hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Modus ponens
In propositional logic, modus ponens (/ˈmoʊdəs ˈpoʊnɛnz/; MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens (from Latin 'mode that by affirming affirms'), implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. It can be summarized as "P implies Q. P is true. Therefore, Q must also be true."

Modus ponens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism and is closely related to another valid form of argument, modus tollens. Both have apparently similar but invalid forms: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent. Constructive dilemma is the disjunctive version of modus ponens.

The history of modus ponens goes back to antiquity. The first to explicitly describe the argument form modus ponens was Theophrastus. It, along with modus tollens, is one of the standard patterns of inference that can be applied to derive chains of conclusions that lead to the desired goal.

Modus tollens
In propositional logic, modus tollens (/ˈmoʊdəs ˈtɒlɛnz/) (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism that takes the form of "If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P." It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contrapositive. The form shows that inference from P implies Q to the negation of Q implies the negation of P is a valid argument.

The history of the inference rule modus tollens goes back to antiquity. The first to explicitly describe the argument form modus tollens was Theophrastus.

Modus tollens is closely related to modus ponens. There are two similar, but invalid, forms of argument: affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.  See also contraposition and proof by contrapositive.
Switch Metrodecker
The Switch Metrodecker (formerly known as the Optare MetroDecker) is an integral twin-axle double-decker bus produced by British bus manufacturer Switch Mobility since 2014. The bus bears resemblance to the Switch Metrocity, sharing similar interior and exterior features. The MetroDecker was designed as the successor to the Optare Olympus and Optare OmniDekka double-deckers, which were both discontinued in 2011, however unlike these, the MetroDecker is only available in integral form.

Switch Mobility, then known as Optare, initially aimed to have MetroDeckers in service in London by the end of 2014 and sales of over 100 MetroDeckers within eighteen months of launch; this did not occur, with no orders placed until June 2018.

Switch Metrocity
The Switch Metrocity (formerly known as the Optare MetroCity) is an integral midibus manufactured by Switch Mobility since 2013. Originally aimed at the London market, the Metrocity is based on the Optare Versa which was introduced in 2009. In the UK market, longer variants of the Metrocity have replaced the Optare Tempo SR. As at August 2018, over 250 had been built.
Jihan Wu
Jihan Wu (Chinese: 吳忌寒; born 1986) is a Chinese-born Singaporean billionaire cryptocurrency entrepreneur. Together with Micree Zhan, he co-founded Bitmain in 2013, which has become the world's largest computer chip company for bitcoin mining, with US$2.5 billion in revenue in 2017. He is a leading supporter of Bitcoin Cash, a hard fork of bitcoin created in 2017 with increased transaction capacity. He topped Forbes' 2020 World's Billionaires List as one of the five youngest billionaires in Asia. He is the owner of Le Freeport.

Micree Zhan
Micree Zhan or Zhan Ketuan (Chinese: 詹克团; born 29 January 1979) is a Chinese electronics engineer and businessman. He is the co-founder and CEO  (with Wu Jihan) of Bitmain, the world's largest computer chip company for cryptocurrency mining. In 2018, the Hurun Report named him the richest cryptocurrency billionaire in the world. In 2019, Bloomberg ranked Zhan as the world's 9th richest self-made billionaire aged 40 or younger, with a net worth of US$5.2 billion.
Guardafui Channel
The Guardafui Channel (Arabic: مضيق غواردافوي, Somali: Marinka Gardafuul) is an oceanic strait off the tip of the Horn of Africa that lies between the Puntland region of Somalia and the Socotra governorate of Yemen to the west of the Arabian Sea. It connects the Gulf of Aden to the north with the Indian Ocean to the south. Its namesake is Cape Guardafui, the very tip of the Horn of Africa.

Cape Guardafui
Cape Guardafui (Somali: Raas Caseyr, Arabic: راس عسير) is a headland in Somalia, in the federal state of Puntland. It forms the geographical apex of the Horn of Africa. Its shore at 51°27'52"E is the second easternmost point on mainland Africa after Ras Hafun. It is named after the offshore oceanic strait of the Guardafui Channel.
Baloo
Baloo (from Hindi: भालू bhālū "bear") is a main fictional character featured in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book from 1894 and The Second Jungle Book from 1895. A sloth bear, he is the strict teacher of the cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack. His most challenging pupil is the "man-cub" Mowgli. He and Bagheera, the panther, save Mowgli from Shere Khan, the tiger, and endeavour to teach Mowgli the Law of the Jungle in many of The Jungle Book stories.

