hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alapayevsk narrow-gauge railway
The Alapayevsk narrow-gauge railway (Russian: Алапаевская узкоколейная железная дорога, АУЖД) is a Russian narrow-gauge railway with a track gauge of 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in). The Head Office of the narrow-gauge railway is located in Alapayevsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast.

Alapayevsk
Alapayevsk (Russian: Алапа́евск) is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Neyva and Alapaikha rivers. Population: 38,192 (2010 census); 44,263 (2002 census); 50,060 (1989 census); 49,000 (1968).
Cape Mendocino
Cape Mendocino (Spanish: Cabo Mendocino, meaning "Cape of Mendoza"), which is located approximately 200 miles (320 km) north of San Francisco, is located on the Lost Coast entirely within Humboldt County, California, United States. At 124° 24' 34" W longitude, it is the westernmost point on the coast of California. The South Cape Mendocino State Marine Reserve and Sugarloaf Island are immediately offshore, although closed to public access due to their protected status. Sugarloaf Island is cited as California's westernmost island.

Antonio de Mendoza
Antonio de Mendoza (1495 – 21 July 1552) was a Spanish colonial administrator who was the first viceroy of New Spain, serving from 14 November 1535 to 25 November 1550, and the second viceroy of Peru, from 23 September 1551, until his death on 21 July 1552.

Mendoza was born at Alcalá la Real (Jaén, Spain), the son of the 2nd Count of Tendilla Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones, and Francisca Pacheco. He was married to María Ana de Trujillo de Mendoza.
Thousand Character Classic
The Thousand Character Classic (Chinese: 千字文; pinyin: Qiānzì wén), also known as the Thousand Character Text, is a Chinese poem that has been used as a primer for teaching Chinese characters to children from the sixth century onward. It contains exactly one thousand characters, each used only once, arranged into 250 lines of four characters apiece and grouped into four line rhyming stanzas to facilitate easy memorization. It is sung, akin to alphabet songs for phonetic writing systems. Along with the Three Character Classic and the Hundred Family Surnames, it formed the basis of traditional literacy training in the Sinosphere.

The first line is Tian di xuan huang (traditional Chinese: 天地玄黃; simplified Chinese: 天地玄黄; pinyin: Tiāndì xuán huáng; Jyutping: Tin1 dei6 jyun4 wong4; lit. 'Heaven earth dark yellow') and the last line, Yan zai hu ye (焉哉乎也; Yān zāi hū yě; Yin1 zoi1 fu4 jaa5) explains the use of the grammatical particles yan, zai, hu, and ye.

The ABC Song
"The ABC Song" is the best-known song used to recite the English alphabet in alphabetical order. It is commonly used to teach the alphabet to children in English-speaking countries. "The ABC Song" was first copyrighted in 1835 by Boston music publisher Charles Bradlee. The melody is from a 1761 French music book and is also used in other nursery rhymes like "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star", while the author of the lyrics is unknown. Songs set to the same melody are also used to teach the alphabets of other languages.
Borborud-e Sharqi Rural District
Borborud-e Sharqi Rural District (Persian: دهستان بربرود شرقی) is in Borborud-e Sharqi District of Aligudarz County, Lorestan province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Duzan. The previous capital of the rural district was the village of Chaman Soltan, now a city.

Chaman Soltan
Chaman Soltan (Persian: چمن سلطان) is a city in, and the capital of, Borborud-e Sharqi District of Aligudarz County, Lorestan province, Iran. As a village, it was the capital of Borborud-e Sharqi Rural District until its capital was transferred to the village of Duzan.
Piper Perabo
Piper Lisa Perabo (/ˈpɛrəboʊ/ ⓘ PERR-ə-boh; born October 31, 1976) is an American actress. Following her breakthrough in the comedy-drama film Coyote Ugly (2000), she has starred in films including Lost and Delirious (2001), Cheaper by the Dozen (2003), its sequel Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (2005), The Prestige (2006), Looper (2012) and Angel Has Fallen (2019). She starred as CIA agent Annie Walker in the USA Network spy drama series Covert Affairs (2010–2014), for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama, Her other television work includes Yellowstone (2021–2024), Billions (2021–2023) and Butterfly (2025).

