hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gamma diversity
In ecology, gamma diversity (γ-diversity) is the total species diversity in a landscape. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms alpha diversity (α-diversity) and beta diversity (β-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (γ) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (α) and the differentiation among those sites (β). According to this reasoning, alpha diversity and beta diversity constitute independent components of gamma diversity:

γ = α × β

Alpha diversity
In ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Propaganda (Yugoslav band)
Propaganda (Serbian Cyrillic: Пропаганда) was a Yugoslav new wave band formed in Belgrade in 1981. Formed by former Zvuk Ulice and Bulevar members, Propaganda released only one album, Apatija javnosti, and disbanded. After the group ended its activity, Propaganda guitarist and vocalist Kokan Popović continued his career with the band Idoli, where he was soon joined by Propaganda bass guitarist Branko Isaković. Despite being short-lived, Propaganda was a prominent act of the Yugoslav new wave scene.

Idoli
Idoli (Serbian Cyrillic: Идоли; trans. The Idols) were a Serbian new wave band from Belgrade. They are considered to be one of the most notable acts of the Yugoslav rock scene, and their 1982 album Odbrana i poslednji dani was on several occasions voted by the music critics as the greatest Yugoslav rock album.
Backbone Trail
The Backbone Trail is a long-distance trail extending 67.79 miles (109.10 km) across the Santa Monica Mountains in the U.S. state of California. Its western terminus is Point Mugu State Park, and its eastern terminus is Will Rogers State Historic Park in Pacific Palisades. The trail is open to hikers throughout its length. Dogs, mountain bicyclists and horseback riders are only allowed on portions of the trail as posted.

Point Mugu State Park
Point Mugu State Park is a state park located in the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area in Southern California. The rugged, nearly impassible shoreline of the western Santa Monica Mountains gives way to tidal lagoons and coastal sand dunes at Mugu Rock. The western edge of the park adjoins Mugu Lagoon which is a protected area within Naval Air Station Point Mugu.

Point Mugu SP consists of distinct landside and beachside areas with different ecosystems and their own parking lots, separated by the Pacific Coast Highway. During low tide, the parks are joined by a walkway under an adjoining bridge. The park may be accessed from the eastern part of the Santa Monica Mountains from a National Park Service park, Rancho Sierra Vista in Newbury Park, California that includes the Satwiwa Native American Indian Culture Center, and from the western part of the Santa Monica Mountains by the Pacific Coast Highway.
Mino castle
The Mino castle (美濃囲い minō gakoi or 本美濃囲い hon minō gakoi) is a castle used in shogi. Mino castle is a very commonly used defensive formation that may be used within both Ranging Rook and Static Rook positions against both Ranging Rook and Static Rook opponents. The castle has several variants and may be the initial springboard for other further castle developments (such as the Silver Crown castle variants and the Right Fortress). Due to its popularity, several methods of attacking the Mino castle have been well studied.

Castle (shogi)
In shogi, castles (Japanese: 囲い, Hepburn: kakoi; lit.: "enclosure") are strong defensive configurations of pieces that protect the king (Japanese: 玉).

While the English shogi term "castle" seems to be borrowed from the special castling move in western chess, shogi castles are structures that require making multiple individual moves with more than one piece.
Neornithischia
Neornithischia ("new ornithischians") is a clade of the dinosaur order Ornithischia.  It is the sister group of the Thyreophora within the clade Genasauria. Neornithischians are united by having a thicker layer of asymmetrical enamel on the inside of their lower teeth. The teeth wore unevenly with chewing and developed sharp ridges that allowed neornithischians to break down tougher plant food than other dinosaurs.

Neornithischians include a variety of basal forms historically known as "hypsilophodonts", including the Thescelosauridae. As these taxa do not all form a monophyletic clade, the term 'small-bodied early diverging ornithischian' (SBEDO) has been used to refer to these as a collective group. In addition, there are derived forms classified in the groups Marginocephalia and Ornithopoda. The former includes clades Pachycephalosauria and Ceratopsia, while the latter typically includes Hypsilophodon and the more derived Iguanodontia.

