hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Sialadenitis
Sialadenitis (sialoadenitis) is inflammation of salivary glands, usually the major ones, the most common being the parotid gland, followed by submandibular and sublingual glands. It should not be confused with sialadenosis (sialosis) which is a non-inflammatory enlargement of the major salivary glands.

Sialadenitis can be further classed as acute or chronic. Acute sialadenitis is an acute inflammation of a salivary gland which may present itself as a red, painful swelling that is tender to touch. Chronic sialadenitis is typically less painful but presents as recurrent swellings, usually after meals, without redness.

Causes of sialadenitis are varied, including bacterial (most commonly Staphylococcus aureus), viral and autoimmune conditions.

Parotid gland
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches. There are also two other types of salivary glands; they are submandibular and sublingual glands. Sometimes accessory parotid glands are found close to the main parotid glands.

The venom glands of snakes are a modification of the parotid salivary glands.
Gospel Church, Mianyang
Gospel Church is a Protestant church building situated on Jiefang Street (lit. 'Liberation Street') in Fucheng District, Mianyang. It was first built in 1895, or 1885 according to Annals of Religion in Mianyang, by Alfred Arthur Phillips and Gertrude Emma Wells, missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) under the jurisdiction of the Church of England. The church has been subjected to the control of the communist-established 'Three-Self Patriotic Church' since 1954. It was rebuilt in 1995.

Mianyang
Mianyang (simplified Chinese: 绵阳; traditional Chinese: 綿陽; pinyin: Miányáng; Wade–Giles: Mien2-yang2; Sichuanese romanization: Mien2-iang2; formerly known as Mienchow, Chinese: 綿州; pinyin: Mianzhou; Sichuanese romanization: Miencheo; lit. 'Mian Prefecture') is the second largest prefecture-level city of Sichuan province in Southwestern China. It borders Nanchong City to the east, Suining City to the south, Deyang City to the southwest, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture to the west, Gansu Province to the north, and Guangyuan City to the northeast. Located in north-central Sichuan covering an area of 20,281 square kilometres (7,831 sq mi) consisting of Jiangyou, a county-level city, five counties, and three urban districts. At the end of 2024 and the beginning of 2025, the resident population will be 4.922 million, with an urbanization rate of 56.93%, an urban population of 2,802,100, and a rural population of 2.1199 million.
Alaskan Bush People
Alaskan Bush People is an American docudrama-style reality television series that follows the Brown family in an attempt to survive in the remote wilderness, apart from modern society.  The series premiered on the Discovery Channel on May 6, 2014. Filmed on location in Alaska near Copper Center, Hoonah, and Chichagof Island, with later seasons filmed on location in Okanogan County, Washington, it follows the extended Brown family's life. Although purportedly a genuine reality TV show, it has been criticized for being scripted and/or fake.

In April 2019, Radar Online learned that the show was renewed for a 10th season. On November 13, the show was renewed for season 11, which premiered on December 4, 2019. Season 12 premiered on August 23, 2020. In August 2020, cast member Bear Brown posted on Instagram saying that the family's home had been destroyed in the 2020 Washington wildfires. Patriarch Billy Brown died at age 68 on February 7, 2021, after suffering a seizure.

Hoonah, Alaska
Hoonah (Tlingit: Xunaa or Gaaw Yat’aḵ Aan) is a largely Tlingit community on Chichagof Island, located in Alaska's panhandle in the southeast region of the state. It is 30 miles (48 km) west of Juneau, across the Alaskan Inside Passage. Hoonah is the only first-class city on Chichagof Island, the 109th-largest island in the world and the 5th-largest island in the U.S. At the 2020 census the population was 931, up from 760 in 2010. In the summer the population can swell to over 1,300 depending on fishing, boating, hiking and hunting conditions.

"Hoonah" became the official spelling in 1901, with establishment of the Hoonah branch of the United States Post Office. "Hoonah" is the approximate pronunciation of the Tlingit name Xunaa, which means “lee of the north wind”, i.e., protected from the north wind.
London Overground
The London Overground  (also known simply as the Overground) is a suburban rail network serving London and its environs. Established in 2007 to take over Silverlink Metro routes, it now serves a large part of Greater London as well as Hertfordshire, with 113 stations on the six lines that make up the network.

