hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jeffersonian architecture
Jeffersonian architecture is an American form of Neo-Classicism and/or Neo-Palladianism embodied in the architectural designs of U.S. President and polymath Thomas Jefferson, after whom it is named. These include his home (Monticello), his retreat (Poplar Forest), the university he founded (University of Virginia), and his designs for the homes of friends and political allies (notably Barboursville). More than a dozen private homes bearing his personal stamp still stand today. Jefferson's style was popular in the early American period at about the same time that the more mainstream Greek Revival architecture was also coming into vogue (1790s–1830s) with his assistance.

Barboursville (James Barbour)
Barboursville is the ruin of the mansion of James Barbour, located in Barboursville, Virginia.  He was the former U.S. Senator, U.S. Secretary of War, and Virginia Governor.  It is now within the property of Barboursville Vineyards.  The house was designed by Thomas Jefferson, president of the United States and Barbour's friend and political ally.   The ruin is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Luba-Kasai language
Luba-Kasai, also known as Cilubà or Tshilubà, Luba-Lulua, is a Bantu language (Zone L) of Central Africa and a national language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, alongside Lingala, Swahili, and Kikongo ya leta.

An eastern dialect is spoken by the Luba people of the East Kasai Region and a western dialect by the Lulua people of the West Kasai Region. The total number of speakers was estimated at 6.3 million in 1991.

Within the Zone L Bantu languages, Luba-Kasai is one of a group of languages which form the "Luba" group, together with Kaonde (L40), Kete (L20), Kanyok, Luba-Katanga (KiLuba), Sanga, Zela and Bangubangu.
The L20, L30 and L60 languages are also grouped as the Luban languages within Zone L Bantu.

Kasai-Occidental
Kasaï-Occidental (French for "Western Kasai"; Luba-Lulua: Kasai Wa Mubuelu) was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Kasaï-Central and the Kasaï provinces.
James Laurie
James Laurie (May 9, 1811 – March 16, 1875) was a prominent American engineer and one of the founders of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). He performed surveying, bridge design, and route design for a number of railroads in New England.

American Society of Civil Engineers
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) is a tax-exempt professional body founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, it is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its constitution was based on the older Boston Society of Civil Engineers from 1848.

ASCE is dedicated to the advancement of the science and profession of civil engineering and the enhancement of human welfare through the activities of society members. It has more than 143,000 members in 177 countries. Its mission is to provide essential value to members, their careers, partners, and the public; facilitate the advancement of technology; encourage and provide the tools for lifelong learning; promote professionalism and the profession; develop and support civil engineers.
National University of Singapore
The National University of Singapore (NUS) is a national public research university in Singapore. It was officially established in 1980 through the government-directed merger of the public University of Singapore and the private Nanyang University.

The university offers degree programmes in disciplines at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, including in the sciences, medicine and dentistry, design and environment, law, arts and social sciences, engineering, business, computing, and music. NUS's main campus is located adjacent to the Kent Ridge subzone of Queenstown. The Duke–NUS Medical School is located at the Outram campus. The Bukit Timah campus houses the Faculty of Law and Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. NUS's affiliated faculty members and researchers include one Nobel Prize laureate, one Tang Prize laureate, and one Vautrin Lud laureate.

Duke–NUS Medical School
The Duke–NUS Medical School (Duke–NUS) is a graduate medical school in Singapore. Established in April 2005 as the Duke–NUS Graduate Medical School, it is Singapore's second medical school (after the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and before the NTU Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine).

The school is a collaboration between Duke University in the United States and the National University of Singapore in Singapore. Duke–NUS follows the American model of post-baccalaureate medical education, in which students begin their medical studies after earning a bachelor's degree. Students are awarded degrees from both Duke University and the National University of Singapore.
Varaldsøy Municipality
Varaldsøy is a former municipality in the old Hordaland county, Norway. The 83.1-square-kilometre (32.1 sq mi) municipality existed from 1902 until its dissolution in 1965. The area is now divided between Kvinnherad Municipality and Kvam Municipality in the traditional district of Hardanger in Vestland county. The administrative centre was the village of Våge on the south part of the island of Varaldsøy. Other villages in the municipality included Mundheim and Gjermundshamn.