Ornithopoda
Ornithopoda (/ˌɔːrnəˈθɒpədə/) is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods (/ˈɔːrnəθəˌpɒdz, ɔːrˈnɪθ-/). They represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous. The most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively small-sized, while advanced members of the subgroup Iguanodontia became quadrupedal and developed large body size. Their major evolutionary advantage was the progressive development of a chewing apparatus that became the most sophisticated ever developed by a non-avian dinosaur, rivaling that of modern mammals such as the domestic cow. They reached their apex of diversity and ecological dominance in the hadrosaurids (colloquially known as 'duck-bills'), before they were wiped out by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event along with all other non-avian dinosaurs. Members are known worldwide.
Rzhev
Rzhev (Russian: Ржев, IPA: [ˈrʐɛf]) is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia, located 49 kilometers (30 mi) southwest of Staritsa and 126 kilometers (78 mi) from Tver, on the highway and railway connecting Moscow and Riga. It is the uppermost town situated on the Volga River. Population:  61,982 (2010 Census); 63,729 (2002 Census); 69,808 (1989 Soviet census).

Staritsa (town), Tver Oblast
Staritsa (Russian: Ста́рица) is a town and the administrative center of Staritsky District in Tver Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River, 77 kilometers (48 mi) from Tver, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:  8,607 (2010 Census); 9,125 (2002 Census); 9,120 (1989 Soviet census).

It was previously known as Gorodok (until the 15th century).
Walcot, Lincolnshire
Walcot is a village and civil parish in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies 1 mile (1.6 km) west from the A15, 7 miles (11 km) south from Sleaford, 9 miles (14 km) east from Grantham, and 1 mile north from Folkingham. The population is included in the civil parish of Newton and Haceby.

Newton and Haceby
Newton and Haceby is a civil parish in North Kesteven, Lincolnshire, England. It includes the separate hamlets of Newton and Haceby. The population of the civil parish (including Walcot) at the 2011 census was 137.

Local democracy is handled together with the adjacent parish of Walcot near Folkingham in the Newton, Haceby and Walcot Parish Meeting.

The parish is bounded on the north by the A52 Grantham to Boston road, and on the east by the A15 Bourne to Sleaford road. There are no major routes within the parish, only minor roads linking the farms and hamlets. Most of the parish is about 200 feet (61 m) above sea level, though a small stream lies in a narrow valley down to the road junction known as Newton Bar. A number of small woodlands are scattered through the parish, which is otherwise mostly open farmland.
John Fairfax (rower)
John Fairfax (21 May 1937 – 8 February 2012) was a British ocean rower and adventurer who, in 1969, rowed across the Atlantic and became the first person to row solo across an ocean. He subsequently went on to become the first to row the Pacific Ocean (with Sylvia Cook) in 1971 and 1972.

Ocean rowing
Ocean rowing is the sport of rowing across oceans. Some ocean rowing boats can hold as many as fourteen rowers; however, the most common ocean rowboats are designed for singles, doubles, and fours.

The history of ocean rowing is divided into two eras by the Ocean Rowing Society International, the official adjudicator of ocean rowing records for Guinness World Records. The first fourteen ocean rows, up to and including 1981, are considered historic ocean rows as they were completed with very limited, if any, modern technology. All subsequent rows are described as modern-day rows.
NGC 4709
NGC 4709 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Centaurus. It is considered to be a member of the Centaurus Cluster and is the dominant member of a small group of galaxies known as "Cen 45" which is currently merging with the main Centaurus Cluster (Cen 30) even though the two subclusters' line of sight redshift velocities differ by about 1500 km/s.  NGC 4709 was discovered by astronomer James Dunlop on May 7, 1826.

Centaurus Cluster
The Centaurus Cluster (A3526) is a cluster of hundreds of galaxies, located approximately 170 million light-years away in the Centaurus constellation.  The brightest member galaxy is the elliptical galaxy NGC 4696 (~11m). The Centaurus cluster shares its supercluster, the Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster, with IC4329 Cluster and Hydra Cluster.

