hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Problem structuring methods
Problem structuring methods (PSMs) are a group of techniques used to model or to map the nature or structure of a situation or state of affairs that some people want to change. PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather than by a solitary individual) to create a consensus about, or at least to facilitate negotiations about, what needs to change. Some widely adopted PSMs include

soft systems methodology

the strategic choice approach

strategic options development and analysis (SODA)

Unlike some problem solving methods that assume that all the relevant issues and constraints and goals that constitute the problem are defined in advance or are uncontroversial, PSMs assume that there is no single uncontested representation of what constitutes the problem.

PSMs are mostly used with groups of people, but PSMs have also influenced the coaching and counseling of individuals.

Conceptual model
The term conceptual model refers to any model that is the direct output of a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social. Semantic studies are relevant to various stages of concept formation. Semantics is fundamentally a study of concepts, the meaning that thinking beings give to various elements of their experience.
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
Cathleen Synge Morawetz (May 5, 1923 – August 8, 2017) was a Canadian mathematician who spent much of her career in the United States. Morawetz's research was mainly in the study of the partial differential equations governing fluid flow, particularly those of mixed type occurring in transonic flow. She was professor emerita at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at the New York University, where she had also served as director from 1984 to 1988. She was president of the American Mathematical Society from 1995 to 1996. She was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1998.

Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science
The Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing, and Data Science, previously known as the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (CIMS), is a constituent school of New York University.

Founded in 1935 as the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, the school is named after Richard Courant, who was one of its founders and mathematics professors from 1936 to 1972. The Mathematics Department is housed in Warren Weaver Hall on Gould Plaza.

On November 13, 2025, New York University announced the creation of the Courant Institute School of Mathematics, Computing and Data Science. The new school includes the university's Department of Mathematics, the Center for Data Science, and an expanded Department of Computer Science now linked with the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Tandon School of Engineering.
Țara Oașului
Țara Oașului, lit. 'Oaș Country' in Romanian (Hungarian: Avasság) is an ethnocultural and historical region of Romania located in the north-east part of Satu Mare County, 50 km (31 mi) from both Satu Mare and Baia Mare. The total area is about 755.30 km2 (291.62 sq mi). The capital of Țara Oașului is the town of Negrești-Oaș.

Negrești-Oaș
Negrești-Oaș  (Romanian pronunciation: [neˌɡreʃtʲ ˈo̯aʃ]; Hungarian: Avasfelsőfalu, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɒvɒʃfɛlʃøːfɒlu]) is a town in northwestern Romania, in the county of Satu Mare. Two villages, Luna (Lunaforrás) and Tur (Túrvékonya), are administered by the town. The town is the  capital of the Țara Oașului ethnocultural region.
Montenegrin Air Force
The Montenegrin Air Force (Montenegrin: Vazduhoplovstvo i protivvazdušna odbrana; V i PVO) is the air arm of the Military of Montenegro. The aircraft marking of the Montenegrin Air Force consist of a red-on-gold roundel, currently being the sole air arm using the latter colour in its official insignia.

Armed Forces of Montenegro
The Armed Forces of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Vojska Crne Gore / Војска Црне Горе) are the military forces of Montenegro. The Armed Forces consists of an army, navy and air force.

The military currently maintains a force of 2,350 active duty members. The bulk of its equipment and forces were inherited from the Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro; as Montenegro contained the entire coastline of the former union, it retained the entire naval force.

On 5 June 2017, Montenegro joined NATO as the 29th member.
Neustria (Italy)
Neustria was, according to the early medieval geographical classification, the western portion of Langobardia Major, the north-central part of the Lombard Kingdom, extended from the Adda (river) to the Western Alps and opposite to Austria. The partition had not only been territorial, but also implied significant cultural and political differences.

Langobardia Major
Langobardia Major was the name that, in the Early Middle Ages, was given to the domains of the Lombard Kingdom in Northern Italy. It comprised Lombardy proper with its capital Pavia, the Duchies of Friuli and Trent as well as the Tuscany region. In the south, it was bordered by the Patrimonium Sancti Petri, which would become the Papal States following the 754 Donation of Pepin, stretching from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic Sea. The Lombard territories further to the south were called Langobardia Minor, consisting of the Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.

