hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
PSU Zephyrus
The PSU Zephyrus is a human-powered aircraft being constructed by the Penn State AERSP 2/404H team. It is a composite material, single-seat, single propeller, high-wing airplane. The Zephyrus is designed to compete in the Kremer prize sport competition.

It flew its first flight on April 25, 2011, at Mifflin County Airport. The project, led by aerospace engineering professor Mark Maughmer and graduate student Julia Cole, had existed for several years, pursuing the design and development of a human-powered aircraft (HPA) to compete for the Kremer International Sporting Aircraft Prize.

Human-powered aircraft
A human-powered aircraft (HPA) is an aircraft belonging to the class of vehicles known as human-powered transport.

As its name suggests, HPAs have the pilot not only steer, but also power the aircraft with a system similar to a bicycle. A pair of pedals, moved by the pilot's feet, is connected to a propeller, or in the case of earlier prototypes, an ornithopter mechanism, which powers the aircraft.

Often, a hybrid system is used, where sometimes the pedals would charge a battery, which would, at the push of a button, power an electric motor that is connected to the propeller.

Human-powered aircraft have been successfully flown over considerable distances. However, they are still primarily constructed as engineering challenges rather than for any kind of recreational or utilitarian purpose.
Maeshowe
Maeshowe (or Maes Howe; Old Norse: Orkahaugr) is a Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave situated on Mainland Orkney, Scotland. It was probably built around 2800 BC. In the archaeology of Scotland, it gives its name to the Maeshowe type of chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney.

Maeshowe is a significant example of Neolithic craftsmanship and is, in the words of the archaeologist Stuart Piggott, "a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position." Maeshowe is designated a scheduled monument and part of the "Heart of Neolithic Orkney", a group of sites including Skara Brae designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999.

Chambered cairn
A chambered cairn is a burial monument, usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a sizeable (usually stone) chamber around and over which a cairn of stones was constructed. Some chambered cairns are also passage-graves. They are found throughout Britain and Ireland, with the largest number in Scotland.

Typically, the chamber is larger than a cist, and will contain a larger number of interments, which are either excarnated bones or inhumations (cremations). Most were situated near a settlement, and served as that community's "graveyard".
Connor O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Thomond
Connor O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Thomond also spelt Conor and called Groibleach, or the "long-nailed", (Irish: Conchobhar Groibleach Ó Briain; 1535–1581) contended with his uncle Donnell for the Chieftainship of Clan O'Brien from 1535 to 1565. He was confirmed as 3rd Earl of Thomond in 1558 by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex. O'Brien intrigued with fitz Maurice in 1569 during the 1st Desmond Rebellion and fled to France. He returned and was pardoned in 1571, being restored to his lands at the end of the rebellion in 1573.

Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond
Donogh O'Brien, 4th Earl of Thomond and Baron Ibrickan, PC (Ire) (died 1624), was a Protestant Irish nobleman and soldier, and Chief of Clan O'Brien. He fought for Queen Elizabeth during Tyrone's Rebellion and participated in the Siege of Kinsale. He obtained the transfer of County Clare, where most of his lands lay, from the Province of Connacht to that of Munster. He was made president of Munster in 1605.
179th Tunnelling Company
The 179th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services. 179th Tunnelling Company is particularly known for its role at L'îlot de La Boisselle and for firing the Lochnagar mine during the Battle of the Somme 1916. The Lochnagar mine formed part of a series of 19 mines that were placed beneath the German lines on the British section of the Somme front to assist the start of the battle.

185th Tunnelling Company
The 185th Tunnelling Company was one of the tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers created by the British Army during World War I. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of mines under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of deep dugouts for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.
Houldsworth baronets
There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Houldsworth, both in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. One creation is extant as of 2007.

The Houldsworth Baronetcy, of Reddish, in the Parish of Manchester, in the County Palatine of Lancaster and of Coodham, in the Parish of Symington, in the County of Ayr, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 20 July 1887 for the mill-owner and Conservative politician William Houldsworth. The family surname is pronounced "Hoaldsworth".

The Houldsworth Baronetcy, of Heckmondwike in the West Riding of the County of York, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 25 January 1956 for the coal industry manager and industrialist Hubert Houldsworth. He died a week later. The title became extinct on the death of his son, the second Baronet, in 1990.

