hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Severodvinsk
Severodvinsk (Russian: Северодви́нск; IPA: [sʲɪvʲɪrɐdˈvʲinsk]) is a city in the north of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located in the delta of the Northern Dvina, 35 kilometers (22 mi) west of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2021 Census, the population was 157,213. Due to the presence of important military shipyards (specialising in submarines since the Soviet period), Severodvinsk is an access-restricted town for foreign citizens. A special permit is required.

It was previously known as Sudostroy (until 1938), and Molotovsk (until 1957).

Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (Russian: Архангельск, pronounced [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]) is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina near its mouth into the White Sea. The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly founded Saint Petersburg.

A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi) railway runs from Arkhangelsk to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl, and air travel is served by the Talagi Airport and the smaller Vaskovo Airport. As of the 2021 Census, the city's population was 301,199.
Grahams Beach
Grahams Beach is a rural settlement on the northern tip of the Āwhitu Peninsula and south coast of the Manukau Harbour in the Auckland Region of New Zealand. The settlement as described by Statistics New Zealand also includes Big Bay.

Once known as Graham's Beach, it was on a ferry route between Waiuku and Onehunga in 1895. A wharf was built in about 1903. A primary school flourished in Graham's Beach around 1927. It closed in 1949 when rural schools in the area were consolidated to Awhitu District School.

Āwhitu Peninsula
The Āwhitu Peninsula is a long peninsula in the North Island of New Zealand, extending north from the mouth of the Waikato River to the entrance to Manukau Harbour.

The Peninsula is bounded in the west by rugged cliffs over the Tasman Sea, but it slopes gently to the east, with low-lying pastoral and swamp land along the edge of the Waiuku River and Manukau Harbour. At the northern tip, the Manukau Heads rises to a 285-metre (935 ft) prominence above the entrance to the similarly named harbour. The nearby historic Manukau Heads Lighthouse is one of the few in the country open to the public.

The peninsula is relatively sparsely populated, despite its proximity to the centre of Auckland city (which lies 30 kilometres (19 miles) to the northeast). The largest settlement on or near the peninsula is Waiuku, which lies at the peninsula's isthmus. There are rural settlements at Grahams Beach and Matakawau Point.
Anarthraspis
Anarthraspis is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm fishes which lived during the Early Devonian period. It contains two species described in 1932, Anarthraspis chamberlini and Anarthraspis montanus, both found in the Beartooth Butte Formation of Wyoming and Montana, USA, and assigned to the genus in 1934.

The type species, Anarthraspis chamberlini, was a contemporary of the placoderm Bryantolepis. The specific epithet, chamberlini, honours British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.

Anarthraspis is one of the more basal members of the order Arthrodira, as shown in the cladogram below:

Arthrodira
Arthrodira (Greek for "jointed neck") is an order of extinct armored, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi that flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and penetrating most marine ecological niches. Arthrodires were the largest and most diverse of all groups of placoderms.
Kamayani Express
Kamayani Express (Train No. 11071/11072) is a daily Express train run by Indian Railways between Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus and Ballia. It is the only train of Central Railways that runs from Mumbai to Ballia via Bhopal. Kamayani Express coaches are converted from ICF coach to new LHB coach.

On 4 August 2015, this train was involved in this Harda twin train derailment in Madhya Pradesh.

Harda twin train derailment
On  4 August 2015, two passenger trains – Kamayani Express and Janata Express – derailed near Kurawan and Bhringi railway station, 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Harda, Madhya Pradesh.  At least 31 people were killed and 100 people were injured.
Paso Flores Formation
The Paso Flores Formation is a latest Late Triassic (Rhaetian) geologic formation in the Neuquén Basin of Neuquén Province in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. The brown to red-stained conglomerates, sandstones and shales of the formation represent the youngest and only latest Triassic sedimentary unit in the country, overlying basement.

The formation has provided a rich fossil flora of various groups, preserved in leaves and fossil wood in the finer lithologies in the Paso Flores Formation. The fossil flora is representative of the ecosystem of the latest Triassic, preceding the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.

