hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Friends of Qalipu
The Friends of Qalipu Advocacy Association ('Qalipu' Pronounced: ha-lee-boo, meaning: Caribou), is a non-profit Newfoundland and Labrador group that are representing rejected applicants to the Qalipu Mi'kmaq First Nation.

Qalipu First Nation
The Qalipu First Nation (phon: /xa.li.bu/, [xalibu]; Mi'kmaq for 'caribou') is a Mi'kmaq band government based on the eastern Canadian island of Newfoundland. The landless band was created by order-in-council in 2011, pursuant to the Agreement for the Recognition of the Qalipu Mi'kmaq Band. Following their approval as a First Nation, around 100,000 people applied for membership, while a total of 23,000 were, ultimately, approved.

In 2018, the Qalipu First Nation was accepted as a member of the Canadian Assembly of First Nations.
HMS Scorpion (1863)
HMS Scorpion was an ironclad turret ship built by John Laird Sons & Company, at Birkenhead, England. She was one of two sister ships secretly ordered from the Laird shipyard in 1862 by the Confederate States of America.

Her true ownership was concealed by the fiction that she was being built as the Egyptian warship El Tousson. She was to have been named CSS North Carolina upon delivery to the Confederacy. Her sister was built under the false name El Monassir and was to have been renamed CSS Mississippi. In October 1863, a few months after their launch and before they could be completed, the UK Government seized the two ironclads.

In 1864 the Admiralty bought them and commissioned them into the Royal Navy: El Tousson as HMS Scorpion and El Monassir as HMS Wivern. Scorpion had a long Royal Navy career, until she was lost in the North Atlantic in 1903.

HMS Wivern (1863)
The first HMS Wivern was an ironclad turret ship built at Birkenhead, England. She was one of two sister ships secretly ordered from the John Laird Sons & Company shipyard in 1862 by the Confederate States of America.

Her true ownership was concealed by the fiction that she was being built as the Egyptian warship El Monassir. She was to have been named CSS Mississippi upon delivery to the Confederacy. Her sister was built under the false name El Tousson and was to have been renamed CSS North Carolina. In October 1863, a few months after their launch and before they could be completed, the UK Government seized the two ironclads.

In 1864, the Admiralty bought them and commissioned them into the Royal Navy: El Monassir as HMS Wivern and El Tousson as HMS Scorpion. Wivern had a long Royal Navy career, until she was scrapped in Hong Kong in 1922.
Bush Barrow
Bush Barrow is a site of the early British Bronze Age Wessex culture (c. 2000 BC), at the western end of the Normanton Down Barrows ancient cemetery in Wiltshire, England. It is among the most important sites of the Stonehenge complex, having produced some of the most spectacular grave goods in Britain. It was excavated in 1808 by  William Cunnington for Sir Richard Colt Hoare. The finds, including worked gold objects, are displayed at Wiltshire Museum in Devizes. The finds from Bush Barrow have been described as "the Crown Jewels of the King of Stonehenge".

Normanton Down Barrows
Normanton Down is a Neolithic and Bronze Age barrow cemetery, about 0.6 miles (1 km) south of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England.  The burials date from between 2600 and 1600 BC and consist of a Neolithic long barrow and some 40 or more Bronze Age round barrows, along the crest of a low ridge.
Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland
Prince Gustaf of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Uppland (Frans Gustaf Oscar, 18 June 1827 – 24 September 1852), also known officially as Gustav, was the second son of Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, and the younger brother of Prince (from 1844 Crown Prince) Charles.

Oscar I of Sweden
Oscar I (born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte; 4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859) was King of Sweden and Norway from 8 March 1844 until his death. He was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte.

The only child of King Charles XIV John, Oscar inherited the thrones upon the death of his father. Throughout his reign he would pursue a liberal course in politics in contrast to Charles XIV John, instituting reforms and improving ties between Sweden and Norway. In an address to him in 1857, the Riksdag declared that he had promoted the material prosperity of the kingdom more than any of his predecessors.
SDA (drug)
SDA, also known as 3,4-methylenethiooxyamphetamine (3T-MDA), is a putative entactogen and psychedelic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine families related to 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). It is the analogue of MDA in which the oxygen atom at the 3 position within the 3,4-methylenedioxy substitution has been replaced with a sulfur atom to give a 1,3-benzoxathiole rather than 1,3-benzodioxole ring system. The drug is also the N-desmethyl analogue of 3,4-methylenethiooxy-N-methylamphetamine (SDMA; 3T-MDMA).

