hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
California's 4th congressional district
California's 4th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. The district is located in the northwestern part of the state, and includes all of Lake County and Napa County, most of Yolo County, and parts of Solano County and Sonoma County. Major cities in the district include Davis, Woodland, Napa, Vacaville, and most of Santa Rosa. The district is solidly Democratic, and is represented by Mike Thompson.

From 2013 to 2023, the district encompassed The Sierra from Truckee to the Sequoia National Forest, as well as a largely suburban area on the edge of the Sacramento Valley in southwestern Placer County.  It consisted of Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Mariposa, and Tuolumne counties plus most of Placer County and portions of Fresno, Madera, and Nevada counties. The district was represented by Republican Tom McClintock.

Napa County, California
Napa County (/ˈnæpə/ ⓘ) is a county north of San Pablo Bay located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 138,019. The county seat is the City of Napa. Napa County was one of the original counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. Parts of the county's territory were given to Lake County in 1861.

Napa County comprises the Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is one of four North Bay counties.

Napa County, once the producer of many different crops, is known today for its regional wine industry. Napa County rose to the first rank of wine regions, along with France, when local wineries Stag's Leap Wine Cellars and Chateau Montelena won the "Judgment of Paris" in 1976.
Natalia Polosmak
Natalia Viktorovna Polosmak (Russian: Наталья Викторовна Полосьмак; born  12  September 1956) is a Russian archaeologist specialising in the study of early Metal Age Eurasian nomads, especially those known as the Pazyryk Culture, an ancient people, often glossed as "Scythian", who lived in the Altay Mountains in Siberian Russia. She is best known for her discovery and analysis of the Ice Maiden mummy which is now the focus of an ethnic political debate between Russian scientists and the Altay people living there.

Siberian Ice Maiden
The Siberian Ice Maiden, known locally as the Altai Princess (Russian: Алтайская принцесса), the Princess of Ukok (Russian: Принце́сса Уко́ка), Deva ("Virgin") and Ochy-bala (Russian: Очы-бала, the heroine of the Altaic epic), is a mummy of a woman from the 5th century BC, discovered in 1993 in a kurgan belonging to one of the Pazyryk burials, from the Pazyryk culture in the Republic of Altai, Russia. It was among the most significant Russian archaeological findings of the late 20th century. In 2012 she was moved to a special mausoleum at the Republican National Museum in Gorno-Altaisk.
I Marinella Se Tragoudia Tis Vembo
I Marinella se tragoudia tis Vembo (Greek: Η Μαρινέλλα σε τραγούδια της Βέμπο; English: Marinella in songs of Vembo) is the name of a studio album by popular Greek singer Marinella. It was released on 3 March 1980 by PolyGram Records in Greece and is a collection of 12 songs Marinella recorded in tribute to popular Greek singer Sofia Vembo, known as the "Songstress of Victory". This album was issued in mono and stereo. The stereo version of this album was released on CD in 1994 by PolyGram.

Marinella
Kyriaki Papadopoulou (Greek: Κυριακή Παπαδοπούλου; born 19 May 1938), known by her stage name Marinella (Greek: Μαρινέλλα), is a Greek singer whose career has spanned several decades. She is well regarded due to her impressive vocal range. Since the beginning of her professional singing career in 1956, she has released 66 solo albums, and has also been featured on many albums by other musicians. She represented Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1974, becoming the first ever Greek entrant in the contest.

From 1956 to 2024, Marinella remained active for 68 years, performing in concerts and weekly shows at nightclubs.  On September 25, 2024, at the age of 86, she suffered a severe hemorrhagic stroke while performing at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens, collapsing on stage. After four months of hospitalization, on January 21, 2025, she was discharged from the hospital and returned home.
Banana split
A banana split is an American ice cream-based dessert consisting of a peeled banana cut in half lengthwise, and served with ice cream and sauce between the two pieces. There are many variations, but the classic banana split is made with three scoops of ice cream (one each of vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry). A sauce or sauces (chocolate, strawberry, and pineapple are traditional) are drizzled onto the ice cream, which is topped with whipped cream and maraschino cherries. Crushed nuts (generally peanuts or walnuts) are optional.

