hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
FC Karpaty-2 Lviv
Football Club Karpaty-2 Lviv (Ukrainian: ФК Карпати-2 Львів) was the reserve team of Karpaty Lviv. It is considered their junior squad with most of the players under 20 years of age. In 2010-2012 the team participated in the championship of the Lviv Oblast.

FC Karpaty Lviv
Football Club Karpaty Lviv (Ukrainian: Футбольний клуб "Карпати" Львів [kɐrˈpɑtɪ ˈlʲwiu̯]) is a Ukrainian professional football club based in Lviv.

In 2020–21 the club was reorganized and changed owners. During that period, two clubs existed with the same name - one at professional level competitions and another at amateur.
Sedum
Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succulents found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, but extending into the southern hemisphere in Africa and South America. The plants vary from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have water-storing leaves. The flowers usually have five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals. Various species formerly classified as Sedum are now in the segregate genera Hylotelephium and Rhodiola.

Well-known European species of Sedum are Sedum acre, Sedum album, Sedum dasyphyllum, and Sedum hispanicum.

Sedum dasyphyllum
Sedum dasyphyllum, also named Sedum burnatii and commonly known as Corsican stonecrop or thick-leaved stonecrop, is a low-growing succulent flowering plant of the genus Sedum in the family Crassulaceae.
GRB 790305b
GRB 790305b was a gamma-ray burst that occurred on 5 March 1979. It was an extremely bright burst that was successfully localized to supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This event is now interpreted as a magnetar giant flare, more related to soft gamma repeater (SGR) flares than "true" gamma-ray bursts. It is the first observed SGR megaflare, a specific type of short GRB. It has been associated with the magnetar PSR B0525-66.

SGR 0526−66
SGR 0526−66 (also known as PSR B0565−66) is a soft gamma repeater (SGR), located in the supernova remnant LMC N49, in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was the first soft gamma repeater discovered, and as of 2015, the only known located outside our galaxy. First detected in March 1979, it was located by using the measurement of the arrival time differences of the signal by the set of artificial satellites equipped with gamma ray detectors. It is not certain that the explosion that gave birth to SGR 0525-66 is also the one that produced the remnant N49.
Adjugate matrix
In linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint adj(A) of a square matrix A is the transpose of its cofactor matrix. It is occasionally known as adjunct matrix, or "adjoint", though that normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the transpose.

The product of a matrix with its adjugate gives a diagonal matrix (entries not on the main diagonal are zero) whose diagonal entries are the determinant of the original matrix:

where I is the identity matrix of the same size as A. Consequently, the multiplicative inverse of an invertible matrix can be found by dividing its adjugate by its determinant.

Invertible matrix
In linear algebra, an invertible matrix (non-singular, non-degenerate or regular) is a square matrix that has an inverse. In other words, if a matrix is invertible, it can be multiplied by its inverse matrix to yield the identity matrix. Invertible matrices are the same size as their inverse.

The inverse of a matrix represents the inverse operation, meaning if a matrix is applied to a particular vector, followed by applying the matrix's inverse, the result is the original vector.
Oval window
The oval window (or fenestra vestibuli or fenestra ovalis) is a connective tissue membrane-covered opening from the middle ear to the cochlea of the inner ear.

Vibrations that contact the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been reduced in amplitude and increased in pressure due to the lever action of the ossicle bones. This is not an amplification function; rather, an impedance-matching function, allowing sound to be transferred from air (outer ear) to liquid (cochlea).

It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the inner ear; its long diameter is horizontal and its convex border is upward. It is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen.

Eardrum
In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit changes in pressure of sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear, and thence to the oval window in the fluid-filled cochlea. The ear thereby converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. Collapse or retraction of the eardrum can cause conductive hearing loss or cholesteatoma.
The Typist
The Typist (French: Dactylo) is a 1931 French comedy film directed by Wilhelm Thiele and starring Marie Glory, Jean Murat and Armand Bernard. It was a French-language version of the German film Die Privatsekretärin which was itself based on a novel by István Szomaházy. It was followed by a 1934 sequel The Typist Gets Married.

