hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alexander Serov
Alexander Nikolayevich Serov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Серо́в, 23 January [O.S. 11 January] 1820 – 1 February [O.S. 20 January] 1871) was a Russian composer and music critic. He is notable as one of the most important music critics in Russia during the 1850s and 1860s and as the most significant Russian composer in the period between Dargomyzhsky's Rusalka and the works of Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, and Tchaikovsky.

Alexander Serov was the father of Russian artist Valentin Serov.

Valentin Serov
Valentin Alexandrovich Serov (Russian: Валенти́н Алекса́ндрович Серо́в; 19 January [O.S. 7 January] 1865 – 5 December 1911) was a Russian painter and draughtsman, generally considered the primary portraitist of his generation.
Azov campaigns (1695–1696)
The Azov campaigns of 1695–1696 (Russian: Азо́вские похо́ды, romanized: Azovskiye Pokhody) were two Russian military campaigns during the Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700, led by Peter the Great and aimed at capturing the Turkish fortress of Azov (garrison – 7,000 men) with the aim of controlling the southern mouth of the Don River gaining access to the Sea of Azov and entrance to the Black Sea. Despite stubborn resistance and heavy casualties, the Russians under General Sheremetev after a failed siege in 1695 managed to capture the fort, accompanied by a naval force, in July 1696, marking the first major Russian victory against the Turks.

Boris Sheremetev
Count Boris Petrovich Sheremetev (Russian: Бори́с Петро́вич Шереме́тев; 5 May [O.S. 25 April] 1652 – 28 February [O.S. 17 February] 1719) was a Russian diplomat and general field marshal during the Great Northern War. He became the first Russian count in 1706. His children included Pyotr Sheremetev and Natalia Sheremeteva.
Hutovo Blato
Hutovo Blato is a nature reserve and bird reserve located in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is primarily composed of marshlands that were created by the underground aquifer system of the Krupa River. It is fed from the limestone massif of Ostrvo that divides the Deransko Lake and Svitavsko Lake.
The reserve is on the list of BirdLife International's Important Bird Areas. It is the largest reserve of its kind in the region, in terms of both size and diversity. It is home to over 240 types of migratory birds and dozens that make their permanent home in the sub-Mediterranean wetlands surrounding Deransko Lake. In the migration season, tens of thousands of birds fill the lake and its surroundings.

Krupa (Neretva)
The Krupa (Serbian Cyrillic: Крупа) river is a left tributary of the river Neretva and the main water current of Hutovo Blato, which leads the waters from Gornje Blato and Svitavsko Lake into the Neretva river near Dračevo. The length of Krupa is 9 km with an average depth of 5 meters. The Krupa is an extension and outlet of Deransko Lake. Also, the Krupa is a unique river in Europe, because the river flows both ways. It flows normally from the source to the mouth and from the mouth to the source. This happens when, due to high water levels and large quantities of water, the Neretva pushes the Krupa river in the opposite direction. The river has rich biodiversity, with numerous fish species endemic to the Neretva basin inhabiting Krupa and its lakes. It is observed that important Salmo marmoratus, known under its vernacular name as glavatica and/or gonjavac, and endemic to the handful of rivers of the Adriatic watershed, enters these waters to spawn.
False antechinus
The genus Pseudantechinus are members of the order Dasyuromorphia. They are often called false antechinuses, although this genus includes the sandstone dibbler, which was previously assigned to a different genus.

The species of this genus are as follows:

Sandstone dibbler, Pseudantechinus bilarni

Fat-tailed false antechinus, Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis

Alexandria false antechinus, Pseudantechinus mimulus

Ningbing false antechinus, Pseudantechinus ningbing

Rory Cooper's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus roryi

Woolley's false antechinus, Pseudantechinus woolleyae

Sandstone false antechinus
The sandstone false antechinus (Pseudantechinus bilarni), also known as the sandstone pseudantechinus, the sandstone antechinus, the sandstone dibbler, Harney's antechinus and the Northern dibbler, is a species of small carnivorous marsupial, which has a patchy distribution in Australia's Northern Territory.
Halo (safety device)
The halo is a driver crash-protection system used in open-wheel racing series, which consists of a curved bar placed above the driver's head to protect it from injury.