Sundae
A sundae ( /ˈsʌndeɪ, ˈsʌndi/) is an ice cream frozen dessert of American origin that typically consists of one or more scoops of ice cream topped with a sweet sauce or syrup and other toppings such as sprinkles, whipped cream, marshmallows, chocolate chips, M&M's, peanuts, cookies, chocolate brownies, maraschino cherries, or other fruits (e.g. bananas and pineapple in a banana split).
Unfair labor practice (Japan)
An unfair labor practice (不当労働行為, futouroudoukoui) is discrimination by an employer in Japan against a worker who is associated with a union, or refusal by an employer to negotiate with a trade union, or interference in the activities of a union. Unfair labor practices are defined under Article 7 of the 1949 Trade Union Law (労働組合法, roudou-kumiaihou). They are ruled on by Labour Relations Commissions.

Labour Relations Commission
Labour Relations Commissions (労働委員会, Rōdō Iinkai) are Japanese government commissions responsible for protecting the legal rights of workers in Japan under the Constitution of Japan and the Trade Union Act of 1949.
David Lloyd (tennis)
David Alan Lloyd (born 3 January 1948) is an English former professional tennis player and entrepreneur. He founded the fitness and leisure business David Lloyd Leisure in 1982.

He was born in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. He and his younger brother John Lloyd became two of the most successful British tennis players throughout the 1970s and 1980s. David captained the British Davis Cup team and was active in the Lawn Tennis Association.

For a short time he was chairman of Hull City A.F.C. and Hull FC. He also played a major part in making Tim Henman a world top 10 tennis player.

David Lloyd Leisure
David Lloyd Leisure Limited, trading as David Lloyd Clubs and commonly known simply as David Lloyd, is a chain of health clubs with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. It is the largest health, fitness and leisure business in Europe by revenue. and operates 130 clubs in nine countries.
San Francisco Golden Gaters
The San Francisco Golden Gaters were a charter franchise of World Team Tennis (WTT). The Golden Gaters won two Western Division Championships and lost in the WTT Finals both times. The team was founded in 1973 and made the playoffs in each of the five seasons in which it participated in the league. Following the 1978 season, eight of the then 10 WTT franchises folded leaving only the Golden Gaters and the Phoenix Racquets prepared to participate in the 1979 season. WTT suspended operations of the league in March 1979, ending the Golden Gaters existence.

Seattle Cascades
The Seattle Cascades were a charter franchise of World Team Tennis (WTT). The team first played as the Hawaii Leis in the league's inaugural 1974 season, before becoming the Sea-Port Cascades for the 1977 season, when it played half its home matches in Seattle, Washington and the other half in Portland, Oregon. The team left Portland in 1978, and played nearly all its home matches in Seattle. The Cascades announced the team would fold following the 1978 season.
Siege of Groenlo (1627)
The siege of Grol in 1627 was a battle between the Army of the Dutch Republic, commanded by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and the Spanish-controlled fortified city of Grol (now known as Groenlo), during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo–Spanish War in 1627. The Spanish Army, led by Hendrik van den Bergh, came to relieve Grol but too late. The siege lasted from 20 July until 19 August 1627, resulting in the surrender of the city to the Dutch army.

During the siege, a 16 km circumvallation line was made around Grol to prevent the enemy from leaving and to prevent the liberation of the city from outside. Ambrosio Spinola had used a similar technique during the Siege of Breda (1624), and after the successful siege of Grol Frederic-Henry would later use it in other sieges in the Netherlands, such as at the Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch. The success at Grol provided the first serious victory on land for the Republic after the Twelve Years' Truce.