Neuquén Basin
Neuquén Basin (Spanish: Cuenca Neuquina) is a sedimentary basin covering most of Neuquén Province in Argentina. The basin originated in the Jurassic and developed through alternating continental and marine conditions well into the Tertiary. The basin bounds to the west with the Andean Volcanic Belt, to the southeast with the North Patagonian Massif and to the northeast with the San Rafael Block and to the east with the Sierra Pintada System. The basin covers an area of approximately 120,000 square kilometres (46,000 sq mi). One age of the SALMA classification, the Colloncuran, is defined in the basin, based on the Collón Curá Formation, named after the Collón Curá River, a tributary of the Limay River.
Duke of Otranto
Duke of Otranto (French: Duc d'Otrante) is a hereditary title in the nobility of the First French Empire which was bestowed in 1809 by Emperor Napoleon I upon Joseph Fouché (1759–1820), a French politician and Minister of Police. Fouché had been made a Count of the French Empire previously.

Joseph Fouché
Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (French: [ʒozɛf fuʃe]; 21 May 1759 – 26 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte. Fouché later became a subordinate of Emperor Napoleon. He was particularly known for the ferocity with which he suppressed the Lyon insurrection during the Revolution in 1793 and for being a highly competent minister of police under the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire. In 1815, he served as President of the Executive Commission, which was the provisional government of France installed after the abdication of Napoleon. In English texts, his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto.
Lafayette, Indiana
Lafayette (/ˌlɑːfiˈɛt, ˌlæf-/ LA(H)F-ee-ET) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County, Indiana, United States. The population was 70,783 at the 2020 census. It sits across the Wabash River from West Lafayette, home to Purdue University, which plays a major role in both communities. Together, Lafayette and West Lafayette make up the core of the Lafayette metropolitan area, home to 235,066 people in 2020.

Lafayette was founded in 1825 on the southeast bank of the Wabash River near where the river becomes impassable for riverboats upstream, though a French fort and trading post had existed since 1717 on the opposite bank and three miles downstream. It was named for the French general Marquis de Lafayette, a Revolutionary War hero. Lafayette is 63 miles (101 km) northwest of Indianapolis and 125 miles (201 km) southeast of Chicago.

Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana
The Lafayette-West Lafayette, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of three counties in Indiana, anchored by the cities of Lafayette and West Lafayette. As of the July 1, 2021, the MSA had an estimated population of 224,709. Metro area population in 2021 is 237,130 and was 235,066 in 2020, a growth of 16% over 2010. In 2010, the Lafayette, Indiana, metro area population was 210,297.
Børre Knudsen
Børre Arnold Knudsen (1937–2014) was a Norwegian Lutheran priest noted for his anti-abortion activism. Together with Ludvig Nessa, he staged protests at abortion clinics starting in the late 1980s, and he spent time in jail for refusing to pay fines received for his protests.

Dismissed as parish priest of Balsfjord Municipality in 1983 due to his refusal to perform his official state duties in protest against new abortion laws, he helped establish the Deanery of Strandebarm in 1991, also known as the "Church of Norway in Exile". He was ordained as bishop by the church in 1997 until retiring in 2008 due to failing health. He was defrocked from the Church of Norway in 2001.

Knudsen was also noted as a prolific hymnist, and two of his hymns were later included in the Norwegian hymnal, as well as the hymnals of other churches.

Ludvig Nessa
Ludvig Nessa (born 11 December 1949) is a Norwegian priest who has been noted as an anti-abortion activist since the late 1980s. Nessa was defrocked from the Church of Norway in 1991, which led him to co-found the independent Deanery of Strandebarm (later known as the "Church of Norway in Exile"), where he continued being a priest. Church services administered by Nessa have been broadcast on Visjon Norge since 2014.
Ted McKenna
Edward McKenna (10 March 1950 – 19 January 2019) was a Scottish drummer who played with The Sensational Alex Harvey Band, Rory Gallagher, The Greg Lake Band, and The Michael Schenker Group. He also toured with Ian Gillan for a short period of time in 1990, alongside fellow former SAHB member, bassist Chris Glen. He lectured in Applied Arts at North Glasgow College from 1996 to 2011.

