hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
County-administered city
A county-administered city is a third-level administrative division in the Republic of China (Taiwan), below a county, which is in turn below a province. Under the administrative structure of the ROC, it is at the same level as a township or a district. Such cities are under the jurisdiction of counties. It is also the lowest-level city in Taiwan, below a city and a special municipality. There are 14 county-administered cities currently under ROC control.

Township (Taiwan)
Townships are the third-level administrative subdivisions of counties of the Republic of China (Taiwan), along with county-administered cities. After World War II, the townships were established from the following conversions on the Japanese administrative divisions:

Although local laws do not enforce strict standards for classifying them, generally urban townships have a larger population and more business and industry than rural townships, but not to the extent of county-administered cities. Under townships, there is also the village as the base/fourth level of administration.

As of 2022, there are in all 184 townships, including 38 urban townships, 122 rural townships and 24 mountain indigenous townships. 174 townships with 35 urban and 115 rural townships are located in Taiwan Province and 10 townships with 3 urban and 7 rural townships are located in Fujian Province. Penghu and Lienchiang are the only two counties that do not have urban townships.
Gilbert Mair (trader)
Gilbert Mair (23 May 1799 – 16 July 1857) was a sailor and a merchant trader who visited New Zealand for the first time when he was twenty, and lived there from 1824 till his death. He married Elizabeth Gilbert Puckey – who had the first piano brought to New Zealand in 1827. They had twelve children. Among them were "famous New Zealanders" like Captain Gilbert Mair and Major William Gilbert Mair. Mair is a direct-line ancestor of Māori politician and activist Ken Mair.

In 1835 Gilbert Mair senior signed the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand as a witness (together with James Clendon) when a number of northern Māori rangatira (chiefs) established themselves as representing a confederation under the title of the "United Tribes of New Zealand". Gilbert Mair senior was "present at the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, and he and his family were acquainted with many of the noted men who visited the Bay of Islands".

Gilbert Mair (soldier)
Captain Gilbert Mair NZC (10 January 1843 – 29 November 1923) was a New Zealand surveyor, interpreter, soldier, public servant and botanical collector. He was born in Whangārei, Northland, New Zealand on 10 January 1843, the son of an early trader, also named  Gilbert Mair. His brother was Major William Gilbert Mair.
EU aviation fuel taxation
Taxation of aviation fuel in the European Union is regulated by the Energy Taxation Directive (2003/96/EG) of 27 October 2003. This prohibits the taxation of commercial aviation fuel, except for commercial domestic flights or by bilateral agreement between member states. As of 2023, commercial aviation fuel is currently tax exempt under the legislation of all member states of the European Union. This tax exemption has been criticised on environmental grounds.

Energy Taxation Directive
The Energy Taxation Directive or ETD (2003/96/EC) is a European directive, which establishes the framework conditions of the European Union for the taxation of electricity, motor and aviation fuels and most heating fuels. The directive is part of European Union energy law; its core component is the setting of minimum tax rates for all Member States.
China Yangtze Power
China Yangtze Power Co., Ltd. (CYPC), known as Yangtze Power is a Chinese utilities company, headquartered in Beijing. The company is a component of SSE 180 Index. A controlling share is held by the parent company China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG, Chinese: 中国长江三峡集团公司), a state-owned enterprise under State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.

The enterprise produces and sells energy to customers. China Yangtze Power was founded on 4 November 2002 and was brought on 18 November 2003 to the Shanghai Stock Exchange. China Yangtze Power originated from a cooperation of Chinese enterprises: Huaneng Power International, China National Nuclear Corporation, China National Petroleum Corporation, Gezhouba Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Group as well as the Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research.

China Three Gorges Corporation
The China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG; Chinese: 中国长江三峡集团公司) is a Chinese state-owned power company, established on 27 September 1993. The company was responsible for the construction of the Three Gorges Dam-project, the world's largest hydroelectric power plant, that went into operation in 2008. In September 2002, CTG established the subsidiary company China Yangtze Power, which took over operations and management of Gezhouba and Three Gorges dams. CTG is one of the world's largest energy companies with total assets of RMB 475.5 billion (app. USD 77.3 billion) in 2014. Other than hydroelectric dams, the company also operates onshore and offshore wind farms.
Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 2
Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 2 is a 2010 role-playing video game developed by Tose and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker (2006) and is the fifth game in the Dragon Quest Monsters series. A sequel, Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 3, was released in 2016.

Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 3
Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 3 is a 2016 role-playing video game developed by Tose and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sequel to Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 2 (2010), and is the sixth game in the Dragon Quest Monsters series.

Dragon Quest Monsters: Joker 3 Professional, an expanded version of the game, was released in February 2017. Professional is the final entry in the Joker series.
Timofey
Timofey (Russian: Тимофе́й) is a male Russian name derived from the Ancient Greek Timotheos (Τιμόθεος), meaning "honoring God". It is a Russian variant of the name Timothy.

The corresponding male patronymic is Timofeyevich (Тимофе́евич), and the female patronymic is Timofeyevna (Тимофе́евна).

Timothy (given name)
Timothy is a masculine name. It is a version of the Greek name Τιμόθεος (Timόtheos) meaning 'one who honours God', from τιμή 'honour' and θεός 'god'. Timothy (and its variations) is a common name in several countries.

In the United States, the name was most popular in the 1960s, ranking 13th among all boys' names. Popularity for the name has since declined, with its latest rating of #208 in 2024. The name has been used for girls, having a peak in 1968, ranking 908 in the United States, and has declined since, making it a very rare name for girls.
Kievan Rus' law
Kievan Rus' law or law of Kievan Rus', also known as old Russian law or early Russian law, was a legal system in Kievan Rus' (since the 9th century), in later Rus' principalities, and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 13th century. Its main sources were early Slavic customary law and Zakon Russkiy (Law of Rus'), which was partly recorded in Rus'–Byzantine Treaties. A number of articles have similarities with the Germanic (barbarian) laws, for example, the "Salic law" – a collection of legislative acts of Francia, the oldest text of which dates back to the beginning of the 6th century. The main written sources were Russkaya Pravda ("Rus' Justice") (since the 11th century) and Statutes of Lithuania (since the 16th century).

Russkaya Pravda
The Russkaya Pravda (sometimes translated as Rus' Justice, Rus' Truth, or Russian Justice) was the legal code of Kievan Rus' and its principalities during the period of feudal fragmentation. It was written at the beginning of the 12th century and remade during many centuries. The basis of the Russkaya Pravda, the Pravda of Yaroslav, was written at the beginning of the 11th century. The Russkaya Pravda was a main source of the law of Kievan Rus'.

In spite of great influence of Byzantine legislation on the contemporary world, and in spite of great cultural and commercial ties between Byzantium and Kievan Rus', the Russkaya Pravda bore no similarity whatsoever to the law of the Byzantine Empire. The absence of capital and corporal punishment rather reflects Norse jurisprudence.
Luke Jensen
Luke Jensen  (born June 18, 1966) is an American former professional tennis player and Grand Slam doubles champion. Jensen won the 1993 French Open Doubles title with his younger brother Murphy Jensen.

He attended the University of Southern California from 1986–87 and earned singles All-American honors both years (doubles in 1987). He began working for ESPN as a tennis analyst in 1994. Jensen compiled a 106-57 record in seven and a half seasons as the head coach of the Syracuse Orange women's tennis team. Jensen worked with his brother as the touring pro, tennis director and tennis pro emeritus at the Sea Island Resort until 2016.

Murphy Jensen
Murphy Jensen (born October 30, 1968) is an American former professional tennis player and Grand Slam doubles champion.  He is the younger brother of former professional tennis player Luke Jensen, with whom he teamed to win the 1993 French Open Doubles title.

He is the co-founder of WEconnect, a healthcare information technology company with a platform designed to aid addiction recovery, and currently the head coach of the Washington Kastles of World TeamTennis.
Archibald Lampman
Archibald Lampman FRSC (17 November 1861 – 10 February 1899) was a Canadian poet. "He has been described as 'the Canadian Keats;' and he is perhaps the most outstanding exponent of the Canadian school of nature poets." The Canadian Encyclopedia says that he is "generally considered the finest of Canada's late 19th-century poets in English."

