River to the Gulf of Mexico is now County Road 44. In some locations, it is signed as County Road 44W.
Artinskian
In the geologic timescale, the Artinskian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Artinskian likely lasted between 290.1 and 283.3 million years ago (Ma) according to the most recent revision of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in 2024. It was preceded by the Sakmarian and followed by the Kungurian.

Sakmarian
In the geologic timescale, the Sakmarian is an age or stage of the Permian period. It is a subdivision of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Sakmarian lasted between 293.52 and 290.1 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Asselian and followed by the Artinskian.
Bosporus
The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Turkey which is straddled by the city of  Istanbul. The Bosporus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and forms one of the continental boundaries between Asia and Europe. It also divides Turkey by separating Asia Minor from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation.

Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks.

The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits.

Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the strait prone to deposition are periodically dredged.

Turkish straits
The Turkish Straits (Turkish: Türk Boğazları) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey. The Straits create a series of international passages that connect the Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea. They consist of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. The straits are on opposite ends of the Sea of Marmara. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and are treated as Turkish internal waters.

Located in the western part of the landmass of Eurasia, the Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia, as well as the dividing line between European Turkey and Asian Turkey. Owing to their strategic importance in international commerce, politics, and warfare, the Straits have played a significant role in European and world history. Since 1936, they have been governed in accordance with the Montreux Convention.
Murle people
The Murle are a Surmic ethnic group inhabiting the Pibor County and Boma area in Greater Pibor Administrative Area,  South Sudan, as well as parts of southwestern Ethiopia. They have also been referred as Beir by the Dinka and as Jebe by the Luo and Nuer, among others. The Murle speak the Murle language, which is part of the Surmic language family. The language cluster includes some adjoining groups in Sudan, as well as some non-contiguous Surmic populations in southwestern Ethiopia.

Nuer people
The Nuer people are a Nilotic ethnic group concentrated in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan. They also live in the Ethiopian region of Gambella. The Nuer speak the Nuer language, which belongs to the Nilotic language family. They are the second-largest ethnic group in South Sudan and the largest ethnic group in Gambella, Ethiopia. The Nuer people are pastoralists who herd cattle for a living. Their cattle serve as companions and define their lifestyle. The Nuer call themselves "Naath".
William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan
William Drummond, 4th Viscount Strathallan (1690 – 16 April 1746), was a Scottish peer and Jacobite, who died at the Battle of Culloden.

Pardoned for his part in the 1715 Rising, Lord Strathallan raised a troop of cavalry for Prince Charles in 1745 and appointed Jacobite Governor of Perth. While the main army invaded England, he remained in Scotland to recruit additional troops and was replaced by Lord John Drummond in late November 1745. He died at Culloden in April 1746.

His eldest son James (1722-1765) also took part in the Rising and escaped to France. He was attainted in July 1746, losing titles and lands; his estates were repurchased by the family when he died in 1765 and the titles restored in 1824.

John Drummond, 4th Duke of Perth
John Drummond (1714–1747), titular 7th Earl and 4th Duke of Perth, often referred to by his courtesy title Lord John Drummond, was a Franco-Scottish nobleman, soldier and Jacobite.

Drummond served as an officer in the French Army, but is perhaps best known for his participation in the Jacobite rising of 1745, during which he was one of the senior Jacobite staff officers in addition to leading the Jacobite Royal Scots, a regiment raised by him in France.
Lolei
Lolei (Khmer: ប្រាសាទលលៃ) is the northernmost temple of the Roluos group of three late 9th century Hindu temples at Angkor, Cambodia, the others members of which are Preah Ko and the Bakong.   Lolei was the last of the three temples to be built as part of the city of Hariharalaya that once flourished at Roluos, and in 893 the Khmer king Yasovarman I dedicated it to Shiva and members of the royal family.   The name "Lolei" is thought to be a modern corruption of the ancient name "Hariharalaya,": 98, 112  which means "the city of Harihara."  Once an island temple, Lolei was located on an island slightly north of the centre in the now dry Indratataka baray,: 60   construction of which had nearly been completed under Yasovarman's father and predecessor Indravarman I.  Scholars believe that placing the temple on an island in the middle of a body of water served to identify it symbolically with Mount Meru, home of the gods, which in Hindu mythology is surrounded by the world oceans.

Preah Ko
Preah Ko (Khmer: ប្រាសាទព្រះគោ, "The Sacred Bull") was the first temple to be built in the ancient and now defunct city of Hariharalaya (in the area that today is called  Roluos), some 15 kilometers south-east of the main group of temples at Angkor, Cambodia. The temple was built under the Khmer King Indravarman I in 879 to honor members of the king's family, whom it places in relation with the Hindu deity Shiva.
Noire River (Felton River tributary)
The Noire River (in French: Rivière Noire) is a tributary of the Felton River which flows into Baie Sauvage south of Grand lac Saint François which constitutes the head lake of the Saint-François River.

The course of the "Black River" crosses the municipalities of Nantes and Saint-Romain, in the Le Granit Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Estrie, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River, in Quebec, Canada.

Felton River
The rivière Felton is a tributary of Grand lac Saint François which constitutes the head lake of the Saint-François River. The course of the "Felton River" crosses the territory of the municipality of Saint-Romain, in the Le Granit Regional County Municipality (MRC), in the administrative region of Estrie, on the South Shore of the St. Lawrence River, in Quebec, Canada.
Marsum
Marsum or Marssum (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑrsʏm]) is a village in Waadhoeke in the province of Friesland, the Netherlands. It had a population of around 1,052 in January 2017. Before 2018, the village was part of the Menameradiel municipality.

