hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ulmus minor 'Atinia Variegata'
The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Atinia Variegata', the variegated-leaved common english elm, formerly known as U. procera 'Argenteo-Variegata'  and described by Weston (1770) as U. campestris argenteo-variegata, is believed to have originated in England in the seventeenth century and to have been cultivated since the eighteenth. The Oxford botanist Robert Plot mentioned in a 1677 Flora a variegated elm in Dorset, where English elm is the common field elm. Elwes and Henry (1913) had no doubt that the cultivar was of English origin, "as it agrees with the English elm in all its essential characters". At the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, the tree was listed as U. procera 'Marginata', as the variegation is sometimes most obvious on leaf-margins.

Variegated English elm is not to be confused with the more common eield elm cultivar U. minor 'Argenteo-Variegata', also known as U. minor 'Variegata', the silver elm or tartan elm, which has similar markings but narrower leaves.

Ulmus minor 'Argenteo-Variegata'
The field elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Argenteo-Variegata' or simply 'Variegata', known in Australasia and North America as silver elm  or tartan elm, is said to have been cultivated in France from 1772. Green noted that variegated forms of fielde elm "arise frequently, and several clones may have been known under this name". Dumont de Courset (1802) listed an U. campestris var. glabra variegata, Loudon (1838) an U. nitens var. variegata, and Wesmael (1863) an U. campestris var. nuda microphylla variegata.

Silver elm is not to be confused with the much rarer variegated English elm cultivar, U. minor 'Atinia Variegata' (formerly U. procera 'Argenteo-Variegata'), which has the broader, almost orbicular leaves of the type. In the US, nurseries sometimes mislabel Silver elm as U. procera 'Argenteo-Variegata'.
Chien-Shiung Wu
Chien-Shiung Wu (Chinese: 吳健雄; pinyin: Wú Jiànxióng; Wade–Giles: Wu2 Chien4-Hsiung2; May 31, 1912 – February 16, 1997) was a Chinese-American particle and experimental physicist who made significant contributions in the fields of nuclear and particle physics. Wu worked on the Manhattan Project, where she helped develop the process for separating uranium into uranium-235 and uranium-238 isotopes by gaseous diffusion. She is best known for conducting the Wu experiment, which proved that parity is not conserved. This discovery resulted in her colleagues Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang winning the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics, while Wu herself was awarded the inaugural Wolf Prize in Physics in 1978. Her expertise in experimental physics evoked comparisons to Marie Curie. Her nicknames include the "First Lady of Physics", the "Chinese Marie Curie" and the "Queen of Nuclear Research".

Yang Chen-Ning
Yang Chen-Ning (simplified Chinese: 杨振宁; traditional Chinese: 楊振寧; pinyin: Yáng Zhènníng; October 1, 1922 – October 18, 2025) also known as C.N. Yang and Franklin Yang, was a Chinese-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, integrable systems, gauge theory, particle physics and condensed matter physics.

Yang is known for his collaboration with Robert Mills in 1954 in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the Yang–Mills theory, which describes the nuclear forces in the Standard Model of particle physics.

Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on parity non-conservation of the weak interaction, which was confirmed by the Wu experiment in 1956. The two proposed that the conservation of parity, a physical law observed to hold in all other physical processes, is violated in weak nuclear reactions – those nuclear processes that result in the emission of beta or alpha particles.
Grey parrot
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, is an African parrot in the family  Psittacidae. Psittacus erithacus was previously also known as the African grey parrot until the Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh), previously treated as a subspecies, was elevated to a full species.

Psittacus
Psittacus (African grey parrots) is a genus of parrots in the subfamily Psittacinae. It contains two species, the grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and the Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh).

For many years, the grey parrot and Timneh parrot were classified as subspecies; the former as the nominate, the latter as P. e. timneh. However, in 2012 the taxa were concluded to be separate species by BirdLife International on the basis of genetic, morphological, plumage and vocal differences; the IOC World Bird List adopted the split in 2014.

