hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siversk urban hromada
Siversk urban hromada (Ukrainian: Сіверська міська громада) is a hromada of Ukraine, located in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast. Its administrative center is the city Siversk.

It has an area of 195.4 square kilometres (75.4 sq mi) and a population of 13,244, as of 2020.

The hromada contains 7 settlements: the city Siversk and 6 villages:

Siversk
Siversk (Ukrainian: Сіверськ, IPA: [ˈs⁽ʲ⁾iwersʲk]; Russian: Северск, romanized: Seversk), formerly known as Yama (Яма) until 1973, is a city in Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Its economy has traditionally been based around the mining and processing of dolomite. In January 2022, it had an estimated population of 10,875. It is the administrative center of Siversk urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, it has been a site of repeated fighting, accelerating the economic and demographic downturn the city has suffered since the 1990s. The fighting for the city during the 2022 battle of Donbas of the Russo-Ukrainian war destroyed much of the city, and only about 1,000 people remain in the city as of July 2023. It has been under Russian occupation since December 2025.
III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery
III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery which existed in the early part of the 20th century.  It served with the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Divisions on the Western Front throughout World War I.

Post-war, the brigade served in the UK and India before being redesignated as 3rd Regiment, RHA in August 1938 in Egypt.

The regiment had an earlier incarnation as C Brigade, RHA, formed from the 1st Brigade of the Honourable East India Company's Bengal Horse Artillery in 1862 before being broken up in 1882.

I Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery
I Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Horse Artillery which existed in the early part of the 20th century.  It was dissolved at the outbreak of World War I as its constituent batteries were posted to other formations.

Post-war, the brigade was reformed, serving in the UK, Egypt and India before being redesignated as 1st Regiment, RHA in May 1938 at Aldershot.

The brigade had an earlier incarnation as A Brigade, RHA, formed from the Horse Brigade, Royal Artillery in 1864 before being broken up in 1889.
Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. In this sense, it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and perceive the world around them. Intercultural communication focuses on the recognition and respect of those with cultural differences. The goal is mutual adaptation between two or more distinct cultures which leads to biculturalism/multiculturalism rather than complete assimilation. It promotes the development of cultural sensitivity and allows for empathic understanding across different cultures.

Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural communication is a field of study investigating how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study.

Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of different cultures.  In cross-cultural communication, differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual change, but not collective transformations. In cross-cultural societies, one culture is often considered “the norm” and all other cultures are compared or contrasted to the dominant culture.
W. G. T. Goodman
Sir William George Toop Goodman KBE MICE MIEE MIEAust (14 March 1872 – 4 February 1961), was an engineer and administrator who supervised the installation of New Zealand's first electric tramway and went on to oversee the foundation and growth of the Municipal Tramways Trust in Adelaide, South Australia.

Municipal Tramways Trust
The Municipal Tramways Trust (MTT) was established by the Government of South Australia in December 1906 to purchase all of the horse-drawn tramways in Adelaide, South Australia. The Trust subsequently also ran petrol and diesel buses and electric trolleybuses. It ceased to exist on 8 December 1975, when its functions were transferred to the State Transport Authority, which also operated Adelaide's suburban train services.
Pedrail wheel
The pedrail wheel is a type of all-terrain wheel developed in the late 19th and early 20th century by Londoner Bramah Joseph Diplock. It consists of a series of "feet" (pedes in Latin) connected to pivots on a wheel. As the wheel travels, pressure exerted by springs within it increases the number of feet in contact with the ground, thus reducing ground pressure and allowing the wheel to negotiate obstacles and uneven ground.

Bramah Joseph Diplock
Bramah Joseph Diplock (27 April 1857 – 9 August 1918) was an English inventor who invented the pedrail wheel in 1899 and the pedrail chaintrack, a type of caterpillar track, in 1907.

Diplock was born in Chelsea, London to Thomas Bramah Diplock, a coroner, and Eleanor Diplock. He died suddenly on 9 August 1918 of brain hemorrhage at 21 Heathfield Close, Chiswick, aged 62.