Bagheera
Bagheera  (Hindi: बघीरा / Baghīrā) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in The Jungle Book (coll. 1894) and The Second Jungle Book (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the "man-cub" Mowgli. The word bagheera is Hindi for panther or leopard, although the root word bagh means any form of panthera and is nowadays mostly used to refer to the Royal Bengal tiger.
Paltel Group
Palestine Telecommunications (Paltel) Company (Arabic: شركة الاتصالات الفلسطينية), listed in the Palestine Exchange (PEX) as Paltel, is a Palestinian telecommunications holding company based in Ramallah, Palestine. It consists of Palestine Telecommunications (Paltel), Palestine Cellular Communications Ltd (known as Jawwal), internet provider Hadara, Reach call center, and Palmedia broadcast media.

Founded in 1995, today Paltel stands as one of the largest employers in Palestine. It is one of the largest telecommunication companies of the territory alongside Ooredoo Palestine and Jawwal, which is a subsidiary of Paltel itself. The company have more than 3,000 employees in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Paltel's net earnings have grown from $12.1 million in 2000 to $120 million in 2014.

Jawwal
Palestine Cellular Communications Company (Arabic: شركة الاتصالات الخلوية الفلسطينية), trading as Jawwal (Arabic: جوال), is a Palestinian communications company providing cellular and wireless communications. Jawwal operates in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as part of Paltel Group.
Liang Yusheng
Chen Wentong (5 April 1924 – 22 January 2009), better known by his pen name Liang Yusheng, was a Chinese-born Australian novelist best known for being a pioneer of the "new school" of the wuxia genre in the 20th century. Along with Jin Yong and Gu Long, he was one of the best known wuxia writers in the later half of the 20th century. Throughout his career, he published a total of 35 wuxia novels. The more notable ones include Baifa Monü Zhuan, Yunhai Yugong Yuan, Qijian Xia Tianshan and Pingzong Xiaying Lu. Some of them have been adapted into films and television series, including The Bride with White Hair (1993) and Seven Swords (2005).

Jin Yong
Louis Cha Leung-yung GBM OBE (Chinese: 查良鏞; 10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong (Chinese: 金庸), was a  Chinese-language wuxia novelist and co-founder of Ming Pao. Cha authored 15 novels between 1955 and 1972 and became one of the most popular Chinese writers of all time, with over 100 million copies sold globally—excluding widespread pirated editions. Cha's novels, which have been adapted into numerous TV dramas, films, and video games, are esteemed for their literary quality and universal appeal, resonating with both scholarly and popular audiences.
Albanian Volleyball Supercup (women)
The Albanian Volleyball Supercup (Women) is a competition featuring female professional volleyball clubs from Albania and consists in a single match between League and Cup winners of the season. It was founded in 1954 from the Albanian Federation of Volleyball. The team with the most trophies is KV Tirana with 1 cup*.

Albanian Volleyball Cup (women)
The Albanian Volleyball Cup (Women) is a competition featuring female professional volleyball clubs from Albania and the second important event after Albanian Volleyball League. It was founded in 1954 from the Albanian Federation of Volleyball. The team with the most trophies is KS Dinamo with 21 cups.
Thomas Cresap
Colonel Thomas Cresap (c.1702 – c.1790) was an English-born settler and trader in the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. Cresap served Lord Baltimore as an agent in the Maryland–Pennsylvania boundary dispute that became known as Cresap's War. Later, together with the Native American chief Nemacolin, Cresap improved a Native American path to the Ohio Valley, and ultimately settled and became a large landowner near Cumberland, Maryland, where he was involved in further disputes near Brownsville, Pennsylvania, including in the French and Indian War and Lord Dunmore's War.

Cresap's War
Cresap's War (also known as the Conojocular War, from the Conejohela Valley where it was mainly located along the south bank) was a border conflict between Pennsylvania and Maryland fought in the 1730s.  Hostilities erupted in 1730 with a series of violent incidents prompted by disputes over property rights and law enforcement. The conflict escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737.  The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a ceasefire.  A final settlement was not achieved until 1767 when the Mason–Dixon line was recognized as the permanent boundary between the two colonies.
Icosidodecahedron
In geometry, an icosidodecahedron or pentagonal gyrobirotunda is a polyhedron with twenty (icosi-) triangular faces and twelve (dodeca-) pentagonal faces. An icosidodecahedron has 30 identical vertices, with two triangles and two pentagons meeting at each, and 60 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a pentagon. As such, it is one of the Archimedean solids and more particularly, a quasiregular polyhedron.

Archimedean solid
The Archimedean solids are a set of thirteen convex polyhedra whose faces are regular polygons and are vertex-transitive, although they are not face-transitive. The solids were named after Archimedes, although he did not claim credit for them. They belong to the class of uniform polyhedra, the polyhedra with regular faces and symmetric vertices. Some Archimedean solids were portrayed in the works of artists and mathematicians during the Renaissance.