The film's sets were designed by Otto Hunte and Franz Koehn.

The Private Secretary (1931 German film)
The Private Secretary (German: Die Privatsekretärin) is a 1931 German musical film directed by Wilhelm Thiele and starring Renate Müller, Hermann Thimig and Felix Bressart.

The film's sets were designed by Otto Hunte and Franz Koehn.

An English-language version Sunshine Susie was made, also starring Renate Müller. A French-language version Dactylo and an Italian-language  The Private Secretary were also made. The film was remade in 1953. It was based on a 1905 novel by István Szomaházy.
World Ice Art Championships
The World Ice Art Championships is an ice sculpting contest in Fairbanks, Alaska produced on by Ice Alaska, a non-profit corporation started in 1989. The contest is the largest of its kind in the world and attended by more than 100 sculptors from 30 countries every year. The contest also draws tens of thousands of spectators; in 2004, 48,000 people from more than 28 countries passed through the park's gates.

Ice sculpture
Ice sculpture is a form of sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. Sculptures from ice can be abstract or realistic and can be functional or purely decorative. Ice sculptures are generally associated with special or extravagant events because of their limited lifetime.

The lifetime of a sculpture is determined primarily by the temperature of its environment, thus a sculpture can last from mere minutes to possibly months. There are several ice festivals held around the world, hosting competitions of ice sculpture carving.
Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant
The Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant was a large German cargo glider developed and used during World War II. Intended to support large-scale invasions, the Me 321 had very limited use due to the low availability of suitable tug aircraft, high vulnerability whilst in flight, and its difficult ground handling, both at base and at destination landing sites. The Me 321 was developed, in stages, into the six-engined Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant, which removed some of the problems with ground handling, although the payload was reduced.
Vulnerability to ground fire and aerial attack remained a constant problem during operations of all variants.

Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant
The Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant ("Giant") was a German military transport aircraft of World War II. It was a powered variant of the Me 321 military glider and was the largest land-based transport aircraft to fly during the war. In total, 213 were made, with 15 being converted from the Me 321.
Water horse
A water horse (also compounded as: waterhorse) is a mythical creature that appears in multiple forms in Celtic and Nordic folklore. Celtic incarnations includes: the Welsh Ceffyl Dŵr, Irish Capaill Uisce, the Scottish each-uisge and kelpie. In Nordic folklore, the water horse is a shape taken on by the nixie, in Swedish called bäckahästen ("the brook horse"), in Faroese nykur ("nixie").

Nixie (folklore)
The nixie, nixy, nix, neck, or nicker (Old English: nicor; Danish: nøkke; Dutch: nikker, nekker; Estonian: näkk; Faroese: nykur; Finnish: näkki; German: Nixe; Icelandic: nykur; Norwegian Bokmål: nøkk, nøkken; Nynorsk: nykk; Swedish: näck, näcken), are humanoid, and often shapeshifting, water spirits in Germanic mythology and folklore.

Under a variety of names, they are common to the stories of all Germanic peoples, although they are perhaps best known from Scandinavian folklore. The related English knucker was generally depicted as a worm or dragon, although more recent versions depict the spirits in other forms. Their sex, bynames, and various transformations vary geographically. The German Nix and Scandinavian counterparts were male. The German Nixe was a female river mermaid. Similar creatures are known from other parts of Europe, such as the Melusine in France, the Xana in Asturias (Spain), and the Slavic water spirits (e.g., the Rusalka) in Slavic countries.
2011–12 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2011–12 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final was an international figure skating competition in the 2011–12 season. The ISU Junior Grand Prix Final was organized together with the senior event. The two competitions were the culmination of two international series, the 2011–12 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating for senior-level skaters and the 2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix for juniors.

