hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lower New York Bay
Lower New York Bay is a section of New York Bay south of the Narrows (the strait between Staten Island and Brooklyn). The eastern end of the Bay is marked by two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens. The waterway between the spits connects the Bay to the Atlantic Ocean at the New York Bight. Traversing the floor of the Bay southeasterly from the Narrows to the Bight and beyond is Hudson Canyon.

Roughly the northeastern portion of the Bay from the Narrows to Sandy Hook is known as the Lower Bay (named in relation to the neighboring Upper New York Bay); roughly the western portion of the Bay (including the portion at the mouth of New Jersey's Raritan River) is called Raritan Bay; and roughly the southeastern portion of the Bay (that is, the portion south and the portion southwest from Sandy Hook) is known as Sandy Hook Bay.

New York Harbor
New York Harbor is a bay that covers all of the Upper Bay. It is at the mouth of the Hudson River near the East River tidal estuary on the East Coast of the United States.

New York Harbor is generally synonymous with  Upper New York Bay, which is enclosed by the New York City boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island and the Hudson County, New Jersey, municipalities of Jersey City and Bayonne, although in colloquial usage it can sometimes expand to cover Upper and Lower New York Bay. New York Harbor is one of the largest natural harbors in the world.
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles:

This page, Glossary of geography terms (A–M), lists terms beginning with the letters A through M.

Glossary of geography terms (N–Z) lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z.

Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy.

Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)
This glossary of geography terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in geography and related fields, including Earth science, oceanography, cartography, and human geography, as well as those describing spatial dimension, topographical features, natural resources, and the collection, analysis, and visualization of geographic data. It is split across two articles:

Glossary of geography terms (A–M) lists terms beginning with the letters A through M.

This page, Glossary of geography terms (N–Z), lists terms beginning with the letters N through Z.

Related terms may be found in Glossary of geology, Glossary of agriculture, Glossary of environmental science, and Glossary of astronomy.
Łódź Army
Łódź Army (Polish: Armia Łódź) was one of the Polish armies of the Polish Armed Forces of the Second Polish Republic that took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on 23 March 1939 with the task of filling the gap between Poznań Army in the north and Kraków Army in the south. Commanded by Juliusz Rómmel, it consisted of five infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades with support from the air force.

Kraków Army
Kraków Army (Polish: Armia Kraków) was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939. It was officially created on March 23, 1939, as the main pivot of Polish defence. It was commanded by Gen. Antoni Szylling. Originally, Kraków Army was to be made of seven infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one mountain brigade. On September 1, 1939, General Szylling had the force which consisted of five infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades and one brigade of mountain infantry. Altogether, the army was made of 59 battalions, 29 squadrons, 352 cannons, 90 tanks, two armoured trains and 44 planes. These forces were not enough to halt German advance, especially in the area north of Częstochowa, where Kraków Army connected with Łódź Army. Main thrust of Wehrmacht panzer units was directed there, and this area was defended only by the Polish 7th I.D., which was destroyed in the early days of September 1939, opening the way towards central Poland.
Duke Ling of Qi
Duke Ling of Qi (Chinese: 齊靈公; pinyin: Qí Líng Gōng), personal name Lü Huan, was a duke of the Qi state, reigning from 581 BC to 554 BC. He succeeded his father, Duke Qing, and was in turn succeeded by one of his sons, Duke Zhuang II.

Duke Zhuang II of Qi
Duke Zhuang of Qi, known in historiography as Duke Zhuang II of Qi (Chinese: 齊後莊公; pinyin: Qí Hòu Zhuāng Gōng) to distinguish from the earlier ruler with the same posthumous name, personal name Lü Guang, was a duke of the Qi state, reigning from 553 BC to 548 BC.
Kreuztal–Cölbe railway
The Kreuztal–Cölbe railway is a 88-kilometre-long main line in Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It branches off the Ruhr–Sieg railway at Kreuztal and runs via Erndtebrück, Bad Laasphe and Biedenkopf to Cölbe. Operationally, the line is now divided into two parts. The Kreuztal–Erndtebrück section is operated together with the Erndtebrück–Bad Berleburg railway as the Rothaar-Bahn (Rothaar Railway) and the subsequent section to Cölbe, now operated by the Kurhessenbahn, is called the Obere Lahntalbahn (Upper Lahn Valley Railway). Trains at the eastern end of the line run to/from Marburg (Lahn).

