hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Viking ring fortress
A Viking ring fortress, Trelleborg-type fortress, or trelleborg (pl. trelleborgs), is a type of circular fort of a special design, built in Scandinavia during the Viking Age. These fortresses have a strictly circular shape, with roads and gates pointing in the four cardinal directions. Inside the fort, each quadrant has one, in a single case four, square blocks of longhouses, completing the geometric symmetry. There are a total of five confirmed Viking ring fortresses at present, located in Denmark (although sites in Sweden and across Northern Europe have similar construction). They have been dated to the reign of Harold Bluetooth of Denmark, with an estimated near contemporary time of construction c. 980. Their exact historical context is subject to debate. In 2023, the five Danish forts were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List because of their unique architecture and testimony to the military power of the Jelling Dynasty.

Circular rampart
A circular rampart (German: Ringwall) is an embankment built in the shape of a circle that was used as part of the defences for a military fortification, hill fort or refuge, or was built for religious purposes or as a place of gathering.

The period during which these structures were built ranged from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages.
Network emulation
Network emulation is a technique for testing the performance of real applications over a virtual network. This is different from network simulation where virtual models of traffic, network models, channels, and protocols are applied. The aim is to assess performance, predict the impact of change, or otherwise optimize technology decision-making.

Network simulation
In computer network research, network simulation is a technique whereby a software program replicates the behavior of a real network. This is achieved by calculating the interactions between the different network entities such as routers, switches, nodes, access points, links, etc. Most simulators use discrete event simulation in which the modeling of systems in which state variables change at discrete points in time.  The behavior of the network and the various applications and services it supports can then be observed in a test lab; various attributes of the environment can also be modified in a controlled manner to assess how the network/protocols would behave under different conditions.
The News-Gazette (Champaign–Urbana)
The News-Gazette is a daily newspaper serving eleven counties in the eastern portion of Central Illinois and specifically the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area. Since November 2019 it is published daily Tuesday through Sunday. Based in Champaign, Illinois, the paper is owned, along with sister radio stations WDWS, WKIO and WHMS, by Community Media Group, Inc., which purchased it in November 2019 after the paper filed for bankruptcy. The News-Gazette has 23,000 subscribers and 50,000 daily readers as of 2025. The newspaper's website is the most viewed commercial website in East Central Illinois as of 2015. It is viewed by around 30,000–35,000 unique visitors a day, and receives 3.5 million page views per month.

WHMS-FM
WHMS-FM (97.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Champaign, Illinois, United States. It broadcasts an adult contemporary format as "Lite Rock 97.5" and is owned by The News-Gazette, the primary newspaper in the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area.

WHMS-FM's transmitter is sited on South Nell Street (U.S. Route 45) at West Windsor Road in Champaign. Along with WDWS, WHMS-FM is the longtime broadcaster of the University of Illinois sports, simulcasting all Fighting Illini football and men's basketball games.
Raymond Red
Raymond Red (born March 22, 1965) is a Filipino filmmaker. A pioneer of independent cinema in the 1980s and 1990s, he served multiple roles in the films he made, specializing in directing and cinematography. His filmography largely focused on themes of corruption, injustice, and poverty.

He has the distinction of being the first Filipino filmmaker to win the Short Film Palme d'Or award for his short film Anino at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.

Anino (film)
Anino (English: Shadows) is a 2000 Philippine drama short film produced, written, shot and co-edited, and directed by Raymond Red. The film follows a photographer living in poverty, hoping to make money by taking pictures with his camera but his day takes an unexpected turn when the older man chases onto him for making his way while a street boy steals his camera.

Anino won the Short Film Palme d'Or award at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival, the first Filipino film to receive this award at Cannes.
2012 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
The 2012 Libertarian Party presidential primaries allowed voters to indicate non-binding preferences for the Libertarian Party's presidential candidate. These differed from the Republican or Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses in that they did not appoint delegates to represent a candidate at the party's convention to select the party's nominee for the United States presidential election. The party's nominee for the 2012 presidential election was chosen directly by registered delegates at the 2012 Libertarian National Convention, which ran from May 2 to 6, 2012.  The delegates nominated former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson for President and former judge Jim Gray for Vice President.