The first tests of the halo were carried out in 2016 and in July 2017. Since the 2018 season, the FIA has made the halo mandatory on every vehicle in Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4, Formula Regional, and Formula E as a safety measure. Other open-wheel racing series also utilize the halo, such as the IndyCar Series, Indy NXT, Super Formula, Super Formula Lights, Euroformula Open and Australian S5000. The IndyCar halo is used as a structural frame for the aeroscreen.

Indy NXT
Indy NXT (pronounced "Indy Next"), previously Indy Lights, is an American developmental automobile racing series sanctioned by IndyCar, currently known as INDY NXT by Firestone for sponsorship reasons. Indy NXT is the highest step on the Road to Indy, a program of racing series leading up to the IndyCar Series.

A similar series named Indy Lights filled the developmental role for the CART series, and ran from 1986 to 1993 as the American Racing Series and Dayton Indy Lights from 1991 to 2001. The current IndyCar sanctioned series was founded in 2002 as the Infiniti Pro Series as a way to introduce new talent to IndyCar, with the moniker Indy Lights returning in 2008 when CART and IndyCar unified. The Indy Lights champion was awarded a $1M scholarship toward the IndyCar Series, and guaranteed three races including the Indianapolis 500 during this time. For 2023, Penske Entertainment announced a rebranding to the name Indy NXT.
Tanhaiyaan
Tanhaiyaan  (Urdu: تنہائیاں, English: The loneliness) is a 1986 Pakistani drama serial which is now considered a cult classic. Tanhaiyan Naye Silsilay, telecast in 2012, is a sequel to the 27-year-old serial Tanhaiyaan.

The drama serial was directed by the legendary Shahzad Khalil and written by famous drama writer Haseena Moin. Tanhaiyan featured an ensemble star cast of veterans such as Shehnaz Sheikh, Marina Khan, Asif Raza Mir, Badar Khalil, Behroze Sabzwari, Azra Sherwani, Qazi Wajid, Durdana Butt, Yasmeen Ismail, Jamshed Ansari, Amir Hatmi, Subhani Ba Younus and Sultana Zafar.

Tanhaiyaan is the story of two sisters who lose their parents and with them their affluent and carefree life and go to live with their aunt. Their efforts to buy back their parents' house lead them to realise what makes a house a home.

Subhani Ba Yunus
Subhani Ba Yunus (Urdu: سبحانی بایونس; 1931–2006), also spelled Subhani Bayunus,  was an accomplished Pakistani actor and television and radio personality whose distinct voice quality earned him a special place in Radio Pakistan. Younis was an Urdu-speaking Hyderabadi Muslim of Hadhrami Chaush descent. His claim to fame comes from Khwaja Moinuddin's stage plays, particularly Taleem-e-Balighan in which he played the role of a butcher.

His memorable plays were Lal Qilay Se Lalo Khait Tak, Mohammad Bin Qasim, Karawaan, Qisa Chahar Darwaish, Jungle, Mirza Ghalib Bandar Road Par, Do Duni Panch, Khuda Ki Basti and Tanhaiyaan. His last play for PTV was Ba Adab Ba Mulahiza, after which he virtually retired from acting
PTV drama series JAANE DO also starring Behrouz Sabzwani
Bank Bali scandal
The Bank Bali scandal occurred in Indonesia in 1999 when Golkar Party officials colluded with the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA) to coerce Bank Bali chief Rudy Ramli to pay an illegal commission of Rp546 billion (then equivalent to about US$80 million) to private company Era Giat Prima in order to collect Rp904.6 billion owed by two banks taken over by IBRA.

Part of the funds were used to support then-president B.J. Habibie's re-election bid, but his accountability speech was rejected by the nation's top legislative body after the scandal broke. The scandal was widely referred to as Baligate (after Bank Bali and the Watergate scandal). Most of those involved, including Golkar officials and Habibie aides, were either acquitted or not even prosecuted.

