hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
NAIRU
The non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is a theoretical level of unemployment below which inflation would be expected to rise. It was first introduced as the NIRU (non-inflationary rate of unemployment) by Franco Modigliani and Loukas Demetrios Papademos in 1975, as an improvement over the "natural rate of unemployment" concept, which was proposed earlier by Milton Friedman.

In the United States, estimates of the NAIRU ranged between 5 and 6% in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, but have fallen to below 4% since the recovery from the 2008 financial crisis. Monetary policy conducted under the assumption of a NAIRU typically involves allowing just enough unemployment in the economy to prevent inflation rising above a given target figure. Prices are allowed to increase gradually and some unemployment is tolerated.

Lucas Papademos
Lucas Demetrios Papademos (Greek: Λουκάς Παπαδήμος; born 11 October 1947) is a Greek economist and academic who served as Prime Minister of Greece from November 2011 to May 2012, leading a national unity government in the wake of the Greek debt crisis. A technocrat, he previously served as Vice-President of the European Central Bank from 2002 to 2010 and Governor of the Bank of Greece from 1994 to 2002.

He was professor at Columbia University, the University of Athens, and Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, and is a senior fellow at the Center for Financial Studies at the University of Frankfurt.
German Gref
German Oskarovich Gref (Russian: Герман Оскарович Греф, romanized: German Oskarovich Gref; born February 8, 1964) is a Russian politician and banker. He was the Minister of Economics and Trade of Russia from May 2000 to September 2007. He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.

He is the CEO and chairman of the executive board of Sberbank, the largest Russian bank.

Ministry of Economic Development (Russia)
The Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation (Russian: Министерство экономического развития Российской Федерации) is a federal ministry in the Russian Government. The ministry is responsible for regulating and forming policies related to socioeconomic and business development in Russia.
Digital India
Digital India is an initiative by the government of India to provide digital government services. The initiative includes plans to connect rural areas with broadband networks.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the program on 1 July 2015. The campaign supports other government projects, including BharatNet, Make in India, Standup India, industrial corridors, Bharatmala Sagarmala and Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Stand-Up India
Stand-Up India was launched by the Government of India on 5 April 2016 to support entrepreneurship among women and SC & ST communities. Stand Up India Loan Scheme is a government initiative launched by the Government of India in 2016 to promote entrepreneurship and facilitate bank loans to Scheduled Caste (SC) / Scheduled Tribe (ST) and women entrepreneurs in the country. The scheme aims to provide loans between Rs.10 lakhs and Rs.1 crore for setting up a greenfield enterprise in manufacturing, trading or services sector.

It is similar to but distinct from Startup India. Both are enablers and beneficiaries of other Government of India schemes, such as Make in India, Industrial corridor, Dedicated Freight Corridor, Sagarmala, Bharatmala, UDAN-RCS, Digital India, BharatNet and UMANG.
Ten Percent (song)
"Ten Percent" (also written as "Ten Per Cent") is a disco song written by Allan Felder and T.G. Conway and recorded by Double Exposure. Originally released on the band's 1976 album of the same name, "Ten Percent" was later remixed by Walter Gibbons for a single released on Salsoul Records, the label's eighth ever release. Gibbons's remix of "Ten Percent" was the first commercially available 12-inch single.

The 12-inch single was reserved for DJs until the release of "Ten Percent." Disco had already begun to exploit the 12-inch's allowance for higher volumes, better sound quality, and longer playing time, but no record companies had previously seen commercial value in the new format.

Twelve-inch single
The twelve-inch single (often written as 12-inch or 12″) is a type of vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or PVC) gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time with a "single" or a few related sound tracks on each surface, compared to LPs (long play) which have several songs on each side. It is named for its 12-inch (30 cm) diameter that was intended for LPs. This technical adaptation allows for louder levels to be cut on the disc by the mastering engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range, and thus better sound quality. This record type, which is claimed to have been accidentally discovered by Tom Moulton, is commonly used in disco and dance music genres, where DJs use them to play in clubs. They are played at either 33+1⁄3 or 45 revolutions per minute (rpm). The conventional 7-inch single usually holds three or four minutes of music at full volume. The 12-inch LP sacrifices volume for extended playing time.
Yoshisuke Aikawa
Yoshisuke Aikawa (or Gisuke Ayukawa) (鮎川 義介, Aikawa Yoshisuke; 6 November 1880 – 13 February 1967) was a Japanese entrepreneur, businessman, and politician, noteworthy as the founder and first president of the Nissan zaibatsu, one of Japan's most powerful business conglomerates around the time of the Second World War.

