hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity informatics
Biodiversity informatics is the application of informatics techniques to biodiversity information, such as taxonomy, biogeography or ecology. It is defined as the application of Information technology technologies to management, algorithmic exploration, analysis and interpretation of primary data regarding life, particularly at the species level organization. Modern computer techniques can yield new ways to view and analyze existing information, as well as predict future situations (see niche modelling). Biodiversity informatics is a term that was only coined around 1992 but with rapidly increasing data sets has become useful in numerous studies and applications, such as the construction of taxonomic databases or geographic information systems. Biodiversity informatics contrasts with "bioinformatics", which is often used synonymously with the computerized handling of data in the specialized area of molecular biology.

Taxonomic database
A taxonomic database is a database created to hold information on biological taxa – for example groups of organisms organized by species name or other taxonomic identifier – for efficient data management and information retrieval. Taxonomic databases are routinely used for the automated construction of biological checklists such as floras and faunas, both for print publication and online; to underpin the operation of web-based species information systems; as a part of biological collection management (for example in museums and herbaria); as well as providing, in some cases, the taxon management component of broader science or biology information systems. They are also a fundamental contribution to the discipline of biodiversity informatics.
Carole M. Watson
Carole McAlpine Watson is an American academic who served twice as acting Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities, first in 2009 and again in 2013 to 2014. Watson studied African American literature and authored Her Prologue, a scholarly bibliography of novels by African American women published between 1859 and 1965.

Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities
The chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is the executive leader of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent federal agency created in 1965. The chair directs the NEH and is the sole position in the agency with the legal authority to make grants and awards. The NEH chair is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The appointment and term of the chair are statutorily defined in 20 U.S.C. § 956(b), and the chair's authority is defined throughout 20 U.S.C. § 956. The National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 private citizens who are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, advises the chair.
Law of one price
In economics, the law of one price (LOOP) states that in the absence of trade frictions (such as transport costs and tariffs), and under conditions of free competition and price flexibility (where no individual sellers or buyers have power to manipulate prices and prices can freely adjust), identical goods sold at different locations should be sold for the same price when prices are expressed in a common currency. This law is derived from the assumption of the inevitable elimination of all arbitrage.
See Rational pricing § The law of one price.

Rational pricing
In financial economics, rational pricing is the assumption that asset pricing models reflect the arbitrage-free price of the asset. This assumption is fundamental to the pricing of derivative instruments and useful in pricing fixed income securities.

According to rational pricing models, where a mismatch exists between two or more markets, arbitrage will occur such that the arbitrageur makes a risk-free profit by purchasing and short-selling simultaneously in both markets. By doing so, the arbitrageur may deliver the purchased asset to the buyer, receiving that higher price, whilst paying the seller on the cheaper market with the proceeds and pocketing the difference. As such, the law of one price holds across trading exchanges; prices of assets with identical cash flows equalise; and the price of assets with known future cash flows may be calculated in advance.

Rational pricing assumptions are a key aspect of mathematical finance and the fundamental theorem of asset pricing.
Base unit of measurement
A base unit of measurement (also referred to as a base unit or fundamental unit) is a unit of measurement adopted for a base quantity. A base quantity is one of a conventionally chosen subset of physical quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the others. The SI base units, or Systéme International d'unités, consists of the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela.

A unit multiple (or multiple of a unit) is an integer multiple of a given unit; likewise a unit submultiple (or submultiple of a unit) is a submultiple or a unit fraction of a given unit.
Unit prefixes are common base-10 or base-2 powers multiples and submultiples of units.

While a base unit is one that has been explicitly so designated, 
a derived unit is unit for a derived quantity, involving the combination of quantities with different units; several SI derived units are specially named.
A coherent derived unit involves no conversion factors.

