hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Australian Union of Students
The Australian Union of Students (AUS), formerly National Union of Australian University Students (NUAUS), was a representative body and lobby group for Australian university and college of advanced education students. It collapsed in 1984 and was succeeded by the National Union of Students in 1987.

National Union of Students (Australia)
The National Union of Students (NUS) is the peak representative body for Australian higher education students. A student union is eligible for membership by its classification as a legitimate student representative body at any Australian post-secondary training provider. The NUS typically organises NUS National Conference (NatCon), NUS Education Conference (EdCon), and the Presidents' Summit each year in addition to other smaller conferences.
Geometrical crystallography before X-rays
Geometrical crystallography before X-rays describes how geometrical crystallography developed as a science up to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. In the period before X-rays, crystallography can be divided into three broad areas: geometric crystallography culminating in the discovery of the 230 space groups in 1891–1894, physical crystallography and chemical crystallography.

Geometrical crystallography before X-rays covers the study of crystal form and the mathematical representation of crystal structure. It includes the atomism and dynamism theories of crystal structure, the invention of the Miller indices, and the discovery of the 7 crystal systems, the 32 crystal classes, the 14 Bravais lattices, and the 230 space groups.

Crystal system
In crystallography, a crystal system is a set of point groups (a group of geometric symmetries with at least one fixed point). A lattice system is a set of Bravais lattices (an infinite array of discrete points). Space groups (symmetry groups of a configuration in space) are classified into crystal systems according to their point groups, and into lattice systems according to their Bravais lattices. Crystal systems that have space groups assigned to a common lattice system are combined into a crystal family.

The seven crystal systems are triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, and cubic. Informally, two crystals are in the same crystal system if they have similar symmetries (though there are many exceptions).
Palitha Fernando
Rear Admiral Sarath Palitha Fernando, PC, VNF is a Sri Lankan lawyer. He is the former Attorney General of Sri Lanka and had served as Solicitor General of Sri Lanka and Judge Advocate of the Sri Lanka Navy.

Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force
The Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force (SLVNF) is the active-duty volunteer reserve force of the Sri Lanka Navy. The SLVNF, which consists of the volunteer force and the volunteer reserve is separate from the Regular Naval Force, which consists of the Regular Force consisting of professional naval officers and sailors, and its Regular Reserve, which comprises personal who have a mobilization obligation following their service in the regular force.

It is headquartered at SLNS Lanka, Welisara, and is tasked with a support and complementary role to the navy, partly by serving as a pool of civilian talent and expertise otherwise lacking in (and not regularly required by) the regular naval force, and partly by acting as a reserve force during times of war. SLVNF, which was established under the Navy Act, No. 34 of 1950, as the Royal Ceylon Volunteer Naval Force (RCVNF) which was renamed as the Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force in 1972.
Raffi Armenian
Raffi Armenian, CM (born June 4, 1942) is a Canadian conductor, pianist, composer, and teacher. He directed the Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony orchestra for many years. Since 1999 he has been the director of Orchestral Studies at the University of Toronto. From 2008 to 2013 he was the director of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal.

Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony
The Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony (KWS) is an orchestra based in the twin cities of Kitchener and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Its home venue is located at Centre In The Square in Kitchener, Ontario.  The orchestra consists of 52 professional musicians under full-time contract. KWS performs close to 90 performances during a 38-week season for a combined concert audience of over 90,000. The orchestra is regularly heard across Canada on CBC Radio Two. In September 2023, the symphony abruptly halted its 2023–2024 season, citing its financial difficulties, and later declared bankruptcy. This included all concerts and other activities such as, Kitchener–Waterloo Symphony Youth Orchestra and Bridge to Music. As of late October 2024, the orchestra announced that the bankruptcy had been annulled and that they are rebuilding with a new Board of Directors.
Nintendo 3DS system software
The Nintendo 3DS system software is an updatable firmware and operating system used for the Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS handheld systems. The Nintendo Switch system software is believed to have evolved from the Nintendo 3DS operating system.

