hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Norwegian rigsdaler
The rigsdaler specie was a unit of silver currency used in Norway from 1544, renamed as the speciedaler in 1816 and used until 1873. Norway used a common reichsthaler currency system shared with Denmark, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein until 1873 when the gold standard was implemented in Scandinavia and the German Empire.

Reichsthaler
The Reichsthaler (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌtaːlɐ]; modern spelling Reichstaler), or more specifically the Reichsthaler specie, was a standard thaler silver coin introduced by the Holy Roman Empire in 1566 for use in all German states, minted in various versions for the next 300 years, and containing 25–26 grams fine silver.

Reichsthaler was also the name of a currency unit worth less than the Reichsthaler specie introduced by several North German states from the 17th century; discussed separately under North German thaler.

Several old books confusingly use the same term Reichsthaler for the specie silver coin as well as the currency unit. This is disambiguated by referring to the full-valued coin as the Reichsthaler specie and the lower-valued currency unit as the Reichsthaler currency (courant, kurant).
Political cartoon
A political cartoon, also known as an editorial cartoon, is a cartoon graphic with caricatures of public figures, expressing the artist's opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist. They typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to either question authority or draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills.

Developed in England in the latter part of the 18th century, the political cartoon was pioneered by James Gillray, although his and others in the flourishing English industry were sold as individual prints in print shops.  Founded in 1841, the British periodical Punch appropriated the term cartoon to refer to its political cartoons, which led to the term's widespread use.

Caricature
A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in newspapers and news magazines as political cartoons, while caricatures of movie stars are often found in entertainment magazines. In literature, a caricature is a distorted representation of a person in a way that exaggerates some characteristics and oversimplifies others.
Japantown
Japantown (日本人街) is a common name for Japanese communities in cities and towns outside Japan. Alternatively, a Japantown may be called J-town, Little Tokyo or Nihonmachi (日本町), the first two being common names for  Japantown, San Francisco, Japantown, San Jose and Little Tokyo, Los Angeles.

Nihonmachi
Nihonmachi (日本町/日本街; lit. "Japan town" or "Japan street") is a term used to refer to historical Japanese communities in Southeast and East Asia. The term has come to also be applied to several modern-day communities, though most of these are called simply "Japantown", in imitation of the common term "Chinatown".
Heterodox economics
Heterodox economics is a broad, relative term referring to schools of economic thought which are not commonly perceived as belonging to mainstream economics. There is no absolute definition of what constitutes heterodox economic thought, as it is defined in contrast to the most prominent, influential or popular schools of thought in a given time and place.

Groups typically classed as heterodox in current discourse include the Austrian, ecological, Marxist-historical, post-Keynesian, and modern monetary approaches.

Four frames of analysis have been highlighted for their importance to heterodox thought: history, natural systems, uncertainty, and power.

Economist Frederic S. Lee, in 2007 believed 5 to 10 percent of the American economists were heterodox, from both left and right-wing schools.

Mainstream economics
Mainstream economics is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion. Also known as orthodox economics, it can be contrasted to heterodox economics, which encompasses various schools or approaches that are only accepted by a minority of economists.

The economics profession has traditionally been associated with neoclassical economics. However, this association has been challenged by prominent historians of economic thought including David Colander. They argue the current economic mainstream theories, such as game theory, behavioral economics, industrial organization, information economics, and the like, share very little common ground with the initial axioms of neoclassical economics.
Ingatestone
Ingatestone is a village in the civil parish of Ingatestone and Fryerning in the Borough of Brentwood in Essex, England. It lies 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Brentwood and 25 miles (40 km) north-east of Charing Cross in central London. At the 2021 Census the built up area as defined by the Office for National Statistics, which also includes Mountnessing, had a population of 5,410.

Ingatestone was formerly a civil parish; it was merged with Fryerning in 1889. The village is served by Ingatestone railway station on the Great Eastern Main Line railway. Ingatestone grew up along the A12, an old Roman road. The modern road now bypasses Ingatestone to the north-west. The village is surrounded by the Metropolitan Green Belt.

Mountnessing
Mountnessing is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Brentwood in Essex, England. It is situated to the north-east of Brentwood and south-west of Ingatestone. The main part of the village lies along the Roman Road between Brentwood and Ingatestone, which was formerly the A12 until the village was bypassed in the 1970s. The village is approximately equidistant between the two closest railway stations at Shenfield and Ingatestone. Its main attraction is Mountnessing Windmill. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,437.
Nine Entertainment
Nine Entertainment Co. Holdings Limited is an Australian publicly listed company with holdings in mass media radio and television broadcasting, publishing and digital media. It uses Nine as its corporate branding.

