hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Young Americans for Freedom
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) is a conservative youth educational activism  organization that was founded in 1960 as a coalition between traditional conservatives and libertarians on American college campuses. It is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and the chapter affiliate of Young America's Foundation. The purposes of YAF are to advocate public policies consistent with the Sharon Statement, which was adopted by young conservatives at a meeting at the home of William F. Buckley in Sharon, Connecticut, on September 11, 1960.

While the 1960s were its most successful years in terms of numbers and influence, YAF has experienced a resurgence in recent years, becoming active as a national organization with chapters on college and high school campuses throughout the United States. YAF's official publication is The New Guard.

Young America's Foundation
Young America's Foundation (YAF) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit conservative youth organization founded in 1969. In 2018, the Los Angeles Times called YAF "one of the most preeminent, influential and controversial forces in the nation's conservative youth movement." Scott Walker, former governor of Wisconsin and 2016 Republican presidential candidate, became president of YAF in February 2021. Notable alumni members include Jeff Sessions and Stephen Miller.
Paul Begala
Paul Edward Begala (born May 12, 1961) is an American political consultant and political commentator, best known as the former advisor to President Bill Clinton.

Begala was a chief strategist for the 1992 Clinton-Gore campaign, which carried 33 states and made Clinton the first Democrat to occupy the White House in 12 years. As counselor to the President in the Clinton White House, he coordinated policy, politics, and communications.

Begala gained national prominence as part of the political consulting team Carville and Begala, which he formed with fellow Clinton advisor James Carville. He was a co-host on the political debate program Equal Time on MSNBC from 1999 to 2000, and a co-host on the similar debate program Crossfire on CNN from 2002 to 2005. He now appears regularly on CNN as a Democratic pundit. He is a Scholar at the University of Virginia's Center for Politics. He is also an instructor in the UVA Department of Politics, teaching a seminar on political communication.

James Carville
Chester James Carville Jr. (born October 25, 1944) is an American political consultant, author and occasional actor who has strategized for candidates for public office in the United States and in at least 23 nations abroad. A Democrat, he is a pundit in U.S. elections who appears frequently on cable news programs, podcasts, and public speeches.

Nicknamed the "Ragin' Cajun", Carville gained national attention for his work as a lead strategist in Bill Clinton's winning 1992 presidential campaign. Carville also had a principal role crafting strategy for three unsuccessful Democratic Party presidential contenders, including Massachusetts senator John Kerry in 2004, New York Senator Hillary Clinton in 2008, and Colorado senator Michael Bennet in 2020. He is married to longtime Republican political consultant Mary Matalin.
Spyck–Welle train ferry
The Spyck–Welle train ferry was a train ferry on the Rhine between Spyck on the left (southern) bank and Welle on the right bank in the lower Rhine region of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was established in 1865 by the Rhenish Railway Company on the Lower Left Rhine line from Cologne to Neuss, Krefeld, Cleves, Elten, Zevenaar and the Dutch North Sea ports.

Lower Left Rhine Railway
The Left Lower Rhine line (German: Linksniederrheinische Strecke) is a main line on the left (western) bank of the Rhine in the lower Rhine region of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, running from Cologne to Cleves (Kleve) and formerly via Kranenburg to Nijmegen in the Netherlands.  The Cologne–Krefeld section of the line was opened by the Cöln-Crefeld Railway Company in 1855 and is one of the oldest lines in Germany.

The 55 km-long section from Cologne via Neuss to Krefeld is electrified and continuously multi-track. The subsequent 65 km-long Krefeld–Kleve section is non-electrified and single-track north of Geldern. The section from Kleve to Nijmegen has been closed since 1991.

Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 11 trains run on the line from Cologne to Neuss, partly on separate S-Bahn track, including a separate loop, partly underground, through the Cologne district of Chorweiler.
David Lloyd Jones, Lord Lloyd-Jones
David Lloyd Jones, Lord Lloyd-Jones, PC, FLSW (born 13 January 1952) is a British judge and legal scholar. He has served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom since 2017, and has also served as a member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales and as a chairman of the Law Commission prior to joining the Supreme Court.