Prior to its dissolution in 1965, the 83.1-square-kilometre (32.1 sq mi) municipality was the 438th largest by area out of the 525 municipalities in Norway. Varaldsøy Municipality was the 502nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 809. The municipality's population density was 9.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (25/sq mi) and its population had decreased by 0.9% over the previous 10-year period.

Mundheim
Mundheim is a small village in Kvam Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It is located in the southern part of the municipality, along the Hardangerfjorden, just northwest of the island of Varaldsøy. The village sits at the junction of two county roads (fylkesvei). Fv48 runs through Mundheim from Gjermundshamn (south in Kvinnherad Municipality) to Eikelandsosen (north in Bjørnafjorden Municipality) and Fv49 runs northeast to Ploganes and Norheimsund (both in Kvam Municipality).
Curly Putman
Claude "Curly" Putman Jr. (November 20, 1930 – October 30, 2016) was an American songwriter.

Born in Princeton, Alabama, his greatest success was "Green, Green Grass of Home" (1964, sung by Porter Wagoner), which was covered by Roger Miller, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers, Don Williams, Johnny Paycheck, Burl Ives, Johnny Darrell, Gram Parsons, Joan Baez, Jerry Lee Lewis, The Grateful Dead, Johnny Cash, Roberto Leal, Dean Martin, George Jones, Merle Haggard, Bobby Bare, Joe Tex, Nana Mouskouri, Charley Pride, and Tom Jones. Among other songs he wrote were "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" and "He Stopped Loving Her Today".

Princeton, Alabama
Princeton is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. Princeton is located on Alabama State Route 65 in the upper Paint Rock Valley. Skyline lies just over 7 miles (11 km) miles to the east atop the Cumberland Plateau, and the Alabama–Tennessee state line passes several miles to the north.  Princeton has a post office with ZIP code 35766.
David Rizzio
David Rizzio (/ˈrɪtsioʊ/ RIT-see-oh; Italian: Davide Rizzio [ˈdaːvide ˈrittsjo]; c. 1533 – 9 March 1566) or Riccio (/ˈrɪtʃioʊ/ RITCH-ee-oh, Italian: [ˈrittʃo]) was an Italian courtier and the private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, is said to have been jealous of their friendship because of rumours that Rizzio had impregnated Mary, and he joined in a conspiracy of Protestant nobles to murder him, led by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven.  Mary was having dinner with Rizzio and a few ladies-in-waiting when Darnley joined them, accused his wife of adultery and then had a group murder Rizzio, who was hiding behind Mary. Mary was held at gunpoint and Rizzio was stabbed numerous times. His body took 57 dagger wounds. The murder was the catalyst of the downfall of Darnley, and had serious consequences for Mary's subsequent reign.

Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven
Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven (c. 1520 – 13 June 1566) played an important part in the political intrigues of 16th century Scotland. He succeeded to the lordship in December 1552. The Ruthven lordship encompassed the offices of Provost and Constable of Perth, and Sheriff of Strathearn.
Battle of Morgarten
The Battle of Morgarten took place on 15 November 1315, when troops of Schwyz, supported by their allies of Uri and Unterwalden, ambushed an Austrian army under the command of Leopold I, Duke of Austria on the shores of Lake Ägeri, in the territory of Schwyz.

After a brief close-quarters battle, the Austrian army was routed, with numerous slain or drowned. The Swiss victory consolidated the League of the Three Forest Cantons, which formed the core of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Federal Charter of 1291
The Federal Charter or Letter of Alliance (German: Bundesbrief) is one of the earliest constitutional documents of Switzerland. A treaty of alliance from 1291 between the cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, the Charter is one of a series of alliances from which the Old Swiss Confederacy emerged. In the 19th and 20th century, after the establishment of the Swiss federal state, the Charter became the central founding document of Switzerland in the popular imagination.

