hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Schaumburg, Illinois
Schaumburg (/ˈʃɔːmbɜːrɡ/ SHAWM-burg) is a village in Cook and DuPage counties in the U.S. state of Illinois. At the 2020 census, the population was 78,723, making Schaumburg the most populous incorporated village in the United States. Schaumburg is around 26 miles (42 km) northwest of downtown Chicago and 10 miles (16 km) northwest of O'Hare International Airport. It is part of the Golden Corridor.

Schaumburg's transition from a rural community to a suburban city began with Alfred Campanelli's first large-scale suburban-style development in 1959 and Woodfield Mall's opening in 1971. Schaumburg is bordered by Hoffman Estates and Palatine to the north, Inverness in northwest, Streamwood to the west, Hanover Park to the southwest, Roselle to the south, Elk Grove Village to the southeast, and Rolling Meadows to the northeast.

Hoffman Estates, Illinois
Hoffman Estates is a village mostly in Cook County, Illinois, United States with a very small portion in Kane County, Illinois. It is a suburb of Chicago. Per the 2020 census, the population was 52,530.

The village previously served as the headquarters for Sears and is one of the American headquarters for Mori Seiki. Now Arena, home of the Windy City Bulls of the NBA G League, is located in the village. Between 2006 and 2009, the village hosted the Heartland International Tattoo, one of the largest music and dance festivals of its kind in the Midwest.
Brahmagupta polynomials
Brahmagupta polynomials are a class of polynomials associated with the Brahmagupta matrix which in turn is associated with the Brahmagupta's  identity. The concept and terminology were introduced by E. R. Suryanarayan, University of Rhode Island, Kingston in  a paper published in 1996. These polynomials have several interesting properties and have found applications in tiling problems and in the problem of finding Heronian triangles in which the lengths of the sides are consecutive integers.

Brahmagupta's identity
In algebra, Brahmagupta's identity says that, for given , the product of two numbers of the form  is itself a number of that form. In other words, the set of such numbers is closed under multiplication. Specifically:

Both (1) and (2) can be verified by expanding each side of the equation.  Also, (2) can be obtained from (1), or (1) from (2), by changing b to −b.

This identity holds in both the ring of integers and the ring of rational numbers, and more generally in any commutative ring.

Also, it can be viewed as a special case of the following identity:
Medwin Hughes
Medwin Hughes CBE DL FLSW FRSA is a Welsh academic who was the vice-chancellor of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David and of the University of Wales from 2011 until August 2023. He was previously principal of Trinity University College, Carmarthen and vice-chancellor of the University of Wales, Lampeter.

Learned Society of Wales
The Learned Society of Wales (Welsh: Cymdeithas Ddysgedig Cymru) is a national academy, learned society and charity that exists to "celebrate, recognise, preserve, protect and encourage excellence in all of the scholarly disciplines", and to serve the Welsh nation.

The Learned Society of Wales is Wales's first and only all-embracing national scholarly academy.  A registered charity, it was established and launched on 25 May 2010 at the National Museum of Wales and was granted a Royal Charter in 2015. The society is headquartered in Cardiff.

It is an independent, self-governing, pan-disciplinary, bilingual organisation operating throughout Wales, and is a founding member of the Celtic Academies Alliance.
Fishplate
A fishplate, splice bar or joint bar is a metal or composites connecting plate used to bolt the ends of two rails into a continuous track. The name is derived from fish, a wooden reinforcement of a "built-up" ship's mast that helped round out its desired profile. The top and bottom faces taper inwards along their short dimensions to create an even alignment between the two rails when the fish plate is wedged into place by tightening its bolts during installation.

In rail transport modelling, a fishplate is often a small copper or nickel silver plate that slips onto both rails to provide the functions of maintaining alignment and electrical continuity.

