hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Rent-seeking
Rent-seeking is the act of growing one's existing wealth by manipulating public policy or economic conditions without creating new wealth.
Rent-seeking activities have negative effects on the rest of society. They result in reduced economic efficiency through misallocation of resources, stifled competition, reduced wealth creation, lost government revenue, heightened income inequality, heightened debt levels, risk of growing corruption and cronyism, decreased public trust in institutions, and potential national decline.

Successful capture of regulatory agencies (if any) to gain a coercive monopoly can result in advantages for rent-seekers in a market while imposing disadvantages on their uncorrupt competitors. This is one of many possible forms of rent-seeking behavior.

Regulatory capture
In politics, regulatory capture (also called agency capture) is a form of corruption of authority that occurs when a political entity, policymaker, or regulator is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.

When regulatory capture occurs, a special interest is prioritized over the general interests of the public, leading to a net loss for society. The theory of client politics is related to that of rent-seeking and political failure; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., industry, profession, or locality) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of people (for example, all taxpayers)".
Emil Jones III
Emil Jones III (born May 16, 1978) is the Illinois State Senator  for the 14th Senate District since 2010. The 14th district covers all or parts of Palos Heights, Oak Forest, Crestwood, Blue Island, Alsip, Midlothian, and Riverdale. Jones is the son of former Illinois Senate President Emil Jones.

Emil Jones
Emil Jones Jr. (born October 18, 1935) is an American politician who was the president of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to 2009. A Democrat, Jones served in the Illinois Senate from 1983 to 2009, where he served as President of the Illinois Senate from 2003 to the end of his term. Previously, he was a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from 1973 until 1983.
Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes
"Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" is a 2007 comic book DC Comics story arc written by Geoff Johns, illustrated by Gary Frank, which features the character Superman and the return of the pre-"Crisis on Infinite Earths" Legion of Super-Heroes. It ran in Action Comics #858–863 (late December 2007 – May 2008), this arc marked Geoff Johns' debut as a solo writer on Action, having previously written alongside Kurt Busiek and Richard Donner.

This story arc is the second part of DC's three-year reinvention of the Legion, taking place after the JLA/JSA "Lightning Saga" story arc, with the next and final part occurring in Final Crisis: Legion of 3 Worlds.

The Lightning Saga
"The Lightning Saga" is a comic book crossover story arc that took place in DC Comics' two flagship team books: Justice League of America and Justice Society of America. It was written by Brad Meltzer and Geoff Johns, and illustrated by Ed Benes, Dale Eaglesham, and Shane Davis. It is notable for re-introducing the Legion of Super-Heroes in the post-Infinite Crisis era.

This crossover would also be the beginning of DC's three year reinvention of the Legion, with the next part occurring in the Action Comics story "Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes" and culminating in Final Crisis: Legion of Three Worlds.
Särskilda inhämtningsgruppen
Särskilda inhämtningsgruppen, SIG (Special Reconnaissance Group) was one of the two Swedish special operations units and was created in 2007, when it broke out of the Swedish Parachute Ranger School. The exact number of operatives was classified but is thought to have been between 50 and 70, with an average age of 30. SIG was deployed for clandestine surveillance and reconnaissance. The aim was to gather intelligence on activities, certain individuals, or anything of strategic importance. The difference between SIG and more regular ISTAR and reconnaissance units was that missions undertaken by SIG were more dangerous. Missions undertaken by SIG required its operators to covertly infiltrate and move inside hostile territory for long periods without detection.

The SSG and the SIG merged in 2011 as Särskilda operationsgruppen (Special Operations Group, SOG).