Nissan Group
Nissan Group (日産コンツェルン, Nissan Kontserun; "Nissan Concern"), formerly Nissan zaibatsu, was a group of companies and Japan's most powerful business groupings.

Founded in 1928 by Yoshisuke Aikawa, the group was originally a holding company created as an offshoot of Kuhara Mining Co. (became Nippon Mining & Metals Company; currently part of Eneos Holdings), which Aikawa had taken over as president from his brother-in-law, Fusanosuke Kuhara. After the bankruptcy of the Kuhara zaibatsu following World War I, Aikawa reorganized its assets into Japan Industries or Nihon Sangyo Corporation (日本産業株式会社, Nihon Sangyō kabushiki gaisha), Nissan for short.

The group's core business was real estate and insurance, with hundreds of member companies, including fisheries, mining companies, and was affiliated with Hitachi, as well as what Nissan is now known for—its automobile business. After World War II, the zaibatsu was disbanded and reformed into Nissan Motor Co.
Messengers (American band)
Messengers is an American Christian metal band, and they primarily play thrash metal. They come from Dallas, Texas. The band started making music in 2008, and their members are lead vocalist, Chad Paramore, lead guitarist, Chance Paramore, bassists, Thomas Kilgore (TK), Guitarist Andy Rhodes, and drummer, Noah Boyce. The band released an extended play, Anthems, in 2010 with Facedown Records alongside Strike First Records. Later joined by Guitarist Phillip Odom Their second extended play, No Shelter, was released in 2013. They are not to be confused with the UK Prog band, "Messenger", whose demo "Solid Chirps" sounds entirely different.

Facedown Records
Facedown Records is a Christian rock record label based in Fallbrook, California, that is devoted to hardcore punk and metalcore bands (Christian and secular) with a few death metal acts such as Immortal Souls and Indwelling. Founded by No Innocent Victim drummer Jason Dunn in 1997, the label started small with a number of 7" record releases by Overcome, Dodgin Bullets, and Born Blind. As the label grew, it was able to sign artists for full album deals. xDISCIPLEx released material on Facedown, as well as Figure Four and Point of Recognition. The label also signs straight edge groups such as xDEATHSTARx and xLooking Forwardx.

Bands like Seventh Star and Nodes of Ranvier released well-received records through the label, but it was the release of Turn It Around by Comeback Kid (featuring members of Figure Four) that really brought the label more notice. Comeback Kid toured behind that album for the following two years, eventually leaving Facedown to sign with Victory Records.
Wang Yungui
Wang Yungui (Chinese: 汪云贵; born 1992) is a Chinese businesswoman. A member of the Yao ethnic minority, she runs an e-commerce business where she promotes local specialty foods while wearing a traditional Yao costume. To help combat poverty in her home village of Liuduan, Wang has worked with local authorities to promote tourism, for which she has won several awards.

Yao people (Asia)
The Yao people (simplified Chinese: 瑶族; traditional Chinese: 瑤族; pinyin: Yáozú) or Dao (Vietnamese: người Dao) is a classification for various ethnic minorities in China and Vietnam. Their majority branch is also known as Mien. They originated in the areas around Changsha, which today is the capital of Hunan province. They speak a branch of the Hmong-Mien family of languages and share a strong genetic connection to the Hmong peoples. They are believed to have diverged from the Hmong around 5,800 years ago.

