hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Integral element
In commutative algebra, an element b of a commutative ring B is said to be integral over a subring A of B if b is a root of some monic polynomial over A.

If A, B are fields, then the notions of "integral over" and of an "integral extension" are precisely "algebraic over" and "algebraic extensions" in field theory (since the root of any polynomial is the root of a monic polynomial).

The case of greatest interest in number theory is that of complex numbers integral over Z (e.g.,  or ); in this context, the integral elements are usually called algebraic integers.  The algebraic integers in a finite extension field k of the rationals Q form a subring of k, called the ring of integers of k, a central object of study in algebraic number theory.

In this article, the term ring will be understood to mean commutative ring with a multiplicative identity.

Algebraic extension
In mathematics, an algebraic extension is a field extension L/K such that every element of the larger field L is algebraic over the smaller field K; that is, every element of L is a root of a non-zero polynomial with coefficients in K. A field extension that is not algebraic, is said to be transcendental, and must contain transcendental elements, that is, elements that are not algebraic.

The algebraic extensions of the field  of the rational numbers are called algebraic number fields and are the main objects of study of algebraic number theory. Another example of a common algebraic extension is the extension  of the real numbers by the complex numbers.
Petrifaction
In geology, petrifaction or petrification (from Ancient Greek  πέτρα (pétra) 'rock, stone') is the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals. Petrified wood typifies this process, but all organisms, from bacteria to vertebrates, can become petrified (although harder, more durable matter such as bone, beaks, and shells survive the process better than softer remains such as muscle tissue, feathers, or skin). Petrification takes place through a combination of two similar processes: permineralization and replacement.  These processes create replicas of the original specimen that are similar down to the microscopic level.

Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization of bones and tissues in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms. Carried by water, these minerals fill the spaces within organic tissue. Because of the nature of the casts, permineralization is particularly useful in studies of the internal structures of organisms, usually of plants.
WBVE
WBVE is a Classic Rock formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Bedford, Pennsylvania, serving Bedford and Bedford County in Pennsylvania.  WBVE is owned and operated by Cessna Communications, Inc.

Bedford, Pennsylvania
Bedford is a borough, spa town, and the county seat of Bedford County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is located 102 miles (164 km) west of Harrisburg, the state capital, and 107 miles (172 km) east of Pittsburgh. Bedford's population was 2,865 at the 2020 census.
First Dynasty of Egypt
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) covers the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. It immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, by Menes, or Narmer, and marks the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period, when power was centered at Thinis.

The date of this period is subject to scholarly debate about the Egyptian chronology. It falls within the early Bronze Age and is variously estimated to have begun anywhere between the 34th and the 30th centuries BC. In a 2013 study based on radiocarbon dates, the accession of Hor-Aha, the second king of the First Dynasty, was placed between 3111 and 3045 BC with 68% confidence, and between 3218 and 3035 with 95% confidence. The same study placed the accession of Den, the sixth king of the dynasty, between 2928 and 2911 BC with 68% confidence, although a 2023 radiocarbon analysis placed Den's accession potentially earlier, between 3011 and 2921, within a broader window of 3104 to 2913.

Den (pharaoh)
Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen, and Udimu, was the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period, credited with bringing prosperity to his realm.

Den was attributed the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt" and wore the double crown (red and white). Notably, the floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab, near Abydos, was constructed using red and black granite, making it the earliest known use of this hard stone as a building material in Egypt with a flight of stairs leading to it. During his long reign, he established many of the customs of court ritual and royalty drawn on by later rulers and was held in high regard by his immediate successors.
Nipple
The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in lactating females, milk from the mammary gland leaves the body through the lactiferous ducts to nurse an infant. The milk can flow through the nipple passively, or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along with the ductal system. The nipple is surrounded by the areola, which is often a darker colour than the surrounding skin.

When referring to non-humans, the female nipple is often called a teat. "Nipple" or "teat" can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a baby bottle. Male mammals also have nipples, but without the same level of function or prominence.

In humans, the nipples of both females and males can be sexually stimulated as part of sexual arousal. In many cultures, female nipples are sexualized, or regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sex appeal. As such, there are often mores for their coverage.

Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous ducts are ducts that converge and form a branched system connecting the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland. When lactogenesis occurs, under the influence of hormones, the milk is moved to the nipple by the action of smooth muscle contractions along the ductal system to the tip of the nipple. They are also referred to as galactophores, galactophorous ducts, mammary ducts, mamillary ducts or milk ducts.
Battle of Kircholm
56°50′55″N 24°20′53″E﻿ / ﻿56.84861°N 24.34806°E﻿ / 56.84861; 24.34806

The Battle of Kircholm took place during the Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611), on 17 September 1605 near Kircholm, now Salaspils in Latvia. A Swedish expedition was besieging Riga, but was defeated by a smaller Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth relief force and abandoned the attempt.

Salaspils
Salaspils (pronunciationⓘ; German: Kircholm; Swedish: Kirkholm) (literally: "island castle") is a town in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is the administrative centre of Salaspils Municipality. The town is situated on the northern bank of the Daugava river, 18 kilometers to the south-east of the city of Riga.
Auvers-sur-Oise
Auvers-sur-Oise (French pronunciation: [ovɛr syr waz] ⓘ, lit. 'Auvers-on-Oise') is a commune in the department of Val-d'Oise, on the northwestern outskirts of Paris, France. It is located 27.2 km (16.9 mi) from the centre of Paris. It is associated with several famous artists, the most prominent being Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890). This was the place where van Gogh died and where he and his brother, Theo, were buried.

Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
Theodorus "Theo" van Gogh (Dutch: [teːjoːˈdoːrʏs ˈteːjoː vɑŋ ˈɣɔx]; 1 May 1857 – 25 January 1891) was a Dutch art dealer and a younger brother of Vincent van Gogh. His support of his older brother's artistic ambitions and well-being allowed Vincent to devote himself entirely to painting. As an art dealer, Van Gogh played a crucial role in introducing contemporary French art to the public.

Van Gogh died at the age of 33, six months after his brother's death at age 37. Van Gogh owned almost all of his brother's artwork. His widow, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, worked to promote the work of Vincent and keep the memory of her husband alive. In 1914, Van Gogh's remains were buried next to those of his brother Vincent.
Henry Leader
Major-General Henry Peregrine Leader, CB (8 January 1865 – 22 September 1934) was a major-general in the British Army. He served in the Second Boer War, the First World War and the Third Afghan War. He rose in rank to command his regiment the 6th Dragoon Guards, two cavalry brigades and a cavalry division, for which he was invested with the Order of the Bath.

Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards)
The Carabiniers (6th Dragoon Guards) was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was formed in 1685 as the Lord Lumley's Regiment of Horse. It was renamed  as His Majesty's 1st Regiment of Carabiniers in 1740, the 3rd Regiment of Horse (Carabiniers) in 1756 and the 6th Regiment of Dragoon Guards in 1788. After two centuries of service, including the First World War, the regiment was amalgamated with the 3rd Dragoon Guards (Prince of Wales's) to form the 3rd/6th Dragoon Guards in 1922.
Christoffer Hjort
Christoffer Hjort (1561–1616) was a Norwegian clergyman and crypto-Catholic. He served as a vicar in Aker and was the priest at the chapel of Akershus Castle, until he was expelled from the country for Catholicism in 1613.

Anti-Catholicism in Norway
Anti-Catholicism in Norway, was from 1537 onwards, persecution of Catholics in Norway, and the Counter-Reformation movement in the country. The persecutions was orchestrated by the Kings of Denmark–Norway, but after 1814 it was orchestrated by the Norwegian government.
Sergey Kalugin
Sergey Kalugin (Russian: Сергей Калугин; born April 9, 1967) is a Russian acoustic guitarist, singer-songwriter and poet, the leader of the Russian art/progressive rock band Orgia Pravednikov. Kalugin's guitar mastery combines classical and rock guitar trends, his music covers such different genres as progressive rock, Baroque music, flamenco; his poetics deals with such themes as Hermeticism, Kabbalah, vampirism, Christian esoterism, Gnosticism, Buddhism etc., and also includes some satirical component.