Lampman is classed as one of Canada's Confederation Poets, a group which also includes Charles G.D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Duncan Campbell Scott.

Duncan Campbell Scott
Duncan Campbell Scott CMG FRSC (August 2, 1862 – December 19, 1947) was a Canadian civil servant and poet and prose writer. With Charles G.D. Roberts, Bliss Carman, and Archibald Lampman, he is classed as one of Canada's Confederation Poets.

A career civil servant, Scott served as deputy superintendent of the Department of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1932, in which he would eventually coin the phrase “final solution for the Indian problem” while promoting the cultural assimilation of native populations.
Liu Chengyou
Liu Chengyou (Chinese: 劉承祐) (28 March 931 – 2 January 951), also known by his posthumous name as the Emperor Yin of Later Han (後漢隱帝), was the second and last emperor of the Later Han dynasty of China, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned from 948 until his death in 951.

Liu Chengyou was only 16 years old when he succeeded his father Liu Zhiyuan (Emperor Gaozu), who died abruptly. His reign was marked by the arbitrary killing of his important ministers, which eventually led to his downfall. When he killed the entire family of general Guo Wei without Guo in 951, Guo's army attacked the capital, and Liu Chengyou was killed in the chaos.

There is a reference to Liu Chengyou as "Liu Chenghan" in the epitaph of Liu Zhiyuan, son of his cousin Liu Yun. Liu Chengyou may thus have changed his name on his accession as emperor.

Liu Zhiyuan
Liu Zhiyuan (Chinese: 劉知遠) (March 4, 895 – March 10, 948), later changed to Liu Gao (劉暠), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Gaozu of Later Han (後漢高祖), was the founding emperor of the Shatuo-led Chinese Later Han dynasty, the fourth of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was the older brother of the Northern Han founder Liu Min (Emperor Shizu).
Royal Grenadiers
The Royal Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). The regiment was distinctive as it was one of only two regiments in the Canadian Army to be designated as a grenadier regiment (the other unit being The Winnipeg Grenadiers). In 1936, the regiment was amalgamated with The Toronto Regiment to form The Royal Regiment of Toronto Grenadiers (now The Royal Regiment of Canada).

Toronto Regiment
The Toronto Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Non-Permanent Active Militia of the Canadian Militia (now the Canadian Army). The regiment was formed in 1920 when the war-raised 3rd Battalion (Toronto Regiment) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was incorporated after the First World War into the post-war Canadian Militia. In 1936, the regiment was amalgamated with The Royal Grenadiers to form The Royal Regiment of Toronto Grenadiers (now The Royal Regiment of Canada).
Hameg
HAMEG Instruments GmbH was a German enterprise specialized in the development and production of laboratory instruments (such as oscilloscopes). The company was located in Mainhausen near Frankfurt, Germany until it was completely integrated in the test & measurement division of Rohde & Schwarz in 2016. As a result, HAMEG as an independent company was closed.

Rohde & Schwarz
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG  (/ˈroʊdə ... ˈʃwɔːrts/ ROH-də ... SHWORTS, German: [ˈʁoːdə ʔʊnt ˈʃvaʁts]) is a German multinational electronics group specializing in the fields of electronic test equipment, broadcast & media, cybersecurity, radiomonitoring and radiolocation, and radiocommunication. The company also provides products for wireless communications, the electronics industry, aerospace and defense, homeland security and critical infrastructures.

In addition to the Munich headquarters, there are regional headquarters in the United States (Columbia, Maryland) and in Asia (Singapore). Worldwide the company has a total of more than 15,000 employees in over 70 countries.
Crocus vernus
Crocus vernus (spring crocus, giant crocus) is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Balkans. Its cultivars and those of Crocus flavus (Dutch crocus) are used as ornamental plants. The Dutch crocuses are larger than the other cultivated crocus species (e.g., Crocus chrysanthus).  Depending on the year, Crocus vernus starts flowering about the same time or up to 2 weeks after Crocus chrysanthus (snow crocus) starts flowering.  Height: 4–6 inches (10–15 cm).