The Charter documents the Eternal Alliance of the League of the Three Forest Cantons (German: Ewiger Bund der Drei Waldstätten), the union of three cantons in what is now central Switzerland. It is dated to early August 1291, which in the 20th century inspired the date of Swiss National Day, 1 August. Done in Latin, the Charter makes reference to a previous (lost or unwritten) pact. It is now exhibited at the Museum of the Swiss Charters of Confederation in Schwyz.
Martina Topley-Bird
Martina Gillian Topley-Bird (née Topley; born 7 May 1975) is an English singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist who first gained fame as the featured female vocalist on trip hop pioneer Tricky's debut album, Maxinquaye (1995). She also worked with him on his subsequent albums, Nearly God and Pre-Millennium Tension (both in 1996). In 2003, Topley-Bird released her debut solo album, Quixotic, which was critically praised and earned her a Mercury Prize nomination.

This was followed by Anything (2004), The Blue God (2008), and Some Place Simple (2010). She has also collaborated with Gorillaz, appearing on their album Demon Days (2005), as well as with Mark Lanegan, Diplo, and Massive Attack on Heligoland (2010), which she followed by a world tour with the group. Her song "Sandpaper Kisses" was covered by Stephen Marley and sampled by artists such as Berry Weight and The Weeknd and used in the video game Fahrenheit.

Quixotic (album)
Quixotic is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter Martina Topley-Bird.  The album spans several musical styles including trip hop, electronica and rock. It was co-written and produced by Topley-Bird and received positive reviews from music critics upon its release and was shortlisted for the 2003 Mercury Music Prize. Quixotic also includes a collaboration with musician Tricky, with whom Topley-Bird collaborated prior to her solo work.

Quixotic was released in the United States one year later, in 2004.  Licensed to the Palm Pictures label, the album was retitled Anything and the track list was altered – including the omission of three tracks originally found on Quixotic.  Additionally, the song mixes differ, and the "Intro" track was moved to the end of the album, retitled "Outro".
Nusraat Faria
Nusraat Faria Mazhar (born as Faria Shetu; born 8 September 1993) is a Bangladeshi film actress, model, singer, television presenter and radio jockey who mostly works in Dhallywood and Tollywood films.

Nusraat Faria started her career as a model, appearing in various television commercials and print advertisements.

Nusraat made her acting debut in Dhallywood with the film Aashiqui (2015), She played the lead role opposite Ankush Hazra, and the film was a commercial success. Following the success of her debut film, Nusraat appeared in several other popular movies such as Hero 420 (2016), Badsha – The Don (2016), Premi O Premi (2017) and Boss 2: Back to Rule (2017).

She played the role of Sheikh Hasina in the Bangabandhu biopic, Mujib: The Making of a Nation.

Badsha – The Don
Badsha – The Don is a 2016 Indo-Bangladesh joint production action comedy film directed by Baba Yadav. It was produced by Eskay Movies and Jaaz Multimedia. It is a remake of the 2010 Telugu movie Don Seenu starring Ravi Teja. The film stars Indian Bengali film actor Jeet and Bangladeshi television host and film actress Nusrat Faria. It is the third collaboration between Baba Yadav and Jeet after Boss: Born to Rule (2013) and Game (2014).

Except for the climax, the scenes of Mahesh Manjrekar were taken from the archival footage of the original version, which just led to a continuity error throughout the film. Released in July 2016, the film flopped at the box office in West Bengal but recovered its budget from its Bangladesh release.
Earl of Cardigan
Earl of Cardigan is a title in the Peerage of England that was created by Charles II in 1661 for Thomas Brudenell, 1st Baron Brudenell, and the title has been held since 1868 by the Marquesses of Ailesbury. Since that time, it has been used as a courtesy title by the heir apparent to that Marquessate, currently Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, Earl of Cardigan, only son of the 9th Marquess.

