hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Bottomry
A bottomry, or bottomage, is an arrangement in which the master of a ship borrows money upon the bottom or keel of it, so as to forfeit the ship itself to the creditor, if the money with interest is not paid at the time appointed at the ship's safe return.

This occurs, for example, where the ship needs urgent repairs during the course of its voyage or some other emergency arises and it is not possible for the master to contact the owner to arrange funds, allowing the master to borrow money on the security of the ship or the cargo by executing a bond. Where the ship is hypothecated, the bond is called a bottomry bond. Where both the ship and its cargo are hypothecated, the relationship is called respondentia.

Hypothec
Hypothec (/haɪˈpɒθɪk, ˈhaɪpɒθ-/; from Lat. hypotheca, from Gk. ὑποθήκη: hypothēkē), sometimes tacit hypothec, is a term used in civil law systems (e.g. the law of most of Continental Europe) to refer to a registered real security of a creditor over real estate, but under some jurisdictions it may additionally cover ships only (ship hypothec), as opposed to other collaterals, including corporeal movables other than ships, securities or intangible assets such as intellectual property rights, covered by a different type of right (pledge). Common law has two main equivalents to the term: mortgages and non-possessory lien.
Geoff Eigenmann
Geoffrey Michael Alatiit Eigenmann (Tagalog: [ˈaɪɡɛnmɐn]; born March 23, 1985) is a Filipino actor and model. He is notable for his performances in television; he is a member of the Eigenmann family of actors. He is a son of actor and director Michael De Mesa.

Michael de Mesa
Michael Edward Gil Eigenmann (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈhil ˈaɪɡɛnmɐn]; born May 24, 1960), known professionally as Michael de Mesa (Tagalog pronunciation: [de ˈmɛsa]), is a Filipino actor and director.
Diocese of Skálholt
The Diocese of Skálholt (Icelandic: Skálholtsbiskupa [ˈskaulˌhɔl(t)sˌpɪskʏpa]) is a suffragan diocese of the Church of Iceland. It was the estate of the first bishop in Iceland, Isleifr Gizurarson, who became bishop in 1056. (Christianity had been formally adopted in 1000). His son, Gizurr, donated it to become the official see. The Diocese was amalgamated in 1801 and now forms part of the Diocese of Iceland under the leadership of the Bishop of Iceland. In 1909, the diocese was restored as a suffragan see, with the Bishop of Skálholt being a suffragan bishop to the Bishop of Iceland.

Bishop of Iceland
The following is a list of Evangelical Lutheran bishops of Iceland. The first bishop of Iceland was Geir Vídalín who took office in 1801. As of 2026, 15 people have held the office of Bishop of Iceland.
Bellingham Gillnetters
The Bellingham  Gillnetters were a minor league baseball team based in Bellingham, Washington. In 1905, the Gillnetters played as members of the Class B level Northwestern League, finishing in second place in their only season of play.  The 1905 Bellington home games were played at Fairgrounds Park. The Gillnetters were succeeded by the 1938 Bellingham Chinooks, who began play as members of the Western International League.

Bellingham Chinooks
The Bellingham Chinooks were a minor league baseball team based in Bellingham, Washington. In 1938 and 1939, the Chinooks played as members of the Class B level Western International League, winning the 1938 league championship and hosting home games at Battersby Park. The Bellingham Chinooks were succeeded in Bellingham by the 1973 Bellingham Dodgers, who began play as members of the Northwest League.
Battle of Huamachuco
The Battle of Huamachuco was fought on the 10 July 1883, and it was the last major battle of the War of the Pacific. The Chilean soldiers, led by Colonel Alejandro Gorostiaga, decisively defeated the Peruvian army commanded by General Andrés Avelino Cáceres near the town of Huamachuco. This Chilean victory effectively eliminated Cáceres' Ejército de la Breña, ending any real threat or resistance in the Peruvian Andes. The Peruvian defeat paved the way for the Treaty of Ancón that finally put an end to the war. Also, one of Peru's greatest heroes, Colonel Leoncio Prado, died as a consequence of this battle.

Treaty of Ancón
The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them.

