hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Root name server
A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure because they are the first step in resolving human-readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts.

A combination of limits in the DNS and certain protocols, namely the practical size of unfragmented User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets, resulted in a decision to limit the number of root servers to thirteen server addresses. However, enabled by the use of anycast addressing, the actual number of root server instances—1954—is much larger, as of December 5, 2025.

Name server
A name server is a computer application that implements a network service for providing responses to queries against a directory service. It translates an often humanly meaningful, text-based identifier to a system-internal, often numeric identification or addressing component. This service is performed by the server in response to a service protocol request.

An example of a name server is the server component of the Domain Name System (DNS), the core namespaces of the Internet. The most important function of DNS servers is the translation (resolution) of human-memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, which can be routed in the Internet.
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (JAO) is a federal subject of Russia in the far east of the country, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China. Its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan.

The JAO was designated by a Soviet official decree in 1928, and officially established in 1934. At its height, in the late 1940s, the Jewish population in the region peaked around 46,000–50,000, approximately 25% of its population. Since then, the share of Jews steadily declined, and according to the 2021 Russian census, there were only 837 ethnic Jews left in the JAO (0.6%).

Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia provides that the JAO is Russia's only autonomous oblast. It is one of two officially Jewish jurisdictions in the world, the other being Israel. It is one of the few places in the world where Yiddish is a recognized minority language.

Birobidzhan
Birobidzhan (Russian: Биробиджан, IPA: [bʲɪrəbʲɪˈdʐan]; Yiddish: ביראָבידזשאַן, IPA: [ˌbɪrɔbɪˈdʒan]), also spelt Birobijan (/ˌbɪrəbɪˈdʒɑːn/ BIRR-ə-bih-JAHN), is a town and the administrative centre of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway, near the China–Russia border.

As of the 2010 Census, its population is 75,413. Birobidzhan is named after the two largest rivers in the autonomous oblast: the Bira and the Bidzhan. The Bira, which lies to the east of the Bidzhan Valley, flows through the town. Both rivers are tributaries of the Amur.
Vili and Vé
In Norse mythology, Vili (/ˈvɪli/ VILL-ee; Old Norse: [ˈwile]) and Vé (/ˈveɪ/ VAY; O.N.: [ˈweː]) are the brothers of the god Odin (from Old Norse Óðinn), sons of Bestla, daughter of Bölþorn; and Borr, son of Búri.

In Gylfaginning (Prose Edda), Odin, Vili and Ve created the world from the primordial giant Ymir. Afterwards they create the first human beings, Ask and Embla, from two trees found at the seashore. ''

In Völuspá, the names Hœnir and Lóðurr are mentioned instead of Vili and Ve. As Snorri Sturluson knew Völuspá, it is not unreasonable that Hœnir was another name for Vili, and Lóðurr would be Ve.

Hœnir
In Norse mythology, Hœnir (also Hǿnir; modern Icelandic Hænir, modern Swedish Höner) is one of the Æsir. He is mentioned in Vǫluspá as one of the three gods (along with Odin and Lóðurr) that created the first humans.
Nizamabad district
Nizamabad district, also known as Induru district, is a district located in the north-western region of the Indian state of Telangana. The city of Nizamabad is the district headquarters. The district share boundaries with Jagtial, Sircilla, Nirmal, Kamareddy districts and with Nanded district of the state boundary of Maharashtra.

Rajanna Sircilla district
Rajanna Sircilla district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Sircilla is the district headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Karimnagar, Siddipet, Jagtial, Kamareddy, and Nizamabad districts.

M. Haritha assumed charge Collector of Rajanna-Sircilla district succeeding Sandeep Kumar Jha on 29 September 2025.
Piedfort
A piedfort (UK: /piˈeɪfɔːrt, ˈpiːɛdˌfɔːrt/, US: /piˌeɪˈfɔːr, piˈeɪfɔːr/; French: pied-fort or piéfort [pjefɔʁ]) is an unusually thick coin, often exactly twice the normal weight and thickness of other coins of the same diameter and pattern. Piedforts are not normally circulated, and are only struck for presentation purposes by mint officials (such as patterns), or for collectors, dignitaries and other VIPs. Piedfort is less commonly spelled "piefort".