The entity is largely a successor to the former Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (PBL), which was established by the Packer family. The Packers ended their involvement with the company in 2008 and its name was changed to Nine in 2010. The company merged with Fairfax Media in December 2018, expanding its brands and investments across television, video on demand, print, digital, radio and real estate classifieds.

Nine's assets include the Nine Network, Nine Radio; major newspaper mastheads such as The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and the Australian Financial Review; digital properties such as nine.com.au, 9Honey, and Pedestrian; and video-on-demand platform Stan.

Pedestrian (company)
Pedestrian, formerly PEDESTRIAN.TV, is a youth digital news and entertainment website based in Sydney, Australia, founded in 2005. It is a subsidiary of Nine Entertainment

As of March 2022 Pedestrian Group owns Pedestrian (the website) as well the Australian brands Pedestrian JOBS and Openair Cinemas.
Paspor Orang Asing
The Paspor Orang Asing is an alien's passport issued by Indonesia. It is a two-year, 24-page document issued to persons permanently resident in Indonesia who cannot obtain travel documents from any other country. It is referred to in English variously as "Indonesian Passport for Aliens", "Indonesian Stateless Person Passport", or "Indonesian Stateless Travel Document".

Certificate of identity
A certificate of identity, sometimes called an alien's passport, is a travel document issued by a country to non-citizens (also called aliens) residing within their borders who are stateless persons or otherwise unable to obtain a passport from their state of nationality (generally refugees). Some states also issue certificates of identity to their own citizens as a form of emergency passport or otherwise in lieu of a passport. The visa requirements of certificates of identity may be different from those of regular passports.
Provincetown Harbor
Provincetown Harbor is a large natural harbor located in the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The harbor is mostly 30 to 90 feet (9 to 27 m) deep and stretches roughly 1 mile (1.6 km) from northwest to southeast and 2 miles (3.2 km) from northeast to southwest – one large, deep basin with no dredged channel necessary for boats to enter and exit.

A tall green buoy east of Long Point (i.e., the tip of Cape Cod) marks the entrance to Provincetown Harbor from Cape Cod Bay.

Long Point (Cape Cod)
Long Point is a peninsula located in Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States, at the extreme tip of Cape Cod, as it curls back in on itself to create Provincetown Harbor.  The Long Point Light was built on this point in 1827.  The lighthouse once shared this peninsula with a settlement of fishermen that came to be known as Long Point, Massachusetts.  This Provincetown village grew and thrived from 1818 until the late 1850s.   When the settlers decided to leave Long Point, they took most of their houses with them – about 30 structures in all – by floating them across the harbor.

During the Civil War, the military established a defensive coastal artillery post and garrison at this location. The Long Point Battery came to be known as "Fort Useless" and "Fort Ridiculous" among the local residents.

Today, nothing remains of the village of Long Point, except for the lighthouse and an earthen mound, the last remnant from the earlier military post.
Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante
Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante was a 48,847-acre (197.68 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County, California given in 1846 by Governor Pío Pico to María del Rosario Estudillo de Aguirre.  The Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante grant was of the surplus or "sobrante" of Jose Antonio Estudillo's Rancho San Jacinto Viejo and Miguel Pedrorena's Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero.  The grant encompassed present day Lake Mathews.  At the time of the US patent, Rancho San Jacinto Sobrante was a part of San Bernardino County.  The County of Riverside was created by the California Legislature in 1893 by taking land from both San Diego and San  Bernardino Counties.

Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero
Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero was a 48,861-acre (197.73 km2) Mexican land grant in present-day Riverside County, California given in 1846  by Governor Pío Pico to Miguel Pedrorena.  At the time of the US Patent, Rancho San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero was a part of San Diego County.  The County of Riverside was created by the California Legislature in 1893 by taking land from both San Bernardino and San Diego Counties.  The grant encompassed present-day Lake Perris.
Beardmore W.B.III
The Beardmore WB.III was a British carrier-based fighter biplane of World War I. It was a development of the Sopwith Pup that Beardmore was then building under licence, but was specially adapted for shipboard use.

Sopwith Pup
The Sopwith Pup is a British single-seater biplane fighter aircraft built by the Sopwith Aviation Company. It entered service with the  Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps in the autumn of 1916. With pleasant flying characteristics and good manoeuvrability, the aircraft proved very successful. Newer German fighters eventually outclassed the Pup, though it remained on the Western Front until late 1917. The remaining Pups were relegated to Home Defence and training units. The Pup's docile flying characteristics also made it ideal for use in aircraft carrier deck landing and takeoff experiments and training.
Reclaim Party
The Reclaim Party is a right-wing populist political party in the United Kingdom. It was launched in 2020 by English political activist and actor Laurence Fox, with all of its funding from a single donor, Jeremy Hosking. It does not solicit donations or charge membership fees.

