hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Anwar Badakhshani
Muhammad Anwar Badakhshani (Urdu: مولانا سید محمد انور بدخشانی; 1932 – 13 August 2024) was an Afghan-born Pakistani scholar, writer and educator, known for his contributions to Islamic jurisprudence and literature. Born in Badakhshan, Afghanistan, he pursued his early education under the guidance of his uncle, Maulana Muhammad Sharif, before relocating to Pakistan in 1965 for advanced studies. Badakhshani's academic journey led him to esteemed institutions such as Jamia Farooqia and Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia. His career spanned several decades, during which he taught various Islamic sciences and authored over forty books in Arabic and Persian. He also translated the Quran into Persian (Dari), a widely published and recognized work.

Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia
Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia (Urdu: جامعہ علومِ اسلامیہ, Jāmiā Ulūm-i Islāmīyā / جامعۃ العلوم الاسلامیہ, Jāmi‘at-ul-‘Ulūm-ul-Islāmīyah) is an Islamic University in Banoori Town, Karachi, Pakistan. The university was established in 1954 by Allama Muhammad Yousuf Banuri.

The university continues the tradition of the Darul Uloom system initiated by Darul Uloom Deoband.

As of 2007, there are about twelve thousand students in different departments of the Jamiah and its branches, including a number of foreign students from over sixty countries.
Stadion am Hutrasen
Stadion am Hutrasen was a football stadium and is now a sports ground in Schweinfurt, Germany. It was the venue of 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 and VfR 07 Schweinfurt, and is today used by Türkiyemspor SV-12 Schweinfurt for its home games.

1. FC Schweinfurt 05
1. Fussball-Club Schweinfurt 1905, Verein für Leibesübungen e.V., called 1. FC Schweinfurt 05,  Schweinfurt 05, or simply FC 05, is a German association football club established in Schweinfurt (Bavaria) in 1905. Besides men’s and women‘s football, it also has a section for athletics.

The club is well known due to successful years in top and second-tier football leagues from the 1930s to the 1970s, and thanks to outstanding individuals. During the late 1930s, Schweinfurt's midfielders Albin Kitzinger and Andreas Kupfer, today considered as two of the best half-back players of all time, formed the core of the Germany national football team and represented their country at the 1938 FIFA World Cup and within the premiere FIFA continent selection Europe XI.

The FC 05 first team, which competes in the tier-three 3. Liga in the 2025–26 season, is organized within 1. FC Schweinfurt 1905 Fußball GmbH. The club plays its home games at Sachs-Stadion in Schweinfurt.
Charlotte Stierneld
Christina Charlotta "Charlotte" Stierneld née Gyldenstolpe (1766–1825) was a Swedish courtier; governess for the royal children in 1802–1809, and överhovmästarinna (Mistress of the Robes) to the queen of Sweden, Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, from 1811 to 1818.

Chief Court Mistress
Court Mistress (Danish: hofmesterinde; Dutch: hofmeesteres; German: Hofmeisterin; Norwegian: hoffmesterinne; Swedish: hovmästarinna) or Chief Court Mistress (Danish: overhofmesterinde; Dutch: grootmeesteres, lit. 'grand mistress'; German: Obersthofmeisterin; Norwegian: overhoffmesterinne; Swedish: överhovmästarinna; Russian: обер-гофмейстерина, romanized: ober-gofmeysterina) is or was the title of the senior lady-in-waiting in the courts of Austria, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Imperial Russia, and the German princely and royal courts.
On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at
"On Ilkla Mooar Baht 'at" (Standard English: On Ilkley Moor without a hat) is a folk song from Yorkshire, England. It is sung in the Yorkshire dialect, and is considered the official anthem of Yorkshire. It is sung to the hymn tune "Cranbrook", composed by Thomas Clark in 1805; while according to Andrew Gant, the words were composed by members of Halifax Church Choir "some 50 years after Clark wrote his melody", on an outing to Ilkley Moor near Ilkley, West Yorkshire. It is classified as numbers 2143 and 19808 in the Roud Folk Song Index.

