hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Chaturanga
Chaturanga (Sanskrit: चतुरङ्ग, IAST: caturaṅga, pronounced [tɕɐt̪uˈɾɐŋɡɐ]) is an ancient Indian strategy board game. It is first known from India around the seventh century AD.

While there is some uncertainty, the prevailing view among chess historians is that chaturanga is the common ancestor of the board games chess, xiangqi (Chinese), janggi (Korean), shogi (Japanese), sittuyin (Burmese), makruk (Thai), ouk chatrang (Cambodian) and modern Indian chess. It was adopted as chatrang (shatranj) in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe.

Not all the rules of chaturanga are known with certainty. Chess historians suppose that the game had rules similar to those of its successor, shatranj. In particular, there is uncertainty as to the moves of the gaja (elephant).

Indian chess
Indian chess is the name given to regional variations of chess played in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.  It is distinct from chaturanga. There are several such variations, all quite similar to modern rules, with variants regarding castling, pawn promotion, etc.
Romain Arneodo
Romain Arneodo (born 4 August 1992) is a French-born Monégasque professional tennis player who specializes in doubles. He has a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 43, reached on 14 April 2025. He won the Monte-Carlo Masters doubles title in 2025, with Manuel Guinard, becoming the first Monégasque champion at the tournament.

Arneodo also reached a singles ranking of world No. 455 on 25 August 2014. From 2008 to 2013, he represented France in international competitions, but has since represented Monaco.

Manuel Guinard
Manuel Guinard (born 15 November 1995) is a French professional tennis player. He achieved a career-high ATP doubles ranking of world No. 23 on 29 December 2025 and a career-high singles ranking of world No. 134 on 31 October 2022. Guinard won his first ATP Tour title at the 2025 Monte-Carlo Masters in doubles, partnering with Romain Arneodo. He also competes on the ATP Challenger Tour, where he has won 15 doubles titles and 2 singles titles.
Eduardo Schwank
Eduardo Jonatan Schwank (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈðwaɾðo ˈʃwaŋk]; also known as Schwanka; born 23 April 1986) is a retired professional tennis player from Argentina. In 2011, he reached the finals of the French Open in men's doubles partnering Juan Sebastián Cabal and of the US Open in mixed doubles partnering Gisela Dulko. He was coached by Javier Nalbandian, the brother of David Nalbandian.

Schwank's family background is from the German-speaking part of Switzerland.

Gisela Dulko
Gisela Dulko (Spanish pronunciation: [xiˈsela ˈðulko]; born 30 January 1985) is an Argentine former tennis player. Although she enjoyed modest success in singles, reaching a career-high ranking of world No. 26 and winning four WTA titles, her speciality was doubles, where she achieved the world No. 1 ranking and won 17 WTA titles. Partnering with Flavia Pennetta, Dulko won the 2010 WTA Tour Championships and the 2011 Australian Open. She also reached the mixed-doubles final at the 2011 US Open, with Eduardo Schwank. During her career, Dulko upset a number of top players on the tour, including Maria Sharapova in the second round of Wimbledon in 2009, Samantha Stosur in the third round of Roland Garros in 2011, and Martina Navratilova in the second round of Wimbledon in 2004 and in Navratilova's final Grand Slam singles match.

Dulko retired from professional tennis on 18 November 2012, aged 27.
Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the word to which it is affixed.

Prefixes, like other affixes, can be either inflectional, creating a new form of a word with the same basic meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes, like all affixes, are usually bound morphemes.

English has no inflectional prefixes, using only suffixes for that purpose. Adding a prefix to the beginning of an English word changes it to a different word. For example, when the prefix un- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy.

The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.

Affix
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. The main two categories are derivational and inflectional affixes. Derivational affixes,  such as un-, -ation, anti-, pre- etc., introduce a semantic change to the word they are attached to. Inflectional affixes introduce a syntactic change, such as singular into plural (e.g. -(e)s), or present simple tense into present continuous or past tense by  adding -ing, -ed to an English word. All of them are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
Ameen Rihani
Ameen Rihani (Amīn Fāris Anṭūn ar-Rīḥānī; Arabic: أمين الريحاني / ALA-LC: Amīn ar-Rīḥānī; November 24, 1876 – September 13, 1940) was a Lebanese-American writer, intellectual and political activist. He was also a major figure in the mahjar literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in North America, and an early theorist of Arab nationalism. He became an American citizen in 1901.