Railway track
Railway track (CwthE and UIC terminology) or railroad track (NAmE), also known as permanent way (per way) (CwthE) or "P way" (BrE and Indian English), is the structure on a railway or railroad consisting of the rails, fasteners, sleepers (railroad ties in American English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable, low-friction surface on which steel wheels can roll. Early tracks were constructed with wooden or cast-iron rails, and wooden or stone sleepers. Since the 1870s, rails have almost universally been made from steel.
Computational anatomy toolbox
CAT (computational anatomy toolbox) is a free and open source software package used for the analysis of structural brain imaging data, in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Developed by Christian Gaser and Robert Dahnke of the Structural Brain Mapping Group at the University of Jena, CAT is an extension of the SPM software.

Statistical parametric mapping
Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) is a statistical technique for examining differences in brain activity recorded during functional neuroimaging experiments. It was created by Karl Friston. It may alternatively refer to software created by the Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience at University College London to carry out such analyses.
R. A. Bevan
Robert Alexander Polhill Bevan CBE (15 March 1901 – 20 December 1974) was a significant figure in British communications and advertising during the mid-20th century. He was the second child of the artists Robert Polhill Bevan and Stanisława de Karłowska and was born at the Bevan house, Horsgate, in Cuckfield, Sussex.

Robert Bevan (artist)
Robert Polhill Bevan (5 August 1865 – 8 July 1925) was a British painter, draughtsman and lithographer who was married to the Polish-born artist Stanisława de Karłowska. He was a founding member of the Camden Town Group, the London Group, and the Cumberland Market Group.
Cohen–Macaulay ring
In mathematics, a Cohen–Macaulay ring is a commutative ring with some of the algebro-geometric properties of a smooth variety, such as local equidimensionality. Under mild assumptions, a local ring is Cohen–Macaulay exactly when it is a finitely generated free module over a regular local subring. Cohen–Macaulay rings play a central role in commutative algebra: they form a very broad class, and yet they are well understood in many ways.

They are named for Francis Sowerby Macaulay (1916), who proved the unmixedness theorem for polynomial rings, and for Irvin Cohen (1946), who proved the unmixedness theorem for formal power series rings. All Cohen–Macaulay rings have the unmixedness property.

For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions.

Universally catenary rings ⊃  Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings

Complete intersection ring
In commutative algebra, a complete intersection ring is a commutative ring similar to the coordinate rings of varieties that are complete intersections. Informally, they can be thought of roughly as the local rings that can be defined using the "minimum possible" number of relations.

For Noetherian local rings, there is the following chain of inclusions:

Universally catenary rings ⊃  Cohen–Macaulay rings ⊃ Gorenstein rings ⊃ complete intersection rings ⊃ regular local rings
South African Dutton road–rail tractors
The South African Railways Dutton road–rail tractors of 1923 were road–rail steam tractors.

In 1917, the South African Railways conducted trials with a prototype petrol-paraffin powered Dutton road–rail tractor. In 1924, it placed two production model steam rail tractors in service on the new narrow gauge line between Naboomspruit and Singlewood in Transvaal. One was constructed as a 4-2-0 road–rail tractor while the other was constructed as a bi-directional 4-2-4 rail-only tractor.

4-2-4T
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 4-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels on two axles, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles.

The configuration was only used for tank engines, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as 4-2-4T for a conventional side-tank locomotive, 4-2-4ST  for a saddle-tank locomotive, 4-2-4WT for a well-tank locomotive and 4-2-4RT for a rack-equipped tank locomotive.
Zimredda of Sidon
Zimredda (Zimri-Haddu, Zimr-Edda or Zimr-Eddi, Akkadian: 𒍣𒅎𒊑𒁕 Zîmreda; Amorite: *ḏimrī hadda, "Hadad is my protection") was the mayor of Sidon, (i.e. the "King of Sidon") in the mid 14th century BC. He is mentioned in several of the Amarna letters, in the late Rib-Hadda series, and later. He authored letters EA 144–45 (EA for 'el Amarna').

Zimredda of Siduna-Sidon, is the only mayor of Siduna in the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, (15–20 year) time period.

