hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Committee on Widening Participation in Computing Research
The Computing Research Association's Committee on Widening Participation in Computing Research (CRA-WP) has the mission of increasing the success and participation of underrepresented groups in computing research and education at all levels. In particular, CRA-WP focuses on computer science and engineering and tries to make sure their activities have a positive impact on underrepresented groups in these areas. CRA-WP is also concerned with improving the success rate of all computer scientists and engineers in the working environment. Formerly known as the
Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Research (CRA-W), the committee changed its name and acronym in 2019.

Computing Research Association
The Computing Research Association (CRA) is a 501(c)3 non-profit association of North American academic departments of computer science, computer engineering, and related fields; laboratories and centers in industry, government, and academia engaging in basic computing research; and affiliated professional societies.  CRA was formed in 1972 and is based in Washington, D.C., United States.
Nausheen Shah
Nausheen Shah is a Pakistani actress. She is known for playing the character of Dua in the acclaimed series Pani Jaisa Piyar (2013) and Noor Jehan in Hum TV's Rehaai (2013). Her other notable appearances include Mera Pehla Pyar (2012), Sartaj Mera Tu Mera (2015), Mann Chalay (2009), Khud Parast (2018), Deewar-e-Shab (2019) and Tarap (2020). She also has a role in the unreleased film Jhol.

Mannchalay
Mannchalay (Urdu: من چلے) is a Pakistani comedy TV drama serial that was televised on Hum TV. The serial was written by Faiza Iftikhar and directed by Roomi Insha. It highlights the difference in thinking between the younger and older generations and shows how the two generations can walk forward hand-in-hand.
New Durham, New Hampshire
New Durham is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 2,693 at the 2020 census. It is drained by the Merrymeeting, Cocheco and Ela rivers, and is known for Merrymeeting Lake. New Durham is home to the Powder Mill Fish Hatchery, located on Merrymeeting Road. Also located here is the Lions Club's Camp Pride, a camp for children and adults with special needs.

Merrymeeting River
The Merrymeeting River is a 10.0-mile-long (16.1 km) river in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of Lake Winnipesaukee, part of the Merrimack River watershed.

The river begins at the outlet of Merrymeeting Lake in the town of New Durham. The river flows south through a chain of ponds to the village proper of New Durham. After passing under New Hampshire Route 11, the river enters Merrymeeting Marsh and turns sharply to the northwest, the course it will take the rest of the way to its end. The river crosses a small dam at Alton and reaches Lake Winnipesaukee at the community of Alton Bay, the southernmost point on the lake.
El Taref Province
El Taref (Arabic: ولاية الطارف) is a province (wilaya) of Algeria, with a population of 481,136 inhabitants in 2019. El Kala is a port town in this province and El Taref is the capital city. El Kala, a port town in this province, is home to El Kala National Park and, Lake Mellah.

El Taref
El Taref (Arabic: الطارف) is a city in Algeria. It is the capital of El Taref Province. El Kala is a port town near El Taref. El Taref  is 700 kilometers east of Algiers. In 1998, it had a population of around 20,300.

General Electric and Iberdrola are building a power station in El Taref, beginning in mid-2008, a project which will increase Algeria's
energy capacity by 18%.
Pre-vocational Certificate
The Pre-vocational Certificate is a vocational qualification in Mauritius designed for early school leavers who have failed to successfully complete the exams required for the Certificate of Primary Education, a pre-requisite for entry into secondary school, or who are at or above age 13. The qualification is offered by the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development. The pre-vocational programme includes Form I Vocational, Form II Vocational, Form III Vocational, and Form IV Vocational stages of education.

Certificate of Primary Education
The Certificate of Primary Education (CPE) was an academic qualification in Mauritius awarded upon the completion of primary school. The exam last took place at the end of 2016 before it was replaced by the Primary School Achievement Certificate (PSAC) in 2017. The qualification was awarded upon earning passing marks on the primary school exams administered by the Mauritius Examinations Syndicate. Students who fully earned the qualification then progressed into secondary school to continue studying.
Helper T cell
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.

Immunoglobulin class switching
Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the isotype IgM to the isotype IgG. During this process, the constant-region portion of the antibody heavy chain is changed, but the variable region of the heavy chain stays the same (the terms variable and constant refer to changes or lack thereof between antibodies that target different epitopes). Since the variable region does not change, class switching does not affect antigen specificity. Instead, the antibody retains affinity for the same antigens, but can interact with different effector molecules.
Michigan Senate
The Michigan Senate is the upper house of the Michigan Legislature. Along with the Michigan House of Representatives, it composes the state legislature, which has powers, roles and duties defined by Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963. The primary purpose of the Legislature is to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws.