Permata Bank
Permata Bank (or Bank Permata) is a bank in Indonesia, headquartered in the capital city Jakarta. It has officially become a BUKU IV bank after receiving confirmation from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) on 20 January 2021. Serving nearly four million customers in 62 cities of Indonesia, it has 304 branch offices and two mobile branches. Currently, the bank is led by Meliza Musa Rusli as the CEO.
North Scottish Royal Garrison Artillery
The North Scottish Royal Garrison Artillery and its successors were Scottish part-time coast defence units of the British Army from 1908 to 1961. Although the unit saw no active service, it supplied trained gunners to siege batteries engaged on the Western Front during World War I.

1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers
The 1st Forfarshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery founded in Forfarshire (now Angus) in Scotland in 1859. It served with 51st (Highland) Division through many of the major battles on the Western Front during the First World War. In the Second World War, its regiments saw action in the Battle of France, in the campaigns in North Africa and Sicily, and in North West Europe from D-Day to VE Day. It continued in the postwar Territorial Army until 1975.
Cliometrica
Cliometrica is an academic journal about economic history. It follows the quantitative or formal approaches that have been called cliometrics or the new economic history, applied to any place and time. These formal approaches apply mathematical economic theory, model building, and statistical estimation.

The journal's first issues came out in 2007. It is published by Springer. Since its founding its publication director and managing editor has been Claude Diebolt.

Articles from the earliest issues can be downloaded through econpapers.repec.org. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 2.167.

Cliometrics
Cliometrics (/ˌklaɪ.oʊəˈmɛt.rɪks/, also /ˌkliːoʊˈmɛt.rɪks/), sometimes called 'new economic history' or 'econometric history', is the systematic application of economic theory, econometric techniques, and other formal or mathematical methods to the study of history (especially social and economic history). It is a quantitative approach to economic history (as opposed to qualitative or ethnographic).

There has been a revival in 'new economic history' since the late 1990s.
Orthosias in Phoenicia
Orthosia (Ancient Greek: Ὀρθωσία) also known as Orthosias, and Orthosia in Phoenicia, was an ancient Phoenician town located on the coast of what is now modern-day Lebanon. Situated north of Tripolis (modern Tripoli) and south of the Eleutherus River (modern Nahr al-Kabir), its site is generally identified with the area of Ard Artous or Khan ard-Artusi, near the mouth of the Nahr el-Bared river. The town was mentioned in Ancient Egyptian records (as Ullasa), classical texts, and later in Crusader chronicles. In the late Roman era, it was located administratively in the Roman province of Phoenicia Prima, and was a bishopric that was a suffragan of Tyre.

Despite being attested in classical sources and through numismatic evidence, the precise location of Orthosia remained uncertain for centuries and was only definitively identified in 2007 following events connected to the conflict at the Nahr el-Bared refugee camp.

Nahr al-Bared refugee camp
Nahr al-Bared (Arabic: نهر البارد, literally: Cold River) is a Palestinian refugee camp in northern Lebanon, 16 km from the city of Tripoli. Some 30,000 displaced Palestinians and their descendants live in and around the camp, which was named after the river that runs south of the camp. Under the terms of the 1969 Cairo Agreement, the Lebanese Army does not conventionally enter the Palestinian camps, and internal security is provided by Palestinian factions.
Loevestein Castle
Loevestein Castle (Dutch: Slot Loevestein [ˈslɔt ˈluvəstɛin]) is a medieval castle in the municipality of Zaltbommel, Gelderland, the Netherlands.

The castle  was built by the knight Dirk Loef of Horne (hence "Loef's stein" (stone) house)  between 1357 and 1397. Until World War II Loevestein Castle was part of the Dutch Waterline, the main Dutch defense line that was based on flooding an area of land south and east of the western provinces. Currently the castle is used as a medieval museum and function centre.

Dutch Waterline
The Dutch Waterline (Dutch: Hollandsche Waterlinie; modern spelling: Hollandse Waterlinie) was a series of water-based defences conceived by Maurice of Nassau in the early 17th century, and realised by his half brother Frederick Henry. Combined with natural bodies of water, the Waterline could be used to transform Holland, the westernmost region of the Netherlands and adjacent to the North Sea, almost into an island. In the 19th century, the Line was extended to include Utrecht.

