hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Technological determinism
Technological determinism is a reductionist theory in assuming that a society's technology progresses by following its own internal logic of efficiency, while determining the development of the social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have originated from Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), an American sociologist and economist. The most radical technological determinist in the United States in the 20th century was most likely Clarence Ayres who was a follower of Thorstein Veblen as well as John Dewey. William Ogburn was also known for his radical technological determinism and his theory on cultural lag.

Thorstein Veblen
Thorstein Bunde Veblen (/ˈθɔːrstaɪn ˈvɛblən/ THOR-styn VEH-blən; July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929) was an American economist and sociologist who, during his lifetime, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism.

In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concepts of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. Veblen laid the foundation for the perspective of institutional economics. Contemporary economists still theorize Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology", known as the Veblenian dichotomy.

As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era in the US, Veblen attacked production for profit. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in non-Marxist critiques of fascism, capitalism, and technological determinism.
Uttara Kannada
Uttara Kannada is the fifth largest district in the Indian state of Karnataka, It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi districts to the north, Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east, Shivamogga District, and Udupi District to the south, and the Laccadive Sea to the west. Karwar is the district headquarters, and Sirsi is the major commercial center in the district.
The district's agroclimatic divisions include the coastal plain consisting of Karwar, Ankola, Kumta, Honnavar, Bhatkal taluks and Malenadu consisting of Sirsi, Siddapur, Yellapur, Haliyal, Dandeli, Joida, Mundgod taluks.

Siddapura, Uttara Kannada
Siddapura  is a town and the headquarters of Siddapur taluk, (twins of sirsi)It is located at a distance of 39.0 km (24.2 mi) from Sirsi through SH 93 connects NH 766E. Siddapur has NH 69 at mavangundi it is part Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka. It is nestled among the Malenadu region. The town is surrounded by forests and lush greenery, and the region is popular for its many waterfalls. It is known for its proximity to Jog Falls which is in Sagar Taluk .Adike (Areca nut) is the primary crop grown in the villages that surround the town. And also grow pepper, coffee and rubber these days.
Lubomír
Lubomír or Ľubomír is a Slavic masculine given name. It is composed of the Slavic elements lub ("love, to like") and mir ("peace"), both common in Slavic dithematic names, and thus means "peace lover" / "one who loves peace".

Nicknames include Lubo, Lubor, Luboš, Borek, Luborek, Lubošek, Lubik.

The name Lubomír is used in Czech, while Ľubomír is the Slovak form of the name. The names are equivalent to the Serbo-Croatian name Ljubomir and the Bulgarian and Ukrainian name Lyubomir / Lyubomyr.

Lyubomir
Lyubomir (Cyrillic: Любомир), also transliterated as Lyubomyr, Liubomyr and Lubomyr, is a Slavic masculine given name. It is composed of the Slavic elements lyub ("love, to like") and mir ("peace" or "world"), both common in Slavic dithematic names. Thus, the name has two meanings. The first, and more common, is "peace lover". The second is "someone who is beloved by the world".

The transliteration Lyubomir is used in Bulgarian, the transliterations Lyubomyr, Liubomyr and Lubomyr are used in Ukrainian. The name is equivalent to the Czech and Slovak name Lubomír and the Serbo-Croatian name Ljubomir.
PC-8800 series
The PC-8800 series (Japanese: PC-8800シリーズ, Hepburn: Pī Shī Hassen Happyaku Shirīzu), commonly shortened to PC-88, are a brand of Zilog Z80-based 8-bit home computers released by Nippon Electric Company (NEC) in 1981 and primarily sold in Japan.

The PC-8800 series sold extremely well and became one of the four major Japanese home computers of the 1980s, along with the Fujitsu FM-7, Sharp X1 and the MSX computers. It was later eclipsed by NEC's 16-bit PC-9800 series, although it still maintained strong sales up until the early 1990s.

NEC's American subsidiary, NEC Home Electronics (USA), marketed variations of the PC-8800 in the United States and Canada.