International System of Quantities
The International System of Quantities (ISQ) is a standard system of quantities used in physics and in modern science in general. It includes seven ISQ base quantities – length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity – and the relationships between those quantities in derived quantities.  This system underlies the International System of Units (SI) but does not itself determine the units of measurement used for the quantities.
The system is formally described in a multi-part standard ISO/IEC 80000, which also defines many other derived quantities used in science and technology, first completed in 2009 and subsequently revised and expanded.
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (German: Großherzogtum Oldenburg, also known as Holstein-Oldenburg) was a grand duchy within the German Confederation, North German Confederation and German Empire, that consisted of three widely separated territories: Oldenburg, Eutin and Birkenfeld. It ranked tenth among the German states,  had one vote in the Bundesrat, and three members in the Reichstag. Its ruling family, the House of Oldenburg, also came to rule in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Greece, Russia and United Kingdom.

Principality of Birkenfeld
The Principality of Birkenfeld (German: Fürstentum Birkenfeld), known after 1919 as the Region of Birkenfeld (German: Landesteil Birkenfeld), was an exclave of the Grand Duchy and then the Free State of Oldenburg from 1817 until 1937, when it was incorporated into Prussia. It was located in the Nahe region on the left bank of the Rhine river and its capital was Birkenfeld. The government was led by a Government-President (Regierungspräsident) who was appointed by the government of Oldenburg.
Serpent's Path (1998 film)
Serpent's Path (Japanese: 蛇の道, Hepburn: Hebi no michi) is a 1998 Japanese crime thriller film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa, and written by Hiroshi Takahashi. It follows the story of two men who engage in kidnapping and torture in order to discover the identity of a child murderer. The film stars Show Aikawa as Nijima, a calm professional, and Teruyuki Kagawa as Miyashita, a grieving ex-yakuza. Positioned by Kurosawa as a continuation of his V-Cinema productions, the production company Daiei ensured that it had a theatrical release. The film has since become a cult classic. A 2024 remake written and directed by Kurosawa uses the same premise but is set in France.

Serpent's Path (2024 film)
Serpent's Path (French: La Voie du serpent) is a 2024 thriller film directed by Kiyoshi Kurosawa starring Damien Bonnard and Ko Shibasaki.

A French-language remake of Kurosawa's 1998 film of the same name, Serpent's Path screened at the 2024 San Sebastián International Film Festival.
Eternalism (philosophy of time)
In the philosophy of space and time, eternalism is an ontological view according to which all existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time. Some forms of eternalism give time a similar ontology to that of space, as a dimension, with different times being as real as different places, and future events are "already there" in the same sense other places are already there, and that there is no objective flow of time.

It is sometimes referred to as the "block time" or "block universe" theory due to its description of space-time as an unchanging four-dimensional "block", as opposed to the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulated by the passage of time.

Philosophical presentism
Presentism (sometimes 'philosophical presentism') is the view of time which states that only present entities exist (or, equivalently, that everything which is exists presently) and what is present (i.e., what exists) changes as time passes. According to presentism, there are no past or future entities at all, though some entities have existed and other entities will exist. In a sense, the past and the future do not exist for presentists—past events have happened (have existed, or have been present) and future events will happen (will exist, or will be present), but neither exist at all since they do not exist now. Presentism is a view about temporal ontology, i.e., a view about what exists in time, that contrasts with eternalism—the view that past, present and future entities exist (that is, the ontological thesis of the 'block universe')—and with no-futurism—the view that only past and present entities exist (that is, the ontological thesis of the 'growing block universe').
Julius Joseph (spy)
Julius J. Joseph was an American government official who was alleged to be a Soviet spy in the Venona Project transcripts.  During World War II, he worked in the Office for Emergency Management (1942) and the Labor War Manpower Commission (1943) and from 1943 to 1945 for the Far Eastern section (Japanese intelligence) of the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) where his wife Bella Joseph also worked.

Venona decrypt 880 of 8 June 1943 from New York KGB Rezident Vasily Zarubin to KGB foreign intelligence head General Pavel Fitin in Moscow  is about the OSS and the Office of War Information (OWI).  It discusses the activities of five agents, or "probationers" as they are referred to, Maurice Halperin, Duncan Chapin Lee, Bella Joseph, Franz Neumann, and Julius Joseph.

In 1945, Joseph had become Deputy Chief of the Far Eastern Division.  He is referred to as a Soviet source in the OSS in the Venona traffic under the cryptonym "Cautious".