Under the treaty's terms, Chile gained control over Tarapacá. Chile was also to retain the conquered provinces of Tacna and Arica for ten years, after which their fate was to be decided by a plebiscite, which was never held. The Tacna–Arica question would only be settled in 1929, through the mediation of the United States under President Herbert Hoover. This treaty, known as the Treaty of Lima, ceded Arica to Chile, while Peru regained Tacna and received USD $6 million indemnity and other concessions.
Transports publics de la région lausannoise
Transports publics de la région lausannoise, often abbreviated simply to tl, are the main operator of public transport in Lausanne and the wider agglomeration. As of 2012, TL operates a network of 10 trolleybus routes, 25 conventional bus routes and two métro lines, using more than 290 vehicles. TL operates weekend night services and demand responsive transport.

Lausanne Métro
The Lausanne Métro (French: Métro de Lausanne, [metʁo d(ə) lozan]) is a two-line urban rail transport system in Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland. Around a quarter of the system has been used for urban rail transport since 1877, when the route between the city centre and Ouchy on Lake Geneva opened as Switzerland's first public funicular railway. The network is owned by two distinct companies and operated by a third. It is Switzerland’s only metro railway network (M2).

Of the operating lines, only line M2 can be considered a true, grade-separated rapid transit line. It is a fully automated, rubber-tyred metro line based on the technology of the Paris Métro and opened on 27 October 2008. Upon the opening of Line M2, Lausanne replaced Rennes, France, as the smallest city in the world to have a full metro system. A third line (Line M3) is now planned, based on the same rubber-tyred metro technology as Line M2.
Gab valve gear
Gab valve gear was an early form of valve gear used on steam engines. Its simplest form allowed an engine to be stopped and started. A double form, mostly used on steam locomotives, allowed easy reversing.

Valve gear
The valve gear of a steam engine is the mechanism that operates the inlet and exhaust valves to admit steam into the cylinder and allow exhaust steam to escape, respectively, at the correct points in the cycle. It can also serve as a reversing gear. It is sometimes referred to as the "motion".
Archaeological Museum of Nafplion
The Archaeological Museum of Nafplio is a museum in the town of Nafplio of the Argolis region in Greece. It has exhibits of the Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Helladic, Mycenaean, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods from all over southern Argolis. The museum is situated in the central square of Nafplion. It is housed in two floors of the old Venetian barracks.

Nafplio
Nafplio or Nauplio (Greek: Ναύπλιο, romanized: Náfplio) is a coastal city located in the Peloponnese in Greece. It is the capital of the regional unit of Argolis and an important tourist destination. Founded in antiquity, the city became an important seaport in the Middle Ages during the Frankokratia as part of the lordship of Argos and Nauplia, held initially by the de la Roche following the Fourth Crusade before coming under the Republic of Venice and, lastly, the Ottoman Empire. The city was the second capital of the First Hellenic Republic and of the Kingdom of Greece, from 1827 until 1834.
Franco Freda
Franco "Giorgio" Freda (born 11 February 1941) is a prominent neo-Fascist figure in post-war Italy. His views have been described as neo-Nazi, Nazi-Maoist and anti-Semitic. He founded a publishing house dedicated to far-right extremism and described himself as an admirer of Hitler. In 1981, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for "subversive association" in connection with a series of bomb attacks. Although initially convicted of involvement in the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing, he was later acquitted due to lack of evidence. In 2005 the Court of Cassation found him responsible for the Piazza Fontana bombing, but he could not be prosecuted due to his previous acquittal. In 1990 he founded the Fronte Nazionale, which was disbanded by the Italian government in 2000 when Freda and forty-eight other members were found guilty of attempting to re-establish the National Fascist Party.

National Front (Italy, 1990)
The National Front (Fronte Nazionale, FN) was a neo-fascist political party in Italy.

It was founded in 1990 by Franco Freda and adopted a policy against racial mixing and immigration, whilst also opposing Zionism, what it called 'cosmo-politics', and the influence of the United States and international finance. The group published an economic journal L'antibancor, as well as Rubric, a members' bulletin. It became moribund after the 1995 conviction of Freda and 49 other members of the party under the Scelba Law which banned the refoundation of the National Fascist Party.
Port Shepstone
Port Shepstone is a large town situated on the mouth of the Mzimkhulu River, the largest river on the KwaZulu-Natal South Coast of South Africa. It is located halfway between Hibberdene and Margate and is positioned 120 km south of Durban. It serves as the administrative, educational, industrial and commercial centre for southern Natal.

