hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Third Battle of Fallujah
The Third Battle of Fallujah, code-named Operation Breaking Terrorism (Arabic: عملية كسر الإرهاب) by the Iraqi government, was a military operation against ISIL launched to capture the city of Fallujah and its suburbs, located about 69 kilometres (43 mi) west of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The operation began on 22 May 2016, three months after the Iraqi forces had started the total siege of Fallujah. On 26 June, Iraqi forces recaptured the city of Fallujah, before recapturing the remaining pocket of ISIL resistance in Fallujah's western outskirts two days later.

Siege of Fallujah (2016)
The siege of Fallujah was an offensive launched in February 2016 by the Iraqi government against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in al-Karmah and in the city of Fallujah, with the aim of enforcing a siege of the latter. During the early stages of the operation, local Sunni residents revolted against ISIL for a period of three days. On 22 May, after completing preparations around the city, the Iraqi Army and supporting Shi'ite militias launched the third Battle of Fallujah.
Judo World Masters
The Judo World Masters is an annual invite-only judo competition. After being open for only the top 16 ranked judoka in each weight class for its first eight installments, the tournament was expended to host the top 36 of each weight class in 2019. The world masters is the only world tour event with no limitation on the number of judoka competing from any single national association.

IJF World Tour
The IJF World Tour is a worldwide top-tier judo tour, organized by the International Judo Federation since 2009.

The IJF World Tour consists of the annual World Championships and World Masters, a series of Grand Slam and Grand Prix tournaments, the annual continental championships and open meets organized by the respective continental judo unions, as well as the annual World Juniors Championships. Achievements in these competitions are rewarded with ranking points, which are then used to determine a judoka's world ranking.
2013 Seddon earthquake
The 2013 Seddon earthquake measured 6.5 on the Mww scale and was centred in New Zealand's Cook Strait, around 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the town of Seddon in Marlborough. The earthquake struck at 5:09 pm on Sunday 21 July 2013 (05:09 UTC) at a depth of 13 kilometres (8 mi), according to GeoNet. The United States Geological Survey also measured the quake at 6.5, at a depth of 17 kilometres (11 mi). The quake caused moderate damage in the wider Marlborough area and Wellington, the nation's capital city 55 kilometres (34 mi) north of the epicentre. Only minor injuries were reported. Several aftershocks occurred during 21–29 July.

The Seddon earthquake is considered the first of an earthquake doublet, with a second earthquake of similar magnitude occurring on 16 August 2013.

2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake
The 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake was a magnitude 6.6 earthquake that occurred at 2:31:05 pm (NZST) on Friday 16 August 2013. The epicentre was located about 10 km south-east of Seddon, under Lake Grassmere, with a focal depth of 8 km. The earthquake caused significant land damage in the local area, with landslips blocking roads, including the main highway between Blenheim and Christchurch.  Buildings in Seddon were damaged, with some being declared uninhabitable.  The earthquake was widely felt in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.
Parry–Sullivan invariant
In mathematics, the Parry–Sullivan invariant (or Parry–Sullivan number) is a numerical quantity of interest in the study of incidence matrices in graph theory, and of certain one-dimensional dynamical systems. It provides a partial classification of non-trivial irreducible incidence matrices.

It is named after the English mathematician Bill Parry and the American mathematician Dennis Sullivan, who introduced the invariant in a joint paper published in the journal Topology in 1975.

Incidence matrix
In mathematics, an incidence matrix is a logical matrix that shows the relationship between two classes of objects, usually called an incidence relation. If the first class is X and the second is Y, the matrix has one row for each element of X and one column for each mapping from X to Y. The entry in row x and column y is 1 if the vertex x is part of (called incident in this context) the mapping that corresponds to y, and 0 if it is not. There are variations; see below.
Inland marine insurance
Inland marine insurance is an insurance category in the United States that indemnifies loss to movable or specialized types of property, historically developing as an outgrowth of ocean marine insurance. The term marine is of historical origin and the insurance definition has evolved to include 
a wide range of property and materials that are not marine related but may be in transit or deemed mobile including: property in transit, property in the custody of a bailee, property deemed to be an instrumentality of transportation or communication, such as bridges and radio towers, mobile medical equipment, and contractors equipment.

