hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Charles E. Billings
Charles Ethan Billings (1834–1920) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, superintendent, and businessman. He held various U.S. patents on hand tools, either assigned or licensed to the firm that he and Christopher M. Spencer cofounded, the Billings & Spencer Company. His name as patent holder is stamped (as C.E. Billings) on countless forged hand tools, many of which survive. Billings was an expert in drop forging and was an influential leader in the American system of manufacturing and its successor systems of mass production for firearms, sewing machines, hand tools, bicycles, and other goods. He served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1895 and 1896. The Billings & Spencer Company was both a machine tool builder and a manufacturer of hand tools made with its machine tools.

Christopher Miner Spencer
Christopher Miner Spencer (June 20, 1833 – January 14, 1922) was an American inventor, from Manchester, Connecticut, who invented the Spencer repeating rifle, one of the earliest models of lever-action rifle, a steam powered "horseless carriage", and several other inventions. He developed the first fully automatic turret lathe, which in its small- to medium-sized form is also known as a screw machine.
The Vines, Western Australia
The Vines is an outer suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located north-east in the Swan Valley region of the City of Swan. It is 33 kilometres (21 mi) away from Perth's central business district and 6 kilometres (4 mi) away from the secondary metropolitan centre of Ellenbrook, with which it shares a common development history and urban area.

The suburb is primarily rural-residential in nature. Its streets and neighbourhoods are defined by The Vines Resort, a resort and leisure complex featuring two 18-hole golf courses that traverse the majority of the suburb's area.

The Vines Resort
The Vines Resort (formerly The Vines Resort & Country Club) is a public golf course and leisure complex in Perth, Western Australia. The resort hosts two championship-tier 18-hole courses, The Lakes course and the Ellenbrook course, along with an open-air driving range and a mini-golf course. It is located in The Vines, a residential suburb of the same name in Perth's Swan Valley region.
Integral element
In commutative algebra, an element b of a commutative ring B is said to be integral over a subring A of B if b is a root of some monic polynomial over A.

If A, B are fields, then the notions of "integral over" and of an "integral extension" are precisely "algebraic over" and "algebraic extensions" in field theory (since the root of any polynomial is the root of a monic polynomial).

The case of greatest interest in number theory is that of complex numbers integral over Z (e.g.,  or ); in this context, the integral elements are usually called algebraic integers.  The algebraic integers in a finite extension field k of the rationals Q form a subring of k, called the ring of integers of k, a central object of study in algebraic number theory.

In this article, the term ring will be understood to mean commutative ring with a multiplicative identity.

Commutative algebra
Commutative algebra, first known as ideal theory, is the branch of algebra that studies commutative rings, their ideals, and modules over such rings. Both algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory build on commutative algebra. Prominent examples of commutative rings include polynomial rings; rings of algebraic integers, including the ordinary integers ; and p-adic integers.

Commutative algebra is the main technical tool of algebraic geometry, and many results and concepts of commutative algebra are strongly related with geometrical concepts.

The study of rings that are not necessarily commutative is known as noncommutative algebra; it includes ring theory, representation theory, and the theory of Banach algebras.
Bob Jones University
Bob Jones University (BJU) is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. It is known for its conservative and evangelical cultural and religious positions. The university, with approximately 2,900 students, is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) and the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. In 2017, the university estimated the number of its graduates at 40,184.

Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
The Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) is an institutional accreditation organization based in Forest, Virginia. TRACS has been continuously recognized by the United States Department of Education since 1991 and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation since 2001. To receive accreditation, a school must have a statement of faith identifying it as "part of the evangelical protestant tradition in higher education." Of the schools it has accredited, the best-known are Liberty University (1984-2008) and Bob Jones University (2006–present) It is also known for accrediting Historically Black Colleges and Universities that have lost their regional accreditation because of financial issues.
Ignacio E. Lozano Sr.
Ignacio Eugenio Lozano Sr. (1886-September 21, 1953) was born in Marín, Nuevo León on Mexico-Texas border. He was a famous journalist of northern Mexico, but he joined the exodus into the United States during the Mexican Revolution., He moved to San Antonio and established a Spanish language bookstore and worked on two Spanish language periodicals.

