hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Differential poset
In mathematics, a differential poset is a partially ordered set (or poset for short) satisfying certain local properties.  (The formal definition is given below.)  This family of posets was introduced by Stanley (1988) as a generalization of Young's lattice (the poset of integer partitions ordered by inclusion), many of whose combinatorial properties are shared by all differential posets.  In addition to Young's lattice, the other most significant example of a differential poset is the Young–Fibonacci lattice.

Young's lattice
In mathematics, Young's lattice is a lattice that is formed by all integer partitions. It is named after Alfred Young, who, in a series of papers On quantitative substitutional analysis, developed the representation theory of the symmetric group.  In Young's theory, the objects now called Young diagrams and the partial order on them played a key, even decisive, role. Young's lattice prominently figures in algebraic combinatorics, forming the simplest example of a differential poset in the sense of Stanley (1988). It is also closely connected with the crystal bases for affine Lie algebras.
The Losers (comics)
The Losers is the name of a war comic book feature published by DC Comics. The name was later given to a reimagined comic book series for DC's Vertigo imprint.

The first Losers comic was a war comics feature set during World War II. It was created by Robert Kanigher and became a regular feature in DC's long-running war comic book series Our Fighting Forces beginning with issue #123, dated January/February 1970.

Robert Kanigher
Robert Kanigher (/ˈkænɪɡər/; June 18, 1915 – May 7, 2002) was an American comic book writer and editor whose career spanned five decades. He was involved with the Wonder Woman franchise for over twenty years, taking over the scripting from creator William Moulton Marston. In addition, Kanigher spent many years in charge of DC Comics's war titles and created the character Sgt. Rock. Kanigher scripted what is considered the first Silver Age comic book story, "Mystery of the Human Thunderbolt!", which introduced the Barry Allen version of the Flash in Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956).
James of Viterbo
James of Viterbo OSA (Italian: Giacomo da Viterbo; c. 1255 – c. 1307), born Giacomo Capocci (nicknamed Doctor speculativus), was an Italian Roman Catholic Augustinian friar and Scholastic theologian, who later became Archbishop of Naples.

Order of Saint Augustine
The Order of Saint Augustine (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini), abbreviated OSA, is a mendicant religious order  of the Catholic Church. It was founded in 1244 by bringing together several eremitical groups in the Tuscany region who were following the Rule of Saint Augustine, written by Augustine of Hippo in the fifth century.

They are also commonly known as the Augustinians, Austin friars, or Friars Hermits and, until 1968, as the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (Latin: Ordo eremitarum sancti Augustini; abbreviated OESA).

The order has, in particular, spread internationally the veneration of the Virgin Mary under the title of Our Lady of Good Counsel (Mater boni consilii).

In the 2025 papal conclave, Leo XIV was elected as the first pope from the Order of Saint Augustine.
Lickey Incline
The Lickey Incline, south of Birmingham, is the steepest sustained main-line railway incline in Great Britain.  The climb is a gradient of 1 in 37.7 (2.65% or 26.5‰ or 1.52°) for a continuous distance of two miles (3.2 km). Constructed originally for the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (B&GR) and opened in 1840, it is located on the modern Cross Country Route between Barnt Green and Bromsgrove stations in Worcestershire.

In earlier times many trains required the assistance of banking locomotives with associated logistical considerations to ensure that the train reached the top; now only the heaviest of freight trains require such assistance.

Bank engine
A bank engine (United Kingdom/Australia) (colloquially a banker), banking engine, helper engine or pusher engine (North America) is a railway locomotive that temporarily assists a train that requires additional power or traction to climb a gradient (or bank). Helpers/bankers are most commonly found in mountain divisions (called "helper districts" in the United States), where the ruling grade may demand the use of substantially greater motive power than that required for other grades within the division.
Prosoniq
Prosoniq Products Software was a German software developer of audio and music tools, mostly known for their sonicWORX, OrangeVocoder, TimeFactory and Hartmann Neuron synthesizer products. It also licensed proprietary technologies in the audio/music DSP sector to software manufacturers including Emagic, Steinberg, Digidesign, TwelveTone Systems, Merging, DAVID, AutoDesk/Discreet and others. Headquartered in Karlsruhe, Germany, Prosoniq pioneered the use of artificial neural networks for commercial audio processing.