They are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China and reside in the mountainous southwest and south of the country. They also form one of the 54 ethnic groups officially recognized by Vietnam. They numbered 3,309,341 in the 2020 Chinese census and 891,151 in the 2019 Vietnamese census. An estimated 60,000 Yao of the Iu Mien branch reside in the United States, mostly in the Western coastal states.
Joseph Chipolina
Joseph Louis Chipolina (born 14 December 1987) is a Gibraltar international footballer who plays for Manchester 62 of the Gibraltar Football League as a left back or left winger.

He is his nation's third most-capped player of all time, having also played the first 27 official matches after Gibraltar were accepted into UEFA.

Gibraltar national football team
The Gibraltar national football team represents Gibraltar in men's international football competitions, and is controlled by the Gibraltar Football Association. Gibraltar applied for full Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) membership and was accepted by the UEFA Congress in May 2013. It can therefore compete in the UEFA European Championship starting with the 2016 tournament for which the team competed in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D. On 13 May 2016 Gibraltar became a member of FIFA at the governing body's 66th Congress which was held in Mexico City. Gibraltar is the second smallest UEFA member in terms of population (only San Marino has a smaller population) and the smallest in terms of area.

Despite not being an island, Gibraltar set up its first official side for the football competition at the 1993 Island Games and has been a regular in the tournament, winning the 2007 edition.
Kamukuzi Division
Kamukuzi Division is one of the six divisions that make up Mbarara Municipality. The six divisions that make up Mbarara are, Nyamitanga Division, Kamukuzi Division Kakoba Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division and Nyakayojo Division.

Nyakayojo Division
Nyakayojo Division is one of the six administrative divisions that make up Mbarara Municipality.
The six divisions that make Mbarara Municipality include, Kamukuzi Division, Nyamitanga Division, Kakoba Division, Biharwe Division, Kakiika Division and Nyakayojo Division.
Baron
Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knight, but lower than a viscount or count.  Often, barons hold their fief – their lands and income – directly from the monarch. Barons are less often the vassals of other nobles.  In many kingdoms, they were entitled to wear a smaller form of a crown called a coronet.

The term originates from the Latin term barō, via Old French. The use of the title baron came to England via the Norman Conquest of 1066, then the Normans brought the title to Scotland and Southern Italy. It later spread to Scandinavian and Slavic lands.

Tenant-in-chief
In medieval and early modern Europe, a tenant-in-chief (or vassal-in-chief) was a person who held his lands under various forms of feudal land tenure directly from the lord paramount to whom he did homage, as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the clergy. The tenure was one that denoted great honour, but also carried heavy responsibilities. The tenants-in-chief were originally responsible for providing knights and soldiers for the king's feudal army.
Greg Pak
Greg Pak is an American comic book writer and film director. He is best known for his work on books published by Marvel Comics, including X-Men (most notably X-Treme X-Men), several titles featuring the Hulk, and Hercules. In 2019, Pak began writing Star Wars comics for Marvel.

Hercules (Marvel Comics)
Hercules Panhellenios is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, the character is based on Heracles of Greek mythology (despite using the name of his Roman equivalent, Hercules). Since his first appearance, he has been a perennial member of the superhero team the Avengers.

The character has appeared in various forms of media, including television series and video games. Brett Goldstein portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Thor: Love and Thunder (2022).
Insan Aur Gadha
Insan Aur Gadha (Man and Donkey) is a 1973 Pakistani Urdu satirical comedy film produced and directed by Kamal.

The comedy actor Rangeela played the title role of a donkey-turned-human. The other lead cast included Nisho, Kamal, and Rozina. The central idea of the film was taken from Krishan Chandar's novel "Gadhay Ki Sarguzasht".

After a few weeks of its release, Insan Aur Gadha was banned by the Bhutto Government due to a parody speech scene that the government did not like. "Publicly, the reason given for the ban was that the scene had ridiculed the (Pakistani) masses, by depicting them as a bunch of donkeys".

Syed Kamal
Syed Kamal (Urdu: سیّد کمال; (27 April 1937 – 1 October 2009), often just known as Kamal, was a Pakistani film and TV actor, producer, director and screenwriter.

Popular in the 1960s and the 1970s, he worked in some 120 films.