Ilkley
Ilkley is a spa town and civil parish in the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, in Northern England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Ilkley civil parish includes the adjacent village of Ben Rhydding and is a ward within the City of Bradford. Approximately 12 miles (19 km) north of Bradford and 17 miles (27 km) north-west of Leeds, the town lies mainly on the south bank of the River Wharfe in Wharfedale, one of the Yorkshire Dales.

Ilkley's spa town heritage and surrounding countryside make tourism an important local industry. The town centre is characterised by Victorian architecture, wide streets and floral displays. Ilkley Moor, to the south of the town, is the subject of a folk song, often described as the unofficial anthem of Yorkshire, "On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at". The song's words are written in Yorkshire dialect: its title translated is "On Ilkley Moor without a hat".
Assertion (software development)
In computer programming, specifically when using the imperative programming paradigm, an assertion is a predicate (a Boolean-valued function over the state space, usually expressed as a logical proposition using the variables of a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that point in code execution. Assertions can help a programmer read the code, help a compiler compile it, or help the program detect its own defects.

For the latter, some programs check assertions by actually evaluating the predicate as they run. Then, if it is not in fact true – an assertion failure – the program considers itself to be broken and typically deliberately crashes or throws an assertion failure exception.

Postcondition
In computer programming, a postcondition is a condition or predicate that must always be true just after the execution of some section of code or after an operation in a formal specification. Postconditions are sometimes tested using assertions within the code itself. Often, postconditions are simply included in the documentation of the affected section of code.

For example: The result of a factorial is always an integer and greater than or equal to 1. So a program that calculates the factorial of an input number would have postconditions that the result after the calculation be an integer and that it be greater than or equal to 1.  Another example: a program that calculates the square root of an input number might have the postconditions that the result be a number and that its square be equal to the input.
Leah Pruitt
Leah Pruitt (born September 5, 1997) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a forward.

Pruitt played college soccer for the San Diego State Aztecs and USC Trojans, winning the 2016 National Championship title. She was selected 5th overall in the 2019 NWSL College Draft and played professionally for four seasons in the National Women's Soccer League with North Carolina Courage, OL Reign and Orlando Pride, winning both the NWSL Championship and NWSL Shield as a rookie in 2019.

2016 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament
The 2016 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament (also known as the 2016 Women's College Cup) was the 35th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I women's collegiate soccer. The semi-finals and championship game were played at Avaya Stadium in San Jose, California from December 2–4, 2016 while the preceding rounds were played at various sites across the country during November 2016.
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius
Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (9 August 1883 – 24 April 1970) was a German physicists who specialized in fluid dynamics. He was the first PhD student of Ludwig Prandtl.

Heinrich Blasius provided a mathematical basis for boundary-layer drag but also showed as early as 1911 that the resistance to flow through smooth pipes could be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flow. After six years in science he changed to Ingenieurschule Hamburg (today: University of Applied Sciences Hamburg) and became a Professor. On 1 April 1962 Heinrich Blasius celebrated his 50th anniversary in teaching. He was active in his field until he died on 24 April 1970.

One of his most notable contributions involves the first solution of the boundary-layer equations (derived by L. Prandtl) for the steady, incompressible, two-dimensional boundary-layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate that is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow .

Blasius boundary layer
In physics and fluid mechanics, a Blasius boundary layer (named after Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius) describes the steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer that forms on a semi-infinite plate which is held parallel to a constant unidirectional flow. Falkner and Skan later generalized Blasius' solution to wedge flow (Falkner–Skan boundary layer), i.e. flows in which the plate is not parallel to the flow.
2024–25 UEFA Europa League qualifying
The 2024–25 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round began on 11 July and ended on 29 August 2024.

A total of 52 teams competed in the qualifying system, which included the qualifying phase and the play-off round. The 12 winners of the play-off round advanced to the league phase, to join the 13 teams that entered in the league stage, along with the seven losers of the Champions League play-off round (five from the Champions Path and two from the League Path), and the four losers of the Champions League third qualifying round (League Path).

