hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Salar Jung Museum
17°22′17″N 78°28′49″E﻿ / ﻿17.371426°N 78.480347°E﻿ / 17.371426; 78.480347

The Salar Jung Museum is an art museum located at Dar-ul-Shifa, on the southern bank of the Musi River in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is one of the notable National Museums of India. Originally a private art collection of the Salar Jung family, it was endowed to the nation after the death of Salar Jung III. It was inaugurated on 16 December 1951.

It has a collection of sculptures, paintings, carvings, textiles, manuscripts, ceramics, metallic artefacts, carpets, clocks, and furniture from Japan, China, Burma, Nepal, India, Persia, Egypt, Europe, and North America.

Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III
Nawab Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III (1889–1949), commonly known as Salar Jung III, was a nobleman and art collector from Hyderabad Deccan (Hyderabad State). He served as Prime Minister of Hyderabad Deccan during the reign of the seventh Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan. In 1912, at the age of twenty-three, Salar Jung III succeeded Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad as Prime Minister and served for two and a half years. He held the fourth-most senior  position among the Hyderabad Deccan nobility, below three members of the Paigah family.

His extensive art collection is now held in Hyderabad's Salar Jung Museum.
Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa)
The Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa) (Medalje vir Langdurige Diens en Goeie Gedrag) is a distinctive South African version of the British Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military). It was awarded to members of the Permanent Force of the Union of South Africa who had completed eighteen years of reckonable service.

The British Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military) replaced the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, while the South African and other territorial versions of the new medal replaced the Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal which had been instituted in 1910 for award to other ranks of the Permanent Forces of the Dominions and Colonies of the British Empire.

Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal
The Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal is a long service and good conduct medal, instituted for award to other ranks of the Permanent Forces of the Dominions and Colonies of the British Empire. The medal, also known as the Permanent Overseas Forces Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, was established in 1910 as a single common award to supersede the several local versions of the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal which were being awarded by the various territories.

Along with the Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal, the Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal was, in turn, superseded in 1930 by the Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military), which once again had various territorial versions.
Baikalfinansgrup
Baikalfinansgrup (Russian: Байкалфинансгруп) is a Russian limited liability company owned by Rosneft Oil Company.  It is best known as the company that won the December 19, 2004 auction for a 76.79% share in Yuganskneftegaz, formerly the core production subsidiary of Yukos Oil Company.  Baikalfinansgrup won the auction with a bid of 261 billion rubles (US$9.3 bn), which was somewhere between 37% and 49% of Yuganskneftegaz’ market value at the time, according to an appraisal made by Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein and JPMorgan Chase & Co.

Yuganskneftegaz
Yuganskneftegaz (Russian: Юганскнефтегаз) is a wholly integrated subsidiary of Rosneft that owns and operates the second largest oil production complex in Russia. It was formerly the most important production subsidiary of Yukos, but was expropriated by the Russian government and given to Rosneft, a state-owned company.
Localization of an ∞-category
In mathematics, specifically in higher category theory, a localization of an ∞-category is an ∞-category obtained by inverting some maps.

An ∞-category is a presentable ∞-category if it is a localization of an ∞-presheaf category in the sense of Bousfield, by definition or as a result of Simpson.

Quasi-category
In mathematics, more specifically category theory, a quasi-category (also called quasicategory, weak Kan complex,  inner Kan complex, infinity category, ∞-category, Boardman complex, quategory) is  a generalization of the notion of a category. The study of such generalizations is known as higher category theory.
Yelü Zhilugu
Yelü Zhilugu (simplified Chinese: 耶律直鲁古; traditional Chinese: 耶律直魯古; pinyin: Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ) was the third emperor of the Western Liao dynasty, ruling from 1177 to 1211. He was the final ruler of the Western Liao to come from the House of Yelü, as the throne would be usurped by his son-in-law Kuchlug in 1211.

Kuchlug
Kuchlug (also spelled Küchlüg, Küçlüg, Güčülüg, Quqluq) (Mongolian: Хүчлүг; Chinese: 屈出律; d. 1218) was a member of the Naiman tribe who became the last emperor of the Western Liao dynasty (Qara Khitai). The Naimans were defeated by Genghis Khan and he fled westward to the Qara Khitai, where he became an advisor to his future father-in-law Yelü Zhilugu. He later rebelled, usurped the throne and took control of the empire, putting an end to the rule of the House of Yelü. He was killed in 1218 by the Mongols and the domain of the Qara Khitai was absorbed into the Mongol Empire.