The Overground forms part of the United Kingdom's National Rail network but it is under the concession control and branding of Transport for London (TfL). Operation has been contracted to Arriva Rail London since 2016. TfL previously assigned orange as a mode-specific colour for the Overground in branding and publicity including the roundel, on the Tube map, trains and stations.

In 2024, each of the six Overground lines was given a distinct colour and name: Lioness (yellow), Mildmay (blue), Windrush (red), Weaver (purple), Suffragette (green), and Liberty (grey).

Urban rail in the United Kingdom
Urban and suburban rail plays a key role in public transport in many of the major cities of the United Kingdom. Urban rail refers to the train service between city centres and suburbs or nearby towns that acts as a main mode of transport for travellers on a daily basis. They consist of several railway lines connecting city centre stations of major cities to suburbs and surrounding towns.

Train services and ticketing are fully integrated with the national rail network and are not considered separate. In London, a route for Crossrail 2 has been safeguarded.
Jesa
Jesa (Korean: 제사, Korean pronunciation: [tɕe.sa]) is a ceremony commonly practiced in Korea. Jesa functions as a memorial to the ancestors of the participants. Jesa are usually held on the anniversary of the ancestor's death. The majority of Catholics, Buddhists and nonbelievers practice ancestral rites, although Protestants do not.

Since their origins, Jesa has taken on a certain formality as human civilization has developed, which is sometimes called rituals in Confucianism.

The Catholic ban on ancestral rituals was lifted in 1939, when Pope Pius XII formally recognized ancestral rites as a civil practice (see also Chinese Rites controversy).  Many Korean Protestants no longer practice this rite and avoid it both locally and overseas.

Spirit tablet
A spirit tablet, memorial tablet, or ancestral tablet is a placard that people used to designate the seat of a deity or past ancestor as well as to enclose it. The name of the deity or the past ancestor is usually inscribed onto the tablet. With origins in traditional Chinese culture, the spirit tablet is a common sight in many East Asian countries, where forms of ancestor veneration are practiced. Spirit tablets are traditional ritual objects commonly seen in temples, shrines, and household altars throughout mainland China and Taiwan.
Arsenate mineral
Arsenate minerals usually refer to the naturally occurring orthoarsenates, possessing the (AsO4)3− anion group and, more rarely, other arsenates with anions like AsO3(OH)2− (also written HAsO42−) (example: pharmacolite Ca(AsO3OH).2H2O) or (very rarely) [AsO2(OH)2]− (example: andyrobertsite). Arsenite minerals are much less common. Both the Dana and the Strunz mineral classifications place the arsenates in with the phosphate minerals.

Example arsenate minerals include:

Annabergite Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O

Austinite CaZn(AsO4)(OH)

Clinoclase Cu3(AsO4)(OH)3

Conichalcite CaCu(AsO4)(OH)

Cornubite Cu5(AsO4)2(OH)4

Cornwallite Cu2+5(AsO4)2(OH)2

Erythrite Co3(AsO4)2·8H2O

Mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl

Olivenite Cu2(AsO4)OH

Andyrobertsite
Andyrobertsite is a rare, complex arsenate mineral with a blue color. It is found in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia and named after Andrew C. Roberts (b. 1950), mineralogist with the Geological Survey of Canada. A Ca-rich analogue (with Ca instead of Cd) is called calcioandyrobertsite and has a more greenish tint.
Nuevo amores de mercado
Nuevo amores de mercado is a Chilean telenovela based on the 2001 telenovela Amores de mercado, created by Fernando Aragón and Arnaldo Madrid. It aired on Mega from November 25, 2024 to July 30, 2025. The telenovela stars Pedro Campos, Francisca Walker and Fernanda Salazar.

Amores de mercado (Chilean TV series)
Amores de mercado  (lit: Market Lovers) is a Chilean television series created by Fernando Aragón and Arnaldo Madrid, that aired on TVN and TV Chile from August 6, to December 28, 2001, starring Álvaro Rudolphy, Ángela Contreras, Luciano Cruz-Coke, and Alejandra Fosalba.
Train des Pignes
43°43′13″N 6°59′25″E﻿ / ﻿43.72014°N 6.99023°E﻿ / 43.72014; 6.99023

The Train des Pignes (French pronunciation: [tʁɛ̃ de piɲ]) is a set of four metre gauge railways that once existed in the departments of Alpes-Maritimes (06), Var (83), Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (04) and  Bouches-du-Rhône (13) in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur (PACA) région in southern France:

Nice (06) — Meyrargues (13)

Nice (06) — Digne-les-Bains (04)

Saint-Raphaël (83) — Toulon (83)

Cogolin (83) — Saint-Tropez (83)

Only the one between Nice and Digne is still in operation. Therefore, today most people when they use the term, unaware of the history, refer to the Nice-Digne Line only.