Times are CEST (UTC+2), as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).

2024–25 UEFA Europa League league phase
The 2024–25 UEFA Europa League league phase began on 25 September 2024 and ended on 30 January 2025. A total of 36 teams competed in the league phase to decide the 24 places in the knockout phase of the 2024–25 UEFA Europa League.

RFS made their debut appearance in the Europa League since the introduction of the group stage. A total of 23 national associations were represented in the league phase.

This was the first season with the single-league format, which replaced the group format used until the previous season. With the format change, the number of matches prior to the knockout phase increased from 96 to 144. Porto's Samu Aghehowa was the first-ever goalscorer of the competition's league phase.
Gotthard Graubner
Gotthard Graubner  (13 June 1930 – 24 May 2013) was a German painter, born in Erlbach, in Saxony, Germany.

Graubner studied at the Academy of Arts, Berlin, the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts and the Düsseldorf Academy of Arts in Germany, before becoming a professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Hamburg in 1969 and at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf in 1976. His work Black Skin (Schwarze Haut), was selected to be featured in one of the 100 Great Paintings programmes by the BBC in 1980. For the last decades of his life, he lived and worked in Düsseldorf and on the Museum Insel Hombroich, Neuss, where he died shortly before his 83rd birthday.

Kunstakademie Düsseldorf
The Kunstakademie Düsseldorf is the academy of fine arts of the state of North Rhine Westphalia at the city of Düsseldorf, Germany. Notable artists who studied or taught at the academy include Joseph Beuys, Gerhard Richter, Blinky Palermo, Magdalena Jetelová, Gotthard Graubner, Nam June Paik, Nan Hoover, Katharina Fritsch, Tony Cragg, Ruth Rogers-Altmann, Sigmar Polke, Anselm Kiefer, Rosemarie Trockel, Thomas Schütte, Katharina Grosse, Michael Krebber and photographers Thomas Ruff, Thomas Demand, Christopher Williams, Thomas Struth, Andreas Gursky and Candida Höfer. In the stairway of its main entrance are engraved the Words: "Für unsere Studenten nur das Beste" ("For our Students only the Best").
Mode dial
A mode dial or camera dial is a dial used on digital cameras to change the camera's mode. Most digital cameras, including dSLR and mirrorless cameras, support modes, selectable either by a rotary dial or from a menu. On point-and-shoot cameras which support modes a range of scene types is offered. On dSLR and mirrorless cameras, mode dials usually offer access to manual settings. The more compact point-and-shoot cameras, and cameras offering a great many modes, do not have mode dials, using menus instead. Some interchangeable lenses themselves offer control over things such as aperture, reducing the need for mode support in the camera body.

Digital camera modes
Most digital cameras support the ability to choose among a number of configurations, or modes for use in various situations. Professional DSLR cameras provide several manual modes; consumer point-and-shoot cameras emphasize automatic modes; amateur prosumer cameras often have a wide variety of both manual and automatic modes.
Karosta
Karosta is a former Russian and Soviet naval base on the Baltic Sea, which today is a neighbourhood in Liepāja, Latvia. The base was built because, when the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia merged into the German Empire in 1871, Nimmersatt became its northeasternmost settlement. Schoolchildren were taught the rhyme Nimmersatt, wo das Reich sein Ende hat, meaning "Nimmersatt, where the Empire ends". The village included a customs house and an inn (Kurhaus) providing shelter for travellers from and to the Russian Empire's Lithuanian provinces. Liepaja was the westernmost port.

Liepāja
Liepāja (pronounced [liepaːja] ⓘ) (formerly: Libau) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in the Courland region and the third-largest in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-free port.

In the 19th and early 20th century, it was a favourite place for sea-bathers and travellers, with the town boasting a fine park, many pretty gardens and a theatre. Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as the "City where the wind is born", likely because of the constant sea breeze. A song of the same name (Latvian: "Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš") was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city. Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation (33 Enercon wind turbines) nearby.

