hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kali ahargana
Kali ahargaṇa  ( Kali ahargaṇa number or  Kalidina ) is an integer associated with a civil day.  The integer represents the number of civil days in a collection of consecutive days  beginning with a special day called the kali epoch and ending with a specified day. Kali ahargaṇa is one of the basic parameters of Indian astronomy and it is extensively used in all sorts of astronomical computations.

Kali Yuga
Kali Yuga (Devanagari: कलियुग), in Hinduism, is the fourth, shortest, and worst of the four yugas (world ages) in a Yuga cycle, preceded by Dvapara Yuga and followed by the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga. It is believed to be the present age, which is full of conflict and sin.

According to Puranic sources, Krishna's death marked the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102 BCE. Lasting for 432,000 years (1,200 divine years), Kali Yuga began 5,127 years ago and has 426,873 years left as of 2026 CE. Kali Yuga will end in the year 428,899 CE.

Near the end of Kali Yuga, when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of dharma occur to usher in the next cycle's Krita (Satya) Yuga, prophesied to occur by Kalki.
Herluf Trolle Land
Herluf Trolle Land is an area in Peary Land, North Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.

The area has two clearly defined parts: Herlufsholm Strand, the flat southeasterly point of Peary Land, and the easternmost mountainous hinterland of the peninsula which rises to the north of Independence Fjord.

Peary Land
Peary Land is a peninsula in northern Greenland, extending into the Arctic Ocean. It reaches from Victoria Fjord in the west to Independence Fjord in the south and southeast, and to the Arctic Ocean in the north, with Cape Morris Jesup, the northernmost point of Greenland's mainland, and Cape Bridgman in the northeast.
Ethnic stereotype
An ethnic stereotype or racial stereotype involves part of a system of beliefs about typical characteristics of members of a given ethnic group, their  status, societal and cultural norms. A national stereotype does the same for a given nationality. Stereotyping is typically associated with racism, and may also be used for humor in jokes.

National stereotypes may relate either to one's own ethnicity/nationality or to a foreign/differing one.  Stereotypes about one's own nation may aid in maintaining a national identity due to a collective relatability to a trait or characteristic, referred to as national character.

Ethnic joke
An ethnic joke is a remark aiming at humor relating to an ethnic, racial or cultural group, often referring to an ethnic stereotype of the group in question for its punchline.

Perceptions of ethnic jokes are ambivalent. Christie Davies gives examples that, while many find them racist and offensive, for some people jokes poking fun at one's own ethnicity may be considered acceptable. He points out that ethnic jokes are often found funny exactly for the same reason they sound racist for others; it happens when they play on negative ethnic stereotypes. Davies maintains that ethnic jokes reinforce ethnic stereotypes and sometimes lead to calls for violence. The perceived damage to the ethnic group can be of great concern as when the ethnic Polish jokes became so common in the 1970s, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs approached the U.S. State Department to complain.
Sharif Imam
Shariful Alam Imam Ahmed (Bengali: শরীফ ইমাম) (October 30, 1925—December 13, 1971) was a participator in Bangladesh War of Independence. He is most widely remembered as the husband of "Shaheed Janani" (Mother of Martyrs), Jahanara Imam, and as the father of guerrilla fighter Shafi Imam Rumi. He is a character in Jahanara Imam's famous memoir Ekattorer Dingulee (Bengali: একাত্তরের দিনগুলি, English: Of Blood and Fire (translator Mustafizur Rahman)).

Shafi Imam Rumi
Shafi Imam Rumi (29 March 1951 – 30 September 1971) was a guerrilla fighter in the Bangladesh Liberation War. He was the eldest son of Sharif and Jahanara Imam, the latter of whom wrote about Rumi's experiences and daily life in her memoir about the war, Ekattorer Dingulee.
Márcio Sousa
Márcio Daniel Ribeiro de Sousa (born 23 March 1986) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

He amassed LigaPro totals of 110 matches and four goals over six seasons, mainly with Tondela (three years). He spent the rest of his career in the lower leagues.