He founded La Prensa as a Spanish language daily newspaper in 1913. His granddaughter, Monica C. Lozano, would later say though La Prensa was not the first Spanish language daily, it became the largest.

He founded La Opinión in Los Angeles, home of La Prensa's biggest readership, in 1926.  He and his wife, Alicia Elizondo Lozano, operated both papers, the one in San Antonio, the other in Los Angeles. After his death from cancer in 1953, his son Ignacio E. Lozano Jr. took over as publisher at La Opinión and his widow returned to San Antonio to keep La Prensa in business for ten more years.,

Ignacio E. Lozano Jr.
Ignacio Eugenio Lozano Jr. (January 15, 1927 – December 27, 2023) was an American diplomat who was United States Ambassador to El Salvador. He was appointed to the ambassadorship by President Gerald Ford in 1976. He resigned the post following the assumption of the presidency by Jimmy Carter. Lozano was born in San Antonio, Texas to Mexican immigrants Ignacio E. Lozano Sr. and Alicia Elizondo Lozano. He studied journalism at University of Notre Dame.

From 1953, he was the publisher and editor of La Opinión, a Spanish language newspaper based in Los Angeles that his father founded in 1926. In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Lozano as a consultant to the United States Department of State. He also served on the California advisory committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

Lozano held directorships at Bank of America, The Walt Disney Company, Pacific Life, and Sempra Energy, and was a member of the Council of American Ambassadors.
RAF Sutton Bridge
Royal Air Force Sutton Bridge or more simply RAF Sutton Bridge is a former Royal Air Force station found next to the village of Sutton Bridge in the south-east of Lincolnshire. The airfield was to the south of the current A17, and east of the River Nene, next to Walpole in Norfolk.

Sutton Bridge
Sutton Bridge is a town and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A17 road, 7 miles (11 km) north from Wisbech and 9 miles (14 km) west from King's Lynn. The village includes a commercial dock on the west bank of the River Nene over which spans a swing bridge, and the parish, two 19th-century lighthouses 3 miles (5 km) to the north from the village on the Nene.
Big Tech
The Big Tech companies, also known as the tech giants or tech titans, are the largest and most influential technology companies in the world. The term Big Tech often refers to the largest six tech companies in the United States, Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Meta (Facebook), Microsoft, and Nvidia, which are also the largest companies in the world by market capitalization. Other companies sometimes included in the group include Tesla, Oracle, and Netflix.

The term Big Tech is similar to other popular terms for large industries, such as Big Oil, Big Soda, or Big Tobacco. Big Tech can also include large Chinese tech companies like Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi, collectively referred to as BATX.

BATX
BATX is an acronym standing for Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent, and Xiaomi, the four biggest tech firms in China, often compared to Big Tech (Microsoft, Apple, Alphabet, Amazon, and Meta) in the United States. BATX were some of the first tech companies started in the 2000s during the rise of the Chinese technology revolution and quickly became widely used in China. Notably after 2015, some other tech companies like Huawei, DiDi, JD, DJI and ByteDance have also become some of the up-and-coming biggest tech giants in the industry.
Rachel Morrison
Rachel Morrison (born April 27, 1978) is an American cinematographer and director.

For her work on Mudbound (2017), Morrison became the first woman to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography.

Morrison also made her feature film directorial debut with the biographical sports drama The Fire Inside (2024).

The Fire Inside (film)
The Fire Inside is a 2024 American biographical sports drama film by Rachel Morrison in her feature directorial debut. The film is about the early boxing career of Claressa "T-Rex" Shields, a fighter from Flint, Michigan, including her competing at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Ryan Destiny stars as Shields, alongside Brian Tyree Henry and Adam Clark.

Originally titled Flint Strong during development, The Fire Inside premiered in the Special Presentations section of the Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2024, and was released in the United States by Amazon MGM Studios on December 25, 2024 to positive reviews but was a box office bomb, grossing only $8.1 million on a $12 million budget.
Kunsan Air Base
Kunsan K-8 Air Base (Korean: 군산공군기지) is a United States Air Force base located at Gunsan Airport, on the west coast of the Korean peninsula bordered by the Yellow Sea.  It is located in the town of Gunsan (also romanized as Kunsan), about 180 kilometres (110 mi) south of Seoul.

