hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Interstate 180 (Nebraska)
Interstate 180 (I-180) is a short auxiliary Interstate Highway in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. The north–south spur freeway connects I-80 to downtown Lincoln, running for 3.5 miles (5.6 km) while entirely concurrent to U.S. Route 34 (US 34). I-180 has two intermediate interchanges at Cornhusker Highway and Superior Street, both located north of Oak Creek. It is the only auxiliary interstate highway completely in the state of Nebraska.

It was proposed in the 1950s and construction began in 1961 as part of the Lincoln Access Highway project. On 27 July 1963, the southern section between December 1963 and January 1964 underwent a two-phase opening after the northern section between Cornhusker Highway and I-80. The southern section, which includes a viaduct over a downtown railroad, was rebuilt from 1996 to 1998, while the Oak Creek crossing was rebuilt between 2001 and 2003.

Interstate 80 in Nebraska
Interstate 80 (I-80) in the US state of Nebraska runs east from the Wyoming state border across the state to Omaha. Construction of the stretch of I-80 spanning the state was completed on October 19, 1974. Nebraska was the first state in the nation to complete its mainline Interstate Highway System.

I-80 has over 80 exits in Nebraska; according to The New York Times there are several notable tourist attractions along Nebraska's section of I-80. It is the only Interstate Highway to travel from one end of Nebraska to another, as the state has no major north–south Interstate route. Except for a three-mile-long (4.8 km) portion of I-76 near the Colorado state line, I-80 is the only primary (two-digit) Interstate Highway in Nebraska.
Pyotr Novikov
Pyotr Sergeyevich Novikov (Russian: Пётр Серге́евич Но́виков; 15 August 1901, Moscow – 9 January 1975, Moscow) was a Soviet mathematician known for his work in group theory. His son, Sergei Novikov, was also a mathematician.

Sergei Novikov (mathematician)
Sergei Petrovich Novikov (Russian: Серге́й Петро́вич Но́виков [sʲɪrˈɡʲej pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈnovʲɪkəf]; 20 March 1938 – 6 June 2024) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, noted for work in both algebraic topology and soliton theory. He became the first Soviet mathematician to receive the Fields Medal in 1970.
Android App Bundle
Android App Bundle is the Android application publishing file format. The App Bundle must include the application's compiled code and resources, which allows for the signing and generation of APK files to be deferred to the app store, reducing the initial download size of the app. The file extension used for this format is ".aab".

Google Play requires Android App Bundles for all new apps since August 2021 and for all updates to preexisting apps since November 2021. Since May 2023, Android TV requires AABs.

Apk (file format)
The Android Package with the file extension apk is the file format used by the Android operating system and a number of other Android-based operating systems for distribution and installation of mobile apps, mobile games and middleware. A file using this format can be built from source code written in either Java or Kotlin.

APK files can be generated and signed from Android App Bundles.
Naso Tjër Di Comarca
Naso Tjër Di (meaning “I am from the grandmother's river") is a landlocked indigenous region of Panama, located in the extreme northwest of the country, on the banks of the Teribe River and adjacent to the border with Costa Rica. The region is inhabited by about 5000 people, mainly of the Naso ethnic group.

The region was created on December 4, 2020 from the territory of Changuinola, in the province of Bocas del Toro. It has an area of 1,606.16 square kilometres (620.14 sq mi), of which 91% (1468.63 km2) is protected within the La Amistad International Park and the Palo Seco Forest Reserve.

Naso people
The Naso or Teribe people (also Tjër Di) are an Indigenous people of Panama and Costa Rica. They primarily live in northwest Panama in the Bocas del Toro Province and Naso Tjër Di Comarca as well as in southern Costa Rica in the Puntarenas Province. There are roughly 3,500 people who belong to the Naso tribe. It is one of the few Indigenous groups or tribes that continues to have a monarchy.
Isdalsegga Ridge
Isdalsegga Ridge (71°45′S 12°33′E﻿ / ﻿71.750°S 12.550°E﻿ / -71.750; 12.550) is a rock ridge surmounted by Pinegin Peak, forming the east wall of Isdalen Valley in the Südliche Petermann Range of the Wohlthat Mountains, Antarctica. It was discovered and plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition, 1938–39. It was replotted from air photos and surveys by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, and named "Isdalsegga" (the ice valley ridge) in association with Isdalen Valley.