Bella Joseph
Bella Joseph was the wife of Julius Joseph. The couple worked for  the United States Government. It is alleged that they also worked for Soviet Intelligence during World War II,  Bella in the Office of Strategic Services' Motion Picture Division.

Her alleged cover name in Soviet intelligence, and as deciphered in the Venona project, is "Colleague". Bella is also identified as "Colleague" in Weinstein and Vassiliev's, The Haunted Wood, a book based on Soviet archives..
Duran Kalkan
Duran Kalkan (born Güzelim, Tufanbeyli, Adana Province, Turkey, 14 July 1954), also known as Selahattin Abbas, or Selahattin Erdem  is a senior commander of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

Duran Kalkan, Murat Karayılan and Cemil Bayık, the three current leaders of the PKK, are wanted by the United States Department of the Treasury and the Government of Turkey for recruiting child soldiers, engaging in drug trafficking, targeting Turkish government officials, police and security forces, and indiscriminately injuring and killing civilians.

Murat Karayılan
Murat Karayılan (Kurdish: Mirad Qarayîlan; born 5 June 1954), also nicknamed Cemal, is one of the co-founders of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). He became the PKK's acting leader after its original founder and leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was captured in 1999 by Turkish intelligence agents. In 2014, he left the PKK leader position and was assigned as the new commander-in-chief of the PKK's armed wing, the People's Defence Forces.
Jill Dillard
Jill Michelle Dillard (née Duggar; born May 17, 1991) is an American author and former television personality. She is known for her appearances on TLC as part of the reality television shows 19 Kids and Counting (2008–2015) and Counting On (2015–2021), and in the 2023 Amazon Prime documentary Shiny Happy People, about her upbringing within Bill Gothard's financially and sexually exploitative Institute in Basic Life Principles (IBLP) and Advanced Training Institute (ATI) organizations, for which her parents were important proselytizers. As Jill Duggar, she also co-authored a book with her sisters Jana, Jessa, and Jinger titled Growing Up Duggar: It's All About Relationships. Her second book, Counting the Cost, was released in September 2023.

Jana Wissmann
Jana Marie Wissmann (née Duggar; born January 12, 1990) is a former American television personality. She is known for her appearances on TLC as part of the reality television shows 19 Kids and Counting (2008–2015) and Counting On (2015–2021).
Gray four-eyed opossum
The gray four-eyed opossum (Philander opossum) is an opossum species found in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northern Brazil, at altitudes from sea level to 1600 m, but generally below 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Its habitats include primary, secondary and disturbed forest. It is one of many opossum species in the order Didelphimorphia and the family Didelphidae.

Opossum
Opossums (/əˈpɒsəmz/) are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia (/daɪˌdɛlfɪˈmɔːrfiə/) endemic to the Americas. The largest order of marsupials in the Western Hemisphere, it comprises 126 species in 18 genera. Opossums originated in South America and entered North America in the Great American Interchange following the connection of North and South America in the late Cenozoic.

The Virginia opossum is the only species found in the United States and Canada. It is often simply referred to as an opossum; in North America, it is commonly referred to as a possum (/ˈpɒsəm/; sometimes rendered as 'possum in written form to indicate the dropped "o"). The Australasian arboreal marsupials of suborder Phalangeriformes are also called possums because of their resemblance to opossums, but they belong to a different order. The opossum is typically a nonaggressive animal and almost never carries the virus that causes rabies.
Chinese Baidu Baike
The Chinese Baidu Baike, or Baidu Baike Chinese, is the Chinese-language edition of Baidu Baike, an online encyclopedia. It was created by Baidu founder Robin Li, and was released to the public in April 2006, as a replacement of Wikipedia in China. Before multilingual BaiduWiki was launched in January 2026, Chinese Baidu Baike was the only language edition of Baidu Baike.