Erndtebrück–Bad Berleburg railway
The Erndtebrück–Bad Berleburg railway is a 20 km long branch line that branches off the Kreuztal–Cölbe railway from Erndtebrück to Bad Berleburg. In Bad Berleburg there used to be a connection to the now largely dismantled Bad Berleburg–Allendorf railway to Frankenberg. The single-track, non-electrified railway line is operated as a single block branch line.
British Rail Class 321
The British Rail Class 321 is a class of electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains built by British Rail Engineering Limited's York Carriage Works in three batches between 1988 and 1991 for Network SouthEast and Regional Railways. The class uses alternating current (AC) overhead electrification. The design was successful and led to the development of the similar Class 320 and Class 322.

After operating for various trains operating companies after the privatisation of British Rail, they were latterly operated by Greater Anglia until April 2023. Some have been converted to Class 320 and are operated by ScotRail.

British Rail Class 320
The British Rail Class 320 is an electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger train found on the Strathclyde rail network in Central Scotland. They are mainly used on the North Clyde Line and the Argyle Line, but they can also be seen on Glasgow Central to Lanark, Cathcart Circle, Paisley Canal Line and Inverclyde Line services. The Class 320 uses alternating current (AC) overhead electrification.
Battle of Tehumardi
The Battle of Tehumardi (Estonian: Tehumardi öölahing, Russian: Бой у Техумарди, German Schlacht von Tehumardi) was a battle on October 8, 1944 related to the Moonsund Operation during World War II. Soviet soldiers fought German troops occupying Tehumardi. It was one of the most brutal engagements during the fighting on the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Ösel) in 1944.

Moonsund operation
The Moonsund landing operation (Russian: Моонзундская десантная операция; Estonian: Lääne-Eesti saarte kaitsmine; Swedish: Moonsund Invasionen) was an amphibious operation and offensive by the Red Army during World War II, taking place in late 1944. It was part of the Baltic offensive, and was designed to clear German forces of Army Group North from the islands in East Baltic Sea, the West Estonian archipelago (Moonsund archipelago). The attacking forces were from the 8th Army of the Leningrad Front.

The Estonian islands were occupied largely by units of the German 23rd Infantry Division, which had been split across the three islands and reinforced with a variety of artillery, coastal artillery, and assault engineer detachments.
Road Hogs
Road Hogs is the second supplement to the After the Bomb setting of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness role-playing game. It was published by Palladium Books in October 1986 and uses the Palladium Megaversal system.

After the Bomb (game)
After the Bomb is a role-playing game originally published by Palladium Books in January 1986. It uses Palladium's Megaversal system and features mutant animals – anthropomorphic and otherwise – in a post-apocalyptic setting.
Pigeon Hole (band)
Pigeon Hole is a Canadian hip hop group from Vancouver. They were previously known as "Creative Minds".  The duo consists of Colin "Dusty Melo" McCue and Lee "Marmalade" Napthine, who are also members of the band Sweatshop Union.

Sweatshop Union
Sweatshop Union is a Canadian hip hop collective based in Vancouver, British Columbia, consisting of  four politically-minded rap acts — Dirty Circus, Pigeon Hole (aka "Creative Minds"), Kyprios and Innocent by Standers. Known for their socially conscious lyrics, Sweatshop Union's music comments on issues ranging from the war in Iraq, the plight of the poor and working-class, to the negativity and misogyny of mainstream hip-hop.
Réseau des sports
Réseau des sports (RDS) is a Canadian French language discretionary specialty channel oriented towards sports and sport-related shows. It is available in 2.5 million homes, and is owned by CTV Specialty Television Inc. (Bell Media 80% and ESPN 20%). Its full name (usually prefaced in speech by the French article "le") translates as "The Sports Network", the name of its Anglophone counterpart, TSN.