Mahjar
The Mahjar (Arabic: المهجر, romanized: al-mahjar, one of its more literal meanings being "the Arab diaspora") was a movement related to Romanticism migrant literary movement started by Arabic-speaking writers who had emigrated to the Americas from Ottoman-ruled Lebanon, Syria and Palestine at the turn of the 20th century and became a movement in the 1910s. Like their predecessors in the Nahda movement (or the "Arab Renaissance"), writers of the Mahjar movement were stimulated by their personal encounter with the Western world and participated in the renewal of Arabic literature, hence their proponents being sometimes referred to as writers of the "late Nahda". These writers, in South America as well as the United States, contributed indeed to the development of the Nahda in the early 20th century. Kahlil Gibran is considered to have been the most influential of the "Mahjari poets".
Salvador Air Force Base
Base Aérea de Salvador – BASV (IATA: SSA, ICAO: SBSV) is a base of the Brazilian Air Force, located in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil.

It shares some facilities with Dep. Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport.

Salvador Bahia Airport
Salvador–Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport (IATA: SSA, ICAO: SBSV), formerly called Dois de Julho International Airport and known by the trade name Salvador Bahia Airport, is the airport serving Salvador, Brazil. Since 16 June 1998, by Federal Law, the airport is named after Luís Eduardo Magalhães (1955–1998), an influential politician of the state of Bahia.

It is operated by Vinci SA.

Some of its facilities are shared with the Salvador Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force.
The Hour of 13
The Hour of 13 is a 1952 British historical mystery film directed by Harold French and starring Peter Lawford, Dawn Addams and Roland Culver. It was written by Leon Gordon and Howard Emmett Rogers.

The film is a remake of the 1934 thriller The Mystery of Mr. X, based on the novel X v. Rex by Philip MacDonald.

The Mystery of Mr. X
The Mystery of Mr. X is a 1934 American pre-Code crime film starring Robert Montgomery as a jewel thief who gets mixed up in a series of murders in  London. It is based on the 1933 novel X v. Rex by Philip MacDonald (under the pen name Martin Porlock), was remade in 1952 as The Hour of 13.
Kyūkyoku Chōjin R
Kyūkyoku Chōjin R (Japanese: 究極超人あ～る, Hepburn: Kyūkyoku Chōjin Āru; "Ultimate Superhuman R") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masami Yuki. It was serialized in Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday from 1985 to 1987. The series revolved around a teenage robot named R. Ichiro Tanaka. Later, it was revealed that R's creator Dr. Narihara only built R for a failed attempt to take over the world.

Masami Yuki
Masami Yuki (ゆうきまさみ, Yūki Masami), real name Shūji Satō (佐藤修司 Satō Shūji, born December 19, 1957, in Kutchan, Abuta District, Hokkaidō), is a Japanese manga artist.

Yuki graduated from Kutchan High School. He is a member of the artist group known as Headgear. In 1991, his manga Mobile Police Patlabor received the 36th Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen.
Zambian Defence Force
The Zambian Defence Force is the military of Zambia. It consists of the Zambian Army, the Zambian Air Force, and the Zambia National Service. The defence forces were formed at Zambian independence on 24 October 1964, from constituent units of the dissolved Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Armed Forces. During the 1970s and 1980s, it played a key role in a number of regional conflicts, namely the South African Border War and Rhodesian Bush War. Being a landlocked country Zambia has no navy, although the Zambian Army maintains a maritime patrol unit for maintaining security on inland bodies of water.

Zambian Air Force
The Zambia Air Force (ZAF) is the air force of Zambia and the air operations element of the Zambian Defence Force.