While his predecessor Yelü Zhilugu was the last Qara Khitai emperor from the Yelü clan, Kuchlug is sometimes regarded as the final ruler of the Western Liao realm as he retained the dynastic title of "Great Liao" upon his ascension to the throne.
Order from Chaos
Order from Chaos was an extreme metal band formed in 1987 in Kansas City, Missouri, by Pete Helmkamp, Chuck Keller and Mike Miller. They are recognised as being an extremely influential group in the early U.S. black metal scene, and served as a launching pad for its band members that went on to form such groups as Angelcorpse, Ares Kingdom, Revenge, Vulpecula, and Kerasphorus.

Angelcorpse
Angelcorpse was a blackened death metal band formed after the demise of Pete Helmkamp's previous band, Order from Chaos. Originally from Kansas City, Missouri, they relocated to Tampa, Florida.

Metal Injection described the band's style of death metal as "blindingly fast". Some journalists consider Angelcorpse to be an overlooked band in the history of extreme metal. In 2025, Vice wrote: "Angelcorpse wrote some of the best thrashy, unholy death metal to ever be unleashed from the Everglades. The band’s debut album, Hammer of Gods is a must-listen, as is their second full-length, Exterminate."
Paul Bryant Bridge
The Paul Bryant Bridge is a four-lane, 150-foot-tall (46 m), $28 million bridge spanning the Black Warrior River along Alabama State Route 297 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Construction of the 3,785-foot-long (1,154 m), twin-span bridge commenced in March 2000. Originally slated to open in December 2003, construction delays resulted in its opening on April 23, 2004.

Serving as the fourth crossing of the Black Warrior River in Tuscaloosa County, this was the first phase of the larger Warrior Loop project slated for completion by 2012. Constructed by the R.R. Dawson Bridge Company, during the course of its construction, two workers died while on the job in October 2001 and again in April 2003.

In January 2003, then Governor Don Siegleman ordered state transportation director Paul Bowlin to name the bridge in honor of long-time University of Alabama head football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant.

Alabama State Route 297
State Route 297 (SR 297) is a short state highway that is just over 1 mile (1.6 km) long highway serving as the fourth Black Warrior River crossing in Tuscaloosa. It acts as a connector between Jack Warner Parkway and Rice Mine Road.
Lewes F.C.
Lewes Football Club is a semi-professional football club based in Lewes, East Sussex, England. Established in 1885, they were founder members of the East Sussex League in 1896 and the Sussex County League in 1920, before moving up to the Athenian League in 1965 and then the Isthmian League in the 1977. After being founder members of the Conference South in 2004, they were promoted to the Conference National, the fifth tier of English football, in 2007. However, they were relegated back to the Conference South after a single season, and were later relegated to the Isthmian League in 2011.

The club have played at the Dripping Pan since their foundation. The men's first team are currently members of the Isthmian League Premier Division, while the women's team play in the FA Women's National League South.

Lewes F.C. Women
Lewes Football Club Women is a women's football club affiliated with Lewes F.C. The club compete in the FA Women's National League South and play at The Dripping Pan. The team's highest ever league finish was 5th place in the second-tier FA Women's Championship in 2020–21.
Category of measurable spaces
In mathematics, the category of measurable spaces, often denoted Meas, is the category whose objects are measurable spaces and whose morphisms are measurable maps.
This is a category because the composition of two measurable maps is again measurable, and the identity function is measurable.

N.B. Some authors reserve the name Meas for categories whose objects are measure spaces, and denote the category of measurable spaces as Mble, or other notations. Some authors also restrict the category only to particular well-behaved measurable spaces, such as standard Borel spaces.

Measurable space
In mathematics, a measurable space or Borel space is a basic object in measure theory. It consists of a set and a σ-algebra, which defines the subsets that will be measured.

It captures and generalises intuitive notions such as length, area, and volume with a set  of 'points' in the space, but regions of the space are the elements of the σ-algebra, since the intuitive measures are not usually defined for points. The algebra also captures the relationships that might be expected of regions: that a region can be defined as an intersection of other regions, a union of other regions, or the space with the exception of another region.
Chief Justice of South Africa
The chief justice of South Africa is the most senior judge of the Constitutional Court and head of the judiciary of South Africa, who exercises final authority over the functioning and management of all the courts.

The position of chief justice was created upon the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, with the chief justice of the Cape Colony, Sir (John) Henry de Villiers (later created The 1st Baron de Villiers), being appointed the first chief justice of the newly created Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa.

Until 1961, the chief justice held a dormant commission as Officer Administering the Government, meaning that if the governor-general died or was incapacitated the chief justice would exercise the powers and duties of the governor-general. This commission was invoked in 1943 under Nicolaas Jacobus de Wet, and in 1959 and 1961 under Lucas Cornelius Steyn.

