hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Proportional hazards model
Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics.  Survival models relate the time that passes, before some event occurs, to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity of time.  In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit increase in a covariate is multiplicative with respect to the hazard rate. The hazard rate at time  is the probability per short time dt that an event will occur between  and  given that up to time  no event has occurred yet. 
For example, taking a drug may halve one's hazard rate for a stroke occurring, or, changing the material from which a manufactured component is constructed, may double its hazard rate for failure.  Other types of survival models such as accelerated failure time models do not exhibit proportional hazards.  The accelerated failure time model describes a situation where the biological or mechanical life history of an event is accelerated (or decelerated).

Accelerated failure time model
In the statistical area of survival analysis, an accelerated failure time model  (AFT model) is a parametric model that provides an alternative to the commonly used proportional hazards models. Whereas a proportional hazards model assumes that the effect of a covariate is to multiply the hazard by some constant, an AFT model assumes that the effect of a covariate is to accelerate or decelerate the life course of a disease by some constant. There is strong basic science evidence from C. elegans experiments by Stroustrup et al. indicating that AFT models are the correct model for biological survival processes.
Monkey Bay
Monkey Bay or Lusumbwe is a town in Mangochi which is in the Mangochi District in the Southern Region of Malawi. The town is on the shore of Lake Malawi and is one of the main ports on Lake Malawi. The population of Monkey Bay was 14,955 according to the 2018 census. Monkey Bay is 206 kilometres (128 mi) from Lilongwe, Malawi's capital city, and 253 kilometres (157 mi) from Blantyre. Monkey Bay is a tourist resort and is often travelled through on the road to Cape Maclear.

Cape Maclear
Cape Maclear or Chembe is a town in the Mangochi District of Malawi's Southern Region. The town, on the Nankumba Peninsula, is on the southern shore of Lake Malawi and is the busiest resort on Lake Malawi. Cape Maclear is close to the islands of Domwe, Thumbwe and Mumbo Island on Lake Malawi, and is in Lake Malawi National Park.
Kishū dialect
The Kishū dialect (紀州弁, Kishū-ben) is a dialect of Japanese spoken in Wakayama and southern Mie prefectures. It is also called the Wakayama dialect (和歌山弁, Wakayama-ben) in Wakayama.

The Kishu dialect is a member of the Kansai dialect group and is spoken in the area corresponding to the former Kii Province.

Kansai dialect
The Kansai dialect (関西弁・関西方言, Kansai-ben, Kansai hōgen; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɰ̃.sai.beɴ, kaɰ̃.sai hoː.ɡeꜜɴ, -ŋeꜜɴ, kaɰ̃.sai hoꜜː.ɡeɴ, -ŋeɴ]ⓘ) is a group of Japanese dialects in the Kansai region (Kinki region) of Japan. In Japanese, Kansai-ben is the common name and it is called Kinki dialect (近畿方言, Kinki-hōgen) in technical terms. The dialects of Kyoto and Osaka are known as Kamigata dialect (上方言葉, Kamigata kotoba; or Kamigata-go (上方語)), and were particularly referred to as such in the Edo period. The Kansai dialect is typified by the speech of Osaka, the major city of Kansai, which is referred to specifically as Osaka-ben. It is characterized as being both more melodic and harsher by speakers of the standard language.
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
The University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) was a state-run health sciences institution with six locations in New Jersey.

It was founded as the Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry in 1954, and by the 1980s was both a major school of health sciences, and a major research university. On July 1, 2013, it was dissolved, with most of its schools merging with Rutgers University to form a new Rutgers School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, while the School of Osteopathic Medicine, including its Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, became part of Rowan University and was renamed the Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine.

Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine
The Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine (also known as Rowan-Virtua SOM or SOM) is a public medical school located in Stratford, New Jersey. Founded in 1976, Rowan-Virtua SOM is the osteopathic program within Virtua Health College of Medical and Life Sciences, which is one of two medical schools associated with Rowan University alongside the Cooper Medical School. The Rowan-Virtua SOM confers the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (DO), and was ranked by the U.S. News & World Report in 2016 as one of the top medical schools for geriatric care and primary care.