Four primaries were held. A total of 22,346 votes were cast in these primaries.

2012 Libertarian National Convention
The 2012 Libertarian National Convention, in which delegates of the Libertarian Party (LP) chose the party's nominees for president and vice president in the 2012 general election, was held May 2–6, 2012, in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the Red Rock Resort Spa and Casino. Former Governor of New Mexico Gary Johnson won the presidential nomination on the first ballot. Retired California state court judge Jim Gray won the vice presidential nomination, also on the first ballot. The convention also chose to replace most of the Libertarian National Committee party officers and members-at-large.

The theme of this convention was Liberty Will Win.

Several non-binding advisory primaries were held ahead of the convention as part of the 2012 Libertarian Party presidential primaries.
Dentyne
Dentyne is a brand of chewing gum and breath mints available in several countries globally. It is owned by Perfetti Van Melle.

In 1899, a New York City druggist Franklin V. Canning formulated a chewing gum which he promoted as an aid to oral hygiene.  The package read "To prevent decay, To sweeten the breath, To keep teeth white."  Mr. Canning called his new gum Dentyne which is a combination of the words "dental" and "hygiene" (and also sounds similar to the word dentine). In 1916 the brand was sold to the American Chicle Company. By the 1930s, Dentyne was produced by the Adams Gum Company. Adams was one of the companies that made up the American Chicle Company.

Trident (gum)
Trident is a brand of sugar-free chewing gum owned by the Italian-Dutch company Perfetti Van Melle. It was originally introduced by American Chicle in 1960 shortly before it was bought by Warner-Lambert in 1962. It reached the UK in 2007 when it was introduced by its then-owner Cadbury Schweppes in the United Kingdom.

Trident is sold in more than 70 countries around the world, but sometimes marketed under different names. The gum is called Stimorol across much of Europe and Africa, Beldent in Argentina, First in Turkey, Dirol in Russia, and Hollywood in France.
Newton Corner station
Newton Corner is an MBTA bus transfer point in the Newton Corner neighborhood of Newton, Massachusetts, located on the rotary where Washington Street crosses the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Newton Corner station, known simply as Newton for much of its lifetime, served commuters on the Worcester Line (run by the New York Central Railroad and its predecessors) from 1834 to 1959. A streetcar stop, located on the surface streets, served a number of routes beginning in 1863, including the Green Line A branch until 1969. Newton Corner is now a stop and transfer point for MBTA routes 52, 57, 501, 504, 553, 554, 556, and 558, which include express routes to downtown Boston as well as local routes, with stops on the north and south sides of the rotary.

Watertown Yard
Watertown Carhouse is a bus maintenance facility and former streetcar carhouse located in the southern section of Watertown, Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Watertown Square. As Watertown Yard, the site also serves as a bus depot serving local and express routes 52, 57, and 504, with additional connections available at Watertown Square station on the opposite end of the Watertown Bridge. The yard parking lot is available as commuter parking for riders.
Milan S Lines
The Milan S Lines are a commuter rail system serving the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy.
The system comprises 13 lines serving 124 stations, for a total length of 403 km.
There are 415 daily trips by the trains with a ridership of about 230,000 per day.

The core of the system is the Passante, an underground railway running through the city approximately from the north-west to the south-east.
Several lines share this track, making the service in the city centre comparable to a metro line or S-Bahn system.

The service timetable is based on a clock-face scheduling.
Although operated by different companies, the Milan Metro and the suburban rail service have integrated tickets.