Ambrogio Spinola
Ambrogio Spinola Doria, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases and 1st Duke of Sesto (1569 – 25 September 1630) was an Italian nobleman from the Republic of Genoa and a celebrated general in the service of the Spanish Empire. He distinguished himself in several key engagements during the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War, and is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of his time and in the history of the Spanish army. Spanish-speaking sources often refer to him as "Ambrosio". For his service, he was granted the title Marquess of Los Balbases in the Spanish peerage and was invested into both the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of Santiago.
Queen's Indian Defense
The Queen's Indian Defense (QID) is a chess opening defined by the moves:

1. d4 Nf6

2. c4 e6

3. Nf3 b6

The opening is a solid defense to the Queen's Pawn Game. 3...b6 increases Black's control over the central light squares e4 and d5 by preparing to fianchetto the queen's bishop, with the opening deriving its name from this maneuver. As in the other Indian defenses, Black attempts to control the center with pieces in hypermodern style, instead of occupying it with pawns in classical style.

By playing 3.Nf3, White sidesteps the Nimzo-Indian Defense that arises after 3.Nc3 Bb4. The Queen's Indian is regarded as the sister opening of the Nimzo-Indian, since both openings aim to impede White's efforts to gain full control of the center by playing e2–e4 without directly putting a pawn in the centre. Together, they are a well-respected response to 1.d4.

Glossary of chess
This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess, in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin.

For a list of:

unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece;

terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems;

named opening lines, see List of chess openings;

chess-related games, see List of chess variants;

terms general to board games, see Glossary of board games.
Vitalii Malakhov
Vitalii Yukhymovych Malakhov (Ukrainian: Віта́лій Юхи́мович Мала́хов; 19 July 1954 – 4 November 2021) was a Ukrainian theatre director and artistic manager-director of the Kyiv Drama Theater on Podil. He was nominated as the People's Artist of Ukraine in 2008. He was also the laureate of the Shevchenko National Prize in the field of art in 2008.

Theater on Podil
Theater on Podil (officially: Kyiv Academic Drama Theater on Podil) is an academic drama theater in Kyiv, established in 1987 in historical Podil and directed by Ukrainian theater director Vitaliy Malakhov.
Keshia Chanté (album)
Keshia Chanté is a self-titled debut studio album by Canadian singer Keshia Chanté, released by BMG Music Canada on June 22, 2004, and was certified gold. The album received positive reviews from critics and industry insiders, winning numerous awards, including a Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year, making Chanté the youngest winner. The album garnered numerous awards and accolades.

Keshia Chanté
Keshia Chanté Harper (born June 16, 1988) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, television host, actress and entrepreneur.

She has served as a judge on the international music competition series The World's Best, hosted The Legacy Awards, been an on-air reporter and host for Entertainment Tonight Canada, and is listed as an International Voter for the Golden Globe Awards.

Chanté has appeared on, or hosted, several television programs including the BET Awards, Paramount’s Peak of the Week, hosted BB Rewind, the official after show of season 22 of Big Brother on CBS, and Battle of the Blades. She has also participated in community and charitable initiatives, including hosting We Day and supporting campaigns focused on mental health awareness. In 2022, she founded the hair care brand KHAIR.

In 2014, she received a star on the Brampton Arts Walk of Fame for her contributions to Canadian entertainment.
Margaret Llewelyn Davies
Margaret Caroline Llewelyn Davies (16 October 1861 – 28 May 1944) was a British social activist who served as general secretary of the Co-operative Women's Guild from 1889 until 1921. Her election has been described as a "turning point" in the organization's history, increasing its political activity and beginning an era of unprecedented growth and success. Catherine Webb considered Davies's retirement such a significant loss for the Guild that she began writing The Woman with the Basket, a history of the Guild to that time.

Davies compiled Maternity: Letters from Working Women (1915), a book based on letters from Guild members about their experiences of pregnancy, childbirth and raising children. She was the editor of Life as we have Known it (1931), a collection of Guild members' reflections, which included an introduction by her friend Virginia Woolf. Davies was a prominent and dedicated pacifist of her era.

Catherine Webb (co-operative activist)
Catherine Webb (4 May 1859 – 29 July 1947) was an influential activist in the early cooperative movement, writer and educator. She was general secretary of the Women's Industrial Council (WIC), general secretary of the Co-operative Women's Guild and vice-president of Morley College.
Tanuja Chandra
Tanuja Chandra (born 1969) is an Indian film director and writer. Chandra is the daughter of writer Kamna Chandra and sister of author Vikram Chandra and film critic Anupama Chopra. She co-wrote the screenplay of Yash Chopra's Dil To Pagal Hai (1997) and is known for frequently directing women-oriented films where female characters are the main protagonists, notably Dushman (1998) and Sangharsh (1999).