Rowan-Virtua SOM is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association's Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation.
Assabet River
The Assabet River is a small, 34.4-mile (55.4 km) long river located about 20 miles (30 km) west of Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The Assabet rises from a swampy area known as the Assabet Reservoir in Westborough, Massachusetts, and flows northeast before merging with the Sudbury River at Egg Rock in Concord, Massachusetts, to become the Concord River. The Organization for the Assabet, Sudbury and Concord Rivers (OARS), headquartered in West Concord, Massachusetts, is a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation, protection, and enhancement of the natural and recreational features of these three rivers and their watershed. As the Concord River is a tributary of the Merrimack River, it and the Assabet and Sudbury rivers are part of the larger Merrimack River watershed.

Merrimack River
The Merrimack River (or Merrimac River, an occasional earlier spelling) is a 117-mile-long (188 km) river in the northeastern United States. It rises at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Winnipesaukee rivers in Franklin, New Hampshire, flows southward into Massachusetts, and then flows northeast until it empties into the Gulf of Maine at Newburyport. From Pawtucket Falls in Lowell, Massachusetts, onward, the Massachusetts–New Hampshire border is roughly calculated as the line three miles north of the river.

The Merrimack is an important regional focus in both New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The central-southern part of New Hampshire and most of northeast Massachusetts is known as the Merrimack Valley.

Several U.S. naval ships have been named USS Merrimack and USS Merrimac in honor of this river. The river is also known for the early American literary classic A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers by Henry David Thoreau.
Big Ang (TV series)
Big Ang is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on July 8, 2012, starring Angela "Big Ang" Raiola, who first received television exposure on the second season of the reality television series Mob Wives.

In May 2013, Raiola confirmed during an interview that a second season of the show was being produced, but it was later revealed that the season would be retooled as another spin-off titled Miami Monkey, which premiered on September 8, 2013.

Miami Monkey
Miami Monkey is an American reality television series that premiered on VH1 on September 8, 2013. Developed as the third spin-off of Mob Wives, the series chronicled Angela "Big Ang" Raiola as she opened up a second location of her Staten Island bar.

The show featured Big Ang, her daughter Raquel, and their team of staff that assist in the daily operations.

In May 2013, Raiola confirmed during an interview that a second season of her show Big Ang was being produced, but it was later revealed that the season would be retooled as another spin-off. The series name stems from the name of Ang's bar that opened on May 19, 2013. Raiola moved to Miami for filming in April 2013 with production ending on August 11, 2013.

In July 2014, Raiola confirmed that the show had been canceled.
DRB Class 42
The DRB Class 42 was a type of steam locomotive produced for the Deutsche Reichsbahn. It is one of the three main classes of the so-called war locomotives (Kriegslokomotiven), the other two being class 50 and 52.

Seventy of the class were captured during World War II by the Soviet Union; under Russian ownership they were given the classification TL (ТЛ).

Kriegslokomotive
Kriegslokomotiven (German: for "war locomotives", singular: Kriegslokomotive) or Kriegsloks were mostly coal-fired steam locomotives produced in large numbers during the Second World War under Nazi Germany.

Their construction was tailored to the economic circumstances of wartime Germany along with conquered and occupied territories across Europe, taking account of the shortage of materials and oil, the transportation of goods in support of military logistics, ease of maintenance under difficult conditions, resistance to extreme weather, limited life and the need for rapid, cheap mass production. In order to meet these requirements, economic drawbacks such as relatively high fuel consumption had to be accepted. Forced labour was used in the construction of some of the locomotives; German locomotive building firms employed prisoners from concentration camps and foreign, mostly Polish workers.
Pennsylvania Route 481
Pennsylvania Route 481 (PA 481) is a 12.9-mile-long (20.8 km) state highway located in Washington County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at US 40 in Centerville.  The northern terminus is at PA 88/PA 136/PA 837 in Monongahela.