Milan Metro
The Milan Metro (Italian: Metropolitana di Milano) is the rapid transit system serving Milan, Italy, operated by Azienda Trasporti Milanesi. The network consists of five lines with a total network length of 111.8 kilometres (69.5 mi), and a total of 125 stations (+2 in construction), mostly underground. It has a daily ridership of about 1.4 million on weekdays. The Milan Metro is the largest rapid transit system in Italy in terms of length, number of stations and ridership; and the fifth longest in the European Union and the eighth in Europe.

The first line, Line 1, opened in 1964; Line 2 opened 5 years later in 1969, Line 3 in 1990, Line 5 (driverless) in 2013, and Line 4 (driverless) in 2022. There are also several extensions planned and under construction. The architectural project of the Milan Metro, created by Franco Albini and Franca Helg, and the signs, designed by Bob Noorda, received the Compasso d'Oro award in 1964.
Qilian bluetail
The Qilian bluetail (Tarsiger albocoeruleus) is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae that is found in north-central China. It formerly considered as conspecific with the red-flanked bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus).

Red-flanked bluetail
The red-flanked bluetail (Tarsiger cyanurus), also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin, is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It breeds in mixed coniferous forests in northern Asia, parts of central Asia, and northeastern Europe. It is migratory, wintering mainly in southeast Asia, in the Indian subcontinent, the Himalayas, Taiwan, and northern Indochina.
Jesse James (Texas politician)
Jesse William James (October 10, 1904 – September 29, 1977) was an American politician from Texas. A member of the Democratic Party, James served as Texas State Treasurer from 1941 until his death in 1977. His near 36-year tenure made him the longest serving Texas State Treasurer.

James served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1933 to 1937, when he resigned to accept a position in the office of the state treasurer. When the incumbent state treasurer, Charley Lockhart, resigned due to poor health, Governor Coke R. Stevenson appointed James to the office. James continued to be reelected as state treasurer until he died in office. He was succeeded by Warren G. Harding, whom James had defeated for reelection in 1956.

Texas State Treasurer
Texas State Treasurer was an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of the state government of Texas, responsible for overseeing the financial operations of state government. The position was established in the Constitution of 1876. It was officially abolished on August 31, 1996.
Ayeza Khan
Ayeza Khan (born 15 January 1991) is a Pakistani actress who works in Urdu television. Khan has established herself as one of the leading television actresses and is a recipient of several accolades including three Hum Awards and two Lux Style Awards. Khan has been described among the nation's highest-paid actresses by the media.

After making her debut with Tum Jo Miley in 2009, Khan garnered recognition through her roles in Pyarey Afzal (2013), Mere Meherbaan (2014), Tum Kon Piya (2016), Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai (2017), Tau Dil Ka Kia Hua (2017), Koi Chand Rakh (2018) and Chupke Chupke (2021). For the last of these, she won Hum Award for Best Actress Popular. Khan further received critical praise her portrayal of Mehwish in Mere Paas Tum Ho (2019).

Khan has also appeared in many telefilms. She is married to actor Danish Taimoor, with whom she has two children. As of July 2022, Khan was the second most-followed Pakistani celebrity on Instagram.

Pyarey Afzal
Pyarey Afzal or Pyaare Afzal  (Urdu: پیارے افضل) ( English: Dear Afzal), is a 2013 Pakistani romantic melodrama television serial that aired on ARY Digital. Directed by Nadeem Baig and written by Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar, the drama was produced by Humayun Saeed and Shazad Nasib's Six Sigma Entertainment. The drama starred Hamza Ali Abbasi and Ayeza Khan in the lead roles.

Often cited as one of the greatest Pakistani dramas of all time, Pyarey Afzal won many people's choice awards from Dawn readers in 2014. At the annual Lux Style Awards, Pyarey Afzal won five awards from seven nominations, including Best TV Play, Best Director for Baig, Best Actor for Abbasi and Best Actress for Khan. Pyaray Afzal also aired in India on the Zindagi Channel under the same name. The Express Tribune stated Indian viewers liked "The script, dialogue delivery, background score and overall finesse".
Anna af Sand
Anna af Sand is a Hardangerjakt built in 1854, and one of the oldest wooden sailing cargo ships in Europe still in operation. As of 2023, the vessel is owned and maintained by the Stavanger Museum in Norway.