The competitions were held in Quebec City, Canada at the Pavillon de la Jeunesse, from December 8–11, 2011. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels.

2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix
The 2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix was the 15th season of the series of junior international competitions organized by the International Skating Union. It was the junior-level complement to the 2011–12 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating contested by senior-level skaters. Skaters competed in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance.

Skaters earned points towards qualifying for the final at each of the seven Junior Grand Prix events. The top six skaters/teams in the series from each discipline met at the 2011–12 Junior Grand Prix Final, which was held concurrently with the senior final.
Filling radius
In Riemannian geometry, the filling radius of a Riemannian manifold X is a metric invariant of X.  It was originally introduced in 1983 by Mikhail Gromov, who used it to prove his systolic inequality for essential manifolds, vastly generalizing Loewner's torus inequality and Pu's inequality for the real projective plane, and creating systolic geometry in its modern form.

The filling radius of a simple loop C in the plane is defined as the largest radius, R > 0, of a circle that fits inside C:

Gromov's systolic inequality for essential manifolds
In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, M. Gromov's systolic inequality bounds the length of the shortest non-contractible loop on a Riemannian manifold in terms of the volume of the manifold. Gromov's systolic inequality was proved in 1983; it can be viewed as a generalisation, albeit non-optimal, of Loewner's torus inequality and Pu's inequality for the real projective plane.

Technically, let M be an essential Riemannian manifold of dimension n; denote by sysπ1(M) the homotopy 1-systole of M, that is, the least length of a non-contractible loop on M. Then Gromov's inequality takes the form

where Cn is a universal constant only depending on the dimension of M.
Speed square
Speed Square is a multi-purpose triangular carpenters' tool (e.g., a rafter square, rafter angle square, triangle square) developed and manufactured by Swanson Tool Co., Inc. used for marking out. Its functions encompass many of those offered by combination squares, try squares, and framing squares. Carpenters use it to make basic measurements and mark lines on dimensional lumber, and as a saw guide for short 45 and 90 degree cuts.

Speed Square is a registered trademark of its original manufacturer, Swanson Tool Co., Inc. Through Swanson Tool Co., Inc.’s extensive sales, advertising, and promotion of Speed Square dating back to at least as early as 1930, the public has come to identify Swanson Tool Co., Inc. as the source of high-quality measuring squares sold under the Speed Square mark.

Try square
A try square or try-square is a woodworking tool used for marking and checking 90° angles on pieces of wood. Though woodworkers use many different types of square, the try square is considered one of the essential tools for woodworking.

The square in the name refers to the 90° angle. To try a piece of wood is to check if the edges and faces are straight, flat, and square to one another. A try square is so called because it is used to try how square the workpiece is.
NGC 3943
NGC 3943 is a barred lenticular galaxy, located 304 million light-years away in the Leo constellation. It was discovered on April 27, 1865, by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest. NGC 3943 is a LINER galaxy, and is a member of the NGC 3937 Group.

NGC 3943 has a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 2.4 × 108 M☉.

NGC 3937
NGC 3937 is an elliptical or a lenticular galaxy located about 310 million light-years away in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on April 27, 1785 and is classified as a radio galaxy.

NGC 3937 is host to supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 3.7 × 109 M☉.
Program evaluation and review technique
The program  evaluation and review technique (PERT) is a statistical tool used in project management, which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.

PERT was originally developed by Charles E. Clark for the United States Navy in 1958; it is commonly used in conjunction with the Critical Path Method (CPM), which was also introduced in 1958.