Hartmann Neuron
The Hartmann Neuron was an electronic musical instrument designed and built by industry designer Axel Hartmann of the German company Hartmann Music in the years 2001–2005. The Neuron synthesizer used an Artificial Neural Network to create a digital computer model from sampled sounds, implementing a new synthesis technology which was developed by Stephan Bernsee at Prosoniq. This computer model could then be used to resynthesize a new sound, giving the player control over "musical" aspects such as instrument body size, material and other acoustic properties. This parametric approach is very different from the more mathematical approaches of other synthesizers. The Hartmann Neuron VS, a Mac/Windows compatible VST software version of the instrument, was released in 2005.
Lorillard Tobacco Company
Lorillard Tobacco Company was an American tobacco company that marketed cigarettes under the brand names Newport, Maverick, Old Gold, Kent, True, Satin, and Max. The company had two operating segments: cigarettes and electronic cigarettes.

The company was purchased by Reynolds American, a company owned by British American Tobacco, in 2015, a deal that was announced in 2014.

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) is an American tobacco manufacturing company based in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Founded by namesake R. J. Reynolds in 1875, it is the largest tobacco company in the United States. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American, itself a wholly owned subsidiary of British American Tobacco.

RJR has a large brand portfolio, which includes Camel, Newport, Doral, Eclipse, Kent, and Pall Mall. Other brands commercialized in the past included Barclay, Belair, and Real.
Pavers (flooring)
A paver is a paving stone, sett, tile, brick or brick-like piece of concrete commonly used as exterior flooring. They are generally placed on top of a foundation which is made of layers of compacted stone and sand. The pavers are placed in the desired pattern and the space between pavers that is created with the integrated spacer bar is then filled with concrete sand or a polymeric sand. No actual adhesive or retaining method is used other than the weight of the paver itself except edging. Pavers can be used to make roads, driveways, patios, walkways and other outdoor platforms.

In a factory, concrete pavers are made with a mixture of sand, stone, cement and iron oxide pigments in a mold and then cured prior to packaging.

Permeable paving
Permeable paving surfaces are made of either a porous material that enables stormwater to flow through it or nonporous blocks spaced so that water can flow between the gaps. Permeable paving can also include a variety of surfacing techniques for roads, parking lots, and pedestrian walkways. Permeable pavement surfaces may be composed of; pervious concrete, porous asphalt, paving stones, or interlocking pavers. Unlike traditional impervious paving materials such as concrete and asphalt, permeable paving systems allow stormwater to percolate and infiltrate through the pavement and into the aggregate layers and/or soil below. In addition to reducing surface runoff, permeable paving systems can trap suspended solids, thereby filtering pollutants from stormwater.

Permeable pavement is commonly used on roads, paths and parking lots subject to light vehicular traffic, such as cycle-paths, service or emergency access lanes, road and airport shoulders, and residential sidewalks and driveways.
Belsay
Belsay is a village and civil parish in Northumberland, England. The village is about 5 miles (10 km) from Ponteland on the A696, which links the village with Newcastle upon Tyne and Jedburgh. The population of the civil parish was 436 at the 2001 census, increasing to 518 at the 2011 Census.

Scottish nobleman and doctor, John de Strivelyn, was granted the manor around 1340 by Edward III. On his death, the estate passed to his daughter Christiana, who was married to Sir John Middleton, and it has remained with the Middleton family ever since.

Belsay was formerly a township in the parish of Bolam, in 1866 Belsay became a civil parish. Belsay parish includes the former parishes of Bitchfield, Black Heddon, Bolam, Bolam Vicarage, Bradford, Gallowhill, Harnham, Newham, Shortflatt, Trewick, and Wallridge which were merged with Belsay on 1 April 1955.

Belsay is home to Belsay Castle, a fine medieval castle, and to Belsay Hall.