Learned Society of Wales
The Learned Society of Wales (Welsh: Cymdeithas Ddysgedig Cymru) is a national academy, learned society and charity that exists to "celebrate, recognise, preserve, protect and encourage excellence in all of the scholarly disciplines", and to serve the Welsh nation.

The Learned Society of Wales is Wales's first and only all-embracing national scholarly academy.  A registered charity, it was established and launched on 25 May 2010 at the National Museum of Wales and was granted a Royal Charter in 2015. The society is headquartered in Cardiff.

It is an independent, self-governing, pan-disciplinary, bilingual organisation operating throughout Wales, and is a founding member of the Celtic Academies Alliance.
U.S. Route 95 in Idaho
In the U.S. state of Idaho, U.S. Route 95 (US 95) is a north–south highway near the western border of the state, stretching from Oregon to British Columbia for over 538 miles (866 km); it was earlier known in the state as the North and South Highway.

As indicated by its original name, it is the primary north–south highway in Idaho; US 95 connects the Boise metropolitan area in southwestern Idaho with the small cities of Fruitland, Payette, Weiser and New Meadows within the Mountain Time Zone portion of the state. North of the Salmon River where it enters the Pacific Time Zone, US 95 provides an important link to the cities of Grangeville (via SH 13), Lewiston (via US 12) and directly serves Moscow, Coeur d'Alene, Sandpoint and Bonners Ferry before reaching the Canadian border at its northern terminus and continuing into the province of British Columbia as Highway 95. It is also the only road to connect the Idaho Panhandle with the rest of the state.

U.S. Route 12 in Idaho
U.S. Route 12 (US-12) is a United States Numbered Highway in North Central Idaho. It extends 174.410 miles (280.686 km) from the Washington state line in Lewiston east to the Montana state line at Lolo Pass, generally along the route of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and is known as the Northwest Passage Scenic Byway. It was previously known as the Lewis and Clark Highway.
Torstar
Torstar Corporation is a Canadian mass media company which primarily publishes news. It is known for publishing the Toronto Star, its flagship and namesake. Torstar was purchased by NordStar Capital LP, which is owned by Jordan Bitove. They also publish daily newspapers in Hamilton, Peterborough, Niagara Region, and Waterloo Region, in addition to their ownership of the Metroland Media Group and a 33.33% ownership of the Canadian Press.

The corporation was established in 1958 to take over operations of the Star from the Atkinson Foundation after a provincial law banned charitable organizations from owning for-profit entities. From 1958 to 2020, the class A shares of Torstar were held by the families of the original Atkinson Foundation trustees. The private investment firm NordStar Capital LP, formed by Paul Rivett and Jordan Bitove, acquired the company in 2020.  In 2022, Rivett left NordStar due to disputes with Bitove.

Metroland Media Group
Metroland Media Group (also known as Community Brands) is a Canadian mass media publisher and distributor which primarily operates in Southern Ontario. A division of the publishing conglomerate Torstar Corporation, Metroland published more than 70 local community newspapers–including six dailies–and many magazines. In addition to printing most of its own publications, Metroland operates as a commercial printer of flyers and magazines.
Interstate 41
Interstate 41 (I-41) is a 175.00-mile-long (281.64 km) north–south Interstate Highway connecting the interchange of I-94 and U.S. Route 41 (US 41), located about a mile (1.6 km) south of the Wisconsin–Illinois state line at the end of the Tri-State Tollway in metropolitan Chicago, to an interchange with I-43 in metropolitan Green Bay, Wisconsin. The designation travels concurrently with US 41 for its entire length, as well as portions of I-894, US 45, I-43, and sections of I-94 in Wisconsin and Illinois. The route was officially added to the Interstate Highway System on April 7, 2015, and connects Milwaukee and Green Bay with the Fox Cities.