In 1998 he released his autobiography, Dastan-e-Kamal.
Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)
The Arroyo Seco, meaning "dry stream" in Spanish, is a 24.9-mile-long (40.1 km) seasonal river, canyon, watershed, and cultural area in Los Angeles County, California. The area was explored by Gaspar de Portolà, who named the stream Arroyo Seco because its canyon had the least water of any he had seen. During this exploration, he met the Chief Hahamog-na (Hahamongna) of the Tongva Indians.

Hahamongna, California
Hahamongna (alternatively spelled Hahaamonga or Jajamonga) and Hahamog-na are two historic Tongva village sites. They are located in the Verdugo Mountains of Southern California and bear the name of the local band of indigenous Tongva, "Hahamog'na." The sites are located in present-day Pasadena and Glendale in Los Angeles County, California. Hahamongna was one of the largest Tongva villages in the greater San Fernando Valley area, along with Cahuenga, Tujunga, and Siutcanga.
Omnivoropteryx
Omnivoropteryx (meaning "omnivorous wing") is a genus of primitive flying avialan from the early Cretaceous Upper Jiufotang Formation of China. The authors who described Omnivoropteryx, Stephen Czerkas and Qiang Ji, stated that their specimen closely resembles Sapeornis, but the pubis was longer and, since no skull was known for Sapeornis, they did not consider the two names synonyms. The later discovery of Sapeornis skulls shows that they were indeed similar to Omnivoropteryx. This may make Omnivoropteryx a junior synonym of Sapeornis, and the name may be abandoned.

Sapeornis
Sapeornis is a monotypic genus of avialan dinosaurs which lived during the early Cretaceous period (late Barremian to early Aptian, roughly 125-120 mya). Sapeornis contains only one species, Sapeornis chaoyangensis.
Pear New Mill
Pear New Mill is a former Edwardian cotton spinning mill on the northern bank of the River Goyt in Bredbury, Stockport, Greater Manchester, England. It is a Grade II* listed building.

Pear Mill was one of the last cotton spinning mills to be built in England, commencing production in July 1913. The architects were A.H. Stott & Sons  but because of difficulties in financing, it was completed by P.S. Stott. The building is typical of their work, with concrete floors and meticulous detailing. It was designed as a double mill, but the second mill was never built.

The power was provided by a Manhattan-type steam engine by George Saxon & Co. Transmission was by rope drives. The mill had 137,312 mule spindles which remained until the 1950s, when they were replaced by 33,636 ring spindles, the mill being electrified at the same time. It ceased operation as a textile mill in March 1978.

George Saxon & Co
53°28′26″N 2°10′45″W﻿ / ﻿53.4740°N 2.1793°W﻿ / 53.4740; -2.1793

George Saxon & Co was an English engineering company that manufactured stationary steam engines. It was based in the Openshaw district of Manchester. The company produced large steam-driven engines for power stations and later for textile mills in Lancashire and elsewhere.
First Second Books
First Second Books is an American publisher of graphic novels. An imprint of Roaring Brook Press, part of Holtzbrinck Publishers, First Second publishes fiction, biographies, personal memoirs, history, visual essays, and comics journalism. It also publishes graphic non-fiction for young readers, including the Science Comics and History Comics collections, and for adults, including the World Citizen Comics, a line of civics graphic books, and biographical works such as The Accidental Czar.

Authors and artists published by First Second include Ben Hatke, Gene Luen Yang, Jillian Tamaki, Vera Brosgol, Jen Wang, Shannon Hale, LeUyen Pham, Scott Chantler, and Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki.

First Second is headed by creative director Mark Siegel.