Kunsan Air Base is the home of the 8th Fighter Wing, "The Wolf Pack," assigned to the Pacific Air Forces Seventh Air Force and the 38th Fighter Group of the Republic of Korea Air Force. About 45 F-16 aircraft are stationed at the base. It is one of two major Air Force installations operated by the United States Forces Korea, the other being Osan Air Base.

8th Fighter Wing
The 8th Fighter Wing is a fighter aircraft unit of the United States Air Force. It is the host unit at Kunsan Air Base, Republic of Korea and is assigned to Seventh Air Force. Seventh Air Force falls under Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). The Wing's 8th Operations Group is the successor of the 8th Pursuit Group, one of the 15 original combat air groups formed by the U.S. Army before World War II.

Established in Japan after World War II in 1948, the wing flew combat missions throughout the Korean War. Redesignated the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing in 1958, it remained in Japan until 1964. After a year in California, it moved to Southeast Asia, where its F-4 Phantom II crews earned the nicknames "MiG killers" and "bridge busters". In 1974 the wing relocated to Kunsan Air Base, South Korea, where it was redesignated the 8th Fighter Wing in 1992.
Lumpia
Lumpia (in Indonesian and Filipino) are various types of spring rolls commonly found in Indonesian and Filipino cuisines. Lumpia are made of thin paper-like or crêpe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings. It is often served as an appetizer or snack, and might be served deep-fried or fresh (unfried). Lumpia are Indonesian and Filipino adaptations of the Fujianese lūn-piáⁿ (潤餅) and Teochew popiah (薄餅), usually consumed during Qingming Festival.

In Indonesia, lumpia is a favorite snack, and is known as a street hawker food in the country. Lumpia was introduced by Chinese settlers to Indonesia during colonial times possibly in the 19th century.

In the Philippines, lumpia is one of the most common dishes served in gatherings and celebrations.

In the Netherlands and Belgium it is spelled loempia, the old Indonesian spelling, which has also become the generic name for "spring roll" in Dutch.

Turon (food)
Turón (Tagalog pronunciation: [tuˈɾɔn]; also known as lumpiang saging [Filipino for "banana lumpia"] or sagimis in dialectal Tagalog) is a Philippine snack made of thinly-sliced bananas (preferably saba or Cardaba bananas) rolled in a spring roll wrapper, fried till the wrapper is crisp, and coated with caramelized brown sugar. Turón can also include other fillings, the most common being jackfruit (langka), while other recipes include sweet potato (kamote), mango (mangga), or cheddar cheese and coconut (niyog).

Turón, though etymologically Spanish in origin, bears no similarities to the Spanish candy turrón (an almond nougat confection). It is a crunchy and chewy snack most commonly consumed during merienda or for dessert and is also a popular street food, usually sold with banana cue, camote cue, and maruya.
Kiewa Valley Highway
Kiewa Valley Highway is a rural highway which traverses the Kiewa Valley near the alpine regions of Victoria, Australia, connecting the eastern Wodonga suburb of Bandiana to Mount Beauty, at the foot of Mount Bogong in the Alpine National Park.

Kiewa River
Kiewa River, a perennial river that is part of the Murray catchment within the Murray-Darling basin, is located in the Alpine bioregion, in the Australian state of Victoria.

The Kiewa River is also known by several variations on its name in its upper reaches, variously named as Kiewa River East branch and West Kiewa River (or similar).

The name Kiewa is an Aboriginal word, derived from cy-a-nun-a, meaning sweet, and wher-ra, meaning water.
Robert Loe
Robert Loe (born 5 August 1991) is a New Zealand professional basketball player for the New Zealand Breakers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL). He is also contracted with the Auckland Tuatara of the New Zealand National Basketball League (NZNBL). He played college basketball for Saint Louis University and has played in the Australian NBL since 2016. Since 2022, he has played for the Auckland Tuatara of the New Zealand NBL. He represents the New Zealand national team but also holds a British passport.