Liepāja is chosen as the European Capital of Culture in 2027.
Gmina Twardogóra
Gmina Twardogóra is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Twardogóra, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Oleśnica, and 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-east of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 167.99 square kilometres (64.9 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 13,008. It is part of the larger Wrocław metropolitan area.

Twardogóra
Twardogóra (pronounced Tfardo-goorah [tfardɔˈɡura], German: Festenberg) is a historic town in Oleśnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Twardogóra.

As of 2019, the town has a population of 6,692. It is part of the larger Wrocław metropolitan area.
Lentiform nucleus
The lentiform nucleus (or lentiform complex, lenticular nucleus, or lenticular complex) are the putamen (laterally) and the globus pallidus (medially), collectively. Due to their proximity, these two structures were formerly considered one, however, the two are separated by a thin layer of white matter—the external medullary lamina—and are functionally and connectionally distinct.

The lentiform nucleus is a large, lens-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. It forms part of the basal ganglia. With the caudate nucleus, it forms the dorsal striatum.

Putamen
The putamen (/pjuˈteɪmən/; from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a subcortical nucleus with a rounded structure, in the basal ganglia nuclear group. It is located at the base of the forebrain and above the midbrain.

The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, the claustrum, and the thalamus, in addition to many regions of the cerebral cortex. A primary function of the putamen is to regulate movements at various stages such as in preparation and execution; and to influence various types of learning. It employs GABA, acetylcholine, and enkephalin to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.
Parliament House, Perth
Parliament House is located on Harvest Terrace in West Perth, Western Australia. It is the home of the Parliament of Western Australia, including the Legislative Council (upper house) and Legislative Assembly (lower house).

Western Australian Legislative Assembly
The Western Australian Legislative Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of Western Australia, an Australian state. The Parliament sits in Parliament House in the Western Australian capital, Perth.

The Legislative Assembly today has 59 members, elected for four-year terms from single-member electoral districts.  Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian citizens over the legal voting age of 18.
Mount Stephens (British Columbia)
Mount Stephens, 1,592 metres (5,223 ft), prominence 1,047 metres (3,435 ft), also known as Quay, Kwe or k'we in Kwak'wala, is a mountain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains in British Columbia, Canada, located in the Central Coast region, northeast of Nimmo Bay and Mackenzie Sound and west of Kingcome Inlet.

As K'we, Mount Stephens was the home of the thunderbird to the Gwawaenuk, who when he descended from the mountain took human form and became the ancestor of that group of Kwakwaka'wakw, whose principal village is now at Hegams, i.e. Hopetown on Watson Island in the Broughton Archipelago, from which a view of this mountain can be seen and is featured in a woodcut by artist Walter Phillips.

Hopetown, British Columbia
Hopetown (Kwak'wala: heǥa̱m's ) is an Indian Reserve community of the Gwawa'enux group of Kwakwaka'wakw peoples, located on the south side of Watson Island, to the north of Broughton Island in the Broughton Archipelago on the north side of the Queen Charlotte Strait region on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.  The community is located entirely within Hopetown Indian Reserve No. 10A.  The traditional name of the village in the Kwak'wala language is Hikums, which has also been spelled Hegams and Hakina and Hegams, meaning "facing outwards".
Talkhis al-Miftah
Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ (Arabic: تلخيص المفتاح, romanized: The Digest of the Key) is a seminal 14th-century Arabic treatise on rhetoric (balāgha), authored by the renowned scholar Jalāl al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī (d. 739 AH / 1338 CE). The work is an abridgment of the third section of al-Sakkākī's Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm, focusing exclusively on the rhetorical sciences. Al-Qazwīnī aimed to streamline al-Sakkākī's often difficult and complex exposition into a clearer, more pedagogical format. The text became one of the most influential manuals in the teaching of Arabic rhetoric throughout the post-classical Islamic world until modern times.