This category of insurance includes property coverage for construction equipment, medical diagnostic equipment, fine arts, solar panels and wind turbines, cameras and movie equipment, musical instruments, and a wide variety of other types of property.

Marine insurance
Marine insurance covers the physical loss or damage of ships, cargo, terminals, and any transport by which the property is transferred, acquired, or held between the points of origin and the final destination. Cargo insurance a sub-branch of marine insurance, though marine insurance also includes onshore and offshore exposed property, (container terminals, ports, oil platforms, pipelines), hull, marine casualty, and marine losses. When goods are transported by mail or courier or related post, shipping insurance is used instead.
Tollinton Market
Tollinton Market, originally the Punjab Exhibition Hall, is the oldest purpose‑built colonial building on The Mall in Lahore, Pakistan. Conceived as the show‑piece of the Great Punjab Exhibition of 1864, the timber‑and‑brick hall later served as the city's first museum and, for much of the twentieth century, as Lahore's principal produce bazaar.

Lahore Museum
The Lahore Museum (Urdu: عجائب گھر لاہور, romanized: ajā'ib ghar lāhōr; lit. 'Lahore Wonder House') is a museum located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Founded in 1865 at a smaller location and opened in 1894 at its current location on The Mall in Lahore during the British colonial period, Lahore Museum is Pakistan's largest museum, as well as one of its most visited ones.

The museum houses an extensive collection of Buddhist art from the ancient Indo-Greek and Gandhara kingdoms. It also has collections from the Indus Valley Civilisation, Mughal Empire, Sikh Empire and the British Raj.

The Lahore Museum, along with the Zamzama Gun located directly in front of the building, is the setting of the opening scene in the novel Kim by Rudyard Kipling, whose father, John Lockwood Kipling, was one of the museum's earliest curators.
Archdiocese of Calabar
4°57′00″N 8°19′30″E﻿ / ﻿4.95000°N 8.32500°E﻿ / 4.95000; 8.32500

The Archdiocese of Calabar (Latin Archidioecesis Calabarensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Nigeria. Its archepiscopal see is Calabar, Cross River State. The Archbishop of Calabar is metropolitan of an ecclesiastical province with four suffragan dioceses: the Dioceses of Ikot Ekpene, Ogoja, Port Harcourt, and Uyo.

Diocese of Uyo
The Diocese of Uyo (Latin: Uyoën(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Nigeria. Its episcopal see is Uyo. The Diocese of Uyo is suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Calabar.
Mirsky's theorem
In mathematics, in the areas of order theory and combinatorics, Mirsky's theorem characterizes the height of any finite partially ordered set in terms of a partition of the order into a minimum number of antichains. It is named for Leon Mirsky (1971) and is closely related to Dilworth's theorem on the widths of partial orders, to the perfection of comparability graphs, to the Gallai–Hasse–Roy–Vitaver theorem relating longest paths and colorings in graphs, and to the Erdős–Szekeres theorem on monotonic subsequences.

Comparability graph
In graph theory and order theory, a comparability graph is an undirected graph that connects pairs of elements that are comparable to each other in a partial order. Comparability graphs have also been called transitively orientable graphs, partially orderable graphs, containment graphs, and divisor graphs.
An incomparability graph is an undirected graph that connects pairs of elements that are not comparable to each other in a partial order.
NGC 3657
NGC 3657 is a peculiar spiral galaxy located approximately 63 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It was discovered April 12, 1789 by  William Herschel. NGC 3657 is a member of the NGC 3631 Group which is part of the Ursa Major Cloud.