Nintendo DSi system software
The Nintendo DSi system software is a discontinued set of updatable firmware versions and operating system for the Nintendo DSi handheld video game console and its XL variant. Released alongside the console in Japan on November 1, 2008, and later worldwide in April 2009, the system software represented Nintendo's first implementation of downloadable content and comprehensive online services on a handheld platform. Updates were downloaded via the system's internet connection, allowing Nintendo to add features, patch security vulnerabilities, and block unauthorized software. The software introduced a redesigned touchscreen-based interface, built-in multimedia applications including dual cameras and audio recording, and the Nintendo DSi Shop for purchasing downloadable games and applications. Support for the system software concluded with version 1.4.5, released on December 11, 2012, and the DSi Shop was discontinued on March 31, 2017.
The Mini-Munsters
The Mini-Munsters is an animated telefilm that was aired as part of The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie in 1973, and was based on the characters from The Munsters. Of the original series' cast, only Al Lewis (Grandpa) lent his voice to the special.

Grandpa (The Munsters)
Count Sam Dracula, commonly known as Grandpa, is a fictional character from the American sitcom The Munsters, originally played by Al Lewis. He is a vampire and the doting, irritable, and sarcastic father of Lily Munster.  The role was later played by Howard Morton in the 1980s television series The Munsters Today.
Lenny Breau
Leonard Harold Breau (August 5, 1941 – August 12, 1984) was an American-Canadian guitarist. He blended many styles of music, including jazz, country, classical, and flamenco. Inspired by country guitarists like Chet Atkins, Breau used fingerstyle techniques not often used in jazz guitar. By using a seven-string guitar and approaching the guitar like a piano, he opened up possibilities for the instrument.

Seven-string guitar
The seven-string guitar adds one additional string to the more common six-string guitar, commonly used to extend the bass range (usually a low B) or also to extend the treble range.

The additional string is added in one of two different ways: by increasing the width of the fingerboard such that the additional string may be fretted by the left hand; or, by leaving the fingerboard unchanged and adding a "floating" bass string.  In the latter case, the extra bass string lies next to the existing bass strings, but free of the fingerboard in similar fashion as the archlute and theorbo. Such unfrettable bass strings were historically known as diapasons or bourdons.

Some types of seven-string guitars are specific to certain cultures such as the Russian, Mexican, and Brazilian guitars.
Ts Madison
Madison Hinton, known professionally as Ts Madison, is an American entertainer and actress. With the reality show The Ts Madison Experience, she became the first Black transgender woman to star in and act as executive producer of her own reality series. She has acted in films including Zola and Bros, and she has been a permanent judge on RuPaul's Drag Race since season 15.

RuPaul's Drag Race season 15
The fifteenth season of RuPaul's Drag Race premiered January 6, 2023. The reality competition series moved to MTV for broadcast, instead of VH1 in the United States.

This season features the largest cast in the show's history, with sixteen queens competing for an amount of $200,000, the largest cash prize in the show's history. It is also the first season to feature biological twins, Sugar and Spice. Series judges Michelle Visage, Carson Kressley, and Ross Mathews returned, and Ts Madison, who had previously appeared as a recurring guest judge, joined the judges panel.

The season was won by Sasha Colby, the third trans person to win the main series of RuPaul's Drag Race and first winner of the main series to be openly trans throughout their entire season, with Anetra as the runner-up. Malaysia Babydoll Foxx was named Miss Congeniality.
Saruta Kōgyō S.C.
Saruta Kogyo Soccer Club (猿田興業サッカー部, Saruta Kogyo Soccer Club) is a Japanese football club based in Akita, the capital city of Akita Prefecture. They play in the Tohoku Soccer League, which is part of Japanese Regional Leagues. Their team colour is blue and they won the Emperor's Cup Akita Prefectural title for two consecutive seasons.

