hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Execution of Mohsen Shekari
Mohsen Shekari (Persian: محسن شکاری; 24 February 2000 – 8 December 2022) was a 22-year-old Iranian man who was executed by the state of Iran after being convicted of injuring a member of Iran's Basij militia and being accused of Moharebeh, an Arabic word translating to "waging war against God".

Shekari's death was the first known state-sanctioned execution to have occurred as a direct result of the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. His execution drew immediate condemnation from human rights organizations who expressed concerns that Shekari's execution, as well as the subsequent execution of Majidreza Rahnavard four days later, would catalyze a rash of state executions of protesters.

Execution of Majidreza Rahnavard
Majidreza Rahnavard (Persian: مجیدرضا رهنورد; 16 June 1999 – 12 December 2022) was the first person executed in public for charges stemming from his involvement in the Mahsa Amini protests. Rahnavard was accused of fatally stabbing two Basij militia guards during a protest in November 2022, leading to him being charged with, convicted of, and sentenced to death for moharebeh ("waging war against God"). Rahnavard's execution occurred four days after the first protest-related execution, that of Mohsen Shekari.
2016 Tennessee Senate election
The 2016 Tennessee State Senate election was held on November 8, 2016, to elect 16 of the 33 seats for the Tennessee's State Senate. The elections coincided with the Presidential, U.S. House, and State House elections. The primary elections were held on August 4, 2016.

2016 Tennessee House of Representatives election
The 2016 Tennessee House of Representatives election was held on November 8, 2016, to elect 99 seats for the Tennessee House of Representatives. The elections coincided with the Presidential, U.S. House, and State Senate elections.

Primary elections were held on August 4th, 2016.

Republican Paul Sherrell flipped the rural 43rd district, and Republican Michael Curcio flipped the rural 69th district, while Democrat Dwayne Thompson flipped Memphis's suburban 96th district. The Republican Party also maintained their supermajority in the state house.
Antipater of Tarsus
Antipater of Tarsus (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος ὁ Ταρσεύς; died 130/129 BC) was a Stoic philosopher. He was the pupil and successor of Diogenes of Babylon as leader of the Stoic school, and was the teacher of Panaetius. He wrote works on the gods and on divination, and in ethics he took a higher moral ground than that of his teacher Diogenes.

Diogenes of Babylon
Diogenes of Babylon (also known as Diogenes of Seleucia; Ancient Greek: Διογένης Βαβυλώνιος; Latin: Diogenes Babylonius; c. 230 – c. 150/140 BC) was a Stoic philosopher. He was the head of the Stoic school in Athens, and he was one of three philosophers sent to Rome in 155 BC. He wrote many works, but  none of his writings survived, except as quotations by later writers.
Retort pouch
A retort pouch or retortable pouch is a type of food packaging made from a laminate of flexible plastic and metal foils. It allows the sterile packaging of a wide variety of food and drink handled by aseptic processing and is used as an alternative to traditional industrial canning methods. Retort pouches are used in baby and toddler food, camping food, field rations, fish products, instant noodles, space food, sports nutrition, and brands such as Capri-Sun and Tasty Bite.

Some varieties have a bottom gusset and are known as stand-up pouches.

Food packaging
Food packaging is a packaging system specifically designed for food and represents one of the most important aspects among the processes involved in the food industry, as it provides protection from chemical, biological and physical alterations. The main goal of food packaging is to provide a practical means of protecting and delivering food goods at a reasonable cost, while meeting the needs and expectations of both consumers and industries. Additionally, current trends like sustainability, environmental impact reduction, and shelf-life extension have gradually become some of the most important aspects in designing a packaging system.
Stormbringer
Stormbringer is a magic sword featured in a number of fantasy stories by the author Michael Moorcock. It is described as a huge, black sword covered with strange runes, created by the forces of Chaos. The sword has a will of its own and it is hinted that the sword may be controlled by an inhabiting entity. It is wielded by the doomed albino emperor Elric of Melniboné. Stormbringer makes its first appearance in the 1961 novella The Dreaming City. In the four novellas collected in the 1965 book Stormbringer, the sword's true nature is revealed.

Magic sword
In mythology, legend or fiction, a magic sword is a sword with magical powers or other supernatural qualities. Renowned swords appear in the folklore of every nation that used swords.

In some traditions, the sword is ascribed no powers of its own. It is famous because it is the hero's sword, or because of its origin, as when a god gives it to the hero. Other swords keep their wielders safe or destroy their enemies. A more localized motif is the sword that has been broken and must be reforged, commonly found in Northern Europe. Such a sword symbolizes the initial defeat and loss of honor of its wielder. Subsequent victory and the restoration of honor is achieved by reforging it, either at the wielder's hand or that of his heir.
Lumpiang ubod
Lumpiang ubod, also known as heart of palm spring rolls, is a Filipino appetizer consisting of julienned ubod (heart of palm) with various meat and vegetables in a thin egg crêpe. It is commonly served fresh (as lumpiang sariwa), but it can also be deep-fried. It originates from the city of Silay in Negros Occidental where an original variant, lumpiang Silay, is still popular.