The primary missions of the Air Force are to defend Zambia's borders and protect its airspace. In addition, it provides various forms of air support to other government departments. It also flies reconnaissance, trooping and transport missions for the police and airlifts medical supplies and personnel to inaccessible areas. Finally, the organisation provides emergency transport whenever needed.
Leydig cell tumour
Leydig cell tumour, also Leydig cell tumor (US spelling), (testicular) interstitial cell tumour and (testicular) interstitial cell tumor (US spelling), is a member of the sex cord-stromal tumour group of ovarian and testicular cancers. It arises from Leydig cells. While the tumour can occur at any age, it occurs most often in young adults. However, in women it tends to happen after menopapuse.

A Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour is a combination of a Leydig cell tumour and a Sertoli cell tumour from Sertoli cells.

Sertoli cell tumour
A Sertoli cell tumour, also Sertoli cell tumor (US spelling), is a sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour of Sertoli cells. They can occur in the testis or ovary. They are very rare and generally peak between the ages of 35 and 50. They are typically well-differentiated and may be misdiagnosed as seminomas as they often appear very similar.

A tumor that produces both Sertoli cells and Leydig cells is known as a Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor.
14th King's Hussars
The 14th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment in the British Army, first raised in 1715. It saw service for two centuries, including the First World War, before being amalgamated with the 20th Hussars to form the 14th/20th King's Hussars in 1922.

14th/20th King's Hussars
The 14th/20th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars in 1992.
Rube Goldberg Machine Contest
The Rube Goldberg Machine Contest is a contest in which students of all ages build Rube Goldberg machines to complete an everyday task in the style of American cartoonist Rube Goldberg. The contest is held internationally, as well as virtually after the COVID-19 pandemic.  Live regional contests and local and regional winners are eligible and invited to compete in the national contest.

Rube Goldberg machine
A Rube Goldberg machine, named after American cartoonist Rube Goldberg, is a chain reaction–type machine or contraption intentionally designed to perform a simple task in a comically overcomplicated way. Usually, these machines consist of a series of simple unrelated devices; the action of each triggers the initiation of the next, eventually resulting in achieving a stated goal.

The design of such a "machine" is often presented on paper and would be impossible to implement in actuality. More recently, such machines have been fully constructed for entertainment (for example, a breakfast scene in Pee-wee's Big Adventure) and in Rube Goldberg competitions.
Aza-crown ether
In organic chemistry, an aza-crown ether is an aza analogue of a crown ether (cyclic polyether). That is, it has a nitrogen atom (amine linkage, −NH− or >N−) in place of each oxygen atom (ether linkage, −O−) around the ring. While the parent crown ethers have the formulae (CH2CH2O)n, the parent aza-crown ethers have the formulae (CH2CH2NH)n, where n = 3, 4, 5, 6.  Well-studied aza crowns include triazacyclononane (n = 3), cyclen (n = 4), and hexaaza-18-crown-6 (n = 6).

Selected aza-crowns and their complexes

1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane, a tridentate ligand used in coordination chemistry.

Cyclam is a tetraaza crown ether with alternating (CH2)2 and (CH2)3 linkers between amine centers.

Plerixafor, a derivative of cyclam, is used to mobilize blood stem cells as a part of blood cancer treatment.

2.2.2-Cryptand is an aza-crown of the mixed ether-amine variety.

Cyclam
Cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) is an organic compound with the formula (NHCH2CH2NHCH2CH2CH2)2. Classified as an aza-crown ether, it is a white solid that is soluble in water. As a macrocyclic ligand, it binds strongly to many transition metal cations. The compound was first prepared by the reaction of 1,3-dibromopropane and ethylenediamine.

The compound features four secondary amines.  Its complexes therefore can exist as several diastereomers, depending on the relative orientation of the N–H centres. Its complexes feature alternating five- and six-membered chelate rings.  The closely related ligand cyclen ((CH2CH2NH)4) forms only five-membered C2N2M chelate rings and tends not to form square-planar complexes.
Tessa Gräfin von Walderdorff
Countess Tessa June von Walderdorff (German: Tessa June Gräfin von Walderdorff; born 20 February 1994), also known by her married name Tessa Hilton, is an American socialite, model, and real estate broker. She previously worked as an actress in short films, a free-lance disc jockey, and was a writer for the German fashion and lifestyle magazine I Love You.