Diplock Glacier in Antarctica is named after him due to his contribution to the development of tracked vehicles.
167th (1st London) Brigade
The 167th (1st London) Brigade was an infantry formation of the British Territorial Army that saw active service in both the First and Second World Wars. It was the first Territorial formation to go overseas in 1914, garrisoned Malta, and then served with the 56th (London) Infantry Division on the Western Front. In the Second World War, it fought in the North African and Italian campaigns in the Second World War.

3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment
The 3rd (City of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Royal Fusiliers) was a volunteer unit of the British Army under various titles from 1860 to 1961. Originally raised from railwaymen, the battalion sent a detachment to the Second Boer War and several battalions fought in World War I. Shortly before World War II, it became a searchlight unit and defended the UK during the Blitz, remaining in the air defence role in the postwar Territorial Army.
William English Walling
William English Walling (March 18, 1877 – September 12, 1936) (known as "English" to friends and family) was an American labor reformer and Socialist Republican born into a wealthy family in Louisville, Kentucky. He founded the National Women's Trade Union League in 1903. Moved by his investigation of the Springfield Race Riot of 1908 in the state capital of Illinois, he was among the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

He wrote three books on socialism in the early 20th century. He left the Socialist Party because of its anti-war policy, as he believed United States participation in the Great War was needed to defeat the Central Powers.

Women's Trade Union League
The Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) (1903–1950) was a U.S. organization of both working class and more well-off women to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and in campaigning for women's suffrage among men and women workers.
Georgia Tann
Beulah George "Georgia" Tann (July 18, 1891 – September 15, 1950) was an American child trafficker and social worker who operated the Tennessee Children's Home Society, an unlicensed adoption agency in Memphis, Tennessee. Tann used the home as a front for her black market baby adoption scheme from the 1920s to 1950. Young children were kidnapped and then sold to wealthy families, abused, or—in some instances—murdered. A state investigation into numerous cases of adoption fraud led to the institution's closure in 1950. Tann died of cancer before the investigation made its findings public.

Adoption fraud
Adoption fraud, also known as illegal adoption, can be defined as when a person or institution tries to adopt a child illegally or to give up a child for adoption illegally. Common ways in which this can be done include dishonesty and bribes.
GoldenPass Express
The GoldenPass Express is a luxury railway service that operates as a Panorama Express (PE) train between Montreux, on Lake Geneva, and Interlaken, in the Bernese Oberland, in Switzerland. The train is owned and operated jointly by the Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway (MOB) and BLS AG (BLS). As such, it uses the MOB's 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge line between Montreux and Zweisimmen. In Zweisimmen, the train cars change gauges in order to operate on BLS' 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge lines from Zweisimmen to Spiez and then from Spiez to Interlaken. The automatic gauge changeover, which adjusts both the track gauge and the height of the car body (to account for differences in platform heights), is believed to the first of its kind in the world when implemented on 11 December 2022.

Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line
The Montreux–Lenk im Simmental line is a metre-gauge electric railway line in Switzerland run by the Montreux Oberland Bernois Railway (MOB) and links Montreux on Lake Geneva by way of Les Avants, Montbovon, Rossinière, Château-d'Œx, Rougemont, Saanen, Gstaad and Zweisimmen with Lenk im Simmental. It leads through the cantons of Vaud, Fribourg and Bern. Running along the section between Montreux and Zweisimmen is the GoldenPass Line. The Montreux–Lenk line is one of the oldest electric railways in the country. Its main line, 75.1 km (46.7 mi) in length, is built to the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) gauge. At Zweisimmen, passengers may transfer to the Spiez–Erlenbach–Zweisimmen line, a standard gauge line owned by BLS AG. A 12.9 km (8.0 mi) branch line also connects Zweisimmen to Lenk.
Nanjing Normal University
Nanjing Normal University (NJNU; Chinese: 南京师范大学; pinyin: Nánjīng Shīfàn Dàxué) is a provincial public university in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Jiangsu, and co-sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the provincial government. The university is part of the Double First-Class Construction and Project 211.