The cluster consists of two different sub-groups of galaxies with different velocities. Cen 30 is the main subgroup containing NGC 4696. Cen 45 which is centered on NGC 4709, is moving at 1500 km/s relative to Cen 30, and is believed to be merging with the main cluster.
RV Bay Hydro II
RV Bay Hydro II (S5401), sometimes rendered as R/V Bay Hydro II, is an American oceanographic research vessel in non-commissioned service in the fleet of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) since 2009. She is registered as NOAA S5401.

Office of Marine and Aviation Operations
The Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) which operates a wide variety of specialized ships and aircraft to carry out the environmental and scientific missions of NOAA.
Naic languages
The Naic or Naxish languages are a group of Sino-Tibetan languages that include Naxi, Na (Mosuo), Laze (Muli Shuitian), Shixing (Xumi), and Namuyi (Namuzi). They have been variously classified as part of the Loloish or the Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan.

The name "Naic" is derived from the endonym Na used by speakers of several of the languages.

Loloish languages
The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi or Nisoic, are a sub-branch of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious.

The 2013 edition of Ethnologue  estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers.
Little Rapid River (Ontario)
The Little Rapid River is a river in Algoma District, Ontario, Canada. The river begins at an unnamed pond at an elevation of 447 metres (1,467 ft), travels about 18.2 kilometres (11.3 mi), and reaches its mouth at the Rapid River, just downstream of Seymour Lake, at an elevation of 409 metres (1,342 ft).

Rapid River (Algoma District)
The Rapid River is a river in Algoma District, Ontario, Canada. The river is about 15 kilometres (9 mi) long and begins at Seymour Lake at an elevation of 410 metres (1,345 ft). It travels west and takes in its left tributary the Little Rapid River at an elevation of 408 metres (1,339 ft). The river continues west over a small rapids and a waterfall before emptying into the Mississagi River at an elevation of 314 metres (1,030 ft). A road, which begins at Highway 129 north of the river's mouth, parallels the majority of the river to Seymour Lake.
Juvenile Delinquents Act
The Juvenile Delinquents Act (French: Loi sur les jeunes délinquants), SC 1908, c 40 was a law passed by the Parliament of Canada to improve its handling of juvenile crime. The act established procedures for the handling of juvenile offenses, including the government assuming control of juvenile offenders. It was revised in 1929 and superseded in 1984 by the Young Offenders Act.

Young Offenders Act
The Young Offenders Act (YOA; French: Loi sur les jeunes contrevenants) was an act of the Parliament of Canada, granted Royal Assent in 1982 and proclaimed in force on April 2, 1984, that regulated the criminal prosecution of Canadian youths.

The act was repealed in 2003 with the passing of the Youth Criminal Justice Act.
Eta Telescopii
Eta Telescopii (η Telescopii) is a white-hued star in the southern constellation of Telescopium. This is an A-type main sequence star with an apparent visual magnitude of +5.03. It is approximately 158 light years from Earth and is a member of the Beta Pictoris Moving Group of stars that share a common motion through space. It forms a wide binary system with the star HD 181327 and has a substellar companion orbiting around it, named Eta Telescopii B.

HD 181327
HD 181327 is a young F-type main-sequence star located 156 light years from Earth in the constellation of Telescopium. It is part of the Beta Pictoris Moving Group. HD 181327 is surrounded by a thin debris disk which is often called a Kuiper Belt analog because it is full of icy bodies colliding within the disk. Large amounts of water ice was detected in the debris disk of HD 181327 by using the James Webb Space Telescope.

The star co-moves with Eta Telescopii. No directly imaged exoplanets were detected in a search with the Very Large Telescope.
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (né Felix Hoppe; 26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895) was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology. He had  discovered Yeast nucleic acid which is now called RNA in his attempts to follow up and confirm Miescher's results by repeating parts of Miescher's experiments. He took the name Hoppe-Seyler when he was adopted by his brother-in-law, a grandson of the famous theatre principal Abel Seyler.