NEC
NEC Corporation (日本電気株式会社, Nippon Denki Kabushiki gaisha; an acronym for the Nippon Electric Company) is a Japanese multinational information technology corporation headquartered at the NEC Supertower in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It provides IT and network solutions, including cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) platform, and telecommunications equipment and software to business enterprises, communications services providers and to government agencies. It is one of the five largest defense contractors in Japan.

NEC was one of the world's largest personal computer and semiconductor manufacturers from the 1980s to the 2000s, but has largely withdrawn from manufacturing since the beginning of the 21st century, having spun off its PC business to Lenovo and its semiconductor business to Renesas Electronics and Elpida Memory.

NEC is a member of the Sumitomo Group.
Henry II of Castile
Henry II (13 January 1334 – 29 May 1379), called Henry of Trastámara or the Fratricidal (el Fratricida), was the first King of Castile and León from the House of Trastámara. He became king in 1369 by defeating his half-brother Peter the Cruel, after numerous rebellions and battles. As king he was involved in the Fernandine Wars and the Hundred Years' War.

John I of Castile
John I (Spanish: Juan I; 24 August 1358 – 9 October 1390) was King of Castile and León from 1379 until 1390. He was the son of Henry II and Juana Manuel of Castile. John ascended to the throne in 1379, and in 1383, he married Beatrice, the daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal. When Ferdinand died that same year, John, aiming to enforce his claim on the Portuguese crown through his wife, brought the country into the 1383–1385 Crisis. His forces faced resistance from Portuguese factions supporting John of Aviz. The conflict culminated in the Battle of Aljubarrota in 1385, where John suffered a defeat, ensuring Portugal's independence.

To secure Castile, he married his son Henry to the daughter of John of Gaunt, linking the Trastámara and Plantagenet dynasties. He died in 1390 when he fell from his horse during a fantasia performance. His death led to minority rule under his son, Henry III.
Union of International Associations
The Union of International Associations (UIA) is a non-profit non-governmental research institute and documentation center based in Brussels, Belgium, and operating under United Nations mandate. It was founded in 1907 under the name Central Office of International Associations by Henri La Fontaine,  the 1913 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and Paul Otlet, a founding father of what is now called information science.

The UIA is an independent research institute and a repository for current and historical information on the work of global civil society. It serves two main purposes: to document and promote public awareness of the work of international organizations (both INGOs and IGOs), international meetings, and world problems. The UIA also supports and facilitates the work of international associations through training and networking opportunities.

It has consultative status with ECOSOC and UNESCO.

Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential (EWPHP) is a research work published by the Union of International Associations (UIA). It is available online since 2000, and was previously available as a CD-ROM and as a three-volume book.

The EWPHP began under the direction of Anthony Judge in 1972 and eventually came to comprise more than 100,000 entries and 700,000 links, as well as hundreds of pages of introductory notes and commentaries on problems, strategies, values, concepts of human development, and various intellectual resources.
Point Ellice Bridge
The Point Ellice Bridge, also known as the Bay Street Bridge is a major road-crossing of the Victoria Harbour in Victoria, British Columbia.

Used mainly by motorists, it connects the downtown Rock Bay neighbourhood with Victoria West.

It is one of few crossings toward Esquimalt, the others being the Johnson Street Bridge to the south, the pedestrian Selkirk Trestle 600 metres to the north, and the two bridges over the Gorge Waterway, the Gorge Bridge carrying Tillicum Road, 2 km northwest of Point Ellice Bridge, and the Craigflower Bridge carrying Admirals Road, a further 1.8 km west.

In 1896 it was the site of the Point Ellice Bridge disaster, when the unmaintained bridge collapsed, killing 55 people.

The current structure was built in 1956–57 and was subject to major upgrades in 2001–02 and 2019,
during which it was closed to traffic for 5 months.

Plans to widen the bridge to better accommodate cyclists were originally developed in 2001, at an estimated price of $15,250,000.