Sousa was a youth international for Portugal, notably winning the European Under-17 Championship.

C.D. Tondela
Clube Desportivo de Tondela (Portuguese pronunciation: [tõˈdɛlɐ] ⓘ) is a Portuguese professional football club that plays in Primeira Liga, the top tier of Portuguese football, following their promotion after winning the 2024–25 Liga Portugal 2. They are based in the town of Tondela and play in the Estádio João Cardoso. Founded in 1933, the club predominantly played within Portugal's regional leagues until their gradual climb up the league pyramid since 2004.
Zermelo set theory
Zermelo set theory (sometimes denoted by Z-), as set out in a seminal paper in 1908  by Ernst Zermelo, is the ancestor of modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) and its extensions, such as von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory (NBG).  It bears certain differences from its descendants, which are not always understood, and are frequently misquoted.  This article sets out the original axioms, with the original text (translated into English) and original numbering.

Ernst Zermelo
Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (/zɜːrˈmɛloʊ/; German: [tsɛɐ̯ˈmeːlo]; 27 July 1871 – 21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics. He is known for his role in developing Zermelo–Fraenkel axiomatic set theory and his proof of the well-ordering theorem. Furthermore, his 1929 work on ranking chess players is the first description of a model for pairwise comparison that continues to have a profound impact on various applied fields utilizing this method.
Jamie Lenman
Jamie Edward Lenman (born 9 November 1982) is an English musician and illustrator. He was the lead singer, guitarist and main songwriter for British alternative rock trio Reuben from 2001 to 2008. Following the band's disbandment, Lenman shifted his focus to illustration. In 2008, he began his solo career, releasing and has since produced five studio albums.

As an illustrator, Lenman worked full-time for The Guardian from 2007 until 2014. He has also frequently contributed to the Doctor Who Magazine under the pseudonym "Baxter", releasing a collection of his work so far for the magazine called Whoah! in 2014.

Reuben (band)
Reuben was an English rock band from Camberley. Their music is a fusion of alternative rock and heavy metal, as their songs cover a variety of styles, ranging from heavy and upbeat, such as their 2005 single "Blamethrower" to slower, more melodic songs such as their 2004 single "Moving to Blackwater". The former style of song often featured  vocalist Jamie Lenman switching between shouting and whispering, a technique often used in heavy metal and post-hardcore music. The band performed in the UK underground music scene. Although they attracted a significant fanbase, Reuben never achieved mainstream success, but did chart four songs in the UK Singles Chart. Their highest charting single was 2004's "Freddy Kreuger", that reached UK No. 53.

In June 2008, Reuben entered a state of indefinite hiatus. Fans were emailed by the band manager, making them aware of the hiatus, assuring them that this was not the end for Reuben.
Barberêche
Barberêche (French pronunciation: [baʁbəʁɛʃ]; German: Bärfischen; Arpitan: Barberêtse [baʁbəˈʁɛtsə] ⓘ) is a former municipality in the district of Lac in the Swiss canton of Fribourg. It lies on the "language boundary" between the French- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland. On 1 January 2017 it merged with Villarepos and Wallenried into the extant municipality of Courtepin.

Courtepin
Courtepin (French: [kuʁtəpɛ̃]; Arpitan: Cortepin) is a municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017 Barberêche, Villarepos and Wallenried merged into the extant municipality of Courtepin.
Dawn Harper-Nelson
Dawn Harper-Nelson, née Dawn Harper, (born May 13, 1984) is an American, retired track and field athlete who specializes in the 100-meter hurdles. She was the gold medalist in the event at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the silver medalist in the 2012 London Olympic Games and the 2017 World Championships. She was trained by Bob Kersee, husband of Jackie Joyner-Kersee. She is a member of the 2022 class of the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.