Zimredda of Sidon's name is referenced in ten Amarna letters, with three from the Rib-Hadda series-(+Rib-Hadda EA 92, entitled: "Some help from the Pharaoh"-(calling mayors to assist Rib-Hadda), as the "King of Siduna"), five from Abimilku of Tyre, also his own letters. (He is the major subject of half of Abimilku's letters to pharaoh.)

The Abimilku letters reference Zimredda of Siduna as one of his major enemies in the groups against Abimilku.

Abimilki
Abimilki (Amorite: 𒇽𒀀𒁉𒅖𒆠, LÚa-bi-mil-ki, ʾabī milki) around 1347 BC held the rank of Prince of Tyre (called "Surru" in the letters), during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence (1360–1332 BC). He is the author of ten letters to the Egyptian pharaoh, EA 146–155 (EA for 'el Amarna'). In letter EA 147, Pharaoh Akhenaten confirmed him as ruler of Tyre upon the death of his father, and in EA 149, referred to him with the rank of rabisu (general).

Abimilki is not referenced by name in any other letters of the 382-letter corpus. His name has been linked with the biblical Abimelech. His name means "My father (is) king."
Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha
Raja Ram Singh or Raja Ram Singh Kushwaha (born March 27, 1958), is an Indian politician based in Bihar, who was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly twice, from Obra Assembly constituency in Aurangabad district. He is a member of Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation. He was first elected in 1995 and retained this constituency in 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections. He is also a politburo member of CPI(ML)L. In 2024 Indian general election, he defeated Bhojpuri singer Pawan Singh with a margin of over one lakh votes to win Karakat Lok Sabha constituency. He stood first in the triangular electoral contest involving National Democratic Alliance candidate and Rashtriya Lok Morcha president, Upendra Kushwaha and Pawan Singh.

Upendra Kushwaha
Upendra Kumar Singh, commonly known as Upendra Kushwaha (born 6 February 1960) is an Indian politician, and a former Member of Bihar Legislative Council and Bihar Legislative Assembly. He has also served as Minister of State for Human Resources and Development in the Government of India. Kushwaha is a former Member of Parliament (MP) from the Karakat constituency in Rohtas district, Bihar, and a member of the Rajya Sabha. He was the founder and president of Rashtriya Samata Party (RSP), which merged into Janata Dal (United) (JDU) in 2009. Later, he formed Rashtriya Lok Samata Party (RLSP), which also merged with JD(U) in 2021. On 20 February 2023, Kushwaha resigned from all positions in JD(U) and formed his own party called Rashtriya Lok Morcha due to his political problems with JD(U) and Nitish Kumar. Kushwaha contested the Lok Sabha election of 2024 from Karakat constituency and finished at a distant third position. However, he was elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha in August 2024.
Manabe Akikatsu
Manabe Akikatsu (間部 詮勝; 30 March 1804 – 28 November 1884) was the 7th daimyō of Sabae Domain in Echizen Province under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. His courtesy title was  Shimōsa-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade, later raised to Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. He was the 8th hereditary chieftain of the Manabe clan.

Sabae Domain
Sabae Domain (鯖江藩, Sabae-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was based at Sabae Jin'ya in Echizen Province in what is now part of modern-day Sabae, Fukui.  It was ruled for all of its history by the Manabe clan.
Washington State Route 110
State Route 110 (SR 110) is a 11.10-mile-long (17.86 km) state highway serving Olympic National Park and the Quileute Indian Reservation within Clallam County, located in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels west from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in Forks as La Push Road along the Quileute and Sol Duc rivers to the boundary of Olympic National Park east of La Push. La Push Road was originally added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 9B (SSH 9B), but was removed in 1955. SR 110 was later established on the route in 1991 after a previous highway with the same designation was removed. A spur route extending west to Mora was originally added with SSH 9B and re-added with SR 110 in 1991.