As of 2020, NNU has three campuses in Nanjing, namely Xianlin, Suiyuan, and Zijin. It consists of 28 colleges and schools with an enrollment of 18,369 undergraduates and 12,564 graduate students, including 1,525 doctoral candidates.

Project 211
Project 211 (Chinese: 211工程) was a higher education development and sponsorship scheme of the government of China for "preparing approximately 100 universities for the 21st century", initiated in November 1995. There were 115 universities and colleges selected to be part of this program.

Project 211 and Project 985 were both initiated by the Jiang Zemin administration in 1990s as part of the "revitalize the country through science and education" strategy. They were nullified and replaced by the Double First-Class Construction in 2015, under the Xi Jinping administration.
Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley
Manny Pacquiao vs. Timothy Bradley, billed as Perfect Storm, was a professional boxing match contested on June 9, 2012, for the WBO welterweight championship. It was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada. After 12 rounds, Bradley won a highly controversial split decision to take the WBO welterweight title.

Timothy Bradley
Timothy Ray Bradley Jr. (born August 29, 1983) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2004 to 2016. He held multiple world championships in two weight classes, including the World Boxing Council (WBC) light welterweight title twice between 2008 and 2011, the World Boxing Organization (WBO) light welterweight title from 2009 to 2012, and the WBO welterweight title twice between 2012 and 2016.

In October 2013, Bradley was ranked as the world's third-best active boxer, pound for pound, by The Ring magazine. He is particularly known for his trilogy of fights against Manny Pacquiao, whom he fought in 2012, 2014, and 2016. Bradley was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2023.
Moise Poida
Moise Poida (born 2 April 1979) is a Vanuatuan football manager and former player. He manages the Vanuatu men's national team and has been a former manager of club side Tafea. Poida has also managed the Vanuatu men's under-20 national team and Vanuatu men's under-23 national team. As a player, Poida made 21 appearances for the national team and scored three goals as a winger and midfielder. At club level, he played for Tafea F.C. for his entire career. In 2008 Poida played for an Oceanian representative side against a team that included members of France's 1998 FIFA World Cup winning team. The game included players such as Zinedine Zidane, Christian Karembeu and Robert Pires.

Vanuatu national football team
The Vanuatu men's national football team (French: équipe du Vanuatu de football) represents Vanuatu in men's international football competitions. The team is governed by the Vanuatu Football Federation, which is currently a member of FIFA and the Oceania Football Confederation.
Bishunpur, Nepal
Bishunpur  is a town in Shivaraj Municipality in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. The former village development committee was transformed into a Municipality from 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Birpur, Nepal, Chanai, Bishunpur, Jawabhari and Shivapur village development committees. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2942 people living in 472 individual households.

Shivaraj Municipality
Shivaraj is a Municipality in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. The former village development committee was transformed into Municipality from 18 May 2014 by merging the existing Birpur, Chanai, Bishunpur,Jawabhari and Shivapur village development committees. At the time of the 2021 Nepal census it had a population of 84,810 people living in 16,241 individual households.

To promote local culture Shivapur has one FM radio stations Radio Voice – 104.5 MHz, which is a Community radio Station. For the better help another frequency modulation radio has been running with a name, Shivraj FM. It has been giving information about local activities, news and program. Chandrauta is one of the reputed cities located in Shivraj municipality.
Kjartan Kristiansen
Kjartan Kristiansen (born 14 August 1963 in Trondheim, Norway) is a Norwegian musician, best known as the guitarist and backing vocalist of the Norwegian band DumDum Boys, where he also serves as lyricist and main songwriter. Kristiansen is also a member of the punk band Wannskrækk and the rock band Racer along with the other members of DumDum Boys.