Anupama Chopra
Anupama Vinod Chopra (née Chandra) is an Indian author, journalist and film critic who served as the festival director of the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival from 2015 to 2023. She is also the founder and editor of the now-defunct digital platform Film Companion, which offered a curated look at cinema with an emphasis on Indian film. She has written several books on Indian cinema and has been a film critic for NDTV and India Today, as well as the Hindustan Times. She hosted a weekly film review show, The Front Row With Anupama Chopra, on Star World. She won the 2000 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema for her first book Sholay: The Making of a Classic. Chopra joined the Indian outlet of The Hollywood Reporter as it was launched in 2024.
U.S. Route 13 in Virginia
U.S. Route 13 (US 13) is a north–south United States Numbered Highway established in 1926 that runs for 518 miles (834 km) from Interstate 95 (I-95) just north of Fayetteville, North Carolina, north to US 1 in Morrisville, Pennsylvania, a northeastern suburb of Philadelphia. In the U.S. state of Virginia, US 13 runs north–south through the Hampton Roads and Eastern Shore regions of the state, using the Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel to get between the two. In the Hampton Roads area, it uses Military Highway to bypass the city centers. It is most usually a four-lane highway, sometimes up to freeway or expressway standards with controlled access.

Special routes of U.S. Route 13
U.S. Route 13 (US 13) runs along the Atlantic coastline for over 500 miles (800 km), passing through five states. Along its route, it possessed numerous special routes, which are all loops off the mainline US 13. At present, there are at least 15 special routes in existence: two in North Carolina, five in Virginia, two in Maryland, four in Delaware, and two in Pennsylvania. 13 others have existed in the past but have been deleted.
Elland (UK Parliament constituency)
53°41′31″N 1°48′11″W﻿ / ﻿53.692°N 1.803°W﻿ / 53.692; -1.803

Elland was a parliamentary constituency in the West Riding of Yorkshire that existed between 1885 and 1950. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, by the first-past-the-post voting system.

Situated between Bradford in the North, Halifax in the West, and Huddersfield to the south, it included the mining town of Brighouse and the wool centre of Elland. With a sizeable Nonconformist population (estimated at 15 per cent in 1922), it was natural Liberal territory, and was a fairly safe Liberal and later Labour seat, falling to the Conservatives only in the 'khaki election' of 1918 and the Labour collapse of 1931. In the 1918 redistribution it lost some territory and it was abolished in 1950. A sizeable part of the area was transferred to the new Brighouse and Spenborough seat.

Elland
Elland is a market town in Calderdale, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. It is situated south of Halifax, by the River Calder and the Calder and Hebble Navigation. Elland was recorded as Elant in the Domesday Book of 1086. It had a population of 14,554 at the 2001 Census, with the ward being measured at 11,676 in the 2011 Census.
Old World sparrow
Old World sparrows are groups of small passerine birds forming the family Passeridae. They are also known as true sparrows, a name which is also used for a particular genus of the family Passer. They are distinct from both the New World sparrows of the family Passerellidae and from a few other birds such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae sharing their name. Many species nest on buildings and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows, in particular, inhabit cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects. Some species scavenge for food around cities and  like pigeons or gulls, will eat small quantities of a diversity of items.

New World sparrow
New World sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. They are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns.

Although they share the name sparrow, New World sparrows are more closely related to Old World buntings than they are to the Old World sparrows (family Passeridae). New World sparrows are also similar in both appearance and habit to finches, with which they sometimes used to be classified.
Transformation semigroup
In algebra, a transformation semigroup (or composition semigroup) is a collection of transformations (functions from a set to itself) that is closed under function composition. If it includes the identity function, it is a monoid, called a transformation (or composition) monoid. This is the semigroup analogue of a permutation group.