Critical path method
The critical path method (CPM), or critical path analysis (CPA), is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. A critical path is determined by identifying the longest stretch of dependent activities and measuring the time required to complete them from start to finish. It is commonly used in conjunction with the program evaluation and review technique (PERT).
Want Want
Want Want Holdings Limited (Want Want; Chinese: 旺旺集團有限公司; pinyin: Wàngwàng Jítuán Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī) is a Chinese food manufacturer and media corporation based in Taiwan. It is China's largest rice cake and flavored drink manufacturers. It engages in the manufacturing and trading of snack foods and beverages, divided into four businesses: rice crackers, dairy products, beverages, snack foods (candies, jellies, popsicles, nuts, and ball cakes), and other products. It operates over 100 manufacturing plants in mainland China as Want Want China and two in Taiwan, and employs over 60,000 people.

Want Want China
Want Want China Holdings Ltd. is a subsidiary of Want Want Holdings Limited (Want Want; Chinese: 旺旺集團有限公司; pinyin: Wàngwàng Jítuán Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī). It is one of the largest rice cracker and flavored drink manufacturer in the world. It engages in the manufacturing, distribution and sale of snacks, beverages and other products.
Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota
Marine on St. Croix or Marine on Saint Croix (/məˈriːn ɒn ˈseɪnt ˈkrɔɪ/ mə-REEN on SAYNT KROY) is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 664 at the 2020 census.  It was founded in 1839 as Marine Mills.  The city was the site of the first commercial sawmill on the St. Croix River.  A substantial portion of the city is listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places and by the state of Minnesota.

Marine Mill
The Marine Mill, established in 1839, was the first commercial sawmill in what became the U.S. state of Minnesota.  Now in ruins, it is currently a historic site managed by the city of Marine on St. Croix in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Marine Mill Site in 1970 for having state-level significance in the themes of exploration/settlement, industry, and transportation.  It was nominated for being the birthplace of the region's seminal industry—lumbering—and a major landing on its crucial transportation route, the St. Croix River.  The site is also a contributing property to the Marine on St. Croix Historic District.
ArmaLite AR-18
The ArmaLite AR-18 is a gas-operated rifle chambered for 5.56×45mm NATO ammunition. The AR-18 was designed at ArmaLite in California by Arthur Miller, Eugene Stoner, George Sullivan, and Charles Dorchester in 1963 as an alternative to the Colt AR-15 design, a variant of which had just been selected by the U.S. military as the M16.

A semi-automatic version known as the AR-180 was later produced for the civilian market. While the AR-18 was never adopted as the standard service rifle of any nation, its production license was sold to companies in Japan and the United Kingdom, and it is said to have influenced many later weapons such as the British SA80, the Singaporean SAR-80 and SR-88, the Belgian FN F2000, the Japanese Howa Type 89 and the German Heckler and Koch G36.

Howa Type 89
The Howa Type 89 assault rifle (89式小銃, hachi-kyū-shiki-shōjū), referred to as the Type 89 5.56 mm rifle (89式5.56mm小銃, hachi-kyū-shiki-go-ten-go-roku-miri-shōjū), is a Japanese assault rifle used by the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the Japan Coast Guard's Special Security Team units,  and the Special Assault Team. It has never been exported outside Japan due to its strict Japanese arms-export ban. It is known in JGSDF service as the Hachikyū (a Japanese reading of the number 89) or by its nickname Buddy.

The Type 89 was introduced to replace the Howa Type 64 battle rifle in frontline units, entering service in 1989. It has remained Japan's principal service rifle since then. Small numbers of the Type 89's successor, the Howa Type 20, were purchased in 2020. The Type 20 is intended to supplement and eventually replace the Type 89.
Saint-Estève XIII Catalan
Saint-Estève XIII Catalan are a semi-professional rugby league team based in Perpignan in the region of Pyrénées-Orientales in the south of France.

Founded in 2006 following the transfer of Catalans Dragons from the French to British rugby league system, the club plays in the Super XIII (the top tier rugby league competition in France), and effectively replaced Catalans Dragons in the French league, and thus is, in effect, Catalans Dragons reserves.