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) is an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine and MDxx families that is encountered mainly as a recreational drug. It is usually taken orally.

In terms of its pharmacology, MDA is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) and a serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. It has a duration of 5 to 8 hours or around 6 hours typically.

MDA has a long history of psychotherapeutic and recreational use that predates that of MDMA, dating back to at least the mid-1960s. It has been described as the first entactogen. MDA has also been described as probably the most popular analogue of MDMA. In most countries, the drug is a controlled substance and its possession and sale are illegal.
Márton Dárdai
Márton Dárdai (born 12 February 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for 2. Bundesliga club Hertha BSC. Born in Germany, he plays for the Hungary national team. He's also son of the former Hungarian international Pál Dárdai.

Pál Dárdai
Pál Dárdai (born 16 March 1976) is a Hungarian former footballer who played mainly as a defensive midfielder. He was most recently the head coach of 2. Bundesliga club Hertha BSC.

In a 20-year professional career, he played for over a decade with the same club, Hertha BSC, in Germany. With 286 Bundesliga appearances, he is the club's most capped player. Dárdai gained 61 caps for the Hungary national team in 12 years, scoring five goals. He also worked as the country's manager.
2026 South Asian Games
The 2027 South Asian Games, officially the XIV South Asian Games, is a multi-sport event that will be held in Pakistan. Lahore and Islamabad will be the main host cities, along with Faisalabad as sub host city. Some sources also state Karachi as sub host city.  Originally slated for March 2023, the Games were postponed to March 2024 and January 2026, before being rescheduled for 23 to 31 March 2027.

This will mark the third time that Pakistan has hosted the South Asian Games following the 1989 and 2004 editions, and the first time outside of Islamabad.

2004 South Asian Games
The 2004 South Asian Games, officially known as the IX South Asian Federation Games, were held in Islamabad, Pakistan from 29 March to 7 April 2004. Originally scheduled for 2001, the games were postponed in the wake of the 9/11 attacks on the United States in which the US later declared Pakistan a major non-NATO ally. The slogan for the Games was Rising Above. For the first time, Afghanistan participated in the Games.
Hushang
Hūshang (Persian: هوشنگ, romanized: Hōšang; Middle Persian: Hōšang, Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬊𐬱𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵𐬀, romanized: Haošyaŋha), also spelled Hōshang, is an early hero-king in Iranian mythical history. He is known from Avestan, Middle Persian, and Sasanian-based Persian and Arabic sources. He appears to have been one of several 'first man/king' figures in different Iranian traditions, along with Jamshid, Keyumars, and Tahmuras. In the Avesta, he is called Haoshyangha and is given the epithet Paradhāta, whence Persian pishdad. While this title is given only to Hushang in the Avesta, in later tradition the first Iranian dynasty (the Pishdadians), including Hushang's predecessor and successors, are called by this title. According to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, which drew from the traditional history developed in the late Sasanian period, Hushang was the second king of the Pishdadian dynasty and the grandson of the first man and king Keyumars.

Keyumars
Keyumars or Kiomars is a legendary figure from Iranian mythical history, appearing in both the Avesta and the Shahnameh.

In the Avesta he is the mythological first human being in the world. The Avestan form means "the living mortal", from gaya 'life' and marətan 'mortal, human being'; cf. Persian mard 'human' (مَرد). The corresponding name in Middle Persian is 𐭪𐭣𐭬𐭫𐭲 Kayōmart. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh he appears as the first shah of the world. He is also called the pēšdād (پيشداد), the first to practice justice, the lawgiver.
Swan Bay
The Swan Bay is a shallow, 30-square-kilometre (12 sq mi) marine embayment at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula in Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia. The township of Queenscliff lies at its southern end, and St Leonards at its northern. It is partly separated from Port Phillip by Swan Island, Duck Island and Edwards Point. Most of the area is included in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park as well as being listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention as part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site. The bay is part of the Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay Islands Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for orange-bellied parrots, waders and seabirds.