Lumpia
Lumpia (in Indonesian and Filipino) are various types of spring rolls commonly found in Indonesian and Filipino cuisines. Lumpia are made of thin paper-like or crêpe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings. It is often served as an appetizer or snack, and might be served deep-fried or fresh (unfried). Lumpia are Indonesian and Filipino adaptations of the Fujianese lūn-piáⁿ (潤餅) and Teochew popiah (薄餅), usually consumed during Qingming Festival.

In Indonesia, lumpia is a favorite snack, and is known as a street hawker food in the country. Lumpia was introduced by Chinese settlers to Indonesia during colonial times possibly in the 19th century.

In the Philippines, lumpia is one of the most common dishes served in gatherings and celebrations.

In the Netherlands and Belgium it is spelled loempia, the old Indonesian spelling, which has also become the generic name for "spring roll" in Dutch.
AMD Instinct
AMD Instinct is AMD's brand of data center GPUs. It replaced AMD's FirePro S brand in 2016. Compared to the Radeon brand of mainstream consumer/gamer products, the Instinct product line is intended to accelerate deep learning, artificial neural network, and high-performance computing/GPGPU applications.

The AMD Instinct product line directly competes with Nvidia's Tesla (Nvidia Data Center GPUs) and Intel's Xeon Phi and Data Center GPU lines of machine learning and GPGPU cards.

The brand was originally known as AMD Radeon Instinct, but AMD dropped the Radeon brand from the name before AMD Instinct MI100 was introduced in November 2020.

In June 2022, supercomputers based on AMD's Epyc CPUs and Instinct GPUs took the lead on the Green500 list of the most power-efficient supercomputers with over 50% lead over any other, and held the top first 4 spots. One of them, the AMD-based Frontier is since June 2022 and as of 2023 the fastest supercomputer in the world on the TOP500 list.

Nvidia Tesla
Nvidia Tesla is the former name for a line of products developed by Nvidia targeted at stream processing or general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU), named after pioneering electrical engineer Nikola Tesla. Its products began using GPUs from the G80 series, and have continued to accompany the release of new chips. They are programmable using the CUDA or OpenCL APIs.

The Nvidia Tesla product line competed with AMD's Radeon Instinct and Intel Xeon Phi lines of deep learning and GPU cards.

Nvidia retired the Tesla brand in May 2020, reportedly because of potential confusion with the brand of cars. Its new GPUs are branded Nvidia Data Center GPUs as in the Ampere-based A100 GPU.

Nvidia DGX servers feature Nvidia GPGPUs.
Tibia
The tibia (/ˈtɪbiə/; pl.: tibiae /ˈtɪbii/ or tibias), also known as the shinbone, shankbone or simply the shin, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle. The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane. The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of leg, forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute tibia. It is the second largest bone in the human body, after the femur. The leg bones are the strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body.

Fibula
The fibula (pl.: fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the knee joint and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia and forms the lateral part of the ankle joint.
Scyllarides latus
Scyllarides latus, the Mediterranean slipper lobster, is a species of slipper lobster found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It is edible and highly regarded as food, but is now rare over much of its range due to overfishing. Adults may grow to 1 foot (30 cm) long, are camouflaged, and have no claws. They are nocturnal, emerging from caves and other shelters during the night to feed on molluscs. As well as being eaten by humans, S. latus is also preyed upon by a variety of bony fish. Its closest relative is S. herklotsii, which occurs off the Atlantic coast of West Africa; other species of Scyllarides occur in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Indo-Pacific. The larvae and young animals are largely unknown.

Scyllarides herklotsii
Scyllarides herklotsii is a species of slipper lobster from the Atlantic coast West Africa. It is edible, but is not commercially fished, and is taken only by accident.

Scyllarides herklotsii was named in 1851 by Jan Adrian (or Janus Adrianus) Herklots in a doctoral thesis at the University of Leiden; the type material came from Butre, Ghana, and is stored at the Dutch Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum. The species is found from Senegal, where its range overlaps slightly with that of Scyllarides latus, south to Ponta do Pinda, Angola. It usually lives at depths of 5–70 metres (16–230 ft), but has been recorded from depths as great as 200 m (660 ft). It prefers sandy and rocky substrates.