The club takes its name from  AS Saint-Estève and XIII Catalan, the two clubs that merged to form Catalans Dragons. They have won the league title once and the cup four times. Their current home stadium is the Stade Municipal and they are coached by Jerome Guisset

Saint-Estève XIII Mavericks
Saint-Estève XIII Mavericks are a French Rugby league side based in Saint-Estève near Perpignan in the département of Pyrénées-Orientales. Originally known as AS Saint-Estève until 2000, the club was founded in 1965. Home games are played at the Stade Municipal.
AbbVie
AbbVie Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company headquartered in North Chicago, Illinois. They have produced drugs to treat a wide range of medical issues.

The company is ranked sixth on the list of largest biomedical companies by revenue. It is ranked 77th on the Fortune 500 and 108th on the Forbes Global 2000.

The name "AbbVie" is derived from a combination of "Abbott", the name of its former parent company, with "vie", intended as a reference to a Latin root meaning 'life'.

Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Laboratories, commonly known as Abbott, is an American multinational medical devices and health care company with headquarters in Abbott Park, Illinois. The company produces pharmaceuticals for sale outside the United States (13% of 2024 revenues), diagnostic products (20% of 2024 revenues), nutritional products (22% of 2024 revenues), and medical devices (45% of 2024 revenues).

Abbott operates in over 160 countries and sources from at least 62 suppliers worldwide.

Abbott's products include Pedialyte, Similac, BinaxNOW, Ensure, Glucerna, ZonePerfect, FreeStyle Libre, i-STAT and MitraClip.

The company is ranked 107th on the Fortune 500 and 144th on the Forbes Global 2000.
Ideal triangle
In hyperbolic geometry an ideal triangle is a hyperbolic triangle whose three vertices all are ideal points. Ideal triangles are also sometimes called triply asymptotic triangles or trebly asymptotic triangles. The vertices are sometimes called ideal vertices. All ideal triangles are congruent.

Hyperbolic triangle
In hyperbolic geometry, a hyperbolic triangle is a triangle in the hyperbolic plane. It consists of three line segments called sides or edges and three points called angles or vertices.

Just as in the Euclidean case, three points of a hyperbolic space of an arbitrary dimension always lie on the same plane. Hence planar hyperbolic triangles also describe triangles possible in any higher dimension of hyperbolic spaces.
Haplogroup R2
Haplogroup R2, or R-M479, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterised by genetic marker M479. It is one of two primary descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207), the other being R1 (R-M173).

R-M479, especially its downstream R2a (R-M124), has been concentrated geographically in South Asia, Central Asia and parts of the Middle East since prehistory. R2 (excluding R2a) appears to reach its highest levels among the Burusho people in North Pakistan.

R2 has much lower rates of sampling compared to its R1 counterpart with 399 branches downstream off R-M479, opposed to 46,529 for R-M173.

It has two primary branches: R2a (M124) and R2b (R-FGC21706)

Haplogroup R-M124
Haplogroup R2a, or haplogroup R-M124, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup characterized by genetic markers M124, P249, P267, L266, and is mainly found in South Asia as well as in Central Asia, Caucasus, Middle East and North Africa.
Polochans
Polochans (Belarusian: Палачане, Russian: Полочане) were a tribe of early East Slavs, who inhabited the area in the middle of the Western Dvina in the 9th century. Alternative meaning: inhabitants of Polotsk.

They are mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, which explains that  the name "polochans" derived from the Polota River, Western Dvina's tributary. It further says that Krivichs were descendants of Polochans. The lands of the Polochans spanned towards the upper reaches of the Svislach on the south and along the left bank of the Biarezina River to the lands of the Dregovichs. The Polochan lands bordered with the following tribes:

To the southeast - Smolensk Krivichs

To the north and east - Izborsk Krivichs and Novgorod Slavs

To the west - Lithuanian tribes

The Polochan tribe was one of the tribes which would later form the Principality of Polotsk.

Polotsk
Polotsk or Polatsk is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2025, it has a population of 79,285.