U.S. Route 101 in Washington
U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is a United States Numbered Highway that runs along the West Coast from Los Angeles, California to Tumwater, Washington. Within the state of Washington, US 101 connects cities on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and encircles the Olympic Peninsula around the Olympic Mountains. It also serves as the main access for Olympic National Park, several state parks, and other scenic and recreational areas.

The highway enters from Oregon on the Astoria–Megler Bridge over the mouth of the Columbia River near Astoria, Oregon. From there, it runs for 366 miles (589 km) north through Ilwaco, Raymond, Aberdeen, Hoquiam, and Forks before turning east towards Port Angeles. US 101 turns south near Discovery Bay and continues along the Hood Canal through Shelton towards Olympia, where it becomes a freeway and terminates at Interstate 5 (I-5) in Tumwater.
Paul Churchland
Paul Montgomery Churchland (born October 21, 1942) is a Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind. After earning a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh under Wilfrid Sellars (1969), Churchland rose to the rank of full professor at the University of Manitoba before accepting the Valtz Family Endowed Chair in Philosophy at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and joint appointments in that institution's Institute for Neural Computation and on its Cognitive Science Faculty.

As of February 2017, Churchland is recognised as Professor Emeritus at the UCSD, and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies of Moscow State University. Churchland is the husband of philosopher Patricia Churchland, with whom he collaborates closely.

Wilfrid Sellars
Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (/ˈsɛlərz/; May 20, 1912 – July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States". His work has had a profound impact in virtually all areas of analytic philosophy beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, including in epistemology, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, philosophy of perception, and philosophy of science. His most notable contributions include his critique of foundationalist epistemology (the "Myth of the Given"), a synoptic philosophy aiming to unite what he called the manifest and scientific images, and an inferentialist account of meaning.
The Big Six (Ghana)
The Big Six were six leaders of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), one of the leading political parties in the British colony of the Gold Coast, known after independence as Ghana. They were detained by the colonial authorities in 1948 following disturbances that led to the killing of three World War II veterans. They are pictured on the front of the Ghana cedi notes.

1948 Accra riots
The Accra riots started on 28 February 1948 in Accra, the capital of the then British colony of the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana). A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen who were agitating for their benefits as veterans of World War II, having fought with the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force, was broken up by police, leaving three leaders of the group dead. They were Sergeant Nii Adjetey, Corporal Patrick Attipoe and Private Odartey Lamptey, who have since been memorialized in Accra.

The 28 February incident is considered "the straw that broke the camel's back", marking the 
key point in the process of the Gold Coast becoming the first African colony to achieve independence, becoming Ghana on 6 March 1957.
Stephen Flaherty
Stephen Flaherty (born September 18, 1960) is an American composer of musical theatre and film. He works most often in collaboration with the lyricist/book writer Lynn Ahrens. They are best known for writing the Broadway musicals Ragtime, which was nominated for thirteen Tony Awards, two Grammy Awards, and won the Tony for Best Original Score; Once on This Island, which won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Musical, the Olivier Award for London's Best Musical, and was nominated for a Grammy Award and eight Tony Awards; and Seussical, which was nominated for the Grammy Award. Flaherty was also nominated for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards (with Lynn Ahrens) for his songs and song score for the animated film musical Anastasia.

Lynn Ahrens
Lynn Ahrens (born October 1, 1948) is an American writer and lyricist for the musical theatre, television and film. She has collaborated with Stephen Flaherty for many years.  She won the Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, and Outer Critics Circle Award for the Broadway musical Ragtime. Together with Flaherty, she has written many musicals, including Lucky Stiff, My Favorite Year, Ragtime, Seussical, A Man of No Importance, Dessa Rose, The Glorious Ones, Rocky, Little Dancer, Anastasia, and Once on This Island.