Stavanger Museum
Stavanger Museum is a museum of natural and cultural history established in 1877, located in the Norwegian city Stavanger. The museum's collections consist of several departments: the department of zoology, the department for cultural history (which also includes custodianship of the royal residence Ledaal).

Departments include the Stavanger Museum of Natural History, Stavanger Maritime Museum, Norwegian Children's Museum, Norwegian Printing Museum, Stavanger School Museum, Stavanger Art Museum, and Norwegian Canning Museum.
Yanpi
Yanpi (Chinese: 燕皮; pinyin: yànpí; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ian phî; lit. 'swallow skin') is a type of wonton skin used in Chinese cuisine. Lean pork meat taken from the shanks is mixed with glutinous rice, pounded to a paste, then sprinkled with starch. The meat gives yanpi a taste and texture similar to that of surimi.

The thin yanpi skins are used to wrap bianrouyan (Chinese: 扁肉燕; pinyin: biǎnròuyàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: píⁿ-bah-ian; lit. 'flat meat'; Hokchew Romanized: Biēng-nṳ̆k-iéng), a type of meat wonton which are often used in taiping yan, a soup eaten on special occasions in Fujian. Yanpi is a speciality of Northern Fujianese cuisine, particularly Fuzhou cuisine and Putian cuisine.

Wang Shitong (Chinese: 王世統) popularized yanpi in the first decades of the 20th century by drying it, allowing it to be stored for long periods rather than used on the day it was made.

Fuzhou cuisine
Fuzhou cuisine is one of the four subsets of Fujian cuisine, which is one of the Eight Great Traditions  of Chinese cuisine. 
Fuzhou cuisine's taste is light compared to other styles, often with a mixed sweet and sour taste. Fuzhou cuisine displays an influence from the neighboring Zhejiang province's cuisine and as the capital of Fujian, Fuzhou has been more influenced by cuisines from Northern China but also have influences native to Fujian. It is traditionally considered the most prestigious subset of Fujian cuisine and was a strong influence on Ryukyuan cuisine in Japan.
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park
Old Town San Diego State Historic Park is a state protected historical park in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego, California. The park commemorates the early days of San Diego; it includes many historic buildings from the period 1820 to 1870. The park was established in 1968. In 2005 and 2006, California State Parks listed Old Town San Diego as the most visited state park in California.

In 1969, the site was registered as California Historical Landmark No. 830. Then on September 3, 1971, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Old Town San Diego Historic District.

Presidio of San Diego
El Presidio Real de San Diego (Royal Presidio of San Diego) is a historic fort in San Diego, California. It was established on May 14, 1769, by Gaspar de Portolá, leader of the first European land exploration of Alta California—at that time an unexplored northwestern frontier area of New Spain.

The presidio was the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific coast of the present-day United States. As the first of the presidios and Spanish missions in California, it was the base of operations for the Spanish colonization of California. The associated Mission San Diego de Alcalá later moved a few miles away.

Essentially abandoned by 1835, the site of the original Presidio lies on a hill within present-day Presidio Park, although no historic structures remain above ground. The San Diego Presidio was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1932, then declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.
1998–99 Belarusian Cup
The 1998–99 Belarusian Cup was the eighth season of the annual Belarusian football cup competition. Contrary to the league season, the competition has been conducted in a fall-spring rhythm. It began on 18 July 1998 with the first of five rounds and ended on 29 May 1999 with the final at the Dinamo Stadium in Minsk.

Lokomotiv-96 Vitebsk were the defending champions, having defeated FC Dinamo Minsk in the 1998 final, but were knocked out in the second round by the eventual champions FC Belshina Bobruisk.

FC Belshina Bobruisk won the final against FC Slavia Mozyr after the penalty shootout to win their second title.