Cheaper by the Dozen 2
Cheaper by the Dozen 2 is a 2005 American family comedy film directed by Adam Shankman. It is the sequel to Cheaper by the Dozen (2003) and stars Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt, Tom Welling, Piper Perabo, and Hilary Duff with Kevin G. Schmidt, Alyson Stoner, Jacob Smith, Forrest Landis, Liliana Mumy, Morgan York, Blake Woodruff, and Brent and Shane Kinsman reprising their roles as members of the 12-child Baker family, alongside Eugene Levy, Carmen Electra, Shawn Roberts, Jaime King, Robbie Amell, Taylor Lautner, and Jonathan Bennett as new characters. It tells the story of the Baker family as they go on a vacation and contend with a rival family, the Murtaughs.

The film was released in the United States by 20th Century Fox on December 21, 2005. It received negative reviews from critics and grossed $135 million worldwide against a $60 million budget.
Rarotonga
Rarotonga is the largest and most populous island of the country of the Cook Islands. The island is volcanic, with an area of 67.39 km2 (26.02 sq mi), and is home to 72% of the country's population, with 10,898 of a total population of 15,040. Avarua, on the north coast, is the location of the Parliament buildings and the capital of the Cook Islands. The country's international airport is also in Avarua, and Rarotonga is a popular tourist destination, with many resorts, hotels and motels.

Rarotonga has been populated by a Polynesian people since late in the 1st millennium. Captain John Dibbs, master of the colonial brig Endeavour, is credited as the European discoverer, on 25 July 1823 while transporting the missionary Reverend John Williams.

Avarua
Avarua (meaning "Two Harbours" in Māori) is a district and town in the north of the island of Rarotonga, the largest island of the Cook Islands. It serves as the capital of the Island territory and is further sub-divided into 19 tapere (sub-districts). As per 2016 census, the district had a population of 4,096 individuals. It is an important commercial and economic center with the island's main airport (Rarotonga International Airport) and Avatiu harbour located here.
Michel de Brunhoff
Pierre Claude Michel de Brunhoff (6 February 1892 – 14 May 1958), known professionally as Michel de Brunhoff was a French journalist, notably serving as the editor-in-chief of Le Jardin des Modes and Vogue Paris.

Vogue France
Vogue France (stylised in all caps) is the French edition of Vogue magazine, formerly called Vogue Paris from its inception until 2021. The magazine started publication in 1920 and has since been regarded as one of the top fashion publications.
Rhodope Mountains
The Rhodopes (/ˈrɒdəpiːz/; Bulgarian: Родопи, Rodopi; Greek: Ροδόπη, Rodopi; Turkish: Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at 2,191 meters (7,188 ft). The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope montane mixed forests that belongs in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome and the Palearctic realm. The region is particularly notable for its karst areas with their deep river gorges, large caves and specific sculptured forms, such as the Trigrad Gorge.

A significant part of Bulgaria's hydropower resources are located in the western areas of the range. There are a number of hydro-cascades and dams used for electricity production, irrigation, and as tourist destinations.

Kardzhali Reservoir
Kardzhali Reservoir (Bulgarian: язовир Кърджали) is an artificial lake and a hydroelectric dam in southern Bulgaria. It is the uppermost of the three major reservoirs of the Arda Hydropower Cascade, the others being Studen Kladenets and Ivaylovgrad. It is the second largest reservoir by volume in the country after the Iskar.
Nuaman
Nuaman or Khallet an Nu'man (Arabic: النعمان, meaning "Grace"), also written al-Numan/an-Nu'man, is a small village located just north of Beit Sahour in the Palestinian Governorate of Bethlehem. The Israeli government incorporated its territory within Jerusalem after the Israeli occupation of the West Bank in the 1967 Six-Day War. The village is regarded as neither part of the West Bank, nor part of Jerusalem. A United Nations report has described the villagers as "living in limbo." In terms of local government it is treated together with the neighbouring village Al-Khas, to the west, as one unit. The village had a population of 112 in 2017. Settled by families from the at-Ta'mira Bedouin tribe, it is part of the 'Arab al-Ta'mira village cluster, along with Za'atara, Beit Ta'mir, Hindaza, Tuqu', Khirbet ad-Deir (today part of Tuqu'), Ubeidiya and al-Asakra.