Pignes is the southern French dialect word for pine cones.

The St. Raphaël - Toulon and Cogolin - St. Tropez lines were also sometimes called Le Macaron.

Nice–Digne line
The Nice to Digne line (French: Ligne de Nice à Digne), is a French metre-gauge railway line connecting Nice to Digne-les-Bains at Digne station.

It is operated by Chemins de fer de Provence and is the only remaining Train des Pignes.
Impenetrability
In metaphysics, impenetrability is the name given to that quality of matter whereby two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. The philosopher John Toland argued that impenetrability and extension were sufficient to define matter, a contention strongly disputed by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.

Locke considered impenetrability to be "more a consequence of solidity, than solidity itself."

Extension (metaphysics)
In metaphysics, extension signifies both 'stretching out' (Latin: extensio) as well as later 'taking up space', and most recently, spreading one's internal mental cognition into the external world.

The history of thinking about extension can be traced back at least to Archytas' spear analogy for the infinity of space. How far can one's hand or spear stretch out until it reaches the edge of reality? "If I arrived at the outermost edge of the heaven, could I extend my hand or staff into what is outside or not? It would be paradoxical [given our normal assumptions about the nature of space] not to be able to extend it."
Manitoba Highway 15
Provincial Trunk Highway 15 (PTH 15) is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Manitoba.  It runs from Winnipeg's Perimeter Highway (where it meets with the city's Route 115) east to Elma where it ends at PTH 11.  PTH 15 and the portion of Route 115 east of PTH 59 are collectively known as Dugald Road.

On the trip between Winnipeg and Elma, several significant landmarks exist, as well as the towns of Dugald and Anola.  Also along that stretch of picturesque highway lies the longitudinal Centre of Canada, which is marked on PTH 1 several kilometres south.

Winnipeg Route 115
Route 115 is a major east–west arterial route in the Winnipeg suburbs of St. Boniface and Transcona. It is the western extension of Manitoba Highway 15, which runs eastward to the communities of Dugald and Elma, Manitoba. Within the city boundaries it connects the largely industrial areas of south Transcona and east St. Boniface with Old St. Boniface and (via St. Mary's Road) downtown.
2014 Belmont Stakes
The 2014 Belmont Stakes was the 146th running of the Belmont Stakes. It was run on June 7, 2014, and was televised on NBC. California Chrome had a chance to complete the third leg of the Triple Crown after his victories in the 2014 Kentucky Derby and the 2014 Preakness Stakes.  However, it was Tonalist who won the race. Commissioner placed second and Medal Count took third. California Chrome finished in a tie for fourth with Wicked Strong.

The purse money for the Belmont was $1,500,000, an increase of $500,000 from the 2013 race.  Attendance of 102,199 was the third highest in Belmont Stakes history. The 2014 race set a record for the New York Racing Association (NYRA) for the amount of money bet, with an on-track handle of $19,105,877 and all-sources handle of $150,249,399. It had the second-highest television viewership to the 2004 broadcast.

2014 Preakness Stakes
The 2014 Preakness Stakes  was the 139th running of the Preakness Stakes.  The race was scheduled to start
at 6:18 pm Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) on May 17, 2014, at Pimlico Race Course and was run as the twelfth race on a racecard with thirteen races. The race was won by California Chrome, giving him a chance to win the Triple Crown at Belmont. It is the thirty-fourth time a horse has won the first two legs of the Triple Crown.  The Maryland Jockey Club reported a track record total attendance of 123,469, the second highest attendance for American thoroughbred racing events in North America during 2014.

The payout to the winning horses in the 2014 Stakes was US$1,500,000, an increase of half a million dollars from the previous year.
Grand Prince Inp'yŏng
Grand Prince Inp'yŏng (10 December 1622 – 13 May 1658) was the third son of King Injo of Joseon. After the death of Grand Prince Neungchang, Inp'yŏng became his adopted son. When his father surrendered to the Qing dynasty, Grand Prince Inp'yŏng was sent to Qing as a hostage. His 10th generation descendant was Gojong of Korea who became king upon the death of King Cheoljong.