William Houldsworth
Sir William Henry Houldsworth, 1st Baronet DL (20 August 1834 – 18 April 1917), was a British mill owner based in Reddish, Lancashire. He served as Conservative MP for Manchester North West from 1883 to 1906 and was at one time chairman of the Fine Cotton Spinners' Association. He was created a baronet in 1887.
Jinhua
Jinhua is a prefecture-level city in central Zhejiang province in eastern China. It borders the provincial capital of Hangzhou to the northwest, Quzhou to the southwest, Lishui to the south, Taizhou to the east, and Shaoxing to the northeast. Its population was 7,050,683 as of the 2020 census including 1,463,990 in the built-up (or metro) area made of two urban districts (not including yet the satellite city of Lanxi, which has become essentially a suburban offshoot of Jinhua's main urban area).

Jinhua is rich in red soil and forest resources. The Jinhua or Wu River flows through the Lan and Fuchun to the Qiantang River beside Hangzhou, which flows into Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. In medieval China, it formed part of the water network feeding supplies to the southern end of the Grand Canal. It is best known for its dry-cured Jinhua ham.

Jinhua ham
Jinhua ham (Chinese: 金華火腿) is a type of specialty dry-cured ham named after the city of Jinhua, where it is produced, in Zhejiang province, China.  The ham is used in Chinese cuisines to flavor stewed and braised foods as well as for making the stocks and broths of many Chinese soups. The ham was awarded first prize in the 1915 Panama International Merchandise Exhibition.
Abellio (transport company)
Abellio (Dutch pronunciation: [aːˈbɛlijoː]) is a Dutch public transport company that operates bus and rail services in Germany, and formerly also in Czech Republic, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It is wholly owned by the Dutch national railway company, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS).

Created in 2004 by EVAG, the city council-owned public transit company of Essen, the company initially operated as NedRailways. It promptly expanded into both railway and bus operations in the region. British investment company Star Capital Partners purchased a 75% share in Abellio from the City of Essen in December 2005. In December 2008, both parties sold their stakes in the venture to the Dutch national railway company, Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS). It adopted the current Abellio branding in January 2010.

Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Nederlandse Spoorwegen ([ˈneːdərlɑntsə ˈspoːrˌʋeːɣə(n)] ⓘ, lit. 'Dutch Railways', NS [ɛnˈɛs] ⓘ) is the principal passenger railway operator in the Netherlands. It is a Dutch state-owned company founded in 1938.

The rail infrastructure is maintained by network manager ProRail, which was split off from NS in 2003. Freight operator NS Cargo merged with DB Cargo in 2000. NS runs 4,800 scheduled domestic trains a day, serving 1.1 million passengers. The NS also provides international rail services from the Netherlands to other European destinations and carries out concessions on some foreign rail markets through its subsidiary Abellio.
Oasis maze
The oasis maze is a spatial memory task used in psychology and neuroscience research and is the dry version of the Morris water navigation task. It is a land-based spatial memory task in which a thirsty rat uses distal spatial cues to search an open field for a specific location (Oasis) containing water. The maze consists of an enclosed space (usually the same shape and dimensions of the space used in the Morris water maze) in which a small amount of water is hidden. A thirsty rat is then placed in the maze and learns where the water is by trial and error. The maze tests memory by allowing the researcher to record the rat's performance on this task after it is learned and various time intervals or other events supposedly disruptive to memory have occurred.

Morris water navigation task
The Morris water navigation task, also known as the Morris water maze (not to be confused with water maze), is a behavioral procedure used with rats or mice. It is widely used in behavioral neuroscience to study spatial learning and memory and the underlying brain mechanisms.
Periodic acid–Schiff stain
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides (such as glycogen) and mucosubstances (such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins) in tissues. The reaction of periodic acid oxidizes vicinal diols in these sugars, usually breaking up the bond between two adjacent carbons not involved in the glycosidic linkage or ring closure in the ring of monosaccharide units that are part of the long polysaccharides and creating a pair of aldehydes at the two free tips of each broken monosaccharide ring. The oxidation condition has to be sufficiently regulated so as to not further oxidize the aldehydes. These aldehydes then react with the Schiff reagent to give a purple-magenta color. A suitable basic stain is often used as a counterstain.

• PAS diastase stain (PAS-D) is PAS stain used in combination with diastase, an enzyme that breaks down glycogen.

• Alcian blue/periodic acid–Schiff (AB/PAS or AB-PAS) uses alcian blue before the PAS step.

Schiff test
The structure of the fuchsin dye.

The Schiff test is an early organic chemistry named reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues. The Schiff reagent is the reaction product of a dye formulation such as fuchsin and sodium bisulfite; pararosaniline (which lacks an aromatic methyl group) and new fuchsin (which is uniformly mono-methylated ortho to the dye's amine functionalities) are not dye alternatives with comparable detection chemistry.