The Michigan Senate is composed of 38 members, each elected from a single-member district with a population of between approximately 212,400 to 263,500 residents. Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures, provided by the federal decennial census. In January 2023, Democrats took the majority with 20 seats to Republicans' 18 seats. The Senate chamber is located in the State Capitol building.

Constitution of Michigan
The Constitution of the State of Michigan is the governing document of the U.S. state of Michigan. It describes the structure and function of the state's government.

There have been four constitutions approved by the people of Michigan. The first was approved on October 5 and 6, 1835, written as Michigan was preparing to become a state of the Union, which occurred in January 1837. Subsequent constitutions were ratified in 1850 and 1908. The current constitution was approved by voters in 1963.
Victor Poor
Victor "Vic" Poor (July 12, 1933 – August 17, 2012) was an American engineer and computer pioneer. At Computer Terminal Corporation (later renamed Datapoint Corporation), he co-created the architecture that was ultimately implemented in the first successful computer microprocessor, the Intel 8008. Subsequently, Computer Terminal Corporation created the first personal computer, the Datapoint 2200 programmable terminal.

Datapoint
Datapoint Corporation, originally known as Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC), was a computer company based in San Antonio, Texas, United States. Founded in July 1968 by Phil Ray and Gus Roche, its first products were, as the company's initial name suggests, computer terminals intended to replace Teletype machines connected to time sharing systems.
Jake Carter (singer)
Jacob Carter (born 11 August 1998) is a singer and the winner of series 2 of the Irish television dance competition Dancing with the Stars. He is the younger brother of country music singer Nathan Carter.

Dancing with the Stars (Irish TV series) series 2
Dancing with the Stars returned for a second series on 7 January 2018 on RTÉ One. Loraine Barry, Brian Redmond and Julian Benson returned to the judging panel for a second year, while Amanda Byram and Nicky Byrne also returned as hosts.

Sean Smullen did not return for this series, however all other professional dancers did. Sean was replaced by former Dancing with the Stars: Taniec z gwiazdami professional champion, Robert Rowiński.

The competition was won by Jake Carter alongside professional partner Karen Byrne.

On 25 March 2018, RTÉ announced that it would return for a third series in 2019.
Reformed Churches in South Africa
The Reformed Churches in South Africa (Afrikaans: Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika) is a Christian denomination in South Africa that was formed in 1859 in Rustenburg. Members of the church are sometimes referred to as Doppers.

Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK)
The Dutch Reformed Church in Africa (Dutch: Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika, abbreviated NHKA) is a Reformed Christian denomination based in South Africa. It also has congregations in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Along with the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) and the Reformed Churches in South Africa, the NHKA is one of the three Dutch Reformed sister churches of South Africa. The NHKA retains the old nomenclature Nederduitsch, the word originally referring to the Dutch language. The word refers to the Low Saxon language today. The Dutch language remained the official language of the church until 1933, when the church started functioning almost exclusively in Afrikaans.
Malin Head
Malin Head (Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) is the most northerly point of mainland Ireland, located in the townland of Ardmalin on the Inishowen peninsula in County Donegal. The head's northernmost point is called Dunalderagh at latitude 55.38ºN. It is about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the village of Malin. The island of Inishtrahull is further north, about 10 km (6 mi) northeast of the headland. Malin Head gives its name to the Malin sea area. There is a weather station on the head, which is one of 22 such stations whose reports are broadcast as part of the BBC Shipping Forecast. A tower built in 1805 is on Altnadarrow, also known locally as the Tower Hill.

Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century AD) described a point called Βορειον (Boreion, "the northern") which probably referred to Malin Head.

Inishtrahull
Inishtrahull (Irish: Inis Trá Tholl, possibly "island of the empty beach" or "island of the yonder beach") is the most northerly island of Ireland. It has an area of 34 hectares (84 acres) and lies about ten kilometres (five nautical miles) northeast of Malin Head, County Donegal, and just over fifty kilometres (twenty-seven nautical miles) southwest of the island of Orsay, in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The most northerly landfall of Ireland, the Tor Beg rock, is another kilometre to the north. Inishtrahull is home to Ireland's northernmost lighthouse. The island had a resident community until 1929 and the lighthouse was staffed until 1987. Today it is uninhabited and has been designated a protected area due to its wildlife.
Battle of Fort Apache
The Battle of Fort Apache was an engagement of the Apache Wars between the cavalry garrison of Fort Apache and dozens of mounted White Mountain Apache warriors. The battle occurred in eastern Arizona Territory on September 1, 1881.