The party has had one MP, Andrew Bridgen for North West Leicestershire, who was an MP for the Conservative Party from 2010, until his expulsion in April 2023, having had the whip suspended in January after criticising the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and claiming that a cardiologist told him it constitutes "the biggest crime against humanity since the Holocaust". He joined the Reclaim Party in May 2023 but resigned from the party in December 2023.

Jeremy Hosking
Jeremy John Hosking (born 20 July 1958) is a British businessman and political donor. Ranked number 351 in the Sunday Times Rich List, with a net worth of £375 million, he is a shareholder in Crystal Palace and a noted railway enthusiast. He has donated heavily to the Reclaim Party, notably being the sole donor in the 2023 financial year.
Koderma district
Koderma district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state,  India and Koderma is the administrative headquarters of this district. Jhumri Telaiya is the most populus town of koderma district. It shares border with Hazaribagh & Giridih District of Jharkhand state and Nawada & Gaya District of Bihar state.

Hazaribagh district
Hazaribagh district is one of the oldest districts of Jharkhand state, India and the district headquarter located in Hazaribagh town. It is located in the north east part of North Chotanagpur Division. The boundary of this district consists of districts of Gaya (BIHAR) and Koderma in the north, Giridih and Bokaro in the east, Ramgarh in the south and Chatra in the west.
Thomas Smith (Gloucester politician)
Thomas Smith (March 5, 1785 – April 13, 1841) was an American merchant, militia captain and politician in Virginia who represented Gloucester County, Virginia in the Virginia House of Delegates for most of the years between 1826 and his death. Today, he maybe best known for acquiring and expanding Airville, now on the National Register of Historic Places or as the nephew of lawyer Thomas Smith Jr. of Mathews County (which split from Gloucester County when this man was a boy).  Four other men of the same name also served in the Virginia General Assembly.

Thomas Smith Jr.
Thomas Smith (circa 1755 – circa 1800) was an American lawyer, militia officer and politician in Virginia who represented Gloucester then newly created Mathews County in the Virginia House of Delegates for most of the years between 1780 and 1796, as well as Gloucester County in the Virginia Ratifying Convention in 1788. The first of six men of the same name to serve in the Virginia General Assembly, as described below, his relationship to Sir Thomas Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in the 17th century is unclear.
Kabarett
Kabarett (German pronunciation: [kabaˈʁɛt]; from French cabaret = tavern) is satirical revue, a form of cabaret which was developed in France by Rodolphe Salis in 1881 as the cabaret artistique. It was named Le Chat Noir and was centered on political events and satire. It later inspired creation of Kabarett venues in Germany from 1901, with the creation of Berlin's Überbrettl venue and in Austria with the creation of the Jung-Wiener Theater zum lieben Augustin housed in the Theater an der Wien. By the Weimar era in the mid-1920s it was characterized by political satire and gallows humor. It shared the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy with the French cabaret from which it was imported, but the gallows humor was a distinct German aspect.

Überbrettl
Überbrettl (German pronunciation: [ˈʔyːbɐˌbʁɛtl̩]; English: lit. 'Overboard') was the first venue in Germany for literary cabaret, or Kabarett, founded 1901 in Berlin by Ernst von Wolzogen. The German Kabarett concept was imported from French venues like Le Chat Noir in Paris, from which it kept the characteristic atmosphere of intimacy. But the German type developed its own peculiarities, most prominently its characteristic gallows humour.
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 49
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 49 (P. Oxy. 49) is a letter concerning the emancipation of a slave, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written on 28 October 100. It is housed in the library of Trinity College (Pap. E 1) in Dublin. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The measurements of the fragment are 186 by 70 mm. The letter was written by two bankers, both named Theon, to the agoranomi of Oxyrhynchus, requesting the freedom of a slave named Horion, for whom 10 drachmae of silver and 2 talents, 6,000 drachmae of copper had been paid.

The papyrus was written by the same hand as Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 50 and probably refers to the same transaction.