Matthew Flinders named the bay "Swan Ponds" after its black swans, up to 2,700 of which can be seen in summer and early autumn.

Edwards Point (Victoria)
Edwards Point is a 4 km long sand spit extending southwards between Swan Bay and Port Phillip Bay, at the eastern end of the Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria, Australia.  It is about 115 km by road south-west of Melbourne and 40 km east of Geelong.

The township of St Leonards lies at its northern end.  With Duck Island and Swan Island it forms the part-barrier that separates Swan Bay from Port Phillip.
Infanta Amalia of Spain
Infanta Amalia of Spain (Spanish: Amalia de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 12 October 1834 – 27 August 1905) was the youngest daughter of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain. Her eldest brother, Francisco de Asís, married Queen Isabella II of Spain, who was Amalia's first cousin. She was one of only two of five sisters who made a royal marriage. In 1856, she married Prince Adalbert of Bavaria, a son of King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Upon her marriage, she moved to Munich, where she spent the rest of her life. However, she remained attached to her native country and was instrumental in arranging the marriage of her eldest son Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria with her niece Infanta Paz of Spain.

Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria
Prince Ludwig Ferdinand Maria Karl Heinrich Adalbert Franz Philipp Andreas Konstantin of Bavaria (22 October 1859 – 23 November 1949) was a member of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach and a General of Cavalry. Following his marriage to Infanta María de la Paz of Spain, he was also created an Infante of Spain.
Leech lattice
In mathematics, the Leech lattice is an even unimodular lattice Λ24 in 24-dimensional Euclidean space, E24. It is one of the best models for the kissing number problem. It was discovered by John Leech (1967). It may also have been discovered (but not published) by Ernst Witt in 1940.

Unimodular lattice
In geometry and mathematical group theory, a unimodular lattice is an integral lattice of determinant 1 or −1. For a lattice in n-dimensional Euclidean space, this is equivalent to requiring that the volume of any fundamental domain for the lattice be 1.

The E8 lattice and the Leech lattice are two famous examples.
Inverse semigroup
In group theory, an inverse semigroup (occasionally called an inversion semigroup) S is a semigroup in which every element x in S has a unique inverse y in S in the sense that x = xyx and y = yxy, i.e. a regular semigroup in which every element has a unique inverse. Inverse semigroups appear in a range of contexts; for example, they can be employed in the study of partial symmetries.

(The convention followed in this article will be that of writing a function on the right of its argument, e.g. x f rather than f(x), and 
composing functions from left to right—a convention often observed in semigroup theory.)

Regular semigroup
In mathematics, a regular semigroup is a semigroup S in which every element is regular, i.e., for each element a in S there exists an element x in S such that axa = a.  Regular semigroups are one of the most-studied classes of semigroups, and their structure is particularly amenable to study via Green's relations.
Beerlegem
Beerlegem is a village belonging to the municipality of Zwalm. It is located in the Flemish Ardennes, the hilly southern part of the province of East Flanders, Belgium. Until 1970, it was an independent municipality.

Zwalm
Zwalm (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzʋɑl(ə)m] ⓘ) is a municipality located in Flanders, in the Flemish province of East Flanders, in Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Beerlegem, Dikkele, Hermelgem, Hundelgem, Meilegem, Munkzwalm, Nederzwalm, Paulatem, Roborst, Rozebeke, Sint-Blasius-Boekel, Sint-Denijs-Boekel and Sint-Maria-Latem. In 2021, Zwalm had a total population of 8,244. The total area is 33.82 km2.
Fort Lisa (North Dakota)
The first Fort Lisa (1810-1812), also known as the Fort Manuel Lisa Trading Post, Fort Manuel or Fort Mandan, was started by the notable fur trader Manuel Lisa of the Missouri Fur Company in 1809. This fort is likely where Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition died. Fort Lisa superseded Fort Raymond as the uppermost post of the Missouri Fur Company on the Missouri River. This original fort was located near present day Kenel, South Dakota. In 1812 Lisa built a replacement fort downriver near present-day North Omaha, Nebraska, which he also named Fort Lisa.

Fort Lisa (Nebraska)
Fort Lisa (1812–1823) was established in 1812 in what is now North Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska by famed fur trader Manuel Lisa and the Missouri Fur Company, which was based in Saint Louis.  The fort was associated with several firsts in Nebraska history: Lisa was the first European farmer in Nebraska; it was the first settlement by American citizens set up in the then-recent Louisiana Purchase; Lisa's wife (his third) was the first woman resident of European descent in Nebraska; and the first steamboat to navigate Nebraska waters, the Western Engineer, arrived at Fort Lisa in September 1819.
Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls
The Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls (French: Amphithéâtre des Trois Gaules) of Lugdunum (Lyon) was part of the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls dedicated to the cult of Rome and Augustus celebrated by the 60 Gallic tribes when they gathered at Lugdunum. In 1961, it was classified as a monument historique.

Sanctuary of the Three Gauls
The Sanctuary of the Three Gauls (Tres Galliae) (French: Sanctuaire fédéral des Trois Gaules) was the focal structure within an administrative and religious complex established by Rome in the very late 1st century BC at  Lugdunum (the site of modern Lyon in France). Its institution served to federalise and develop Gallia Comata as an Imperial province under Augustus, following the Gallic Wars of his predecessor Julius Caesar.  The distinctively Gallo-Roman development of the Imperial sanctuary and its surrounding complex are well attested by literary, epigraphic, numismatic and archaeological evidence.
Elisabeth von Matsch
Elisabeth von Matsch (also von Mätsch, Mazzo, von Toggenburg, date of birth unknown; died after 20 June 1442, presumably on 24 November 1446) was the last countess of the Swiss noble House of Toggenburg from 1436. She was the spouse of Friedrich VII, count of Toggenburg.

Frederick VII, Count of Toggenburg
Friedrich VII, count of Toggenburg (c. 1370 – 30 April 1436), was the last of the Counts of Toggenburg who ruled in what would become Switzerland. His death without heirs or a will led to the Old Zürich War.
Balls Fork
Balls Fork is a stream that is mainly in Knott County, Kentucky in the United States.
It a fork of the Troublesome Creek tributary of the North Fork Kentucky River that it joins over the county line in Perry County.
It is 19.5 miles (31.4 km) long.

It is not known where its name comes from.
Unlike many other locations in Kentucky, there are no local families recorded with the surname Balls for whom it could have been named.

Troublesome Creek (North Fork Kentucky River tributary)
37°29′08″N 83°20′46″W﻿ / ﻿37.485647°N 83.346012°W﻿ / 37.485647; -83.346012

Troublesome Creek is a creek in Breathitt, Perry and Knott counties, Kentucky, a fork of the North Fork Kentucky River.
It is 41.46 miles (66.72 km) long with a gradient of 8.92 feet per mile (168.9 cm/km), normally free-flowing, and with banks that vary between tree-lined and open.

Its headwaters are where its Left and Right Forks join at Hindman, the Knott County seat.
The creek flows down to join the North Fork of the Kentucky River near Haddix in Breathitt County.
Naval artillery
Naval artillery is artillery mounted on a warship, originally used only for naval warfare and then subsequently used for more specialized roles in surface warfare such as naval gunfire support (NGFS) and anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) engagements. The term generally refers to powder-launched projectile-firing weapons and excludes self-propelled projectiles such  as torpedoes, rockets, and missiles and those simply dropped overboard such  as depth charges and naval mines.

Naval gunfire support
Naval gunfire support (NGFS), also known as naval surface fire support (NSFS), or shore bombardment, is the use of naval artillery to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating within their range. NGFS is one of several disciplines encompassed by the term naval fires. Modern naval gunfire support is one of the three main components of amphibious warfare assault operations support, along with aircraft and ship-launched land-attack missiles. Shipborne guns have been used against shore defences since medieval naval warfare.
2020 California State Assembly election
The 2020 California State Assembly election was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, with the primary election being held on March 3, 2020. Voters in the 80 districts of the California State Assembly elected their representatives. The elections coincided with the elections for other offices, including for U.S. president and the state senate.