These parrots are found in the primary and secondary rainforest of West and Central Africa. They are among the most intelligent birds in the world. They feed primarily on palm nuts, seeds, fruit, and leafy matter, but have also been observed eating snails. Their inclination and ability to mimic speech and other sounds have made them popular pets.
KOffice
KOffice was a free and open source office and graphics suite developed by KDE for Unix-like and Windows systems. KOffice contains a word processor (KWord), a spreadsheet (KSpread), a presentation program (KPresenter), and a number of other components that varied over the course of its development.

KOffice was superseded by Calligra Suite in KDE. The KDE3 version is maintained by the Trinity Desktop project.

After development began in 1997, two major stable releases of KOffice were published: Version 1.0 in 2000 and 2.0 in 2009. Following internal conflicts, the majority of KOffice developers split off in 2010 – resulting in the creation of Calligra Suite. Two years later, in September 2012, the KOffice.org website went offline. It now redirects to Calligra.org.

Calligra
Calligra Suite is a graphic art and office suite by KDE. It is available for desktop PCs, tablet computers, and smartphones. It contains applications for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, databases, vector graphics, and digital painting.

Calligra uses the OpenDocument format as its default file format for most applications and can import other formats, such as Microsoft Office formats. Calligra relies on KDE technology and is often used in combination with KDE Plasma Workspaces.
Socialist Workers Party of Romania
The Socialist Workers Party of Romania (Romanian: Partidul Socialist al Muncitorilor din România, PSMR), later renamed the Independent Socialist Party of Romania (Partidul Socialist Independent din România, PSIR), was a political party in Romania. The party was founded in Bucharest on 15 July 1928, as a leftist splinter group of the Social Democratic Party, formed by a minority that opposed the cooperation with the National Peasants' Party.

Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)
The Romanian Social Democratic Party (Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic political party in Romania. In the early 1920s, the Socialist Party of Romania split over the issue of affiliation with the Third International. The majority, which supported affiliation, evolved into the Communist Party of Romania in 1921, while the members who opposed the new orientation formed various political groupings, eventually reorganizing under a central leadership in 1927. From 1938 to 1944, the party was outlawed but remained active in clandestinity. After 1944, it allied with the Communists and eventually was forced to reunite with them to form the Workers' Party of Romania in 1948. It published the magazines Socialismul, Lumea Nouă, and Libertatea. After the end of the Communist single-party system in 1989, a group of former members created a new party which proclaimed itself the direct descendant of the PSD.
Grey parrot
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot, is an African parrot in the family  Psittacidae. Psittacus erithacus was previously also known as the African grey parrot until the Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh), previously treated as a subspecies, was elevated to a full species.

Timneh parrot
The Timneh parrot (Psittacus timneh), also known as the Timneh grey parrot or Timneh African grey parrot, is a West African parrot. Formerly classified as a subspecies of the grey parrot Psittacus erithacus timneh, it is now considered a full species Psittacus timneh. In aviculture, it is often referred to by the initials TAG and is commonly kept as a companion parrot.
Acetoxolone
Acetoxolone (also known as acetylglycyrrhetic acid, acetylglycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhetinyl acetate and glycyrrhetic acid acetate) is a drug used for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.  It is an acetyl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid. It is found in Echinopora lamellosa.

Enoxolone
Enoxolone (INN, BAN; also known as glycyrrhetinic acid or glycyrrhetic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid derivative of the beta-amyrin type obtained from the hydrolysis of glycyrrhizic acid, which was obtained from the herb liquorice.

The substance has a sweet taste, so it is used in flavoring to mask the bitter taste of drugs like aloe and quinine. It may have some anti-inflammatory activities. One of its metabolites is responsible for the blood pressure-increasing effect of liquorice.
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, historically known as the Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia which flows through Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Rising in the Pamir Mountains, north of the Hindu Kush, the Amu Darya is formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, in the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve on the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants of the Aral Sea. However, today the Amu Darya does not reach the Aral Sea, and its mouth is in a dried-up area, of what was once the Aral Sea. In its upper course, the river forms part of Afghanistan's northern border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. In ancient history, the river was regarded as the boundary of Greater Iran with Turan, which roughly corresponded to present-day Central Asia. The Amu Darya has a flow of about 70 cubic kilometres per year on average.