Umzimkulu River
The Mzimkulu River is a river in South Africa. In the past, the Mzimkulu formed part of the border between Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. Presently this river is part of the Mvoti to Umzimkulu Water Management Area. In late February of every year, the river is host to one of South Africa's most popular canoe races, the Drak Challenge.
Safety Security Force
The Safety Security Force (Japanese: 警備隊, Hepburn: Keibitai; abbreviated SSF), also known as the Coastal Security Force, was an organization under the jurisdiction of the National Safety Agency, and existed from 1 August 1952 to 30 June 1954 in Japan. It was a maritime security agency established for the purpose of territorial waters security. It was the successor to the Maritime Safety Agency and the predecessor of the Maritime Self-Defense Force.

According to Article 5, Paragraph 2 of the National Safety Agency Law (Law No. 265 of 1952), the National Safety Agency Secretary, Deputy Director, Secretariat and each bureau, Second Staff Supervision Department and Second Staff Chief were all stipulated to include units and other organizations under their supervision.

National Safety Agency
The National Safety Agency (Japanese: 保安庁, Hepburn: Hoanchō; abbreviated NSA), was a post-WWII Japanese administrative agency. Operating from 1 August 1952 to 30 June 1954, it was established for the purpose of integrating the National Police Reserve and the Safety Security Force. The NSA is the predecessor of the Defense Agency (now the Ministry of Defense).

In order to maintain Japan's peace and order and protect human life and property, it was tasked to manage and operate the NPR, and to carry out affairs related to this, as well as to carry out security and rescue affairs at sea. In addition, the SSF, which was an affiliated organization, was responsible for maintaining public order at sea, violating laws and regulations, investigating and detecting crimes, arresting, and rescuing marine accidents.
2010 Africa Cup of Nations
The 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, also known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations for sponsorship reasons, was the 27th Africa Cup of Nations, the biennial football championship of Africa (CAF). It was held in Angola, from 10 January to 31 January 2010.

In the tournament, the hosts Angola were to be joined by 15 nations who advanced from the qualification process that began in October 2007 and involved 53 African national teams. The withdrawal of Togo two days before the tournament began, after a terrorist attack on their bus upon arriving in Angola, reduced the number of participating nations to 15. A total of 29 games were played, instead of the scheduled 32 because of the reduced teams. Egypt won the tournament, their seventh ACN title and an unprecedented third in a row, beating Ghana 1–0 in the final.

Togo national football team attack
A terrorist attack occurred on 8 January 2010 as the Togo national football team traveled through the Angolan province of Cabinda on the way to the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournament, two days before it began in Angola. A little-known offshoot of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), a group promoting independence for the province of Cabinda, known as the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda – Military Position (FLEC-PM), claimed responsibility for the attack. Bus driver Mário Adjoua, the team's assistant manager Améleté Abalo, and media officer Stanislas Ocloo were killed, with several others injured. Secretary General of the FLEC-PM Rodrigues Mingas, currently exiled in France, claimed the attack was not aimed at the Togolese players but at the Angolan forces at the head of the convoy. Authorities reported two suspects were detained in connection with the attack.
Disjunctive normal form
In boolean logic, a disjunctive normal form (DNF) is a normal form of a logical formula consisting of a disjunction of conjunctions; it can also be described as an OR of ANDs, a sum of products, or — in philosophical logic — a cluster concept. The disjunctive normal form and its counterpart, the conjunctive normal form, are the most common standardized ways of representing boolean expressions. They are widely used in various applications such as circuit design or automated theorem proving.

Conjunctive normal form
In Boolean algebra, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or clausal normal form if it is a conjunction of one or more clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; otherwise put, it is a product of sums or an AND of ORs.

In automated theorem proving, the notion "clausal normal form" is often used in a narrower sense, meaning a particular representation of a CNF formula as a set of sets of literals.
TJ Liner
The TJ Liner (TJライナー, Tī Jei Rainā) is a limited-stop "Home Liner"-style service to and from Ikebukuro Station in Tokyo on the Tobu Tojo Line operated by the private railway operator Tobu Railway in Japan since June 2008.