DumDum Boys
DumDum Boys are a Norwegian rock band from Trondheim, formed in 1979 and originally known as Wannskrækk. The band is one of the most successful Norwegian rock acts of all time, and are considered one of the "big four" bands who popularized modern rock with Norwegian lyrics in the 1980s alongside Jokke & Valentinerne, Raga Rockers and DeLillos.
Hakone Ekiden
Hakone Ekiden (箱根駅伝), officially called the Tokyo-Hakone Round Trip College Ekiden Race (東京箱根間往復大学駅伝競走, Tōkyō Hakone kan Ōfuku Daigaku Ekiden Kyōsō), is a ekiden (relay marathon) race held between Tokyo and Hakone in Japan on January 2 and 3. Hakone Ekiden is one of the most prominent university-level Ekiden races of the year and is part of the two ekiden race events that celebrate the new year, the other one being the New Year Ekiden for corporate teams on January 1st.

The race is telecast on Nippon Television and streamed on TVer and in the special Yomuri coverage website for the event.

This two-day race from Ōtemachi to Hakone and back is separated into five legs on each day.  Due to slight variations in the courses, the first day distance is 107.5 km while the distance on the second day is 109.6 km.

Hakone
Hakone (箱根町, Hakone-machi) is a town in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2023, the town had a population of 10,965, and total area of 92.82 km2 (35.84 sq mi).

Hakone is a notable spa town and a popular tourist destination due to its many hot springs being within view of nearby Mount Fuji, the most visited mountain in Japan.
Vicente Jiménez Zamora
Vicente Jiménez Zamora (born 28 January 1944) is a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who has been the Archbishop of Zaragoza from 2014 to 2020. He was Bishop of Osma-Soria from 2004 to 2007 and Bishop of Santander from 2007 to 2014.

Archdiocese of Zaragoza
The Archdiocese of Saragossa (Latin: Archidiœcesis Cæsaraugustana; Aragonese: Archidiocesi de Zaragoza) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in north-eastern Spain, in the province of Zaragoza (Saragossa in English), part of the autonomous community of Aragón. The archdiocese heads the ecclesiastical province of Saragossa, having metropolitan authority over the suffragan dioceses of Barbastro-Monzón, Huesca, Tarazona, and Teruel and Albarracín.

The diocese was created in Roman times; Pope John XXII elevated it to an archdiocese in 1318.
Stephen Mack Jr.
Stephen Mack Jr. (February 2, 1798 – April 10, 1850) was an adventurer and pioneer. An employee of the American Fur Company employee, he founded Rockton, Illinois. Mack was the husband of Hononegah and the grandfather of Bio De Casseres.

Hononegah
Hononegah or Xųnųnįka (c.1814–1847) was the wife of Stephen Mack Jr., an employee for the American Fur Company, a pioneer to the Rock River Valley in northern Illinois and founder of the community of Rockton, Illinois. Hononegah had a strong influence on the Roscoe-Rockton area; the high school of the four towns (the other two being Shirland and Harrison) and the main thoroughfare connecting the towns are both named after her.
Giardini Naxos
Giardini Naxos (Sicilian: I Jardina; English translation: Naxos Gardens) is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Messina on the island of Sicily in southern Italy. It is situated on the coast of the Ionian Sea on a bay which lies between Cape Taormina and Cape Schisò. Since the 1970s it has become a seaside resort, a popular tourist destination, and a cruise ship stop.

Taormina
Taormina (UK: /ˌtɑːɔːrˈmiːnə/ TAH-or-MEE-nə, US: /-nɑː/ -⁠nah, also /taʊərˈ-/, Italian: [ta.orˈmiːna]; Sicilian: Taurmina) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Messina, on the east coast of the island of Sicily, Italy. Taormina has been a tourist destination since the 19th century. Its beaches on the Ionian Sea, including that of Isola Bella, are accessible via an aerial tramway built in 1992, and via highways from Messina in the north and Catania in the south.
Bungay railway station
Bungay railway station was located on the now disused Waveney Valley Line which ran between Tivetshall and Beccles. The station was closed in 1953 and the buildings eventually demolished to make way for the A143 road. It was one of two stations in Suffolk on the line, which curved across the county boundary then back into Norfolk.