The elongated square gyrobicupola or pseudo­rhombi­cub­octa­hedron is an extra polyhedron with regular faces and congruent vertices. Still, it is not generally counted as an Archimedean solid because it is not vertex-transitive.
651 series
The 651 series (651系) was an AC/DC dual-voltage electric multiple unit (EMU) type operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan between March 1989 and October 2023.

Trains originally operated as 7+4-car formations on Super Hitachi limited express services between Ueno in Tokyo and Sendai via the Jōban Line, but were withdrawn from regular scheduled services from the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013. The majority of the fleet was subsequently modified to become the 651-1000 series, and re-employed on Akagi and Kusatsu limited express services from March 2014.

Akagi (train)
The Akagi (あかぎ) is a limited express train service in Japan operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It runs between Tokyo (Ueno or Shinjuku stations) and Maebashi in Gunma Prefecture. Some trains run to or from Takasaki or Honjō.
Utah State Route 198
State Route 198 is a highway completely within Utah County in northern Utah that connects Santaquin to Spanish Fork via Payson and Salem. The route runs 16 miles (26 km). The entire length of the route is an old routing of US-6 and US-50; a portion of the route was also US-91. These routes were re-aligned or truncated after the Interstate Highway System was constructed through this part of Utah.

U.S. Route 6 in Utah
U.S. Route 6 (US-6) is an east–west United States Numbered Highway through the central part of the U.S. state of Utah. Although it is only about 40 miles (64 km) longer than US-50, it serves more populated areas and, in fact, follows what had been US-50's routing until it was moved to follow Interstate 70 (I-70) in 1976. In 2009, the Utah State Legislature named part of the route the "Mike Dmitrich Highway", named after the Utah state senator, which generated controversy, as the state of Utah had previously joined with all the other states through which US-6 passes in naming all of US-6 the Grand Army of the Republic Highway.
Pi Kappa Sigma
Pi Kappa Sigma (ΠΚΣ or Pi Kap) was an American national collegiate sorority. Established in 1894 at the  Michigan State Normal School, it was the first pedagogical sorority. The sorority was a member of the Association of Education Sororities and the National Panhellenic Conference. Pi Kappa Sigma was absorbed by Sigma Kappa in 1959.

Sigma Kappa
Sigma Kappa (ΣΚ, also known as SK or Sig Kap) is a North American college sorority. It was founded in 1874 at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. The sorority has initiated 226,000 members, has 119 collegiate chapters, and has over 98 alumnae chapters. The sorority is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference (NPC).
WASP-121b
WASP-121b, formally named Tylos, is an exoplanet orbiting the star WASP-121. WASP-121b is the first exoplanet found with an extrasolar planetary stratosphere (an atmospheric layer in which temperatures increase as the altitude increases) and the first that contains water. WASP-121b is in the constellation Puppis, and is about 858 light-years from Earth.

WASP-121
WASP-121, also known as CD-38 3220 and formally named Dilmun, is a magnitude 10.4 star located approximately 858 light-years (263 parsecs) away in the constellation Puppis. WASP-121 has a mass and radius similar to the Sun's. It hosts one known exoplanet. Due to the star's strongly titled rotational axis with a stellar inclination angle of 8.1°, the planet's orbit is almost polar.

The star, although metal-rich in terms of overall contents of heavy elements, is depleted of carbon. The carbon to oxygen molar ratio of 0.23±0.05 for WASP-121 is well below the solar ratio of 0.55.
Yashoda
Yashoda (Sanskrit: यशोदा, IAST: Yaśodā) is the foster-mother of Krishna and the wife of Nanda. She is described in the Puranic texts of Hinduism as the wife of Nanda, the chieftain of Gokul, and the sister of Rohini. According to the Bhagavata Purana, Krishna was born to Devaki, but Krishna's father, Vasudeva, brought the newborn Krishna to his cousin Nanda, and his wife, Yashoda, in Gokulam. This was for his upbringing, as well as to protect Krishna from Devaki's brother, Kamsa, the tyrannical king of Mathura.

Nandagopa
Nanda or Nandagopa (Sanskrit: नन्द, IAST: Nanda) is a cow-herd chief in Hindu mythology, who is the foster-father of Krishna. He is featured in the Hindu texts Harivaṃśa and the Puranas. Nanda is the son of Parjanya, a ruler of the Braj region, who is a son of Devamidha. According to sources He was Cowherd and the chief of Gokulam which was one of the powerful mandals of the Yadavas.