NGC 3657 has a huge ultraviolet extended disk revealed by the GALEX space telescope which suggests that NGC 3657 contains an extended HI reservoir. The galaxy has an unusually low ratio of the mass of dust (Mdust) to the mass of neutral atomic hydrogen (MHI) with its extended HI reservoir where star formation is not observed. This indicates that NGC 3657 has either only recently accreted gas from the outside environment or the HI gas in the galaxy has insufficient density to collapse and form stars.

The galaxy hosts a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 4.3 × 106 M☉.

NGC 3631
NGC 3631 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located at a distance of about 35 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 3631 is about 60,000 light years across. It was discovered by William Herschel on April 14, 1789. It is a grand design spiral galaxy seen face on.
Minister for Victims and Community Safety
The Minister for Victims and Community Safety is a Junior ministerial post in the Scottish Government. As a result, the minister does not attend the Scottish Cabinet. The post was created in May 1999 during the 1st Scottish Parliament as the Deputy Minister for Justice. Deputy ministers were renamed ministers after the election of the Scottish National Party in 2007. The minister reports to the Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs, who has overall responsibility for the portfolio, and is a member of cabinet.

Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs
The Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs (Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire a’ Chaibineit airson Ceartas agus Cùisean na Dùthcha), commonly referred to as the Justice Secretary (Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire a' Cheartais), is a position in the cabinet of the Scottish Government. The Cabinet Secretary has overall responsibility for law and order in Scotland. The current Cabinet Secretary for Justice is Angela Constance, who was appointed in March 2023.

The Cabinet Secretary is assisted by the Minister for Victims and Community Safety, Siobhian Brown.
EchoStar
EchoStar Corporation is an American telecommunications company, specializing in satellite communication, wireless telecommunications, and internet services. Echostar also provides multichannel video programming and mobile services through its subsidiaries: Dish Network, Boost Mobile, Sling TV, EchoStar Mobile, and Hughes Network Systems.

Originally establishing the Dish Network brand name in 1996, EchoStar later acquired Dish as a wholly owned subsidiary in 2023. EchoStar was included on the Fortune 500 list in 2024, ranking #242.

Hughes Network Systems
Hughes Network Systems, LLC is an American telecommunications company that specializes in providing satellite-based communication services for consumer and enterprise markets. It is headquartered in Germantown, Maryland and provides satellite internet services under the brand HughesNet. HughesNet has over a million subscribers in the Americas in late 2023, down from 1.4 million in early 2022. Hughes Network Systems is a wholly owned subsidiary of EchoStar, which acquired its former parent company, Hughes Communications, in 2011.
Flowers v. Mississippi
Flowers v. Mississippi, No. 17–9572, 588 U.S. 284 (2019), is a United States Supreme Court decision regarding the use of peremptory challenges to remove black jurors during a series of Mississippi criminal trials for Curtis Flowers, a black man convicted on murder charges. The Supreme Court held in Batson v. Kentucky that the use of peremptory challenges solely on the basis of race is unconstitutional. This case examined whether the Mississippi Supreme Court erred in how it applied Batson to this case. The Supreme Court ruled that Flowers' case fell under Batson and that the state inappropriately removed most of the potential black jurors during the trials.

Batson v. Kentucky
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court ruling that a prosecutor's use of a peremptory challenge in a criminal case—the dismissal of jurors without stating a valid cause for doing so—may not be used to exclude jurors based solely on their race. The Court ruled that this practice violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case gave rise to the term Batson challenge, an objection to a peremptory challenge based on the standard established by the Supreme Court's decision in this case.  Subsequent jurisprudence has resulted in the extension of Batson to civil cases (Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Company) and cases where jurors are excluded on the basis of sex (J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.).

The principle had been established previously by several state courts, including the California Supreme Court in 1978, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in 1979, and the Florida Supreme Court in 1984.
Tulle musket
The French-made Tulle musket or Fusil de chasse (fu-zi dee chā-se), originally meaning "hunting gun", was a light smoothbore flintlock musket designed for hunting. A later military variant known as the Fusil marine ordinaire, or "common naval musket" was issued to the French marines during the French and Indian War and American War of Independence. French Common Muskets were typically lighter and shorter than the later Charleville muskets also manufactured at Tulle.