Langobardia Major was internally divided into eastern Austria, western Neustria and Tuscia. After the domains had been conquered by Charlemagne at the 774 Siege of Pavia, they became part of the Carolingian Empire.
Cory Joseph
Cory Ephram Joseph (born August 20, 1991) is a Canadian professional basketball player for Olympiacos of the Greek Basketball League (GBL) and the EuroLeague. He plays the point guard position and was previously the captain of the Canadian national team.

Canada men's national basketball team
The Canada men's national basketball team (French: Équipe du Canada de basketball masculin) represents Canada in international basketball competitions since 1923. They are overseen by Canada Basketball, the governing body for basketball in Canada.

In 10 Olympic appearances, Canada has won one medal in basketball – a silver at the 1936 Games in Berlin. The team finished fourth in 1976 and 1984. Canada has won six medals at the FIBA AmeriCup – two silver medals in 1980 and 1999, as well as four bronze medals in 1984, 1988, 2001, and 2015. In recent decades, the team also won its first medals at the Pan American Games, a silver medal in 2015, and the FIBA World Cup, a bronze medal in 2023.

The Canadian senior national team won its only gold medal at a university-level tournament, the 1983 Summer Universiade, which the country hosted in Edmonton, Alberta.
Padang Rengas
Padang Rengas (Jawi: ڤادڠ رڠاس; Chinese: 硝山) is a small town in Kuala Kangsar District, Perak, Malaysia.

It has a police station, railway station, rural health centre, market and Schools ~ SJK(C) Khiu Min, SK Tun Dr. Ismail, SK Perempuan & SMK Tun Perak, including a Technical-based education school. Padang Rengas has a major cement manufacturing complex and surrounded by rubber estates.

A site of interest is Gunung Pondok, a large limestone hill that is being actively quarried by YTL.

Padang Rengas railway station
The Padang Rengas railway station is a Malaysian train station located at and named after the town of Padang Rengas, Perak. The station was the southern terminus for the KTM Komuter Padang Rengas Line, until the Komuter line was extended to Ipoh on 16 September 2023. Prior to 12 December 2025, the station was also served by KTM ETS trains.
2006 California Proposition 83
Proposition 83 of 2006 (also known as the Sexual Predator Punishment and Control Act: Jessica's Law or simply, Jessica's Law) was a statute enacted by 70% of California voters on November 7, 2006, authored by State Senator George Runner (R-Antelope Valley) and State Assemblywoman Sharon Runner (R-Antelope Valley). It was proposed by means of the initiative process as a version of the Jessica's Law proposals that had been considered in other states.

George Runner
George C. Runner Jr. (born March 25, 1952) is an American politician from California who served on the California State Board of Equalization, the only publicly elected tax commission in the United States. A Republican, he represented the Board's 2nd District from 2011 to 2015 and the renumbered 1st District from 2015 to 2019.

From 2004 to 2010, he was a California State Senator representing the 17th Senate District, and was the Republican Caucus Chair (the Senate's second-highest Republican leadership post) from 2004 to 2009.  From 1996 to 2002, he was a California State Assemblyman representing the 36th Assembly District, which at the time consisted of portions of Los Angeles County.
Battle of Herat (1270)
The Battle of Herat was fought between the Ilkhanid forces of Abaqa Khan and the invading Chagatai forces of Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq on 22 July 1270. The battle marked the climax of a broader power struggle within the fractured Mongol Empire, as former allies and competing ulus contended for supremacy in the aftermath of the Toluid Revolution and the succession crisis. Despite initial successes for the Chagatai forces in Khorasan, they were met with a crushing defeat at Herat by Abaqa Khan, who then retaliated by invading Bukhara but later retreated, securing the Ilkhanid-Chagatai border.

Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
Baraq (Chagatai and Persian: غیاث الدین براق) was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1266–9 August 1271). He was a son of Yesünto'a and a great-grandson of Chagatai Khan.  A convert to Islam, he took the name Ghiyas-ud-din.
Los hilos del pasado
Los hilos del pasado (English: Threads of the Past) is a Mexican telenovela produced by José Alberto Castro for TelevisaUnivision. It is based on the 1985 Venezuela telenovela Cristal, created by Delia Fiallo. The series stars Yadhira Carrillo, Bárbara López, Emmanuel Palomares and David Zepeda. It aired on Univision from 10 September 2025 to 5 December 2025. In Mexico, the series aired on Las Estrellas from 27 October 2025 to 16 January 2026.

Cristal (TV series)
Cristal (1985–1986) is a Venezuelan telenovela written by Delia Fiallo and produced by Radio Caracas Televisión. This telenovela lasted 246 episodes, and it achieved a significant amount of success inside and outside Venezuela, it was extremely successful in its airing in Spain (where each advertisement that was seen during the transmission of Cristal cost more than seven million pesetas) and Italy. It was distributed internationally by Coral International. Cristal has been rebroadcast more than seven times in Venezuela. Cristal has several adaptations, including a 2006 Brazilian version of the same name distributed by SBT, and three Mexican remakes, El privilegio de amar in 1998, Triunfo del amor in 2010, and Los hilos del pasado in 2025, both distributed by Televisa.

Lupita Ferrer, Jeannette Rodríguez and Carlos Mata starred as the main protagonists with Marita Capote, Jorge Palacios and Zoe Ducós as the antagonists.
Edenmore
Edenmore (Irish: Éadan Mór) is a locality and townland within Raheny on the Northside of Dublin, Ireland, with several housing developments and a mid-size municipal park. It lies within the Dublin 5 postal district.

Raheny
Raheny (Irish: Ráth Eanaigh) is a northern suburb of Dublin, Ireland, halfway from the city centre to Howth. It is centred on a historic settlement, first documented in 570 AD (Mervyn Archdall). The district shares Dublin's two largest municipal parks, Saint Anne's Park and Bull Island with its 4.5 km beach, with neighbouring Clontarf, and is crossed by several small watercourses.

The coastal hamlet grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now a mid-density, chiefly residential, Northside suburb with a village core. It is home to a range of retail and banking outlets, multiple sports groups including two golf courses, several schools and churches, Dublin's second-busiest library and a Garda station.

Raheny is also a civil parish in the ancient barony of Coolock.
Clarence Clemons
Clarence Anicholas Clemons Jr. (January 11, 1942 – June 18, 2011), also known as The Big Man, was an American saxophonist. From 1972 until his death in 2011, he was the saxophonist for Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band.

Clemons released several solo albums. In 1985, he had a hit single with "You're a Friend of Mine", a duet with Jackson Browne. As a guest musician, he featured on Aretha Franklin's song "Freeway of Love". As an actor, Clemons appeared in several films, including New York, New York and Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure. He also made cameo appearances in several TV series, including Diff'rent Strokes, Nash Bridges, The Simpsons, My Wife and Kids and The Wire. Clemons published Big Man: Real Life & Tall Tales (2009) with his friend Don Reo. The book is a semi-fictional autobiography told in the third person.

Clemons died in 2011 at the age of 69. In 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the E Street Band.

E Street Band
The E Street Band is an American rock band that has been the primary backing band for rock musician Bruce Springsteen since 1972. For the bulk of Springsteen's recording and performing career, the band consisted of guitarists Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, and Patti Scialfa, keyboardists Danny Federici and Roy Bittan, bassist Garry Tallent, drummer Max Weinberg and saxophonist Clarence Clemons. In 2014, the E Street Band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

When not working with Springsteen, members of the band have recorded solo material and have pursued successful careers as session musicians, record producers, songwriters, actors and other roles in entertainment.
Quentin Coryatt
Quentin John Coryatt (born August 1, 1970) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Indianapolis Colts and Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Texas A&M University. He is distinguished as being the first Crucian to play in the NFL.

Saint Croix
Saint Croix (/krɔɪ/ KROY; Spanish: Santa Cruz; Dutch: Sint-Kruis; French: Sainte-Croix; Danish and Norwegian: Sankt Croix; Taino: Ay Ay) is an island in the Caribbean, and a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States.

