hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Apostrophe
The apostrophe (’, ') is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes:

The marking of the omission of one or more letters, e.g., the contraction of "do not" to "don't"

The marking of possessive case of nouns (as in "the eagle's feathers", "in one month's time", "the twins' coats")

It is also used in a few exceptional cases for the marking of plurals, e.g., "p's and q's" or Oakland A's. The same mark is used as a single quotation mark. It is also substituted informally for other marks –  for example instead of the prime symbol to indicate the units of foot or minutes of arc. The word apostrophe comes from the Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French.

Prime (symbol)
The prime symbol ′, double prime symbol ″, triple prime symbol ‴, and quadruple prime symbol ⁗ are used to designate units and for other purposes in mathematics, science, linguistics and music.

Although the characters differ little in appearance from those of the apostrophe and single and double quotation marks, the uses of the prime symbol are quite different. While an apostrophe is now often used in place of the prime, and a double quote in place of the double prime (due to the lack of prime symbols on everyday writing keyboards), such substitutions are not considered appropriate in formal materials or in typesetting.
Comarcas of Asturias
Asturias, an autonomous community in Spain, is divided into eight comarcas (cotarros in Asturian). These comarcas are not an administrative division of the autonomous community, and are only used as a system to homogenize the statistical data collected by the Principality of Asturias.

The comarcas in Spain are a grouping of municipalities that are encouraged (but not required) to work together to achieve objectives. The term Comarca is a Spanish word roughly equivalent to the English word county.

Comarcas of Spain
In Spain, a  comarca (Spanish: [koˈmaɾka] ⓘ) 
is a traditional informal territorial division, comprising several municipalities sharing geographical, economic or cultural traits, typically with not well defined limits. Modernly, they have been formally defined for all the autonomous communities of Spain, as territorial entities intermediate between the municipality and the province, although their status ranges from official and with administrative functions (providing common local government services) in some communities, to unofficial and based on mere preliminary studies in other communities.

In English, a comarca is equivalent to an area, county, district, or zone.
Joe Danger 2: The Movie
Joe Danger 2: The Movie is a racing and platform video game developed by Hello Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and PlayStation Vita. According to Hello Games' managing director, it is "kind of" a sequel to the successful Joe Danger. The game was announced in August 2011 and released for Xbox 360 on 14 September 2012 and 9 October 2012 for PlayStation 3. A Microsoft Windows version was released on 24 June 2013, followed by Mac OS X and Linux on 7 January 2014, and PlayStation Vita in January 2015. The game centers around the titular character, stuntman Joe Danger, as he performs stunts for an action film. It features multiple vehicle types and has local multiplayer for up to four players.

Hello Games
Hello Games Ltd is a British video game company based in Guildford, Surrey. The company was founded by Sean Murray, Grant Duncan, Ryan Doyle and David Ream in February 2008 (incorporated on 4 August 2008) and has developed the Joe Danger series, No Man's Sky, The Last Campfire, and the upcoming Light No Fire.
Paul Giesler
Paul Giesler (15 June 1895 – 8 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party politician and SA-Obergruppenführer. From 1941, he was the Gauleiter of Westphalia-South, and he was appointed to the same position for the Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria in 1942. From 2 November 1942 to 28 April 1945, he was also Ministerpräsident of Bavaria. He was responsible for multiple acts of brutality, which included killing opponents of the regime in southern Germany. Giesler was also named in Hitler's Political Testament as Interior Minister, replacing Heinrich Himmler, in the short-lived Goebbels Cabinet. He committed suicide together with his wife in the closing days of the war in Europe.

Gau Westphalia-South
The Gau Westphalia-South (German: Gau Westfalen-Süd) was an administrative division of Nazi Germany encompassing the Arnsberg Region in the southern part of the Prussian province of Westphalia between 1933 and 1945. From 1931 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party for these areas.
Okombahe
Okombahe is a settlement in the Erongo Region of eastern central Namibia, situated on the Omaruru River 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Karibib. It is regarded as the capital of the ǂNûkhoen (Damara) tribe; the annual King's Festival is held at the town's Gaob Memorial Stadium. Before independence of Namibia, Okombahe was situated at the edge of the Damaraland bantustan. Martin Luther High School and Dibasen Junior Secondary School are situated in the village.