James Brudenell, 5th Earl of Cardigan
James Brudenell, 5th Earl of Cardigan (20 April 1725 – 24 February 1811), styled The Honourable James Brudenell until 1780 and known as The Lord Brudenell between 1780 and 1790, was a British courtier and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1780, when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Brudenell.
Wald's martingale
In probability theory, Wald's martingale is the name sometimes given to a martingale used to study sums of i.i.d. random variables. It is named after the mathematician Abraham Wald, who used these ideas in a series of influential publications.

Wald's martingale can be seen as discrete-time equivalent of the Doléans-Dade exponential.

Martingale (probability theory)
In probability theory, a martingale is a stochastic process in which the expected value of the next observation, given all prior observations, is equal to the most recent value. In other words, the conditional expectation of the next value, given the past, is equal to the present value. Martingales are used to model fair games, where future expected winnings are equal to the current amount regardless of past outcomes.
Colony (Grant novel)
Colony was the first novel written by Rob Grant outside the Red Dwarf series. First published in 2000 by Viking Press in the United Kingdom, it stays within the science fiction comedy genre. The narrative is set on a spaceship sent on a voyage to colonise another planet, since Earth has been rendered uninhabitable. The mission is set to take numerous generations. Ten generations into the voyage, however, the crew's mental abilities have all been severely reduced, setting the events of the novel in motion.

Rob Grant
Robert Grant (25 September 1955 – 25 February 2026) was an English comedy writer, television producer and co-creator of the Red Dwarf comedy franchise. After Red Dwarf, Grant wrote two television series, The Strangerers and Dark Ages, and four solo novels, his last being Fat. During his career Grant was involved in two distinct writing partnerships: the first with Doug Naylor, and the second with Andrew Marshall.
Meriam language
Meriam (Meriam Mir: Meriam Mìr; also Miriam, Meryam, Mer, Mir, Miriam-Mir, etc. and Eastern, Isten, Esten and Able Able) or the Eastern Torres Strait language is the language of the people of the small islands of Mer (Murray Island), Waier and Dauar, Erub (Darnley Island), and Ugar (Stephens Island) in the eastern Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. In the Western Torres Strait language, Kalaw Lagaw Ya, it is called Mœyam or Mœyamau Ya. It is the only Papuan language in Australian territory.

Darnley Island (Queensland)
Darnley Island, or Erub in the native Papuan language of Meriam Mir, is an island formed by volcanic action and situated in the eastern section of the Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the Torres Strait Islands and is located near the Great Barrier Reef and just south of the Bligh entrance. The town on the island is also called Darnley, but the locality is called Erub Island, both being within the local government area of Torres Strait Island Region. In the 2021 census, Erub Island had a population of 326 people, with 292 (89.6%) identifying as Indigenous Australians.

The effective community language is Brokan (Torres Strait Creole), though many people also still speak Meriam Mir, the traditional language.
Larry Mullins (American football)
Laurence A. "Moon" Mullins (June 13, 1908 – August 10, 1968) was an American college football player, coach and athletic director. He played fullback under Knute Rockne at the University of Notre Dame. He served as the head coach at St. Benedict's College from 1932 to 1936, Loyola University of New Orleans from 1937 to 1939, and St. Ambrose University in 1940 and 1947 to 1950. Mullins was the athletic director at Kansas State University and Marquette University.

Knute Rockne
Knute Kenneth Rockne (/(kə)ˈnuːt ˈrɒkni/; March 4, 1888 – March 31, 1931) was an American football player and coach at the University of Notre Dame. Leading Notre Dame for 13 seasons, Rockne accumulated over 100 wins and three national championships.

Rockne is regarded as one of the greatest coaches in college football history. His biography at the College Football Hall of Fame, where he was inducted in 1951, identifies him as "without question, American football's most-renowned coach". Rockne helped to popularize the forward pass and made the Notre Dame Fighting Irish a major factor in college football.