On July 26, 2021, the line was added to the Defence Line of Amsterdam to become the Dutch Water Defence Lines UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Alissa Johnson
Alissa Johnson (born May 28, 1987) is an American ski jumper, who has been ranked in the top ten in the world. She was involved in the drive to add women's ski jumping to the Winter Olympics, being featured in the film Ready to Fly. Johnson attempted to qualify for the event when it was included in the programme at the 2014 Games but was not selected for the US team.

Ready to Fly (film)
Ready to fly is an American documentary by William A. Kerig following the true story of the fight of American women's ski jumping athletes Lindsey Van, the rest of her U.S. Women's Ski jumping Team members, Jessica Jerome, Alissa Johnson, Abby Hughes, Sarah Hendrickson and many other elite ski jumping athletes around the world to be part of the Olympic Winter Games. It was first screened during the 2013 Banff Mountain Film Festival.

Narration of the documentary is made by Diana Nyad, an American author, journalist, motivational speaker, and long-distance swimmer. Nyad first got national attention in 1975 when she swam around Manhattan island and in 1979 from the Bahamas to Florida. In 2013, at age 64, after many long-distance swimming exploits, she became the first person confirmed to swim from Cuba to Florida (180 km).  She swam to raise funds for victims of Hurricane Sandy.
Diamond Mine (professional wrestling)
Diamond Mine was a professional wrestling stable that performed in WWE on the NXT and Raw brands. The group was formed in June 2021, where it was originally led by Roderick Strong and also included Hachiman. The name and logo were derived from the original formation of Malcolm Bivens and Tyler Rust, where Bivens gave him the nickname Diamond in the Rust followed by pounding their fists. Strong was a former one-time NXT Cruiserweight Champion whereas The Creed Brothers were former one-time NXT Tag Team Champions. The stable was quietly disbanded in 2024 when The Creed Brothers and Ivy Nile joined the American Made stable led by Chad Gable.

American Made (professional wrestling)
American Made is an American professional wrestling stable consisting of leader Chad Gable, The Creed Brothers (Julius Creed and Brutus Creed) and Ivy Nile. They are all signed to WWE, where they perform on the Raw brand. The stable is a successor to Gable's previous tag team (American Alpha) and stable (Alpha Academy), as well as the Creed Brothers and Nile's former stable (Diamond Mine).
Tsuyama massacre
The Tsuyama massacre (津山事件, Tsuyama jiken) was a mass murder-suicide that occurred on the night of 21 May 1938 in the rural village of Kamocho Yukishige close to Kamo, Tsuyama in Okayama, Empire of Japan. Mutsuo Toi (都井 睦雄, Toi Mutsuo), a 21-year-old man, killed 30 people — including his own grandmother — and seriously injured three others using a Remington shotgun, a katana, two daggers and an axe, before killing himself with the shotgun. It is the deadliest shooting by a lone gunman in Japanese history.

His suicide notes indicate revenge for social rejection and stigmatization due to tuberculosis as the motive for the murders; in May 1937, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and the young women in the village with whom he previously had premarital affairs all started rejecting his sexual advances.

Kamo, Okayama
Kamo (加茂町, Kamo-chō) was a town located in Tomata District, Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 5,311 and a density of 33.35 persons per km2. The total area was 159.27 km2.

On February 28, 2005, Kamo, along with the village of Aba (also from Tomata District), the town of Shōboku (from Katsuta District), and the town of Kume (from Kume District), was merged into the expanded city of Tsuyama and no longer exists as an independent municipality.
Tirur-Nilambur metro
Tirur-Nilambur metro or Malappuram Metro is a proposed rapid transit system for Malappuram metropolitan area, in India. In 2024, The Malappuram District Body has also examined the feasibility of implementing a metro rail project for the Malappuram metropolitan area and its suburbs. Tirur Constituency Legislator Kurukkoli Moideen has submitted an initial report on a detailed feasibility study on the feasibility of implementing the project and presented a motion in the Kerala Assembly for this purpose. This was first proposed in 2012 and then in 2025.

Malappuram metropolitan area
The Malappuram Metropolitan Area or Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is an urban agglomeration centred around the city of Malappuram, Kerala, India. It is the 32nd largest urban agglomeration in India and the 4th largest in Kerala.