John de Villiers, 1st Baron de Villiers
John Henry de Villiers, 1st Baron de Villiers, KCMG, PC (15 June 1842 – 2 September 1914) was a Cape lawyer and judge. He was Attorney-General in the Molteno Government, Chief Justice for the Cape Colony, and later the first Chief Justice for the Union of South Africa. As the country's most senior judge for 40 of its formative years, De Villiers is often considered the most influential judge in South African history.
Irwin Magnetic Systems
Irwin Magnetic Systems, Inc., also known as Irwin Magnetics, was a computer storage manufacturer active from 1979 to 1989 and based in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was founded by Samuel Irwin in 1979 as Irwin International, Inc. The company's primary export was magnetic tape data storage and backup systems for personal computers. Irwin was one of the first companies to manufacture quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) systems for the personal computer market. In 1989, the company was acquired by Cipher Data Products.

Cipher Data Products
Cipher Data Products, Inc., was an American computer company based in San Diego, California, and active from 1968 to 1992. The company was once a leading manufacturer of magnetic-tape data drives and media for minicomputers, becoming a pioneer in tape streamer technology in the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, they also briefly manufactured WORM optical discs, through a joint venture with 3M. In 1990, they were acquired by Archive Corporation for $120 million.
Arcadium Lithium
Arcadium Lithium plc was a specialty chemicals manufacturing company focused on lithium production. It was formed in January 2024 from the merger of Livent, an American special chemicals company, and Allkem, an Australian lithium mining company. The new company, Arcadium Lithium, became the world's third-largest lithium producer. It was cross-listed in both the New York Stock Exchange and the Australian Securities Exchange. In 2025, Rio Tinto completed its purchase of Arcadium Lithium for $6.7 billion, turning it into its lithium unit, Rio Tinto Lithium.

Allkem
Allkem Limited, known as Orocobre Limited until 30 November 2021, is an Australian mining company. Allkem's portfolio includes lithium brine operations in Argentina, a hard-rock lithium operation in Australia and a lithium hydroxide conversion facility in Japan. Allkem was cross-listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. In May 2023, Allkem agreed terms to merge with Livent. In January 2024, Allkem and Livent merged to form Arcadium Lithium.
Revelation Space series
The Revelation Space series is a book series created by Alastair Reynolds. The fictional universe is used as the setting for a number of his novels and stories. Its fictional history follows the human species through various conflicts from the relatively near future (roughly 2200) to approximately 40,000 AD (all the novels to date are set between 2427 and 2858, although certain stories extend beyond this period). It takes its name from Revelation Space (2000), which was the first published novel set in the universe.

Revelation Space
Revelation Space is a 2000 science fiction novel by Welsh author Alastair Reynolds. It was the first novel by him. The novel reflects Reynolds's professional background: he has a PhD in astronomy and worked for many years for the European Space Agency. It was short listed for the  2000 BSFA and Arthur C. Clarke Awards.
Saudi Second Division League
The Saudi Second Division League (SDL) is a professional association football league in Saudi Arabia and serves as the third tier of the Saudi football league system. The league consists of 32 teams divided into two groups and ranks directly below the Saudi First Division League.

Saudi First Division League
The Saudi First Division League (FDL), also known as the Yelo League for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in Saudi Arabia and serves as the second tier of the Saudi football league system. It ranks directly below the Saudi Pro League and above the Saudi Second Division League.
Eilidh McIntyre
Eilidh Jane McIntyre (born 4 June 1994) is a British former sailor, who won the gold medal alongside Hannah Mills in the 470 event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. She won the 2019 470 World Championships, and came second at the 2017 470 World Championships. She finished third at the 2015 470 European Championships, and second at the 2019 and 2021 events, as well as having won multiple Sailing World Cup medals. In 2022, McIntyre was awarded an MBE for services to yachting.

Hannah Mills
Hannah Louise Mills (born 29 February 1988) is a British competitive sailor and two-time world champion in the 470 class, having won in 2012 and 2019. Mills won a silver medal for Team GB with her crew Saskia Clark in the 2012 Olympics, she followed this up with a gold in the same event at both the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro and, partnered by Eilidh McIntyre, the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo.

Mills is currently the on-board strategist for the Emirates Great Britain SailGP Team competing in the SailGP worldwide competition. In 2022, Mills and Ben Ainslie launched Athena Pathway, a programme to help fast-track development for female and youth sailors. The Athena Pathway team competed in the first ever Women's America's Cup, helmed by Mills.
Trade bloc
A trade bloc  is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.

