hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
By-product
A by-product or byproduct is a secondary product derived from a production process, manufacturing process or chemical reaction; it is not the primary product or service being produced.

A by-product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste: for example, bran, which is a byproduct of the milling of wheat into refined flour, is sometimes composted or burned for disposal, but in other cases, it can be used as a nutritious ingredient in human food or animal feed. Gasoline was once a byproduct of oil refining that later became a desirable commercial product as motor fuel. The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co-products.

Bran
Bran, also known as miller's bran, is the component of a cereal grain consisting of the hard layers – the combined aleurone and pericarp – surrounding the endosperm. Corn (maize) bran also includes the pedicel (tip cap). Along with the germ, it is an integral part of whole grains, and is often produced as a byproduct of milling in the production of refined grains. Bran is highly nutritious, but is difficult to digest due to its high fiber content; its high fat content also reduces its shelf life as the oils/fats are prone to becoming rancid. As such, it is typically removed from whole grain during the refining process – e.g. in processing wheat grain into white flour, or refining brown rice into white rice.

Bran is present in cereal grain, including rice, corn (maize), wheat, oats, barley, rye, and millet. Bran is not the same as chaff, which is a coarser, scaly material surrounding the grain and is indigestible by humans.
Open-loop gain
The open-loop gain of an electronic amplifier is the gain obtained when no overall feedback is used in the circuit.

The open-loop gain of many electronic amplifiers is exceedingly high (by design) – an ideal operational amplifier (op-amp) has infinite open-loop gain. Typically an op-amp may have a maximal open-loop gain of around , or 100 dB. An op-amp with a large open-loop gain offers high precision when used as an inverting amplifier.

Normally, negative feedback is applied around an amplifier with high open-loop gain, to reduce the gain of the complete circuit to a desired value.

Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to feed back into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handled carefully when applied to feedback systems:

Simple causal reasoning about a feedback system is difficult because the first system influences the second and second system influences the first, leading to a circular argument. This makes reasoning based upon cause and effect tricky, and it is necessary to analyze the system as a whole. As provided by Webster, feedback in business is the transmission of evaluative or corrective information about an action, event, or process to the original or controlling source.
SS Conte Rosso
SS Conte Rosso was an Italian transatlantic ocean liner that was built in Scotland in 1921–22. The vessel became a troop ship in the 1930s and was sunk by the submarine HMS Upholder in 1941.

She was named after Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy, the so-called "Red Count", and was noted for her lavish Italian interior decoration. Because much of its sailing would be in warmer waters, the designers included an outdoor dining area, unusual for ships of this era.

Conte Rosso had a sister ship, Conte Verde.

HMS Upholder (P37)
HMS Upholder (P37) was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrongs at Barrow-in-Furness. She was laid down on 30 October 1939, launched on 8 July 1940 by Mrs. Doris Thompson, wife of a director of the builders. The submarine was commissioned on 31 October 1940. She was one of four U-class submarines which had two external torpedo tubes at the bows in addition to the 4 internal ones fitted to all boats. They were excluded from the others because they interfered with depth-keeping at periscope depth.
Belgrave, Tamworth
Belgrave is an area of Tamworth, Staffordshire, roughly 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) from the town centre. The main feature of Belgrave is Marlborough way which cuts the area in half. Belgrave contains Tamworth fire station, a Morrisons supermarket, a high school, three primary schools and is bordered by Two Gates, Wilnecote and Glascote.

Wilnecote
Wilnecote is a suburban area about two miles (3.2 km) south-east of Tamworth, in the Tamworth district, in the county of Staffordshire, England, however, it also lies within the historic county of Warwickshire. It lies between the River Tame to the west and Kettle Brook to the north and east. It is one of the largest communities in the town.

Wilnecote borders Hockley, Dosthill, Two Gates, Belgrave and Stonydelph.
Mike Trapasso
Michel Trapasso (born September 18, 1963) is an American college baseball coach and former pitcher who is currently the head coach for the UT Arlington Mavericks of the Western Athletic Conference. He played college baseball at Jefferson College before transferring to Oklahoma State. He then served as head coach of the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors (2002–2021).

