hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
The Bang-Bang Club (book)
The Bang-Bang Club: Snapshots from a Hidden War is a 2000 autobiographical styled text about the Bang-Bang Club, a group of four South African photographers active within the townships of South Africa during the apartheid period, particularly between 1990 and 1994. The journalists were Kevin Carter, Greg Marinovich, Ken Oosterbroek, and João Silva. The book was co-authored by two of the journalists, Marinovich and Silva.

João Silva (photographer)
João Silva (born 9 August 1966) is a Portuguese-born South African war photographer. He is the last working member of the Bang-Bang Club, a group of photographers who covered South Africa from the time of Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990, to the country's first multiracial elections in 1994. He has worked in Africa, the Balkans, Central Asia, Russia, and the Middle East.

In October 2010, Silva stepped on a land mine while on patrol with invading US soldiers in Kandahar, Afghanistan and lost his left leg below the knee, and his right leg from just above it. After recovery and receiving two prostheses, his first assignment out of Walter Reed Army Medical Center for The New York Times was at the White House. He now works as staff photographer for The New York Times in Africa.
Serie A2 (baseball)
The Serie A2 was a minor baseball league in Italy from 1991 until 2021. Originally the second-highest division of the Italian baseball pyramid, it was part of a promotion and relegation system with the top-level Serie A1 (also known as the Italian Baseball League).

In 2010, the Italian baseball system was temporarily reorganized into a fixed closed-franchise system, similar to MLB teams and MiLB teams; this was reversed in 2018 when promotion and relegation was reintroduced.

Starting in 2021 season, Serie A1 and A2 were unified into a single top-level Serie A. Now, Serie B is the top-level minor league in Italy.

Italian Baseball League
The Italian Baseball League (IBL, Italian: Campionato italiano di baseball), officially known as the Serie A (Italian pronunciation: [ˈsɛːrje ˈa]), is the top-level baseball league in Italy. Founded in 1948, it is governed by the Italian Baseball & Softball Federation (FIBS), which has its headquarters in Rome.

Many of the teams are based in the northern Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, which has historically been the hotbed of baseball in the country; a team from the Republic of San Marino also plays in Serie A.

Like most sports leagues in Europe, and unlike professional baseball leagues in North America and Asia, the IBL uses a promotion and relegation system; the bottom five clubs are relegated to the Serie B minor league. Winners of the league are awarded a scudetto, and earn the right to represent Italy in the European Champions Cup.
History of Western typography
Modern typographers view typography as a craft with a very long history tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and coinage currency in ancient times. The basic elements of typography are at least as old as civilization and the earliest writing systems—a series of key developments that were eventually drawn together into one systematic craft. While woodblock printing and movable type had precedents in East Asia, typography in the Western world developed after the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. The initial spread of printing throughout Germany and Italy led to the enduring legacy and continued use of blackletter, roman, and italic types.

Global spread of the printing press
Following the invention of the printing press in the German city of Mainz by Johannes Gutenberg c. 1439, Western printing technology spread across the world, and was adopted worldwide by the end of the 19th century. The technology, which mechanized the process of printing with moveable type, displaced the manuscript and block printing.

In the Western world, the operation of a press became synonymous with the enterprise of publishing and lent its name to a new branch of media, the "press" (see List of the oldest newspapers).
Israel Washburn
Israel Washburn IV (November 18, 1784 – September 1, 1876) was an American farmer, politician, and pioneer settler of Livermore, Maine.  He served two terms in the Massachusetts House of Representatives before Maine became a separate state.

He was a member of the Washburn family of New England, and had several notable sons, including U.S. secretary of state Elihu B. Washburne, Maine governor Israel Washburn V, Wisconsin governor Cadwallader C. Washburn, and U.S. senator William D. Washburn.