According to sources Vasudeva and Nanda were Brothers, while there are also sources which state the two being step-brothers and good friends. Vasudeva takes his newborn son, Krishna, to Nanda on the night of the child's birth, so that Nanda could raise him and to protect new born Krishna from his maternal uncle Kamsa. The chief, who is married to Yashoda, brings up both Krishna, and his brother, Balarama. Krishna derives his epithet Nandanandana (son of Nanda) from him.
/e/ (operating system)
/e/ (also known as /e/ OS and /e/OS, formerly Eelo) is a fork of LineageOS, an Android-based mobile operating system, and associated online services. /e/ is presented as privacy software that does not contain proprietary Google apps or services, and challenges the public to "find any parts of the system or default applications that are still leaking data to Google".

LineageOS
LineageOS is an open source Android (AOSP)-based operating system for smartphones, tablets, and set-top boxes. It is community-developed and serves as the successor to CyanogenMod, from which it was forked in December 2016. As of 2025, there are about 4.5 million devices running LineageOS.
Sumampattus quinqueradiatus
Sumampattus quinqueradiatus is a species of jumping spider of the genus Sumampattus. It is found in Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina.

The species name meaning "five-banded" refers to the five white bands seen from the front in the female.

Sumampattus
Sumampattus is a genus of South American jumping spiders that was first described by María Elena Galiano in 1983.

The name is a combination of Sumampa, a Department of Argentina, and the common ending for salticid genera -attus.

As of August 2025 it contains four described species:

S. hudsoni Galiano, 1996 - Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina

S. pantherinus (Mello-Leitão, 1942) - Argentina

S. quinqueradiatus (Taczanowski, 1878) - Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina

Sumampattus verae Marta, Figueiredo & Rodrigues, 2023 - Brazil
2022–23 Slovenian Football Cup
The 2022–23 Slovenian Football Cup was the 32nd edition of the football knockout competition in Slovenia. The tournament began in August 2022 and ended on 6 May 2023 with the final. This was the first edition of the cup tournament in a new format, where a total of 120 teams participated in the first round.

Koper were the defending champions after winning their fourth cup title the previous season. Olimpija Ljubljana won the cup after defeating their rivals Maribor 2–1 after extra time in the final.

The winners should have qualified for the second qualifying round of the 2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League. However, as Olimpija already qualified for the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League through the domestic league, the place was given to Celje, the second-placed team of the 2022–23 Slovenian PrvaLiga.

2022–23 Slovenian PrvaLiga
The 2022–23 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the 32nd edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991. The season began on 15 July 2022 and ended on 20 May 2023. Olimpija Ljubljana won the league after beating Maribor 2–0 in the 31st round, clinching their third league title with five rounds to go. As champions, they qualified for the first qualifying round of the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League.

Maribor were the defending champions after winning their sixteenth title in the previous season.
Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations
This article is a chronological listing of allegations of meetings between members of al-Qaeda and members of Saddam Hussein's government, as well as other information relevant to conspiracy theories involving Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.

Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations
The Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were based on false claims by the United States federal government alleging that a secretive relationship existed between Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda between 1992 and 2003. US president George W. Bush used it as a main reason for invading Iraq in 2003.

The conspiracy theory dates after the Gulf War in 1991, when Iraqi Intelligence Service officers met al-Qaeda members in 1992. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the conspiracy theory gained worldwide attention. The consensus of intelligence experts, backed up by reports from the 9/11 Commission, United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and declassified United States Department of Defense reports, was that these contacts never led to a relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda. Critics of Bush have said that he was intentionally building a case for war with Iraq with no regard for factual evidence.
Eugen Fischer
Eugen Fischer (5 June 1874 – 9 July 1967) was a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, and also served as rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin.

Fischer's ideas informed the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 which served to justify the Nazi Party's belief in German racial superiority to other "races", and especially the Jews. Adolf Hitler read Fischer's work while he was imprisoned in 1923 and he used Fischer's eugenic notions to support his vision of a pure Aryan society in his manifesto Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

After the war, Fischer completed his memoirs. It is believed that in them he lessened his role in the genocidal programme of Nazi Germany. He died in 1967.

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was a research institute founded in 1927 in Berlin, Germany. The Rockefeller Foundation partially funded the actual building of the Institute and helped keep the Institute afloat during the Great Depression.
Low-power wide-area network
A low-power, wide-area network (LPWAN or LPWA network) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range communication at a low bit rate between IoT devices, such as sensors operated on a battery.

Low power, low bit rate, and intended use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LPWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.

A LPWAN may be used to create a private wireless sensor network, but may also be a service or infrastructure offered by a third party, allowing the owners of sensors to deploy them in the field without investing in gateway technology.

Wide area network
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

Businesses, as well as schools and government entities, use wide area networks to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers and suppliers from various locations around the world. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily functions regardless of location. The Internet may be considered a WAN. Many WANs are, however, built for one particular organization and are private. WANs can be separated from local area networks (LANs) in that the latter refers to physically proximal networks.