Akita (city)
Akita (秋田市, Akita-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [aꜜ.kʲi̥.ta, a.kʲi̥.taꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and most populous city of Akita Prefecture, Japan, and has been designated a core city since 1 April 1997. As of 1 August 2023, the city has an estimated population of 300,502 persons in 136,628 households and a population density of 332 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 906.07 square kilometres (349.84 sq mi).
Holland's schema theorem
Holland's schema theorem, also called the fundamental theorem of genetic algorithms, is an inequality that results from coarse-graining an equation for evolutionary dynamics.  The Schema Theorem says that short, low-order schemata with above-average fitness increase exponentially in frequency in successive generations. The theorem was proposed by John Holland in the 1970s. It was initially widely taken to be the foundation for explanations of the power of genetic algorithms. However, this interpretation of its implications has been criticized in several publications reviewed in, where the Schema Theorem is shown to be a special case of the Price equation with the schema indicator function as the macroscopic measurement.

A schema is a template that identifies a subset of strings with similarities at certain string positions. Schemata are a special case of cylinder sets, and hence form a topological space.

Genetic algorithm
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems via biologically inspired operators such as selection, crossover, and mutation. Some examples of GA applications include optimizing decision trees for better performance, solving sudoku puzzles, hyperparameter optimization, and causal inference.
Creek Vean
Creek Vean is the Grade II* listed residential property in the village of Feock in Cornwall, England. It was the first building designed by Team 4, being commissioned by Su Brumwell's parents, Marcus Brumwell and Irene Brumwell. Construction began in 1963 and it was completed in 1966.

Team 4
Team 4 was a British architectural firm, established in 1963 by architecture graduates Su Brumwell, Wendy Cheesman, Norman Foster and Richard Rogers. Friction emerged within the firm, and by June 1967, Foster and Rogers decided to dissolve the firm.

The practice originally included Wendy Cheesman's sister Georgie Wolton (née Cheesman) who, as the only qualified architect of the group, allowed the practice to function. Georgie Cheeseman left after only a few months, leaving the remaining members to try to pass their professional exams while continuing to practice.

Rogers, Foster and Brumwell had first met while studying at Yale University. Rogers and Brumwell later married, as did Foster and Cheesman.
ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)
ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy film directed by Martin Prakkat, and produced by Shibu Thameens under the banner of Thameens Films. It stars Dulquer Salmaan, Jacob Gregory, Tovino Thomas, and Aparna Gopinath. The film features music composed by Gopi Sunder, and cinematography by Jomon T. John. The film deals with the journey of two young American Malayalees to Kerala. The title is based on the term American-Born Confused Desi. Released on 14 June 2013, the film received positive reviews and was commercially successful. It marked the first collaboration between Dulquer Salmaan and Martin Prakkat. The film was remade into Telugu in 2019 with the same name.

Gopi Sundar
Gopi Sundar C. S. (born 30 May 1977) is an Indian music director, programmer, playback singer, songwriter, actor and performer who works in the Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil film industries.

He began his career composing music for television commercials and is credited with writing nearly 5,000 jingles. As a keyboardist, he has collaborated with many music directors, including the composer duo Vishal–Shekhar. He has won several accolades for his soundtracks and film scores, including a National Film Award, a Kerala State Film Award, and two Filmfare Awards South.

In 2014, Sundar started his own recording label, Gopi Sundar Music Company with an idea to promote aspiring musicians and to make low-budget productions possible. In 2016, he formed a live performance music band called "Band Big G" in Dubai. In 2017, his work in the film Pulimurugan was included in the contender list for the 90th Academy Awards nominations for Best Original Song and Best Original Score categories.
461st Bombardment Squadron
The 461st Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  Its last assignment was with 346th Bombardment Group at Kadena Airfield, Okinawa, where it was inactivated on 30 June 1946.  From 1942 the squadron served as a Replacement Training Unit for heavy bomber aircrews.  It was inactivated in the spring of 1944 in a general reorganization of Army Air Forces training units.  The squadron was activated again in 1944 as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit.  Although it deployed to the Pacific, it arrived too late to see combat service.

