hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Castell y Bere
Castell y Bere is a Welsh castle near Llanfihangel-y-pennant in Gwynedd, Wales. Constructed by Llywelyn the Great in the 1220s, the stone castle was intended to maintain his authority over the local people and to defend the south-west part of the princedom of Gwynedd. In 1282, war with Edward I of England resulted in the death of Llywelyn's grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and Castell y Bere fell to English forces. Edward I expanded the castle further and established a small town beside it. In 1294 the Welsh leader Madog ap Llywelyn mounted a major revolt and the castle was besieged and apparently burnt. Edward did not repair it and it became ruined. Today it is in the hands of Cadw and operated as a tourist attraction.

Madog ap Llywelyn
Madog ap Llywelyn (died after 1305) was the leader of the Welsh revolt of 1294–95 against English rule in Wales. The revolt was surpassed in longevity only by the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr in the 15th century. Madog belonged to a junior branch of the House of Aberffraw and was a distant relation of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last recognised native Prince of Wales. During his revolt, Madog issued a land grant in which he used the title "Prince of Wales".
USRC Dexter (1874)
USRC Dexter was a Dexter-class cutter of the United States Revenue Cutter Service in commission from 1874 to 1908. She was the second ship of the Revenue Cutter Service to bear the name.  The other Dexter-class cutters, all commissioned in 1874, were Dallas and Rush. Dexter was built by the Atlantic Works Company at Boston, Massachusetts. Captain John A. Henriques accepted her for service on 6 June 1874, and she was commissioned into the Revenue Cutter Service on 18 June 1874. Her role in the rescue of passengers from the sinking SS City of Columbus under winter gale winds brought her nationwide popular acclaim.

SS City of Columbus
City of Columbus was an American passenger steamer built in 1878 by Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, at Chester, Pennsylvania. Owned by Boston & Savannah Steamship Company, the steamer made regular runs from Boston, Massachusetts, to Savannah, Georgia. City of Columbus ran aground on Devil's Bridge off the Gay Head Cliffs in Aquinnah, Massachusetts, in the early hours of January 18, 1884, resulting in 103 deaths.
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau
Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau SAR are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on Chinese citizens who are also permanent residents of Macau.

As of 2025, Macao Special Administrative Region passport holders have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 148 countries and territories, ranking the passport 31st in the world according to the Henley Passport Index.

Macao Special Administrative Region passport
The Macao Special Administrative Region passport (Chinese: 澳門特別行政區護照; Portuguese: Passaporte da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau) is a passport issued to Chinese citizens who are permanent residents of the Chinese Special Administrative Region of Macau. While both "Macao" and "Macau" are used interchangeably, "Macao" is the officially adopted English-language spelling for the SAR's government and its official documents, including the passport.

In accordance with Macau Basic Law, this passport has been issued by the Identification Services Bureau (under the Secretariat for Administration and Justice) of the government of Macau since the handover of Macau on 20 December 1999. This is done under the prerogative of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China.

As Portuguese and Chinese are the official languages of Macao, all text within the passport appears in Traditional Chinese characters, Portuguese and English.
Lake Aldwell
Lake Aldwell was a reservoir located about 4.9 miles (7.9 km) from the mouth of the Elwha River on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington. The reservoir was created in 1913 behind the Elwha Dam, which was fully removed in 2012. The Elwha Dam blocked at least 70 miles (110 km) of fish habitat for Pacific Salmon and steelhead within Olympic National Park.

Elwha Dam
The Elwha Dam was a 108-ft (33 m) high dam located in the United States, in the state of Washington, on the Elwha River approximately 4.9 miles (7.9 km) upstream from the mouth of the river on the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

The Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act of 1992 authorized the US Federal Government to acquire the Elwha Dam and Glines Canyon Dam hydroelectric power projects for decommissioning and demolition for habitat restoration. Removal of the Elwha Dam began in September 2011 and was fully complete by March 2012, allowing the Elwha River to flow freely through the site.
Tony Hudgell
Antony Jasper Hudgell BEM (born Tony Smith; 8 October 2014) is a British fundraiser and recipient of Pride of Britain and UK Points of Light awards.