The Omaruru River's sub-surface water is used by the Damara people to grow wheat. Even in years of drought, 60-80 hectares are under irrigation.

Omaruru River
The Omaruru River is a major river crossing the Erongo Region of western central Namibia from East to West. It originates in the Etjo Mountains, crosses the town of Omaruru and the village of Okombahe, and reaches the sea a few kilometers north of Henties Bay. Inflows of the Omaruru are Otjimakuru, Goab, Spitzkop, Leeu and Okandjou.

The Omaruru is an ephemeral river with a mean run-off of roughly 40 million cubic metres per annum. Its palaeochannels form an underground delta of the Namib Desert. Its catchment area (including its tributaries) is estimated to be between 11,579 and 13,100 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi).
Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala
Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala (2 July 1841 – 12 January 1871) was a Spanish Academic painter who specialized in small-scale canvases. He was the father of the French writer Miguel Zamacoïs, brother of the writer Niceto de Zamacois, the singer Elisa Zamacois and the actor Ricardo Zamacois, and also an uncle of the writer Eduardo Zamacois and the music composer Joaquín Zamacois.

Miguel Zamacoïs
Miguel Zamacoïs (8 September 1866 in Louveciennes – 22 March 1955 in Paris) was a French writer, novelist, poet and journalist. He was the son of the Spanish painter Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala, nephew of the writer Niceto de Zamacois, the singer Elisa Zamacois, and the actor Ricardo Zamacois, and also was cousin of the writer Eduardo Zamacois and the music composer Joaquín Zamacois.
Rothe–Hagen identity
In mathematics, the Rothe–Hagen identity is a mathematical identity valid for all complex numbers () except where its denominators vanish:

It is a generalization of Vandermonde's identity, and is named after Heinrich August Rothe and Johann Georg Hagen.

Johann Georg Hagen
Johann (John) Georg Hagen (March 6, 1847 – September 6, 1930) was an Austrian Jesuit priest and astronomer. After serving as Director of the Georgetown University Observatory he was called to Rome by Pope Pius X in 1906 to be the first Jesuit director of the new Vatican Observatory. Father Hagen was also the spiritual director of Maria Elizabeth Hesselblad (1870-1957), who was baptized by him on August 15, 1902 and eventually was canonized on June 5, 2016 by Pope Francis.
Battle of the Col de Panissars
The Battle of the Col de Panissars was fought on 30 September and 1 October 1285 between the forces of Philip III of France and Peter III of Aragon. It was a severe defeat for the French, who were already retiring over the Pyrenees when the Aragonese fell on them.

It was the last battle of the Aragonese Crusade, a papally-sanctioned war on behalf of Charles of Valois to secure the Aragonese throne from the excommunicated king Peter III, who had conquered Sicily against papal interests. The battle followed on the heels of the naval victory at Les Formigues on 4 September.

Peter III of Aragon
Peter III of Aragon (In Aragonese, Pero; in Catalan, Pere; in Italian, Pietro; c. 1239 – 11 November 1285) was King of Aragon, King of Valencia (as Peter I), and Count of Barcelona (as Peter II) from 1276 to his death. At the invitation of some rebels, he conquered the Kingdom of Sicily and became King of Sicily (as Peter I) in 1282, pressing the claim of his wife, Constance II of Sicily, uniting the kingdom to the crown.
1880s in Western fashion
1880s fashion in Western and Western-influenced countries is characterized by the return of the bustle.  The long, lean line of the late 1870s was replaced by a full, curvy silhouette with gradually widening shoulders.  Fashionable waists were low and tiny below a full, low bust supported by a corset.  The Rational Dress Society was founded in 1881 in reaction to the extremes of fashionable corsetry.