Orgia Pravednikov
Orgia Pravednikov (Russian: Оргия Праведников, lit. 'Orgy of The Righteous') is a Russian rock group formed in 1999. The peculiar sound of the band arises from a combination of acoustic (flute and acoustic guitar) and electric (drums, electric guitar and bass guitar) sessions.
Villacidro
Villacidro (Italian pronunciation: [villaˈtʃiːdro] ⓘ; Sardinian: Biddacidru or Bidda de Cidru) is a town and comune, which along with Sanluri is a co-capital of the province of Medio Campidano, Sardinia, Italy.

Sanluri
Sanluri (Italian: [sanˈluːri] ⓘ; Sardinian: Seddori; Latin: Sullurium) is a town and comune, which along with Villacidro is a co-capital of the province of Medio Campidano, Sardinia, Italy. The territory of Sanluri comprises an area of 84.16 square kilometres (32.49 sq mi).

In 1436, Sanluri was elevated to viscountship by the Aragonese Crown, and granted to Giovanni de Sena, baron of Quartu Sant'Elena and viscount of Sanluri, the feudalism lasted until the 1800s.
Skimmia × confusa
Skimmia × confusa is a Skimmia hybrid, a shrub with evergreen, strongly-scented foliage and large flower clusters. It is presumed to have originated in British gardens as a cross between S. japonica var. japonica and S. anquetilia.

Skimmia japonica
Skimmia japonica, the Japanese skimmia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. Native to Japan, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Philippines, and the Russian Far East, it is commonly grown in parks and gardens for its evergreen leaves, fragrant flowers, and attractive fruit. It is a highly variable species, with its varieties differing in height, spread, and chromosome count, among other things.
Pierre Darriulat
Pierre Darriulat (born 17 February 1938) is a French experimental particle physicist. As staff member at CERN, he contributed in several prestigious experiments. He was the spokesperson of the UA2 collaboration from 1981 to 1986, during which time the UA2 collaboration, together with the UA1 collaboration, discovered the W and Z bosons in 1983.

UA2 experiment
The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider (SppS) — a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) — at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2, together with the UA1 experiment, succeeded in discovering these particles in 1983, leading to the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The UA2 experiment also observed the first evidence for jet production in hadron collisions in 1981, and was involved in the searches of the top quark and of supersymmetric particles. Pierre Darriulat was the spokesperson of UA2 from 1981 to 1986, followed by Luigi Di Lella from 1986 to 1990.
Siberia (continent)
Siberia, also known as Siberian Craton, Angaraland (or simply Angara) and Angarida, is an ancient craton in the heart of Siberia. Today forming the Central Siberian Plateau, it formed an independent landmass prior to its fusion into Pangaea during the late Carboniferous-Permian. The Verkhoyansk Sea, a passive continental margin, was fringing the Siberian Craton to the east in what is now the East Siberian Lowland.

Angaraland was named in the 1880s by Austrian geologist Eduard Suess who erroneously believed that in the Paleozoic Era there were two large continents in the Northern Hemisphere: "Atlantis", which was North America connected to Europe via a peninsula (Greenland and Iceland), and "Angara-land", which would have been eastern Asia, named after the Angara River in Siberia.

Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea (/pænˈdʒiːə/ pan-JEE-ə) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from the earlier continental units of Gondwana, Euramerica and Siberia during the Carboniferous period approximately 335 million years ago, and began to break apart about 200 million years ago, at the end of the Triassic and beginning of the Jurassic. Pangaea was C-shaped, with the bulk of its mass stretching between Earth's northern and southern polar regions and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa and the Paleo-Tethys and subsequent Tethys Oceans. Pangaea is the most recent supercontinent to have existed and was the first to be reconstructed by geologists.
2006 Macedonian parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Macedonia on 5 July 2006. The VMRO-DPMNE-led coalition emerged as the largest group in the Assembly, winning 45 of the 120 seats. Its leader Nikola Gruevski became Prime Minister after forming a coalition government with the Democratic Party of Albanians, New Social Democratic Party, Democratic Renewal and the Party for a European Future.

Party for a European Future
The Party for a European Future (Macedonian: Партија за Европска Иднина, Partija za Evropska Idnina) is a political party in North Macedonia that largely represents Macedonian Muslims.

In the 2006 legislative elections, the party won 1 out of 120 seats. The party ran on the elections held on 1 June 2008, and again won 1 seat in the parliament. In the 2011 elections, it lost that seat.

