hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lord Mengchang
Lord Mengchang (simplified Chinese: 孟尝君; traditional Chinese: 孟嘗君; pinyin: Mèngchángjūn; died 279 BC), born Tian Wen, was an aristocrat and statesman of the Qi Kingdom of ancient China, one of the famed Four Lords of the Warring States period. He was a son of Tian Ying and grandson of King Wei of Qi. He succeeded to his father's fief in Xue. Lord Mengchang is well known for the size of his entourage. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, he had up to three thousand people in his retinue. Lord Mengchang would eventually become the Chancellor of Qi and of Wei.

Wei (state)
Wei (/weɪ/; Chinese: 魏; pinyin: Wèi) was one of the seven major states during the Warring States period of ancient China. It was created from the three-way Partition of Jin, together with Han and Zhao. Its territory lay between the states of Qin and Qi and included parts of modern-day Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong. After its capital was moved from Anyi to Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) during the reign of King Hui, Wei was also called Liang (Chinese: 梁; pinyin: Liáng).

It should not to be confused with the smaller central Wey state 衞, which is still sometimes only differentiated by its Chinese character.
Common envelope jets supernova
Common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) is a type of supernova, where the explosion is caused by the merger of a giant or supergiant star with a compact star such as a neutron star or a black hole. As the compact star plunges into the envelope of the giant/supergiant, it begins to accrete matter from the envelope and launches jets that can disrupt the envelope. Often, the compact star eventually merges with the core of the giant/supergiant; other times the infall stops before core merger.

This kind of supernova has been invoked to explain certain kinds of supernova-like phenomena, including iPTF14hls.

IPTF14hls
iPTF14hls is an unusual supernova star that erupted continuously for about 1,000 days beginning in September 2014 before becoming a remnant nebula.  It had previously erupted in 1954. None of the theories nor proposed hypotheses fully explain all the aspects of the object.
Battle of Unsan
39°58′20″N 125°48′12″E﻿ / ﻿39.97222°N 125.80333°E﻿ / 39.97222; 125.80333﻿ (Unsan)

The Battle of Unsan (Korean: 운산전투; Hanja: 雲山戰鬪; RR: Unsan jeontu; MR: Unsan chŏnt'u), also known as the Battle of Yunshan (Chinese: 云山战斗; pinyin: Yúnshān zhàndòu), was a series of engagements of the Korean War that took place from 25 October to 4 November 1950 near Unsan, North Pyongan province in present-day North Korea. As part of the People's Republic of China's First Phase Campaign, the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) repeatedly attacked the Republic of Korea Army's (ROK) 1st Infantry Division near Unsan beginning on 25 October, to surprise the advancing United Nations Command (UNC). The United States' (US) 8th Cavalry Regiment was encircled on 1–2 November and broke out with the loss of most of its heavy equipment.

Battle of Onjong
40°6′33″N 125°53′47″E﻿ / ﻿40.10917°N 125.89639°E﻿ / 40.10917; 125.89639﻿ (Onjong-ri)

The Battle of Onjong (Korean: 온정리 전투), also known as the Battle of Wenjing (Chinese: 温井战斗; pinyin: Wēnjǐng zhàndòu), was one of the first engagements between Chinese and South Korean forces during the Korean War. It took place around Onjong in present-day North Korea from 25 to 29 October 1950. As the main focus of the Chinese First Phase Offensive, the People's Volunteer Army (PVA) 40th Corps conducted a series of ambushes against the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) II Corps, effectively destroying the right flank of the United States Eighth Army while stopping the UN advance north toward the Yalu River.
Emily Hunter
Emily Hunter  (born May 20, 1984) is a Canadian activist, author and filmmaker. She is the daughter of the late Robert Hunter, first president of Greenpeace and Bobbi Hunter, co-founder of Greenpeace. She has been a campaigner for nearly a decade on numerous environmental causes, from fighting whaling to climate change.  She is known in Canada as a writer for THIS magazine and as environmental correspondent for MTV News.

