hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Climate Council
The Climate Council is Australia's leading climate change communications non-profit organisation and was formed to provide independent, authoritative information on climate change and its solutions to the Australian public. It advocates reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was created by former members of the Climate Commission after it was abolished by the Abbott government in 2013. It is funded by donations from the public.

Climate communication
Climate communication or climate change communication is a field of environmental communication and science communication focused on discussing the causes, nature and effects of anthropogenic climate change.

Research in the field emerged in the 1990s and has since grown and diversified to include studies concerning the media, conceptual framing, and public engagement and response. Since the late 2000s, a growing number of studies have been conducted in countries in the Global South and have been focused on climate communication with marginalized populations.

Most research focuses on raising public knowledge and awareness, understanding underlying cultural values and emotions, and bringing about public engagement and action. Major issues include familiarity with the audience, barriers to public understanding, creating change, audience segmentation, changing rhetoric, public health, storytelling, media coverage, and popular culture.
Ksenia Ge
Ksenia Mikhailovna Ge (née Serdyukova; Russian: Ксения Михайловна Ге; 1892–1919) was a Russian communist revolutionary. Born in Chișinău, she joined the Bolshevik Party while in exile, where she met her husband Aleksandr Ge. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, she moved to the Caucasian city of Kislovodsk, where she worked for the Cheka and the People's Commissariat of Health. After the Volunteer Army captured the city, she was arrested and her husband was killed. She attempted to escape, but was given up and hanged.

Aleksandr Ge
Aleksandr Yulievich Ge (1879–1919) was a Russian anarchist politician. An activist from an early age, he became an anarchist communist during the 1905 Revolution and fled to Switzerland for his revolutionary activities. In exile, he became a vocal proponent of the internationalist position during World War I, before returning to Russia with the outbreak of the 1917 Revolution. There he was elected to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and challenged a number of Bolshevik policies, particularly the ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the political repression of Russian anarchists. He then moved to the North Caucasus, where he was appointed as chairman of the local Cheka and participated in the region's defence against the White movement, for which he was eventually killed.
Stanley Elkins
Stanley Maurice Elkins (April 27, 1925 in Boston, Massachusetts – September 16, 2013 in Leeds, Massachusetts) was an American historian, best known for his unique and controversial comparison of slavery in the United States to Nazi concentration camps, and for his collaborations (in a book and numerous articles) with Eric McKitrick regarding the early American Republic. They together wrote The Age of Federalism, on the history of the founding fathers of America.

Eric McKitrick
Eric Louis McKitrick (July 5, 1919 – April 24, 2002) was an American historian, best known for The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (1993) with Stanley Elkins, which won the Bancroft Prize in 1994.
Mission Point Resort
Mission Point Resort is a summer resort hotel located on Mackinac Island, an island in the Straits of Mackinac between the US state of Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas.  It is located on the southeastern shoreline of the island, also called Mission Point.

Mission Point (Mackinac Island)
Mission Point is located on the southeast side of Mackinac Island, Michigan. It is approximately 21 acres (8.5 ha) in size between Robinson's Folly and the jetty terminating near Franks Street. The Island has a history of documented European development beginning with French Jesuit missionaries landing at the point in 1634, less than two decades after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock on the East Coast of North America.

Since that time, development at Mission Point has included a Mission House, summer house, several summer Victorian cottages, conference center for an international group, theater, film studio, college campus, and vacation resort. Mission Point looks out toward Round Island (Michigan) over the Straits of Mackinac, the principal waterway between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. In the early 21st century, Mission Point has been developed as Mission Point Resort, a full-service facility including guest lodging, three restaurants, putting greens, a museum, and a theater.
Eggert Christopher Knuth
Eggert Christopher (von) Knuth, Count of Knuthenborg and Gyldensteen (20 October 1722 – 26 February 1776), was a Danish landowner, Supreme Court justice and Prefect of the Diocese of Zealand. He was the brother of Christian Frederik and Conrad Ditlev Knuth and the father of Johan Henrik Knuth and Frederik Knuth.

Johan Henrik Knuth
Johan Henrik (Heinrich) Knuth (22 August 1746 – 12 July 1802) was a Danish nobleman and the third Count of Knuthenborg. He served as Prefect of Zealand and the Faroe Islands from 1790 until his death. He also served as county governor (Danish: amtmand) of Roskilde County (1796–1799) and Copenhagen County (1800–1802).
Yamaha OPL
The OPL (FM Operator Type-L) series is a family of sound chips developed by Yamaha. It consists of low-cost sound chips providing FM synthesis for use in computing, music and video game applications.

The OPL series of chips enabled the creation of affordable sound cards for IBM PC compatibles in the late 1980s such as the AdLib and Sound Blaster, effectively becoming a de-facto standard until they were supplanted by "wavetable synthesis" cards in the early-to-mid 1990s.