U.S. Route 45 in Wisconsin
U.S. Highway 45 (US 45) runs north–south through the eastern and northern portions of the state of Wisconsin. Also called Highway 45, it runs from the state line with Illinois near the village of Bristol in Kenosha County to the Michigan state line at the town of Land O' Lakes in Vilas County, a total of about 305 miles (491 km).
Baron Brassey of Apethorpe
Baron Brassey of Apethorpe, of Apethorpe in the County of Northampton, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1938 for Sir Henry Brassey, 1st Baronet, who had previously represented Northamptonshire Northern and Peterborough in the House of Commons as a Conservative. He had already been created a Baronet, of Apethorpe in the County of Northampton, in 1922. Brassey was the second but eldest surviving son of Henry Brassey, third son of Thomas Brassey, and the nephew of Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, and Albert Brassey. as of 2022 the titles are held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baron, who succeeded his father in 2015.

The family seat is The Manor House, Apethorpe, Northamptonshire

Henry Brassey, 1st Baron Brassey of Apethorpe
Henry Leonard Campbell Brassey, 1st Baron Brassey of Apethorpe (7 March 1870 – 22 October 1958), DL (known from 1922 to 1938 as Sir Henry Brassey, 1st Baronet), of Apethorpe Hall in Northamptonshire, was a British Conservative Party politician.
Wesleyan Association
The Wesleyan Association, or the Wesleyan Methodist Association, was a 19th-century Wesleyan denomination in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1836 and merged with other groups to form the United Methodist Free Churches in 1857.

The Associated Wesleyans absorbed the Protestant Methodists, a small earlier secession of 1827.

The prominent figure was Robert Eckett (1797–1862), who was expelled from the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1836. He had been a leading figure in the Leeds Organ Dispute. In 1840 he planned the Foundation Deed, which emphasized the democratic nature of the Wesleyan Association. He also played a large role in the amalgamation of the Wesleyan Association and the Methodist Reform Church in 1857 to form the United Methodist Free Churches.

The Associated Wesleyans sent several missionaries to Jamaica and Australia.

Protestant Methodists
The Protestant Methodists were a small Methodist church based in Leeds. They left the Methodist conference in 1827 in protest at the installation of an organ in Brunswick Chapel in Leeds. This grew into a wider dispute around the style of government of the conference, though it continued to be known as the Leeds Organ Dispute. The Protestant Methodists constituted themselves as a separate body in 1828.

In 1836, the group joined the Wesleyan Association, by which time they consisted of several thousand members, mostly in Leeds. Through subsequent mergers, the Wesleyan Association became part of the United Methodist Church in 1907 and in 1932 became part of the Methodist Church of Great Britain.
Waihi miners' strike
The Waihi miners' strike was a major strike action in 1912 by gold miners in the New Zealand town of Waihi. It is widely regarded as the most significant industrial action in the history of New Zealand's labour movement. It resulted in one striker being killed, one of only two deaths in industrial actions in New Zealand.

Fred Evans (union worker)
Fredrick George Evans (11 February 1881 – 13 November 1912) was an Australian industrial worker who rose to prominence for his role and death in the Waihi miners' strike. To date he is one of the only two people to die in an industrial dispute in New Zealand's history.
Sakine Cansız
Sakine Cansız (Turkish pronunciation: [saːciˈne dʒanˈsɯz]; Kurdish: Sakîne Cansiz, IPA: [sɑːkiːnɛ dʒɑːnsɪz]; 1958 – 9 January 2013) was one of the co-founders of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). A Kurdish activist and in the 1980s, she was arrested and tortured by Turkish police. A close associate of Abdullah Öcalan and a senior member of the PKK, she was shot dead during the triple murder of Kurdish activists in Paris, France, on 9 January 2013, along with two other female Kurdish activists, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez.

Fidan Doğan
Fidan Doğan (17 January 1982 – 9 January 2013) was a Kurdish activist who worked at the Kurdish information centre in Paris and also represented the Brussels-based Kurdish National Congress in France. She was assassinated in Paris on 9 January 2013, along with Sakine Cansız and Leyla Şöylemez.
Penny Arcade
Penny Arcade is a webcomic focused on video games and video game culture, written by Jerry Holkins and illustrated by Mike Krahulik. The comic debuted in 1998 on the website loonygames.com. Since then, Holkins and Krahulik have established their own site, which is typically updated with a new comic strip each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The comics are accompanied by regular updates on the site's blog.