The leader of the party is Fijat Canoski.
Rossell
Rossell (Eastern Calatan: [ruˈseʎ]) is a surname of Catalan origin. A variant is Rosell. Notable people with the surname include:

Juan Rossell (born 1969), Cuban volleyball player

Marina Rossell (born 1954), Spanish singer

Susan Rossell, British neuropsychologist

William Trent Rossell (1849–1919), American army officer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Also, as Røssell, a Danish name:

Dorthe Emilie Røssell (born 1934), Danish author and resistance member during the Second World War

Rosell
Rosell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Ernst Rosell (1881–1953), Swedish sports shooter

Francisco Romá y Rosell (born 1784), Spanish royal official in Valladolid and New Spain

Josep Pons Rosell (born 1918), anthropologist and academic

Kaj Rosell (born 1947), Danish chess master

Oriol Rosell (born 1992), Spanish footballer

Rafael Rosell (born 1982), Filipino actor

Rosell Ellis (born 1975), American basketball player

Sandro Rosell (born 1964), former president of FC Barcelona
Louis Palander
Adolf Arnold Louis Palander af Vega (2 October 1842 – 7 August 1920) was a Swedish naval officer, mostly remembered as the captain on Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's Vega expedition, the first successful attempt to navigate the Northeast Passage.

Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Nils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (pronunciationⓘ; 18 November 1832 – 12 August 1901) was a Finland-Swedish aristocrat, geologist, mineralogist and Arctic explorer. He was a member of the noble Nordenskiöld family of scientists and held the title of a friherre (baron).

Born in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, he was forced to move to Sweden in 1857 due to his political activity, where he became a member of the Parliament of Sweden and of the Swedish Academy. He led the Vega Expedition along the northern coast of Eurasia in 1878–1879. This was the first complete crossing of the Northeast Passage. Initially a troubled enterprise, the successful expedition is considered to be among the highest achievements in the history of Swedish science.
Southam, Gloucestershire
Southam is a village in Gloucestershire, England, located on the outskirts of Cheltenham. Its main features are a Manor House, which has now been converted to a hotel, a 12th Century Church and the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway, which runs through the outskirts of the village.

It is primarily a residential community for workers in Cheltenham, and has a growing retired and working population, attracted by the scenic countryside.

Though small in size, Southam has a thriving community. The village hall is used for coffee mornings, yoga sessions and the regularly occurring kids club among other things.

The parish of Southam had a population of 1,175 according to the 2011 census.

Ellenborough Park Hotel
Ellenborough Park Hotel (previously the baronial hall, Southam House or Southam Delabere) is a country house hotel in Southam, about 2+1⁄2 miles (4.0 km) northeast of the centre of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Southam is at the foot of Cleeve Hill, the highest point of the Cotswolds, and is part of Tewkesbury Borough.  As Southam House, it was the seat of Richard de la Bere and later the Earl of Ellenborough, and afterwards became a girls' school and then the De la Bere Hotel. The current hotel was established in 2008; it has 61 rooms.
Kiririsha
Kiririsha (Elamite: "great goddess") was a major goddess worshiped in Elam, referred to as "mother of gods" in some texts.

Early scholarship incorrectly identified her as one and the same as Pinikir, an unrelated goddess from a different part of Elam.

Pinikir
Pinikir, also known as Pinigir, Pirengir, Pirinkir, and Parakaras, was an Ancient Near Eastern astral goddess who originates in Elamite religious beliefs. While she is only infrequently attested in Elamite documents, she achieved a degree of prominence in Hurrian religion. Due to her presence in pantheons of many parts of the Ancient Near East, from Anatolia to Iran, modern researchers refer to her as a "cosmopolitan deity."

Early scholarship incorrectly identified her as one and the same as Kiririsha, an unrelated goddess from a different part of Elam.
Wittgenstein family
The Wittgenstein family is a German-Austrian family that rose to prominence in 19th- and 20th-century Vienna, Austria. The family was originally Jewish and originated from the Wittgensteiner Land in Siegen-Wittgenstein, Germany.

The Austrian branch of the Wittgenstein family began with the emigration of Hermann Christian Wittgenstein to Vienna in 1851. By 1910, 26 members of the Wittgenstein family were among the 929 wealthiest people in Vienna.