Cadwallader C. Washburn
Cadwallader Colden Washburn (April 22, 1818 – May 14, 1882) was an American businessman, Republican politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He was the 11th governor of Wisconsin (1872–1874) and served 10 years in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing western Wisconsin.  As a businessman, he acquired and grew the Minneapolis Milling Company, creating the business that would later become General Mills.  During the American Civil War, Washburn also distinguished himself as a Union Army officer, and rose to the rank of major general, leading forces in the western theater of the war.

Cadwallader Washburn was a member of the Washburn family of Maine.  His brother, Israel Washburn Jr., was the 29th governor of Maine, and another brother, William D. Washburn, served as a United States senator from Minnesota.  Two other brothers were also notable politicians and diplomats.
Sosipater
Sosipater (Greek: Σωσίπατρος) is a person mentioned in the New Testament, in Romans 16:21. He is probably the same person as Sopater mentioned in Acts 20:4.

In church tradition, he is known as Sosipater of Iconium, and is numbered among the Seventy Apostles. St. Sosipater's feast days are on April 28 (Slavic tradition), or 29 (Greek tradition) with St. Jason; November 10 with saints Erastus, Olympas, Herodian, Quartus, and Tertius; and January 4 with the Seventy. According to Latin tradition, the disciple of St Paul the Apostle died on the 25th of June in Beroea.

Herodion of Patras
Herodion of Patras (also Herodian or Rodion; Greek: Ἡρωδίων, Ἡρωδιανός, Ῥοδίων) has been thought by some to have been a relative (συγγενής) of Saint Paul, as in a greeting Paul calls a Herodion a sungenēs in Romans 16:11.  But Paul uses the term συγγενής (sungenēs) for fellow Jews in Romans 9:3. So συγγενής (sungenēs) can mean relative even as broadly as fellow Jew.  According to tradition, Herodion of Patras was numbered among the Seventy Disciples and became bishop of Patras, where he suffered greatly. After beating, stoning, and stabbing him; they left him for dead, but St. Herodion arose and continued to serve the Apostles.

He was beheaded with Olympas in Rome while they were serving Saint Peter on the same day that St. Peter was crucified.  His feast days are celebrated on January 4 among the Seventy, April 8, and November 10.
Deo Damla
Deo Damla is a mountain of the Garhwal Himalayas in Uttarakhand, India. It is situated in the eastern rim of Nanda Devi Sanctuary on the watershed of Milam Glacier and Nanda Devi basin. The elevation of Deo Damla is 6,620 metres (21,719 ft) and its prominence is 693 metres (2,274 ft). It is 63rd highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies 1.8 km SSE of Mangraon 6,568 metres (21,549 ft). Its nearest higher neighbor Rishi Pahar 6,992 metres (22,940 ft) lies 8.3 km NNW and it is 10.6 km SSW of Nanda Devi 7,816 metres (25,643 ft). It lies 1.4 km north of Bamchu 6,303 metres (20,679 ft).

Mangraon
Mangraon is a mountain of the Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. It is situated in the eastern rim of Nanda Devi Sanctuary on the watershed of Milam Glacier and Nanda Devi basin. The elevation of Mangraon is 6,568 metres (21,549 ft) and its prominence is 563 metres (1,847 ft). It is joint 71st highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies 1.8 km SSE of Deo Damla 6,568 metres (21,549 ft) its nearest higher neighbor. Rishi Pahar 6,992 metres (22,940 ft) lies 6.5 km North and it is 11.8 km NNE of Nanda Devi 7,816 metres (25,643 ft). It lies 9.5 km north of Lhatu Dhura 6,387 metres (20,955 ft).
Boylston Street Fishweir
In archeological literature, the name Boylston Street Fishweir refers to ancient fishing structures first discovered in 1913, buried 29 to 40 feet (8.8 to 12.2 m) below Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts. Reports written in 1942 and 1949 describe what was thought to be remains of one large fishweir, 2,500 years old, made of up to 65,000 wooden stakes distributed over an estimated 2 hectares (4.9 acres) of the former mud flat and marshland in what is now the Back Bay section of Boston. A different interpretation of these findings is offered by new evidence and contemporary archeological research techniques.