UT Arlington Mavericks baseball
The UT Arlington Mavericks baseball team is a varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Texas at Arlington in Arlington, Texas, United States. The team is a member of the Western Athletic Conference, which is part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I. The team plays its home games at Clay Gould Ballpark in Arlington, Texas. The Mavericks are coached by Mike Trapasso.
Charles Leighton
Charles Leighton (24 June 1921 – 26 June 2009) was an American classical and jazz harmonica player who performed from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s. After a hiatus while he managed a recording studio, he performed again in the 1980s until his death. He performed as a soloist and as a member of international ensembles. He worked as a studio musician for radio, film, and television.

In the 1950s, Leighton founded JAC Recording, a small recording studio in his apartment in Manhattan. Several years later, the studio hired record producer Phil Ramone, who was mentored by Leighton and other audio engineers. Ramone attributes his love of engineering to Leighton.

JAC Recording, Inc.
JAC Recording, Inc., was a small American recording studio based in New York City at 152 West 58th Street.  It was founded in the 1950s by Charles Leighton, a virtuoso classical and jazz harmonica player, who, in the 1950s, took on Jack Arnold as a partner, who also was a pianist.  The JAC acronym stood for "Jack and Charlie."  The studio was Leighton's personal residence — apartment 8D.

Phil Ramone, a prolific recording engineer, entrepreneur, founder, and co-owner of A & R Recording Inc., was first mentored in the art of studio engineering by Leighton at JAC in the late 1950s.  Ramone had left JAC in 1958 to start his own recording studio with the help of Jack Arnold, as partner. The "A & R" stood for Arnold and Ramone.
Fürstenberg Brewery
The Fürstenberg Brewery (German: Fürstlich Fürstenbergische Brauerei) is a brewery in Donaueschingen, Germany. It has been a subsidiary of Brau Holding International since 2005, before which it was owned by the House of Fürstenberg, a German noble family. Among other offerings, the brewery produces pilsner, export, and wheat beer, primarily serving southern Germany.

Brau Holding International
Paulaner Brauerei Gruppe GmbH & Co. KGaA is a holding company for several breweries in Germany. It is the sixth largest holding company of breweries in Germany, with a total production volume of 4.5 million hectolitres (3,800,000 US bbl) in 2014.

It was founded in 2002 and is owned by Schörghuber Unternehmensgruppe.
Elna Jane Hilliard Grahn
Elna Jane Hilliard Grahn (November 15, 1913 – August 3, 2006) served in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and later the Women's Army Corps (WAC) during World War II. Grahn commanded the 2525th WAC unit in Fort Myer, Virginia. Grahn was the first woman to serve on a United States Army General Court Martial.

Women's Army Corps
The Women's Army Corps (WAC; /wæk/) was the women's branch of the United States Army. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), on 15 May 1942, and converted to an active duty status in the Army of the United States as the WAC on 1 July 1943. Its first director was Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby. The WAC was disbanded on 20 October 1978, and all WAC units were integrated with male units.
22nd (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (The Queen's)
The 22nd (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (The Queen's) was an auxiliary unit of the British Army. Formed in 1908 from Volunteer units in the Surrey suburbs of London that dated back to 1860, it was part of the London Regiment in the Territorial Force (TF). Its battalions served on the Western Front and in Palestine during World War I. When the London Regiment was abolished in 1937 the unit reverted to the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) and during World War II its battalions fought in North Africa, Tunisia, Italy and North West Europe. It was amalgamated with other battalions into the Queen's Regiment in 1961.

Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)
The Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) was a line infantry regiment of the English and later the British Army from 1661 to 1959. It was the senior English line infantry regiment of the British Army, behind only the Royal Scots in the British Army line infantry order of precedence.

In 1959, the regiment was amalgamated with the East Surrey Regiment, to form a single county regiment called the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment which was, on 31 December 1966, amalgamated with the Queen's Own Buffs, The Royal Kent Regiment, the Royal Sussex Regiment and the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own) to form the Queen's Regiment. Following a further amalgamation in 1992 with the Royal Hampshire Regiment, the lineage of the regiment is continued today by the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires).
2003 All-Africa Games
The 8th All Africa Games, also known as Abuja 2003, were held from 5–17 October 2003 in Abuja, Nigeria. 53 countries participated in 23 sports. The main venue was the newly constructed Abuja Stadium. The organizing committee was headed by Nigerian Amos Adamu.