346th Bombardment Group
The 346th Bombardment Group is a former United States Army Air Forces unit. It was last assigned to the 316th Bombardment Wing at Kadena Airfield, Okinawa, where it was inactivated on 30 June 1946.  The group was originally a heavy bomber training unit, but was inactivated in a general reorganization of Army Air Forces training units in 1944.  It was reorganized as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress group later that year.  It moved to Okinawa in 1945, but arrived too late to participate in combat.
New York State Route 198
New York State Route 198 (NY 198) is an expressway located entirely within the city of Buffalo, New York, in the United States. It is named the Scajaquada Expressway (/skəˈdʒækwədə/ skə-JA-kwə-də) for Scajaquada Creek, which it covers as it heads across northern Buffalo. NY 198 connects the Niagara Thruway (Interstate 190 or I-190) in the Black Rock neighborhood to the Kensington Expressway (NY 33) on Buffalo's east side.

New York State Route 384
New York State Route 384 (NY 384) is a state highway in Western New York in the United States. It is a north–south route extending from the city of Buffalo, Erie County to the city of Niagara Falls, Niagara County, and is one of several routes directly connecting the two cities. The southern terminus of the route is at NY 5 in downtown Buffalo. NY 384's northern terminus is at the Rainbow Bridge in downtown Niagara Falls. Through its entire course in Erie County, it is known as Delaware Avenue for the street it follows in the city. In Niagara County, NY 384 follows the Niagara River and is named River Road and Buffalo Avenue.

NY 384 was assigned in 1930 to the riverside roadway linking Buffalo to Niagara Falls. It was rerouted south of the city of Tonawanda by 1938 to follow a more inland route to Buffalo. Only minor realignments within downtown Buffalo and Niagara Falls have occurred since.
International trading tax stamp
International trading tax stamp is kind of revenue stamps that were used in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s for taxation of the trade in stamps. The latter were considered a commodity for which philatelists could be taxed. This type of taxation was introduced by the Soviet government in addition to revenue it collected from stamp sales. International trading tax stamps were issued by the Posledgol Central Commission of VTsIK, the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily and, later, by the Soviet Philatelic Association.

Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily (Russian: Организация Уполномоченного по филателии и бонам в СССР (ОУФБ)) was established in Moscow in 1922 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) for matters concerned with philately and bonds. An old Bolshevik Feodor Chuchin headed this organisation.
2/1 game forcing
2/1 game forcing (Two-over-one game forcing) is a bidding system in modern contract bridge structured around the following responses to a one-level opening bid:

a non-jump response in a new suit at the one-level is constructive and forcing for one round,

a non-jump response in a new suit at the two-level is forcing to game, and

a 1NT response to a major opening is forcing for one round and indicates insufficient values to immediately commit to game or bid a suit at the one-level.

The 2/1 game force does not apply to responses by a passed hand, or if there is an intervening call by an opponent. Other responses are per Standard American methods in accordance with partnership agreement.

Standard American
Standard American is a  bidding system for the game of bridge widely used in North America and elsewhere. Owing to the popularization of the game by Charles Goren in the 1940s and 1950s, its early versions were sometimes referred to simply as 'Goren'.  With the addition and evolution of various treatments and conventions, it is now more generally referred to as Standard American. It is a bidding system based on five-card majors and a strong notrump; players may add conventions and refine the meanings of bids through partnership agreements summarized in their convention card. One standardised version, SAYC (Standard American Yellow Card), is widely used by casual partnerships and in online bridge.
MV Loch Sunart
MV Loch Sunart (ex-Gemeente Pont 23 then Sound of Scalpay) was a car and passenger ferry, originally operated in Amsterdam, and then by Western Ferries across the Firth of Clyde between Gourock and Dunoon in Scotland until October 2013. In 2018, Loch Sunart was converted into an ROV support vessel and is now owned by Caldive.