Särskilda skyddsgruppen
Särskilda skyddsgruppen (SSG) (Special Protection Group) was a special operations unit of the Swedish military which officially became active in 1994. The exact number of operatives was classified but was thought to be between 60 and 80, with an average age of 31. SSG could have been deployed to achieve specific, well-defined, and often time-critical results of strategic or operational significance which couldn't have been achieved using conventional forces. Typical missions undertaken by SSG were to engage and destroy targets of great significance to the enemy, to rescue people captured by the enemy or held hostage, and to gather intelligence through combat. SSG's missions required its operators to covertly infiltrate and move inside hostile territory and remain undetected for very long periods.
Open music model
The open music model is an economic and technological framework for the recording industry based on research conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It predicts that the playback of prerecorded music will be regarded as a service rather than as individually sold products, and that the only system for the digital distribution of music that will be viable against piracy is a subscription-based system supporting file sharing and free of digital rights management. The research also indicated that US$9 per month for unlimited use would be the market clearing price at that time, but recommended $5 per month as the long-term optimal price.

Since its creation in 2002, a number of its principles have been adopted throughout the recording industry, and it has been cited as the basis for the business model of many music subscription services.

File sharing
File sharing is the practice of distributing or providing access to digital media, such as computer programs, multimedia (audio, images and video), documents or electronic books. Common methods of storage, transmission and dispersion include removable media, centralized servers on computer networks, Internet-based hyperlinked documents, and the use of distributed peer-to-peer networking.

File sharing technologies, such as BitTorrent, are integral to modern media piracy, as well as the sharing of scientific data and other free content.
Barrett MRAD
The Barrett MRAD (Multi-role Adaptive Design) is a bolt-action sniper rifle designed by Barrett to meet the requirements of the SOCOM PSR. The MRAD is based on the Barrett 98B and includes a number of modifications and improvements. The Barrett MRAD was named the 2012 Rifle of the Year by Shooting Illustrated magazine.

Precision Sniper Rifle
The Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) was a program by United States Special Operations Command to replace all bolt-action sniper rifles in use by United States special operations snipers with a single bolt-action rifle chambered for a large caliber Magnum round such as .300 Win Mag and .338 Lapua Magnum. The solicitation was placed on January 15, 2009. The contract was awarded to the Remington Modular Sniper Rifle and was designated the Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifle.
Turkish Airlines
Turkish Airlines (Turkish: Türk Hava Yolları), or legally Türk Hava Yolları Anonim Ortaklığı, is the flag carrier of Turkey. As of June 2024, it operates scheduled services to 352 destinations (including cargo) in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, and the Americas. The airline serves more destinations non-stop from a single airport than any other airline in the world and flies to 131 countries, more than any other airline. With an operational fleet of 24 cargo aircraft, the airline's cargo division Turkish Cargo serves 82 destinations. The airline also owns a low-cost subsidiary, AJet.

The airline's corporate headquarters are on the grounds of Atatürk Airport in Yeşilköy, Bakırköy, Istanbul. The airline's main base is Istanbul Airport in Arnavutköy. It has been a member of the Star Alliance network since 1 April 2008.

AJet
AJet (branded as AnadoluJet until 31 March 2024) is a Turkish low-cost airline operating domestic flights as well as international flights to Northern Cyprus, Europe and Western Asia from its base at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport. It was a subsidiary of Turkish Airlines which previously operated it as a trademark before becoming an independent airline.
Iggy Arroyo
Ignacio Tuason Arroyo Jr. (Tagalog pronunciation: [ɐˈɾɔjɔ]; October 24, 1950 – January 26, 2012), also known as Iggy Arroyo, was a Filipino politician.  He was a member of the Philippine House of Representatives representing the Fifth District of Negros Occidental from 2004 until 2012. He is the brother of former First Gentleman, Jose Miguel Arroyo.