Moshood Abiola National Stadium
Moshood Abiola National Stadium (formerly known as National Stadium, Abuja) is a multipurpose national sports stadium located in Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. The stadium serves as a home to the Nigerian national football team, as well as a center for various social, cultural, and religious events. The Federal Government of Nigeria approved the contract for the construction of the National Stadium complex and Games Village on 18 July 2000. The stadium was constructed to host the 8th All Africa Games which took place in October 2003. On Wednesday, 12 June 2019, President Muhammadu Buhari announced the change of the name of the National Stadium, Abuja to Moshood Abiola National Stadium after former Nigerian politician chief M.K.O. Abiola. President Buhari made this pronouncement during his speech at the Democracy Day celebration at the Eagle Square, Abuja.
Wágluȟe
The Wágluȟe Band is one of the seven bands of the Oglala Lakota. The Wágluȟe Band is also known as the Loafer Band.

The seven Bands of the Oglala Lakota are the Wágluȟe (Loafers), Ite Sica (Bad Face), Oyukpe (Broken Off), Wazaza (Shred Into Strips), Tapisleca (Split Liver), Payabaya (Shove Aside) and Kiyaksa (Little Wound).

Oglala
The Oglala (Lakota pronunciation: [oɡəˈlala] – lit. 'to scatter one's own') are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the eighth-largest Native American reservation in the United States.

The Oglala are a federally recognized tribe whose official title is the  Oglala Sioux Tribe of the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota.
Circle (Finnish band)
Circle is a Finnish experimental rock band formed in Pori in 1991. Their eclectic, ever-changing style has been associated with genres such as krautrock, heavy metal, progressive rock, and ambient. On some albums they have defined themselves as New Wave of Finnish Heavy Metal (NWOFHM).

Rättö ja Lehtisalo
Rättö ja Lehtisalo is an experimental rock-music band, featuring two members of the Finnish group Circle, Jussi Lehtisalo and Mika Rättö (who also performs with Kuusumun Profeetta). Their output is clearly influenced by krautrock acts such as Cluster, Neu! and Harmonia. They have also recorded as a trio with Finnish rock performer Kauko Röyhkä.
Mallow–Tralee railway line
The Mallow–Tralee line runs from Mallow to Tralee Casement. Intermediate stations include Banteer, Millstreet, Rathmore, Killarney and Farranfore.

A peculiar arrangement at Killarney is in place, in which trains from Mallow enter Killarney, which is a dead-end. Trains continuing to Tralee then have to reverse until they reach the junction, before changing direction again to continue westwards.

Irish Rail's network statement gives the length of the line as 61.5 miles (99.0 km), though other sources give the length of the line as 62+1⁄4 miles instead.  The line from Mallow to Killarney was noted for severe gradients compared to the line from Dublin to Mallow though the Killarney expresses of 1899 were timed to achieve the section at 40.75 miles per hour (65.58 km/h) westbound and 38.2 miles per hour (61.5 km/h) eastbound.

Tralee Casement railway station
Tralee Casement station (Tralee Railway Station; Irish: Stáisiún Mhic Easmainn Trá Lí) is the terminus station on the Mallow–Tralee line and serves the town of Tralee in County Kerry. It is the most westerly railway station in Europe. The station, which is commonly known as the Tralee railway station, was built in 1859 originally as the Tralee South station and then re-named in 1966.
Canelo Álvarez vs. Terence Crawford
Canelo Álvarez vs. Terence Crawford, billed as Once In A Lifetime and There Can Only Be One, was a super middleweight professional boxing match contested between undisputed super middleweight champion Canelo Álvarez and four-division champion Terence Crawford for the undisputed super middleweight championship of the world.