Baidu Baike
Baidu Baike (/ˈbaɪduː ˈbaɪkə/; Chinese: 百度百科; pinyin: Bǎidù Bǎikē; lit. 'Baidu Encyclopedia', also known as BaiduWiki internationally) is a semi-regulated Chinese-language collaborative online encyclopedia owned by the Chinese technology company Baidu. Modelled after Wikipedia, it was launched in April 2006. As of 2025, it claims more than 30 million entries and around 8.03 million editors – the largest number of entries of any Chinese-language online encyclopedia. Baidu Baike has been criticised for its censorship, copyright violations, commercialist practices and unsourced or inaccurate information.
Leszek I the White
Leszek the White (Polish: Leszek Biały; c. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227) was Prince of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland in the years 1194–1198, 1199, 1206–1210, and 1211–1227. During the early stages of his reign, his uncle Duke Mieszko III the Old and cousin Władysław III Spindleshanks, from the Greater Polish branch of the royal Piast dynasty, contested Leszek's right to be High Duke.

Leszek was the third or fourth, but eldest surviving son of Casimir II the Just and his wife Helen of Znojmo.

Władysław III Spindleshanks
Władysław III Spindleshanks (Polish: Władysław Laskonogi; b. 1161/67 – 3 November 1231), of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland (during 1194–1202 only over the southern part and during 1202–1229 over all the land), High Duke of Poland and Duke of Kraków during 1202–1206 and 1228–1229, Duke of Kalisz during 1202–1206, ruler of Lubusz during 1206–1210 and 1218–1225, and ruler over Gniezno during 1216–1217.

He was the fifth son of Mieszko III the Old, Duke of Greater Poland and since 1173 High Duke of Poland, but the third-born from his second marriage with Eudoxia, daughter of Grand Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev.

The nickname "Spindleshanks" (Laskonogi) was given to Władysław in the Chronicle of Greater Poland. Jan Długosz assumed that this was in reference to Władysław's unusually long and thin legs.
ECall
eCall (an abbreviation of "emergency call") is an initiative by the European Union, intended to bring rapid assistance to motorists involved in a collision anywhere within the European Union. The aim is for all new cars to incorporate a system that automatically contacts the emergency services in the event of a serious accident, sending location and sensor information (Telemetry). eCall was made mandatory in all new cars approved for manufacture within the European Union as of April 2018.

Telematic control unit
In the automotive industry, a telematic control unit (TCU) is an embedded system that connects a vehicle to the internet and serves as a hub for external wireless communications. It enables modern connected vehicle services, including telematics, fleet management, and V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication. The TCU's primary functions are to collect data from the vehicle's internal systems, a process known as telemetry, and to facilitate two-way communication with cloud-based services. While the term typically refers to a factory-installed (OEM) unit, its functionality is also available through third-party aftermarket telematic devices that can be installed in vehicles not originally equipped with an OEM system.
Rabey Hasani Nadwi
Mohammad Rabey Hasani Nadwi (Urdu: محمد رابع حسنی ندوی; 29 October 1929 – 13 April 2023) was an Indian Sunni Islamic scholar, who served as the president of All India Muslim Personal Law Board and as the chancellor of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, an Islamic seminary in Lucknow, India. He was the patron of Islamic Fiqh Academy, the vice president of the Aalami Rabita Adab-e-Islami in Riyadh, and a founding member of the Muslim World League. He was regularly listed in the publication The 500 Most Influential Muslims. His disciples included Ijteba Nadwi.

Ijteba Nadwi
Muḥammad Ijteba Nadwi (29 September 1933 – 20 June 2008) was an Indian Islamic scholar, who formerly headed the Arabic departments of Jamia Millia Islamia, Kashmir University and the Allahabad University.

Nadwi was an alumnus of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Damascus University and the Aligarh Muslim University. He was an author of Arabic and Urdu and authored books such as Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi: al-Daaiya al-Hakeem wa al-murabbi al-Jaleel and Islam aur Huquq-e-Insani.
Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension
Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension (French pronunciation: [vilʁɛ sɛ̃ miʃɛl paʁk ɛkstɑ̃sjɔ̃]) is a borough (arrondissement) in the city of Montreal, Quebec. It had a population of 145,090 according to the 2021 Census and a land area of 16.5 square kilometres (6.4 mi2).

The borough of Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension was created on January 1, 2002, following the municipal reorganization of Montreal. The borough includes the neighbourhoods of Villeray, Saint-Michel, and Parc-Extension.