St. Croix is the largest of the territory's islands. As of the 2020 U.S. census, its population was 41,004. The island's highest point is Mount Eagle, at 355 meters (1,165 ft). St. Croix's nickname is "Twin City", for its two towns, Frederiksted on the western end and Christiansted on the northeast part of the island.
Barbados women's national cricket team
The Barbados women's national cricket team is the women's representative cricket team of Barbados. They compete in the Women's Super50 Cup and the Women's Twenty20 Blaze. They have won five Super50 Cup titles and three Twenty20 Blaze titles.

In 2022, the team competed at the Commonwealth Games, playing three Twenty20 Internationals.

Women's Super50 Cup
The Women's Super50 Cup, officially the West Indies Cricket Board Women's Super50 Cup and previously the Women's Cricket Federation Championships, is a women's domestic one-day cricket competition organised by Cricket West Indies. The tournament began in 1975–76, as a first-class competition, but is now played as a 50-over competition, with six teams taking part: Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago and Windward Islands. The competition runs alongside the Twenty20 Blaze, a women's Twenty20 cricket competition.

The most successful side in the history of the competition are Trinidad and Tobago, with 14 wins and are the current holders of the 2025 edition.
Jacques Lob
Jacques Lob (19 August 1932 – 24 May 1990) was a French comics creator, known for several comics creations, including Superdupont. His series Le Transperceneige, later continued by Benjamin Legrand, was adapted into the 2013 post-apocalyptic science fiction action film Snowpiercer.

Snowpiercer (graphic novel series)
Snowpiercer (French: Le Transperceneige [lə tʁɑ̃spɛʁsnɛʒ]) is a four-volume post-apocalyptic, climate fiction graphic novel written by Jacques Lob and illustrated by Jean-Marc Rochette. The first volume was serialized in 1982 and published by Casterman under the title Le Transperceneige and later retitled The Escape. The series was continued in two volumes by writer Benjamin Legrand, replacing Jacques Lob, with The Explorers published in 1999 and The Crossing in 2000. A fourth volume, Terminus, was written by Olivier Bocquet and published in 2015, as a conclusion to the series.

Titan Comics localized the series in English into three volumes with Snowpiercer: The Explorers compiled with The Crossing. It was followed by a prequel series in 2019. The graphic novel became internationally popular following its adaptation as a 2013 film and a television series (2020–2024).
George Scott Robertson
Sir George Scott Robertson, KCSI (22 October 1852 – 1 January 1916) was a British soldier, author, and administrator who was best known for his arduous journey to the remote and rugged region of Kafiristan in what is now northeastern Afghanistan and for his overall command of British Empire forces during the Siege of Chitral. He chronicled his Kafiristan experience in the book The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. Some have suggested that Robertson's year-long expedition and subsequent book (originally published in 1896) provided background and inspiration for Rudyard Kipling's short story "The Man Who Would Be King". However, Kipling's work was originally published in 1888, predating Robertson's travels to the region.

Chitral Expedition
The Chitral Expedition (Urdu:چترال فوجی مہم) was a military expedition in 1895 sent by the British authorities to relieve the fort at Chitral, which was under siege after a local coup following the death of the old ruler. An intervening British force of about 400 men was besieged in the fort until it was relieved by two expeditions, a small one from Gilgit and a larger one from Peshawar.
People's Movement against the EU
The People's Movement against the EU (Danish: Folkebevægelsen mod EU) is a far-left political association in Denmark against the European Union. It was founded in 1972 as a cross-party campaign platform for a 'no' vote in Denmark's referendum on EEC membership. The People's Movement was represented in the European Parliament from 1979 until 2019, when it lost its single seat in the European Parliament election.

The movement has approximately 3,500 personal members, as well as collective members such as political parties, NGOs and trade unions (mostly local branches). The individual members are organised in about 100 local branches.

2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
The 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark was held on 26 May 2019, and elected the Danish members to the European Parliament. The elections are part of the EU-wide elections for the parliament. Denmark had 13 seats in parliament, which increased by one additional seat following Brexit.