By 2005, Penny Arcade was among the most popular and longest running webcomics online, listed in 2010 as having 3.5 million readers. Holkins and Krahulik were among the first webcomic creators successful enough to make a living from their work. In addition to the comic, Holkins and Krahulik also created Child's Play, a children's charity; PAX, a gaming convention; Penny Arcade TV, a YouTube channel; Pinny Arcade, a pin exchange; and the episodic video game Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness with Hothead Games and Zeboyd Games.

PAX (event)
PAX (originally known as Penny Arcade Expo) is a series of gaming culture festivals involving tabletop, arcade, and video gaming. PAX is held annually in Seattle, Boston, Philadelphia, and Melbourne. Previously, it was also held in San Antonio.

PAX was created in 2004 by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, the authors of the Penny Arcade webcomic, because they wanted to attend a show exclusively for gaming. The shows include a keynote speech from an industry insider, game-culture inspired concerts, panels on game topics, exhibitor booths from both independent and major game developers and publishers, a LAN party multiplayer, tabletop gaming tournaments, and video game freeplay areas.
Challah (tractate)
Challah (Hebrew: חלה, romanized: ḥallah, literally "Loaf") is the ninth tractate of Seder Zeraim, the Order of Seeds. It discusses the laws of the dough offering, known in Hebrew as challah.

Like most of the tractates in Zeraim, it appears only in the Mishnah, and does not appear in the Babylonian Talmud, but rather in the Jerusalem Talmud and Tosefta only.

Dough offering
In Judaism, the dough offering (or separation of challah, Hebrew: הפרשת חלה) is a positive commandment requiring the owner of bread dough to give a part of the kneaded dough to a kohen (Jewish priest). The obligation to separate the dough offering (henceforth: challah) from the dough begins the moment the dough is kneaded, but may also be separated after the loaves are baked. This commandment is one of the twenty-four priestly gifts. By biblical law the commandment is only obligatory in the Land of Israel, but rabbinic law applies it also to bread made outside the Land of Israel.

The common modern practice in Orthodox Judaism is to burn (although simply throwing away the dough in a double-wrapped container is allowed) the portion to be given the Kohen, although giving the challah to a Kohen for consumption is permitted—even encouraged—outside Israel (permitted with restrictions, see article below for detail).
Bumper music
Bumper music, also known as a bump, is a radio broadcasting term for short clips of signature songs or theme music used to transition between different elements of a program. These clips typically last no longer than fifteen seconds. Bumper music is also played at music venues, such as concerts, before the show begins. Its purpose is to create, and fill the air with, a musical atmosphere.

In radio, bumper music is commonly used when a syndicated program takes a break for local station identification or when it goes to a radio advertisement. In today's radio landscape, it is often referred to as a "bump," and NPR uses the term "button" as well. When the bumper music marks the end of a local break on a radio network, it is sometimes called "rejoiner music."

Bumper (broadcasting)
In broadcasting, a commercial bumper, ident bumper, or break-bumper (often shortened to bump) is a brief announcement, usually two to fifteen seconds in length that can contain a voice over, placed between a pause in the program and its commercial break, and vice versa. The host, the program announcer, or a continuity announcer states the title (if any) of the presentation, the name of the program, and the broadcast or cable network, though not necessarily in that order. On children's television networks, they are sometimes called external eyecatches due to the resemblance of internal eyecatches in anime and there is usually no voice over, but some bumpers do feature one. Bumper music, often a recurring signature or theme music segment, is nearly always featured. Bumpers can vary from simple text to short films.
Benedict Joseph Flaget
Benedict Joseph Flaget SS (November 7, 1763 – February 11, 1850) was a French-born Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Bardstown from 1808 to 1839. When the see was transferred to Louisville in 1839, he became Bishop of Louisville, remaining in the post from 1839 to 1850. He was a member of the Sulpicians.