Pennsylvania Route 136
Pennsylvania Route 136 (PA 136) is a 40-mile-long (64 km) state highway located in Washington, Allegheny, and Westmoreland counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at US 40 and PA 18 in Washington.  The eastern terminus is at US 30 in Greensburg.

PA 136 was established in September 1964 to replace the stretch of PA 31 from Greensburg to Washington while the section west of Washington was re-designated as PA 844.
Maddock Horror Comedy Universe
The Maddock Horror Comedy Universe (MHCU) is an Indian shared universe consisting of Hindi-language supernatural comedy horror films created and produced by Maddock Films. All films in this universe are based on Indian folklore.

The first installment, Stree, was released as film. The universe-building began with Bhediya, in which characters from Stree appeared. This was followed by Munjya, where characters from Bhediya and Stree appeared. Stree 2 continued by featuring characters from Bhediya. Thamma features cameos from Bhediya, Stree, Munjya, and Stree 2, making Thamma the central link connecting all five films.

The universe was initially titled the Maddock Supernatural Universe, before the official MHCU lineup reveal in January 2025. This change in title was further confirmed with a logo reveal in September 2025, and also by Dinesh Vijan during a Thamma team Interview in October 2025.

Munjya (film)
Munjya is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language comedy horror film directed by Aditya Sarpotdar and starring Abhay Verma, Sharvari, Sathyaraj and Mona Singh. The titular character was entirely created using CGI. Produced by Amar Kaushik and Dinesh Vijan under Maddock Films, it is the third installment in the Maddock Horror Comedy Universe and focuses on the legend of Munjya, inspired by Indian folklore and mythology.

Munjya was theatrically released worldwide on 7 June 2024, garnering mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. The film emerged as a sleeper hit, grossing ₹132.13 crore worldwide against a production cost of ₹30 crore, becoming the eighth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2024. At the 70th Filmfare Awards, the film won the award for Best Special Effects.
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri
The 2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Missouri were held on Tuesday, November 6, 2012, and elected the eight U.S. representatives from the state of Missouri, a loss of one seat following the 2010 United States census. The elections coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a federal quadrennial presidential election, concurrent statewide gubernatorial election, quadrennial statewide lieutenant gubernatorial election, and an election to the U.S. Senate.

2012 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election
The 2012 Missouri lieutenant gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 2012. Incumbent Republican Peter Kinder faced Democratic nominee and former state auditor Susan Montee, Libertarian Matthew Copple, and the Constitution Party nominee, former state representative Cynthia Davis.
Salute the Soldier Week
Salute the Soldier Weeks were British national savings campaigns during the Second World War, with the aim of British Army equipment being sponsored by a civil community. The Royal Air Force equivalent was Wings for Victory Week and the Royal Navy equivalent was Warship Week.

Warship Week
Warship Weeks were British National savings campaigns during the Second World War, with the aim of a Royal Navy warship being adopted by a civil community. During the early parts of the war, the Royal Navy not only had lost many capital ships but was facing increasing pressure to provide escorts for convoys in the Atlantic. While there was not a shortage of sailors, ships sunk by enemy action had to be replaced.

The equivalent for the British Army was Salute the Soldier Week and the equivalent for the Royal Air Force was Wings for Victory Week.
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a compound with the general formula R−C(=O)−NR′R″, where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms. The amide group is called a peptide bond when it is part of the main chain of a protein, and an isopeptide bond when it occurs in a side chain, as in asparagine and glutamine. It can be viewed as a derivative of a carboxylic acid (R−C(=O)−OH) with the hydroxyl group (−OH) replaced by an amino group (−NR′R″); or, equivalently, an acyl (alkanoyl) group (R−C(=O)−) joined to an amino group.