In 2020, aged five, inspired by Captain Tom Moore’s fundraising walk, he walked 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) on his prosthetic legs throughout June 2020 and raised £1.8 million for the Evelina London Children's Hospital (NHS), where he had received care after receiving life-changing injuries inflicted by his birth parents when he was a baby.

Hudgell also inspired English law changes. "Tony's Law", enacted in the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022, increased prison sentences for those convicted of child cruelty and neglect. And, in February 2026, a campaign for a new child safety register resulted in an amendment to the Crime and Policing Bill.

Points of Light (United Kingdom)
In the United Kingdom, a daily Points of Light programme recognising outstanding individual volunteers was developed in partnership with the US programme of the same name and launched by Prime Minister David Cameron at 10 Downing Street in April 2014.

The awards continued under Prime Ministers Theresa May, Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak with 2,327 individuals across the UK recognised. As of 2026, the awards' website shows that the most recent award was given on 23 May 2024 — the day after Sunak announced the 2024 United Kingdom general election, which he lost to the Labour Party.
Michael Massee
Michael Groo Massee (September 1, 1952 – October 20, 2016) was an American actor. Active on screen for three decades, he frequently portrayed villainous characters. His film roles include Funboy in the dark fantasy The Crow (1994), Newton in the horror anthology Tales from the Hood (1995), Andy in the neo-noir Lost Highway (1997), and the Gentleman in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and its 2014 sequel. Massee also voiced Bruce Banner in the first two entries of Marvel Animated Features in 2006. On television, he played Ira Gaines on the first season of the Fox action drama 24 (2001–2002), Isaiah Haden on the NBC fantasy mystery Revelations (2005), Dyson Frost on the ABC science fiction drama FlashForward (2009–2010), and Charles Hoyt on the TNT police procedural Rizzoli & Isles (2010–2013).

Gentleman (character)
The Gentleman (Gustav Fiers) is a supervillain and an enemy of the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. The character first appeared in a trilogy of Spider-Man novels written by Adam-Troy Castro before appearing within the comic books themselves.

The Gentleman appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) and The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014), portrayed by Michael Massee.
Mir Painda Khan
Painda Khan Tanoli, was a powerful 19th-century chief of Tanawal. He became the ruler of the declining Mulk Tanol after the death of his father, during a time when the region faced repeated attacks from both the Sikh and Afghan empires.

His father, Nawab Khan, defied the Durranis but was killed at the hands of Azim Khan in 1818. He played a considerable part in  opposing the Sikh Empire.

Amb (princely state)
Amb (Urdu, Hindko: امب) was a princely state within the Hazara Tribal Agency of North-West Frontier Province, British India, ruled by the Tanoli tribe. Together with the neighbouring estate of Phulra, the tract was known as "Feudal Tanawal". Its total area was 203 mi2 (530 km2) while population was 48,656 in 1951. The Nawab of Amb Muhammad Farid Khan acceded to Pakistan after the independence of Pakistan in 1947. Today Amb is a part of Mansehra District of Hazara Division.

Amb came under the British suzerainty after the Second Anglo-Sikh War, with Mir Jehandad Khan providing much assistance to the East India Company against the Sikhs. The Amb Nawabs also provided military services to the British Empire in the Second Anglo-Afghan War. At the end of December 1947, the Nawab of Amb acceded to Pakistan while retaining internal self-government. Amb continued as a princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa).
National Association of Racing
The National Association of Racing (Japanese: 地方競馬全国協会 Chiho Keiba Zenkoku Kyokai, or NAR) is the authority for horse races operated by local governments in Japan (Prefectures, cities/towns/villages or unions of them). NAR itself does not operate horse races.

By contrast, Japan Racing Association is a public company established in Japan under a law to operate Chūō Keiba (中央競馬 Central horse racing) and to manage racecourses, and horse-training facilities in the country.

In Japan, horse races operated by local governments are called chiho keiba (Japanese: 地方競馬).