Scyllarides herklotsii reaches a total length of 32 centimetres (13 in), but does not generally exceed 25 cm (9.8 in) long. It may be differentiated from S. latus by the lower, more rounded nature of the tubercles on the carapace.
Harry Kellar
Harry Kellar (born Heinrich Keller; July 11, 1849 – March 10, 1922) was an American magician who presented large stage shows during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Kellar was a predecessor of Harry Houdini and a successor of Robert Heller and Isaiah Hughes, under whom he apprenticed. He was often referred to as the "Dean of American Magicians" and performed extensively on five continents. One of his most memorable stage illusions was the levitation of a girl advertised as the "Levitation of Princess Karnac", copied from an illusion invented by John Nevil Maskelyne, which was later bought by Harry Blackstone Sr.

He was a longtime customer of the Martinka Magic Company, which built many of his illusions and sets, including the "Blue Room".

Harry Blackstone Sr.
Harry Bouton Blackstone (born Henry Boughton; September 27, 1885 – November 16, 1965) was a famed stage magician and illusionist of the 20th century. Blackstone was born Harry Bouton in Chicago, Illinois. He began his career as a magician in his teens and was popular through World War II as a USO entertainer.  He was often billed as The Great Blackstone.  His son Harry Blackstone Jr. also became a famous magician. Blackstone Sr. was aided by his younger brother, Pete Bouton, who was the stage manager in all his shows. Blackstone Sr. was married three times. Blackstone Jr. was his son by his second wife.
Four Doors
Four Doors is a concept in Sufism and in branches of Islam heavily influenced by Sufism such as Isma'ilism and Alevism. In this system, there are four paths to God, starting with Sharia (exoteric path), then to Tariqa (esoteric path), then to Marifa (mystical knowledge), and then finally to Haqiqa (truth).

In Alevism, ten stations are listed for each of the Foor Doors. Hence, in full, the Four Doors are also known as the Four Doors and Forty Stations (Turkish: Dört Kapı Kırk Makam). These Forty Stations are listed below.

Ma'rifa
In Sufism, maʿrifa ("experiential knowledge" or "gnosis") is the mystical understanding of God or Divine Reality. It has been described as an immediate recognition and understanding of the true nature of things as they are. Ma'rifa encompasses a deep understanding of the ultimate Truth, which is essentially God, and extends to the comprehension of all things in their connection to God. Sufi mystics attain maʿrifa by embarking on a spiritual journey, typically consisting of various stages referred to as "stations" and "states." In the state of ma'rifa, the mystic transcends the temptations of the self and is absorbed in God, experiencing a sense of alienation from their own self.

The term 'arif refers to advanced mystics who have attained ma'rifa.
The Amazing Bud Powell, Vols. 1 & 2
The Amazing Bud Powell, Vols. 1 & 2 are a pair of separate but related albums by American jazz pianist Bud Powell, recorded on August 8, 1949, May 1, 1951, and August 14, 1953, and released on Blue Note in 1956, compiling Powell's first three sessions for the label, originally released on ten-inch LPs as The Amazing Bud Powell (1952) and The Amazing Bud Powell, Vol. 2 (1954).

The Amazing Bud Powell
The Amazing Bud Powell is a ten-inch LP by American jazz pianist Bud Powell, recorded on August 8, 1949, and May 1, 1951, and released on Blue Note in April 1952. In the first session, Powell performed in quintet with Fats Navarro, Sonny Rollins, Tommy Potter and Roy Haynes, and in trio with Potter and Haynes. In the second, Powell performed in trio with Curley Russell and Max Roach, and solo.
Robert Tatum
Robert George Tatum (August 20, 1891 – January 27, 1964) was an American mountain climber and Episcopal priest. He, along with Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, and Walter Harper made up the expedition that was the first to successfully climb Denali, the tallest mountain in North America, on June 7, 1913.

Harry Karstens
Henry Peter Karstens (September 2, 1878 – November 28, 1955) was the first superintendent of Denali National Park, from 1921 to 1928. He was the guide and climbing leader of the first complete ascent of Denali in 1913, with expedition members Hudson Stuck, Walter Harper and Robert Tatum. John Fredson and Esaias George were two young Gwich'in Alaska Natives who supported the party.
Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria
Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria (German: Prinzessin Maria Elisabeth Franziska Josepha Therese von Bayern; 9 September 1914 – 13 May 2011) was a German princess of the House of Wittelsbach and a member of the Brazilian imperial family by marriage. She was a granddaughter of Louis III of Bavaria, the last reigning King of Bavaria. In 1937, she married Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza, head of the Vassouras branch of the House of Orléans-Braganza and claimant to the defunct Brazilian throne. As his wife, Maria Elisabeth became a prominent figure within Brazilian monarchist circles and was often referred to as the “empress-mother”, reflecting her role as matriarch of the branch that continues to assert claims to the former Empire of Brazil. She was the mother of Prince Luiz Gastão and Prince Bertrand, both of whom successively served as heads of the Vassouras branch of the Imperial House of Brazil, with Bertrand remaining an active claimant in the 21st century.