Ta'amireh
Ta'amireh, also known as the Ta'amrah or Ta'amirah (in Arabic: التعامرة), is a large Bedouin tribe from the  Palestine region. Most of the tribe's members live in the  Palestinian Authority territories south and east of Bethlehem, and in the Kingdom of Jordan. Members of the tribe have established several permanent settlements in the Bethlehem area, known as the 'Arab et-Ta'amreh village cluster (Za'atara, Beit Ta'mir, Hindaza, Tuqu' with Khirbet al-Deir, Nuaman, Ubeidiya, Al-Masara and al-Asakra).
Sylvester–Gallai theorem
The Sylvester–Gallai theorem in geometry states that every finite set of points in the Euclidean plane has a line that passes through exactly two of the points or a line that passes through all of them. It is named after James Joseph Sylvester, who posed it as a problem in 1893, and Tibor Gallai, who published one of the first proofs of this theorem in 1944.

A line that contains exactly two of a set of points is known as an ordinary line. Another way of stating the theorem is that every finite set of points that is not collinear has an ordinary line. According to a strengthening of the theorem, every finite point set (not all on one line) has at least a linear number of ordinary lines. An algorithm can find an ordinary line in a set of  points in time .

James Joseph Sylvester
James Joseph Sylvester (3 September 1814 – 15 March 1897) was an English mathematician. He made fundamental contributions to matrix theory, invariant theory, number theory, partition theory, and combinatorics.  He played a leadership role in American mathematics in the later half of the 19th century as a professor at the Johns Hopkins University and as founder of the American Journal of Mathematics.  At his death, he was a professor at Oxford University.
Riccati equation
In mathematics, a Riccati equation in the narrowest sense is any first-order ordinary differential equation that is quadratic in the unknown function. In other words, it is an equation of the form

where  and .   If  the equation reduces to a Bernoulli equation, while if  the equation becomes a first order linear ordinary differential equation.

The equation is named after Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754).

More generally, the term Riccati equation is used to refer to matrix equations with an analogous quadratic term, which occur in both continuous-time and discrete-time linear-quadratic-Gaussian control.  The steady-state (non-dynamic) version of these is referred to as the algebraic Riccati equation.

Bernoulli differential equation
In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation is called a Bernoulli differential equation if it is of the form

where  is a real number. Some authors allow any real , whereas others require that  not be 0 or 1 as they cause the equation to become linear. The equation was first discussed in a work of 1695 by Jacob Bernoulli, after whom it is named. The earliest solution, however, was offered by  Gottfried Leibniz, who published his result in the same year and whose method is the one still used today.

Bernoulli equations are special because they are nonlinear differential equations with known exact solutions. A notable special case of the Bernoulli equation is the logistic differential equation.
Sepulveda Transit Corridor
The Sepulveda Transit Corridor is a two-phased planned rapid transit line in Los Angeles, California. Its first phase aims to connect the San Fernando Valley to the Los Angeles Basin through the Sepulveda Pass. A second phase would further extend the line southwards to connect with Los Angeles International Airport. The corridor is intended to relieve the heavily congested I-405 freeway through Sepulveda Pass and provide a fast public transit option on this north–south link. Phase 1 of the project would connect the G Line in the Valley to the D Line and E Line on the Westside and the K Line near Los Angeles International Airport. As of January 2026, the project is in the environmental review phase of planning, and construction is expected to be funded via a combination of local Measure M revenue and applications to federal grants. Pending these two requirements, the first phase is projected to open in 2033–2035.

Los Angeles Metro
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, branded as Metro, is the agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the transportation system in Los Angeles County, California, the most populated county in the United States.

Metro directly operates a large public transit system that includes bus, bus rapid transit, light rail, and rapid transit (subway) services. The agency also provides funding for transit it does not operate, including Metrolink commuter rail, municipal bus operators and paratransit services. The agency also provides funding and directs planning for the Los Angeles freeway system and railroad projects within the county.

In 2025, the Metro system had a total ridership of 305,706,300, and had a ridership of 928,600 per weekday as of the fourth quarter of 2025. It is the largest transit agency by ridership in the state of California, and the second-largest in the United States after the New York City Transit Authority.
Agha-Alizadeh
Agha Alizadeh (Azerbaijani: Ağa Cavad oğlu Əlizadə) was the 8th Sheikh ul-Islam of the Religious Council of the Caucasus and the first Sheikh al-Islam of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920).