Belsay Castle
Belsay Castle is a 14th-century medieval castle situated at Belsay, Northumberland, England. It is a Scheduled Monument and a Grade I listed building.

The main structure, a substantial three-storey rectangular pele tower with rounded turrets and battlements, was constructed about 1370, and was the home of the Middleton family.  In 1614 Thomas Middleton built a new manor house attached to the tower.  A west wing was added in 1711 but was largely demolished in 1872 by Sir Arthur Middleton when the remainder of the house was considerably altered.

The castle was abandoned as a residence by the family in the early 19th century when Sir Charles Monck built Belsay Hall close by.  The interiors were largely removed and it was then used as a ready-made folly, as was fashionable among the aristocracy at the time, serving as the setting for garden parties and other entertainments.

The castle is administered by English Heritage and is open to the public.
Çetin Altan
Çetin Altan (22 June 1927 – 22 October 2015) was a Turkish writer, journalist, and a member of parliament. He was considered one of the finest writers in the modern Turkish language of the late 20th century.

Mehmet Altan
Mehmet Hasan Altan (born 11 January 1953) is a Turkish academic economist, journalist, and author of over 25 books. Describing himself as a "Marxist-liberal", he is the originator of the term "Second Republic", arguing that Turkey needs to reconstitute its republic as a true democracy. He is a strong supporter of the Accession of Turkey to the European Union.
Codex Carolinus
Codex Carolinus is an uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated to the 6th-7th century. It is a palimpsest of a Latin text written over a Gothic one. The Gothic text is designated by siglum Car; the Latin text is designated by siglum gue (traditional system) or by 79 (on the list of Beuron) and represents the Old Latin translation of the New Testament. It is housed in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbüttel in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Thought fragmentary, it is one of the very few extant manuscripts of Wulfila's Gothic Bible. The four leaves of the codex were used as raw material for the production of another manuscript – Codex Guelferbytanus 64 WeissenThe t, and its text has been reconstructed several times. Franz Anton Knittel was the first to examine it and decipher its text.

Palimpsest
In textual studies, a palimpsest (/ˈpælɪmpsɛst/) is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse in the form of another document. Parchment was made of lamb, calf, or goat skin and was expensive and not readily available, so, in the interest of economy, a page was often re-used by scraping off the previous writing. In colloquial usage, the term palimpsest is also used in architecture, archaeology and geomorphology to denote an object made or worked upon for one purpose and later reused for another; for example, a monumental brass on which the blank reverse side has been re-engraved.
Douglas Professor of Civil Law
The Douglas Chair of Civil Law at the University of Glasgow was founded in 1948, and named after John Brown Douglas (c 1855–1935), who had been Professor of Roman Law at St Mungo's College. The name was changed in 2001 to the Douglas Chair in Roman Law when occupied by Olivia Robinson, but was changed back in 2006 when the current professor, Ernest Metzger, assumed the position.

The chair was occupied from 1965 to 1969 by Alan Watson, a graduate of the School of Law and now considered one of the world's foremost authorities on Roman Law.

University of Glasgow School of Law
The School of Law at the University of Glasgow provides undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Law, and awards the degrees of Bachelor of Laws (Legum Baccalaureus, LLB), Master of Laws (Iuris Vtriusque Magistrum, LLM), LLM by Research, Master of Research (MRes) and Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiæ Doctor, PhD), the degree of Doctor of Laws being awarded generally only as an honorary degree.

There are forty-nine full-time academic staff and over one thousand students. As of 2024 the Head of the School of Law is Professor Claire McDiarmid.

The 2019 Complete University Guide league rankings placed Glasgow at 2nd in the UK. The 2023 rankings from The Guardian placed Glasgow at 6th in the UK. The 2024 The Times league rankings placed Glasgow at 7th in the UK.
Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (Italian: Pio IV; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1559 to his death, in December 1565. Born in Milan, his family considered itself a branch of the House of Medici and used the same coat of arms. Although modern historians have found no proof of this connection, the Medici of Florence recognised the claims of the Medici of Milan in the early 16th century.