By birth, she is a member of the House of Walderdorff, a German noble family of Comital rank, and a descendant of the Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg branch of the House of Wittelsbach. Through her marriage to Barron Nicholas Hilton II, she became a member of the Hilton family.

Hilton family
The Hilton family is an American family that originally comes from Kløfta, Norway, and spans over four generations from New York City and Los Angeles. The family members hold varying degrees of power, wealth and status as socialites in the United States. They are widely known for Hilton Worldwide which was established by Conrad Hilton in 1919 when he bought his first hotel.

The Hilton family is one of the world's most powerful and famous families and are worth over $14.2 billion dollars.
Alphington, Victoria
Alphington (/ælfɪŋtən/ ALF-ing-tən) is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 7 km (4.3 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Darebin and Yarra local government areas. Alphington recorded a population of 5,702 at the 2021 census.

Alphington shares a postcode with neighbouring suburb Fairfield, and is bounded by the Yarra River in the south and the Darebin Creek in the east.

Fairfield, Victoria
Fairfield is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 6 km (3.7 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Darebin and Yarra local government areas. Fairfield recorded a population of 6,535 at the 2021 census.

Fairfield is bounded by Grange Road to the east, the Yarra River to the south, Darebin Road to the north and Northcote to the west.
Ende Gelände 2019
Ende Gelände 2019 was a series of large-scale events of a movement for climate justice in Germany.

As a continuation of the previous year's actions, the non-violent direct action civil disobedience events targeted the coal-fired power plants of RWE Power AG and demanded the "immediate fossil fuel phase-out" based on climate justice and climate change mitigation.

Between 21 and 23 June 2019, protests centered on the Garzweiler open pit mine of the Rhenish lignite mining area.

Protests also took place in the Lusatian lignite mining area between 29 November and 1 December 2019.

Garzweiler surface mine
The Tagebau Garzweiler (German pronunciation: [ˈtaːɡəbaʊ̯ ˈɡaʁt͜sˌʋaɪ̯lɐ]) is a surface mine (German: Tagebau) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is operated by RWE and used for mining lignite. The mine currently has a size of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and got its name from the village of Garzweiler which previously existed at this location. The community was moved to a section of Jüchen with the same name.
Taurovenator
Taurovenator, from Latin taurus, meaning "bull", and venator, meaning "hunter", is an extinct genus of large, probable carcharodontosaurid theropod dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous, around 95 to 93.9 million years ago. Initially only known from a single postorbital skull bone described from the Huincul Formation, Taurovenator violantei was named in 2016 by Argentine paleontologist Matias Motta and colleagues. Debate came about over the validity of the species, with some paleontologists arguing that Taurovenator was synonymous with the earlier-named carcharodontosaurid Mapusaurus. However, the 2024 description of a well-preserved partial skull and skeleton referrable to Taurovenator aided in distinguishing the two taxa.

Carcharodontosauridae
Carcharodontosauridae (carcharodontosaurids; from the Greek καρχαροδοντόσαυρος, carcharodontósauros: "shark-toothed lizards") is a group of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. In 1931, Ernst Stromer named Carcharodontosauridae as a family, which, in modern paleontology,  indicates a clade within Carnosauria. Carcharodontosaurids include some of the largest land predators ever known: Giganotosaurus, Mapusaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Tyrannotitan all rivaled Tyrannosaurus in size. Estimates give a maximum weight of 8–10 metric tons (8.8–11.0 short tons) for the largest carcharodontosaurids, while the smallest carcharodontosaurids were estimated to have weighed at least 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).
Arboretum (Zurich)
The Arboretum is a botanical garden, public park and arboretum in Switzerland. The garden is part of the so-called Quaianlagen, a series of lakefronts in Zurich. The area also houses a lido, a public bath with a lake sauna, and the Voliere Zürich including the Vogelpflegestation, a unique sanatorium for birds.