In its use as a qualitative test for aldehydes, the unknown sample is added to the decolorized Schiff reagent; when aldehyde is present a characteristic magenta color develops. Schiff-type reagents are used for various biological tissue staining methods, e.g. Feulgen stain and periodic acid-Schiff stain. Human skin also contains aldehyde functional groups in the termini of saccharides and so is stained as well.
Francisco Gabilondo Soler
Francisco Gabilondo Soler (October 6, 1907, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico – December 14, 1990, Texcoco, State of Mexico) was a Mexican composer and performer of children's songs. He recorded and performed those songs under the name of Cri-Cri: El Grillito Cantor ("Cri-Cri: The Little Singing Cricket").

Cri-Cri (character)
Cri-Cri (also known as "El grillito cantor" or "the Singing Cricket"), is a Mexican fictional character, an anthropomorphic cricket, created by Francisco Gabilondo Soler in 1934 while broadcasting his own musical radio show on Mexico's station XEW.
European Go Federation
The European Go Federation (EGF) is a non-profit organization with the purpose of encouraging, regulating, co-ordinating, and disseminating the playing of the board game Go in Europe. The EGF was founded in 1957, the same year that the inaugural European Go Congress (EGC) took place in Cuxhaven, Germany.  The Congress has been an annual event every year since then, held each time in a different European city. The European Go Championship takes place during the EGC, as well as the Annual General Meeting (AGM). In 2014, the European Professional System was established by the European Go Federation.

Membership is open to any Go-organising association in a country in or near Europe. There are currently 35 full members, and two suspended members.

European Go Championship
The European Go Championship or Congress (EGC) is the annual and main event organised by the European Go Federation for players of the board game Go. It consists of a 2-week open competition, one round per day, making a total of 10 rounds with a champion ultimately emerging – the player with the most (or best) wins. The Congress has taken place in a different European city each year, since the first contest in 1983. During these two weeks, the best Go players in Europe fight for the title of European Champion. The number of participants in recent years has ranged from a low of 290 to a high of 718 players.
Gmina Nowe Brzesko
Gmina Nowe Brzesko is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. Its seat is the town of Nowe Brzesko, which lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Proszowice and 33 km (21 mi) east of the regional capital Kraków.

The gmina covers an area of 54.53 square kilometres (21.1 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,769. It was formerly classed as a rural gmina, becoming urban-rural when Nowe Brzesko became a town on 1 January 2011.

Nowe Brzesko
Nowe Brzesko [ˈnɔvɛ ˈbʐɛskɔ] is a town in Proszowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Nowe Brzesko. According to 2011 official census Nowe Brzesko has population of 1662. It gained town rights in 1279, but lost that status in 1870 by decree of the Russian tsar. It became a town again on 1 January 2011.
St. Martinville, Louisiana
St. Martinville (French: Saint-Martin) is a city in and the parish seat of St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, United States. It lies on Bayou Teche, 13 miles (21 km) south of Breaux Bridge, 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Lafayette, and 9 miles (14 km) north of New Iberia. The population was 6,114 at the 2010 U.S. census, and 5,379 at the 2020 United States census. It is part of the Lafayette metropolitan statistical area.

St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
St. Martin Parish (French: Paroisse de Saint-Martin) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana, founded in 1811. Its parish seat is St. Martinville, and the largest city is Breaux Bridge. At the 2020 census, the population was 51,767. St. Martin Parish is part of the Lafayette metropolitan area in the region of Acadiana, along the Gulf Coast.
Brian Westbrook
Brian Collins Westbrook (born September 2, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2002 NFL draft after playing college football for the Villanova Wildcats. Following an eight-year career with the Eagles, in which he earned two Pro Bowl selections in 2004 and 2007, Westbrook signed with the San Francisco 49ers, for whom he played in 2010.

Westbrook served as the director of player engagement for the XFL until its merger with the United States Football League (USFL), to form the United Football League (UFL) in 2024.

Villanova Wildcats football
The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, known as Division I-AA until 2006).

The Wildcats compete in the Coastal Athletic Association for football only. They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000. They are led by head coach Mark Ferrante. Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009.
Susanville Railroad Depot
The Susanville Railroad Depot is a National Register of Historic Places property in Lassen County, California in the city of Susanville. Originally constructed for the Fernley and Lassen Railway (a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary) in 1927 to replace an existing station building, it was closed in 1979, and in 1987 it was saved from being burnt by the fire department (as a training exercise) after local protests, being purchased instead by the Lassen Land and Trails Trust, which uses it for their office as well as maintaining a small museum.