Victoria Harbour (British Columbia)
Victoria Harbour is a harbour, seaport, and seaplane airport in the Canadian city of Victoria, British Columbia. It serves as a cruise ship and ferry destination for tourists and visitors to the city and Vancouver Island. It is both a port of entry and an airport of entry for general aviation. Historically it was a shipbuilding and commercial fishing centre. While the Inner Harbour is fully within the City of Victoria, separating the city's downtown on its east side from the Victoria West neighbourhood, the Upper Harbour serves as the boundary between the City of Victoria and the district municipality of Esquimalt. The inner reaches are also bordered by the district of Saanich and the town of View Royal. Victoria is a federal "public harbour" as defined by Transport Canada. Several port facilities in the harbour are overseen and developed by the Greater Victoria Harbour Authority, however the harbour master's position is with Transport Canada.
New York State Route 349
New York State Route 349 (NY 349) is an east–west state highway in Fulton County, New York, in the United States. The highway extends for 3.58 miles (5.76 km) across largely rural terrain from an intersection with NY 30A in the town of Johnstown to a junction with NY 30 in the town of Mayfield. The westernmost section of the route is known as East State Street Extension. NY 349 was assigned c. 1931 to the portion of its alignment between County Route 154 (CR 154; then NY 148) and NY 30. It was extended west to its present terminus in the mid-1950s after NY 148 was rerouted onto an arterial highway between Gloversville and Mayfield.

Fulton County, New York
Fulton County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It forms part of the state's Mohawk Valley region. Its county seat is Johnstown. At the 2020 U.S. census, the county had a population of 53,324. The county is named in honor of Robert Fulton, who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat. The county is part of the Mohawk Valley region of the state.
Egyptian Front
The Egyptian Front (Arabic: الجبهة المصرية, romanized: al-Gabha al-Masreya) was an alliance of political parties which contested the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election in a joint list with the Independent Current Coalition, called Egypt.

Egypt (electoral coalition)
Egypt, also known as the List of Egypt, was an electoral alliance established in Egypt between the Egyptian Front and the Independent Current Coalition which contested the 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election.
Beg & Borrow
Beg & Borrow  is the thirty-second album by Battlefield Band (with special guests) and their twenty-fourth studio album, released on the Temple Records label as a digital download (and on streaming) on 21 August 2015 and on CD in the UK on 18 September 2015 and in the United States on 16 October 2015.

Battlefield Band
Battlefield Band was a Scottish traditional music group. Founded in Glasgow in 1969, they have released over 30 albums and undergone many changes of lineup. As of 2010, none of the original founders remain in the band. Their last known live performance occurred in August 2017.

The band is noted for their combination of bagpipes with  non-traditional instruments, such as electronic keyboards, and for its mix of traditional songs and new material. Battlefield Band toured internationally, playing to audiences in Europe, Australia, Asia, the Middle East, and North America.

They have collaborated with other musicians including the Scottish harp player and glass sculptor Alison Kinnaird.
Langport
Langport is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England, 5 miles (8 km) west of Somerton. The parish, which covers only part of the town, has a population of 3,578. Langport is contiguous with Huish Episcopi, a separate parish that includes much of the town's outskirts.

Huish Episcopi
Huish Episcopi is a village and civil parish in Somerset, England, situated on the outskirts of Langport, 4 miles (6.4 km) south west of Somerton. The parish has a population of 2,644, and includes the hamlets of Bowdens, Combe, Pibsbury and Wearne.
36th Army (Soviet Union)
The 36th Army (Russian: 36-я армия) was a military formation of the Red Army and the Soviet Ground Forces, formed twice.

Formed in mid-1941, the army spent much of World War II as part of the Transbaikal Military District guarding the Manchurian and Mongolian-Soviet borders. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945, the army advanced over the Greater Khingan mountains and overran the Japanese Hailar fortified region in fierce fighting. It was disbanded after the end of the war in mid-1948.

The army was reformed in 1976 from the 86th Army Corps, which had been itself established in 1968 as a result of rising Sino-Soviet tensions. It garrisoned the Transbaikal until being reduced to the 55th Army Corps in 1989 as the Cold War ended.