New Zealand men's national basketball team
The New Zealand men's national basketball team (Māori: Te kapa poitūkohu o Aotearoa) represents New Zealand in international basketball competitions. The team is governed by Basketball New Zealand. The team's official nickname is the Tall Blacks (Māori: Pango Tāroaroa).

Over their history, New Zealand have won three FIBA Oceania Championships, made seven appearances at the FIBA World Cup and two at the Olympic Games. Since 2017, the team has made three appearances at the FIBA Asia Cup, with their best effort resulting in a bronze medal finish in 2022.
Battle of Addi Qarro
The Battle of Addi Qarro also called the Battle of Addi Ye'Qorro (ግጥም ዓዲ ይዕቖሮ) was a battle that took place between forces of the Ethiopian Empire and forces of the Ottoman Empire in December 1578 in the Tigray Province of the Ethiopian Empire. The forces of the Ethiopian Empire were led by the Emperor Sarsa Dengel while the forces of the Ottoman Empire were led by Ahmad pasha, beylerbey of habeş, supplemented by troops of Bahr Negus Yeshaq who was in rebellion against the emperor at the time. The battle followed an earlier Ethiopian victory over the Ottomans at Enticaw (Enticho) on November 13 of the same year and resulted in the liquidation of the invading Ottoman army.

Yeshaq (Bahr Negus)
Yeshaq (died 1578) was the Bahr Negus during the mid to late 16th century. A subordinate of Ethiopian Emperor Dawit II, he was noted for supporting Gelawdewos and rebelling against his successors during the Ottoman conflict.
Bug (river)
The Bug or Western Bug is a major river in Central Europe that flows through Belarus (border), Poland, and Ukraine, with a total length of 774 kilometres (481 mi). A tributary of the Narew, the Bug forms part of the border between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres (111 mi) and part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres (115 mi).

The Bug is connected with the Dnieper by the Dnieper–Bug Canal. Out of its 38,712 square kilometres (14,947 mi2) drainage basin, half is in Poland, just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.

Dnieper–Bug Canal
The Dnieper–Bug Canal (alternatively the Dnepr-Bug Canal), or the Dneprovsko-Bugsky Canal, is the longest inland ship canal in Belarus. It connects the Mukhavets River (a tributary of the Bug River) and the Pina River (a tributary of the Pripyat River). It is managed by Dneprobugvodput.

The artificial channel dug between Kobryn and Pinsk was originally named the Royal Canal (Polish: Kanał Królewski), after the King of Poland Stanisław August Poniatowski (r. 1764–1795), who initiated its construction. It forms an important part of the transportation artery linking the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The total length of the canal system from Brest to Pinsk is 196 km (122 mi), including the 105 km (65 mi) long artificial waterway.

The drainage area of the canal system totals 8,500 km2 (3,300 sq mi).
Bang Bon district
Bang Bon (Thai: บางบอน, pronounced [bāːŋ bɔ̄ːn]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbours, clockwise from north, are Bang Khae, Phasi Charoen, Chom Thong, and Bang Khun Thian districts of Bangkok, Mueang Samut Sakhon district and Krathum Baen district of Samut Sakhon province, and Nong Khaem district of Bangkok.

Bang Khun Thian district
Bang Khun Thian (Thai: บางขุนเทียน, pronounced [bāːŋ kʰǔn tʰīan]) is one of the 50 districts (khet) of Bangkok, Thailand. Its neighbors, clockwise from the north, are Bang Bon, Chom Thong, and Thung Khru Districts of Bangkok, Phra Samut Chedi district of Samut Prakan province and Mueang Samut Sakhon district of Samut Sakhon province. Bang Khun Thian is Bangkok's southernmost district, and the only one bordering the Bay of Bangkok (upper Gulf of Thailand).
Oghuz District
Oghuz District (Azerbaijani: Oğuz rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the north of the country in the Shaki-Zagatala Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Shaki, Qabala, Agdash, and the Russian Republic of Dagestan. Its capital and largest city is Oghuz. As of 2020, the district had a population of 44,700.