Vakhsh (river)
The Vakhsh (/ˈvækʃ/ VAKSH; Tajik and Russian: Вахш), also known as the Surkhob (Tajik: Сурхоб) in north-central Tajikistan and as the Kyzyl-Suu (Kyrgyz: Кызыл-Суу) in Kyrgyzstan, is a Central Asian river and one of the main rivers of Tajikistan. It is a tributary of the Amu Darya river.
Upasana Express
The 12327 / 12328 Upasana Express is a Superfast Express train belonging to Indian Railways – Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and Dehradun in India.

It operates as train number 12327 from Howrah Junction to Dehradun and as train number 12328 in the reverse direction, serving the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and is a train that connect Howrah & Dehradun, the other train being the 12369/12370 Kumbha Express.

Kumbh Express
The 12369 / 12370 Kumbh Express is a superfast express train belonging to Indian Railways – Eastern Railway zone that runs between Howrah Junction and Dehradun in India. The train was introduced in 2009 between Howrah Junction and Haridwar. Later it was extended to Dehradun on 13 January 2021.

It operates as train number 12369 from Howrah Junction to Dehradun and as train number 12370 in the reverse direction, serving the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. This train is also widely considered as the fastest train in the route of Howrah to Dehradun with also a high priority.
2002 Nevada Question 2
Question 2 of 2000 and 2002 is a ballot measure that amended the Nevada Constitution that prevented same-sex marriages from being conducted or recognized in Nevada. The amendment was passed on November 5, 2002. In 2020 the amendment was repealed by voters in the 2020 Question 2 that protect same-sex marriage. The Nevada Constitution requires two ballot votes for citizen-initiated constitutional amendments.

2020 Nevada Question 2
A referendum on Question 2 to the Constitution of Nevada was held on November 3, 2020. The amendment removed the state's gay marriage ban as well as codify gay marriage in Nevada's constitution. A majority of the voters backed the measure, making Nevada the first state to enshrine same-sex marriage into its constitution.
Sir William Rose, 2nd Baronet
Sir William Rose, 2nd Baronet, (1 April 1846 – 4 October 1902) was a Scots-Quebecer barrister and heir to the Rose baronetcy, of Montreal upon the death of his father Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet in 1888. In 1869 Sir John moved to London, and William Rose spent most of his life in London. His chief fame is perhaps as owner of Moor Park, Farnham during the late Victorian era.

Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet
Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet PC GCMG QC (2 August 1820 – 24 August 1888) was a Scots-Quebecer politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and the Executive Council of the Province of Canada. After Confederation, he held the offices of Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Public Works and Minister of Finance in the new federal government. In the United Kingdom, he held the offices of Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall and Privy Counsellor.

In 1872, he was created 1st Baronet Rose, of Montreal. His eldest son inherited the title and in 1909, his second son, Sir Charles Day Rose, was created 1st Baronet Rose of Hardwick House in his own right. His home from 1848, Rosemount, was in Montreal's Golden Square Mile. From 1872, he lived in England at Loseley Park.
Combes quinoline synthesis
The Combes quinoline synthesis is a chemical reaction, which was first reported by Combes in 1888. Further studies and reviews of the Combes quinoline synthesis and its variations have been published by Alyamkina et al., Bergstrom and Franklin, Born, and Johnson and Mathews.

The Combes quinoline synthesis is often used to prepare the 2,4-substituted quinoline backbone and is unique in that it uses a β-diketone substrate, which is different from other quinoline preparation methods, such as the Conrad-Limpach synthesis and the Doebner reaction.