She was also nominated for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for the animated Twentieth Century Fox film Anastasia. She wrote the teleplay of her 1994 musical adaption of A Christmas Carol, with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Ahrens. She was a mainstay writer and performer for ABC-TV's Schoolhouse Rock! Ahrens also wrote lyrics for the title song for After the Storm, the documentary film about young Hurricane Katrina survivors putting on Once On This Island.
National Ethnic Affairs Commission
The National Ethnic Affairs Commission (NEAC), also called the State Ethnic Affairs Commission (SEAC), is a body under the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party that is responsible for administering the Chinese ethnic policies, researching ethnological theories, carrying out ethnic work and education, supervising the implementation and improvement of the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

United Front Work Department
The United Front Work Department (UFWD) is an organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) responsible for conducting "united front work." It manages relations with, gathers intelligence on, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.

The UFWD focuses its work on people or entities that are outside the CCP, especially in the overseas Chinese diaspora, who hold political, commercial, religious, or academic influence, or who represent interest groups. Through its efforts, the UFWD seeks to ensure that these individuals and groups are supportive of or useful to CCP interests and that potential critics remain divided.
Impeachment in Alabama
The constitution of the U.S. state of Alabama grants its legislature the ability to impeach and remove certain officials. An impeachment vote in the Alabama House of Representatives is followed by an impeachment trial in the Alabama Senate through which an official can be removed from office if convicted.

Alabama Legislature
The Alabama Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a bicameral body composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. It is one of the few state legislatures in which members of both chambers serve four-year terms and in which all are elected in the same cycle. The most recent election was on November 8, 2022. The new legislature assumes office immediately following the certification of the election results by the Alabama Secretary of State which occurs within a few days following the election.

The Legislature meets in the Alabama State House in Montgomery. The original capitol building, located nearby, has not been used by the Legislature on a regular basis since 1985, when it closed for renovations. In the 21st century, it serves as the seat of the executive branch as well as a museum.
Sensing of phage-triggered ion cascades
Sensing of phage-triggered ion cascades (SEPTIC)  is a prompt bacterium identification method based on fluctuation-enhanced sensing in fluid medium.  The advantages of SEPTIC are the specificity and speed (needs only a few minutes) offered by the characteristics of phage infection, the sensitivity due to fluctuation-enhanced sensing, and durability originating from the robustness of phages. An idealistic SEPTIC device may be as small as a pen and maybe able to identify a library of different bacteria within a few minutes measurement window.

Fluctuation-enhanced sensing
Fluctuation-enhanced sensing (FES) is a specific type of chemical or biological sensing where the stochastic component, noise, of the sensor signal is analyzed. The stages following the sensor in a FES system typically contain filters and preamplifier(s) to extract and amplify the stochastic signal components, which are usually microscopic temporal fluctuations that are orders of magnitude weaker than the sensor signal. Then selected statistical properties of the amplified noise are analyzed, and a corresponding pattern is generated as the stochastic fingerprint of the sensed agent. Often the power density spectrum of the stochastic signal is used as output pattern however FES has been proven effective with more advanced methods, too, such as higher-order statistics.
Rambo: The Video Game
Rambo: The Video Game is an arcade-style rail shooter video game developed by Teyon and published by Reef Entertainment. The game is based on the Rambo franchise and puts the player in the role of John Rambo as he journeys through scenes from each of the three films: First Blood (1982), Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985) and Rambo III (1988).

A teaser trailer was released by Machinima, Inc., containing montages from the films. The game was originally set to release in winter 2013, but was eventually delayed to early 2014. The game was a critical failure, with criticism directed towards the poor quality of the graphics, the repetitive nature of the gameplay, and the overall lack of polish.

Rail shooter
Rail shooter, also known as on-rails shooter, is a subgenre of shoot 'em up video game. Beginning with arcade games such as the 1985 Space Harrier, the gameplay locks the player character into a set path, only allowing for limited or no divergence from it, in a manner similar to a theme park dark ride, which is typically on train tracks. While moving on this path, players must aim and shoot enemies while dodging projectiles and avoiding damage.

Many rail shooters feature a flying protagonist or ship. Some take place while walking, running or driving. While rail shooters saw a resurgence on the Wii due to its Wii Remote control scheme, new games in the genre are considered a rarity in the modern day, although many games of other genres contain rail shooter segments.