Archdiocese of Louisville
The Archdiocese of Louisville (Latin: Archidiœcesis Ludovicopolitanais) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or archdiocese, of the Catholic Church in central Kentucky in the United States. The cathedral church of the archdiocese is the Cathedral of the Assumption in Louisville, Kentucky. The archdiocese is the seat of the metropolitan see of the province of Louisville, which encompasses the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. The archdiocese is the second-oldest diocese west of the Appalachian Mountains, after the Archdiocese of New Orleans. As of 2023, the archbishop of Louisville is Shelton Fabre.
Metropolitan Sewers Act 1851
The Metropolitan Sewers Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict. c. 75) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The act extended and amended the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 and the Metropolitan Sewers Act 1849, which would have otherwise expired at the end of that session of Parliament, until the end of the session of Parliament underway on 7 August 1852. The Act was superseded by the further Metropolitan Sewers Acts in 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1855.

Metropolitan Commission of Sewers
The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers was one of London's first steps towards bringing its sewer and drainage infrastructure under the control of a single public body. It was absorbed by the Metropolitan Board of Works on 1 January 1856.
Hooks (grappling)
Hooks is a term in grappling martial arts that generally refers to the use of careful positioning of a practitioner’s feet and legs to control and manipulate the movement or position of their opponent.  One of the most common uses of hooks is in the back control position to prevent escape. However, a practitioner may alternatively use hooks to defend, sweep, or attack their opponent.

Back mount
Back mount, or rear mount (often confused with back control), is a dominant grappling position where the practitioner is on their opponent's back in such a way that they have control of their opponent (in back control, the practitioner controls their opponent from the back in any position that is not atop). Ideally, the opponent will be recumbent (prone), while the practitioner centers their weight atop the opponent, either in a seated or recumbent posture. Many consider back mount to be a very dominant, perhaps even the most advantageous position in grappling. This is due to the practitioner being able to attack with strikes and submissions with the opponent having a severely limited ability to see incoming attacks and defend against them.
WQGN-FM
WQGN-FM (105.5 MHz "Q105") is a commercial radio station licensed to Groton, Connecticut, and serving the New London–Groton area. It broadcasts a contemporary hit radio format and is owned by Cumulus Media. WQGN carries several nationally syndicated shows including The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show and the Carson Daly Top 30. Its studios and offices are located on Wampanoag Trail in East Providence.

WQGN-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,000 watts. The station's transmitter is on Briar Hill Road near Gungywamp Road. It shares the same tower as sister station WXLM (980 AM).

WXLM
WXLM (980 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Groton, Connecticut, and serving Greater New London. It broadcasts a news/talk radio format and is owned by Cumulus Media. WXLM's studios and offices are located on Governor Winthrop Boulevard in New London.

By day, WXLM transmits with 1,000 watts.  To protect other stations on 980 AM at night, WXLM reduces power to 72 watts at sunset. It uses a non-directional antenna. The station's transmitter is on Briar Hill Road near Gungywamp Road.
Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (conquistador)
Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela (?, Córdoba, Andalusia - ?, Córdoba) was a Spanish conquistador who took part in the expedition of the Spanish conquest of the Muisca led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada from 1536 to 1538. He was the cousin of Hernán Venegas Carrillo and after his journey in the New World returned to Córdoba. He was buried in the church of the former Hospital San Bartolomé de las Bubas in Córdoba.

Hernán Venegas Carrillo
Hernán Venegas Carrillo Manosalvas  (c.1513 – 2 February 1583) was a Spanish conquistador for who participated in the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and Panche people in the New Kingdom of Granada, present-day Colombia. Venegas Carrillo was mayor of Santa Fe de Bogotá for two terms; in 1542 and from 1543 to 1544.
Disarmament of the Lou Nuer
The disarmament of the Lou Nuer was a forcible disarmament campaign undertaken by the SPLA in Southern Sudan in December 2005. While other groups had been peacefully disarmed, the Lou section of the Nuer in Northern Jonglei State refused to comply. The SPLA organized a force under Peter Bol Kong to forcibly disarm the Lou Nuer, whose White Army resisted until a defeat in the battle of Motot, after which they fled the area.

Nuer people
The Nuer people are a Nilotic ethnic group concentrated in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan. They also live in the Ethiopian region of Gambella. The Nuer speak the Nuer language, which belongs to the Nilotic language family. They are the second-largest ethnic group in South Sudan and the largest ethnic group in Gambella, Ethiopia. The Nuer people are pastoralists who herd cattle for a living. Their cattle serve as companions and define their lifestyle. The Nuer call themselves "Naath".