Gene Luen Yang
Gene Luen Yang (Chinese: 楊謹倫; born August 9, 1973) is an American cartoonist and author. He is a frequent lecturer on the subjects of graphic novels and comics, at comic book conventions and universities, schools, and libraries. In addition, he was the Director of Information Services and taught computer science at Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California. In 2012, Yang joined the faculty at Hamline University as a part of the Low-Residency Master of Fine Arts in Writing for Children and Young Adults (MFAC) program. In 2016, the U.S. Library of Congress named him Ambassador for Young People's Literature. That year he became the third graphic novelist, alongside Lauren Redniss, to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.
John Briggs (politician)
John Vern Briggs (March 8, 1930 – April 15, 2020) was an American politician in the state of California. A Republican, he served in the California State Assembly and the California State Senate. He is perhaps best known for sponsoring Proposition 6 in 1978, also known as the Briggs Initiative, a failed measure which attempted to remove all gay or lesbian school employees or their supporters from their jobs.

1978 California Proposition 6
California Proposition 6, informally known as the Briggs Initiative, was an unsuccessful ballot initiative put to a referendum on the California state ballot in the November 7, 1978, election. It was sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County. The failed initiative sought to ban gay men and lesbians from working in California's public schools.

Openly gay San Francisco politician Harvey Milk and Sally Miller Gearhart, as well as many other gay and lesbian activists of the time, were instrumental in fighting the measure. Opposition to the proposition from a variety of public figures, including then-former California Governor Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter, helped to swing public opinion against it.
Ivan Turgenev
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (/tʊərˈɡɛnjɛf, -ˈɡeɪn-/ toor-GHEN-yef, -⁠GAYN-; Russian: Иван Сергеевич Тургенев, IPA: [ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf]; 9 November [O.S. 28 October] 1818 – 3 September [O.S. 22 August] 1883) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poet, playwright, translator and popularizer of Russian literature in the West.

His first major publication, a short story collection titled A Sportsman's Sketches (1852), was a milestone of Russian realism. His novel Fathers and Sons (1862) is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction.

Fathers and Sons (novel)
Fathers and Sons (Russian: «Отцы и дети»; Otcy i deti, IPA: [ɐˈtsɨ i ˈdʲetʲi]; pre-1918 spelling Отцы и дѣти), literally Fathers and Children, is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev, published in Moscow by Grachev & Co on 23 February 1862. It is one of the most acclaimed Russian novels of the 19th century.
Joseph Bailly Homestead
The Joseph Bailly Homestead, also known as Joseph Bailly Homestead and Cemetery, in Porter, Indiana, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.

The Bailly Homestead is preserved by the National Park Service in Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter, Indiana.  The Homestead was the home of Joseph Aubert de Gaspé Bailly de Messein (1774–1835), one of the first permanent white settlers in Northwest Indiana.  This homestead, begun in 1834, is one of the only surviving elements of the once-significant fur trade in the region.  It received its landmark designation in 1962.

Bailly brought his family to the southern shore of Lake Michigan in 1822, first living in a log house built soon afterward.  The Homestead remained in the family until the death of his granddaughter, Rose Howe, in 1917.  The Homestead is sometimes referred to as the "Bailly-Howe" Home.  The National Park Service acquired the Homestead on November 26, 1971.

Joseph Bailly
Joseph Bailly (7 April 1774 – 21 December 1835) was a fur trader and a member of an important French Canadian family that included his uncle, Charles-François Bailly de Messein.

Bailly was one of several Canadian from prominent families who were important in the western fur trade. In 1822, he established a trading post near present-day Porter, Indiana, making him the foremost pioneer of that area.
Mill Shoals, Illinois
Mill Shoals is a village in Wayne and White counties in the U.S. State of Illinois. The population was 235 at the 2000 census, down to 176 at the 2020 census. In Fall 2022, Drew Lane Consultants LLC conducted a village-wide survey that totaled population at 157. The Village of Mill Shoals is located 4 hours and 14 minutes driving directly south of the City of Chicago (with no traffic), 58 minutes driving directly northwest of Evansville, Indiana, 2 hours and 9 minutes driving directly west of Louisville, Kentucky, and 1 hour and 42 minutes directly east of St. Louis, Missouri. The Village is home to a U.S. Post Office, community center, private grain elevator, and two churches. Residents are active members of the 4-H, FFA, and Ruritans.

White County, Illinois
White County is a county located in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,877. Its county seat is Carmi. It is located in the southern portion of Illinois known locally as "Little Egypt".