Bustle
A bustle is a padded undergarment or wire frame used to add fullness, or support the drapery, at the back of women's dresses in the mid-to-late 19th century. Bustles are worn under the skirt in the back, just below the waist, to keep the skirt from dragging. Heavy fabric tended to pull the back of a skirt down and flatten it. As a result a woman's petticoated skirt would lose its shape during everyday wear (from merely sitting down or moving about).
Marcus & Martinus
Marcus & Martinus, occasionally known as M&M, are a Norwegian dance-pop duo consisting of identical twin brothers Marcus and Martinus Gunnarsen (born 21 February 2002). They have released five studio albums: Hei, Together, Moments, Unforgettable and  The Room. Since winning Melodi Grand Prix Junior in 2012, they have won numerous prizes, such as Spellemannprisen in 2017. The duo won Masked Singer Sverige in 2022, won Rockbjörnen in 2024 and participated in Melodifestivalen in 2023 and 2024. They won the 2024 edition of Melodifestivalen and represented host nation Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 in Malmö with the song "Unforgettable".

Melodifestivalen 2024
Melodifestivalen 2024 was the 64th edition of the Swedish music competition Melodifestivalen, which was organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and took place over a six-week period between 3 February and 9 March 2024, hosted by Carina Berg. The winners of the competition, Marcus & Martinus with "Unforgettable", represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 on home soil in Malmö, where they finished in ninth place.
Samyang Optics / Rokinon AF 50 mm f/1.4 FE
The Samyang Optics / Rokinon AF 50mm F1.4 FE is a standard full-frame prime lens for the Sony E-mount. It was announced by Samyang Optics on May 3, 2016.

Though designed for Sony's full frame E-mount cameras. The lens also can be used on Sony's APS-C E-mount camera bodies, with an equivalent full-frame field-of-view of 75mm.

LK Samyang
Samyang Optics is a South Korean manufacturer of camera lenses for several major brands of third-party mounts for still photography and video cameras. The company was founded in 1972 and has about 150 employees. Samyang exports to 58 countries through 39 overseas agents and distributors.

In July 2023, Samyang joined the L-Mount Alliance.

On March 28, 2024, "Samyang Optics" officially changed its name to "LK Samyang Co., Ltd". "LK" stands for "Leading Korea".

Samyang products are also sold under a wide variety of different brand names.  Some examples are Rokinon, Bower, Opteka, Vivitar, Phoenix and Quantaray.
Deux Mers Canal
The Canal des Deux Mers (French pronunciation: [kanal de dø mɛʁ]; English: Canal of the Two Seas) has been used to describe two different but similar things since the 1660s. In some cases, it is used interchangeably with the Canal du Midi. In others, it describes the path from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean of which the Canal du Midi was the first artificial component.

Garonne Canal
The Garonne Canal (French: Canal latéral à la Garonne, pronounced [kanal lateʁal a la ɡaʁɔn]) or Canal de Garonne ([kanal də ɡaʁɔn]) is a French canal dating from the mid-19th century that connects Toulouse to Castets-en-Dorthe. The remainder of the route to Bordeaux uses the river Garonne. It is the continuation of the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean with Toulouse.

Together, they and the Garonne form the Canal des Deux Mers which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
Cannula
A cannula (/ˈkænjʊlə/ ⓘ; Latin meaning 'little reed'; pl.: cannulae or cannulas) is a tube that can be inserted into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid or for the gathering of samples. In simple terms, a cannula can surround the inner or outer surfaces of a trocar needle thus extending the effective needle length by at least half the length of the original needle. Its size mainly ranges from 14 to 26 gauge. Like hypodermic needles, different-sized cannulae are often color coded.

Decannulation is the permanent removal of a cannula (extubation), especially of a tracheostomy cannula, once a physician determines it is no longer needed.