Ikebukuro Station
Ikebukuro Station (Japanese: 池袋駅, romanized: Ikebukuro-eki) is a major railway station located in the Ikebukuro district of Toshima, Tokyo, Japan, shared by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro, and the two private railway operators Seibu Railway and Tobu Railway. With 2.3 million daily passengers on average in 2023, it is the third-busiest railway station in the world (after Shinjuku Station and Shibuya Station), and the busiest station in the Tobu, Seibu, and Tokyo Metro networks. It primarily serves commuters from Saitama Prefecture and other residential areas northwest of the city center. It is the Tokyo terminal of the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and the Tobu Tojo Line.
Sandakozhi 2
Sandakozhi 2 (transl. Fighting Rooster 2) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by N. Linguswamy. A sequel to Sandakozhi, the film stars Vishal in his 25th film, alongside Rajkiran,  Keerthy Suresh and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar. The music was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, while cinematography and editing were handled by Shakthi and Praveen K. L.

Sandakozhi began production during September 2017 and was released on 18 October 2018 to mixed reviews from critics.

Sandakozhi
Sandakozhi (transl. Fighting Rooster) is a 2005 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by N. Lingusamy and produced by Vikram Krishna under G K Film Corporation. The film stars Vishal, Meera Jasmine, Rajkiran, and Lal, while Raja, Suman Setty and Ganja Karuppu play supporting roles. The music was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, while the cinematography and editing were handled by Jeeva-Nirav Shah and G. Sasikumar respectively.

Sandakozhi was released on 16 December 2005 to positive reviews from critics and became a major success, running for over 210 days in theatres and achieving cult status. The Telugu dubbed version titled Pandem Kodi released on 19 May 2006 and was also commercially successful. The film was remade in Kannada as Vayuputra. A sequel titled Sandakozhi 2 was released in 2018, but the sequel became a flop.
Francis Buchholz
Francis Buchholz (19 February 1950 – 22 January 2026) was a German musician best known as the bass guitarist of the German rock band Scorpions from 1973 until 1992, a group that was successful internationally; his bass riffs for hits such as "Rock You Like a Hurricane" and "Wind of Change" were regarded as iconic. After leaving Scorpions, he was a member of Michael Schenker's Temple of Rock, among others.

Michael Schenker
Michael Schenker (born 10 January 1955) is a German guitarist. He played in the rock band UFO and leads the Michael Schenker Group (MSG). He was an early member of the hard rock band Scorpions, a band co-founded by his elder brother Rudolf Schenker. In the mid-1970s, Schenker joined UFO, playing lead and rhythm guitar. He left the band in 1978 to briefly rejoin Scorpions for the recording of Lovedrive, and then to form MSG. He has rejoined UFO three times, producing an album each time. Schenker continues to perform and record. He is regarded as one of the most influential guitarists of the 1970s, and has been called "a legendary figure in the history of metal guitar."
The London Group
The London Group is a society based in London, England, created to offer additional exhibiting opportunities to artists besides the Royal Academy of Arts. Formed in 1913, it is one of the oldest artist-led organisations in the world. It was formed from the merger of the Camden Town Group, an all-male group, and the Fitzroy Street Group. It holds open submission exhibitions for members and guest artists.

Camden Town Group
The Camden Town Group was a group of English Post-Impressionist artists founded in 1911 and active until 1913.  They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area of London.
Deshalji I
Rao Deshalji I was the Rao of Cutch belonging to Jadeja Rajput dynasty, who ruled Cutch State as a regent from 1718 until 1752. His son Lakhpatji confined him in 1741 and ruled as a regent until death of Deshalji in 1752.

Lakhpatji
Rao Lakhpatji, also known as Lakhaji, was the Rao of Cutch belonging to Jadeja Rajput dynasty, who ruled Princely State of Cutch as a regent from 1741 to 1752. Later succeeded his father Deshalji I in 1752 and ruled until his death in 1760.
Hartlepool railway station
Hartlepool is a railway station on the Durham Coast Line, which runs between Newcastle and Middlesbrough. The station serves the port town of Hartlepool, in County Durham, England; it is situated 18 miles 5 chains (29 km) south-east of Sunderland. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by Northern Trains.