Chris Glen
Christopher John Glen (born 6 November 1950), known simply as Chris Glen, is a Scottish rock musician. He is best known for playing with The Sensational Alex Harvey Band from 1972 to 1977, and The Michael Schenker Group from 1980 to 1984, 2008 to 2010, and 2016 to 2020. He also performed with Michael Schenker Fest, featuring original MSG band members.
Pump track
A pump track is a purpose-built track for cycling. It has a circuit of rollers, banked turns and features designed to be ridden completely by riders "pumping"—generating momentum by up and down body movements, instead of pedaling or pushing. It was originally designed for the mountain bike and BMX scene, and now, due to concrete and/or asphalt constructions, is also used for skateboarding, and accessible to wheelchairs. Pump tracks are relatively simple to use and cheap to construct, and cater to a wide variety of rider skill levels.

BMX
BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross or bike motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general street or off-road recreation.
Judensau at the choir stalls of Cologne Cathedral
The Judensau at the choir stalls of Cologne Cathedral is a medieval  wood carving at the side of one of the seats in the choir of Cologne Cathedral. It was produced between 1308 and 1311. It shows a Jews' sow, an antisemitic folk art image of Jews in obscene contact with a large female pig, which in Judaism is an unclean animal. It is one of the oldest representations of this theme. Directly beside is another motif, which is generally interpreted as an illustration of the blood libel legend. This combination is only known from one other case, a painting from the 15th century at the Old Bridge in Frankfurt.

The cathedral chapter and mason's lodge of the cathedral want to keep and display the wood carvings at their original position. This decision has been controversially discussed and criticised by parts of the public on several occasions, although the sculptures may only be accessed by permission within bespoke guided tours.

Judensau
A Judensau (German for "Jews' sow") is a folk art image of Jews in obscene contact with a large sow (female pig), which in Judaism is an unclean animal. These first appeared in the 13th century in Germany and some other European countries, and remained popular for over 600 years.
Chilean peso (1817–1960)
The Chilean peso (symbol: $) was the legal tender of Chile from 1817 until 1960, when it was replaced by the escudo, a currency that was itself replaced in 1975 by a new peso.

It was established in 1817, together with the country's independence, and in 1851 the decimal system was established in the peso, which was made up of 100 centavos. It remained legal tender in Chile until 1 January 1960, when it was replaced by the escudo. It was manufactured by the Mint of Chile (1743) and regulated by the Central Bank of Chile (1925), in charge of controlling the amount of money in circulation.

Chilean escudo
The escudo was the currency of Chile between 1960 and 1975, divided into 100 centésimos. It replaced the (old) peso at a rate of 1 escudo = 1000 pesos and was itself replaced by a new peso, at a rate of 1 peso = 1000 escudos. The symbol Eº was used for the escudo.
IRIS GL
IRIS GL (Integrated Raster Imaging System Graphics Library) is a proprietary graphics API created by Silicon Graphics (SGI) in the early 1980s for producing 2D and 3D computer graphics on their IRIX-based IRIS graphical workstations. Later SGI removed their proprietary code, reworked various system calls, and released IRIS GL as the industry standard OpenGL.

OpenGL
OpenGL (Open Graphics Library) is a cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics. The API is typically used to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU), to achieve hardware-accelerated rendering.

Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) began developing OpenGL in 1991 and released it on June 30, 1992. It is used for a variety of applications, including computer-aided design (CAD), video games, scientific visualization, virtual reality, and flight simulation. Since 2006, OpenGL has been managed by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group.
Tiller
A tiller or till is a lever used to steer a vehicle. The mechanism is primarily used in watercraft, where it is attached to an outboard motor, rudder post or stock to provide leverage in the form of torque for the helmsman to turn the rudder. A tiller may also be used in vehicles outside of water, and was seen in early automobiles. On vessels, a tiller can be used by the helmsman directly pulling or pushing it, but it may also be moved remotely using tiller lines or a ship's wheel. Rapid or excessive movement of the tiller results in an increase in drag and will result in braking or slowing the boat.