It consists of Malappuram municipality, its adjoining municipalities, and census towns. It has a population of 1.7 million as per the 2011 Census of India. It is the only city in Kerala with a million-plus urban agglomeration that is yet to be upgraded to a Municipal Corporation. It is the  fastest-growing metropolitan area in the world with a 44.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020 as per the survey conducted by Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) based on urban area growth during January 2020. As of 2011, Malappuram metropolitan area has a literacy rate of 94.14%, which is higher than the national urban average of 85%.
Donnybrook railway station
Donnybrook railway station is a regional railway station on the Tocumwal line. It serves the northern suburb of the same name, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Donnybrook is a ground-level unstaffed station, with two side platforms. It opened on 14 October 1872, and the current station was provided in 2020.

Tocumwal railway line, Victoria
The Tocumwal railway line is a 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) gauge railway line in Victoria, Australia. The line runs between the border town of Tocumwal in New South Wales to Southern Cross station in Melbourne. The line is used by various passenger and freight trains serving the northern suburbs of Melbourne and northern regions of Victoria.
Robert Litterman
Robert Bruce Litterman (born 1951) is chairman of the Risk Committee and a founding partner of Kepos Capital in New York. Prior to Kepos Capital, Litterman spent 23 years at Goldman Sachs, where he was head of the Quantitative Resources Group in Goldman Sachs Asset Management for 11 years, starting in 1998. Prior to that position, Litterman headed the firm-wide risk department from 1994 to 1998, and prior to that he was the co-head of the model development group in the research department of Goldman Sachs' Fixed Income Division. He was the co-developer of the Black-Litterman mathematical model for portfolio allocation.

He earned a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Minnesota in 1980.

Black–Litterman model
In finance, the Black–Litterman model is a mathematical model for portfolio allocation developed in 1990 at Goldman Sachs by Fischer Black and Robert Litterman. It seeks to overcome problems that institutional investors have encountered in applying modern portfolio theory in practice. The model starts with an asset allocation based on the equilibrium assumption (assets will perform in the future as they have in the past) and then modifies that allocation by taking into account the opinion of the investor regarding future asset performance.
Jet (gemstone)
Jet is a type of lignite, the lowest rank of coal, and is a gemstone. Unlike many gemstones, jet is not a mineral, but is rather a mineraloid. It is derived from wood that has changed under extreme pressure.

The English noun jet derives from the French word for the same material, jaiet (modern French jais), ultimately referring to the ancient town of Gagae. Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre. The adjective "jet-black", meaning as dark a black as possible, derives from this material.

Lignite
Lignite (from Latin  lignum 'wood'), often called brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35% and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat content. When removed from the ground, it contains a very high amount of moisture, which partially explains its low carbon content. Lignite is mined all around the world and is used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

Lignite combustion produces less heat for the amount of carbon dioxide and sulfur released than other ranks of coal. As a result, lignite is the most harmful coal to human health. Depending on the source, various toxic heavy metals, including naturally occurring radioactive materials, may be present in lignite and left over in the coal fly ash produced from its combustion, further increasing health risks.
William Sandys (waterworks engineer)
William Sandys (c. 1607 – December 1669), known as Waterworks Sandys, was an English politician. He was MP for Evesham in three Parliaments from 1640 until 1669. During the English Civil War he lived as an exile in France, procuring arms for the Royalist cause. He was a notable waterworks engineer, who improved the River Avon and the River Wye, and who was involved in various ways in several other river navigation schemes.

River Wye
The River Wye (/waɪ/; Welsh: Afon Gwy [ɡʊɨ̯]) is the fourth-longest river in the UK, stretching some 250 kilometres (155 miles) from its source on Plynlimon in Mid Wales to the Severn Estuary.  The lower reaches of the river form part of the border between England and Wales. The Wye Valley (lower part) is designated a National Landscape (formerly an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The Wye is important for nature conservation and recreation, but is affected by pollution.
Latin American studies
Latin American studies (LAS) is an academic and research field associated with the study of Latin America. The interdisciplinary study is a subfield of area studies, and can be composed of numerous disciplines such as economics, sociology, history, international relations, political science, geography, cultural studies, gender studies, and literature.

Area studies
Area studies, also known as regional studies, is an interdisciplinary field of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions.  The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve international relations, strategic studies, history, anthropology, political science, political economy, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area.