Fort Apache Indian Reservation
The Fort Apache Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in Arizona, United States, encompassing parts of Navajo, Gila, and Apache counties. It is home to the federally recognized White Mountain Apache Tribe of the Fort Apache Reservation (Western Apache language: Dził Łigai Si'án N'dee), a Western Apache tribe. It has a land area of 1.6 million acres and a population of 12,429 people as of the 2000 census. The largest community is in Whiteriver.
Tabitha Karanja
Tabitha Mūkami Mūigai Karanja is a Kenyan businesswoman, entrepreneur, industrialist and Nakuru County Senator. She is the founder and current chief executive officer of Keroche Breweries, the first large brewery in Kenya owned by a non-multinational company. Keroche Breweries accounts for 20% of Kenya's beer consumption, as of October 2012.

Keroche Breweries
Keroche Breweries  is a Kenyan brewer and alcoholic beverages manufacturer. Founded in 1997 by Tabitha Karanja and her husband Joseph Karanja as a fortified wine maker, the company has grown to be the second largest alcoholic beverages producer in Kenya. The company's headquarters is located in Naivasha, Kenya. The Karanja family are the company's majority shareholders as well as C-Suite executives. The company's flagship brand is Summit Lager. It also brews Summit Malt and KB Lager. The company also produces a range of wines under the Valley Wines brand, ready-to-drink vodkas under its Viena Ice brand and spirits including dry gin, whiskey, brandy and vodka under its Crescent brand.
Wiley Post
Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was an American aviator during the interwar period and the first pilot to fly solo around the world. Known for his work in high-altitude flying, he helped develop one of the first pressure suits and discovered the jet stream. On August 15, 1935, he and American humorist Will Rogers were killed when his aircraft crashed on takeoff from a lagoon near Point Barrow in the Territory of Alaska.

Post's modified Lockheed Vega aircraft, the Winnie Mae, was on display at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center from 2003 to 2011. It is now displayed in the "Time and Navigation" gallery on the second floor of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

Pressure suit
A pressure suit is a protective suit worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the air pressure is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even when breathing pure oxygen at positive pressure. Such suits may be either full-pressure (e.g., a space suit) or partial-pressure (as used by aircrew). Partial-pressure suits work by providing mechanical counter-pressure to assist breathing at altitude.
Duboce Park
Duboce Park (IPA: /du.'bos/) is a small urban park located between the Duboce Triangle and Lower Haight neighborhoods of San Francisco, California.  The park is less than one block wide from north to south and two blocks wide from west to east. Its western boundary is Scott Street, and its eastern boundary is Steiner Street. The park is part of the Duboce Park Landmark District.

The N Judah Muni Metro streetcar line runs along Duboce Avenue, which forms the southern boundary of the park. As such, the park is served directly by the Duboce and Noe Street MUNI station. The train tracks veer away from Duboce Avenue at the western end of the park and enter the Sunset Tunnel.

Duboce Park Landmark District
Duboce Park Landmark District is a residential section in the Duboce Triangle neighborhood in San Francisco, California.  One of 12 Landmark Districts within San Francisco, it occupies 4 city blocks with 90 properties, as well as Duboce Park.  It features well-preserved, Victorian- and Edwardian-era homes, many in the Queen Anne style.  Most of the district was constructed between 1899 and 1905 by Fernando Nelson, a prolific builder known for his lively ornamentation.  The district is bordered by Duboce Avenue to the south, Waller Street to the north, Scott Street to the west, and Steiner Street to the east.
Edmund M. Clarke
Edmund Melson Clarke, Jr. (July 27, 1945 – December 22, 2020) was an American computer scientist and academic noted for developing model checking, a method for formally verifying hardware and software designs. He was the FORE Systems Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. Clarke, along with E. Allen Emerson and Joseph Sifakis, received the 2007 ACM Turing Award.

Model checking
In computer science, model checking or property checking is a method for checking whether a finite-state model of a system meets a given specification (also known as correctness). This is typically associated with hardware or software systems, where the specification contains liveness requirements (such as avoidance of livelock) as well as safety requirements (such as avoidance of states representing a system crash).