Friedrich Miescher
Johannes Friedrich Miescher (13 August 1844 – 26 August 1895) was a Swiss physician and biologist. He was the first scientist to isolate nucleic acid in 1869. Miescher also identified protamine and made several other discoveries.

Miescher had isolated various phosphate-rich chemicals, which he called nuclein (now nucleic acids), from the nuclei of white blood cells in Felix Hoppe-Seyler's laboratory at the University of Tübingen, Germany, paving the way for the identification of DNA as the carrier of inheritance.   The significance of the discovery, first published in 1871, was not at first apparent, and Albrecht Kossel  made the initial inquiries into its chemical structure. Later, Miescher raised the idea that the nucleic acids could be involved in heredity and even posited that there might be something akin to an alphabet that might explain how variation is produced.
Taifa of Silves
The Taifa of Silves (Arabic: طائفة شلب, Ṭā'ifa Šilb) was an Arab taifa kingdom that existed in what is now southern Portugal for two distinct periods: from 1027 to 1063, and again from 1145 to 1150, when it was finally conquered by the Almohad Caliphate.

The taifa occupied the westernmost part of the presently Portuguese region of Algarve, near Cape St. Vincent, with its capital in Silves. The Taifa of Silves was constituted in the early 11th century and starting from 1048, the power was held by the family of the Banu Muzayn, including three emirs: Isa II al-Muzaffar (1048–1053), Muhammad II al-Nasir (1053–1058), and Isa III al-Muzaffar (1058–1063). Under the latter the kingdom was conquered by the more powerful taifa of Seville, led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid.

During the so-called second taifa period, which followed the fall of the Almoravid dynasty, Silves was the seat of a second, ephemeral taifa, which lasted from 1145 to 1150, when it was conquered by the Almohads.

Taifa of Seville
The Taifa of Seville (Arabic: طائفة إشبيليّة Ta'ifat-u Ishbiliyyah) was an Arab kingdom which was ruled by the Abbadid dynasty. It was established in 1023 and lasted until 1091, in what is today southern Spain and Portugal. It gained independence from the Caliphate of Cordoba and it expanded the territory it ruled in the mid-11th century. The emerging power of Castile led Seville to ask military assistance from the Almoravids, who then occupied Seville.
Belgharia railway station
Belgharia railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway station on the Sealdah–Ranaghat line. It serves Belgharia, Nimta and surrounding areas. It situates between the Dum Dum Junction railway station and the Agarpara railway station.

Agarpara railway station
Agarpara railway station is a Kolkata Suburban Railway station and one of the oldest active railway station in the town of Agarpara. This railway station situates between the Belgharia railway station and Sodpur railway station. It serves the local areas of Agarpara in North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India.

It belongs to Sealdah Railway Division of Eastern Railway Zone of Indian Railways. This station provides rail services across its surrounding area. Trains approach for Ranaghat, Kalyani Simanta, Gede, Sealdah and Majerhat run through this station. Kolkata Suburban Railway serves local railway passenger trains at this station daily.
St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide
St Peter's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Adelaide and Metropolitan of the Province of South Australia.: 48  The cathedral, a significant Adelaide landmark, is situated on approximately 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land at the corner of Pennington Terrace and King William Road in the suburb of North Adelaide.

The south front has similar features to the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the Church of St Jean-Baptiste de Belleville in Paris, including an ornate rose window above the main entrance which depicts stories of South Australia and the Bible.

Anglican Diocese of Adelaide
The Anglican Diocese of Adelaide is a diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia. It is centred in the city of Adelaide in the state of South Australia and extends along the eastern shore of the Gulf St Vincent from the town of Eudunda in the north to Aldgate in the south. The diocesan cathedral is Saint Peter's Cathedral in Adelaide. The diocese was founded in 1847 with Augustus Short as the first bishop.
Brodmann area 39
Brodmann area 39, or BA39, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. BA39 encompasses the angular gyrus, lying near to the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes.