MV Loch Scavaig
MV Loch Scavaig (ex Sound of Sanda) was a car and passenger ferry, operated until October 2013 by Western Ferries across the Firth of Clyde between Gourock and Dunoon. In 2018, Loch Scavaig was converted into a saturation dive support vessel and is now owned by Caldive.
Ellet J. Waggoner
Ellet Joseph "E.J." Waggoner (January 12, 1855 – May 28, 1916) was a Seventh-day Adventist particularly known for his impact on the theology of the church, along with friend and associate Alonzo T. Jones at the 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session. At the meeting of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists Ellet J. Waggoner along with Alonzo T. Jones presented a message on justification supported by Ellen G. White, but resisted by church leaders such as G. I. Butler and others. He supported theological issues such as the meaning of "righteousness by faith", the nature of the Godhead, the relationship between law and grace, and Justification and its relationship to Sanctification.

1888 Minneapolis General Conference
The 1888 Minneapolis General Conference Session was a meeting of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in October 1888. It is regarded as a landmark event in the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Key participants were Alonzo T. Jones and Ellet J. Waggoner, who presented a message on Justification by Faith (Gal. 2:16; Rom. 3:28) supported by Ellen G. White, but resisted by leaders such as G. I. Butler, Uriah Smith and others. The session discussed crucial theological issues such as the meaning of "righteousness by faith", the nature of the Godhead, the relationship between law and grace, and Justification and its relationship to Sanctification.
163rd Fighter Squadron
The 163rd Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Indiana Air National Guard's 122nd Fighter Wing, located at Fort Wayne Air National Guard Base, Indiana. The 163rd is currently transitioning from the A-10 Thunderbolt II to the F-16 Fighting Falcon.

Fort Wayne Air National Guard Base
Fort Wayne Air National Guard Base is a United States Air Force base, located at Fort Wayne International Airport, Indiana. It is located 7.6 miles (12.2 km) south-southwest of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Initially established in 1941 as a training airfield for the Army Air Forces, during World War II, Baer Field became a major training and aircraft processing base for C-47 Skytrain and C-46 Commando transport aircraft, equipping many Troop Carrier squadrons with aircraft and training their aircrews in their operation. Largely turned over to civil control after the war, the Air Force has maintained control over a small section of the civil airport for reserve training and Air National Guard use. Since 1952 it has been the home station of the Indiana Air National Guard 122d Fighter Wing.
Endomorphism
In abstract algebra, an endomorphism is a homomorphism from a mathematical object to itself. More generally in category theory, an endomorphism is a morphism from a category of objects to itself. An endomorphism that is also an isomorphism is an automorphism. For example, an endomorphism of a vector space V is a linear map f: V → V, and an endomorphism of a group G is a group homomorphism f: G → G.

In general, we can talk about endomorphisms in any category. In the category of sets, endomorphisms are functions from a set S to itself.

In any category, the composition of any two endomorphisms of X is again an endomorphism of X.  It follows that the set of all endomorphisms of X forms a monoid, the full transformation monoid, and denoted End(X) (or EndC(X) to emphasize the category C).

Automorphism
In mathematics, an automorphism is an isomorphism from a mathematical object to itself. It is, in some sense, a symmetry of the object, and a way of mapping the object to itself while preserving all of its structure. The set of all automorphisms of an object forms a group, called the automorphism group. It is, loosely speaking, the symmetry group of the object.
Leonard Davis (judge)
Leonard E. Davis (born 1948) is an American lawyer and former judge.  He served as Chief Justice of the Twelfth Court of Appeals of Texas, from 2000–2002, and was nominated by George W. Bush on January 23, 2002 to the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas until his retirement May 15th, 2015.

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (in case citations, E.D. Tex.) is a federal court in the Fifth Circuit (except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act, which are appealed to the Federal Circuit).

The district was established on February 21, 1857, with the division of the state into an Eastern and Western District.