Pope Paul III appointed Medici Archbishop of Ragusa, and sent him on diplomatic missions to the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary. He presided over the final session of the Council of Trent. His nephew, Cardinal Charles Borromeo, was a close adviser. As pope, Pius IV initiated a number of building projects in Rome, including one to improve the water supply.

Diocese of Dubrovnik
The Diocese of Dubrovnik (Croatian: Dubrovačka biskupija); or Ragusa (Latin: Dioecesis Ragusiensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in southern Croatia. The diocese is centred in the city of Dubrovnik. It was first erected in 990. From 1120 to 1828 it was elevated to the status of archdiocese. By papal bull Locum Beati Petri it was degraded to the level of a diocese in 1828.

The Cathedral of Assumption in Dubrovnik was built in 1713 after the previous cathedral was destroyed in an earthquake. Current bishop Roko Glasnović is head of the diocese. He was appointed by Pope Francis in 2021. Dubrovnik's patron saint is Saint Blaise (locally called Sveti Vlaho).
Canes Venatici
Canes Venatici (/ˈkeɪniːz vɪˈnætɪsaɪ/ KAY-neez vin-AT-iss-eye) is one of the 88 constellations designated by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). It is a small northern constellation that was created by Johannes Hevelius in the 17th century. Its name is Latin for 'hunting dogs', and the constellation is often depicted in illustrations as representing the dogs of Boötes the Herdsman, a neighboring constellation.

Cor Caroli is the constellation's brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of 2.9. La Superba (Y CVn) is one of the reddest naked-eye stars and one of the brightest carbon stars. The Whirlpool Galaxy is a spiral galaxy tilted face-on to observers on Earth, and was the first galaxy whose spiral nature was discerned. In addition, quasar TON 618 is one of the most massive black holes with the mass of 66 billion solar masses.

Johannes Hevelius
Johannes Hevelius (in German also known as Hevel; Polish: Jan Heweliusz; (1611-01-28)28 January 1611 – 28 January 1687) was a  councillor and chairman of the city council of the Old Town, Gdańsk (in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). As an  astronomer, he gained a reputation as "the founder of lunar topography", and described ten new constellations, seven of which are still used by astronomers.
The Trip (Art Pepper album)
The Trip is a 1976 jazz album by saxophonist Art Pepper, playing with pianist George Cables, bassist Happy Williams and drummer  Elvin Jones.

This album features The Trip, one of Art Pepper's own melodies written in 1963 while in San Quentin. Pepper likened jazz to the storytelling that took place between the prisoners. As he says in the sleeve notes, "When I play,... the sound that comes out of this thing, this piece of metal is just me saying these things and taking people on a trip."

David "Happy" Williams
David "Happy" Williams (born September 17, 1946), is a US-based Trinidadian jazz double-bassist, who was a long-time member of Cedar Walton's group. Williams has also worked with many other notable musicians, including Woody Shaw, Bobby Hutcherson, Stan Getz, Kenny Barron, Duke Jordan, Monty Alexander, Frank Morgan, Hank Jones, Charles McPherson, Larry Willis, George Cables, Abdullah Ibrahim, David "Fathead" Newman, Sonny Fortune, John Hicks, Louis Hayes, Jackie McLean, Clifford Jordan, Abbey Lincoln, Ernestine Anderson, and Kathleen Battle.
Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year
The Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year is given yearly by Radio Mirchi as a part of its annual Mirchi Music Awards for Hindi films, to recognise a female vocalist who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

Mirchi Music Awards
Mirchi Music Awards are presented annually by Radio Mirchi to honour both artistic and technical excellence of professionals in the Hindi language film music industry of India. The awards, given in seventeen different categories, were instituted to award the best of 2008. In 2010, the Southern edition of the awards – Mirchi Music Awards South was launched, to award the best of 2009. through which artists from the four South Indian film industries—Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam—are being honoured. In 2012, the Bengali edition of the awards – Mirchi Music Awards Bangla was launched, to award the best of 2011. The 2019 Mirchi Music Awards is co-powered by Smule, the world's largest music social network, and will have the winner of the Smule Mirchi Cover Star perform on stage at the event.
Bob Maas
Adrianus Lambertus Joseph "Bob" Maas (18 October 1907 – 17 December 1996) was a sailor from the Netherlands, who represented his native country at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and took the Silver medal. In that same Olympics, Maas and his brother Jan Maas, competed in the Dutch Star Holland. In this series Maas took the 6th place. The Maas brothers took part at their own cost.