Pattern coin
A pattern coin is a coin which has not been approved for release but is produced to evaluate a proposed coin design. They are often off-metal strike (using metals of lower value to test out the dies), to proof standard or piedforts. Many coin collectors collect and study pattern coins because of their historical importance. Many of the world's most valuable coins are pattern coins; nearly 25 of the pieces listed in 100 Greatest US Coins are pattern coins.
Newcastle Interchange
Newcastle Interchange is a transport interchange serving the city of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. It serves as the terminus for Central Coast & Newcastle Line and Hunter Line train services, Newcastle Light Rail services and Newcastle Transport bus routes.

Located in the inner Newcastle suburb of Wickham, it is to the west of the former Wickham station. The railway station opened 15 October 2017 with light rail services commencing on 17 February 2019.

Newcastle Light Rail
The Newcastle Light Rail is a light rail system in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, running from Newcastle Interchange through the central business district to Pacific Park. Major construction commenced in September 2017 and the line was opened on 17 February 2019. It is operated by Newcastle Transport for Transport for NSW.
Elnur Hüseynov
Elnur Hüseynov (born 3 March 1987), also known as Elnur Hussein, is an Azerbaijani singer. He was the first Azerbaijan's representative to perform "Day After Day" at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 alongside Samir Javadzadeh as duo Elnur and Samir. In 2015, he won the fourth season of The Voice of Turkey and represented Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 with the song "Hour of the Wolf".

Samir Javadzadeh
Samir Javadzadeh (Azerbaijani: Samir Cavadzadə pron. [sɑˈmiɾ dʒɑvɑdzɑˈdæ]; born 16 April 1980, Baku, Azerbaijan) is an Azerbaijani pop singer. He was selected as the Azerbaijani representative, along with Elnur Hüseynov, to perform at the  Eurovision Song Contest 2008. They performed "Day After Day" finishing 8th overall.
Stadio Moretti
Stadio Moretti was a multi-use stadium in Udine, Italy. It was initially used as the stadium of Udinese Calcio matches. It was replaced by Stadio Friuli in 1976. The capacity of the stadium was 25,000 spectators. It also hosted motorcycle speedway events.

Udinese Calcio
Udinese Calcio (Italian pronunciation: [udiˈneːze ˈkaltʃo, -eːse -]; "Udinese Football") is a professional football club based in Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. The team currently competes in the Serie A, the first tier of Italian football. It was founded on 30 November 1896 as a sports club, and on 5 July 1911 as a football club.

The traditional team home kit is black and white striped shirt, black shorts, and white socks. The club broadcasts on channel 110 (Udinese Channel) on digital terrestrial television in the north-east of Italy. It has many fans in Friuli and the surrounding areas.
Matthias T. J. Grimme
Matthias T. J. Grimme (born 24. June 1953, in Hamburg, Germany), stage name Tatsu Otoko (竜男Dragon Man), is a German author, publisher of sadomasochistic literature and magazines, a photographer and a rope artist in Japanese style bondage.

Bondage rigger
A bondage rigger is a person who practices the art of bondage, using any of a variety of materials such as rope, leather straps, or metal restraints.

Bondage riggers may participate in bondage for many reasons. These may include: as a form of BDSM or D/s play for personal enjoyment; as an art form, such as in the Japanese bondage styles shibari and kinbaku; or as an enterprise for profit, by selling books, videos, or photographs.

Bondage riggers work with one or more rope bottoms or bondage models, or may tie themselves in a practice called self-rigging or self-suspension. Some rope bottoms and bondage models are bondage riggers themselves.

Responsible bondage riggers always follow safety principles such as risk-aware consensual kink (RACK) when rigging.
Three-point stance
The three-point stance is a stance used by linemen and running backs in American football when ready for the start of a play.  This stance requires one hand to touch the ground with the other arm cocked back to the thigh/hip region.  The back should be slightly inclined forward, as well as the arm which is placed on the ground.

It is associated with a higher risk of head injuries.