Middlesbrough railway station
Middlesbrough is a railway station on the Durham Coast, Esk Valley and Tees Valley lines. The station serves the town of Middlesbrough, in North Yorkshire, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by TransPennine Express. Direct destinations include Darlington, Redcar Central, Saltburn, Sunderland, Newcastle, York and Manchester Airport. There is also direct service to London Kings Cross once per weekday.

According to the Office of Rail and Road statistics, Middlesbrough station is the fourth busiest in the North East region, with 1,466,884 total entries and exits (2023–24 period).
IRAM 30m telescope
The IRAM 30m telescope is a radio telescope, located in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Spain. It is operated by the Institute for Radio Astronomy in the Millimetre Range (IRAM) for observing astronomical objects in the millimetre range of the electromagnetic spectrum. With its large surface and wide-angle camera, the telescope is capable of exploring vast cosmic objects. It is one of the largest and most sensitive millimetre wavelength telescopes in the world, serving over 200 astronomers annually. The telescope is primarily used to study interstellar clouds, star nurseries, galaxies, and black hole jets.

Together with IRAM's other facility, the NOEMA observatory, the telescope is part of the global Event Horizon Telescope array. It was the only station in Europe to participate in the 2017 EHT observing campaign that produced the first image of a black hole.

Northern Extended Millimeter Array
The Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) is one of the largest astronomical facilities on European ground and the most powerful radio telescope in the Northern Hemisphere operating at millimeter wavelengths. It consists of a large array of twelve 15-meter antennas that can spread over distances of up to 1.7 kilometers, working together as a single telescope.

NOEMA is the successor of the Plateau de Bure Interferometer and is run by the international research institute IRAM (Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique).

The observatory operates at over 2500 meters above sea level on one of the most extended European high altitude sites, the Plateau de Bure in the French Alps. Together with IRAM's other observatory, the IRAM 30-meter telescope, it is part of the global Event Horizon Telescope array.
Lambdavacuum solution
In general relativity, a lambdavacuum solution is an exact solution to the Einstein field equation in which the only term in the stress–energy tensor is a cosmological constant term.  This can be interpreted physically as a kind of classical approximation to a nonzero vacuum energy. These are discussed here as distinct from the vacuum solutions in which the cosmological constant is vanishing.

Terminological note: this article concerns a standard concept, but there is apparently no standard term to denote this concept, so we have attempted to supply one for the benefit of Wikipedia.

Exact solutions in general relativity
In general relativity, an exact solution is a (typically closed form) solution of the Einstein field equations whose derivation does not invoke simplifying approximations of the equations, though the starting point for that derivation may be an idealized case like a perfectly spherical shape of matter. Mathematically, finding an exact solution means finding a Lorentzian manifold equipped with tensor fields modeling states of ordinary matter, such as a fluid, or classical non-gravitational fields such as the electromagnetic field.
Nusa Lembongan
Nusa Lembongan (Balinese: ᬦᬸᬲ​ᬮ᭄ᬮᭂᬫ᭄ᬩᭀᬗᬦ᭄, romanized: nusa lĕmbongan) is an island located southeast of Bali, Indonesia. It is part of a group of three islands that make up the Nusa Penida District in Klungkung Regency, of which it is the most famous of the three islands of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nusa Ceningan - known together as the "Nusa Islands". This island group, in turn, is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Nusa Ceningan
Nusa Ceningan (Balinese: ᬦᬸᬲ​ᬘᭂᬦᬶᬗᬦ᭄, romanized: nusa cĕningan; Indonesian pronounced [ˌnusa t͡ʃəˈniŋan]) is a small island located in Nusa Penida District, Klungkung Regency, Bali, Indonesia; between Nusa Lembongan to the north-west and Nusa Penida to the south-east and south-east. All three islands are south-east of mainland Bali and lie on the southern side of the Strait of Badung. As none of the three islands have an airport, a boat or ferry is required to get to Nusa Ceningan.

There is a notable surf break off Nusa Ceningan which attracts some surfers away from the more crowded breaks on Nusa Lembongan.

The island offers some scenic roads and paths, and the westward views back over Nusa Lembongan to Bali are impressive. Viewing the sunset over Bali from the central Ceningan ridge is very much worth the effort. The estuarine channel between Lembongan and Ceningan is home to many seaweed farms and pristine mangrove forests.