Jose Miguel Arroyo
José Miguel Tuason Arroyo (Tagalog pronunciation: [ɐˈɾɔjɔ]; born June 27, 1946), also known as Mike Arroyo, is a former First Gentleman of the Philippines. A lawyer by profession, he is the husband of former president and house speaker Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He is the first and, to date, only male spouse of a president of the Philippines, Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Ertuğrul
Ertuğrul or Ertuğrul Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: ارطغرل, romanized: Erṭoġrıl; died c. 1280/1281) was a 13th-century uch bey (marcher-lord), who was the father of Osman I. Little is known about Ertuğrul's life. According to Ottoman tradition, he was the son of Suleyman Shah, the leader of the Kayı tribe (a claim which has come under criticism from many historians) of the Oghuz Turks (then known as Turkomans), which fled from western Central Asia to Anatolia to escape the Mongol conquests; but according to contemporary numinastic evidence, he was the son of Gündüz Alp. According to the legend, after the death of his father, Ertuğrul and his followers entered the service of the Sultanate of Rum, for which he was rewarded with dominion over the town of Söğüt on the frontier with the Byzantine Empire. This set off the chain of events that would ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire.

Gündüz Alp
Gündüz Alp was the likely father of Ertuğrul (13th century) and grandfather of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty according to legend. According to some sources, the name of one of the sons of Ertuğrul was also Gündüz Alp, and thus the brother of Osman I. Ottoman histories, written around the 15th century, differ in details about Osman I's ancestry.
Atsugewi
The Atsugewi are Native Americans residing in northeastern California, United States. Their traditional lands are near Mount Shasta, specifically the Pit River drainage on Burney, Hat, and Dixie Valley or Horse Creeks. They are closely related to the Achomawi and consisted of two groups (the Atsugé and the Apwaruge). The Atsugé ("pine-tree people") traditionally are from the Hat Creek area, and the Apwaruge ("juniper-tree people") are from the Dixie Valley. They lived to the south of the Achomawi.

Achomawi
Achomawi (also Achumawi, Ajumawi and Ahjumawi) are the northerly nine (out of eleven) bands of the Pit River tribe of Palaihnihan Native Americans who live in what is now northeastern California in the United States. These 5 autonomous bands (also called "tribelets") of the Pit River Indians historically spoke slightly different dialects of one common language, and the other two bands spoke dialects of a related language, called Atsugewi. The name "Achomawi" means river people and properly applies to the band which historically inhabited the Fall River Valley and the Pit River from the south end of Big Valley Mountains, westerly to Pit River Falls. The nine bands of Achumawi lived on both sides of the Pit River from its origin at Goose Lake to Montgomery Creek, and the two bands of Atsugewi lived south of the Pit River on creeks tributary to it in the Hat Creek valley and Dixie Valley.
Starstruck (play)
Starstruck is a 1980 science fiction comedy play written by Elaine Lee, with contributions from Susan Norfleet Lee and Dale Place. It was performed in New York City in 1980 and 1983, and spawned a graphic novel and comic book mini-series in 1984-85 and audioplays.

Starstruck (comics)
Starstruck is an American science fiction comic book series. It is based on the off-Broadway stage play of the same name written by Elaine Lee, with contributions from Susan Norfleet Lee and Dale Place. An audio drama has also appeared.
6-j symbol
Wigner's 6-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1940 and published in 1965.  They are defined as a sum over products of four Wigner 3-j symbols,

The summation is over all six mi allowed by the selection rules of the 3-j symbols.

They are closely related to the Racah W-coefficients, which are used for recoupling 3 angular momenta, although Wigner 6-j symbols have higher symmetry and therefore provide a more efficient means of storing the recoupling coefficients.  Their relationship is given by:

3-j symbol
In quantum mechanics, the Wigner's 3-j symbols, also called 3-jm symbols, are an alternative to Clebsch–Gordan coefficients for the purpose of adding angular momenta. While the two approaches address exactly the same physical problem, the 3-j symbols do so more symmetrically.
Noire River (rivière du Moulin tributary)
The 'Noire River (in French: rivière Noire) is a tributary of the west bank of the rivière du Moulin whose current flows on the west bank of the Chaudière River; the latter flowing northward to empty on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. It flows in the municipality of Saint-Alfred, in the Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

Rivière du Moulin (Beauceville)
The rivière du Moulin (in English: river of the Mill) is a tributary of the west bank of the Chaudière River which flows northward to empty onto the south bank of the St. Lawrence River. It flows in the municipalities of Saint-Alfred and Beauceville, in the Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.
Deathbird
Deathbird (Cal'syee Neramani) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.  Created by Chris Claremont, Dave Cockrum and Keith Pollard, the character first appeared in Ms. Marvel #9 (September 1977). Cal'syee Neramani is part of a segment of the extraterrestrial Shi'ar race with a mutation that gives her more pronounced bird-like traits than most Shi'ar.