Park Extension
Park Extension (French: Parc-Extension, pronounced [paʁk ɛkstɑ̃sjɔ̃]) is a neighbourhood in the city of Montréal, Québec. It is located in the borough of Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension and has a population of 33,800 and an area of 1.6 km2 (400 acres). The name derives from the fact that it is situated at the north end of Park Avenue and is literally an "extension" of the artery. The area is known by locals as "Park Ex."
S-type asteroid
S-type (stony-type or siliceous-type) asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous (i.e. stony) mineralogical composition, hence the name. They have relatively high density. Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type, making it the second-most common after the carbonaceous C-type.

C-type asteroid
C-type (carbonaceous /ˌkɑːrbəˈneɪʃəs/) asteroids are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids. They are volatile-rich and distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon, in addition to rocks and minerals. They have an average density of about 1.7 g/cm3.

They lie most often at the outer edge of the asteroid belt, 3.5 au (520 million km; 330 million mi) from the Sun, where 80% of the asteroids are of this type, whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 au (300 million km; 190 million mi) from the Sun are C-type. The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this, since C-types are much darker (and hence less detectable) than most other asteroid types, except for D-types and others that lie mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt.
Grotesque (chess)
In chess, a grotesque is a problem or endgame study which features a particularly unlikely or impossible initial position, especially one in which White fights with a very small force against a much larger black army. Grotesques are generally intended to be humorous.

Joke chess problem
A joke chess problem is a puzzle in chess that uses humor as an element. Although most chess problems, like other creative forms, are appreciated for serious artistic themes (such as Grimshaw, Novotny, and Lacny), joke chess problems are enjoyed for some twist. In some cases the composer plays a trick to prevent a solver from succeeding with typical analysis. In other cases, the humor derives from an unusual final position. Unlike in ordinary chess puzzles, joke problems can involve a solution which violates the inner logic or rules of the game.
Mine a Breton Creek
Mine a Breton Creek is a stream in Washington County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Mineral Fork.

The stream headwaters arise at 37°53′07″N 90°47′22″W﻿ / ﻿37.88528°N 90.78944°W﻿ / 37.88528; -90.78944 south of Potosi and its confluence with the Fourche a Renault at 38°01′44″N 90°51′12″W﻿ / ﻿38.02889°N 90.85333°W﻿ / 38.02889; -90.85333 forms the Mineral Fork.

Mine a Breton Creek took its name from a nearby mine of the same name, which in turn has the name of Francois Azor dit Breton, a pioneer citizen.

Mineral Fork
Mineral Fork is a stream in Washington County, Missouri. It is a tributary of the Big River.

The source which is the confluence of the Mine a Breton Creek and the Fourche a Renault is located at 38°01′44″N 90°51′12″W﻿ / ﻿38.02889°N 90.85333°W﻿ / 38.02889; -90.85333 and the confluence with Big River is at: 38°06′09″N 90°40′53″W﻿ / ﻿38.10250°N 90.68139°W﻿ / 38.10250; -90.68139.

Mineral Fork was so named on account of deposits of the lead ore minerals near its course.
Four Treasures of Hebei
The Four Treasures of Hebei (Chinese: 华北四宝, romanized: huabei sibao) are four artifacts of high historical value located in Hebei, China. They include the Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding, the Anji Bridge, the Liaodi Pagoda, and the Iron Lion of Cangzhou.

Iron Lion of Cangzhou
38°12′21.8″N 117°0′57.20″E﻿ / ﻿38.206056°N 117.0158889°E﻿ / 38.206056; 117.0158889

The Iron Lion of Cangzhou (Chinese: 铁狮子; pinyin: Tiě Shīzi), also known as the Sea-suppressing Howler (Chinese: 镇海吼; pinyin: zhèn hǎi hǒu), is a cast iron sculpture located in Cangzhou City, in Hebei Province, China, about 180 km (110 mi) southwest of Beijing. Cast in the Later Zhou dynasty in 953, the iron lion is the largest known and oldest surviving iron-cast artwork in China. It is considered one of the Four Treasures of Hebei.