Injo of Joseon
Injo (Korean: 인조; Hanja: 仁祖; 7 December 1595 – 17 June 1649), personal name Yi Jong (이종; 李倧), was the 16th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was a grandson of King Seonjo and the eldest son of Prince Jeongwon. He ascended to the throne after leading a coup d'état against his uncle, Gwanghaegun, in 1623. Today, Injo is considered a weak and incompetent king, as during his reign the country experienced Yi Gwal's Rebellion, the Later Jin invasion, the Qing invasion, and an economic recession, while the government was corrupt and ineffective.
Gadar 2
Gadar 2 (transl. Rebellion 2), subtitled on-screen with The Katha Continues, is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language period action drama film directed by Anil Sharma and written by Shaktimaan Talwar. The sequel to Gadar: Ek Prem Katha (2001), it stars Sunny Deol, Ameesha Patel, and Utkarsh Sharma, all reprising their lead roles from the original, with Simrat Kaur, Manisha Wadhwa, and Gaurav Chopra.

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Tara Singh returns to India and Pakistan in order to rescue his imprisoned son Jeete.

Gadar 2 was theatrically released on 11 August 2023, and received mixed reviews from critics. It emerged as a major commercial success, grossing over ₹691.08 crore (US$82 million) worldwide against a production budget of ₹60 crore (US$7.1 million), becoming the fourth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023, the tenth highest-grossing Hindi film of all-time, and the fifth highest-grossing Hindi film in India.

Manish Wadhwa
Manish Wadhwa (born 1972) is an Indian actor and voice actor. He is best known for his roles Chanakya in Chandragupta Maurya, Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt in Peshwa Bajirao, Kans in Paramavatar Shri Krishna, Amal Nanda/Dansh in Hero – Gayab Mode On and Major General Hamid Iqbal In Gadar 2.
Ages Ago
Ages Ago, sometimes stylised as Ages Ago! or Ages Ago!!, is a musical entertainment with a libretto by W. S. Gilbert and music by Frederic Clay that premiered on 22 November 1869 at the Royal Gallery of Illustration. It marked the beginning of a seven-year collaboration between Gilbert and Clay. The piece was a critical and popular success and was revived many times, including at St. George's Hall, London in 1870 and 1874, and in New York in 1880.

St. George's Hall, London
51°31′4″N 0°8′33″W﻿ / ﻿51.51778°N 0.14250°W﻿ / 51.51778; -0.14250

St. George's Hall was a theatre located in Langham Place, off Regent Street in the West End of London. It was built in 1867 and closed in 1966.  The hall could accommodate between 800 and 900 persons, or up to 1,500 persons including the galleries. The architect was John Taylor of Whitehall.

The hall was known for three decades for its presentation of the German Reed Entertainments alongside other musical works and lectures.  After 1895, it was used for vaudeville, drama, magic shows, as the headquarters of the London Academy of Music, and even as a skating rink.  In 1933, it became a BBC broadcasting studio but was shut down after extensive damage from bombing in March 1943. The theatre was demolished in 1966, and St George's Hotel (now called Treehouse Hotel London) and Henry Wood House now stand on the site.
Battle of Loznica (1941)
The Battle of Loznica involved an attack on the German garrison of that town by the Jadar Chetnik Detachment on 31 August 1941. Following the World War II German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was partitioned. At the time, Loznica was part of the German-occupied territory of Serbia, which included Serbia proper, with the addition of the northern part of Kosovo (around Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat.

The Chetniks attacked, led by Lieutenant Colonel Veselin Misita, who was killed during the assault. The Germans surrendered and 93 were captured. This battle was closely followed by the joint Partisan-Chetnik attack on the German garrison at Banja Koviljača.

Loznica
Loznica (Serbian Cyrillic: Лозница, pronounced [lǒznitsa]) is a city located in the Mačva District of western Serbia, on the right bank of the Drina river. In 2022 the city had a total population of 19,515, while the administrative area had a population of 72,062.