Stance (American football)
Stance is the position an American football player adopts when a play begins. There are three common stances used by linemen: two-point, three-point, and four-point. The stance names reference the number of points where a player's body is touching the ground while down in the stance. Each technique has its own strengths and weaknesses; therefore, each one is used accordingly in different situations. Furthermore, stances are taught and used differently depending on the level of competition (little league football, high school football, college football, etc.).
63rd World Science Fiction Convention
The 63rd World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Interaction, was held on 4–8 August 2005 at the SEC Centre with the attached SEC Armadillo and Moat House Hotel in Glasgow, United Kingdom. Parties took place at the Hilton Hotel.

The organising committee was co-chaired by Colin Harris and Vincent Docherty.

This convention was also the 2005 Eurocon.

Worldcon
The World Science Fiction Convention, branded as Worldcon, is a science fiction convention and the annual convention of the World Science Fiction Society (WSFS). It has been held each year since 1939 (except for the years 1942 to 1945, during World War II). The members of each Worldcon are the members of WSFS, and vote both to select the site of the Worldcon two years later, and to select the winners of the annual Hugo Awards, which are presented at each convention.
Valerius Valens
Aurelius Valerius Valens (/ˈveɪlənz/; died shortly after 1 March 317), rarely enumerated as Valens I, was briefly Roman emperor from late 316 to early 317. He was proclaimed emperor by Licinius, emperor of the East, during his war against Constantine I, emperor of the West.

Licinius
Valerius Licinianus Licinius (/lɪˈsɪniəs/; Greek: Λικίνιος; c. 265 – 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324. For most of his reign, he was the colleague and rival of Constantine I, with whom he co-authored the Edict of Milan that granted official toleration to Christians in the Roman Empire. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Chrysopolis (AD 324), and was later executed on the orders of Constantine.
Coronel Pringles
Coronel Pringles (Spanish: [koɾoˈnel ˈpɾiŋgles]) is a city in the south of the Buenos Aires Province in Argentina, situated near the mountains of Pillahuincó. It is the government seat of the Coronel Pringles Partido.

In 1882, the provincial government of Buenos Aires created the partido ("civil parish") of Coronel Pringles by dividing the territory of Tres Arroyos into the partidos of Coronel Suárez, Tres Arroyos and Coronel Pringles. The latter, and its main town, were named after Coronel Juan Pascual Pringles, a member of a grenadiers regiment of General San Martín's army that fought in the wars of independence against the Spanish.

Located a distance of 120 km (75 mi) from Bahía Blanca and 518 km (322 mi) from Buenos Aires, Pringles has a population of around 23,794 inhabitants (2001). Its main economic activities are agriculture, and sheep and cattle raising.

Coronel Pringles Partido
Coronel Pringles is a partido of the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina. In the southern part of the province, it was founded on 10 July 1882 by the provincial government when they divided the territory of Tres Arroyos into the partidos of Coronel Suárez, Tres Arroyos, and Coronel Pringles.

The partido has a population of 23,794 (Census INDEC 2001) in an area of 5,257 km2 (2,030 sq mi), and its capital city is Coronel Pringles, which is 597 km (371 mi) from Buenos Aires.
Başbaşı
Başbaşı (also, Bashbashi and Bash-bashy) is a settlement in the municipality of Nakhchivan in Nakhchivan City, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan. It is located 12 km in the south-west from the Nakhchivan city, on the bank of the Araz River. The station in the railway line of the Baku-Nakhchivan. It was founded during the construction of the railway line (1908) of the Ulukhanlu (present Armenia) - Julfa. It has not permanent population. The salt which have got out from the salt mine of Nakhchivan, were brought to the station of Bashbashi via cable. At present, the station is used as a meeting point of the trains. There is a terminal. The settlement covers an area of 3.2 hectares.