It was the first Zuffa Boxing event promoted by Dana White under TKO. The bout took place on September 13, 2025, at Allegiant Stadium in Paradise, Nevada, U.S. (southwest of adjacent Las Vegas) and was streamed worldwide on Netflix. Additionally, Zuffa Boxing and Turki Al-Sheikh's Ring magazine promoted two undercard events for the fight on September 10 and 11 at the Fontainebleau Las Vegas.

Undisputed championship (boxing)
In boxing, the undisputed champion of a weight class is the boxer who simultaneously holds world titles from all major organizations recognized by each other and the International Boxing Hall of Fame. There are currently four major sanctioning bodies: WBA, WBC, WBO, and IBF. There were many undisputed champions before the number of major sanctioning bodies recognizing each other increased to four in 2007, but there have been only 24 boxers (11 male and 13 female) to hold all four titles simultaneously.
Campo troupial
The campo troupial or campo oriole (Icterus jamacaii) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae that is found in northeastern Brazil. At one time thought to be conspecific with the Venezuelan troupial and orange-backed troupial, it is now accepted as a separate species. It is a fairly common bird and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it as a "least-concern species".

Venezuelan troupial
The Venezuelan troupial, known in Venezuela as the Turpial (Icterus icterus), is the national bird of Venezuela. It is found in Colombia, Venezuela, and the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, Trinidad, and Puerto Rico. Together with the orange-backed troupial and campo troupial, it was previously part of a superspecies simply named the troupial that was split.
Runaway Slave
Runaway Slave is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Showbiz and A.G. It was released on September 22, 1992, via Payday/London Records. The album was produced by Showbiz and fellow D.I.T.C. crew member Diamond D. It features guest appearances from DeShawn, Diamond D, Dres, Lord Finesse, and Big L. It includes many interludes between songs that feature the Legion, Freddie Foxxx, Fat Joe, and Kid Capri.

The album was supported by Soul Clap EP, and spawned two singles: "Fat Pockets" and "Bounce ta This".

Showbiz and A.G.
Showbiz and A.G. (also shortened as Show and AG) is an American hip hop duo from The Bronx borough of New York City, composed of record producer Rodney "Showbiz" Lemay (born July 7, 1969) and rapper Andre "A.G." Barnes (born September 26, 1970). The duo formed soon after their debut on the song "Back to Back Rhyming" from Lord Finesse's Funky Technician album and joined the hip hop collective D.I.T.C. along with Lord Finesse, Diamond D, Fat Joe, O.C., Buckwild and Big L.
Midhowe Chambered Cairn
The Midhowe Chambered Cairn is a large Neolithic chambered cairn located on the south shore of the island of Rousay, Orkney, Scotland. The name "Midhowe" comes from the Iron Age broch known as Midhowe Broch, that lies just west of the tomb.

The broch got its name from the fact that it is the middle of three such structures that lie grouped within 500 metres (1,600 ft) of each other and Howe from the Old Norse word haugr meaning mound or barrow. Together, the broch and chambered cairn form part of a large complex of ancient structures on the shore of Eynhallow Sound separating Rousay from Mainland, Orkney.

Chambered cairn
A chambered cairn is a burial monument, usually constructed during the Neolithic, consisting of a sizeable (usually stone) chamber around and over which a cairn of stones was constructed. Some chambered cairns are also passage-graves. They are found throughout Britain and Ireland, with the largest number in Scotland.

Typically, the chamber is larger than a cist, and will contain a larger number of interments, which are either excarnated bones or inhumations (cremations). Most were situated near a settlement, and served as that community's "graveyard".
Daniel Henney
Daniel Philip Henney (born November 28, 1979) is an American actor. He first came into international prominence with his television debut as Dr. Henry Kim on the Korean drama My Lovely Sam Soon (2005).

He has gone on to star in films such as Seducing Mr. Perfect (2006), My Father (2007), X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009), Shanghai Calling (2012), The Last Stand (2013), One Night Surprise (2013), and Big Hero 6 (2014). In television, he has starred in the Korean Spring Waltz and as well as American television series Hawaii Five-0 and Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders. He joined the regular cast of Criminal Minds for its 13th, 14th and 15th seasons. He starred as Lan Mandragoran in the 2021 television adaptation of The Wheel of Time.