Charleville musket
The Charleville musket was a .69 caliber standard French infantry musket used in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was made in 1717 and was last produced during the 1840s. However, it still saw limited use in conflicts through the mid-19th century (such as the Crimean War).
Boksitogorsky District
Boksitogorsky District (Russian: Бокситого́рский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Tikhvinsky District in the north and west, Babayevsky District of Vologda Oblast in the east, Chagodoshchensky District of Vologda Oblast in the southeast, Khvoyninsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the south, and with Lyubytinsky District of Novgorod Oblast in the southwest. The area of the district is 7,200 square kilometers (2,800 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Boksitogorsk. Population (excluding the administrative center): 15,695 (2010 Census); 17,698 (2002 Census); 49,452 (1989 Soviet census).

Khvoyninsky District
Khvoyninsky District (Russian: Хвойнинский район) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is located in the northeast of the oblast and borders with Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast in the north, Chagodoshchensky District of Vologda Oblast in the northeast, Pestovsky District in the southeast, Moshenskoy District in the south, Borovichsky District in the southwest, and with Lyubytinsky District in the west. The area of the district is 3,200 square kilometers (1,200 sq mi). Its administrative center is the urban locality (a work settlement) of Khvoynaya. Population: 15,552 (2010 census); 17,173 (2002 Census); 19,649 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Khvoynaya accounts for 41.1% of the district's total population.
2024 National League Division Series
The 2024 National League Division Series (NLDS) were two best-of-five playoff series in Major League Baseball's (MLB) 2024 postseason to determine the participating teams of the 2024 National League Championship Series (NLCS). These matchups are:

(1) Los Angeles Dodgers (NL West champions) vs. (4) San Diego Padres (Wild Card Series winner). Dodgers win the series, 3–2.

(2) Philadelphia Phillies (NL East champions) vs. (6) New York Mets (Wild Card Series winner). Mets win the series, 3–1.

The team with the better regular season record (higher seed) of each series hosts Games 1, 2, and (if necessary) 5, while the lower seeded team hosts Games 3 and 4.

The Dodgers would go on to defeat the New York Mets in the NLCS 
and then win the World Series over the Mets fellow Subway Series rival New York Yankees.

2024 National League Championship Series
The 2024 National League Championship Series was a best-of-seven playoff in Major League Baseball's 2024 postseason. It matched the overall #1 seed Los Angeles Dodgers against the sixth-seeded New York Mets. The Dodgers won the series, four games to two, to become National League (NL) champions and advance to the 2024 World Series. For his performance, Dodgers utilityman Tommy Edman won the NL Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award.

The series began on October 13 and ended on October 20. Fox and FS1 televised the games in the U.S.

The Dodgers went on to defeat the American League champion and the Mets fellow Subway Series rival New York Yankees in the 2024 World  Series to win their eighth World Series title in franchise history.
Swordsman (character)
Swordsman (Jacques Duquesne) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Don Heck, the character first appeared in The Avengers #19 (August 1965). Although Swordsman was first introduced as an enemy of Hawkeye and the Avengers, the character has since appeared as both a supervillain and a superhero.

Tony Dalton portrays a variation of the character, renamed Jack Duquesne, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe / Disney+ series Hawkeye (2021) and Daredevil: Born Again (2025).

Hawkeye (Clint Barton)
Hawkeye (Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, the character first appeared as a supervillain in Tales of Suspense #57 (September 1964) and later joined the Avengers as a superhero in The Avengers #16 (May 1965). He has since been a prominent member of several Avengers teams, founding the West Coast Avengers, briefly marrying and subsequently divorcing Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird, adopting the Ronin alias after his death and resurrection before mentoring Kate Bishop as his successor as Hawkeye. He was also ranked at #44 on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes list.