This area is also known as angular area 39 (H). It corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus. It is bounded dorsally approximately by the intraparietal sulcus. In terms of its cytoarchitecture, it is bounded rostrally by the supramarginal area 40 (H), dorsally and caudally by the peristriate area 19, and ventrally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).

Brodmann area 37
Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. It contains the fusiform gyrus which in turn contains the fusiform face area, an area important for the recognition of faces.

This area is also known as occipitotemporal area 37 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally, it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21, and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
Mick Green
Michael Robert Green (22 February 1944 – 11 January 2010) was an English rock and roll guitarist who played with The Pirates (with and without Johnny Kidd), Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas, and Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers.

Johnny Kidd (singer)
Frederick Albert Heath (23 December 1935 – 8 October 1966), known professionally as Johnny Kidd, was an English singer-songwriter, best remembered as the lead vocalist for the rock and roll band Johnny Kidd & the Pirates. He was one of the few pre-Beatles British rockers to achieve worldwide fame, mainly for his 1960 hit, "Shakin' All Over".
Harald Johnsen
Harald Gill Johnsen (19 March 1970 – 24 July 2011) was a Norwegian jazz double bassist, known for his contributions in bands like Køhn/Johansen Sextet and Tord Gustavsen Trio, and a series of recordings with such as Sonny Simmons, Sigurd Køhn, Nils-Olav Johansen, Jan Erik Kongshaug, Frode Barth, Per Oddvar Johansen and Ditlef Eckhoff.

Tord Gustavsen
Tord Gustavsen (born 5 October 1970) is a Norwegian jazz pianist and composer. He tours extensively worldwide, and he has been a bandleader for a trio, ensemble and quartet at various times, all bearing his name.
Lovelyz
Lovelyz (Korean: 러블리즈) is a South Korean girl group formed in 2014 by Woollim Entertainment and is the company's first girl group. The group consists of eight members: Baby Soul, Jiae, Jisoo, Mijoo, Kei, Jin, Sujeong, and Yein. Their debut album, Girls' Invasion, was released on November 17, 2014.

Ryu Su-jeong
Ryu Su-jeong (Korean: 류수정, born November 19, 1997), known mononymously as Sujeong, is a South Korean singer and a member of South Korean girl group Lovelyz. She debuted as a solo artist with her first EP, Tiger Eyes, on May 20, 2020.

Following Lovelyz's contract expiration and resulting hiatus in November 2021, Ryu decided to not renew her contract with Woollim. She later established her own independent label House of Dreams on September 1, 2022.
Joanot Martorell
Joanot Martorell (Valencian: [dʒuaˈnɔd maɾtoˈɾeʎ]; c. 1410 – 1465) was a Valencian knight and writer, best known for authoring the novel Tirant lo Blanch, written in Catalan/Valencian and published at Valencia in 1490. This novel is often regarded as one of the peaks of the literature in Catalan language and it played a major role in influencing later writers such as Miguel de Cervantes, who, in the book burning scene of Don Quixote, says "I swear to you, my friend, this (Tirant lo Blanch) is the best book of its kind in the world". The novel deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire; it is considered one of the first works of alternate history.

Martorell apparently was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leaving the novel unfinished. It was prepared for publication by his friend and colleague, Martí Joan de Galba.

Martí Joan de Galba
Martí Joan de Galba (Valencian pronunciation: [maɾˈti dʒuˈan de ˈɣalβa]; died 1490) was a Valencian author. He is often considered to be the co-author of the famous Catalan language epic Tirant lo Blanch, which he worked on after the death of his friend, Joanot Martorell. But the nature of his contributions have been called into question, based on differences in the manuscript and the first printed edition by Nicolás Spindeler.

David H. Rosenthal, one of the three translators of the work into English, notes a consistency in the portions attributed to Galba; especially place-names and his familiarity with John Mandeville's Travels. However, the philologist, Joan Coromines, suggests that Galba's role was limited to copy editing; such as dividing the book into chapters.

Joan Roís de Corella has been cited as a more likely source for any substantive additions to the text.