UCLA Bruins
The UCLA Bruins are the athletic teams that represent the University of California, Los Angeles. The Bruin men's and women's teams participate in NCAA Division I as part of the Big Ten Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF). For football, they are in the Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I (formerly Division I-A). UCLA is second to only Stanford University as the school with the most NCAA team championships at 125 NCAA team championships. UCLA offers 11 varsity sports programs for men and 14 for women.
The Terror (Karlovo massacre)
The Terror (Bulgarian: Страшното) is the name given to the five-month reign of terror that the Bulgarian population of the town of Karlovo suffered at the hands of the Ottoman authorities from 22 July 1877 to 28 December 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).

The name refers both to the massacre of 288 Bulgarian civilians by regular Ottoman army and Circassian paramilitaries (bashi-bazouk) on 30 July–3 August [O.S. 18–22 July] 1877 and to the capture and imprisonment of more than 500 town notables in the subsequent months, many of whom were hanged or exiled to Asia Minor.

Kalofer massacre
The Kalofer massacre (Bulgarian: Калоферското клане) was the massacre of a total of 618 civilian Bulgarians, accompanied by the looting and arson of the village of Kalofer, suffered in two waves at the hands of Circassian bashi-bazouk in the course of July 1877, as part of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
Arizona House of Representatives
The Arizona House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arizona Legislature, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. The upper house is the Senate. The House convenes in the legislative chambers at the Arizona State Capitol in Phoenix. Its members are elected to two-year terms, with a term limit of four consecutive terms (eight years). Each of the state's 30 legislative districts elects two state house representatives and one state senator, with each district having a population of at least 203,000.

The last election occurred on November 5, 2024, with the Republican Party securing a majority in the House.

Arizona State Legislature
33°26′53″N 112°5′47″W﻿ / ﻿33.44806°N 112.09639°W﻿ / 33.44806; -112.09639

The Arizona State Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arizona. It is a bicameral legislature that consists of a lower house, the House of Representatives, and an upper house, the Senate. Composed of 90 legislators, the state legislature meets in the Capitol Complex in the state capital of Phoenix. Created by the Arizona Constitution upon statehood in 1912, the Arizona State Legislature met biennially until 1950. Since then they meet annually.

The state is divided into 30 legislative districts, each of which elects one senator and two representatives. Legislators are term-limited to eight consecutive years in office, but can run again after two years, or run for a seat in the other house.

Republicans have narrow majorities in the House and Senate, and all 90 seats of the Legislature are up for re-election on November 3, 2026.
Blai Bonet
Blai Bonet (1926 – 1997) was a Mallorcan poet, novelist and art critic.

Bonet released El Mar (The Sea) in 1958. In 1962, his collections of poems L'Evangeli segons un de tants (The Gospel According to One of Many) was awarded the Carles Riba Poetry Prize, but it was not published due to Spanish Francoist censorship, delaying it for more than five years. In 1990, he was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi by the Catalan Government.

He was a member of the Association of Catalan Language Writers. He was a participant in the resurgence of Catalan literature in the 1960s.

Carles Riba Poetry Prize
The Carles Riba Poetry Prize (Catalan: Premi Carles Riba de poesia) is a literary prize for Catalan-language works awarded by the Edicions Proa publishing house with funding by the Catalan Encyclopedia Foundation. The winning poem is selected from original, unpublished poems during the Literary Night of Saint Lucía, organized by the Òmnium Cultural association. It has an endowment of €5,000.

The prize is a continuation of the Óssa Menor Prize, founded in 1950 by Josep Pedreira, editor of Els llibres de l'Óssa Menor. The prize was named in honor of the poet Carles Riba after his death in 1959.
State University of New York at Morrisville
State University of New York at Morrisville (formerly Morrisville State College) or SUNY Morrisville is a public college with two locations in New York, one in Morrisville and one in Norwich. It is part of the State University of New York system. It offers one master's degree, 21 bachelor's degrees, 34 associate degrees, and two certificate programs, and is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.