Luiz of Orléans-Braganza
Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza (6 June 1938 – 15 July 2022) was a Brazilian royal claimant who served as head of the Vassouras branch of the Imperial House of Brazil from 1981 until his death. He was the eldest son of Prince Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza and Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria, and was regarded by his supporters as pretender to the defunct title of Emperor of Brazil.

The Vassouras branch asserts its claim to the former Brazilian throne in opposition to the Petrópolis branch, led by Pedro Carlos Orléans-Braganza. Both Luiz and Pedro Carlos were great-grandsons of Princess Isabel, daughter and heiress of Emperor Pedro II, but the two lines diverged following a dynastic dispute involving their fathers, who were first cousins. Throughout his life, Prince Luiz actively upheld the Vassouras claim, engaging in public discourse, monarchist movements, and initiatives related to Brazil’s imperial history and legacy.
Type B videotape
1-inch Type B Helical Scan or SMPTE B is a reel-to-reel analog recording video tape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh division of Bosch in Germany in 1976. The format uses 1-inch-wide (25 mm) magnetic tape and became the broadcasting standard in continental Europe, but adoption was limited in the United States and United Kingdom, where the Type C videotape format met with greater success.

Type C videotape
1-inch Type C Helical Scan or SMPTE C is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed by Ampex and Sony in 1976. The format uses 1-inch-wide (25 mm) tape and became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2-inch-wide (51 mm) quadruplex videotape open-reel format. Additionally, it replaced the unsuccessful type A format, also developed by Ampex, and primarily in mainland Europe, it supplemented the type B format, developed by the Fernseh division of Bosch.
Steven Kerckhoff
Steven Paul Kerckhoff (born 1952) is a professor of mathematics at Stanford University, who works on hyperbolic 3-manifolds and Teichmüller spaces.

He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1978, under the direction of William Thurston.  Among his most famous results is his resolution of the Nielsen realization problem, a 1932 conjecture by Jakob Nielsen.  Along with William J. Floyd, he wrote large parts of Thurston's influential Princeton lecture notes, and he is well known for his work (some of which is joint with Craig Hodgson) in exploring and clarifying Thurston's hyperbolic Dehn surgery.

Kerckhoff is one of four academics from Stanford University, along with Gunnar Carlsson, Ralph Cohen, and R. James Milgram, who were instrumental in developing the controversial California Mathematics Academic Content Standards for the State Board of Education.

William Thurston
William Paul Thurston (October 30, 1946 – August 21, 2012) was an American mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of low-dimensional topology and was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982 for his contributions to the study of 3-manifolds.

Thurston was a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, University of California, Davis, and Cornell University. He was also a director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute.
Condenser (heat transfer)
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling. In doing so, the latent heat is released by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers are used for efficient heat rejection in many industrial systems. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air.

Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants, and other heat-exchange systems. The use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.

Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between a source and a working fluid. Heat exchangers are used in both cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power stations, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural-gas processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Another example is the heat sink, which is a passive heat exchanger that transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often air or a liquid coolant.
934th Airlift Wing
The 934th Airlift Wing is an Air Reserve Component of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to Twenty-Second Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and is stationed at Minneapolis-St Paul Joint Air Reserve Station, Minnesota.

Minneapolis–Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station
Minneapolis–Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station is a United States Air Force base, located at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. It is located in the 
Fort  Snelling Unorganized Territory 
on the southeast border of Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was formerly the location of Naval Air Station Twin Cities.
Count Basie Orchestra
The Count Basie Orchestra is a 16- to 18-piece big band, one of the most prominent jazz performing groups of the swing era, founded by Count Basie in 1935 and recording regularly from 1936. Despite a brief disbandment at the beginning of the 1950s, the band survived long past the big band era itself and the death of Basie in 1984. It continues under the direction of trumpeter Scotty Barnhart.

Originally including such musicians as Buck Clayton and Lester Young in the line-up, the band in the 1950s and 1960s made use of the work of the arrangers Neal Hefti and Sammy Nestico with featured musicians such as Thad Jones and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis.

Count Basie
William James "Count" Basie (/ˈbeɪsi/; August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. In 1935, he formed the Count Basie Orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording. He led the group for almost 50 years, creating innovations like the use of two "split" tenor saxophones, emphasizing the rhythm section, riffing with a big band, using arrangers to broaden their sound, his minimalist piano style, and others.

Many musicians came to prominence under his direction, including the tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, the guitarist Freddie Green, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison, plunger trombonist Al Grey, and singers Jimmy Rushing, Helen Humes, Dennis Rowland, Thelma Carpenter, and Joe Williams.

As a composer, Basie is known for writing such jazz standards as "Blue and Sentimental", "Jumpin' at the Woodside" and "One O'Clock Jump".