Jeremy Renner plays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Captain America: Civil War (2016), and Avengers: Endgame (2019), the animated series What If...? (2021), and the television miniseries Hawkeye (2021).
Seneca–Cayuga Nation
The Seneca–Cayuga Nation is one of three federally recognized tribes of Seneca people in the United States. It includes the Cayuga people and is based in Oklahoma, United States.  The tribe had more than 5,000 people in 2011. They have a tribal jurisdictional area in the northeast corner of Oklahoma and are headquartered in Grove, Oklahoma. They are descended from Haudenosaunee who had relocated to Ohio from New York state in the mid-18th century.

The other two federally recognized Seneca tribes are located in New York: the Seneca Nation of New York and the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians. There is one other federally recognized Cayuga tribe, the Cayuga Nation of New York.

Cayuga Nation of New York
The Cayuga Nation of New York is a federally recognized tribe of Cayuga people, based in New York, United States. Other organized tribes with Cayuga members are the federally recognized Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma and the Canadian-recognized Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation in Ontario, Canada, who do not receive federal recognition in the United States.
Chair in Transgender Studies at the University of Victoria
The Chair in Transgender Studies is the world's first research chair focused on the study of transgender individuals, issues, and history. It is housed at the University of Victoria, located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Unlike any other university department chair at the University of Victoria, the Chair in Transgender Studies is self-funded through philanthropy and private donations. The chair is unique in that it does not grant degrees, but instead works with both community and academic communities to further the advancement of transgender studies. Aaron Devor, the inaugural and current chair, works with researchers, community members, academics, and advocates to advance the study of trans scholarship. The chair focuses on four pillars: original research, continued scholarship, maintenance and growth of the Transgender Archives, and organization of Canada's largest international transgender conference, Moving Trans History Forward.

Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria
The Transgender Archives at the University of Victoria is the "largest transgender archive in the world".

The collection is located at the University of Victoria Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives (Mearns Centre for Learning), in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is coordinated by founder and subject matter expert Aaron H. Devor, chair in Transgender Studies, and managed by director of Special Collections and university archivist, Lara Wilson.

All holdings of the Transgender Archives are accessible to the public, free of charge, for personal research, investigation, and exploration.
Churches of Peace
The Churches of Peace (Polish: Kościoły Pokoju, German: Friedenskirchen) in Jawor and Świdnica in Lower Silesia. Poland, are 17th-century churches, named after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.

The treaty granted the Lutherans of Silesia to build three churches from wood, loam and straw outside the city walls, without steeples and church bells. The construction time was limited to one year. The third Peace church, erected in Głogów, burned down in 1758.
The exterior of the churches look austere due to the religious restrictions of the time, while their interiors are ornately decorated in Baroque style.
The interior of the Jawor church is decorated with 180 paintings, depicting Biblical scenes from the Old and the New Testament, while the church in Świdnica features apocalyptic visions as well as the panorama of surrounding area.

Since 2001, the two remaining churches are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

Holy Trinity Church of Peace in Świdnica

Church of Peace in Jawor

Church of Peace in Jawor
The Church of Peace in Jawor (German: Friedenskirche, Polish: Kościół Pokoju) is a wooden Evangelical Lutheran church of a wattle and daub structure, located in Jawor, Poland. It is a historic sacral building built under the agreements of the Peace of Westphalia concluded in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
Raja Perempuan Budriah
Raja Perempuan Besar Tengku Budriah binti Almarhum Tengku Ismail (Jawi: راج ڤرمڤوان بسر تڠکو بدرية بنت المرحوم تڠکو إسماعيل; 28 March 1924 – 28 November 2008) was the Raja Perempuan of Perlis and the third Raja Permaisuri Agong of Malaysia as the wife of Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail.

Putra of Perlis
Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail (Jawi: توانكو سر سيد هارون ڤوترا ابن المرحوم سيد حسن جمل الليل; 25 November 1920 – 16 April 2000) was the Raja of Perlis from 1945 until his death in 2000, and the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia), from 1960 to 1965.