Every year a Marsumer of the year is chosen and awarded an award called the Gilded Shit Broom.

There are two windmills in Marsum, De Marssumermolen and Terpzigt.

Menameradiel
Menameradiel (West Frisian: [məˈnaːməraˌdiəl] ⓘ; Dutch: Menaldumadeel [meːˈnɑldʏmaːˌdeːl] ⓘ) is a former municipality in Friesland, Netherlands. On 1 January 2018 it merged with the municipalities of Franekeradeel, het Bildt and parts of Littenseradiel to form the new municipality Waadhoeke.
Babek District
Babek District (Azerbaijani: Babək rayonu) is one of the 7 districts of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. The district borders the districts of Julfa, Shahbuz, Kangarli, Nakhchivan city, as well as the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia and the East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran. Its capital and largest city is Babek. As of 2020, the district had a population of 76,200.

Nakhchivan (city)
Nakhchivan (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Azerbaijani pronunciation: [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn]; Armenian: Նախիջևան, romanized: Nakhijevan) is the capital and largest city of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a true exclave of Azerbaijan, located 450 km (280 mi) west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level.
Kingdom Greyhound Stadium
Kingdom Greyhound Stadium is a greyhound racing track located in Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. It has been known as Oakview Park and the Tralee Greyhound Stadium previously.

Racing takes place every Tuesday, Friday and Saturday evening and the facilities include a grandstand restaurant, fast food facilities, a number of bars, totalisator betting and seating. It also has a large car park around the stadium.

Race distances are 500, 525, 550, 570, and 750 yards and the feature competitions at the track are the Juvenile Classic and the Race of Champions.

Juvenile Classic
The Juvenile Classic is a greyhound racing competition held annually at the Kingdom Greyhound Stadium in Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland.

It was inaugurated in 2007 and therefore is a relatively new event but due to the significant winners prize money on offer (€15,000 in 2016) it stands as a feature event in the Irish racing calendar.  The competition is only open to juveniles and was originally screened on Setanta Sports.

The 2020 event was cancelled due to COVID-19 and the 2021 event did not produce starting prices because of lockdown restrictions due to COVID-19.
Adanse
Adanse or Adansi was one of the earliest Akan states in the southern part of present-day Ashanti Region, Ghana. It is regarded as the ancestral homeland from which many of the southern Akan trace their origins. Adanse became an early centre of gold production, regional trade, and clan-based governance, and is remembered as senior among principal Akan states. It influenced the formation of later polities including Denkyira, Akyem, Assin, and the Asante Empire.

Old Akyem
Old Akyem (also known as Akim, Great Akanni, Groot Acanij, Acanes Castelhanos, or Acanes Grande) was a large Akan polity located in the forest zone of southeastern Ghana. It occupied a strategic position between the Pra and Anum river and was connected to regional gold production, agriculture, and long-distance trade networks.

Akyem was one of the most powerful inland polities in the Pra–Ofin basin , before wars with the Akwamu and Asante reshaped the polity and led to the emergence of Abuakwa and Kotoku.
Kampung Naga
Kampung Naga (Indonesian pronunciation: [ˌkampʊŋ ˈnaɡa]) is a traditional Sundanese hamlet located in the Neglasari Village area of Salawu district in Tasikmalaya Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.

Kampung Naga is notable for its traditional houses which is characterized by its functionality, simplicity, modesty, and its use of natural thatched materials, and its quite faithful adherence to the harmony with the nature and environment.

Sundanese people
The Sundanese (Sundanese: ᮅᮛᮀ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ, romanized: Urang Sunda; Indonesian: Orang Sunda) are an Austronesian ethnic group native to western part of Java island in Indonesia, with the term Tatar Pasundan (ᮒᮒᮁ ᮕᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓᮔ᮪) or Pasundan (ᮕᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓᮔ᮪) which covers most of the administrative areas of the provinces of West Java, Banten, and western part of Central Java. They number approximately 42 million and form Indonesia's second largest ethnic group, and the fourth largest in Southeast Asia. They speak the Sundanese language, which is part of the Austronesian languages.

Sundanese migrants can also be found in Lampung, South Sumatra, and, to a lesser extent, in Central Java and East Java.
The Sundanese people can also be found on several other islands in Indonesia such as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali and Papua.
National Education Policy 2020
The National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020), which was started by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of new education system of India. The new policy replaces the previous National Policy on Education, 1986.

Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language. The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation. Education in India is a Concurrent List subject.

The policy has faced criticism from multiple scholars and educationists for its hasty implementation, with some calling it a threat to equitable education. Its implementation has also led to nationwide protests across India.

National Policy on Education
The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote and regulate education in India. The policy covers elementary education to higher education in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated by the Government of India by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1968, the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986, then thd third (Revised version of 1986) by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao in 1992, and the fourth by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2020.
Siegfried Brietzke
Siegfried Brietzke (born 12 June 1952) is a German rower. He competed for East Germany, first in coxless pairs, together with Wolfgang Mager, and then in coxless fours. In these events he won Olympic gold medals in 1972, 1976 and 1980, as well as four world championships in 1974–1979.

Wolfgang Mager
Wolfgang Mager (born 24 August 1952) is a retired German rower. He competed for East Germany, first in coxless pairs, together with Siegfried Brietzke, and then in coxless fours. In these events he won Olympic gold medals in 1972 and 1976, as well as four world championships in 1974–1979. In the 1980 Olympics, the East German boat won the gold medal again, but Mager suffered a hand injury before the Games and was replaced by Jürgen Thiele.