It involves the condensation of unsubstituted anilines (1) with β-diketones (2) to form substituted quinolines (4) after an acid-catalyzed ring closure of an intermediate Schiff base (3).

Conrad–Limpach synthesis
The Conrad–Limpach synthesis is the condensation of anilines (1) with β-ketoesters (2) to form 4-hydroxyquinolines (4) via a Schiff base (3). The overall reaction type is a combination of both an addition reaction as well as a rearrangement reaction. This reaction was discovered by Max Conrad (1848–1920) and Leonhard Limpach (1852–1933) in 1887 while they were studying the synthesis of quinoline derivatives.

The Conrad-Limpach synthesis
Radio Libertaire
Radio Libertaire is an FM French radio station of the Anarchist Federation (FA) in Paris, France transmitting on 89.4 MHZ. It was founded in 1981. By 1998 it had become one of the ten most popular stations in the Paris region.

Anarchist Federation (France)
The Fédération Anarchiste (Anarchist Federation) is an anarchist federation in France, Belgium and Switzerland. It is a member of the International of Anarchist Federations since the latter's establishment in 1968.
Wabasha III
Wabasha III (Wapahaśa) (c. 1816–1876) was a prominent Dakota Sioux chief, also known as Joseph Wabasha. He succeeded his father as head chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota in 1836. Following the Dakota War of 1862 and the forced removal of the Dakota to Crow Creek Reservation, Wabasha became known as head chief of the Santee Sioux. In the final years of his life, Chief Wabasha helped his people rebuild their lives at the Santee Reservation in Nebraska.

In 1862, Wabasha had opposed the Dakota uprising from the start but had struggled to gain support. In the final weeks of the war, Wabasha — together with Wakute II and Taopi — sent messages to Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley voicing their opposition to Little Crow and offering their assistance to the U.S. Wabasha's son-in-law, Hdainyanka, was one of the 38 Dakota men executed in Mankato, Minnesota on December 26, 1862.

In 1986, a bust of Chief Wabasha III was installed at the Minnesota State Capitol.

Wapasha II
Wabasha II (c. 1773–1836), also known as Wapahasha, Wapasha, or "The Leaf," succeeded his father as head chief of the Mdewakanton Dakota tribe in the early 1800s. He led the Dakota forces fighting with the British in the War of 1812, but sided with the United States in the Black Hawk War of 1832. Chief Wabasha II signed the Treaties of Prairie du Chien in 1825 and 1830.

In 1843, the settlers of Rocque's Landing changed the name of their town to "Wabasha" in honor of the chief. A statue of Wapahasha II stands next to a fountain in present-day Wabasha, Minnesota, on the west bank of the Mississippi River.
Journal de Malte
The Journal de Malte was Malta's first newspaper, and it was published between July and September 1798 during the French occupation of Malta. Written in French and Italian, a total of ten issues of the newspaper are believed to have been published, although only seven seem to still survive today and it is unclear if the other three are lost or if they were ever actually published at all.

French occupation of Malta
The island of Malta was occupied by France from 1798 to 1800. The Knights Hospitaller surrendered to Napoleon Bonaparte following the French landing in June 1798. In Malta, the French established a constitutional tradition in Maltese history (as part of the French First Republic), granted free education for all, and theoretically established freedom of the press, although only the pro-French newspaper Journal de Malte was actually published during the occupation.

The French abolished nobility, slavery, the feudal system, and the inquisition. The only remaining architectural reminder of the French occupation is probably the defacement of most coats of arms on the façades of buildings of the knights. The Maltese soon rebelled against the French and drove the French garrison into Valletta and the Grand Harbour fortifications where they were besieged for more than two years. The French surrendered Malta when their food supplies were about to run out.
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years.

Rainier was born at the Prince's Palace of Monaco, the only son of Hereditary Princess Charlotte and Prince Pierre. During his reign, he was responsible for the transformation of Monaco's economy, shifting from its traditional casino gambling base to its current status as a tax haven and cultural destination. The Prince also coordinated the substantial reforms of Monaco's constitution, which limited the powers of sovereign rule.