Religious Council of the Caucasus
Caucasus Muslims Board (until 1992 — "The Spiritual Board of the Muslims of Transcaucasia") is the highest spiritual and administrative organ of the Muslims of the countries of the Transcaucasian region located in Baku.
Sheka Zone
Sheka is a zone in the Southwest Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia. Sheka is bordered on the south by Bench Maji, on the west by the Gambela Region, on the north by the Oromia Region, and on the east by Keffa. The administrative center of Sheka is Tepi Sheka is the western part of former Keficho Shekicho Zone.

Tepi, Ethiopia
Tepi (also transliterated Teppi and Tippi) is a town in southern Ethiopia. The vowels in the name are pronounced as in the English words tape and pea. Located in the Sheka Zone of the South West Ethiopia Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 7°12′N 35°27′E﻿ / ﻿7.200°N 35.450°E﻿ / 7.200; 35.450 with a mean elevation of 1,097 meters above sea level. The town is said to be named after a Majangir man who once had a bee hive in the large tree that stood in the marketplace.
Moira (album)
Moira is the sixth story CD released by the Japanese fantasy band Sound Horizon. It was released on September 3, 2008 through King Records. This album is the first and only to feature vocalists Takashi Utsunomiya, Yoshimi Iwasaki and Ayaka Naito. It is also the first album with vocalists Miki Masuda and Minami Kuribayashi and the last to feature long time vocalists YUUKI, KAORI, and Haruka Shimotsuki. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Oricon weekly album charts, selling over 45,000 copies in its initial week.

Moira's plot and Greek setting is very loosely modeled after real-life Greek mythology, the Iliad, and Heinrich Schliemann's discovery of the lost city of Troy (Ilion) using the epic as his guide during the late 19th century.

Sound Horizon
Sound Horizon is a Japanese symphonic rock musical group with composer Revo (Japanese pronunciation: [ɾebo]) as the leader and only permanent member. They describe themselves as a "fantasy band" and have released works that closely resemble classical suites. Their songs often revolve around historical events and classic fairytales. When creating music based on other people's stories, the band uses the name Linked Horizon.
Chichester
Chichester (/ˈtʃɪtʃɪstər/ ⓘ CHITCH-ist-ər) is a cathedral city and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It is the only city in West Sussex and is its county town. It was a Roman and Anglo-Saxon settlement and a major market town from those times through Norman and medieval times to the present day. It is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester and is home to a 12th-century cathedral.

The city has two main watercourses: the Chichester Canal and the River Lavant. The Lavant, a winterbourne, runs to the south of the city walls; it is hidden mostly in culverts when close to the city centre.

Chichester Canal
The Chichester Canal is a ship canal in England. Partly navigable, its course is essentially intact and runs 3.8 miles (6.1 km) from the sea at Birdham on Chichester Harbour to Chichester through two locks. The canal (originally part of the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal) was opened in 1822 and took three years to build. The canal could take ships of up to 100 long tons (100 t). Dimensions were limited to 85 feet (26 metres) long, 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and a draft of up to 7 feet (2.1 m).  As denoted by the suffix -chester, Chichester is a Roman settlement (Noviomagus Reginorum), and 300 Denarii were unearthed when Chichester Basin was formed in the 1820s.
Marcus Butler
Marcus Lloyd Butler (born 18 December 1991) is an English model and former YouTuber, whose channels have reached over 5.4 million subscribers. In 2015, he released an autobiographical book, titled Hello Life!. Butler co-hosted a radio show with fellow YouTuber Alfie Deyes on BBC Radio 1.

Alfie Deyes
Alfred Sidney Deyes (born 17 September 1993) is an English YouTuber, vlogger and businessman. On 4 September 2014, he released his first book, The Pointless Book. Since 2014, he has released three books in the Pointless Book series and one autobiography.
Dense submodule
In abstract algebra, specifically in module theory, a dense submodule of a module is a refinement of the notion of an essential submodule.  If N is a dense submodule of M, it may alternatively be said that "N ⊆ M is a rational extension". Dense submodules are connected with rings of quotients in noncommutative ring theory. Most of the results appearing here were first established in (Johnson 1951), (Utumi 1956) and (Findlay & Lambek 1958).