Wohlthat Mountains
71°35′S 12°20′E﻿ / ﻿71.583°S 12.333°E﻿ / -71.583; 12.333
Wohlthat Mountains (German: Wohlthatmassiv) is a large group of associated mountain features consisting of the Humboldt Mountains, Petermann Ranges, and the Gruber Mountains, located immediately east of the Orvin Mountains in Fimbulheimen in the central Queen Maud Land. Discovered by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), led by Capt. Alfred Ritscher, and named for Prussian State Councilor Helmuth Wohlthat, who as economist and fiscal officer dealt with the organization of the expedition.

The area was reconnoitered and aerially photographed by the 5th Indian Antarctic Expedition (Nov 1985-Mar 1986) with a three-month temporary summer camp established there. The area was revisited by later Indian Antarctic expeditions.
AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile
The AGM-84E SLAM (Standoff Land Attack Missile) was a subsonic, over-the-horizon air-launched cruise missile that was developed by McDonnell Douglas from the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile. The SLAM was designed to provide all-weather, day and night, precision attack capabilities against stationary high-value targets as well as ships in port.

Harpoon (missile)
The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile 
manufactured by McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing Defense, Space & Security). The AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile (SLAM) and later AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER (Standoff Land Attack Missile – Expanded Response) are cruise missile variants.

The regular Harpoon uses active radar homing and flies just above the water to evade defenses. The missile can be launched from:

Fixed-wing aircraft (AGM-84), without the solid-fuel rocket booster

Surface ships (RGM-84), fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster that detaches when expended, to allow the missile's main turbojet to maintain flight

Submarines (UGM-84), fitted with a solid-fuel rocket booster and encapsulated in a container to enable submerged launch through a torpedo tube

Coastal defense batteries (RGM-84), from which it would be fired with a solid-fuel rocket booster
Charles Sprague Sargent
Charles Sprague Sargent (April 24, 1841 – March 22, 1927) was an American botanist.  He was appointed in 1872 as the first director of Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, and held the post until his death. He published several works of botany. The standard author abbreviation Sarg. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Arnold Arboretum
The Arnold Arboretum is a botanical research institution and free public park affiliated with Harvard University and located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston.

Established in 1872, it is the oldest public arboretum in North America. The landscape was designed by Charles Sprague Sargent and Frederick Law Olmsted and is the second largest "link" in the Emerald Necklace. The Arnold Arboretum's collection of temperate trees, shrubs, and vines has an emphasis on the plants of the eastern North America and eastern Asia, where Arboretum staff and colleagues are sourcing new material on plant collecting expeditions. The Arboretum supports research in its landscape and in its Weld Hill Research Building.
Taio
Taio (Nones: Tai) was a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,694 and an area of 11.3 square kilometres (4.4 sq mi). It was merged with Coredo, Smarano, Tres and Vervò on January 1, 2015, to form a new municipality, Predaia.

Taio borders the following municipalities: Coredo, Denno, Nanno, Sanzeno, Tassullo, Ton, Tres and Vervò.

Taio included the village of Segno, which is the birthplace of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino.

Coredo
Coredo (German: Koreth; Nones: Còret) was a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Trento. It was merged with Smarano, Taio, Tres and Vervò on January 1, 2015, to form a new municipality, Predaia.
Miami people
The Miami (Miami–Illinois: Myaamiaki) are a Native American nation originally speaking the Miami–Illinois language, one of the Algonquian languages. Among the peoples known as the Great Lakes tribes, they occupied territory that is now identified as north-central Indiana, southwest Michigan, and western Ohio. The Miami were historically made up of several prominent subgroups, including the Piankeshaw, Wea, Pepikokia, Kilatika, Mengakonkia, and Atchakangouen. In modern times, Miami is used more specifically to refer to the Atchakangouen. By 1846, most of the Miami had been forcefully displaced to Indian Territory (initially to what is now Kansas, and later to what is now part of Oklahoma). The Miami Tribe of Oklahoma are the federally recognized tribe of Miami Indians in the United States. The Miami Nation of Indiana, a nonprofit organization of self-identified descendants of Miamis who were exempted from removal, have unsuccessfully sought separate recognition.