Crocus flavus
Crocus flavus, known as yellow crocus, Dutch yellow crocus or snow crocus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Crocus of the family Iridaceae. It grows wild on the slopes of Bulgaria, Greece, parts of former Yugoslavia (North Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia), Romania and northwestern Turkey, with fragrant bright orange-yellow flowers.  It is a small crocus (5–6 cm (2–2 in), despite the names of some cultivars, compared to the giant Dutch crocuses (C. vernus). Its cultivars are used as ornamental plants.

The Latin specific epithet flavus means "yellow".
Toyama Domain
Toyama Domain (富山藩, Toyama han) was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Etchū Province (modern-day Toyama Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Toyama Castle in what is now the city of Toyama. Throughout its history, it was ruled by a cadet branch of the Maeda clan. The daimyō of Toyama Domain was subject to sankin-kōtai, and was received in the Ōhiroma of Edo Castle.

Toyama Castle
Toyama Castle (富山城, Toyama-jō) is a flatland-style Japanese castle located in the city of Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It is also called Azumi Castle (安住城 Azumi-jō).  Built in 1543, the castle and its surrounding land is maintained by the government of Japan as a public park.
University of Malaya Medical Centre
The Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) (Malay: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Malaya, abbr: PPUM), formerly known as University Hospital, is a government-funded teaching hospital and medical instructions located in Pantai Dalam, southwest corner of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was established by Statute in September 1962 and is part of Universiti Malaya.

It serves as the teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya and is the largest and oldest teaching hospital in Malaysia. The UMMC is also the second largest hospital in Malaysia.

Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya
The Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (commonly known as the UM Medical School, FoM UM, UM Medicine, or Malaya Medicine) is one of the thirteen faculties of the Universiti Malaya (UM). It was officially established in September 1962 after the establishment of the university's Kuala Lumpur campus. This was the first medical school established in Malaysia.

The faculty is well-known for its medical education and research, especially in the discovery of the Nipah virus (1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak). The faculty is widely regarded as the top medical school in Malaysia, being placed at No. 145 in the world in the subject of medicine in the QS World University Subject Rankings 2021, making it the highest-ranked medical school in Malaysia and the third-highest in Southeast Asia.
Finnish skittles
Finnish skittles, also known as Karelian skittles, outdoor skittles or kyykkä, is a centuries-old game of Karelian origin. The aim in Finnish skittles is to throw wooden skittle bats at skittles, trying to remove them from the play square using as few throws as possible. Skittles can be played with four-person teams, in pairs or as an individual game. Finnish skittles is one of the three skittles games played in the World Championships of Gorodki Sport. The other games include Classic Gorodki and Euro Gorodki.

Gorodki
Gorodki (Russian: Городки, lit. 'townlets'; Swedish: Poppi; Lithuanian: Miestučiai) is a Russian folk sport. Similar in concept to bowling and also somewhat to horseshoes, the aim of the game is to knock out groups of skittles arranged in various patterns by throwing a bat at them. The skittles, or pins, are called gorodki (literally "little cities" or "townlets"), and the square zone in which they are arranged is called the gorod ("city").

Its popularity has spread to Karelia, Finland, Sweden, Ingria, parts of Lithuania, and Estonia. In the Scandinavian and Baltic languages, the game has many different names, such as kurnimäng, kriuhka, köllöi, keili, and miestučiai. The Finnish variant is called kyykkä, or Finnish skittles.

The game was known in a form that is quite close to the modern one at least from the 17th century, since one of the most notable gorodki players was Peter the Great. It has survived in the contemporary period.
Droa
Droa! (Georgian: დროა!, romanized: droa!; lit. 'It's time!') is a liberal political party in Georgia founded by Elene Khoshtaria in 2021, after her split from the European Georgia party. It was a part of the Coalition for Change alliance for the 2024 parliamentary election, receiving 2 seats in the Georgian parliament.

Sometimes referred to as a "one-man party", due to Khoshtaria’s large role in the group, Droa is famous for its activism. It is additionally a strong advocate of minority and LGBT rights as well as Georgia joining the European Union.