It should be noticed that this terminology is different from the notion of a dense subset in general topology.  No topology is needed to define a dense submodule, and a dense submodule may or may not be topologically dense in a module with topology.

Singular submodule
In the branches of abstract algebra known as ring theory and module theory, each right (resp. left) R-module M has a singular submodule consisting of elements whose annihilators are essential right (resp. left) ideals in R.  In set notation it is usually denoted as .  For general rings,  is a good generalization of the torsion submodule tors(M) which is most often defined for domains.  In the case that R is a commutative domain, .

If R is any ring,  is defined considering R as a right module, and in this case  is a two-sided ideal of R called the right singular ideal of R. The left handed analogue  is defined similarly.  It is possible for .
William Fleming (lifeboatman)
William George Fleming GC (1865–1954) was a lifeboatman from Gorleston-on-Sea on the east coast of Norfolk, England. His service with the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) spanned nearly fifty years, in which time he won the George Cross and the RNLI Medal in Gold and in Silver, and the Bronze Medal three times.

Awards of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution
The National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck was established on 4 March 1824, becoming the Royal National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck (RNIPLS) on 20 March 1824, when it received royal approval from King George IV. The Institution became the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) on 5 October 1854.

Ever since its inception in 1824, a number of awards have been established by the Institution, both for gallantry at sea, and for service to the Institution. None are approved by the Crown, and are therefore unofficial awards. As such, they do not appear in the official British order of wear, although the principal lifesaving award, a Medal of the RNLI, can be worn on the right breast in uniform by members of the British armed forces.
Syracuse Brigadiers Drum and Bugle Corps
The Brigadiers were an all-age drum and bugle corps operated by the Brigadiers Music Association, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization.  The Brigadiers were charter members of Drum Corps Associates and were based in Syracuse, New York.

Drum Corps Associates
Drum Corps Associates (DCA) was a governing body for modern all-age and senior drum and bugle corps in North America. Its responsibilities included sanctioning competitions, certifying adjudicators, maintaining and enforcing rules of competition, and hosting an annual World Championship during Labor Day weekend. Historically, DCA members were referred to as "senior corps" in contrast to the "junior corps", who limit participants to a maximum 22 years of age. As DCA had no age restriction, the term "all-age corps" has come into common use.

On May 31, 2023, Drum Corps International and DCA announced a partnership to create an all-age class for the 2024 and 2025 competitive seasons. In August 2023, DCA announced that the all-age drum corps platform will fully exist and operate within DCI from 2024 onward. As such, 2023 was the final year of the Drum Corps Associates World Championships.
Alikhan Baimenov
Alikhan Muhamediauly Baimenov (Kazakh: Әлихан Мұхамедияұлы Бәйменов, Älihan Mūhamediiaūly Bäimenov; born 25 March 1959) is a Kazakh politician who served as a member of the Mazhilis from October 2006 to June 2007, chairman of Ak Zhol Democratic Party from March 2005 to July 2011 to which he was a nominee of in the 2005 Kazakh presidential election.

Prior to that, Baimenov also served as a Minister of Labour and Social Protection of the Population from August 2000 to November 2001, Head of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan from August 1998 to February 1999 and the head of Prime Minister's Office from November 1997 to August 1998. He is currently serving as a chairman of the Steering Committee of the Astana Civil Service Hub.

Aq Jol
The Aq Jol, officially the "Aq Jol" Democratic Party of Kazakhstan, is a liberal-conservative political party in Kazakhstan. The party is led by Azat Peruaşev, a deputy of the Mäjilis.

Aq Jol was formed in early 2002, after its faction became being split from the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan. From there, it was positioned as an opposition party though in a moderate tone. The party has experienced fragmentation over the years, leading to the formation of dissident factions. Despite its opposition stance, the Aq Jol had been repeatedly described as a pro-government party in Kazakhstan, with it joining the People's Coalition in support of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in the 2022 election.

The Aq Jol party advocates for political reform, economic liberalism, and secularism. It has participated in presidential and parliamentary elections, with varying levels of electoral success.

The party also advocates to lead the way for Kazakhstan to join the European Union in the future.