Fishing weir
A fishing weir, fish weir, fishgarth or kiddle is an obstruction placed in tidal waters, or wholly or partially across a river, to direct the passage of, or trap, fish. A weir may be used to trap marine fish in the intertidal zone as the tide recedes, fish such as salmon as they attempt to swim upstream to breed in a river, or eels as they migrate downstream. Alternatively, fish weirs can be used to channel fish to a particular location, such as to a fish ladder. Weirs were traditionally built from wood or stones. The use of fishing weirs as fish traps probably dates back prior to the emergence of modern humans, and have since been used by many societies around the world.

In the Philippines, specific indigenous fishing weirs (a version of the ancient Austronesian stone fish weirs) are also known in English as fish corrals and barrier nets.
Ancus Marcius
Ancus Marcius (Classical Latin: [ˈaŋkʊs ˈmaːrkiʊs]) was the legendary fourth king of Rome, who traditionally reigned 24 years. Upon the death of the previous king, Tullus Hostilius, the Roman Senate appointed an interrex, who in turn called a session of the assembly of the people who elected the new king. Ancus is said to have ruled by waging war as Romulus did, while also promoting peace and religion as Numa Pompilius did.

Ancus Marcius was believed by many Romans to have been the namesake of the Marcii, a plebeian family.

Marcia gens
The gens Marcia, occasionally written Martia, was one of the oldest and noblest houses at ancient Rome. They claimed descent from the second and fourth Roman Kings, and the first of the Marcii appearing in the history of the Republic would seem to have been patrician; but all of the families of the Marcii known in the later Republic were plebeian. The first to obtain the consulship was Gaius Marcius Rutilus in 357 BC, only a few years after the passage of the lex Licinia Sextia opened this office to the plebeians.
Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information; a binary qudit – the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum-mechanical system, one of the simplest quantum systems displaying the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization of a single photon in which the two spin states (left-handed and the right-handed circular polarization) can also be measured as horizontal and vertical linear polarization. In a classical system, a bit would have to be in one state or the other. However, quantum mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent superposition of multiple states simultaneously, a property that is fundamental to quantum mechanics and quantum computing.

Qudit
In quantum computing, a qudit (/ˈkjuː/dɪt/) or quantum dit is the generalized unit of quantum information described by a superposition of d states, where the number of states is an integer equal to or greater than two.
Hugh Shaw (footballer, born 1896)
Hugh Shaw (1 April 1896 – 16 August 1976) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played as a half-back for Hibernian, Rangers, Heart of Midlothian, East Fife and Leith Athletic in the Scottish Football League, winning a Scottish league championship with Rangers in 1927. After retiring as a player he became a coach with Hibernian, assisting manager Willie McCartney. Shaw became Hibs manager in 1948, and guided the team to league championships in 1948, 1951 and 1952. Shaw managed Hibs until 1961, and then had a brief spell as Raith Rovers manager.

Willie McCartney
William McCartney (1887 or 1888 — 24 January 1948) was a Scottish football referee and manager. He managed both of the Edinburgh derby rivals, Heart of Midlothian (Hearts) and Hibernian (Hibs).

The Sunday Herald newspaper listed McCartney in 22nd place in their 2003 list of the 50 greatest Scottish football managers, citing his role in the development of Hibs' Famous Five forward line. The newspaper also said that McCartney "was intelligent, jovial and had great presence", and described his ultimate failure to win a major trophy as "unthinkably cruel".
2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I
The 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship and took place between 5 and 11 July 2015 in Tampere, Finland. The tournament was won by Croatia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2017 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship. While Austria and Bulgaria were relegated to the European Qualification after losing their placement round games along with Latvia who lost the relegation game against Hungary.