In 1931, at the age of 43, Rockne died in a plane crash.
Sangao (Mardan District)
Sangao is a small village at the North West end of the Katlang area of District Mardan (North West Frontier Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Its population is unknown but certainly very small. Towards the North East of the village there is a series of mountains arranged in a half circle. In the southern region of Sangao lies another village called Babozai. The next door neighbor of the South West border is the Mian Khan village. These villages are so close that often people call them all by one name: Mian Khan-Sangao. Caves lie in the mountains of Sangao that contain ancient history. However, these caves have yet to be explored and are therefore of special interest to historians, explorers, and adventurers. Recently a new road has been constructed linking Sangao to Buner District. The road runs through the mountains of the village.

Babozai
Babozai (often spelled: Babuzai) (Pashto: بابوزئ) is a union council in the Mardan District of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

Babozai (often spelled: Babuzai) (Pashto: بابوزئ) is also a Tehsil in the Swat Vally of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The river Gadar Khwar flows through Babuzai Tehsil, which is located at an altitude of 1754 metres (5757 feet).

The predominant tribe in both the union council babuzai, Mardan, and Tehsil babuzai, Swat is the  sub-branch of Yousuf Zai Pashtun tribe Babuzai which was named after their ancestor Babu. Babu along with his sons fought the Yousufzai battle of Swat and Katlang. They were subsequently settled in both Tehsil and Union Council Babuzai.
Rachelle Hruska
Rachelle J. Hruska MacPherson (born March 7, 1983) is an American new media entrepreneur. She is the co-founder and CEO of GuestofaGuest.com and Lingua Franca. In 2011, Fast Company named Hruska one of the Most Influential Women in Technology. In January 2013, the New York Post included Hruska as one of their 13 Under 30 Women to Watch.

Guest of a Guest
Guest of a Guest is a website founded by Cameron Winklevoss and Rachelle Hruska that covers high society events, people, and places. Since its inception, Guest of a Guest has grown to include a picture database of thousands of people and events all over the world, with concentrations in New York City, the Hamptons, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C. and Miami. Business Insider has described the site as "the new Page Six."

The site has about 12 full-time employees and dozens of editors and photographers who cover local and international cultural events in places such as Miami, Chicago, London, Paris, and Berlin. Hruska serves as the chief executive officer.
Shell integration
Shell integration (the shell method in integral calculus) is a method for calculating the volume of a solid of revolution, when integrating along an axis perpendicular to the axis of revolution. This is in contrast to disc integration which integrates along the axis parallel to the axis of revolution.

Solid of revolution
In geometry, a solid of revolution is a solid figure obtained by rotating a plane figure around some straight line (the axis of revolution), which may not intersect the generatrix (except at its boundary). The surface created by this revolution and which bounds the solid is the surface of revolution.

Assuming that the curve does not cross the axis, the solid's volume is equal to the length of the circle described by the figure's centroid multiplied by the figure's area (Pappus's second centroid theorem).

A representative disc is a three-dimensional volume element of a solid of revolution.  The element is created by rotating a line segment (of length w) around some axis (located r units away), so that a cylindrical volume of πr2w units is enclosed.
Film theory
Film theory is a set of scholarly approaches within the academic discipline of film or cinema studies that began in the 1920s by questioning the formal essential attributes of motion pictures; and that now provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to reality, the other arts, individual viewers, and society at large. Film theory is not to be confused with general film criticism, or film history, though these three disciplines interrelate. Although some branches of film theory are derived from linguistics and literary theory, it also originated and overlaps with the philosophy of film.

Film studies
Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to cinema as an art form and a medium. It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies.

Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema. In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation. Also, in studying film, possible careers include critic or production. Overall the study of film continues to grow, as does the industry on which it focuses.

Academic journals publishing film studies work include Sight and Sound, Film Comment, Film International, CineAction, Screen, Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Film Quarterly, and Journal of Film and Video.