The Sports Network
The Sports Network (TSN) is a Canadian English language discretionary sports specialty channel owned by CTV Specialty Television, a joint venture of Bell Media (80%) and ESPN Inc. (20%). TSN was established by the Labatt Brewing Company in 1984 as part of the first group of Canadian specialty cable channels. In 2013, TSN was the largest specialty channel in Canada in terms of gross revenue, with a total of CA$400.4 million in revenue.

TSN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located at Bell Media Agincourt in the Scarborough neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario. Stewart Johnston currently serves as president of TSN, a position he has held since 2010. TSN's networks focus on sports-related programming, including live and recorded event telecasts, sports talk shows, and other original programming.
Low-dimensional topology
In mathematics, low-dimensional topology is the branch of topology that studies manifolds, or more generally topological spaces, of four or fewer dimensions. Representative topics are the theory of 3-manifolds and 4-manifolds, knot theory, and braid groups. This can be regarded as a part of geometric topology. It may also be used to refer to the study of topological spaces of dimension 1, though this is more typically considered part of continuum theory.

3-manifold
In mathematics, a 3-manifold is a topological space that locally looks like a three-dimensional Euclidean space. A 3-manifold can be thought of as a possible shape of the universe. Just as a sphere looks like a plane (a tangent plane) to a small and close enough observer, all 3-manifolds look like our universe to a small enough observer. This is made more precise in the definition below.
Yair Minsky
Yair Nathan Minsky (born in 1962) is an Israeli-American mathematician whose research concerns three-dimensional topology, differential geometry, group theory and holomorphic dynamics. He is a professor at Yale University. He is known for having proved Thurston's ending lamination conjecture along with Jeffrey Brock and Richard Canary, and for results on the geometry of the curve complex obtained in collaboration with Howard Masur.

William Thurston
William Paul Thurston (October 30, 1946 – August 21, 2012) was an American mathematician. He was a pioneer in the field of low-dimensional topology and was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982 for his contributions to the study of 3-manifolds.

Thurston was a professor of mathematics at Princeton University, University of California, Davis, and Cornell University. He was also a director of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute.
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Saʿīd al-ʿAmrī al-Asadī (Arabic: أبو جعفر محمد بن عثمان بن سعيد العمري الأسدي) was the second of the Four Deputies, who are believed by Twelver Shia Muslims to have successively represented their twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Abu Ja'far in this role succeeded his father, Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi, the first deputy. After some forty years in office, Abu Ja'far died in 304 or 305 AH (917 or 918 CE) and was succeeded by Ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti, the third deputy. Abu Ja'far has been credited with the unification of the mainstream Shia.

Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti
Abū al-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn Rūḥ al-Nawbakhtī (Arabic: أبو القاسم الحسين بن روح النوبختي) was the third of the Four Deputies, who are believed by the Twelvers to have successively represented their Hidden Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, during his Minor Occultation (874–941 CE). Ibn Rūḥ in this role succeeded Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman in 917 CE. After some twenty years in office, Ibn Rūḥ died in 937 CE and was succeeded by Abul Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, the fourth and final deputy.
Blackwell, Oklahoma
Blackwell is a city in Kay County, Oklahoma, United States, located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 177 and State Highway 11 along Interstate 35. The population was 6,085 as of the 2020 census. Blackwell was established following the September 16, 1893 Cherokee Outlet land run by A. J. Blackwell. Blackwell has an agricultural and fossil fuel based economy.

Kay County, Oklahoma
Kay County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, its population was 43,700. Its county seat is Newkirk, and the largest city is Ponca City.

Kay County comprises the Ponca City micropolitan statistical area. It is in north-central Oklahoma on the Kansas state line.