Agdash District
Agdash District (Azerbaijani: Ağdaş rayonu) is one of the 67 districts of Azerbaijan. It is located in the centre of the country, in the Central Aran Economic Region. The district borders the districts of Yevlakh, Shaki, Oghuz, Qabala, Goychay, Ujar, Zardab, and Barda. Its capital and largest city is Agdash. As of 2020, the district had a population of 111,100.
Madeleine cemetery
Madeleine Cemetery (in French known as Cimetière de la Madeleine) is a former cemetery in the 8th arrondissement of Paris and was one of the four cemeteries (the others being Errancis Cemetery, Picpus Cemetery and the Cemetery of Saint Margaret) used to dispose of the corpses of guillotine victims  during the French Revolution. The cemetery was named after Mary Magdalene, known in French as Sainte-Madeleine.

Errancis Cemetery
Errancis Cemetery or Cimetière des Errancis is a former cemetery in the 8th arrondissement of Paris and was one of the cemeteries (the others being Madeleine Cemetery, Picpus Cemetery, Chapelle expiatoire and the Cemetery of Saint Margaret) used to dispose of the corpses of guillotine victims  during the French Revolution.
Hygrocybe
Hygrocybe is a genus of agarics (gilled fungi) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Called waxcaps in English (sometimes waxy caps in North America), basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are often brightly coloured and have dry to waxy caps, white spores, and smooth, ringless stems.

In Europe waxcaps are characteristic of old, unimproved grasslands (termed waxcap grasslands) which are a declining habitat, making many Hygrocybe species of conservation concern. Nine of these waxcap-grassland species, Hygrocybe aurantiosplendens, H. citrinovirens, H. intermedia, H. mucronella, H. punicea, H. quieta, H. spadicea, H. splendidissima, and H. subpapillata, are assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Elsewhere waxcaps are more typically found in woodlands. Most are ground-dwelling and all are believed to be biotrophs. Around 150 species are recognized worldwide. Fruit bodies of several species are considered edible and are sometimes sold in local markets.

Hygrocybe splendidissima
Hygrocybe splendidissima, is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of splendid waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Eudokia (daughter of Constantine VIII)
Eudokia Porphyrogenita (Greek: Ευδοκία Πορφυρογέννητη, romanized: Evdokía Porphyrogénnētē; c. 976/7 - after 1001) was the eldest daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VIII and Helena Alypia, and part of the last generation of the Macedonian dynasty along with her younger sisters Zoe and Theodora.

Her uncle Basil II was the senior Emperor until his death in 1025, and did not allow his nieces to marry Byzantine aristocrats to avoid giving their would-be husbands a claim to the throne. Accordingly, Eudokia, like her sisters, lived in relative obscurity in the imperial gynaeceum. According to Michael Psellos, at some point in her youth, Eudokia contracted an infectious illness that disfigured her face, and subsequently became a nun. The exact timing of these events is unclear, but in 1001 Eudokia was rejected as a potential bride for the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III in favor of Zoe, on account of her disfigurement. Nothing further is recorded about her.

Macedonian dynasty
The Macedonian dynasty (Ancient Greek: Μακεδονική Δυναστεία) ruled the Byzantine Empire from 867 to 1056, following the Amorian dynasty. During this period, the Byzantine state reached its greatest extent since the early Muslim conquests, and the Macedonian Renaissance in letters and arts began. The dynasty was named after its founder, Basil I the Macedonian, who came from the theme of Macedonia in the region of Thrace.
Ricardo Duarte
Ricardo Duarte Mungi (born February 9, 1940) is a Peruvian former professional basketball player. Standing at 2.09 m (6 ft 10+1⁄4 in) tall, Duarte played at the center position. While representing the Peruvian national team, Duarte was the FIBA World Cup Top Scorer in 1963, as well as the FIBA Summer Olympics Top Scorer in 1964. He was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players, in 1991.

FIBA Basketball World Cup Top Scorer
The FIBA Basketball World Cup Top Scorer, although not an official award given by FIBA, represents the player who led FIBA Basketball World Cup in average points scored per game (regardless of number of games played in tournament). The tournament's leader in total points scored is also noted.