The Wheel of Time (TV series)
The Wheel of Time is an American fantasy television series developed by Rafe Judkins for Amazon Prime Video. The series is based on the book series of the same name by Robert Jordan. It features an ensemble cast led by Rosamund Pike.

The eight-episode first season premiered on Prime Video in November 2021. In May 2021, before the first season premiered, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered in September 2023. The series was renewed for a third season in July 2022, over a year ahead of the debut of the second season. The third season premiered in March 2025. In May 2025, the series was canceled after three seasons.

The Wheel of Time received generally positive reviews from critics, and has been nominated for a Saturn Award.
Antiochus II Theos
Antiochus II Theos (Ancient Greek: Ἀντίοχος ὁ Θεός, Antíochos ho Theós, meaning "Antiochus the God"; 286 – July 246 BC) was a Greek king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who reigned from 261 to 246 BC. He succeeded his father Antiochus I Soter in the winter of 262–61 BC. He was the younger son of Antiochus I and princess Stratonice, the daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

Antiochus II was a forceful personality who in his lifetime largely succeeded to hold the sprawling Seleucid realm intact. However his fateful decision to repudiate his first wife Laodice and marry a Ptolemaic princess Berenice as part of a peace treaty led to a succession struggle after his death that would shake the empire's foundations and cause large territorial losses.

Berenice Syra
Berenice (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη, romanized: Berenikē) (c.275 BC–246 BC), also called Berenice Phernophorus ("Dowry Bearer") or Berenice Syra, was an Egyptian princess and a Seleucid queen regent. She was a Seleucid queen by marriage to Antiochus II Theos, and regent during the minority of her son Antiochus in 246.
July 2024 al-Shati refugee camp attack
On 13 July 2024, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conducted an attack against a makeshift mosque in the al-Shati refugee camp in Gaza City. The bombings killed 22 worshippers as they prayed inside the mosque. Palestinian sources reported those killed were civilians, while Israel said it killed "20 Hamas terrorists".

Al-Shati refugee camp airstrikes
On 9 October 2023, during the Gaza war, the Israel Defense Forces conducted an airstrike on al-Shati refugee camp in the Gaza Strip, destroying four mosques. According to Palestinian media, the attack killed people inside. The camp is Gaza's third-largest refugee camp, with a population of more than 90,000 refugees. A second strike was conducted on 12 October, killing 13 people.
Air Force Training Group RAAF
Air Force Training Group is the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) group responsible for training personnel. It is headquartered at RAAF Williams, Victoria. The group was established as Training Command in 1953. It formed part of Support Command between from 1959 to 1990, when it was re-established as Training Command. In July 2006, Training Command was re-formed as Air Force Training Group under Air Command. Air Force Training Group consists of a headquarters and two Academies: Air Academy and Ground Academy.

RAAF Williams
RAAF Williams (ICAO: YMPC) is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) military air base set across two locations, at Point Cook and Laverton, located approximately 20 km (12 mi) south-west of the Melbourne central business district in Victoria, Australia. Both establishments previously existed as separate RAAF Bases (RAAF Base Point Cook and RAAF Base Laverton) until 1989 when they were amalgamated to form RAAF Williams. The name was chosen in honour of Air Marshal Sir Richard Williams, the 'father' of the RAAF.

RAAF Williams, Point Cook is the birthplace of the Royal Australian Air Force and is the oldest continually operating military airfield in the world. Since 1994, RAAF Williams (Point Cook) has been the home of RMIT Flight Training.
Juglans hindsii
Juglans hindsii, commonly called the Northern California black walnut and Hinds's black walnut, is a species of walnut tree native to the western United States (California and Oregon). It is commonly called claro walnut by the lumber industry and woodworkers, and is the subject of some confusion over its being used as rootstock for English walnut.

Juglans californica
Juglans californica, the California black walnut, also called the California walnut, or the Southern California black walnut, is a large shrub or small tree (about 20–49 feet (6.1–14.9 m)) of the walnut family, Juglandaceae, endemic to the Central Valley and the Coast Range valleys from Northern to Southern California.