Deathbird was born into the noble family of the Shi'ar empire. She is the banished sister of the Shi'ar empress Lilandra Neramani. Deathbird seeks to overthrow her sister to gain access to the throne. She is a recurring antagonist of the superhero Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel as well as the X-Men.

Shi'ar
The Shi'ar (/ʃiːˈɑːr/ SHEE-ar) are a fictional species of aliens appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Shi'ar empire (or Imperium) is a vast collection of alien species, cultures, and worlds situated close to the Skrull and Kree Empires. The Shi'ar are one of the three main extraterrestrial empires depicted in the Marvel Universe, alongside the Kree and Skrulls.
1995 UEFA Champions League final
The 1995 UEFA Champions League final was an association football match played on 24 May 1995 at the Ernst-Happel-Stadion in Vienna, Austria, to determine the winners of the 1994–95 UEFA Champions League, the 40th season of Europe's premier club competition organised by UEFA. It was contested by Dutch side Ajax and Milan of Italy in a rematch of the 1969 final. Milan were appearing in their third consecutive UEFA Champions League final, as well as aiming to win a sixth European Cup/UEFA Champions League title, which would have tied them with Real Madrid's record. However, after 85 minutes, Ajax striker Patrick Kluivert scored the only goal of the game to give Ajax the title; at the age of 18 years, 327 days, that made him the youngest player to score in a UEFA Champions League final.

1969 European Cup final
The 1969 European Cup final was a football match played at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid on 28 May 1969 between AC Milan of Italy and Ajax of the Netherlands, to determine the champions of the 1968–69 European Cup. Ajax made history by becoming the first Dutch side to reach the final, but they were beaten by their Italian opponents 4–1.

As of 2025, Milan's Pierino Prati remains the most recent player to score a hat-trick in a European Cup or Champions League final.
Rod Michalko
Rod Michalko is a Canadian scholar in the field of disability studies.

Michalko earned his Doctor of Philosophy in sociology from the University of British Columbia. In 2007, he worked at New College, Toronto, where he designed a series of disability studies courses. He has since retired from the University of Toronto.

Michalko began losing his vision as a child and is now blind. Until 2001, Michalko was aided by his guide dog, Smokie, which he has written about in The Two-in-One (1999) and Letters with Smokie (2023). Since Smokie's death, Michalko has used a white cane.

Michalko is the partner of fellow academic Tanya Titchkosky.

Tanya Titchkosky
Tanya Titchkosky  (born 1966) is a disability studies scholar. As of January 2025, she is a professor of disability studies at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

Titchkosky earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Augustana University College (1988), a Master of Arts in sociology from York University (1992), and a Doctor of Philosophy from York University (1997).

Titchkosky is dyslexic.
Brazilian cruzeiro (1967–1986)
The cruzeiro, initially denominated cruzeiro novo (lit. 'new cruzeiro'), was the currency of Brazil between 1967 and 1986. It is the second of the 3 historical Brazilian currencies called "cruzeiro".

It was introduced as cruzeiro novo, with symbol NCr$, and remained with that denomination between 1967 and 1970 in the transition from the previous standard banknotes issued by American Bank Note Company and Thomas de la Rue to the new banknotes and coins issued mainly by Casa da Moeda do Brasil. It was introduced due to inflation and financial instability in the country, and had a conversion rate of 1 cruzeiro novo = 1000 "old" cruzeiros.