Trade blocs can be stand-alone agreements between several states (such as the USMCA) or part of a regional organization (such as the European Union). Depending on the level of economic integration, trade blocs can be classified as preferential trading areas, free-trade areas, customs unions, common markets, or economic and monetary unions.

Customs union
A customs union is generally defined as a type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.

Customs unions are established through trade pacts where the participant countries set up common external trade policy (in some cases they use different import quotas). Common competition policy is also helpful to avoid competition deficiency.

Reasons for establishing a customs union normally include increasing economic efficiency and establishing closer political and cultural ties between the member countries. It is the third stage of economic integration. Every economic union, customs and monetary union and economic and monetary union includes a customs union.
Maria Antonia of Austria
Maria Antonia of Austria (Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella; 18 January 1669 – 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. She was the eldest daughter and only surviving child of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain. She was the heiress to the Spanish throne after her maternal uncle Charles II of Spain from 1673 until her death.

Charles II of Spain
Charles II (6 November 1661 – 1 November 1700) was the king of Spain from 1665 to 1700. The last monarch from the House of Habsburg that had ruled Spain since 1516, his death without children resulted in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession.

For reasons still debated, Charles experienced lengthy periods of ill health throughout his life. This made the question of who would succeed him central to European diplomacy for much of his reign, with one historian writing that "from the day of his birth, they were waiting for his death".

The two candidates for the succession were Charles of Austria, from the House of Habsburg, and Philip of Anjou, the 16-year-old grandson of Louis XIV of France, from the House of Bourbon. Shortly before dying in November 1700, Charles made the latter his heir, but the acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either threatened the European balance of power and resulted in war.
Jean Manoussi
Jean Manoussi (14 November 1868 - 21 December 1929) was a French dramatist, film director and screenwriter. Jean Manoussi has written several theatre plays in collaboration with playwrights such as Paul Armont, Marcel Gerbidon or Gabriel Timmory.

Paul Armont
Paul Armont (1874–1943) was a Russian-born French playwright and screenwriter. He also collaborated with the Swiss writer Marcel Gerbidon. He was born Dimitri Petrococchino in Rostov in the Russian Empire.
Decision intelligence
Decision intelligence is an engineering discipline that augments data science with theory from social science, decision theory, and managerial science. Its application provides a framework for best practices in organizational decision-making and processes for applying computational technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, reasoning, and semantics at scale. The basic idea is that decisions are based on our understanding of how actions lead to outcomes. Decision intelligence is a discipline for analyzing this chain of cause and effect, and decision modeling is a visual language for representing these chains.

A related field, decision engineering, also investigates the improvement of decision-making processes but is not always as closely tied to data science.[Note]

Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either rational or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of values, preferences and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final choice, which may or may not prompt action.

Research about decision-making is also published under the label problem solving, particularly in European psychological research.
Esiliiga
The Esiliiga is the second division in the Estonian football league system. The Esiliiga is ranked below the Meistriliiga and above the Esiliiga B.

As in most countries with low temperatures in winter time, the season starts in March and ends in November. The league features several reserve teams of Meistriliiga clubs. According to the rules set by the Estonian Football Association, reserve teams are ineligible for promotion to the Meistriliiga, but can play in the Estonian Cup.

Esiliiga B
The Esiliiga B is the third division in the Estonian football league system. The Esiliiga B is ranked below the Esiliiga and above the II liiga. As in most countries with low temperatures in winter time, the season starts in March and ends in November.
Michael Douglas (politician)
Michael Douglas (1940 – 30 April 1992) was a politician from Dominica. He served as Member of Parliament for the Portsmouth constituency since 1975 and as well as a cabinet minister for a number of years, including as Minister of Finance from 1979 to 1980 and also Deputy Prime Minister.

Douglas was elected to the House of Assembly in the 1980 elections under the banner of Dominica Democratic Labour Party. Douglas formed United Dominica Labour Party in 1981. His party merged back with Dominica Labour Party in 1985. Douglas was then elected as the political leader of the Dominica Labour Party, and Leader of the Opposition from 1985 to 1990. He resigned from party leadership position in early 1992 due to an inoperable cancer. He was temporarily succeeded as party leader by the deputy leader Pierre Charles, until November 1992, when his brother Roosevelt Douglas was elected as the party chairman.

Rosie Douglas
Roosevelt Bernard "Rosie" Douglas (15 October 1941 – 1 October 2000) was a politician and human rights activist from Dominica. He served as Prime Minister of Dominica from February 2000 until his death in office eight months later.