Rainier married American film star Grace Kelly in 1956, which generated global media attention. They had three children: Caroline, Albert and Stéphanie. Rainier died in April 2005 from complications relating to a lung infection compromised by years of cigarette smoking; he was succeeded by his son, Albert II.

Princess Stéphanie of Monaco
Princess Stéphanie of Monaco (Stéphanie Marie Elisabeth Grimaldi; born 1 February 1965) is the youngest child of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and his wife, American actress Grace Kelly. She is the younger sister of Albert II, Prince of Monaco, and Caroline, Princess of Hanover. Currently 15th in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, she has been a singer, swimwear designer, and fashion model.
Black Axe (confraternity)
The Black Axe is an international confraternity with roots in Nigeria. Originally formed from and inspired by the Neo Black Movement of Africa (NBM), it was established at the University of Benin (Benin City, Edo State) as part of the Pan-African movement in 1977.

The BBC has since called Black Axe a "mafia-style gang", known to engage in activities such as  cybercrime, election fraud, human trafficking, illegal drug trading, intimidation, and violence. On 10 July 1999, forty Black Axe members were involved in the Obafemi Awolowo University massacre, in Ifẹ, Osun State, in which five students were killed and eleven were injured. In 2024, the Neo-Black Movement of Africa publicly distanced itself from the Black Axe.

Confraternities in Nigeria
Confraternities in Nigeria are secretive student groups within Nigerian higher education that have been involved in violence and organized crime since the 1980s. The exact death toll of confraternity activities is unclear. One estimate in 2002 was that 250 people had been killed in campus cult-related murders in the 1990s, while the Exam Ethics Project lobby group estimated that 115 students and teachers had been killed between 1993 and 2003.
Manhole
A manhole (utility hole, maintenance hole, or sewer hole) is an opening to a confined space such as a shaft, utility vault, or large vessel. Manholes, typically protected by a manhole cover, are often used as an access point for an underground public utility, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system upgrades. The majority of underground services have manholes, including water, sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating, and gas.

Manholes are generally found in urban areas, in streets and occasionally under sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity are usually carried on utility poles or even pylons rather than underground.

In Australia, manhole also commonly refers to an access hatch used to get access from a room or hallway into the ceiling cavity of a building. These manholes are typically around 450 mm × 450 mm (18 in × 18 in) square.

Manhole cover
A manhole cover is a removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a manhole, an opening large enough for a person to pass through that is used as an access point for an underground vault or pipe. It is designed to prevent anyone or anything from falling in, and to keep out unauthorized persons and material.

Manhole covers date back at least to the era of ancient Rome, which had sewer grates made from stone.
Ganzibra
A ganzibra (singular form in Classical Mandaic: ࡂࡀࡍࡆࡉࡁࡓࡀ, Modern Mandaic pronunciation: ganzewrā; plural form in Classical Mandaic: ࡂࡀࡍࡆࡉࡁࡓࡉࡀ ganzibria, literally 'treasurer' in Mandaic; Persian: گنزورا) is a high priest in Mandaeism. Tarmidas, or junior priests, rank below the ganzibras.

Symbolically, ganzibras are considered to be uthras on earth (Tibil). Their responsibilities include performing masbuta, masiqta, wedding ceremonies, and other rituals, all of which can only be performed by priests. They must prepare their own food to maintain ritual purity. Ganzibra priests are also prohibited from consuming stimulants such as wine, tobacco, and coffee.

Tarmida
A tarmida (singular form in Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡀ, lit. 'disciple', plural form in Classical Mandaic: ࡕࡀࡓࡌࡉࡃࡉࡀ tarmidia; Persian: ترمیدا; Arabic: ترميذة; Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [tarˈmida]) is a junior priest in Mandaeism. Ganzibras, or head priests, rank above tarmidas.