Quaianlagen (Zurich)
Quaianalagen (German, plural; English: quays, or quaysides; from French: des quais) or Seeuferanlagen (German, plural for lakeshore sites) on Lake Zurich is a series of lakefronts in Zurich, Switzerland. Inaugurated in 1887, the quaysides are considered an important milestone in the development of Zurich. The construction of the lake fronts transformed the medieval small town on the rivers Limmat and Sihl to a modern city on the Lake Zurich shore. The project was managed by engineer Arnold Bürkli.
Buntingford
Buntingford is a market town and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire, England. It lies next to the River Rib and is located on the historic Roman road, Ermine Street. As a result of its location, it grew mainly as a staging post with many coaching inns and has an 18th-century one-cell prison known as The Cage, by the ford at the end of Church Street. At the 2021 census, the parish had a population of 7,989 and the built up area had a population of 7,875.

East Hertfordshire
East Hertfordshire is one of ten local government districts in Hertfordshire, England. Its council is based in Hertford, the county town of Hertfordshire. The largest town in the district is Bishop's Stortford, and the other main towns are Ware, Buntingford and Sawbridgeworth. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 137,687. By area it is the largest of the ten local government districts in Hertfordshire. The district borders North Hertfordshire, Stevenage, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, and Epping Forest, Harlow and Uttlesford in Essex.

In the 2006 edition of Channel 4's "Best and Worst Places to Live in the UK", East Hertfordshire was rated the seventh-best district to live in. In 2012, East Hertfordshire came ninth in Halifax bank's annual survey of most desirable places to live. It came first in this survey in 2020.
Al Muthanna Task Group
The Al Muthanna Task Group (AMTG) was a battlegroup that formed Australia's main ground force contribution to the Multinational force in Iraq. The AMTG was established in April 2005 and ceased to exist in July 2006 when the Australian force was relocated to Dhi Qar Governorate as Overwatch Battle Group (West).

Overwatch Battle Group (West)
Overwatch Battle Group (West) was an Australian Army battlegroup that represented Australia's largest contribution to the Multinational force in Iraq. The Battle Group was established in July 2006 and was based at Tallil Airbase in Dhi Qar Governorate, consisting of units previously assigned to the third, and final, rotation of the Al Muthanna Task Group. It was withdrawn in June 2008.
Sylvia Fein
Sylvia Fein (November 20, 1919 – April 1, 2024) was an American surrealist painter and author. Inspired by the quattrocento, Fein painted in egg tempera, which she made herself.  She studied painting at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she became part of a group of magical realist painters, including Gertrude Abercrombie, Marshall Glasier, John Wilde, Dudley Huppler, and Karl Priebe. A newspaper described her as "Wisconsin’s Foremost Woman Painter." Beginning in the 1940s, Fein lived for a time in Mexico, then in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, eventually settling in the town of Martinez. Her 100th birthday was marked with an exhibition at her alma mater, The University of California at Berkeley.

Karl Priebe
Karl Priebe (July 1, 1914 – July 5, 1976) was an American painter from Milwaukee, Wisconsin whose studies and paintings of birds, exotic animals, and African-American culture won him national and international recognition.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor that in humans is encoded by the CHRM1 gene. It is localized to 11q13.

This receptor is found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, and is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS.

It is predominantly found bound to G proteins of class Gq that use upregulation of phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signalling pathway. A receptor so bound would not be susceptible to CTX or PTX. However, Gi (causing a downstream decrease in cAMP) and Gs (causing an increase in cAMP) have also been shown to be involved in interactions in certain tissues, and so would be susceptible to PTX and CTX respectively.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers. They are mainly found in the parasympathetic nervous system, but also have a role in the sympathetic nervous system in the control of sweat glands.

Muscarinic receptors are so named because they are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine. Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), receptor ion channels that are also important in the autonomic nervous system. Many drugs and other substances (for example pilocarpine and scopolamine) manipulate these two distinct receptors by acting as selective agonists or antagonists.