FC Belshina Bobruisk
FC Belshina Bobruisk (Belarusian: ФК "Белшына Бабруйск", FK Belshyna Babruisk) is a Belarusian football club based in Bobruisk. The team has won one Belarusian Premier League title, as well as 3 Belarusian Cup titles.
Lake Poets
The Lake Poets is a term used for a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of North West England, in the first half of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known. They were named, only to be uniformly disparaged, by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the English Romantic movement.

The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey. They were associated with several other poets and writers, including Dorothy Wordsworth, Charles Lamb, Mary Lamb, Charles Lloyd, Hartley Coleridge, John Wilson, and Thomas De Quincey.

Recollections of the Lake Poets
Recollections of the Lake Poets is a collection of biographical essays written by the English author Thomas De Quincey. In these essays, originally published in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine between 1834 and 1840, De Quincey provided some of the earliest, best informed and most candid accounts of the three Lake Poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, and others in their circle.
Kacha (river)
The Kacha (Russian: Ка́ча) is a river in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Yenisey. The Turkic name of the river is Izyr-Su, and it has been suggested that the Russian name is derived from Izyr-Kichi "Izyr people", the self-name of the Turkic people that inhabited the river valley and adjacent lands.

Yenisei
The Yenisey or Yenisei (/ˌjɛnɪˈseɪ/, YEN-iss-AY; Russian: Енисе́й, pronounced [jɪnʲɪˈsʲej]) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.

Rising in Mungaragiyn-gol in Mongolia, it follows a northerly course through Lake Baikal and the Krasnoyarsk Dam before draining into the Yenisey Gulf in the Kara Sea. The Yenisey divides the Western Siberian Plain in the west from the Central Siberian Plateau to the east; it drains a large part of central Siberia. Its delta is formed between the Gyda Peninsula and the Taymyr Peninsula.

It is the central one of three large Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Lena). The maximum depth of the Yenisey is 61 metres (200 ft) and the average depth is 14 metres (45 ft).
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Arabic: أبو حفص الهاشمي القرشي, romanized: ʾAbū Ḥafṣ al-Hāshimī al-Qurashī) is the fifth and current caliph of the Islamic State. He was named as caliph on 3 August 2023, in an audio message by the spokesman of the IS, Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari, whose announcement came four months after the death of his predecessor Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi.

Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari
Abu Hudhayfah al-Ansari (Arabic: أبو حذيفة الأنصاري, romanized: ʾAbū Ḥudhayfah al-Anṣārī) is a spokesman of the Islamic State. He was announced as the spokesman in a speech released by Al-Furqan Foundation media in August 2023. He replaced Abu Omar al-Muhajir as the spokesman of the Islamic State, who was arrested by Tahrir al-Sham.
Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan
Monetary policy pertains to the regulation, availability, and cost of credit, while Fiscal policy deals with government expenditures, taxes, and debt. Through management of these areas, the Ministry of Finance regulated the allocation of resources in the economy, affected the distribution of income and wealth among the citizenry, stabilized the level of economic activities, and promoted economic growth and welfare.

The Ministry of Finance played an important role in Japan's postwar economic growth. It advocated a "growth first" approach, with a high proportion of government spending going to capital accumulation, and minimum government spending overall, which kept both taxes and deficit spending down, making more money available for private investment. Most Japanese put money into savings accounts, mostly postal savings.

Ministry of Finance (Japan)
The Ministry of Finance (財務省, Zaimu-shō) is one of the cabinet-level ministries of the Japanese government. The ministry was named the Ōkura-shō (大蔵省) until 2001. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance (財務大臣, Zaimu-daijin), who is a member of the Cabinet and is typically chosen from members of the Diet by the Prime Minister.

The ministry's history dates back to the 6th century in ancient Japan. After the Meiji Restoration, the Ministry of Finance was established. The ministry's power over banking supervision was split to the newly established Financial Services Agency in 1990s.