After the transition period for the Casa da Moeda do Brasil to be able to manufacture the new banknotes, the currency was renamed simply cruzeiro, with symbol Cr$.

The cruzeiro remained as the official currency until 1986, when the it was replaced by the cruzado, at a rate of 1 cruzado = 1000 cruzeiros.

Brazilian cruzado
The cruzado was the currency of Brazil from 1986 to 1989. It replaced the second cruzeiro (at first called the "cruzeiro novo") in 1986, at a rate of 1 cruzado = 1000 cruzeiros (novos) and was replaced in 1989 by the cruzado novo at a rate of 1000 cruzados = 1 cruzado novo.

This currency was subdivided in 100 centavos and it had the symbol  and the ISO 4217 code BRC.
Sacred Cod Trophy
The Sacred Cod Trophy was awarded to each season's winner of the American college football series between the teams of Boston University (Boston University Terriers), Boston College (Boston College Eagles), and College of the Holy Cross (Holy Cross Crusaders).

The Boston University-Boston College game was normally played in early to mid November, the Boston University-Holy Cross game normally played in mid October, and the Boston College–Holy Cross game played as the last game of the season.

At the end of the series, the Boston College Eagles holds the most trophy victories with 3, the Holy Cross Crusaders have won 2, and the teams have shared the trophy on 3 occasions.

Boston College–Holy Cross football rivalry
The Boston College–Holy Cross football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Boston College Eagles and Holy Cross Crusaders.

Though the rivalry has been largely dormant since the 1980s, it was once contested annually as a season-ending game that "determined the best team in New England", as one player recalled. As of 2018, even after not playing each other for more than 30 years, each school was still the other's all-time most-played football opponent. The two teams have met 84 times; Boston College leads the series 50–31–3.

In 2012, Wally Carew wrote a book about the rivalry, "A Farewell to Glory: The Rise and Fall of an Epic Football Rivalry".
Auditing (Scientology)
Auditing, also called processing, is a central practice in Scientology in which a trained "auditor" asks structured questions intended to help the participant, or "preclear", identify and address past experiences and emotional difficulties. The process typically involves the use of an E-meter, a device that measures changes in electrical resistance in the body and is presented by the Church of Scientology as a spiritual tool. Scientology teaches that auditing increases self-awareness and spiritual ability, and is the primary means of progressing along the movement's Bridge to Total Freedom. Scholars and critics have described auditing as a form of psychological conditioning and have raised serious concerns about its methods and claims. Auditing has also drawn legal and regulatory scrutiny with regard to the E-meter and Scientology's therapeutic assertions.

E-meter
The E-Meter (also electropsychometer and Hubbard Electrometer) is an electronic device used in Scientology that allegedly "registers emotional reactions". After claims by L. Ron Hubbard that the procedures of auditing, which used the E-Meter, could help heal diseases, the E-Meter became the subject of litigation. Since then, the Church of Scientology publishes disclaimers declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", is incapable of improving health, and is used solely for spiritual purposes.
2019 Minnesota Senate district 11 special election
A special election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on February 5, 2019, to elect a new senator for District 11 in the Minnesota Senate, caused by the resignation of Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL) Senator Tony Lourey effective on January 3, 2019, to be appointed as commissioner of human services in Governor Tim Walz's cabinet. A primary election was held on January 22, 2019, to nominate a DFL candidate. Jason Rarick, the Republican nominee, won the special election. Rarick's win caused a special election for the seat he held in the Minnesota House of Representatives.

2019 Minnesota House of Representatives district 11B special election
A special election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on March 19, 2019, to elect a new member for District 11B in the Minnesota House of Representatives, caused by the resignation of Republican Jason Rarick effective on February 12, 2019, after winning a special election to the Minnesota Senate. A primary election was held on March 5, 2019, to nominate a Republican candidate. Nathan Nelson, the Republican nominee, won the special election.