Before statehood, Kay County was formed from the "Cherokee Strip" or "Cherokee Outlet" and originally designated as county "K". Its name means simply that.
Burt's Bees
Burt's Bees is an American multinational company that makes products for health, beauty, and personal care. Founded in Maine in 1984, Burt's Bees started as a small business selling hand-crafted beeswax candles. It expanded in the 1990s, selling soaps, lip balms, perfumes, and other products as an "Earth-friendly, Natural Personal Care Company".

In 2007, Burt's Bees was acquired by Clorox. Its products are distributed globally.

Clorox
The Clorox Company (formerly Clorox Chemical Company) is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of consumer and professional products.  Clorox ranked annually on the Fortune 500 list from 2000 to 2024, where it last held the #485 spot.

Clorox products are sold primarily through mass merchandisers, retail outlets, e-commerce channels, distributors, and medical supply providers. Clorox brands include its namesake bleach and cleaning products as well as Burt's Bees, Formula 409, Glad, Hidden Valley, Kingsford, Kitchen Bouquet, KC Masterpiece, Liquid-Plumr, Brita (in the Americas), Mistolin, Pine-Sol, Poett, Green Works Cleaning Products, Soy Vay, Tilex, S.O.S., and Fresh Step, Scoop Away, and Ever Clean pet products.
Nepenthes tobaica
Nepenthes tobaica /nɪˈpɛnθiːz toʊˈbaɪkə/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. It is particularly abundant around Lake Toba, after which it is named.

Nepenthes tobaica is closely related to N. angasanensis, N. gracilis, N. mikei, and N. reinwardtiana.

Nepenthes reinwardtiana
Nepenthes reinwardtiana /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˌraɪnwɔːrtiˈɑːnə/ is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo and Sumatra and to a number of smaller surrounding islands including Bangka, Natuna, Nias, and Siberut. Although some sources have included Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore within the range of this species, these records appear to be erroneous.

Nepenthes reinwardtiana has an unusually wide altitudinal distribution of 0–2,200 m, being both a "lowland" and "highland" plant. There are many different colour forms, ranging from green to dark red.  This species is known for the two "eye spots" on the inside surface of its pitchers.

The specific epithet reinwardtiana honours Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt. The species has been given the vernacular name Reinwardt's pitcher-plant.
The Winds of War
The Winds of War is Herman Wouk's second book about World War II (the first being The Caine Mutiny). Published in 1971, The Winds of War was followed up seven years later by War and Remembrance; originally conceived as one volume, Wouk decided to break it into two volumes when he realized it took nearly 1,000 pages just to get to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The book was adapted into a highly successful miniseries in 1983. In 2020, a new miniseries adaptation was announced.

War and Remembrance
War and Remembrance is a novel by Herman Wouk, published in October 1978 as the sequel to Wouk's The Winds of War (1971). The Winds of War covers the period 1939 to 1941, and War and Remembrance continues the story of the extended Henry and Jastrow families from 15 December 1941 through 6 August 1945. The novel was adapted into a television mini-series, War and Remembrance, and presented on American television in 1988.
Suzuki APV
The Suzuki APV is a minivan/light commercial vehicle designed by Suzuki in Japan and manufactured in Indonesia by Suzuki Indomobil Motor. The abbreviation "APV" is short for All Purpose Vehicle. It is powered by either 1.5 liter or 1.6 liter inline-four G series engine delivering 92–105 PS (91–104 hp; 68–77 kW).

The pickup truck version is called Suzuki Mega Carry in Indonesia, Super Carry Pro in Vietnam and APV Pickup elsewhere. It was discontinued in February 2019 in favour of the international version of the Carry 1.5.

The APV was exported from Indonesia in April 2005 to more than 100 countries in Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Middle East, South Asia, North Africa and Oceania. Suzuki invested JP¥ 11.5 billion to produce a targeted 70,000 units per year in Indonesia.