Nakhchivan (city)
Nakhchivan (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Azerbaijani pronunciation: [nɑxtʃɯˈvɑn]; Armenian: Նախիջևան, romanized: Nakhijevan) is the capital and largest city of the eponymous Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, a true exclave of Azerbaijan, located 450 km (280 mi) west of Baku. The municipality of Nakhchivan consists of the city of Nakhchivan, the settlement of Əliabad and the villages of Başbaşı, Bulqan, Haciniyyət, Qaraçuq, Qaraxanbəyli, Tumbul, Qarağalıq, and Daşduz. It is spread over the foothills of Zangezur Mountains, on the right bank of the Nakhchivan River at an altitude of 873 m (2,864 ft) above sea level.
Fredholm theory
In mathematics, Fredholm theory is a theory of integral equations. In the narrowest sense, Fredholm theory concerns itself with the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. In a broader sense, the abstract structure of Fredholm's theory is given in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators and Fredholm kernels on Hilbert space. It therefore forms a branch of operator theory and functional analysis. The theory is named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm.

Fredholm operator
In mathematics, Fredholm operators are certain operators that arise in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. They are named in honour of Erik Ivar Fredholm. By definition, a Fredholm operator is a bounded linear operator T : X → Y between two Banach spaces with finite-dimensional kernel  and finite-dimensional (algebraic) cokernel , and with closed range . The last condition is actually redundant.

The index of a Fredholm operator is the integer

or in other words,
Explorer 33
Explorer 33, also known as IMP-D and AIMP-1, is a spacecraft in the Explorer program launched by NASA on 1 July 1966 on a mission of scientific exploration. It was the fourth satellite launched as part of the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform series, and the first of two "Anchored IMP" spacecraft to study the environment around Earth at lunar distances, aiding the Apollo program. It marked a departure in design from its predecessors, IMP-A (Explorer 18) through IMP-C (Explorer 28). Explorer 35 (AIMP-E, AIMP 2) was the companion spacecraft to Explorer 33 in the Anchored IMP program, but Explorer 34 (IMP-F) was the next spacecraft to fly, launching about two months before AIMP-E, both in 1967.

Explorer 35
Explorer 35, (IMP-E, AIMP-2, Anchored IMP-2, Interplanetary Monitoring Platform-E), was a spin-stabilized spacecraft built by NASA as part of the Explorer program. It was designed for the study of the interplanetary plasma, magnetic field, energetic particles, and solar X-rays, from lunar orbit.
Laura Bridgman
Laura Dewey Lynn Bridgman (December 21, 1829 – May 24, 1889) was the first deaf-blind American child to gain a significant education in the English language, forty-five years before the more famous Helen Keller; Bridgman’s friend Anne Sullivan became Helen Keller's aide. Bridgman was left deaf-blind at the age of two after contracting scarlet fever. She was educated at the Perkins Institution for the Blind where, under the direction of Samuel Gridley Howe, she learned to read and communicate using Braille and the manual alphabet developed by Charles-Michel de l'Épée.

For several years, Bridgman gained celebrity status when Charles Dickens met her during his 1842 American tour and wrote about her accomplishments in his American Notes. Her fame was short-lived, however, and she spent the remainder of her life in relative obscurity, most of it at the Perkins Institute, where she passed her time sewing and reading books in Braille.

Anne Sullivan
Anne Sullivan Macy               (born as Johanna Mansfield Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – October 20, 1936) was an American teacher best known  for being the instructor and lifelong companion of Helen Keller. At age five, Sullivan contracted trachoma which left her partially blind and without reading or writing skills. Sullivan received her education as a student of the Perkins School for the Blind. Soon after graduation at age 20, she became a teacher to Keller.
NGC 2535
NGC 2535 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered on 22 January 1877 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan.

NGC 2535 is exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the nucleus that is interacting with NGC 2536. The interaction has warped the disk and spiral arms of NGC 2535, producing an elongated structure, visible at ultraviolet wavelengths, that contain many bright, recently formed blue star clusters in addition to enhanced star forming regions around the galaxy center. The two galaxies are listed together as Arp 82 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.

One supernova has been observed in NGC 2535. SN 1901A (type unknown, mag. 14.7) was seen by Karl Reinmuth on a photographic plate taken on 10 January 1901, although the discovery was not made until 28 September 1923.

NGC 2536
NGC 2536 is a barred spiral galaxy  in the constellation Cancer. It was discovered on 22 January 1877 by French astronomer Édouard Stephan.