Members of the Wittgenstein family include successful merchants, entrepreneurs, industrialists, lawyers, musicians, patrons of the arts and philosophers:

Karl Wittgenstein (1847–1913), steel magnate

Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein (1882–1958), philanthropist

Paul Wittgenstein (1887–1961), concert pianist

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), philosopher

Margaret Stonborough-Wittgenstein
Margaret "Gretl" Stonborough-Wittgenstein (19 September 1882 – 27 September 1958) was a sister of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein and the pianist Paul Wittgenstein and a member of the wealthy Viennese Wittgenstein family. She was the subject of a famous 1905 portrait painted for her wedding by the artist Gustav Klimt (Stonborough-Wittgenstein and other members of the Wittgenstein family were among Klimt's most important patrons), which was sold in 1960 by her son Thomas and may now be seen in the Alte Pinakothek gallery in Munich.
West Northamptonshire Development Corporation
The West Northamptonshire Development Corporation (WNDC) was an urban Development Corporation to secure the regeneration of the urban development areas of Daventry, Towcester and Northampton in Northamptonshire, England.

Daventry
Daventry (/ˈdævəntri/ DAV-ən-tree, historically /ˈdeɪntri/ DAYN-tree) is a market town and civil parish in West Northamptonshire, England, close to Northamptonshire's border with Warwickshire. At the 2021 Census, Daventry had a population of 28,123, making it the sixth-largest town in Northamptonshire.
Flambeau (magazine)
Flambeau was an artistic and literary magazine in Saint Vincent. It was established in 1965 and published by the Kingstown Study Group.

Founders included Kenneth John, who edited the magazine with Daniel Williams.

Extracts from the magazine from 1965 to 1968 were republished in a pair of 2006 anthologies, Search For Identity and Quest For Caribbean Unity. A third anthology, Home Sweet Home, containing poems and short stories, was published in 2007.

Kenneth John
Kenneth Randolph Vincent John (17 April 1938 – 3 July 2021) was a Vincentian lawyer and newspaper columnist.  His column "This Week" appeared in national weekly The Vincentian over a period of thirty-nine years.
South African Class 15E
The Transnet Freight Rail Class 15E of 2010 is a South African electric locomotive.

In 2010, Transnet Freight Rail placed the first of seventy-six Class 15E heavy electric freight locomotives with a Co-Co wheel arrangement in service on the Sishen–Saldanha iron ore export line.

South African Class 9E, Series 1
The South African Railways Class 9E, Series 1 of 1978 is an electric locomotive.

In 1978 and 1979, the South African Railways placed twenty-five 50 kV AC Class 9E, Series 1 electric locomotives with a Co-Co wheel arrangement in service on the Sishen-Saldanha iron ore export line.
Kengtung Township
Kengtung Township (Shan: ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင်, Burmese: ကျိုင်းတုံမြို့နယ်; also spelled Kyaingtong, Kengtong, Thai: เมืองเชียงตุง or Mueang Chiang Tung) is a township of Kengtung District in the Shan State of Myanmar. The principal town is Kengtung. It lies almost entirely east of the Salween River and its area is over 12,000 square miles (31,000 km2). It is bounded on the north by the states of Mang Lon, Mong Lem and Keng Hung (Hsip Hsawng Pannh); east by the Mekong River, south by the Siamese Shan States, and west in a general way by the Salween River, though it overlaps it in some places. The state is known to the Chinese as Mhng Khng, and was frequently called by the Burmese the 32 cities of the Gn (HkOn). The classical name of the state is Khemarata or Khemarata Tungkapuri.

Kengtung
Kengtung (Shan: ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင် [weŋ˥ keŋ˥ tuŋ˨˦], Thai: เชียงตุง), also spelt Kyaingtong (Burmese: ကျိုင်းတုံမြို့; MLCTS: kyuing: tum mrui.; [tɕáɪɰ̃ tòʊɰ̃ mjo̰]), classical name Tungapuri, is a city in Shan State, Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is the principal town of Kengtung Township and the former seat of Kengtung State, a minor principality. Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway. It is also the largest city and the capital of eastern Shan State, Myanmar.