Japan Racing Association
The Japan Racing Association (Japanese: 日本中央競馬会 Nippon Chūō Keiba Kai, or JRA) is a public company established in Japan under a law to operate Chūō Keiba (中央競馬 Central horse racing) and to manage racecourses, betting facilities, and horse-training facilities in the country.

It was founded in 1954, according to the Horse Racing Law (競馬法 Keiba Hō) and the Japan Racing Association Law (日本中央競馬会法 Nippon Chūō Keiba Kai Hō) and is operated under the strict oversight of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan).
Carlisle Upperby TMD
Carlisle Upperby TMD is a railway traction maintenance depot situated in Carlisle, England. The depot was formerly owned by DB Cargo UK, and was reopened by Locomotive Services Limited in 2023. The depot was originally of service to steam locomotives (shed code 12A).  The depot code is now CL.  The old steam shed used to be known colloquially as "the Lanky", a reference to its origins as the main depot of the Lancaster and Carlisle railway.

Carlisle Kingmoor TMD
Carlisle Kingmoor TMD is a railway traction maintenance depot situated in Carlisle, England. The depot is operated by the Direct Rail Services (DRS). The depot was originally used to service diesel locomotives and diesel multiple units. The current depot code is KM.  The original steam shed was called Carlisle (Kingmoor) and its shed code was originally 68A and later 12A.

The current depot is located on the opposite side of the West Coast Main Line to the original steam shed and was officially opened on 1 January 1968. Under British Rail control, the depot closed in 1987 and lay derelict until 1998 when the site was taken over by DRS. Since then a number of developments have taken place with the installation of a sand tower and increased office space.

Kingmoor marshalling yard is situated immediately to the north of the site.
Dalit Panthers
The Dalit Panthers was a revolutionary organisation in India that sought to combat caste discrimination. It was led by a group of Mahar writers and poets, including Raja Dhale, Namdeo Dhasal, and J. V. Pawar in some time in early 1972. It was founded as a response to the growing discontent among the Dalit youth during the 25th Independence Day celebrations. Inspired by the Black Panther movement in the United States, poet-writers J V Pawar and Namdeo Dhasal founded the Dalit Panthers, urging a boycott of the Independence Day revelry, terming it a 'Black Independence Day'. The movement's heyday lasted from the 1970s through the 1980s, and it was later joined by many Dalit-Buddhist activists.

Mahar
Mahar is an Indian caste found largely in the state of Maharashtra and neighbouring areas. As of 2017 the Mahar caste is designated as a Scheduled Caste in 16 Indian states.
Most of the Mahar community followed B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism in the middle of the 20th century. This was in response to the injustices of the caste system practiced within Brahmanism.
Dutch settlement in Rajshahi
A trading post of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) existed in Rajshahi, Bengal, during the 18th century. The Dutch were the first Europeans to arrive in this area. The trading station was located on the banks of the Padma River. It included factories for silk and indigo production. The Dutch silk factory located in the Boro Kuthi still stands on the riverbank as an important landmark. The settlement was built in 1781. It was part of the Dutch Bengal department. It later passed to the control of the British East India Company.

The campus of the University of Rajshahi is located on the site of the old Dutch settlement.

Dutch Bengal
Dutch Bengal, was a directorate of the Dutch East India Company in Mughal Bengal between 1610 until the company's liquidation in 1800. It then became a colony of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1825, when it was relinquished to the British according to the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Dutch presence in the region started by the establishment of a trading post at Pipili in the mouth of Subarnarekha River in Odisha. The former colony is part of what is today called Dutch India. Bengal was the source of 50% of the textiles and 80% of the raw silk imported from Asia by the Dutch.
Gabino Ezeiza
Gabino Ezeiza, nicknamed El Negro Ezeiza (February 3, 1858 – October 12, 1916), was an Argentine musician. Ezeiza was one of the greatest performers in the art of the payada. He became renowned, both in his native land and in Uruguay, after a memorable encounter with Oriental payador Juan de Nava, who carried at the time a certain halo of invincibility. This celebrated contest was held in the city of Paysandú on July 23, 1884, in front of one of the largest crowds ever to gather for a payada duel (in Argentina July 23 is established as the "Day of the Payador" in commemoration of this event).