Coalition for Change (Georgia)
Coalition for Change (Georgian: კოალიცია ცვლილებისთვის, romanized: k'oalitsia tsvlilebistvis) (sometimes stylized as Coalition 4 Change) is an informal political coalition of pro-Western liberal political parties in Georgia. The coalition includes Ahali, Girchi – More Freedom, Droa, and Republican parties and Activists for the Future movement. It was created prior to the 2024 parliamentary election, in which it received 11.03% of the popular vote.
Dennis Specialist Vehicles
Dennis Specialist Vehicles was an English manufacturer of commercial vehicles based in Guildford, building buses, fire engines, lorries (trucks) and municipal vehicles such as dustcarts. All vehicles were made to order to the customer's requirements and more strongly built than mass production equivalents. For most of the 20th century the Dennis company was Guildford's main employer.

Following a decade of financial difficulties original shareholders sold out in 1972 and Dennis's ownership has since passed through quite a number of hands. No Dennis haulage trucks have been built since 1985. The last Dennis fire engine left the Guildford factory in 2007. The Woodbridge site was sold, and a new factory, built in Slyfield in 1991, remained in use by a lineal business descendant, bus-maker Alexander Dennis, until 2020, when it too was closed down.

The Dennis brand is still used on Alexander Dennis buses, Dennis Eagle dustcarts and Dennis mowers.

Alexander Dennis
Alexander Dennis is a bus manufacturing company based in Larbert, Scotland. It is the largest bus and coach manufacturer in Scotland, with a 50% market share in 2019, it has manufacturing plants and partnerships in Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa and the United States.
Caleres
Caleres Inc. is an American footwear company that owns and operates a variety of footwear brands. Its headquarters is located in Clayton, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. The company was founded in 1878 as Bryan, Brown & Company in St. Louis, though it underwent several name changes. The Hamilton-Brown Shoe Company was the largest manufacturer of shoes in America in the early 20th century, but it went bankrupt in June 1939.

In the 1970s, Brown operated Famous Footwear, Cloth World fabric stores, Bottom Half jeans stores, and Meis department stores. Brown Shoe changed its name to Caleres on May 27, 2015, and current brands include Famous Footwear, Sam Edelman, Allen Edmonds, Naturalizer, and Vionic.

Allen Edmonds
Allen Edmonds is an American upscale men's shoe company based in Port Washington, Wisconsin. The company was established in Belgium, Wisconsin, in 1922 by Elbert W. Allen as Allen-Spiegal Shoe Company. The company is one of the few companies to maintain manufacturing in the U.S. and was the choice for every U.S. president on inauguration day from Ronald Reagan until George W. Bush.
Jiangxisaurus
Jiangxisaurus is an extinct genus of oviraptorid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nanxiong Formation of southern China. 
It was similar to Heyuannia, but with more strongly curved anterior claws and a thinner, frailer mandible. 
 This find is paleontologically significant because it contributes to current knowledge about the paleogeographical distribution of oviraptorids in southern China. It was most likely an omnivorous animal along with its close relatives Nankangia and Ganzhousaurus.

Ganzhousaurus
Ganzhousaurus (meaning "Ganzhou lizard") is an extinct genus of oviraptorid dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Nanxiong Formation of Nankang County, Ganzhou City of Jiangxi Province, southern China. It was found in a Maastrichtian deposit and contains a single species, Ganzhousaurus nankangensis. It is distinguished by a combination of primitive and derived features.
Hum TV
Hum TV HD is a 24-hour Urdu general entertainment TV channel based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was founded by Sultana Siddiqui and Duraid Qureshi in 2005.

It is owned by Hum Network Limited and traded on the Pakistan Stock Exchange as (HUMNL).

Hum Network Limited was known as Eye Television Network Limited prior to 21 January 2011. Hum TV began its transmission on 17 January 2005. In March 2013, Hum Network held its first Hum Awards ceremony. As of 1 May 2018, Hum TV shut down its SD feed and shifted to HD resolution in Pakistan.

Hum TV is one of Pakistan's biggest entertainment networks and regularly is in the  top ranks and maintains a loyal fanbase on social media in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and streaming platforms, as well as on television.

Hum Network
Hum Network Limited (Urdu: ہم نیٹ ورک) is a Pakistani media company based in Karachi, Pakistan. It was established in February 2004 by Sultana Siddiqui. It is also powered by Zee Network.

It is a  member of Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (APBU), Association for International Broadcasting (AIB), and Commonwealth Broadcasting Association (CBA).