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 50
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 50 (P. Oxy. 50) is a receipt concerning the emancipation of a slave of a banker, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written before the year 99. It is housed in the library of Trinity College (Pap. RF 1) in Dublin. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The measurements of the fragment are 65 by 91 mm. It is a receipt from the bank of Theon, sent to the agoranomus of Oxyrhynchus, requesting the freedom of a slave, for whom 10 drachmae of silver and 2 talents, 6,000 drachmae of copper had been paid. The papyrus was written by the same hand as Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 49 and probably refers to the same transaction. It was written either three months earlier or ninth months later than P. Oxy. 49.
Xifengjiu
Shaanxi Xifengjiu Co. Ltd. (Chinese: 陕西西凤酒股份有限公司), or simply Xifengjiu (Chinese: 西凤酒; lit. 'West Phoenix Liquor'), is a distillery headquartered in Fengxiang, Shaanxi, China that is the exclusive producer of Xifengjiu, the sole representative of the fengxiang style of baijiu.
Xifengjiu has long stood as one of the more famous representatives of distilled spirits in China, having been recognized as one of the "Four Famous Spirits" in the 1952 National Alcohol Appraisal Conference.

Today, Xifengjiu's national reputation is a little more subdued although it retains a high level of popularity in Shaanxi itself where 70% of its 50,000 tonne annual output is now sold.

Baijiu
Baijiu (Chinese: 白酒; pinyin: báijiǔ; lit. 'white (clear) liquor'), or shaojiu (simplified Chinese: 烧酒; traditional Chinese: 燒酒; pinyin: shāojiǔ; lit. 'burning liquor'), is a colorless Chinese liquor typically coming in between 35% and 60% alcohol by volume (ABV). Each type of baijiu uses its own type of starter (qū) for fermentation to create a distinct and characteristic flavor profile.

Baijiu is usually distilled from fermented sorghum, although other grains may be used; some southeastern Chinese varieties may employ rice and glutinous rice while others may use wheat, barley, millet, or Job's tears (Chinese: 薏苡; pinyin: yìyǐ) in their mash bills. The qū used in the production of baijiu is usually made from pulverized wheat grain or steamed rice.

Because of its clarity, baijiu can appear similar to several other East Asian liquors, e.g. Japanese shōchū (25%) or Korean soju (20–45%), but it often has a significantly higher ethanol content (35–60%).
Plasmon
In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton.

The field of study and manipulation of plasmons is called plasmonics.

Plasma oscillation
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (eponymously after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conductive media, most notably plasmas as well as metals, at frequencies typically corresponding to the ultraviolet band of the electromagnetic spectrum. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends only weakly on the wavelength of the oscillation. The quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon.

Langmuir waves were discovered by American physicists Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks in the 1920s. They are parallel in form to Jeans instability waves, which are caused by gravitational instabilities in a static medium.
Bình Phước province
Bình Phước is a former province of Vietnam. It was located in the Southeast region of the country, to the north of Hồ Chí Minh City (formerly Saigon). It shared a border with Cambodia.

On June 12, 2025, Bình Phước was incorporated into Đồng Nai province.

Đồng Nai province
Đồng Nai is a province in the Southeast region of Vietnam, located east and northeast of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). The capital of Đồng Nai Province is Trấn Biên Ward.

In June 2025, the province was merged with Bình Phước province, forming the new Đồng Nai Province with an area of 12.737,18 km2 and a population of 4,576,125 people.
Whin Rigg
Whin Rigg is a fell in the English Lake District, situated in the western segment of the national park, 22 kilometres (14 miles) south east of the town of Whitehaven. It reaches only a modest altitude of 535 m (1,755 ft) but is part of one of the Lake District’s most dramatic landscapes in that the rugged and impressive Wastwater Screes (also known as "The Screes") fall from the fells summit to Wast Water over 450 m (1,500 ft)  below. The fell's name means “gorse covered ridge” and originates from the Old Norse words “Hvin” meaning gorse and “Hryggr” meaning Ridge.

Wast Water
Wast Water or Wastwater (/ˈwɒst wɔːtər/) is a lake located in Wasdale, a valley in the western part of the Lake District National Park, England. The lake is almost three miles (five kilometres) long and more than one-third mile (500 m) wide. It is a glacial lake, formed in a glacially "over-deepened" valley. It is the deepest lake in England at 258 feet (79 m). The surface of the lake is about 200 feet (60 m) above sea level, while its bottom is over 50 feet (15 m) below sea level. It is considered relatively clear (oligotrophic). It is owned by the National Trust.
Dictyocha
Dictyocha is a genus of silicoflagellates, marine photosynthetic unicellular protists that take the form of either flagellates or axopodial amoebae. Described by Ehrenberg in 1837, Dictyocha contains many important species of the marine phytoplankton, some of them responsible for algal blooms that are toxic to fish.

Dictyochales
The silicoflagellates (order Dictyochales) are a small group of  unicellular photosynthetic protists, or algae, belonging to the supergroup of eukaryotes known as Stramenopiles. They behave as phytoplankton and are present in oceanic waters. They are well known from harmful algal blooms that cause high mortality of fish. Additionally, they compose a rich fossil record represented by their silica skeletons.