In order to solve such a problem algorithmically, both the model of the system and its specification are formulated in some precise mathematical language. To this end, the problem is formulated as a task in logic, namely to check whether a structure satisfies a given logical formula. This general concept applies to many kinds of logic and many kinds of structures. A simple model-checking problem consists of verifying whether a formula in the propositional logic is satisfied by a given structure.
Kaihime
Lady Kai (甲斐姫) ("hime" means lady, princess, woman of noble family), speculated to have been born in April 15, 1572, was a Japanese female warrior, onna-musha from the Sengoku Period. She was a daughter of Narita Ujinaga and granddaughter of Akai Teruko, retainers of the Later Hōjō clan in the Kantō region. She is known as the heroic woman who helped her father's resistance at Oshi Castle against Toyotomi Hideyoshi's army during the siege of Odawara. After the war, she became one of the wives of Hideyoshi. She was known for her bravery and beauty. According to the chronicle of Narita clan, she was praised as "The most beautiful woman in east Japan".（東国無双の美人）

Onna-musha
Onna-musha (女武者) is a term referring to female warriors in pre-modern Japan, who were members of the bushi (warrior) class. They were trained in the use of weapons to protect their household, family, and honour in times of war; many of them fought in battle alongside samurai men.
Onna-musha also have an important presence in Japanese literature, with Tomoe Gozen and Hangaku Gozen being famous and influential examples.
Sarivahy Vombola
Sarivahy Vombola is a Malagasy international footballer who plays for Yeni Amasyaspor in Turkey.

He was the top scorer in the 2015 COSAFA Cup with five goals in five games.
Despite that, Vombola has never reselected by Nicolas Dupuis for returning in the national team.

2015 COSAFA Cup
The 2015 COSAFA Cup was the 15th edition of the COSAFA Cup, an international football competition consisting of national teams of member nations of the Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA).  It was hosted by South Africa in May 2015. All matches took place in the North West province.
Charles Harper Webb
Charles Harper Webb is an American poet, professor, psychotherapist and former singer and guitarist. His most recent poetry collection is Shadow Ball (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009). His honors include a Whiting Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, The Kate Tufts Discovery Award, a Pushcart Prize and inclusion in The Best American Poetry 2006. His poems have appeared in literary journals and magazines including American Poetry Review, Paris Review, and Ploughshares. Webb was born in Philadelphia in 1952, and grew up in Houston. He earned his B.A. in English from Rice University, and an M.A. in English from the University of Washington, and an M.F.A. in Professional Writing and his PhD in Counseling Psychology from the University of Southern California. He teaches at California State University, Long Beach, where he received a Distinguished Faculty Scholarly and Creative Achievement Award and the Distinguished Faculty Teaching Award, and he lives in Long Beach, California.

The Kingsley and Kate Tufts Poetry Awards
The Kingsley and Kate Tufts Poetry Awards are a pair of American prizes based at Claremont Graduate University. They are given to poets for their collections of poetry written in the English language, by a citizen or legal resident alien of the United States.

The Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award is a $100,000 prize presented to a mid-career, emerging poet who already possesses an established body of work. The Kingsley Tufts award is known to be one of the world's most lucrative poetry prizes.

Its counterpart, the Kate Tufts Discovery Award, is given to a poet who demonstrates genuine promise in their first book of published poetry, with an attached purse of $10,000.
Noriko Hidaka
Noriko Itō (伊東 範子, Itō Noriko; born May 31, 1962), better known by the stage name of Noriko Hidaka (日髙 のり子, Hidaka Noriko), is a Japanese actress, voice actress, singer and narrator. She played Minami Asakura in Touch, Akane Tendo in Ranma ½, Satsuki Kusakabe in My Neighbor Totoro, Near in Death Note, Jean Roque Raltique in Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water,  Kikyō in Inuyasha,Yuki Tsukumo in Jujutsu Kaisen, Patricia O'Sullivan in Mischievous Twins: The Tales of St. Clare's, Erica Fontaine in Sakura Wars and Masumi Sera in Detective Conan. She is also the dub actress for Jayma Mays in the American TV series Glee, as well as in The Smurfs film series.

The Twins at St. Clare's (TV series)
The Twins at St. Clare's (おちゃめなふたご ―クレア学院物語―, Ochame na Futago: Kurea Gakuin Monogatari) is a 1991 Japanese anime created by Tokyo Movie Shinsha (now known as TMS Entertainment) and originally broadcast on Nippon TV from January to November 1991. The anime is based on the St. Clare's books by English children's author Enid Blyton.
Special Tony Award
The Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award. These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years. The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to "honor an individual for the body of their work." (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009.) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to "recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories."

Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre
The Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre is a non-competitive award created by the American Theatre Wing in 1990. They are presented to institutions, individuals and/or organizations that have demonstrated extraordinary achievement in theatre, but are not eligible to compete in any of the established Tony Award categories. The Tony Honors "are announced in the autumn, and they are bestowed at a separate ceremony that affords recipients a special moment in the spotlight." As explained in Playbill, "In 2003, a new tradition began for the Tony Honors, which were previously announced during the Tony Awards broadcast. Last year, however, the Honors were presented in the fall..."

The first recipient was Alfred Drake, who was recognized for his lengthy career in musical theatre.