Fernley and Lassen Railway
The Fernley and Lassen was a rail line of the Southern Pacific Railroad constructed in 1912–14 between Fernley, Nevada and Westwood, California, near Susanville, a distance of approximately 112 miles (180 km).  The railroad was constructed to connect the Red River Lumber Company's facilities in Westwood with the Southern Pacific's main line running through Fernley.  After the railroad's construction, it was heavily used by other nearby lumber companies; the Fruit Growers Supply Company maintained the longest-lived railroad connection with the Fernley & Lassen, with an active connection present between 1920 and 1953.
Anotopterus
The daggertooths (genus Anotopterus) are a genus of marine mesopelagic fish in the order Aulopiformes, the sole genus of the family Anotopteridae. They are found in oceans worldwide, but prefer cooler waters.

Anotopterus pharao
The daggertooth (Anotopterus pharao, meaning "without fins on its back, of the Pharaoh") is a species of daggertooth.  Its distribution includes the North Atlantic Ocean and west of Africa.  The record size for this species is 96 cm and was hermaphroditic.
Daggertooths are occasionally found dead in bottom trawls used for firefly squid or shrimp.  They are similar to needlefish or gars.  However, they are distinct. Netted daggertooth specimens are rarely identifiable, mostly because of their soft bodies, which are easily torn or flattened.  This is typical of benthic animals of the deep ocean, like some transparent squids.  In fact, the bodies are so soft, when pushed against the back of a trawl net, they often die because their organs are crushed and they rip.  The habitat of the daggertooth is the open abyss, where few obstacles occur with which to come into physical contact.
1914 California gubernatorial election
The 1914 California gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1914. Incumbent governor Hiram Johnson was easily re-elected on the Progressive Party ticket over Republican prosecutor John D. Fredericks, Democratic state senator John Curtin, and Socialist author Noble Richardson.

Johnson became the first governor of California to win re-election since John Bigler in 1853. This was the first gubernatorial election in which each of Kern, Glenn, Lake, and Madera counties did not back the Democratic Party candidate and the first since 1855 in which each of Colusa, Mariposa, and Merced counties were not carried by a Democrat.

Johnson would not serve out his second term, resigning after his successful campaign for United States Senate in 1916. This election ushered in a four decade period of Republican dominance in the state's gubernatorial races that was only interrupted once in 1938.

John Curtin (American politician)
John Barry Curtin (May 15, 1867 – May 18, 1925) was an American attorney and politician who served in the California State Senate representing the 12th district from 1899 to 1915. In 1914, he was the Democratic nominee for Governor of California, but lost to incumbent Hiram Johnson.

Curtin was a supporter of the Irish Home Rule movement, delivering a speech in the State Senate congratulating the Irish people following the passage of the Government of Ireland Act 1914.
Minister of Defence of Georgia
The Minister of Defence of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს თავდაცვის მინისტრი) is the head of the Ministry of Defence of Georgia, the governmental body of Georgia in charge of the Defence Forces of Georgia and regulating activities in defence of the country from external threats, preserving territorial integrity and waging wars on behalf of Georgia.

The current minister is Irakli Chikovani, who was appointed on February 8, 2024.

Irakli Chikovani
Irakli Chikovani (born 28 August 1980) is a Georgian politician who has served as the Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Defence of Georgia since February 8, 2024. A member of the Georgian Dream party, he was previously a Member of Parliament from 2020 to 2024 and 2012 to 2016.
FIEFF
The Federation of Independent European Female Football (French: Fédération Internationale Européenne de Football Féminine, also referred to by its acronym FIEFF) was an administrative body for women's association football in Europe and later globally. Privately funded by the backers of professional Italian women's clubs, FIEFF organised Italian-based tournaments in 1969 and 1970, then a World Cup hosted in Mexico in 1971. The tournaments attracted sponsors including Martini & Rossi and were a commercial success. The governing body of male football in Europe, Union des Associations Européennes de Football (UEFA), took a hostile approach to FIEFF's activities and exerted pressure on the national associations to curb what they saw as unaffiliated women's football. In 1969 UEFA had issued an edict instructing its member associations to take control of women's football within their territories.

1971 Women's World Cup
The 1971 Women's World Cup (Spanish: 1971 Campeonato de Fútbol Femenil) was an association football tournament for women's national teams organised by the Federation of Independent European Female Football (FIEFF) in Mexico in August–September 1971. Held in Mexico City and Guadalajara, it is the second known tournament to be named as a women's football World Cup after the 1970 edition in Italy and the first time in the same place after the men's 1970 FIFA World Cup tournament in the previous year. It was held twenty years before the first official FIFA women's world cup.

The tournament featured six national teams from Latin America and Europe, including hosts Mexico which qualified automatically. Denmark were the tournament champions, defending its title by winning the final 3–0 against Mexico, in front of a 110,000 crowd.