Balagha
Balāgha (Arabic: البلاغة) is the classical Arabic discipline of rhetoric. It is concerned with how language can be used to convey meaning, evoke emotional response, and persuade an audience. Rooted in Pre-Islamic Arabia and refined within Islamic scholarship, balāgha (ʿilm al-balāgha) developed into a formal science that integrates linguistic analysis with aesthetics and logic. The discipline drew on poetry criticism, Qurʾānic exegesis, secretarial prose, and theological discourse, and reached its classical formulation between the 5th and 7th Islamic centuries (11th–13th centuries CE).
Mr. Villain's Day Off
Mr. Villain's Day Off (Japanese: 休日のわるものさん, Hepburn: Kyūjitsu no Warumono-san) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuu Morikawa. It has been serialized on the Pixiv website since December 2018, with its chapters collected into seven tankōbon volumes as of March 2025. An anime television series adaptation produced by Shin-Ei Animation and SynergySP aired from January to March 2024.

SynergySP
SynergySP Co., Ltd., (Japanese: 有限会社SynergySP, Hepburn: Yūgen-gaisha ShinajīSP) is a Japanese animation studio founded on September 24, 1998, as Synergy Japan which originally split off from Studio Junio (which itself was founded by Toei Animation staff). In 2005, the company became associated with Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions, a subsidiary of the Shogakukan publishing company. In April 2017, the company became a subsidiary of Shin-Ei Animation.

On July 29, 2022, according to their official website, they no longer producing Shogakukan shows and they removed them to the site.
Louise Ward
Louise Ward, sometimes rendered Louise de Ward (9 July 1849 – 11 February 1930), known in the art world by her pseudonym Louise Dubréau or Louise Dubreau, was a French painter and Parisian society belle.

She was married twice: in 1868 to the Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys, who died in 1892, and in 1896 to Count Jacques de Waru, who died in 1911. Marcel Proust, in his In Search of Lost Time, based the character of the Princesse d’Orvillers, also called the Princesse de Nassau, on her.

Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys
Marie-Jean-Léon Lecoq, Baron d'Hervey de Juchereau, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys (6 May 1822 – 2 November 1892) was a French sinologist, known for his contributions to the study of Chinese language, literature, history, and ethnography. He is also known for his seminal research on dreams, via his 1867 book Les rêves et les moyens de les diriger; observations pratiques (Dreams and the Ways to Direct Them: Practical Observations), published anonymously.

Hervey de Saint-Denys's book on dreams influenced Freud and Proust. His translations of Chinese poetry influenced Mahler.
Challenger (train)
The Challengers were named passenger trains on the Union Pacific Railroad and the Chicago and North Western Railway (which was replaced in 1955 by the Milwaukee Road). The economy service ran between Chicago, Illinois, and the West Coast of the United States. The trains had full Pullman service and coach seating and were an attempt to draw Depression-Era riders back to the rails. Food service was advertised as "three meals for under a dollar a day."

During the late 1930s the Challenger fleet was among the highest-patronized of American trains, and the best revenue producers of the UP passenger fleet. Discontinued in 1947, the Challenger name reappeared in 1954 on a streamliner. When Amtrak took over the nation's passenger service in 1971, it ended the Challenger once and for all.

Milwaukee Road
The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (CMStP&P), better known as the Milwaukee Road (reporting mark MILW), was a Class I railroad that operated in the Midwest and Northwest of the United States from 1847 until 1986.

The company experienced financial difficulty through the 1970s and 1980s, including bankruptcy in 1977 (though it filed for bankruptcy twice in 1925 and 1935, respectively). In 1980, it abandoned its Pacific Extension, which included track in the states of Montana, Idaho, and Washington. The remaining system was merged into the Soo Line Railroad (reporting mark SOO), a subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railway (reporting mark CP), on January 1, 1986. Much of its historical trackage remains in use by other railroads. The company brand is commemorated by buildings like the historic Milwaukee Road Depot in Minneapolis and preserved locomotives such as Milwaukee Road 261 which operates excursion trains.