A transformation semigroup of a set has a tautological semigroup action on that set. Such actions are characterized by being faithful, i.e., if two elements of the semigroup have the same action, then they are equal.

An analogue of Cayley's theorem shows that any semigroup can be realized as a transformation semigroup of some set.

In automata theory, some authors use the term transformation semigroup to refer to a semigroup acting faithfully on a set of "states" different from the semigroup's base set. There is a correspondence between the two notions.

Function composition
In mathematics, the composition operator  takes two functions,  and , and returns a new function .  When the composite function  (pronounced " of ") is evaluated at an input , the result is . That is, the function  is applied after applying  to .

The composition of functions is a special case of the composition of relations, sometimes also denoted by . As a result, all properties of composition of relations are true of composition of functions, such as associativity.
Xiang Tu
Xiang Tu (Chinese: 相土; pinyin: Xiàng Tǔ; ? – ?), also known as Cheng Du (乘杜) was the third ruler of Predynastic Shang. His family name is Zi (子). He allegedly lived in Shangqiu (商丘), Henan (河南), where his grandfather, Xie of Shang, resided.

Xie of Shang
Xie (Chinese: 契) family name Zi (子), was an ancient Chinese nobleman and ancestor of the kings of the Shang dynasty. He is the first known Shang ancestor and ruler of the Predynastic Shang. However, he is only mentioned in texts from after the Shang dynasty: He is not attested in oracle bone inscriptions.
Pink Panther (video game)
Pink Panther is a 1988 video game based on the character of the same name. It was developed by German company Magic Bytes and published by Gremlin Graphics. It was released in Europe for Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and ZX Spectrum. Pink Panther was criticized for its control and difficulty, although the Amiga and Atari ST versions received praise for their graphics.

Pink Panther (character)
The Pink Panther is a fictional animated character who appears in the opening or closing credit sequences of every film in The Pink Panther series, except for A Shot in the Dark and Inspector Clouseau. In the storyline of the original film, the "Pink Panther" is the name of a valuable pink diamond named for a flaw that shows a "figure of a springing panther" when held up to the light in a certain way; in the credits, the diamond is personified by an animated, anthropomorphic panther with pink fur. In the original film series, only the first Pink Panther film and its third sequel, The Return of the Pink Panther, featured the diamond.

The character's popularity spawned a spin-off franchise of theatrical shorts, television cartoons and merchandise. He starred in 124 short films, four TV series and four TV specials. The character is closely associated with "The Pink Panther Theme", composed by Henry Mancini.
Ngaiawang
The Ngaiawang (Ngayawang) were an Aboriginal Australian people of the western Riverland area of South Australia, with a language considered part of the Lower Murray group. They are now considered extinct. They have sometimes been referred to as part of the Meru people, a larger grouping which could also include the Ngawait and Erawirung peoples. They were called Birta by the Kaurna and Ngadjuri peoples, variations of Murundi by the Jarildekald people, and were also known various other terms and spellings.

Kaurna
The Kaurna people (English: /ˈɡɑːrnə/, Kaurna: [ɡ̊auɳa]; also Coorna, Kaura, Gaurna and other variations) are a group of Aboriginal people whose traditional lands include the Adelaide Plains of South Australia. They were known as the Adelaide tribe by the early settlers. Kaurna culture and language were almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the British colonisation of South Australia in 1836. However, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. The phrase Kaurna meyunna means "Kaurna people".
Hurstpierpoint College
Hurstpierpoint College is a public school (English private boarding and day school), located just north of the village of Hurstpierpoint, West Sussex. The College was founded in 1849 by Canon Nathaniel Woodard and is a member of the Woodard Corporation.

Nathaniel Woodard
Nathaniel Woodard (/ˈwʊdɑːrd/ ⓘ WUUD-ard; 21 March 1811 – 25 April 1891) was a priest in the Church of England. He founded 11 schools for the middle classes in England whose aim was to provide education based on "sound principle and sound knowledge, firmly grounded in the Christian faith". His educational principles are promoted today through the Woodard Corporation, a registered charity.