Trocar
A trocar (or trochar) is a medical or veterinary device traditionally used in draining or venting procedures, now also (informally termed a port) prominent in minimally invasive surgery. Trocars are typically made up of an obturator (which may be metal or plastic, and with a pointed or tapered tip), within a cannula (essentially a rigid tube), and often with a seal.  They allow passive evacuation of excess gas or fluid from organs within the body; some also include a valve mechanism to allow for insufflation. Trocars designed for placement through the chest and abdominal walls during thoracoscopic and laparoscopic surgery function as portals for the subsequent insertion of other endoscopic instruments, such as grasper, scissors, stapler, electrocautery, suction tip, etc.
Cootamundra West railway station
Cootamundra West railway station is a heritage-listed former railway station on the Lake Cargelligo line located in Cootamundra, New South Wales, Australia. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) NNE of Cootamundra railway station. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Cootamundra railway station
Cootamundra railway station is located on the Main Southern line in New South Wales, Australia. It serves the town of Cootamundra. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
Disc integration
Disc integration, also known in integral calculus as the disc method, is a method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution of a solid-state material when integrating along an axis parallel to the axis of revolution. This method models the resulting three-dimensional shape as a stack of an infinite number of discs of varying radius and infinitesimal thickness. It is also possible to use the same principles with rings instead of discs (the "washer method") to obtain hollow solids of revolution. This is in contrast to shell integration, which integrates along an axis perpendicular to the axis of revolution.

Solid of revolution
In geometry, a solid of revolution is a solid figure obtained by rotating a plane figure around some straight line (the axis of revolution), which may not intersect the generatrix (except at its boundary). The surface created by this revolution and which bounds the solid is the surface of revolution.

Assuming that the curve does not cross the axis, the solid's volume is equal to the length of the circle described by the figure's centroid multiplied by the figure's area (Pappus's second centroid theorem).

A representative disc is a three-dimensional volume element of a solid of revolution.  The element is created by rotating a line segment (of length w) around some axis (located r units away), so that a cylindrical volume of πr2w units is enclosed.
Tarbes
Tarbes (French pronunciation: [taʁb]; Gascon: Tarba) is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France. It is the capital of Bigorre and of the Hautes-Pyrénées. It has been a commune since 1790. It was known as Turba or Tarba in Roman times. Tarbes is part of the historical region of Gascony.

Formerly of strong industrial tradition, Tarbes today tries to diversify its activities, particularly in aeronautics and high tech around the different zones of activities which are increasing. The recent development of Tarbais beans and other regional specialties also shows a willingness to develop the agri-food industry thus justifying its nickname of "market town". Its 42,888 inhabitants are called Tarbaises and the Tarbais.

It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes.

Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes
The Diocese of Tarbes et Lourdes (Latin: Dioecesis Tarbiensis et Lourdensis; French: Diocèse de Tarbes et Lourdes) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in France. Until 2002 Tarbes was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Auch. It is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Toulouse.

Erected in the 4th century, the diocese of Tarbes is the historical diocese of Bigorre, part of the larger region of Gascony. The diocese were suppressed in 1801 following the concordat, it was restored in 1822 and has since covered the department of Hautes-Pyrénées. The name of the diocese was changed from the Tarbes to the Diocese of Tarbes et Lourdes on 20 April 1912.

In 2022, in the Diocese of Tarbes, there was one priest for every 1,210 Catholics.
Mytishchi constituency
The Mytishchi constituency (No.123) is a proposed Russian legislative constituency in Moscow Oblast. The constituency covers inner northern suburbs of Moscow, including the cities Dolgoprudny, Korolyov and Mytishchi.

The constituency existed in 1993–2007 and was last represented by United Russia faction member Arkady Baskayev (elected as People's Party of the Russian Federation candidate), a retired Russian Army Colonel General, who won the seat in the 2000 by-election. Mytishchi constituency was not re-established for the 2016 election and its territory divided between Balashikha, Dmitrov, Krasnogorsk and Sergiyev Posad constituencies. After the 2025 redistricting Moscow Oblast gained 12th district, which would be the reinstated Mytishchi constituency.

Dmitrov constituency
The Dmitrov constituency (No.118) is a Russian legislative constituency in Moscow Oblast. The constituency stretches from inner northern Moscow suburbs of Dolgoprudny, Khimki and Lobnya to northern Moscow Oblast.