Ship's wheel
A ship's wheel or boat's wheel is a device used aboard a ship, boat, submarine, or airship, with which a helmsman steers the vessel and controls its course. Together with the rest of the steering mechanism, it forms part of the helm (the term helm can mean the wheel alone, or the entire mechanism by which the rudder is controlled). It is connected to a mechanical, electric servo, or hydraulic system which alters the horizontal angle of the vessel's rudder relative to its hull. In some modern ships the wheel is replaced with a simple toggle that remotely controls an electro-mechanical or electro-hydraulic drive for the rudder, with a rudder position indicator presenting feedback to the helmsman.
Gopalganj District, Bangladesh
Gopalganj District (Bengali: গোপালগঞ্জ জেলা) is a district in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh. The district has 1,172,415 inhabitants and its surface area is 1,490 km2. The main town of the district is also called Gopalganj. It is  the bank of the Madhumati river and located at 23°00’47.67" N 89°49’21.41". It is bounded by Faridpur district on the North, Pirojpur and Bagerhat district on the south, and Barisal District on the east and Narail district on the West. Gopalganj is subdivided into five sub-districts (upazilas and thanas). This district has the highest percentage of Hindu population among the districts of Bangladesh, which is about 30 percent.

Gopalganj, Bangladesh
Gopalganj is a city in Gopalganj District in the Dhaka Division of Bangladesh. Spanning an area of 6.5 sq mi (16.9 km2), the city serves as the headquarters of Gopalganj District and Gopalganj Sadar Upazila.
Chinese knotting
Chinese knotting, also known as zhongguo jie (Chinese: 中國結; pinyin: Zhōngguó jié), is a Chinese folk art with ties to Buddhism and Taoism. A Chinese knot is made from a single length of cord that is woven into different shapes, with each shape having a symbolic meaning. The most common color used in Chinese knotting is red, a color associated with luck in Chinese culture, although any color can be used. Charms, beads, and jade are sometimes incorporated into a Chinese knot. It is believed that Chinese knotting originated for recording information and exchanging messages before writing was commonplace. Traditionally, Chinese knots acted as good-luck charms to ward off evil spirits. Chinese knots are used today to decorate homes during festivities and are also commonly seen in traditional jade jewellery and traditional Chinese clothing.

Chinese folk art
Chinese folk art or Chinese handcrafts are artistic forms inherited from a regional or ethnic scene in China.  Usually there are some variation between provinces.  Individual folk arts have a long history, and many traditions are still practiced today.  The general definition of folk art incorporates Chinese art forms that are not classified as Chinese fine art.

Chinese folk art is the ancient forms of art that originated in China. Some of these ancient art forms include jade carvings, performance art such as music and their respective instruments, textile art such as basket weaving, paper art and clothing.
Wesleyan Association
The Wesleyan Association, or the Wesleyan Methodist Association, was a 19th-century Wesleyan denomination in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1836 and merged with other groups to form the United Methodist Free Churches in 1857.

The Associated Wesleyans absorbed the Protestant Methodists, a small earlier secession of 1827.

The prominent figure was Robert Eckett (1797–1862), who was expelled from the Wesleyan Methodist Church in 1836. He had been a leading figure in the Leeds Organ Dispute. In 1840 he planned the Foundation Deed, which emphasized the democratic nature of the Wesleyan Association. He also played a large role in the amalgamation of the Wesleyan Association and the Methodist Reform Church in 1857 to form the United Methodist Free Churches.

The Associated Wesleyans sent several missionaries to Jamaica and Australia.

United Methodist Free Churches
United Methodist Free Churches, sometimes called Free Methodists, was an English Nonconformist denomination in the last half of the 19th century. It was formed in 1857 by the amalgamation of the Wesleyan Association (which had in 1836 largely absorbed the Protestant Methodists of 1828) and the Wesleyan Reformers (dating from 1849, when a number of Methodist ministers were expelled from the Wesleyan Methodist Church on a charge of insubordination).