Venstre won the election, becoming the biggest party and gaining two seats. The election was a disaster for the Danish People's Party, who lost three of their four seats. Both the Socialist People's Party and the Social Liberals won doubles their seats from one to two. The People's Movement against the EU lost the representation in the parliament they have had since 1979.

The election were held 10 days before general elections in Denmark.
Móðguðr
In Norse mythology, Móðguðr (Old Norse: [ˈmoːðˌɡuðz̠], "Furious Battler"; also Modgud) refers to the female guardian (tutelary deity) of the bridge over the river Gjöll ("Noisy"), Gjallarbrú. She allowed the newly dead to use the bridge to cross from one side of the river Gjöll to the other if the soul stated their name and business and possibly in turn prevented the dead beyond the river from crossing back over Gjöll into the lands of the living.

Gjallarbrú
In Norse mythology, Gjallarbrú (lit. "bridge of Gjöll") is a bridge that crosses the river Gjöll, serving as the passage to reach Hel.

It figures most prominently in Snorri Sturluson's Gylfaginning, in the section of the Baldr myth that recounts Hermód's journey to Hel in an attempt to retrieve Baldr. After riding for nine nights through deep, dark valleys, Hermód reaches the bridge, where he  converses with Módgud, the maiden who guards it. She asks his name and lineage and informs him that five companies of dead men crossed the bridge the previous day, yet it trembles no more beneath their passage than under his alone, and he does not resemble the dead.

When she inquires about his purpose, Hermód explains his mission and asks whether Baldr has passed that way. She replies that Baldr has indeed come and directs him onward, stating that the road to Hel lies downwards and to the north. Snorri adds that the bridge is thatched with glittering gold.
Laura Norton
Laura Norton (born 19 June 1983) is an English actress, known for her role as Kerry Wyatt on the ITV soap opera Emmerdale. Norton has also appeared in numerous television series working for ITV and the BBC, and has significant theatre credits, including The Royal Shakespeare Company and the Live Theatre Company.

Live Theatre Company
Live Theatre, formerly Live Theatre Company, is a new writing theatre and company based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. As well as producing and presenting new plays many of which go on  to tour nationally and internationally, it seeks out and nurtures creative talent and runs a large education programme for young people.
Scary Movie 6
Scary Movie 6 is an upcoming American parody film directed by Michael Tiddes and written by brothers Marlon, Shawn, and Keenen Ivory Wayans, alongside Rick Alvarez. It is the sixth installment in the Scary Movie film series, following 2013's Scary Movie 5. The film stars Marlon, Shawn, and other returning actors including Anna Faris, Regina Hall, Jon Abrahams, Lochlyn Munro, Cheri Oteri, Dave Sheridan, Anthony Anderson, and Chris Elliott.

The film is scheduled to be released on June 12, 2026 in the United States.

Shawn Wayans
Shawn Mathis Wayans (/ˈweɪ.ənz/ WAY-ənz; born January 19, 1971) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer. He made his debut on the comedy television series In Living Color (1990–1993). He went on to work with his brother Marlon Wayans on The WB sitcom The Wayans Bros.(1995–1999) and the comedy films Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (1996), Scary Movie (2000), Scary Movie 2 (2001), White Chicks (2004), Little Man (2006), and Dance Flick (2009).

After an extended hiatus from acting, it was announced in February 2025 that Wayans will star in the upcoming films Scary Movie 6 (2026) and White Chicks 2 (TBA).
Ochlockonee River
The Ochlockonee River ( /oʊˈklɒknɪ/ o-KLOK-nee) is a fast running river, except where it has been dammed to form Lake Talquin in Florida, originating in Georgia and flowing for 206 miles (332 km) before terminating in Florida.

Lake Talquin
Lake Talquin is a reservoir located on the Ochlockonee River between Leon County and Gadsden County in north Florida. The lake, located about 10 miles (15 km) west of Tallahassee, is south of Interstate 10 and bordered by State Road 20 on the east and State Road 267 on the west.

The lake was created by the construction of the C. H. Corn Hydroelectric Generating Station, and used for the generation of hydroelectric power. The name Talquin is a contraction of the names of the two cities the lake lies between, Tallahassee and Quincy.

Lake Talquin State Forest includes several tracts of land along the lake's shoreline.