Its name stems from the word "loza" (the Serbian word for vine). Originally, its name was Lozica (Serbian for small vine), but it later became Loznica.
Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border
The Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border separates the Papua, Highland Papua, and South Papua provinces of Indonesia from the Sandaun and Western provinces of Papua New Guinea. The border, which divides the island of New Guinea in half, consists of two straight north–south lines connected by a short section running along the Fly River, totalling 824 km (512 mi).

Fly River
The Fly River is the third longest river on the island of New Guinea, after the Sepik and Mamberamo, with a total length of 1,060 km (660 mi). It is the largest by volume of discharge in Oceania, the largest in the world without a single dam in its catchment, and overall the 23rd-largest primary river in the world by discharge volume. It is located in the southwest of  Papua New Guinea and in the South Papua province of Indonesia. It rises in the Victor Emanuel Range arm of the Star Mountains, and crosses the south-western lowlands before flowing into the Gulf of Papua in a large delta. The Fly–Strickland River system has a total length of 1,224 km (761 mi),  making it the longest river system of an island in the world. The 824 km (512 mi) Strickland is the longest and largest tributary of Fly River, making it the farthest distance source of the Fly River.
Tanagra
Tanagra (Greek: Τανάγρα) is a town and a municipality north of Athens in Boeotia, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Schimatari. It is not far from Thebes, and it was noted in antiquity for the figurines named after it. The Tanagra figurines were a mass-produced, mold-cast and fired type of Greek terracotta figurine produced from the later fourth century BC, primarily in Tanagra.

Boeotia
Boeotia (/biˈoʊʃ(i)ə/ bee-OH-sh(ee-)ə; Greek: Βοιωτία, pronounced [vi.oˈti.a]; Ancient Greek: Βοιωτῐ́ᾱ, romanized: Boiōtĭ́ā) is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its largest city is Thebes.

Boeotia was also a region of ancient Greece, from before the 6th century BC.
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Russian: Мария Владимировна Романова, romanized: Mariya Vladimirovna Romanova; born 23 December 1953) has been a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov, the Imperial Family of Russia (who reigned as Emperors and Autocrats of all the Russias from 1613 to 1917) since 1992. She is a great-great-granddaughter in the male line of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Although she has used Grand Duchess of Russia as her title of pretence with the style Imperial Highness throughout her life, her right to do so is disputed. Since her father's death on April 21, 1992, some of her monarchist supporters have referred to her as Maria I, titular "Empress of Russia", a title she does not claim herself.

Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani
Grand Duchess Leonida Georgievna of Russia (Russian: Леонида Георгиевна Романова; née Princess Leonida Georgievna Bagration of Mukhrani (Georgian: ლეონიდა გიორგის ასული ბაგრატიონი-მუხრანელი); 6 October [O.S. 23 September] 1914 – 23 May 2010) was the consort of Vladimir Kirillovich, Grand Duke of Russia.
Once Upon a Time in the East (1974 film)
Once Upon a Time in the East (French: Il était une fois dans l'est) is a 1974 Canadian drama film directed by André Brassard. The film stars Denise Filiatrault, Michelle Rossignol, Frédérique Collin, Amulette Garneau, Béatrice Picard and Rita Lafontaine. It was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival.

André Brassard
André Brassard (28 August 1946 – 11 October 2022) was a Canadian stage director, filmmaker and actor, best known for staging the vast majority of Michel Tremblay's plays. He was the director of the French section of the National Arts Center from 1982 to 1989 and the National Theatre School from 1992 to 2000.

Brassard's 1974 film Once Upon a Time in the East was entered into the 1974 Cannes Film Festival. His 1977 film Le soleil se lève en retard was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival. Brassard received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award for his lifetime contributions to Canadian theatre in 2002.

Brassard was openly gay. He died on 11 October 2022, at the age of 76.
Adam Dong
Adam Dong (Chinese: 董星宇; pinyin: Dǒng Xīngyǔ; born 14 February 1994) is a Chinese-born Canadian badminton player. He captured the men's doubles gold medals at the 2023 Pan American Games and at the 2023 Pan Am Championships.

2023 Pan Am Badminton Championships
The XXVI 2023 Pan Am Badminton Championships was a continental championships tournament of badminton in Pan America. This tournament was held as two events in different countries. From 16 to 19 February, the team event was held in Guadalajara, Mexico. From 26 to 29 April, the individual event was held in Kingston, Jamaica.