Robert Hunter (journalist)
Robert Lorne Hunter (October 13, 1941 – May 2, 2005) was a Canadian environmentalist, journalist, author and politician. He was a member of the Don't Make a Wave Committee in 1969, and a co-founder of Greenpeace in 1971 and its first president. He led the first on-sea anti-whaling campaigns in the world, against Russian and Australian whalers, which helped lead to the ban on commercial whaling. He campaigned against nuclear testing, the Canadian seal hunt and later, climate change with his book Thermageddon: Countdown to 2030. He was named by Time as one of the "Eco-Heroes" of the 20th century.
Army Council (1647)
The Army Council was a body established in 1647 to represent the views of all levels of the New Model Army. It originally consisted of senior commanders, like Sir Thomas Fairfax, and representatives elected by their regiments, known as Agitators.

Following the Putney Debates of October to November 1647, Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton grew concerned by their radicalism, and in 1648, Agitators were removed from the Council. Now dominated by the so-called Grandees, it became the Council of Officers.

Agitators
The Agitators were a political movement as well as elected representatives of soldiers, including members of the New Model Army under General the Lord Fairfax, during the English Civil War. They were also known as adjutators. Many of the ideas of the movement were later adopted by the Levellers.
Winnowing
Winnowing is a process by which chaff is separated from grain. It can also be used to remove pests from stored grain. Winnowing usually follows threshing in grain preparation. In its simplest form, it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff, while the heavier grains fall back down for recovery. Techniques included using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff) or using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.

Threshing
Threshing, or thrashing, is the process of loosening the edible part of grain (or other crop) from the straw to which it is attached. It is the step in grain preparation after reaping. Threshing does not remove the bran from the grain.
CJ Kirst
Christopher John Kirst (born September 20, 2002) is an American professional lacrosse player for the Philadelphia Waterdogs of the Premier Lacrosse League (PLL) and for the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League (NLL), having become the fifth player to be selected first overall in both drafts in 2025. Previously, Kirst played college lacrosse for Cornell University, where he set a new Division I record for most career goals with 247. In his senior year, he tied Jon Reese's and Miles Thompson's single season goals record with 82, won Cornell's first NCAA title in any sport in 48 years, and became the third Cornell player to win the Tewaaraton Award after Max Seibald and Rob Pannell.

Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse
The Cornell Big Red men's lacrosse team represents Cornell University in NCAA Division I men's lacrosse. The Big Red have won four NCAA national championships and currently compete as a member of the Ivy League. Cornell plays its games at Schoellkopf Field in Ithaca, New York. Three Cornell men have won college lacrosse's highest honor, the Tewaaraton Award: Max Seibald in 2009, Rob Pannell in 2013, and CJ Kirst in 2025.
Kposo people
The Kposo or Akposso people (Kposo: Akpɔsɔ) are an ethnic group living in the Plateau Region of southern Togo, west of Atakpamé, and across the border in Ghana. Their ethnic language is Kposo or Ikposo.

Kposo language
Kposo language, or Ikposo (Ikpɔsɔ), is the language of the Akposso people, mainly in the Plateau Region of Togo, west of Atakpamé, but also into eastern Ghana. It is considered one of the Ghana–Togo Mountain languages, but does not have the system of noun classes that is characteristic of other languages in the group.
Anthony Rota
Anthony Michael Gerard Rota PC (born May 15, 1961) is a Canadian politician who served as the 37th speaker of the House of Commons from 2019 to 2023. A member of the Liberal Party, he served as the member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Nipissing—Timiskaming until 2025. He previously represented Nipissing—Timiskaming as MP from 2004 to 2011. In 2019, he was elected by the House of Commons to be the speaker in the 43rd Parliament and in 2021 was re-elected in the 44th Parliament.

On September 27, 2023, he resigned as speaker due to the honouring of former Waffen-SS "Galicia" Ukrainian veteran Yaroslav Hunka in the House of Commons, triggering the 2023 speakership election.

43rd Canadian Parliament
The 43rd Canadian Parliament was in session from December 5, 2019, to August 15, 2021, with the membership of its Lower House, the House of Commons of Canada, having been determined by the results of the 2019 federal election held on October 21, 2019. It was dissolved prior to the 2021 Federal Election.

There were two sessions of the 43rd Parliament:
Kid Congo Powers
Brian Tristan (born March 27, 1959), better known by his stage name Kid Congo Powers, is an American rock guitarist, singer, and actor best known as a member of the Gun Club, the Cramps and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. He has also played with the Divine Horsemen, the Angels of Light, Die Haut, and Knoxville Girls.

As of January 2015, Powers' primary musical project is the band the Pink Monkey Birds.

Knoxville Girls
Knoxville Girls was a short-lived American, New York City based, alternative rock supergroup that contained: Bob Bert (of Sonic Youth and Pussy Galore), on drums, Jerry Teel (of Boss Hog and Little Porkchop) on vocals, guitars; Kid Congo Powers (of The Gun Club and The Cramps) on guitar and vocals; Jack Martin (of Little Porkchop and Blackstrap Molasses Family) on guitar; and Barry London (of Stab City) on organ.

The group released two albums: Knoxville Girls in 1999, and In a Paper Suit in 2001, before disbanding.
Challenger Early College High School
Challenger Early College High School is a public secondary school in Hickory, North Carolina, United States on the campus of Catawba Valley Community College. Challenger Early College High School is ranked the top high school in Catawba County Schools.

Catawba Valley Community College
Catawba Valley Community College (CVCC) is a public community college in Hickory, North Carolina. The college, established April 3, 1958, is part of the North Carolina Community College System. The main campus covers 162 acres (0.66 km2) and includes 16 buildings. The college also operates a Cosmetology Center in downtown Newton, the CVCC Alexander Center for Education in Taylorsville, and East Campus, where continuing education and business & industry services are provided. Specialty programs include the Manufacturing Solutions Center, where US manufacturers are provided assistance to increase sales, improve quality and improve efficiency. A 28,000-square-foot (2,600 m2) Regional Simulated Hospital, ValleySim Hospital, opened in 2011.  CVCC now has two furniture academies, one in Newton, North Carolina, and one in Taylorsville,  North Carolina.
MS München
MS München was a German LASH carrier of the Hapag-Lloyd line that sank with all 28 hands for unknown reasons in a severe North Atlantic storm in December 1978. The most accepted theory is that one or more rogue waves hit München and damaged her, so that she drifted for 33 hours with a list of 50 degrees without electricity or propulsion.

Lighter aboard ship
The lighter aboard ship (LASH) system refers to the practice of loading barges (lighters) aboard a bigger vessel for transport.  It was developed in response to a need to transport lighters, a type of (usually but not always) unpowered barge, between inland waterways separated by open seas.  Lighters are typically towed or pushed around harbors, canals or rivers and cannot be relocated under their own power.  The carrier ships are known variously as LASH carriers, barge carriers, kangaroo ships or lighter transport ships.
Ernest Archdeacon
Ernest Archdeacon (23 March 1863 – 3 January 1950) was a French lawyer and aviation pioneer before the First World War. He made his first balloon flight at the age of 20. He commissioned a copy of the 1902 Wright No. 3 glider but had only limited success. He was regarded as France's foremost promoter and sponsor of aviation, offering prizes (Coupe d'Aviation Ernest Archdeacon and the Deutsch de la Meurthe-Archdeacon prize), commissioning designs, and organising tests and events.

His most lasting contribution to aviation is the Aéro-Club de France, the oldest aero-club in the world, which he co-founded in 1898. On 29 May 1908, Archdeacon became the first aeroplane passenger in Europe when he was piloted by Henry Farman at Ghent.

Henri Farman
Henri Farman (26 May 1874 – 17 July 1958) was a British-French aviator and aircraft designer and manufacturer with his brother Maurice Farman. Before dedicating himself to aviation he gained fame as a sportsman, specifically in cycling and motor racing. Henri acquired French nationality in 1937.
John Lloyd (tennis)
John Lloyd (born 27 August 1954) is a British former professional tennis player. Lloyd reached an ATP world ranking of 23 in July 1978, and was ranked as UK number 1 in 1984 and 1985. He now works as a tennis commentator.

During his career, he reached one Grand Slam singles final – losing to Vitas Gerulaitis in the 1977 Australian Open. Lloyd won three Grand Slam mixed doubles titles with tennis partner Wendy Turnbull: the French Open in 1982 and Wimbledon in 1983 and 1984. Lloyd was a member of the Great Britain team that reached the final of the 1978 Davis Cup, losing to the United States.

He was the first husband of the former top woman player Chris Evert and is the younger brother of the former British Davis Cup captain David Lloyd. He served as the British Davis Cup captain himself from August 2006 until March 2010. He is a member of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.

Vitas Gerulaitis
Vytautas "Vitas" Kevin Gerulaitis (July 26, 1954 – September 17, 1994) was an American professional tennis player. He was ranked world No. 3 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) in 1978. Gerulaitis won the men's singles title at the December 1977 Australian Open, and the men's doubles title at the 1975 Wimbledon Championships, partnering with Sandy Mayer. Gerulaitis also won two Italian Opens in 1977 and 1979, and the 1978 WCT Finals.
Superior, Colorado
Superior is a Home Rule Town in Boulder County, Colorado, United States, with a small, uninhabited segment of land area extending into Jefferson County.  Superior is a suburban community with a population of 13,361 as of 2024. Located in Colorado's Front Range urban corridor, it is close to the cities of Boulder, Denver, and the foothills of the Front Range mountains.

Boulder County, Colorado
Boulder County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 330,758. The most populous municipality in the county and the county seat is Boulder. Boulder County comprises the Boulder, Colorado Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the 12-county Denver-Aurora-Greeley, CO Combined Statistical Area.
Damodar Pande
Damodar Pande (Nepali: दामोदर पाँडे) (1752 – March 13, 1804) was the Mulkaji of Nepal (equivalent to Prime Minister of Nepal) from 1803 until March 1804 and the most influential Kaji from 1794 to his execution on March 13, 1804. He is also referred to as arguably the first Prime Minister of Nepal. He was the youngest son of Kalu Pande, the famous Kaji of Prithivi Narayan Shah. He was born in 1752 in Gorkha. Damodar Pande was one of the commanders during the Sino-Nepalese War and in Nepal-Tibet War. He was among the successful Gorkhali warriors sent towards the east by Prithivi Narayan Shah.

After his execution, Ranajit Pande (who was his paternal cousin) was established as Mulkaji (Chief Kaji), along with Bhimsen Thapa as second Kaji, Sher Bahadur Shah as Mul Chautariya and Ranga Nath Poudyal as Raj Guru (royal preceptor).

Kaji (Nepal)
Kaji (Nepali: काजी) was a title and position used by nobility of Gorkha Kingdom (1559–1768) and Kingdom of Nepal between 1768 and 1846. Many other contemporary kingdoms used the same title for their ministers. The main title "Kajiraj" was given by PN Shah to his beloviest friend Chitrodhan Narsingh Gurung and surname (Thakur/Thakur Saheb) who started first "Digvijay Pratha" in Nepal.
Parma Cathedral
44°48′12″N 10°19′52″E﻿ / ﻿44.80333°N 10.33111°E﻿ / 44.80333; 10.33111

Parma Cathedral (Italian: Duomo di Parma; Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Parma, Emilia-Romagna, dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Parma. It is an important Italian Romanesque cathedral: the dome, in particular, is decorated by a highly influential illusionistic fresco by Renaissance painter Antonio da Correggio.

Antonio da Correggio
Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just Correggio (/kəˈrɛdʒioʊ/, also UK: /kɒˈ-/, US: /-dʒoʊ/, Italian: [korˈreddʒo]), was an Italian Renaissance painter who was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the sixteenth century. In his use of dynamic composition, illusionistic perspective and dramatic foreshortening, Correggio prefigured the Baroque art of the seventeenth century and the Rococo art of the eighteenth century. He is considered a master of chiaroscuro.
Georgia State Route 15
State Route 15 (SR 15) is a 346-mile-long (557 km) state highway that travels south-to-north across the entire length of the U.S. state of Georgia, east of its centerline. This route is part of a multi two-state route 15 that begins at Florida and ends at Georgia at the North Carolina state line. It connects the Florida state line, south-southeast of Folkston with the North Carolina state line, in Dillard, via Folkston, Blackshear, Baxley, Vidalia, Soperton Wrightsville, Sandersville, Greensboro, Athens, Demorest, and Clayton.

SR 15 used to travel through Hazlehurst, Glenwood, and Dublin, which is now the path of SR 19. It used to travel from Dublin to Wrightsville, which is now the path of US 319/SR 31. It also used to travel from Athens, through Arcade and Jefferson, to Commerce, which is now the route of SR 15 Alt.

Georgia State Route 365
State Route 365 (SR 365, also known as the Sidney Lanier Parkway) is a 69.5-mile-long (111.8 km) state highway that travels within portions of Gwinnett, Hall, Habersham, and Stephens counties in the US state of Georgia. It begins at exit 113 on Interstate 85 (I-85), at the southeastern edge of Suwanee. This is also the southern terminus of I-985. It continues from that point running concurrently with I-985 for the entire length of that freeway. Eventually, U.S. Route 23 (US 23) also joins the concurrency. The highway heads northeast through Gainesville and Toccoa, before it terminates at the South Carolina state line, southwest of Westminster, South Carolina.
Dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2S=O. This colorless liquid is the sulfoxide most widely used commercially. It is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. It has a relatively high boiling point. DMSO is metabolised to compounds that leave a garlic-like taste in the mouth after DMSO is absorbed by skin.

In terms of chemical structure, the molecule has idealized Cs symmetry. It has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry consistent with other three-coordinate S(IV) compounds, with a nonbonded electron pair on the approximately tetrahedral sulfur atom.

Methylsulfonylmethane
Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO2. It is also known by several other names including methyl sulfone and (especially in alternative medicine) methylsulfonylmethane (MSM). This colorless solid features the sulfonyl functional group and is the simplest of the sulfones. It is relatively inert chemically and is able to resist decomposition at elevated temperatures. It occurs naturally in some primitive plants, is present in small amounts in many foods and beverages, and is marketed (under the MSM name) as a dietary supplement. It is sometimes used as a cutting agent for illicitly manufactured methamphetamine. It is also commonly found in the atmosphere above marine areas, where it is used as a carbon source by the airborne bacteria Afipia. Oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide produces the sulfone, both under laboratory conditions and metabolically.
Kumul Rebellion
The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion from 1931 to 1934 of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, the governor of Xinjiang Province. The Kumulik Uyghurs were loyal to the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the khanate and overthrow Jin. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his unapproved negotiations with the Soviet Union, so Chinese Premier Chiang Kai-shek secretly approved of the operation while ostensibly acknowledging Jin as governor. The rebellion eventually catapulted into large-scale fighting as Khotanlik Uyghur rebels in Southern Xinjiang started a separate rebellion for independence in collusion with Kyrgyz rebels. The various groups of rebels were not united and some even fought each other.

Hotan
Hotan is a major oasis town in southwestern Xinjiang, an autonomous region in Northwestern China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger Hotan County to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of Hotan Prefecture.

With a population of 408,900 (2018 census), Hotan is situated in the Tarim Basin some 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) southwest of the regional capital, Ürümqi. It lies just north of the Kunlun Mountains, which are crossed by the Sanju, Hindutash and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of Yarkant County and populated almost exclusively by Uyghurs, is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic Silk Road, Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers, the Karakash River and the White Jade River, to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast Taklamakan Desert. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.
Frances Walsingham
Frances Burke, Countess of Clanricarde (née Walsingham, formerly Devereux and Sidney; 1567 – 17 February 1633) was an English noblewoman. The daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State, she became the wife of Sir Philip Sidney at age 16. Her second husband was Queen Elizabeth's favourite, Robert Devereaux, Earl of Essex, with whom she had five children. Two years after his execution in 1601, she married Richard Burke, Earl of Clanricarde, and went to live with him in Ireland.

Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde
Richard Burke (or de Burgh), 4th Earl of Clanricarde PC (Ire) (/dəˈbɜːr ... klænˈrɪkɑːrd/ də-BUR ... klan-RIK-ard; 1572 – 12 November 1635), styled Lord Dunkellin (/dʌnˈkɛlɪn/ dun-KEL-in) until 1601, was an Irish nobleman and politician.

He was the son of Ulick Burke, 3rd Earl of Clanricarde. Knighted in 1602 for his exploits as leader of the English cavalry during the Battle of Kinsale, he would later serve as Lord President of Connaught from 1604 to 1616, Governor of Galway from 1616, and as a member of the Privy Council of Ireland (1625). Having established himself as the largest and most influential landowner in Connacht, his later life was characterized by animosity between him and an increasingly hostile and acquisitive Dublin government.