Waveney Valley line
The Waveney Valley line was a branch line running from Tivetshall in Norfolk to Beccles in Suffolk connecting the Great Eastern Main Line at Tivetshall with the East Suffolk line at Beccles. It provided services to Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Lowestoft, Ipswich and many other towns in Suffolk with additional services to London. It was named after the River Waveney which follows a similar route.
Charles Baudelaire
Charles-Pierre Baudelaire (UK: /ˈboʊdəlɛər/; US: /ˌboʊd(ə)ˈlɛər/; French: [ʃaʁl(ə) bodlɛʁ] ⓘ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet, essayist, translator and art critic. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhythm and rhyme, containing an exoticism inherited from the Romantics, and are based on observations of real life.

His most famous work, a book of lyric poetry titled Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing nature of beauty in the rapidly industrialising Paris caused by Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century. Baudelaire's original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. He coined the term modernity (modernité) to designate the fleeting experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility of artistic expression to capture that experience. Marshall Berman has credited Baudelaire as being the first Modernist.

Les Fleurs du mal
Les Fleurs du mal (French pronunciation: [le flœʁ dy mal]; English: The Flowers of Evil) is a volume of French poetry by Charles Baudelaire.

Les Fleurs du mal includes nearly all of Baudelaire's poetry, written from 1840 until his death in August 1867. First published in 1857, it was important in the symbolist—including painting—and modernist movements. Though it was extremely controversial upon publication, with six of its poems censored due to their immorality, it is now considered a major work of French poetry. The poems in Les Fleurs du mal frequently break with tradition, using suggestive images and unusual forms. They deal with themes relating to decadence and eroticism, particularly focusing on suffering and its relationship to original sin, disgust toward evil and oneself, obsession with death, and aspiration toward an ideal world. Les Fleurs du mal had a powerful influence on several notable French poets, including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Stéphane Mallarmé.
Pontifical Biblical Commission
The Pontifical Biblical Commission (Latin: Pontificia Commissio Biblica) is a pontifical commission established within the Roman Curia to ensure the proper interpretation and defense of the Bible.

Since 1988, it has been closely attached to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, whose prefect heads the Commission. In March 2022, Pope Francis reaffirmed that relationship with his apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium, effective 5 June 2022, even as it changed the Congregation's name to the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith.

Pontifical commission
Catholicism portal

A pontifical commission (Latin: pontificia commissio) is a committee of Catholic experts convened by the Pope for a specific purpose.  The following is a list of commissions, the dates they began and the pope who established.
Franco Basaglia
Franco Basaglia (Italian: [ˈfraŋko baˈzaʎʎa]; 11 March 1924  – 29 August 1980) was an Italian psychiatrist, neurologist,: 32  professor,: 123 : 183  and disability advocate who proposed the dismantling of psychiatric hospitals, pioneer of the modern concept of mental health,  Italian psychiatry reformer,: 213  figurehead and founder of Democratic Psychiatry,: 165 : 126 
architect,: 8  and principal proponent of Law 180,: 70  which abolished mental hospitals in Italy. He is considered to be the most influential Italian psychiatrist of the 20th century.

Democratic Psychiatry
Democratic Psychiatry (Italian: Psichiatria Democratica) is an Italian association, as well as a movement for liberation of the ill and weak from segregation in mental hospitals,: 61  by pushing for the Italian psychiatric reform.: 95  The movement was political in nature but not antipsychiatric in the sense in which this term is usually used in English.: 95  Democratic Psychiatry called for radical changes in the practice and theory of psychiatry and strongly attacked the way society managed mental illness.: 95  The movement was essential in the birth of the reform Basaglia Law of 1978.: 95