Miami–Illinois language
Miami–Illinois or Wabash (endonym: myaamia, [mjɑːmia]) is an Indigenous Algonquian language that is spoken in the United States, historically in Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, western Ohio and adjacent areas along the Mississippi River by the Miami and Wea as well as the tribes of the Illinois Confederation, including the Kaskaskia, Peoria, Tamaroa, Cahokia, and possibly Mitchigamea. Although the last native speaker died in 1989, there has been an effort by the Myaamia (Miami) Nation of Oklahoma and the Miami Nation of Indians of the State of Indiana (a nonprofit organization) to revive the language and preserve their native heritage by teaching it to young and old members. As of 2016, it is estimated that around 500 members of the tribe use the language on a regular basis.
Iberdrola
Iberdrola, S.A. (Spanish pronunciation: [iβeɾˈðɾola]) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Spain. It has  around 40,000 employees and serves around 30 million customers.

Subsidiaries include ScottishPower (United Kingdom), Avangrid (United States) and Neoenergia (Brazil), amongst others. As of 2023, the largest shareholder of the company is the Qatar Investment Authority, with BlackRock and Norges Bank (managers of the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global) also holding significant interests.

Iberdrola is the largest producer of wind power, and the world's second largest electricity utility by market capitalisation. As of 2023, the company operates a capacity of 62,045 MW, of which 41,246 MW are from renewable sources worldwide.

Avangrid
Avangrid, Inc. (formerly Energy East and Iberdrola USA), is an energy services and delivery company. Avangrid serves about 3.1 million customers throughout New England, and New York in the United States.
Burette clamp
Burette clamp is a scientific equipment which used specifically to hold and secure a burette on a stand, so that a burette is fixed and more convenient for the experiment.  Burette clamps can be made with many materials such as plastic and cast iron. However, an iron clamp with a rubber knob to hold the burette are usually more durable. Usually burette clamps come in doubles, which means they can hold two burettes.

Burettes can be held by varying methods, some including the ones suggested below. To use a burette clamp, you should fix the burette clamp on a stand, squeeze the handle, and the rubber knobs will separate from each other. The burette will then be put between the rubber knobs. The rubber knobs are typically soft and sticky due to properties of rubber, so the burettes are not likely to break or slip during the experiment.

Clamp facing upward

Clamp facing downward

Side view of burette clamp

Burette with clamp

Retort stand
In chemistry, a retort stand, also called a clamp stand, a ring stand, or a support stand, is a piece of scientific equipment intended to support other pieces of equipment and glassware — for instance, burettes, test tubes and flasks.

The typical ring stand consists of a heavy base and a vertical rod, both usually made of metal.  A number of accessories, such as clamps of various types and iron rings, can be attached to the rod by thumbscrews, at whatever heights and orientations are necessary to support the target equipment.
Neil M. Gunn
Neil Miller Gunn (8 November 1891 – 15 January 1973) was a prolific Scottish novelist, critic, and dramatist who emerged as one of the leading lights of the Scottish Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s.  With over twenty novels to his credit, Gunn was arguably the most influential Scottish fiction writer of the first half of the 20th century (with the possible exception of Lewis Grassic Gibbon, the pen name of James Leslie Mitchell).: 326, 333, 339

Like his contemporary, Hugh MacDiarmid, Gunn was politically committed to the ideals of both Scottish nationalism and socialism (a difficult balance to maintain for a writer of his time). His fiction deals primarily with the Highland communities and landscapes of his youth,: 325  though the author chose (contra MacDiarmid and his followers) to write almost exclusively in English rather than Scots or Gaelic but was heavily influenced in his writing style by the language.

Lewis Grassic Gibbon
James Leslie Mitchell (13 February 1901 – 7 February 1935), known by the pseudonym Lewis Grassic Gibbon (Scots pronunciation: [ˈluːɪs ˈɡrasɪk ˈɡɪbən]), was a Scottish writer. He was best known for A Scots Quair, a trilogy set in the north-east of Scotland in the early 20th century, of which all three parts have been serialised on BBC television.
Manga Entertainment
Manga Entertainment was a producer, licensee, and distributor of anime in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the United States, and Australia. Originally founded in the UK in 1991, the UK branch became Crunchyroll UK and Ireland, also currently known as Crunchyroll Ltd. since 2022, while its U.S. branch was absorbed into Starz Inc. (now owned by Lionsgate).

Despite its name, the company's principal business was the distribution of anime rather than manga, although they published some manga (such as Crying Freeman) under the Manga Books imprint.