Transbaikal Military District
The Transbaikal Military District (Russian: Забайкальский военный округ) was a military district of first the Soviet Armed Forces and then the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, formed on 17 May 1935 and included the Buryat Republic, Chita Oblast, and Yakutia.  Chita was the headquarters of the district. It was finally disbanded on 1 December 1998 by being amalgamated with the Siberian Military District, though Chita remained the headquarters of the new amalgamated district.
Thomas G. Carpenter
Thomas Glenn Carpenter (February 27, 1926 – January 6, 2021) was an American educator and university administrator. He was the founding President of the University of North Florida (UNF), serving from 1969 to 1980, and was President of Memphis State University (now the University of Memphis) from 1980 to 1991. The University of North Florida's Thomas G. Carpenter Library is named for him.

University of Memphis
The University of Memphis (Memphis) is a public research university in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. Founded in 1912, the university has an enrollment of more than 20,000 students.

The university maintains the Herff College of Engineering, the Center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI), the Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law, the School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, the former Lambuth University campus in Jackson, Tennessee (now a branch campus of the University of Memphis), the Loewenberg College of Nursing, the School of Public Health, the College of Communication and Fine Arts, the FedEx Institute of Technology, the Advanced Distributed Learning Workforce Co-Lab, and the Institute of Egyptian Art and Archaeology. The University of Memphis is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High research activity".
Utah System of Technical Colleges
The Utah System of Technical Colleges was a system of public technical colleges in Utah. It was governed by a board of trustees appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Utah State Senate. In 2020, it was subsumed into the Utah System of Higher Education.

Utah System of Higher Education
The Utah System of Higher Education (USHE) is the public university system of the state of Utah. It includes each of the state's sixteen public institutions of higher education, including its eight technical colleges.
Highland Park, Michigan
Highland Park is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An enclave of Detroit, Highland Park is located roughly 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Downtown Detroit and is surrounded by Detroit on most sides. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 8,977. About 90 percent of residents are African American.

Wayne County, Michigan
Wayne County is the most populous county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2020, the United States census placed its population at 1,793,561, making it the 19th-most populous county in the United States. The county seat is Detroit. The county was founded in 1796 and organized in 1815. Wayne County is included in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is one of several U.S. counties named after Revolutionary War-era general Anthony Wayne.
Todd Hanson
Todd Hanson is an American writer and voice actor, notable for his work as a writer and editor at the parody newspaper The Onion. He also voices the character Dan Halen on the Adult Swim program Squidbillies.

Squidbillies
Squidbillies is an American adult animated sitcom created by Jim Fortier and Dave Willis for Cartoon Network's late-night programming block Adult Swim. An unofficial pilot for the series aired on April 1, 2005. The series later made its official debut on October 16, 2005, and ended on December 12, 2021, with a total of 132 episodes over the course of 13 seasons.

The series is about the Cuylers, an impoverished family of anthropomorphic hillbilly mud squids living in the Georgia region of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The series revolves around the exploits of an alcoholic father (Early), who is often abusive in a comedic way towards his family. His son, Rusty, is desperate for his approval; his mother and grandmother, known in the show as Granny, are often the center of his aggression; and Lily, Early's sister, is mostly unconscious in a pool of her own vomit.

The series also airs in syndication in other countries and has been released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media.
Proto-Basque language
Proto-Basque (Basque: aitzineuskara; Spanish: protoeuskera, protovasco; French: proto-basque) is a reconstructed ancient stage of the Basque language. It preceded another reconstructed stage, Common Basque, which is derived by comparing dialects of modern Basque. Common Basque is their reconstructed common ancestor. Proto-Basque is based on the comparison also of words that precede Common Basque, such as Latin words in Basque, and toponyms. Common Basque is dated to the 5th and 6th centuries, while Proto-Basque stage can be roughly dated to the last centuries BCE, before the Roman conquests in the Western Pyrenees.

The foundation for the study of both stages was laid out by the Basque linguist Koldo Mitxelena. The topic was launched by him in the first edition of Fonética histórica vasca in 1961.

Koldo Mitxelena
Koldo Mitxelena Elissalt (Basque pronunciation: [koldo mitʃelena]) (also known as Luis Michelena; 20 August 1915, Errenteria, Gipuzkoa – 11 October 1987, San Sebastián) was an eminent Spanish Basque linguist. He taught in the Department of Philology at the University of the Basque Country, and was a member of the Royal Academy of the Basque Language.