In 1936, with Willem de Vries Lentsch as crew, Maas took part in the Dutch Star BEM II and took the Bronze. During the 1948 Summer Olympics Bob Maas also took a Bronze medal in the Star. This time with Eddy Stutterheim as crew. His last Olympic appearance was in 1952 again with Eddy Stutterheim as crew. This time they finished 8th.

Bob Maas is the older brother of Jan Maas.

Eddy Stutterheim
Edward Stutterheim (11 August 1908 – 13 April 1977) was a Dutch sailor, who represented his country as  at the 1948 Summer Olympics in Torbay. Stutterheim, as crew member on the Dutch Star BEM II, took the bronze medal with helmsman Bob Maas. The team returned in 1952 in Helsinki where they took the 7th place.

In the 1956 Olympics in Melbourne Stutterheim was the Dragon crew for the Dutch Olympic team. However, after the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the Dutch government decided that the Dutch Olympic team would not compete.
Carl Kellner (mystic)
Carl Kellner (1 September 1851 – June 7, 1905) was a chemist, inventor, and industrialist.  Born in Vienna, Austria, he made significant improvements to the sulfite process and was co-inventor of the Castner-Kellner process.

He was a student of Freemasonry, Rosicrucianism, and Eastern mysticism. He was the putative founder of Ordo Templi Orientis and is sometimes referred to as "Spiritual father of O.T.O.".

Castner–Kellner process
The Castner–Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide, invented by American Hamilton Castner and Austrian Carl Kellner in the 1890s.
It is a type of chloralkali process, but in this role it is gradually being replaced by membrane electrolysis which has lower energy cost and fewer environmental concerns.
Barny Boatman
Barny M. Boatman (born 10 January 1956) is an English professional poker player and the oldest member of the poker-playing foursome known as The Hendon Mob. He is the older brother of Ross Boatman, and resides in Archway.

During his lengthy poker career, Boatman became one of the pioneers of poker on television by regularly appearing in the Late Night Poker television series. He was also the first person to reach three consecutive final tables at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), and came close to winning a WSOP bracelet. In 2013, Boatman won his first career World Series of Poker bracelet in Event #49, $1,500 No-Limit Hold'em, winning $546,080. In February 2024, Boatman won the European Poker Tour Paris main event for €1,287,800, his largest live cash to date. As of February 2024, he has over $5.4 million in live tournament winnings.

Late Night Poker
Late Night Poker is a British television series that helped popularize poker in the 2000s. It used "under the table" cameras that enabled the viewer to see each player's cards.

The show originally ran for six series between 1999 and 2002. After a couple of spin-off series, Late Night Poker Ace and Late Night Poker Masters, it returned in 2008.
Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the front of Galicia during the entire conflict. On 30 October 1940, Böhm-Ermolli was made a German Generalfeldmarschall.

Generalfeldmarschall
Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire, (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall); in the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank Feldmarschall was used. The rank was the equivalent to Großadmiral (English: Grand Admiral) in the Kaiserliche Marine and Kriegsmarine, a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Guillaume Fouace
Guillaume Fouace (22 May 1837, Réville – 7 January 1895, Paris) was a French painter. He produced over 700 paintings in a realist style, mainly portraits, still lifes and landscapes - the Musée d'Orsay has some of them, whilst 40 are displayed in a 'Salle de Fouace' at the Musée Thomas-Henry in Cherbourg-en-Cotentin.

Musée Thomas-Henry
The Musée des beaux-arts Thomas Henry is a museum at Cherbourg-en-Cotentin (Manche) with around 300 artworks, mainly paintings from the 15th to 19th centuries. It has been rated as the third most important collection in Normandy.