2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship
The 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship was the 19th IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship, an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The World Championship runs alongside the 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I tournament and took place between 5 and 11 July 2015 in Tampere, Finland. The tournament was won by Canada, earning their third World Championship title. Finland finished in second place and Sweden in third after defeating Slovakia in the bronze medal match. Slovenia, after losing the relegation game against Germany was relegated to Division I for 2017.
Charles W. Goodyear House
The Charles W. Goodyear House is located at 888 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York, part of the Delaware Avenue Historic District, a federally designated historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974. The Châteauesque house was designed by prominent Buffalo architect Edward Green, of the Buffalo architecture firm Green & Wicks, and was completed in 1903 at a cost of $500,000 (equivalent to $17,498,000 in 2024). The home was built for Charles and Ella Goodyear. Goodyear was a founder and head of several companies including the Buffalo and Susquehanna Railroad, Great Southern Lumber Company, and the New Orleans Great Northern Railroad Company, as well as a director of Marine National Bank, and General Railway Signal.

Delaware Avenue Historic District (Buffalo, New York)
Delaware Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo, New York, United States, and Erie County.  It is located along the west side of Delaware Avenue (New York State Route 384) between North Street to the South and Bryant Street to the North.
F1 Manager 2024
F1 Manager 2024 is a sports management game, developed and published by Frontier Developments. It is the official racing management simulation game of the 2024 Formula One World Championship, the third and final installment in Frontier Developments' F1 Manager series. The game was released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on 23 July 2024.

F1 Manager (video game series)
F1 Manager (often shortened F1M) is a discontinued racing management simulation game series developed and published by Frontier Developments. It held the official license of the FIA Formula One World Championship, the FIA Formula 2 Championship, and the FIA Formula 3 Championship, which are governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. A total of three installments have been released.
National System of Nature Conservation Units
The National System of Nature Conservation Units (Portuguese: Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza), abbreviated SNUC, is a set of regulations and official procedures that enable the federal, state and municipal government departments, as well as private initiative, to create, implement and manage Conservation Units (UC) in order to organize nature preservation in Brazil.

Protected areas of Brazil
Protected areas of Brazil included various classes of area according to the National System of Nature Conservation Units (SNUC), a formal, unified system for federal, state and municipal parks created in 2000.
Flag of Manitoba
The official flag of the Province of Manitoba is the Red Ensign bearing the shield of the provincial Coat of Arms. It was given royal approval by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in October 1965 and was officially proclaimed by the Legislative Assembl of Manitoba. on 12 May 1966. The flag was adopted in the period after the national Flag of Canada was proclaimed and when most Canadian provinces and territories adopted flags. With the demise of the Canadian Ensign as a national symbol, both Manitoba and Ontario chose to adopt provincial flags based on its design to commemorate and preserve its longstanding association with Canada.

Coat of arms of Manitoba
The coat of arms of Manitoba is the heraldic symbol representing the Canadian province of Manitoba. The arms contains symbols reflecting Manitoba's British heritage along with local symbols. At the upper part of the shield is the red cross of St. George, representing England. On the left, the unicorn represents Scotland. The lower portion of the shield features a bison standing atop a rock on a green background, a symbol of First Nations peoples of the area who derived food and clothing from the animal.

The shield also features on the provincial flag.
Bremerhaven Seahawks
The Bremerhaven Seahawks are an American football club from Bremerhaven, Germany.

The club is one of the six founding members of the American Football Bundesliga, alongside the Düsseldorf Panther, Frankfurter Löwen, Ansbach Grizzlies, Munich Cowboys and Berlin Bears, but has not played at this level since 1986.

German Football League
The German Football League (GFL) is a professional American football league in Germany. The league was formed in 1979. In 1999, the league changed to its current name from American-Football-Bundesliga. Rules are based on American NCAA rules.