SUNY Morrisville is located in Central New York, 32 miles (51 km) southeast of Syracuse in the village of Morrisville, New York. Morrisville is near the towns of Cazenovia, 11.5 miles (18.5 km) to the west, and Hamilton, 8.4 miles (13.5 km) to the east.

Morrisville, New York
Morrisville is a village in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 1,633 at the 2020 census, down from 2,199 in 2010. The village is named after its founder, Thomas Morris.

Morrisville is in the northwest part of the town of Eaton on US Route 20. Its ZIP Code is 13408. State University of New York at Morrisville is located in the village.
Feature (machine learning)
In machine learning and pattern recognition, a feature is an individual measurable property or characteristic of a data set. Choosing informative, discriminating, and independent features is crucial to producing effective algorithms for pattern recognition, classification, and regression tasks. Features are usually numeric, but other types such as strings and graphs are used in syntactic pattern recognition, after some pre-processing step such as one-hot encoding. The concept of "features" is related to that of explanatory variables used in statistical techniques such as linear regression.

Dependent and independent variables
A variable is considered dependent if it depends on (or is hypothesized to depend on) an independent variable. Dependent variables are the outcome of the  test they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on. Independent variables, on the other hand, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question. Rather, they are controlled by the experimenter.
Bayreuth
Bayreuth (German pronunciation: [ˈbaɪʁɔʏt] ⓘ or [baɪˈʁɔʏt] ⓘ; Upper Franconian: Bareid, pronounced [ba(ː)ˈɾaɪ̯t]) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtel Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of Upper Franconia and has a population of 72,148 (2015). It hosts the annual Bayreuth Festival, at which performances of operas by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented.

Bayreuth Festival
The Bayreuth Festival (German: Bayreuther Festspiele) is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of stage works by the 19th-century German composer Richard Wagner are presented. Wagner himself conceived and promoted the idea of a special festival to showcase his own works, in particular his monumental cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal.

Performances take place in a specially designed theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus. Wagner personally supervised the design and construction of the theatre, which contained many architectural innovations to accommodate the huge orchestras for which Wagner wrote as well as the composer's particular vision about the staging of his works. The Festival has become a pilgrimage destination for Wagnerians and classical-music enthusiasts.
Sarah Knafo
Sarah Knafo (French pronunciation: [saʁa knafo]; born 24 April 1993) is a French magistrate and politician. She was a member of the Cour des Comptes from 2020 to 2024. A member of Reconquête, she was elected a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 2024, where she sits with the Europe of Sovereign Nations (ESN) group. She is a candidate in the 2026 Paris municipal election to become mayor of Paris.

Reconquête
Reconquête ([ʁəkɔ̃kɛt], English: Reconquest), stylised as Reconquête! (often shortened as R!), is a far-right political party in France founded in late 2021 by Éric Zemmour, who has since served as its leader. He was a candidate in the 2022 presidential election, in which he placed fourth with just over 7% of the vote as the best newcomer.
Kaspar Rostrup (businessman)
Kaspar Rostrup (2 August 1845 – 7 January 1911) was a Danish lawyer, joiner and local politician. From 1886, he was the owner of N. P. Rostrup, a Copenhagen-based coffin manufacturer and retailer headquartered at Valkendorfsgade 36. He was a member of the Copenhagen City Council from 1894 to 1900, as well as president of the Association of Craftsmen in Copenhagen from 1896 and the Confederation of Danish Employers from 1907 to 1911.

Valkendorfsgade 36
Valkendorfsgade 36, situated opposite the House of the Holy Ghost, off the shopping street Strøget is a Baroque style townhouse in the Old Town of Copenhagen, Denmark. The building was listed on the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1918.
Acton Society Trust
The Acton Society Trust was established by the Joseph Rowntree Social Service Trust in the 1940s "to analyse the implications of the welfare state for liberty and the individual.

It paid for assistants to front bench politicians, now known as special political advisors, who were referred to as Chocolate Soldiers, until public money was provided for the purpose in 1974.  It produced many of the earliest studies of management in the United Kingdom, particularly in the National Health Service.