Common amides are formamide (H−C(=O)−NH2), acetamide (H3C−C(=O)−NH2), benzamide (C6H5−C(=O)−NH2), and dimethylformamide (H−C(=O)−N(−CH3)2).

Amides are qualified as primary, secondary, and tertiary according to the number of acyl groups bounded to the nitrogen atom.

Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (−C(=O)−OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is often written as R−COOH or R−CO2H, sometimes as R−C(O)OH with R referring to an organyl group (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, aryl), or hydrogen, or other groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate anion.
Hari Rasu
Hari Rasu, also known as Administrative Zone 5, is a zone in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Stretching along the eastern base of the Ethiopian Highlands, this zone is bordered on the south and east by Gabi Rasu, on the west by the Amhara Region, and on the north by Awsi Rasu.

This Zone covers most of the area governed by the Afar Hari Rasu.
Hari Rasu Administrative Zone Divided in to Five Woredas, Such us.

Hadale'ela District

Dawe District

Talalak District

Dalefage District

Samurobi District

Mahi Rasu, also known as Administrative Zone 6, is a zone in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. Stretching along the eastern base of the Ethiopian Highlands, this zone is bordered on the east Djibouti by south Gabi Rasu, on the west by the Hari Rasu, and on the north by Awsi Rasu.
This Zone covers most of the area governed by the Afar Hari Rasu.

Mahi Rasu Administrative Zone Divided in to Five Woredas, Such us.

Garani District

Kilalu District

Yangudi District

Sibaybi District

Ada Ado District

Gabi Rasu
Gabi Rasu, also known as Administrative Zone 3, is a zone in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. This zone is bordered on the south by the Oromia Region, on the southwest by the Amhara Region, on the west by Hari Rasu, on the north by Awsi Rasu, and on the east by the Somali Region.

This zone covers most of the territory of the former Gobaad sultanate. Towns include Awash and Gewane. Rivers include the Awash and Germama.
Gabi Rasu consists eight woredas and one town administration, including Gawane, Amibara, Galaqu, Hawaash Fantiqale, Hanruka, Dullacha, Argobba, and Hawash Subah.
Baud
In telecommunications and electronics, baud (/bɔːd/; symbol: Bd) is a common unit of measurement of symbol rate, which is one of the components that determine the speed of communication over a data channel.

It is the unit for symbol rate or modulation rate in symbols per second or pulses per second. It is the number of distinct symbol changes (signalling events) made to the transmission medium per second in a digitally modulated signal or a bd rate line code.

Baud is related to gross bit rate, which can be expressed in bits per second (bit/s). If there are precisely two symbols in the system (typically 0 and 1), then baud and bits per second are equivalent.

Bit rate
In telecommunications and computing, bit rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.

The bit rate is expressed in the unit bit per second (symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000 bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga (1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s = 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard abbreviation bps is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.

In most computing and digital communication environments, one byte per second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8 bit/s (1 byte = 8 bits).  However if stop bits, start bits, and parity bits need to be factored in, a higher number of bits per second will be required to achieve a throughput of the same number of bytes.
Cooper River Bridges (1929–2005)
The Cooper River Bridges were a pair of cantilever truss bridges that carried traffic over the Cooper River in Charleston, South Carolina, United States. The first bridge opened in 1929, a second one opened in 1966 to relieve traffic congestion. The Grace Memorial Bridge was designed and constructed by a private company known as Cooper River Bridge, Inc, and the Pearman Bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation and constructed by SCDOT. The bridges were replaced with the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge in 2005.

Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge (colloquially referred to as the Ravenel Bridge and the Cooper River Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge over the Cooper River in South Carolina, US, connecting downtown Charleston to Mount Pleasant. The bridge has a main span of 1,546 feet (471 m), the third longest among cable-stayed bridges in the Western Hemisphere. It was built using the design–build method and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff. Since its opening in 2005 the bridge has been considered an icon of Charleston and is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks.
Seth Cohen
Seth Ezekiel Cohen is a fictional character on the Fox television series The O.C., portrayed by Adam Brody. Seth is one of the "core four" characters on The O.C. alongside Ryan Atwood, Marissa Cooper, and Summer Roberts. Seth's friendship with Ryan, who eventually became his adoptive brother, formed a focal point of the series along with their romances. Seth married Summer in the series finale. His other relationships were with Anna Stern and Alex Kelly. Seth's goal was to attend Brown University, but he ends up going to Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) and continuing work on his comic book Atomic County. The role saw Brody win four Teen Choice Awards from five nominations, from 2004 to 2006.

Marissa Cooper
Marissa Cooper is a fictional character on the FOX television series The O.C., portrayed by Mischa Barton. Marissa was among the original "core four" characters on The O.C. She is a privileged California native born into a wealthy family, residing next to the Cohen family's house. Throughout The O.C.'s storyline, Marissa is introduced to new characters who influence her perspective on life and her personality.
George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection
The George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection is a collection of over 30,000 pulp magazine and paperback fiction works that is housed in the Special Collections unit, in the University at Buffalo Libraries at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Noted as one of the best preserved collections of pulp material and paperbacks in modern times, it was donated to UB Libraries in 1994 by Dr. George Kelley, a professor at Erie Community College in Buffalo, New York.

The collection spans genres from adventure, crime and horror to Westerns, fantasy and science fiction, including books, pulp magazines, fanzines and other literature. According to UB Libraries, there are hundreds of paperbacks from the 1940s, thousands from the 1950s and 1960s and more from the 1970s and 1980s. Many of these are paperback originals which have never appeared in hardcover editions.

University at Buffalo Libraries
The University at Buffalo Libraries is the university library system of the University at Buffalo. The library's collections includes some 3.8 million print volumes, as well as media, and special collections. The Libraries subscribe to some 350 research databases and 10,000 electronic journals.

Notable collections include the George Kelley Paperback and Pulp Fiction Collection, the James Joyce Collection, the Love Canal Collections, and the Robert Graves Collection.
Typhoon Marie (1954)
Typhoon Marie, as known as the Tōya Maru Typhoon (洞爺丸台風) in Japan, was a typhoon that hit Japan in September 1954. Marie did a great deal of damage to Hokkaido, and the Tōya Maru (洞爺丸) train ferry sank due to the high waves and windstorm caused by Marie. Because of it, JMA in Japan named the storm Tōya Maru Typhoon.

Tōya Maru
Tōya Maru (洞爺丸) was a Japanese train ferry constructed by Japanese National Railways (JNR) which sank during Typhoon Marie, known locally as the Tōya Maru Typhoon, in the Tsugaru Strait between the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō and Honshū on September 26, 1954. JNR announced in September 1955 that 1,153 people aboard were killed in the accident. However, the exact number of fatalities remains unknown because some victims managed to obtain passage on the ship at the last minute, and others canceled their tickets just before the incident occurred. Fatalities were later reported as up to 1,170 passengers and crew.
Latvian National Armed Forces
The Latvian National Armed Forces (Latvian: Latvijas Nacionālie bruņotie spēki; NBS), are the armed forces of Latvia. Latvia's defense concept is based on a mobile, professional rapid response force and a reserve segment that can be called upon relatively fast for mobilization should the need arise. The National Armed Forces consists of Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force and National Guard. Its main tasks are to protect the territory of the State; participate in international military operations; and to prevent threats to national security.

Latvian Air Force
Latvian Air Force (Latvian: Latvijas Gaisa spēki) is the aviation branch of the National Armed Forces. The first air force units were established in 1919 and re-established in 1992. It has no air combat capability, thus the defense of Latvian air space is maintained by NATO, with rotating detachments of four aircraft to Lithuania at four-monthly intervals (see Baltic Air Policing).