In terms of attendance figures, cumulative salaries paid by teams, performance in international exhibition games and competitions and ability to draw foreign talent, the GFL is generally considered the most competitive national league in Europe.
Han Ryner
Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner (7 December 1861 – 6 February 1938), commonly known by the pen name Han Ryner, was a French individualist anarchist philosopher and activist and a novelist. He wrote for publications such as L'Art social, L'Humanité nouvelle, L'Ennemi du Peuple, L'Idée Libre de Lorulot; and L'En dehors and L'Unique of fellow anarchist individualist Émile Armand. His thought is mainly influenced by Stoicism and Epicureanism.

Émile Armand
E. Armand (March 26, 1872 – February 19, 1963), pseudonym of Ernest-Lucien Juin, was an influential French individualist anarchist at the beginning of the 20th century and also a dedicated free love/polyamory, intentional community, and pacifist/antimilitarist writer, propagandist and activist. He wrote for and edited the anarchist publications L'Ère nouvelle (1901–1911), L'Anarchie, L'En-Dehors (1922–1939) and L'Unique (1945–1953).
Kathryn C. Thornton
Kathryn Ryan Cordell Thornton (Born 17 August, 1952) is an American scientist and a former NASA astronaut with over 975 hours in space, including 21 hours of extravehicular activity.  She was the associate dean for graduate programs at the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied Science, as well as a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering before her retirement in 2019.  She is now Professor Emerita.

Thornton was inducted in the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2010.

United States Astronaut Hall of Fame
The United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, located inside the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex Heroes & Legends building on Merritt Island, Florida, honors American astronauts and features the world's largest collection of their personal memorabilia, focusing on those astronauts who have been inducted into the Hall. Exhibits include Wally Schirra's Sigma 7 space capsule from the fifth crewed Mercury mission and the Gemini IX spacecraft flown by Gene Cernan and Thomas P. Stafford in 1966.
Galashkinskoe Naibstvo
Galashkinskoe Naibstvo, self-designated as Vilayet Kalay (Arabic: ولاية كالاي), was an Ingush administrative unit of the Caucasian Imamate. The Naibstvo was the farthest region of the Imamate in the west and it was established on the territory of Galashian society.

Galashians
Galashians (Ingush: Галашкахой, romanized: Galaşkaxoy, IPA: [ˈɡɑɫəʃkəxʷɔɪ]), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society, which formed in the middle of the 18th century. The name comes from the village of Galashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river Assa and the basin of the river Fortanga.
Essen, Groningen
Essen is a small hamlet in the municipality of Groningen in the province of Groningen. It lies between the city of Groningen and the village of Haren.

In 1215 a monastery was founded in Essen (or Yesse). It existed until 1594. During the Protestant Reformation it was closed down by the province of Groningen. It was known for having a miraculous statue of Mary (mother of Jesus). Only the terrain on which the monastery was built is recognisable.

Today Essen counts twenty farms in a very rural countryside; it is hard to imagine that the centre of the city of Groningen is only 5 km (3 mi) away.

The existence of Essen is being threatened by plans to build a new beltway, the Zuidtangent. The municipality of Haren has so far resisted these plans.

Haren, Groningen
Haren (Dutch: [ˈɦaːrə(n)] ⓘ; Gronings: Hoaren) is a town and a former municipality in the northeastern Netherlands. It is located in the direct urban area of the City of Groningen and, in January 2019, was merged into municipality of Groningen.

Haren is a commuting town with many wealthy inhabitants. It lies on the northern part of a ridge of sand called the Hondsrug. It contains one of two dolmens in the province of Groningen (in the village of Noordlaren) and the largest botanical garden of the Netherlands called Hortus Haren. The municipality comprises a woodland area called Appèlbergen (east of the village of Glimmen) and a lake called Paterswoldsemeer.

The first mention of Haren was in 1249.

On 21 September 2012, riots broke out in Haren when over 5,000 people turned up to a birthday party that was accidentally made public on Facebook. There were over 30 arrests after vandalism and looting caused over a million euros in damage.