2020 California State Senate election
The 2020 California State Senate election was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, with the primary election scheduled for March 3, 2020. Voters in the 20 odd-numbered districts of the California State Senate elected their representatives. The elections coincided with the elections for other offices, including for U.S. president and the state assembly.
Goa trance
Goa trance is an electronic dance music style that originated in the early 1990s in the Indian state of Goa. Goa trance often has drone-like basslines, similar to the techno minimalism of 21st century psychedelic trance (psytrance). Psychedelic trance developed from Goa trance. The typically long songs built on progressive beat changes are said to put the listener in a "trance".

Psychedelic trance
Psychedelic trance, psytrance, or psy is a subgenre of trance music characterized by arrangements of rhythms and layered melodies created by high tempo riffs. The genre offers variety in terms of mood, tempo, and style. Some examples include full on, darkpsy, forest, minimal (Zenonesque), hitech psy, progressive, suomi, psy-chill, psycore (fusion of psychedelic trance and hardcore), psybient (fusion of psychedelic trance and ambient), psybreaks, or "adapted" tracks from other music genres. Goa trance preceded psytrance; when digital media became more commonly used, psytrance evolved. Goa continues to develop alongside the other genres.
Sauda (clan)
Sauda (Devnagari: सौदा चारण; IAST: Saudā) (also spelled Soda, Souda) is a clan of the Charanas. They are also known as Sauda-Barhath. Sauda Charans came to prominence in the kingdom of Mewar with the establishment of Sisodia dynasty in 1326.

Charan
Charan (IAST: Cāraṇ; Sanskrit: चारण; Gujarati: ચારણ; Sindhi: چارڻ; IPA: cɑːrəɳə) is a caste natively residing in the Rajasthan and Gujarat states of India, as well as the Sindh and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan. Historically, Charans have been engaged in diverse occupations like bards, poets, historians, pastoralists, agriculturalists and also administrators, jagirdars and warriors and some even as traders.
General Binding Corporation
General Binding Corporation (GBC) is a business machines and supplies manufacturer which makes equipment and supplies for binding, lamination, and other presentation products. The company is part of ACCO Brands and is headquartered in Lake Zurich, Illinois.

GBC was founded in 1947 by William N. Lane II and Edgar Uihlein when they purchased a small trade bindery in Chicago, Illinois. In 2005, Fortune Brands, Inc., spun off its ACCO World Corporation office products unit to be merged with General Binding Corporation (GBC); the merged company was named ACCO Brands Corporation. In 2009, Cosmo Films acquired GBC Commercial Print Finishing, the thermal lamination division of ACCO Brands.

ACCO Brands
ACCO Brands Corporation is an American multinational company. It was created by the merger of ACCO World from Fortune Brands with General Binding Corporation (GBC). As of 2025, its president and CEO is Thomas W. Tedford.
Ryan Bourque
Ryan Bourque (born January 3, 1991) is an American former professional ice hockey player, who currently serves as assistant coach for the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League (AHL). He is the son of Hockey Hall of Fame defenseman Ray Bourque and the brother of former NHL forward Chris Bourque. He was a third round draft choice (80th overall) by the New York Rangers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He has won four medals in International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) playing for the United States – a gold and a bronze medal in World Under 18 Ice Hockey Championship and a gold and a bronze medal in the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Chris Bourque
Christopher Ray Bourque (born January 29, 1986) is an American former professional ice hockey forward. Originally drafted by the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL), he has played 51 NHL games for the Capitals, the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Boston Bruins. Bourque currently serves as a free agent scout for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Gaussian curvature
In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature (symbol Κ, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss) of a smooth surface in three-dimensional space at a point is the product of the two principal curvatures, κ1 and κ2, at the given point:

For example, a sphere of radius r has Gaussian curvature ⁠1/r2⁠ everywhere, and a flat plane and a cylinder have Gaussian curvature zero everywhere. The Gaussian curvature can also be negative, as in the case of a hyperboloid or the inside of a torus.

Gaussian curvature is an intrinsic measure of curvature, meaning that it could in principle be measured by a 2-dimensional being living entirely within the surface, because it depends only on distances that are measured “within” or along the surface, not on the way it is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space. This is the content of the Theorema Egregium, published by Gauss in 1827.

Principal curvature
In differential geometry, the two principal curvatures at a given point of a surface are the maximum and minimum values of the curvature as expressed by the eigenvalues of the shape operator at that point.  They measure how the surface bends by different amounts in different directions at that point.