He is described as "the greatest scholar the Basque language has ever seen." He is known for the complete reconstruction of Proto-Basque he undertook in the 1950s, as well as the formal demonstration in 1954 that the Aquitanian language was an ancestral form of Basque. Mitxelena was also one of the main participants in the creation of "Euskara Batua" or Standard Basque. In 1987 he was declared Seme Kuttun of the City of Errenteria, literally 'beloved son'.
Ōnosato Daiki
Ōnosato Daiki (Japanese: 大の里 泰輝, [oːnosato daiꜜkʲi]) (born Daiki Nakamura (中村 泰輝, Nakamura Daiki), June 7, 2000) is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler and the 75th yokozuna. After a successful amateur career at university level, where he was called "the most eagerly awaited prospect to come out of collegiate sumo in decades",  he joined the Nishonoseki stable under the tutelage of the former yokozuna Kisenosato and began his professional career at the rank of makushita 10 via the makushita tsukedashi system. He reached the top makuuchi division in January 2024 after competing in just four tournaments, and in May of the same year won his first top-division championship in a record seven tournaments.

Ōnosato became professional sumo's 75th yokozuna in May 2025 after winning back-to-back championships at the rank of ōzeki.

Shirokuma Yūta
Shirokuma Yūta (Japanese: 白熊 優太; born 25 May 1999 as Yūta Takahashi (高橋 優太, Takahashi Yūta)) is a Japanese professional sumo wrestler from Sukagawa, Fukushima Prefecture. After a successful amateur career, he joined Nishonoseki stable and began his professional career in May 2022. His highest rank has been maegashira 16.
Jolanda Neff
Jolanda Neff (born 5 January 1993) is a Swiss cyclist, who primarily rides in the cross-country cycling and cyclo-cross disciplines, for the Cannondale Factory Racing team. She won the gold medal in the women's cross-country event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's cross-country
The women's cross-country mountain biking event at the 2020 Summer Olympics took place on 27 July 2021 at the Izu MTB Course, Izu, Shizuoka. 38 cyclists from 29 nations were expected to compete, but only 37 did.
The race ended in all three medals won by Swiss athletes, the first medal sweep in Olympic cycling history.
Bagan Datuk District
The Bagan Datuk District (Malay: Daerah Bagan Datuk) is the most southwest district in Perak, Malaysia. It covers an area of 951 square kilometres, and had a population about of 70,300. The district is bordered by Perak River which separates Manjung and Central Perak in the north, Bernam River which separates Sabak Bernam in the state of Selangor in the south, Muallim and Hilir Perak in the northeast. The capital of this district is Bagan Datuk town. Other localities that are situated in the district include Hutan Melintang, Rungkup and a planned township known as the “Bagan Datuk Water City (BDWC)”. Bagan Datuk is well known for the largest source of coconuts in Perak.

Manjung District
The Manjung District, formerly known as Dindings (its official name until 1973), is a district in the south-western part of the state of Perak, Malaysia. It is the 26th-most populated district in Malaysia. It is administered by the Manjung Municipal Council (Malay: Majlis Perbandaran Manjung), which was formerly known as the Manjung District Council (Malay: Majlis Daerah Manjung) from 1 January 1980 until 31 July 2001. Seri Manjung is the district's principal urban centre while other towns include Lumut town, Sitiawan town, Ayer Tawar, Pantai Remis, Changkat Keruning and Beruas.

The district is well known for Pangkor Island, a major attraction in Perak, and also serves as the headquarters of the Royal Malaysian Navy (TLDM) at the Lumut Naval Base and dockyard. Historically, Dindings was briefly part of the British Straits Settlements colony but was returned to Perak in 1935.
Siculicidium
The Massacre at Madéfalva took place at Csík-Mádéfalva, Grand Principality of Transylvania (today Siculeni in Romania). In Latin Siculicidium "murder of Székelys" was a mass murder committed against Székelys by the Habsburg army in 1764, under Maria Theresa.

Siculeni
Siculeni  (Hungarian: Madéfalva, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmɒdeːfɒlvɒ]) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania. The Siculicidium took place here.

The commune is composed of a single village, Siculeni. In 2004, four villages broke off to form Ciceu and Racu Communes.