It submitted evidence to the Committee on the Staffing of Local Government (Mallaby Committee) in 1966.

Directors of the organisation included Rosemary Stewart. Teddy Chester and Reg Revans both worked for the trust before moving to the University of Manchester, as did David Layton.

The Trust's archives are held at the London School of Economics.

It was closed down in 2000.

Teddy Chester
Teddy Chester (1908–1990) was the first professor of Social Administration at Manchester University.

He was Jewish, born in Austria and came to England in 1938 with his brother, who was a dentist.

He  was recruited to the university in 1955 having previously worked at the Acton Society Trust and the extramural department of University of Oxford. He directed the Manchester Health Service Management Unit from then until he retired in 1975, though he continued to work at the university on management training for clinicians until his death. He worked with Reg Revans who was appointed at the same time.  He was involved with the foundation of the National Training Scheme for Hospital Administrators from 1961. Manchester Business School instituted an annual lecture in his memory in 2005.

He was a member of the Advisory Council on Management Efficiency for the NHS and was involved in the formation of the Manchester Business School in 1965.
Leonard Cooling
Leonard Frank Cooling (23 December 1903 – 15 February 1977) was an English physicist and engineer widely regarded as the "Founder of British Soil Mechanics". He played a pivotal role in the early development of soil mechanics in the United Kingdom, establishing the first British soil mechanics laboratory at the Building Research Station (BRS) in 1934.

Cooling published widely on soil mechanics and related subjects, and was one of the five founders of the soil mechanics and geotechnical journal, Géotechnique, along with Rudolph Glossop, Alec Skempton, Hugh Golder, and Bill Ward. He served on the publication's advisory panel from its first meeting in 1949 until 1969, and was chairman from 1966 to 1969.

Alec Skempton
Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914 – 9 August 2001) was an English civil engineer internationally recognised, along with Karl Terzaghi, as one of the founding fathers of the engineering discipline of soil mechanics. He established the soil mechanics course at Imperial College London, where the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department's building was renamed after him in 2004, and was knighted in the 2000 New Year Honours for services to engineering. He was also a notable contributor on the history of British civil engineering.
Grange Calveley
Grange Calveley (6 May 1943 – 22 August 2021) was a British artist and writer. He was best known as the creator of the BBC's animated television series Roobarb (1974) and Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk (1977).

Calveley also wrote and made character drawings for the 2005 revival series, Roobarb and Custard Too. The series was commissioned by UK's Channel FIVE and directed by Jason Tammemagi.

Roobarb
Roobarb (also known as Roobarb and Custard) is an animated children's television series, created by Grange Calveley and originally shown on BBC1 just before the evening news. Each cartoon of the original series, written by Calveley and directed by Bob Godfrey, was about five minutes long. Thirty episodes were made, and it was first shown on 21 October 1974. The theme is that of the friendly rivalry between Roobarb, a seven-year-old green dog with an overactive imagination, and Custard, the mischievous eight-year-old pink cat from next door.

The series later spawned a revival in 2005, which aired on Channel 5's Milkshake block. The narration of both series was provided by the actor Richard Briers. On 17 February 2013, Briers died, followed four days later by animator Godfrey.
Marilyn Strathern
Dame Ann Marilyn Strathern (née Evans; born 6 March 1941) is a British anthropologist, who has worked largely with the Mount Hagen people of Papua New Guinea and dealt with issues in the UK of reproductive technologies. She was William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology at the University of Cambridge from 1993 to 2008, and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge from 1998 to 2009.

William Wyse Professor of Social Anthropology
The William Wyse Professorship of Social Anthropology is a professorship in social anthropology at the University of Cambridge. It was founded on 18 June 1932 and endowed partly with the support of Trinity College from money bequeathed to them by William Wyse, formerly Fellow and Honorary Fellow of Trinity.

The professorship is assigned to the Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology.