hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Log probability
In probability theory and computer science, a log probability is simply a logarithm of a probability. The use of log probabilities means representing probabilities on a logarithmic scale , instead of the standard  unit interval.

Since the probabilities of independent events multiply, and logarithms convert multiplication to addition, log probabilities of independent events add. Log probabilities are thus practical for computations, and have an intuitive interpretation in terms of information theory: the negative expected value of the log probabilities is the information entropy of an event. Similarly, likelihoods are often transformed to the log scale, and the corresponding log-likelihood can be interpreted as the degree to which an event supports a statistical model. The log probability is widely used in implementations of computations with probability, and is studied as a concept in its own right in some applications of information theory, such as natural language processing.

Likelihood function
A likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) measures how well a statistical model explains observed data by calculating the probability of seeing that data under different parameter values of the model. It is constructed from the joint probability distribution of the random variable that (presumably) generated the observations. When evaluated on the actual data points, it becomes a function solely of the model parameters.

In maximum likelihood estimation, the model parameter(s) or argument that maximizes the likelihood function serves as a point estimate for the unknown parameter, while the Fisher information (often approximated by the likelihood's Hessian matrix at the maximum) gives an indication of the estimate's precision.

In contrast, in Bayesian statistics, the estimate of interest is the converse of the likelihood, the so-called posterior probability of the parameter given the observed data, which is calculated via Bayes' rule.
The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace
The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace is a 1996 non-fiction book by the independent scholar Norman Sjoman about the origins of modern yoga as exercise. It is based on his study of the Sritattvanidhi, a 19th-century nine-volume compendium created for the then Maharaja of Mysore sometime between 1811 and 1868. The ninth volume, Kautuka nidhi, describes and illustrates 122 asanas performed as a physical activity.

The book was broadly welcomed by scholars as opening up the study of the origins of modern yoga other than in ancient texts. In particular, Joseph Alter went on to investigate some of the early practices of modern yoga and its connections with Hindu nationalism, while Mark Singleton built on Sjoman's work to investigate the origins of yoga as exercise in European physical culture.

Norman Sjoman
Norman E. Sjoman (born July 6, 1944, Mission City) is known as author of the 1996 book The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace, which contains an English translation of the yoga section of Sritattvanidhi, a 19th-century treatise by the Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III  (b. 1794 - d. 1868).  This book contributes an original view on the history and development of the teaching traditions behind modern asanas.   According to Sjoman, a majority of the tradition of teaching yoga as exercise, spread primarily through the teachings of B. K. S. Iyengar and his students, "appears to be distinct from the philosophical or textual tradition [of hatha yoga], and does not appear to have any basis as a [genuine] tradition as there is no textual support for the asanas taught and no lineage of teachers."
Aguadilla metropolitan area
The Aguadilla metropolitan area (Spanish: área metropolitana de Aguadilla), is the third largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in Puerto Rico, comprising the municipalities of Aguadilla, Isabela, San Sebastián, Aguada, Moca, Añasco, and Rincón between the coastal plains, the Northern Karst Belt, and the Cordillera Central mountain subrange in the northwestern region of the main island. One of 6 metropolitan statistical areas in Puerto Rico, it lies within the Mayagüez–Aguadilla combined statistical area (CSA), which is one of 3 primary statistical areas in the main island as defined by the United States Census Bureau. As of 2023, census estimates place the population of the Aguadilla metropolitan area at 250,435.

Añasco, Puerto Rico
Añasco (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈɲasko], locally [aˈɲaʔko]), named after one of its settlers, Don Luis de Añasco, is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located on the west coast of the island bordering the Mona Passage to the west, north of Mayagüez, and Las Marias; south of Rincón, Aguada, and Moca and west of San Sebastián and Las Marias. It is part of the Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Ahmad Ismail Ali
Field Marshal Ahmad Ismail Ali (Arabic: أحمد إسماعيل علي; 14 October 1917 – 25 December 1974) was an Egyptian senior military officer  who was Egypt's minister of war during the October War of 1973. He is best known for his planning of the attack across the Suez Canal, code-named Operation Badr.

He graduated from the Military Academy in 1938 and was a colleague of both the late President Anwar Sadat and President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the Academy. After graduating with the rank of second lieutenant, he joined the infantry and served in the Second World War and fought in the First Arab-Israeli War, the 1956 Suez Crisis and the Six-Day War. In 1969, he became the Chief of Staff of the Egyptian Armed Forces and then was dismissed by Nasser because of the famous Zafarana incident. Then under President Sadat returned him to the service as head of the General Intelligence, then he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General and became Minister of War in 1972.

General Intelligence Service (Egypt)
The General Intelligence Service (Arabic: جهاز المخابرات العامة Gihaz El Mukhabarat El ‘Amma; GIS), often referred to as the Mukhabarat (Arabic: المخابرات El Mukhabarat) is an Egyptian intelligence agency, and secret police force, responsible for providing national security intelligence, both domestically and internationally. The GIS is part of the Egyptian intelligence community, together with the office of Military Intelligence Services and Reconnaissance (Arabic: إدارة المخابرات الحربية والاستطلاع Idarat El Mukhabarat El Ḥarbiya Wel Istitlaʾ) and National Security Agency (Arabic: قطاع الأمن الوطني Ketaʿ El Amn El Watani).
Alvin O. Austin
Alvin O. "Bud" Austin (born (1942-01-06)January 6, 1942 in Tampa, Florida) was the fifth president of LeTourneau University in Longview, Texas from 1986 to 2007. Since July 2007 he has held the role of University Chancellor, in accordance with the wishes of the Board of Trustees.

LeTourneau University
LeTourneau University (/lətˈərnoʊ/; abbreviated LETU) is a private, interdenominational evangelical Christian university in Longview, Texas. Founded as LeTourneau Technical Institute in February 1946 by R. G. LeTourneau with his wife, Evelyn, the school initially educated veterans returning from World War II. Total annual enrollment is nearly 3,000.
Babes in Arms
Babes in Arms is a 1937 coming-of-age musical comedy with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart, and book by Rodgers and Hart. It concerns a group of small-town Long Island teenagers who put on a show to avoid being sent to a work farm by the town sheriff. Several songs in Babes in Arms became pop standards, including the title song, "Where or When", "The Lady Is a Tramp", and "My Funny Valentine". The film version, released in 1939, starred Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney and was directed by Busby Berkeley.

Babes in Arms (film)
Babes in Arms is the 1939 coming of age American film version of the 1937 Broadway musical of the same title. Directed by Busby Berkeley, it stars Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, and features Charles Winninger, Guy Kibbee, June Preisser, Grace Hayes, and Betty Jaynes. It was Garland and Rooney's second film together as lead characters after their earlier successful pairing in the fourth of the Andy Hardy films. The film concerns a group of youngsters trying to put on a show to prove their vaudevillian parents wrong and make it to Broadway.  The original Broadway script was significantly revamped, restructured, and rewritten to accommodate Hollywood's needs. Almost all of the Rodgers and Hart songs from the Broadway musical were discarded.
Frank Forman
Frank Forman (23 May 1875 – 4 December 1961) was an English professional footballer, who was one of three members of the same family who started his professional career with Derby County before joining Nottingham Forest and going on to play for England, for whom he made nine appearances (once as captain). He helped Nottingham Forest to win the FA Cup in 1898.

Fred Forman
Frederick Ralph Forman (8 November 1873 – 14 June 1910) was an English professional footballer, who was one of three members of the same family who started his professional career with Derby County before joining Nottingham Forest and going on to play for England, for whom he made three appearances (scoring three times).
Medial palpebral ligament
The medial palpebral ligament (medial canthal tendon) is a ligament of the face. It attaches to the frontal process of the maxilla, the lacrimal groove, and the tarsus of each eyelid. It has a superficial (anterior) and a deep (posterior) layer, with many surrounding attachments. It connects the  medial canthus of each eyelid to the medial part of the orbit. It is a useful point of fixation during eyelid reconstructive surgery.

Orbit (anatomy)
In vertebrate anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket/hole of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is about 28 millilitres (0.99 imp fl oz; 0.95 US fl oz), of which the eye occupies 6.5 ml (0.23 imp fl oz; 0.22 US fl oz). The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, cheek ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Wilfrid Newton
Sir Charles Wilfrid Newton (11 December 1928 – 28 November 2012) was the managing director of Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) in the 1980s and chairman of London Regional Transport in the 1990s.

MTR Corporation
MTR Corporation Limited is a majority government-owned public transport operator and property developer in Hong Kong which operates the Mass Transit Railway, the most popular public transport network in Hong Kong. It is listed on the Hong Kong Exchange and is a component of the Hang Seng Index. The MTR additionally invests in railways across different parts of the world, including franchised contracts to operate rapid transit systems in Beijing, Hangzhou, Macao, Shenzhen, Sydney, and a suburban rail system in Melbourne.
WTHR
WTHR (channel 13) is a television station in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Tegna Inc. alongside low-power, Class A MeTV affiliate WALV-CD (channel 46). The two stations share studios on North Meridian Street (south of I-65) in downtown Indianapolis; WTHR's transmitter is located near Ditch Road and West 96th Street in Carmel.

Tegna Inc.
Tegna Inc. (stylized in all caps as TEGNA) is an American publicly traded broadcast, digital media and marketing services company headquartered in Tysons, Virginia. It was created on June 29, 2015, when the Gannett Company split into two publicly traded companies. Tegna comprised the more profitable broadcast television and digital media divisions of the old Gannett, while Gannett's publishing interests were spun off as a "new" company which retained the Gannett name (later renamed to the USA Today Co.). Tegna owns or operates 68 television stations in 54 markets, and holds properties in digital media.

In terms of audience reach, Tegna is the largest group owner of NBC-affiliated stations, ahead of Hearst Television and Sinclair Broadcast Group. Tegna is the fourth-largest group owner of ABC affiliates, behind Hearst, the E. W. Scripps Company, and Sinclair. Tegna also owns two digital multicast networks (True Crime Network and Quest).
Jean Sylvain Bailly
Jean Sylvain Bailly (French: [ʒɑ̃ silvɛ̃ baji]; 15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution. He presided over the Tennis Court Oath, served as the mayor of Paris from 1789 to 1791, and was ultimately guillotined during the Reign of Terror.

Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille (French: [nikɔla lwi də lakaj]; 15 March 1713 – 21 March 1762), formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, was a French astronomer and geodesist who named 14 out of the 88 constellations. From 1750 to 1754, he studied the sky at the Cape of Good Hope in present-day South Africa. Lacaille observed over 10,000 stars using a refracting telescope.
Souvlaki
Souvlaki (Greek: σουβλάκι, IPA: [suˈvlaci]; plural: σουβλάκια, romanized: souvlákia) is a Greek food item consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a skewer. It is usually eaten straight off the skewer while still hot. It can be served with or inside a rolled pita, typically with lemon, sauces, vegetables such as sliced tomato and onion, and fried potatoes as a side. The meat usually used in Greece and Cyprus is pork.

Skewer
A skewer is a thin metal or wood stick used to hold pieces of food together. The word may sometimes be used as a metonym, to refer to the entire food item served on a skewer, as in "chicken skewers". Skewers are used while grilling or roasting meats and fish, and in other culinary applications.

In English, brochette is a borrowing of the French word for skewer. In cookery, en brochette means 'on a skewer', and describes the form of a dish or the method of cooking and serving pieces of food, especially grilled meat or seafood, on skewers; for example "lamb cubes en brochette". Skewers are often used in a variety of kebab dishes.
Root Sports Utah
Root Sports Utah was an American regional sports network that was owned by the AT&T Sports Networks subsidiary of AT&T Inc., as part of the AT&T SportsNet brand of networks and is an affiliate of Fox Sports Networks. Headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, the channel broadcasts regional coverage of sports events throughout Utah, namely the NBA's Utah Jazz and college teams including the Utah State Aggies, Utah Utes, BYU Cougars, and several other schools. Root Sports Utah was available on cable providers throughout the state of Utah, and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.

AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain
AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain was an American regional sports network owned by Warner Bros. Discovery through its TNT Sports unit as part of the AT&T SportsNet brand of networks. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, the network broadcast regional coverage of sports events throughout the Rocky Mountain region, mainly focusing on professional sports teams based in the Denver metropolitan area, Utah and Nevada.

SportsNet Rocky Mountain was available on cable providers throughout Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, Central & Eastern Idaho, northern New Mexico, western Kansas, western Nebraska, western South Dakota, parts of California, including all of San Bernardino County and Mohave County, Arizona; it was also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.
Shire of Crows Nest
The Shire of Crows Nest was a local government area in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, immediately northeast of the regional city of Toowoomba. The shire, administered from the town of Crows Nest, covered an area of 1,629.9 square kilometres (629.3 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1913 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the Toowoomba area to form the Toowoomba Region. Its growth in later years has been fuelled by the expansion of Toowoomba, particularly the suburbs of Highfields and Blue Mountain Heights which, with a combined population of 7,333 in 2006, were home to over half the shire's population.

Toowoomba Region
The Toowoomba Region is a local government area (LGA) on the border of Darling Downs and South East Queensland regions of Queensland, Australia. Established in 2008, the LGA was preceded by several other local government authorities with histories extending back to the early 1900s and beyond.

In 2018–2019, it had a A$491 million budget, of which A$316 million is for service delivery and A$175.13 million capital (infrastructure) budget.

In the 2021 census, the Toowoomba Region had a population of 173,204 people.
Mario Casariego y Acevedo
Mario Casariego y Acevedo, CRS (13 February 1909 – 15 June 1983) was a Spanish-born Guatemalan Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Santiago de Guatemala from 1964 until his death in 1983. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1969. He was a member of the Somaschi Fathers.

Archdiocese of Santiago de Guatemala
The Archdiocese of Santiago de Guatemala is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Guatemala. It is a primatial metropolitan see with six suffragan dioceses in its ecclesiastical province.
Darshana Gupta
Darshana Gupta was an Indian known for organising mass weddings. She was the secretary of the Banarsi Das Gupta Foundation. In 2019 she was awarded the Nari Shakti Puraskar by the President of India on International Women's Day having arranged the weddings of 3,500 couples who might otherwise have remained single because they could not afford a traditional grand wedding and dowry. In 2023, she died at her residence in faridabad.

Nari Shakti Puraskar
The Nari Shakti Puraskar (lit. 'Woman Power Award') is an annual award given by the Ministry of Women and Child Development of the Government of India to individual women or to institutions that work towards the cause of women empowerment. It is presented by the president of India on International Women's Day (8 March) at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi. The award was instituted in 1999 under the title of Stree Shakti Puraskar (lit. 'Woman Power Award'), renamed and reorganised in 2015. It is awarded in six institutional and two individual categories, which carry a cash prize of 200,000 and 100,000 rupees, respectively.
Thorntonhall railway station
Thorntonhall railway station is a railway station serving the village of Thorntonhall, South Lanarkshire. The station is managed by ScotRail and is located on the East Kilbride–Glasgow Central line. It is serviced hourly by ScotRail services with additional trains calling at weekday peak.

East Kilbride–Glasgow Central line
The East Kilbride–Glasgow Central line, historically known as the Busby Railway, is a branch line of the Glasgow South Western Line that runs between Pollokshaws West and East Kilbride. The line was first opened in two stages in 1866 and 1868; it was upgraded and electrified over a four month closure in 2025, reopening on 18 May. On 14 December 2025, Class 380 EMUs started operating on the line.
Greyfriars, Wanborough
Greyfriars is a Grade II* listed house located on the Hog's Back, in the civil parish of Wanborough, in Surrey, England. It was built in 1896 for the novelist and playwright Julian Sturgis and was designed by the arts and crafts architect C.F.A. Voysey. It has been Grade II* listed on the National Heritage List for England since December 1984. The house was previously known as Wancote, and was initially called Merleshanger.

The house was later extended on its western end by Herbert Baker in 1913–14. 20 drawings of the design and detail of Greyfriars are held in the collection of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Howard Gaye's watercolour of Greyfriars was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1897. Voysey's distinctive heart shaped motif is on Greyfriar's letter box, hinges and door handles.

The house was put up for sale with its staff cottages in 2003 for £3 million.

C. F. A. Voysey
Charles Francis Annesley Voysey FRIBA RDI (28 May 1857 – 12 February 1941) was an English architect and furniture and textile designer. Voysey's early work was as a designer of wallpapers, fabrics and furnishings in a Arts and Crafts style and he made important contribution to the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style), and was recognized by the seminal The Studio magazine. He is renowned as the architect of several country houses.

He was one of the first people to understand and appreciate the significance of industrial design. He has been considered one of the pioneers of Modern Architecture, a notion which he rejected. His English domestic architecture draws heavily on vernacular rather than academic tradition, influenced by the ideas of Herbert Tudor Buckland (1869–1951) and Augustus Pugin (1812–1852).

A part of the Sanderson wallpaper factory (1901) in Chiswick, which he designed, is named Voysey House in his memory.
Ex on the Beach (British TV series)
Ex on the Beach is a British reality television series that is broadcast on MTV UK. The series was first announced in February 2014, and premiered on 22 April 2014. The series is narrated by Andrew Maxwell. Ex on the Beach follows the format of cast members staying abroad and beginning relationships, which are typically interrupted by their exes arriving at various points throughout the series. MTV in the United States airs an American version of the series.

On 20 March 2019, it was confirmed that transmission of the tenth series had been cancelled following the suicide of cast member Mike Thalassitis. Producers decided not to air any of the episodes from the series, and did not reveal the rest of the cast members involved in the series. From 2020, celebrity versions of the series have aired.

Kavos Weekender
Kavos Weekender is a British reality television series that premiered on ITV2 on 6 January 2013. The series follows a group of 18–24 year olds spending a weekend at a hotel resort. From series 1–3, it was titled The Magaluf Weekender, and was located at Lively Hotel in Magaluf. In 2015, for the fourth series, production was relocated to Ryans Ibiza Apartments, on the island of Ibiza, Spain, and the series was renamed Ibiza Weekender. In 2022, production was relocated to the Morfeas Hotel, Kavos for the tenth series, and the series was renamed Kavos Weekender.
Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)
Charlie is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language adventure drama film directed by Martin Prakkat and written by Prakkat and Unni R. Produced by Prakkat, Joju George and Shebin Becker, the film stars Dulquer Salmaan and Parvathy. The music is composed by Gopi Sundar, while Jomon T. John handles the cinematography. The film released on 24 December. It won 8 awards at the 46th Kerala State Film Awards, including Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Cinematography. It was remade into Bengali as Surjo and Marathi and Tamil as Deva and Maara, respectively.

Gopi Sundar
Gopi Sundar C. S. (born 30 May 1977) is an Indian music director, programmer, playback singer, songwriter, actor and performer who works in the Malayalam, Telugu and Tamil film industries.

He began his career composing music for television commercials and is credited with writing nearly 5,000 jingles. As a keyboardist, he has collaborated with many music directors, including the composer duo Vishal–Shekhar. He has won several accolades for his soundtracks and film scores, including a National Film Award, a Kerala State Film Award, and two Filmfare Awards South.

In 2014, Sundar started his own recording label, Gopi Sundar Music Company with an idea to promote aspiring musicians and to make low-budget productions possible. In 2016, he formed a live performance music band called "Band Big G" in Dubai. In 2017, his work in the film Pulimurugan was included in the contender list for the 90th Academy Awards nominations for Best Original Song and Best Original Score categories.