It merged  with the Bible Christian Church and the Methodist New Connexion to form the United Methodist Church in 1907.

The United Methodist Free Churches had sent missionaries and established congregations in various colonies of Australia. These joined with four other Methodist denominations to unite as the Methodist Church of Australasia in 1902.
John Danforth
John Claggett Danforth (born September 5, 1936) is an American politician, attorney, diplomat, and Episcopal priest who served as the attorney general of Missouri from 1969 to 1976 and as a United States senator from 1976 to 1995. A member of the Republican Party, he later served as special counsel for the U.S. Department of Justice from 1999 to 2000 and as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations from 2004 to 2005.

Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Danforth graduated from Princeton University and Yale University. George H. W. Bush considered selecting him as a vice-presidential running mate in 1988, and Bush's son, George W. Bush, considered doing the same in 2000.

Missouri Attorney General
The Office of the Missouri Attorney General was created in 1806 when Missouri was part of the Louisiana Territory. Missouri's first Constitution in 1820 provided for an appointed attorney general, but since the 1865 Constitution, the Attorney General has been elected. As of September 2025 there have been 45 attorneys general in Missouri.

By law, the attorney general is a member of the Board of Fund Commissioners, the Board of Public Buildings, the Governor's Committee on Interstate Cooperation, the Missouri Highway Reciprocity Commission and the Missouri Housing Development Commission.

Offices of the Attorney General are located throughout the state of Missouri with the main office being in the Supreme Court building in Jefferson City.
Chief ARP Warden Hodges
Chief ARP Warden William Hodges, commonly known as "Hodges", is a fictional greengrocer and chief air raid warden first portrayed by Bill Pertwee in the British television sitcom Dad's Army. Created by series writers Jimmy Perry and David Croft, Hodges served as Captain Mainwaring's main rival in the series, and was noted for his catchphrases "Ruddy hooligans!" and "Put that light out!".

He appeared throughout all nine series of the sitcom, which ran from 1968 to 1977. He later reprised his role of Hodges for the radio sequel series It Sticks Out Half a Mile, which ran from 1983 to 1984.

Captain Mainwaring
Captain George Mainwaring (/ˈmænərɪŋ/) is a fictional Home Guard captain, first portrayed by Arthur Lowe in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. In the 2016 film he is played by Toby Jones and in the 2019 remake of three missing episodes he is played by Kevin McNally. Mainwaring is the bank manager and Home Guard platoon commander, in the fictional seaside town of Walmington-on-Sea during the Second World War.

He is considered a classic British comic character owing to the continuing currency of Dad's Army via regular repeats and Lowe's portrayal. Many of his quotes, such as, "You stupid boy!", are engrained in British popular culture. In a 2001 Channel 4 poll Captain Mainwaring was ranked 21st on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.
Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50
Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50 was a French 155 mm 30 calibre howitzer introduced in 1952. The first French artillery designed since World War II, it was manufactured in both France - 980 howitzers were produced (French army and export) - and under license in Sweden for the Swedish armed forces. The Model 50 was replaced in French service during the 1980s by the TRF1. Reserve units were produced until the end of the 1990s.

TRF1
The TRF1, originally known as GIAT 155 mm Tracté (TR) is a 155mm French towed howitzer produced by Nexter (ex Giat Industries) and used by the French Army.

The TRF1 was showcased in 1979 at the Eurosatory arms trade show, as a replacement for Armée de Terre's BF-50. Giat produced it from 1984 to 1993.
New Orleans Greys
The New Orleans Greys was a Military volunteer unit of two militia companies that totaled about 120, formed in the city of that name for service in the Texas War of Independence. Its name came from its soldiers' grey military fatigues.

Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion by Anglo-American immigrants as well as Hispanic Texans (known as Texians and Tejanos respectively) against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. The uprising was part of a larger revolt against the Centralist Republic of Mexico that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States about a decade later.