Ezeiza was eventually proclaimed the winner with the improvisation of his famous "Saludo a Paysandú". A recording of this song is the only existing record of Ezeiza's voice. He went on to become one of the greatest payadores in the history of the art form (alongside, amongst others, Santos Vega). He was also well known for his sense of humor.

Payada
The payada is a folk music tradition native to Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and south Paraguay as part of the Gaucho culture and Gaucho literature. In Chile it is called paya and performed by huasos. It is a performance of improvised ten-line verse called décimas usually accompanied by guitar. The performer is called a "payador", albeit any guitar performer in the region is called by the same name.  In performances of two or more payadores (the "payada"), known as contrapunto, they will compete to produce the most eloquent verse, each answering questions posed by the other, often insulting. The durations of these verse duels can be exceedingly long, often many hours, and they end when one payador fails to respond immediately to his opponent. Musical styles often used in the payada are the cifra, the huella and the milonga.
Puerto Morelos Municipality
Puerto Morelos is one of the eleven municipalities of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. It was formed in 2016 from the localities of Puerto Morelos, Leona Vicario and Central Vallarta previously belonging to the municipality of Benito Juárez. In the 2010 census, these three localities recorded a total of 15,725 inhabitants.

The municipal seat is the town of Puerto Morelos, which is located about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) southwest of Cancún on the Caribbean Sea and is the easternmost municipal seat in Mexico.

Joaquín Zetina Gasca is one of the communities in the municipality and the location of the municipal offices.

Ignacio Sánchez Cordero, who sought the candidacy of MORENA and PVEM for mayor, was assassinated on February 24, 2021.

Benito Juárez Municipality, Quintana Roo
Benito Juárez is one of the eleven municipalities of the Mexican state of Quintana Roo.  Most of its population reside in the municipal seat, Cancún. It is named after the 19th century president and statesman Benito Juárez.
Anton Schweitzer
Anton Schweitzer (6 June 1735 in Coburg – 23 November 1787 in Gotha) was a German composer of operas, who was affiliated with Abel Seyler's theatrical company.

He was a child prodigy who obtained the patronage of the duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who sent him to study with Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht at the court of Bayreuth in 1758, and then sent him to Italy (1764–66), and made him Kapellmeister. With the dismissal of the court orchestra at Hildburghausen, he was enabled to tour Europe with the Seyler theatrical company from 1769. His most notable work is the opera Alceste (1773), with a German libretto by Christoph Martin Wieland, among the early German-language operas.

Alceste (Schweitzer)
Alceste is an opera in German in five acts by Anton Schweitzer with a libretto by Christoph Martin Wieland. It was commissioned by Abel Seyler for the Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft, and premiered on 28 May 1773 at the Hoftheater Weimar. Considered a milestone of German opera, it was revived in Weimar and recorded in 1999.
Samudra Manthana
The Samudra Manthana (Sanskrit: समुद्रमन्थन, lit. 'churning of the ocean') is a major episode in Hinduism that is elaborated in the Vishnu Purana, a major text of Hinduism. The Samudra Manthana explains the origin of the elixir of eternal life, amrita.

Amrita
Amrita (Sanskrit: अमृत, IAST: amṛta), Amrit or Amata in Pali, (also called Sudha, Amiy, Ami) is a Sanskrit word that means "immortality". It is a central concept within Indian religions and is often referred to in ancient Indian texts as an elixir. Its first occurrence is in the Rigveda, where it is considered one of several synonyms for soma, the drink of the devas. Amrita plays a significant role in the Samudra Manthana, and is the cause of the conflict between devas and asuras competing for amrita to obtain immortality.

Amrita has varying significance in different Indian religions. The word Amrit is also a common first name for Sikhs and Hindus, while its feminine form is Amritā. Amrita is cognate to and shares many similarities with ambrosia; both originated from a common Proto-Indo-European source.
Mary Moffat
Mary Moffat born Mary Smith (1795 – 9 January 1871) was a British missionary who became a role model for women involved in missionary work. She was the wife of Robert Moffat, the mother of Mary Moffat Livingstone and David Livingstone was her son-in-law. She was seen by Victorian Britain as an ideal missionary wife and role model for Tswana women, but it is unproven whether Africans saw her in this role.