Suzuki Carry
The Suzuki Carry (Japanese: スズキ・キャリイ, Hepburn: Suzuki Kyarī) is a kei truck produced by the Japanese automaker Suzuki. The microvan version was originally called the Carry van until 1982 when the passenger van versions were renamed as the Suzuki Every (Japanese: スズキ・エブリイ, Hepburn: Suzuki Eburī). In Japan, the Carry and Every are kei cars but the Suzuki Every Plus, the bigger version of Every, had a longer bonnet for safety purposes and a larger engine; export market versions and derivatives have been fitted with engines of up to 1.6 liters displacement. They have been sold under myriad different names in several countries, and is the only car to have been offered with Chevrolet as well as Ford badges.
That's Manchester
That's Manchester is a local television station serving Greater Manchester. It is owned and operated by That's TV and broadcasts on Freeview channel 7 from studios at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats suburb of Manchester.

That's TV
That's TV is a British local free-to-air television channel in the United Kingdom, broadcasting via Sky, Freesat, Freeview, and Virgin Media, although only a small number of both local and national That's TV channels are available on Virgin Media.

That's TV started off as the owner of a number of local television licences in several conurbations, but even though some local news can still be found via these services, these channels simulcast the schedule of the national That's TV channel for most of the day, but with some variations.

That's Television Ltd is owned by That's Media Ltd, which is based at The Flint Glass Works in the Ancoats neighbourhood of Manchester.
Urban areas in the European Union
This is a list of urban areas in the European Union with over 500,000 inhabitants as of 2022. The data comes from Demographia and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Demographia provides figures for urban areas (including conurbations), while the UN DESA figures are a mix agglomerations, cities proper and metropolitan areas. For comparison, Function Urban Area (FUA) population figures by Eurostat are also provided, however, these measure the wider metropolitan areas.

Functional urban area
The functional urban area (FUA), previously known as larger urban zone (LUZ), is a measure of the population and expanse of metropolitan and surrounding areas which may or may not be exclusively urban. It consists of a city and its commuting zone, which is a contiguous area of spatial units that have at least 15% of their employed residents working in the city.

The FUA represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area. Eurostat's objective was to have an area from which a significant share of the residents commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region." To ensure a good data availability, Eurostat adjusts the FUA boundaries to administrative boundaries that approximate the functional urban area.
Suzanne Venker
Suzanne Venker (born March 28, 1968), is an American non-fiction author and radio host at KXFN. She has authored several books.

She co-wrote The Flipside of Feminism: What Conservative Women Know – and Men Can't Say with her late aunt, the conservative lawyer and activist Phyllis Schlafly.

Phyllis Schlafly
Phyllis Stewart Schlafly (/ˈʃlæfli/; born Phyllis McAlpin Stewart; August 15, 1924 – September 5, 2016) was an American attorney and activist who was nationally prominent in conservatism. She opposed feminism, gay rights, and abortion, and campaigned against the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

More than three million copies of her self-published book A Choice Not an Echo (1964), a polemic in support of Republican candidate Barry Goldwater and condemning more liberal East Coast Republicans personified by Nelson Rockefeller, were sold or distributed for free. Schlafly co-authored books on national defense, and was critical of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union.

In 1972, Schlafly founded the Eagle Forum, a conservative political interest group, and remained its chair and CEO until her death in 2016, while staying active in conservative causes.
Scripps Ranch High School
Scripps Ranch High School (SRHS) is a public high school in northeast San Diego, California, United States, that serves the Scripps Ranch community as well as students participating in the Voluntary Enrollment Exchange Program (VEEP) busing program of San Diego Unified School District.

San Diego Unified School District
San Diego Unified School District (SDUSD) is a public school district based in San Diego, California. Founded in 1854, it is the second largest school district in California. The district includes 121 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, 21 high schools, and 2 atypical schools.
Northern Ireland Assembly (1973)
The Northern Ireland Assembly was a legislative assembly set up by the Government of the United Kingdom on 3 May 1973 to restore devolved government to Northern Ireland with the power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive made up of unionists and nationalists. It was dissolved in March 1975.

Executive of the 1974 Northern Ireland Assembly
A power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive was formed following the Northern Ireland Assembly elections of 1973. The executive served as the devolved government of Northern Ireland from 1 January 1974 until its collapse on 28 May 1974.