Sound Blaster
Sound Blaster is a family of sound cards and audio peripherals designed by Creative Technology/Creative Labs of Singapore. The first Sound Blaster card was introduced in 1989.

Sound Blaster sound cards were the de facto standard for consumer audio on the IBM PC compatible platform until the widespread transition to Microsoft Windows 95 and the integration of commoditized audio electronics in PCs. Windows 95 standardized the programming interface at the application level and thereby eliminated the importance of backward compatibility with Sound Blaster cards.

By 1995, Sound Blaster cards had sold over 15 million units worldwide and accounted for seven out of ten sound card sales. To date, Sound Blaster has sold over 400 million units, and their current product lineup includes USB-powered DACs as well as other audio adapters.
Francis Showering
Francis Edwin Showering CBE (10 July 1912 – 5 September 1995), was an English brewer.  His family company, Showerings, invented Babycham, a light, sparkling perry, launched in 1953 and originally marketed as "genuine champagne perry".  In 1957, it became the first alcoholic product to be advertised on UK television.

Babycham
Babycham (/ˈbeɪbiːʃæm/) is a light (6% ABV), sparkling perry invented by Francis Showering, a brewer in Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England. The name was owned by Accolade Wines until 2021, when it was bought back into the Showering family business Brothers Drinks Limited. The brand was particularly popular during the 1960s and 1970s. The new owners are planning a major rebrand and relaunch of the drink.
Aerocoach
Aerocoach (full name General American Aerocoach Corporation) was a bus and coach manufacturer based in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States and was popular in the 1940s. The company existed between 1939 and 1952 when it went out of business. Its first manager was Harry Alphonse Fitzjohn, co-founder of the FitzJohn-Erwin Manufacturing Company.

FitzJohn
FitzJohn was an American bus manufacturer in Muskegon, Michigan. The company was founded October 8, 1919, by Harry Alphonse FitzJohn, and built over 5,000 bus bodies, complete buses, stretchout sedans and passenger-carrying trailers before closing down in May 1958.
DIRECT & Jupiter Rocket Family
DIRECT was a late-2000s proposed alternative super heavy lift launch vehicle architecture supporting NASA's Vision for Space Exploration that would replace the space agency's planned Ares I and Ares V rockets with a family of Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicles named "Jupiter". It was intended to be the alternative to the Ares I and Ares V rockets which were under development for the Constellation program, intended to develop the Orion spacecraft for use in Earth orbit, the Moon, and Mars.

Major benefits were projected from re-using as much hardware and facilities from the Space Shuttle program as possible, including cost savings, experience with existing hardware, and preserving the workforce.

Ares I
Ares I was the crew launch vehicle that was being developed by NASA as part of the Constellation program. The name "Ares" refers to the Greek deity Ares, who is identified with the Roman god Mars. Ares I was originally known as the "Crew Launch Vehicle" (CLV).

NASA planned to use Ares I to launch Orion, the spacecraft intended for NASA human spaceflight missions after the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011. Ares I was to complement the larger, uncrewed Ares V, which was the cargo launch vehicle for Constellation. NASA selected the Ares designs for their anticipated overall safety, reliability and cost-effectiveness. However, the Constellation program, including Ares I, was cancelled by U.S. president Barack Obama in October 2010 with the passage of his 2010 NASA authorization bill. In September 2011, NASA detailed the Space Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit.
Photographic fixer
Photographic fixer is a chemical, or mixture of chemicals, used as the final step in the photographic processing of film or paper. The fixer stabilises the image, removing the unexposed light-sensitive material from the media, and making it insensitive to further action by light.

In the gelatin silver process, the basis for all film photography, exposed silver halides are reduced to metallic silver by the developer, forming the image. Once development is complete, remaining silver halides are removed from the film or photographic paper by the fixer, typically sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. Without fixing, the remaining silver halide would darken and cause fogging of the image.

Photographic developer
In the processing of photographic films, plates or papers, the photographic developer (or just developer) is one or more chemicals that convert the latent image to a visible image. Developing agents achieve this conversion by reducing the silver halides, which are pale-colored, into silver metal, which is black when in the form of fine particles. The conversion occurs within the gelatine matrix. The special feature of photography is that the developer acts more quickly on those particles of silver halide that have been exposed to light. When left in developer, all the silver halides will eventually be reduced and turn black. Generally, the longer a developer is allowed to work, the darker the image.
Hubat
Hubat (Harari: ሆበት Hobät), also known as Hobat, or Kubat was a historical Muslim state located in present-day eastern Ethiopia. Historically part of the Adal region alongside Gidaya and Hargaya states on the Harar plateau. Hubat is today within a district known as Adare Qadima which includes Garamuelta and its surroundings in Oromia region. The area is 30 km north west of Harar city at Hubeta, according to historian George Huntingford. Trimingham locates it as the region between Harar and Jaldessa. Archaeologist Timothy Insoll considers Harla town to be Hubat the capital of the now defunct Harla Kingdom.

Gidaya
Gidaya (Harari: ጊዳየ Gidāyä; Somali: Gidaaya), also known as Gedaya or Jidaya was a historical Muslim state located around present-day eastern Ethiopia. The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of Adal region alongside Hargaya and Hubat polities. It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Mora, Hadiya, Fatagar, Biqulzar, Fedis and Kwelgora.
Cypriniformes
Cypriniformes /sɪˈprɪnɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish which contains many sister families and genera of cypriniform fish split into several suborders, including the barbs, loaches, botias, carps, danionins, and minnows, amongst others. Cypriniformes is an "order-within-an-order", placed under the superorder Ostariophysi—which is also made up of cyprinid, ostariophysin fishes. The order contains 11–12 families (with some authorities having listed as many as 23), over 400 genera, and more than 4,250 named species; new species are regularly described, and new genera are recognized frequently. Cyprinids are most diverse in South and Southeast Asia and are entirely absent from Australia and South America. At 112 years old, the longest-lived cypriniform fish documented is the bigmouth buffalo.

Their closest living relatives are the Characiformes (characins, tetras and their kin), the Gymnotiformes (electric eel and American knifefishes), and the Siluriformes (catfishes).

Ostariophysi
Ostariophysi is the second-largest superorder of fish. Members of this superorder are called ostariophysians. This diverse group contains 10,758 species, about 28% of known fish species in the world and 68% of freshwater species, and are present on all continents except Antarctica. They have a number of common characteristics such as an alarm substance and a Weberian apparatus. Members of this group include fish important to people for food, sport, the aquarium industry, and research.
Maple Ridge, British Columbia
Maple Ridge is a city in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the northeastern section of Greater Vancouver between the Fraser River and the Golden Ears, a group of mountain summits which constitute the southernmost portion of the Garibaldi Ranges of the Coast Mountains. Maple Ridge's population in 2021 was 90,990. Its downtown core area was once known as Haney.

Haney, British Columbia
Haney, British Columbia is the name of the downtown core of the city of Maple Ridge, British Columbia.  The name derived originally from Thomas Haney, the namesake of Port Haney, the neighbourhood adjoining today's downtown along the Fraser River immediately south, which is today includes a station on the West Coast Express and was formerly a steamboat port.  Port Haney is a designated heritage district in Maple Ridge and includes buildings moved to the neighbourhood from other parts of the municipality that otherwise might have been demolished.
Cylance
Cylance Inc. is an American software firm based in Irvine, California, that develops antivirus programs and other kinds of computer software that prevents viruses and malware.

In February 2019, the company was acquired by BlackBerry Limited for $1.4 billion. After the acquisition, it continues to operate as an independent subsidiary and will remain headquartered in Irvine, California.

In December 2024, Arctic Wolf entered into an agreement with BlackBerry Limited to purchase Cylance. BlackBerry will sell its Cylance assets to Arctic Wolf for $160 million in cash, subject to certain adjustments, and approximately 5.5 million common shares of Arctic Wolf. After allowing for the purchase price adjustments, BlackBerry will receive approximately $80 million in cash at closing and approximately $40 million in cash one year following the closing.

Antivirus software
Antivirus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is software intended to prevent, detect, and remove malware.

Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of other malware, antivirus software started to protect against other computer threats. Some products also include protection from malicious URLs, spam, and phishing.
Pyhäsalmi Mine
Pyhäsalmi Mine is the deepest active base metal mine in Europe, having a depth of 1,444 metres or 4,738 feet.: 5  It is located at the Pyhäjärvi municipality in the south of Northern Ostrobothnia province, Finland. The zinc and copper mine is owned by First Quantum Minerals, a Canadian mining corporation.

The mine was due to be shut down in 2019, but due to an increase in demand for pyrite from Yara in Siilinjärvi, mining was extended to continue approximately 14 more months. Pyrite is a byproduct of copper and zinc mining. As of now, mining is going to be continued until spring 2021. Above-ground refining will continue until 2025.

Callio is a project to oversee the reuse of the Pyhäsalmi Mine once mining activities are halted permanently. The aim is to make the mine into a hospitable operating environment for businesses and an underground research facility. It is a joint project by the town of Pyhäjärvi and the University of Oulu.

Callio
Callio is a project to oversee the reuse of the Pyhäsalmi Mine, located in the town of Pyhäjärvi in Finland. Callio aims to make Pyhäsalmi Mine an operating environment for businesses and an underground research facility.

Callio is a joint project by the town of Pyhäjärvi and the University of Oulu. In 2017 the facility joined the "Baltic Sea Underground Facilities and Innovation Network" (BSUIN).

The word "callio" is an anglicised version of the Finnish word "kallio" [kael-lee-oh], meaning crystalline bedrock.
Route 491 (Pennsylvania–Delaware)
Pennsylvania Route 491 (PA 491) and Delaware Route 491 (DE 491) is a state highway starting in Delaware County, Pennsylvania and ending in New Castle County, Delaware. Also known as Naamans Creek Road, the route runs from U.S. Route 202 (US 202) in Concord Township east to the Delaware border in Lower Chichester Township.  In the state of Delaware, the highway runs for 0.36 mi (0.58 km) as a connector between the Pennsylvania border and DE 92 near Claymont, Delaware. PA 491 runs closely parallel to the Delaware border throughout its route. It intersects PA 261 in the Booths Corner section of Bethel Township. The western portion of PA 491 was first designated as part of Legislative Route 135 in 1911. In the 1920s, the Delaware portion of road was built as a state highway while PA 491 was created in 1928.

Delaware Route 92
Delaware Route 92 (DE 92) is a 8.83-mile-long (14.21 km) road in northern New Castle County, Delaware, that runs a short distance to the south of the Pennsylvania/Delaware state line for most of its length. The route runs from DE 100 near Montchanin east to U.S. Route 13 (US 13) in Claymont. The road is a two-lane rural road between the western terminus and US 202, passing through Brandywine Creek State Park and the Brandywine Valley section of First State National Historical Park. East of US 202, DE 92 is a four-lane divided highway called Naamans Road that passes through suburban areas to the north of Wilmington, with an interchange at Interstate 95 (I-95) in Claymont. DE 92 was first built as a state highway east of US 202 during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1968, the route was designated onto its current alignment. In the 1990s, DE 92 east of US 202 was widened into a divided highway.
Wilkes-Barre Area High School
Wilkes-Barre Area High School is a high school in the Wilkes-Barre Area School District, located in Plains, Pennsylvania. The student body mascot is the Wolfpack. The school opened in August 2021, replacing James M. Coughlin High School, G. A. R. Memorial Junior/Senior High School, and Elmer L. Meyers Junior/Senior High School.

Elmer L. Meyers Junior/Senior High School
Elmer L. Meyers Junior/Senior High School (commonly known throughout the area as 'E. L. Meyers' or 'Meyers') was an urban, public school located on 341 Carey Avenue, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.  It was one of three public high schools in the Wilkes-Barre Area School District. Meyers was both a junior and senior public high school, offering education to approximately 898 students in grades 7–12. The student to teacher ratio was approximately 12.6 students per teacher. Meyers' sports teams were called "Mohawks".
Treaty of Limerick
The Treaty of Limerick (Irish: Conradh Luimnigh), signed on 3 October 1691, ended the Williamite War in Ireland, a conflict related to the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). It consisted of two separate agreements, one with military terms of surrender, signed by commanders of a French expeditionary force and Irish Jacobites loyal to the exiled James II. Baron de Ginkell, leader of government forces in Ireland, signed on behalf of William III and his wife Mary II. It allowed Jacobite units to be transported to France, the diaspora known as the Flight of the Wild Geese.

The other set out conditions for those who remained, including guarantees of religious freedom for Catholics, and retention of property for those who remained in Ireland. Many were subsequently altered or ignored, establishing the Protestant Ascendancy that dominated Ireland until the Catholic emancipation in the first half of the 19th century.

Flight of the Wild Geese
The Flight of the Wild Geese was the departure of an Irish Jacobite army under the command of Patrick Sarsfield from Ireland to France, as agreed in the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691, following the end of the Williamite War in Ireland. More broadly, the term Wild Geese is used in Irish history to refer to Irish soldiers who left to serve in continental European armies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

An earlier exodus in 1690, during the same war, had formed the French Irish Brigade, who are sometimes misdescribed as Wild Geese.
Victoria Avenue (Regina, Saskatchewan)
Victoria Avenue is one of the main east-west streets in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. Victoria Avenue is named in honour of Queen Victoria and crosses Albert Street, (named in honour of the Queen's consort and husband, Prince Albert) in downtown. It is the main eastern entrance into Regina.

Albert Street (Regina, Saskatchewan)
Albert Street is an arterial road in Regina, Saskatchewan. It is one of the main roads in and out of the downtown area of the city. It is named in honour of Prince Albert, the husband and consort of Queen Victoria, and intersects Victoria Avenue (named after Queen Victoria) in centre of the city.

Albert Street is considered synonymous with Saskatchewan Highway 6, although signage now points Highway 6 to follow Ring Road and bypass the downtown area; however, some maps and remnant signage and still show Highway 6 as following Albert Street through Regina. An alternate route of the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1) through Regina, follows Albert Street between Highway 1 and Victoria Avenue.