Mary Moffat Livingstone
Mary Livingstone (née Moffat; 12 April 1821 – 27 April 1862) was a Scottish linguist and the wife of the missionary David Livingstone. She was an experienced traveller who knew several African languages and managed the family's household affairs, including missionary stations and infant school.

Mary was fluent in Tswana, the language of the BaTswana people. Her linguistic abilities and her experience of working in remote outposts in Southern Africa made it possible for the couple to survive.
Islamic Azad University, UAE Branch
Islamic Azad University, UAE Branch (Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد امارات متحده) also shortly known as Azad University of Dubai (Persian: دانشگاه آزاد دبی) is a major private research university located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and was founded in 1982. It is one of the International campuses of the Islamic Azad University system.

Azad University of Dubai is an English language higher education institution.

Also the UAE Branch has managed to host the ASAIHL International Summit for 2017 in Dubai.

During the 34 years since the establishment of this university branch in Dubai, 4 million students have been graduated in various study fields.

Islamic Azad University
The Islamic Azad University (IAU; Persian: دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی, Dāneshgāh-e Āzād-e Eslāmi) is a private university system headquartered in Tehran, Iran. It is one of the largest comprehensive systems of universities in the world.
RT-11
RT-11 (Real-time 11) is a discontinued small, low-end, single-user real-time operating system for the full line of Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 16-bit computers. RT-11 was first implemented in 1970 and released in June 1973. It was widely used for real-time computing systems, process control, and data acquisition across all PDP-11s. It was also used for low-cost general-use computing.

RSX-11
RSX-11 is a discontinued family of multi-user real-time operating systems for PDP-11 computers created by Digital Equipment Corporation. In widespread use through the late 1970s and early 1980s, RSX-11 was influential in the development of later operating systems such as VMS and Windows NT.

As the original Real-Time System Executive name suggests, RSX was designed (and commonly used) for real time use, with process control a major use. It was also popular for program development and general computing.
Echinades
The Echinades (/ɪˈkɪnədiːz/; Greek: αἱ Ἐχινάδες νῆσοι per Herodotus, Thucydides, and Strabo, per Homer Echinae (αἱ Ἐχῖναι νῆσοι, Italian: Curzolari) are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Acarnania, Greece. The archipelago is commonly subdivided into three groups: the Drakoneres in the north, the Modia in the middle and the Ouniades in the south. Administratively, the Echinades form part of two regional units: Ithaca and Cephalonia. Six of the islands, including Oxeia, one of the largest, are owned by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, the emir of Qatar, who purchased them for a reported £7.3 million sterling. The Battle of the Echinades in 1427 and the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 were fought at or near the islands.

Cephalonia
Kefalonia or Cephalonia (Greek: Κεφαλονιά [kefaloˈɲa]), formerly also known as Kefallinia or Kephallenia (Κεφαλληνία), is the largest of the Ionian Islands in western Greece and the 6th-largest island in Greece after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. It is also a separate regional unit of the Ionian Islands region. It was a former Latin Catholic diocese Kefalonia–Zakynthos (Cefalonia–Zante) and short-lived titular see as just Kefalonia. The largest cities of Cephalonia are Argostoli and Lixouri.
Leroy Harris (running back)
Leroy Harris (July 3, 1954 – September 1, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a  running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Arkansas State Red Wolves.

Arkansas State Red Wolves football
The Arkansas State Red Wolves football team represents Arkansas State University in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) college football competition. The team was founded in 1911 and has competed as a member of the Sun Belt Conference since 2001. Their home field is Centennial Bank Stadium and the head coach is Butch Jones.

The Red Wolves have claimed 12 conference championships. Arkansas State's most recent conference championship came in 2016. The team claims one national championship, which came in 1970 at the NCAA College Division level.

In 2008, the school changed its mascot from the Indians to the Red Wolves.