The constituency has been represented since 2016 by United Russia deputy Irina Rodnina, four-term State Duma member, 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympic champion figure skater.
Hodge structure
In mathematics, a Hodge structure, named after W. V. D. Hodge, is an algebraic structure at the level of linear algebra, similar to the one that Hodge theory gives to the cohomology groups of a smooth and compact Kähler manifold. Hodge structures have been generalized for all complex varieties (even if they are singular and non-complete) in the form of mixed Hodge structures, defined by Pierre Deligne (1970). A variation of Hodge structure is a family of Hodge structures parameterized by a manifold, first studied by Phillip Griffiths (1968). All these concepts were further generalized to mixed Hodge modules over complex varieties by Morihiko Saito (1989).

Pierre Deligne
Pierre René, Viscount Deligne (French: [dəliɲ]; born 3 October 1944) is a Belgian mathematician. He is best known for work on the Weil conjectures, leading to a complete proof in 1973. He is the winner of the 1978 Fields Medal, 1988 Crafoord Prize, 2008 Wolf Prize and 2013 Abel Prize.
Michelle Rothschild-Patterson
Michelle Rothschild-Patterson (née Rothschild; born November 17, 1951), also known as Sister Patterson, is known for her work in reality television and for being the mother of reality TV personality Tiffany "New York" Pollard, whom she has starred alongside on reality shows such as VH1's I Love New York and Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn.

Tiffany Pollard
Tiffany Pollard (born January 6, 1982) is an American television personality and actress. She starred on the first two seasons of the reality show Flavor of Love (2006), where she was given the nickname "New York" by rapper Flavor Flav. Pollard later starred in spin-off series, including I Love New York (2007–2008) which launched a career in television. Subsequent television roles include her hosting in Brunch with Tiffany (2017–2020) and Hot Haus (2022–2023), and her roles on House of Villains (2023–2026) and College Hill: Celebrity Edition (2023).

In 2016 Pollard joined the British version of Celebrity Big Brother. She has hosted the Fenty Beauty holiday gift guide twice—once in 2018 and again in 2019—at the request of Rihanna. In January 2025, she was a contestant on a season of the cooking competition series Worst Cooks in America: Celebrity Edition.
Richard L. Hoffman
Richard Lawrence Hoffman (September 25, 1927 – June 10, 2012) was an American zoologist known as an international expert on millipedes, and a leading authority on the natural history of Virginia and the Appalachian Mountains. He was a biology professor at Virginia's Radford College for almost thirty years, and curator of invertebrates at the Virginia Museum of Natural History for another twenty years. He co-founded the Virginia Natural History Society, described over 400 species of millipedes, and produced more than 480 scientific publications. He is commemorated in the scientific and/or common names of over 30 animal species, including the valley and ridge salamander (Plethodon hoffmani) and Hoffman's dwarf centipede (Nannarrup hoffmani).

Nannarrup
Nannarrup is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae. This genus contains only three species, including the type species Nannarrup hoffmani. Also known as Hoffman's dwarf centipede, N. hoffmani was discovered in Central Park in New York City and was the first new species to be discovered in that park in more than a century. This genus includes the smallest species in the family Mecistocephalidae, with adults measuring about 10 mm in length. Centipedes in this genus have only 41 pairs of legs, the minimum number recorded in this family.
Phoeurng Sackona
Phoeurng Sackona (Khmer: ភឿង សកុណា, Phœăng Sâkŏna [pʰɨəŋ sakonaː]; born 8 October 1959) is a Cambodian academic, engineer and politician who is the current Minister of Culture and Fine Arts. She is a member of the Cambodian People's Party. She also serves as the President of the Board of Trustees of the Institute of Technology of Cambodia. She is also the daughter-in-law of former Minister of Culture Chheng Phon.

Institute of Technology of Cambodia
The Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC; Khmer: វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេកវិទ្យាកម្ពុជា; French: Institut de Technologie du Cambodge), known for short as Sala Techno (Khmer: សាលាតិចណូ; lit. 'Techno School'), is a higher education institution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia that trains students in science, technology and engineering. Enrollment is approximately 3,500 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students.