NGC 2536 has a prominent inner ring structure encircling the bar that is interacting with NGC 2535.  The two galaxies are listed together as Arp 82 in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies as an example of a spiral galaxy with a high surface brightness companion.
Needlepoint
Needlepoint is a type of canvas work, a form of embroidery in which yarn is stitched through a stiff open weave canvas. Traditionally needlepoint designs completely cover the canvas. Although needlepoint may be worked in a variety of stitches, many needlepoint designs use only a simple tent stitch and rely upon color changes in the yarn to construct the pattern. Needlepoint is the oldest form of canvas work.

The degree of detail in needlepoint depends on the thread count of the underlying mesh fabric.  Due to the inherent lack of suppleness of needlepoint, common uses include eyeglass cases, holiday ornaments, pillows, purses, upholstery, and wall hangings.

Balanced fabric
A balanced fabric is one in which the warp and the weft are of the same size. In weaving, these are generally called "balanced plain weaves" or just "balanced weaves", while in embroidery the term "even-weave" is more common.
Nevada Territory
The Territory of Nevada (N.T.) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until October 31, 1864, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Nevada.

Prior to the creation of the Nevada Territory, the area was part of western Utah Territory and was known as Washoe, after the native Washoe people. The separation of the territory from Utah was important to the federal government because of its political leanings, while the population itself was keen to be separated because of animosity (and sometimes violence) between non-Mormons in Nevada and Mormons from the rest of the Utah Territory.

Utah Territory
The Territory of Utah was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 4, 1896, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Utah, the 45th state.  At its creation, the Territory of Utah included all of the present-day State of Utah, most of the current state of Nevada save for a portion of Southern Nevada (including the metro area of the city of Las Vegas), much of modern western Colorado, and the extreme southwest corner of present-day Wyoming.
Kolyma Lowland
The Kolyma Lowland (Russian: Колымская низменность) is a lowland plain in the northeastern parts of Sakha Republic in the basin of the Alazeya, Bolshaya Chukoch'ya and lower reaches of the Kolyma rivers. The lowland is formed by fluvio-lacustrine loam soil about 120 m thick. The climate is subarctic.

Bolshaya Chukochya
The Bolshaya Chukochya or Chukochya (Russian: Большая Чукочья; Chukot: Рэвум-Рэву, Revum-Revu) is a river in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) of the Russian Federation. It is 758 kilometres (471 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 19,800 square kilometres (7,600 sq mi).
Zygaena ephialtes
Zygaena ephialtes is day-flying species of burnet moth found in Europe. It is typically found in xeric habitats, and populations have recently decreased. It also exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other species, like Amata phegea.

Nine-spotted moth
The nine-spotted moth or yellow belted burnet (Amata phegea, formerly Syntomis phegea) is a moth in the family Erebidae ("tiger moths"). The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
Brianka
Brianka (Ukrainian: Брянка, Russian: Брянка, romanized: Bryanka) is a city in Kadiivka urban hromada, Alchevsk Raion (district), Luhansk Oblast (region), Ukraine. It is located in the Donbas region, between the cities of Kadiivka and Alchevsk. Brianka is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. The population: 44,760 (2022 estimate), 47,512 (2013 est.).

Since 2014, Bryanka has been under the control of the Russian-backed Luhansk People's Republic (LPR/LNR). In 2022, Russia declared its annexation of the region.

Kadiivka
Kadiivka (Ukrainian: Кадіївка) or Stakhanov (Russian: Стаханов), is a city in Alchevsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Donbas, eastern Ukraine. Residence of Kadiivka urban hromada. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the Luhan. On the decision of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) the city was renamed back to Kadiivka in 2016. However, due to the Russian occupation of eastern Ukraine since early 2014, the Russian administration has kept the Soviet name of the city.

Following their 2022 annexation "referendum", Russia claimed the entire Luhansk Oblast, including Stakhanov (Kadiivka), as part of their Lugansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR). Kadiivka's population is approximately 73,248 (2022 estimate). Russia maintains the name Stakhanov, after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, and all city signage remains in the name of Stakhanov.