Lionsgate Studios
Lionsgate Studios Corp. is a Canadian-American film and television production and distribution conglomerate, domiciled in Vancouver, British Columbia, and primarily based in Santa Monica, California. It was formed on May 14, 2024, after Starz Entertainment, formerly known as Lionsgate, spun off its film and television businesses.

Lionsgate Studios's portfolio includes Lionsgate Canada (formerly known as Entertainment One/eOne), 3 Arts Entertainment, Pilgrim Media Group, Lionsgate Films, Lionsgate Television, Lionsgate Alternative Television, Lionsgate Home Entertainment, a minority stake in 42, and a stake of joint venture Amblin Partners. Through Lionsgate Films, the company also releases films under the Summit Entertainment and eOne Films labels.
Doncaster (horse)
Doncaster (1870 – January 1892) was an English Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was the winner of the 1873 Epsom Derby and the sire of the great stallion Bend Or. Through Bend Or he is the direct male-line ancestor of most modern thoroughbreds.

Bend Or
Bend Or (1877–1903) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1880 Epsom Derby. His regular jockey Fred Archer, winner of thirteen consecutive British jockey titles, said Bend Or was probably the greatest horse he had ever ridden.
Trijet
A trijet is a jet aircraft powered by three jet engines. In general, passenger airline trijets are considered to be second-generation jet airliners, due to their innovative engine locations, in addition to the advancement of turbofan technology. Trijets are more efficient than quadjets, but not as efficient as twinjets, which replaced trijets as larger and more reliable turbofan engines became available.

Four-engined jet aircraft
A four-engined jet, sometimes called a quadjet, is a jet aircraft powered by four engines. The presence of four engines offers increased power and redundancy, allowing such aircraft to be used as airliners, freighters, and military aircraft. Many of the first purpose-built jet airliners had four engines, among which stands the de Havilland Comet, the world's first commercial jetliner. In the decades following their introduction, their use has gradually declined due to a variety of factors, including the approval of twin-engine jets to fly farther from diversion airports as reliability increased, and an increased emphasis on fuel efficiency.
Darknet market
A darknet market is a commercial website on the dark web that operates via darknets such as Tor and I2P. They function primarily as black markets, selling or brokering transactions involving drugs, cyber-arms, weapons, counterfeit currency, stolen credit card details, forged documents, unlicensed pharmaceuticals, steroids, and other illicit goods as well as the sale of legal products. In December 2014, a study by Gareth Owen from the University of Portsmouth suggested the second most popular sites on Tor were darknet markets.

Following on from the model developed by Silk Road, contemporary markets are characterized by their use of darknet anonymized access (typically Tor), Bitcoin or Monero payment with escrow services, and eBay-like vendor feedback systems.

Darknet
A darknet or dark net is an overlay network within the Internet that can only be accessed with specific software, configurations, or authorization, and often uses a unique customized communication protocol. Two typical darknet types are social networks (usually used for file hosting with a peer-to-peer connection), and anonymity proxy networks such as Tor via an anonymized series of connections.

The term "darknet" was popularized by major news outlets and was associated with Tor Onion services when the infamous drug bazaar Silk Road used it, despite the terminology being unofficial. Technology such as Tor, I2P, and Freenet are intended to defend digital rights by providing security, anonymity, or censorship resistance and are used for both illegal and legitimate reasons. Anonymous communication between whistle-blowers, activists, journalists and news organisations is also facilitated by darknets through use of applications such as SecureDrop.
Zahia Dehar
Zahia Dehar (Arabic: زاهية ديهار, born 25 February 1992) is an Algerian-French model, actress, fashion and lingerie designer, and survivor of child sex trafficking.

Dehar is best known for having been involved in a sex scandal involving footballers at a time when she was being trafficked to escort clientele as a minor.

Zahia affair
The Zahia affair is a series of legal proceedings that took place in France starting from 2010, involving several players of the French football team and Zahia Dehar, a victim of child sex trafficking, who was a minor at the time she was solicited for sex. The affair received significant attention in the French media.
Collision cascade
In condensed-matter physics, a collision cascade (also known as a displacement cascade or a displacement spike) is a set of nearby adjacent energetic (much higher than ordinary thermal energies) collisions of atoms induced by an energetic particle in a solid or liquid.

If the maximum atom or ion energies in a collision cascade are higher than the threshold displacement energy of the material (tens of eVs or more), the collisions can permanently displace atoms from their lattice sites and produce defects. The initial energetic atom can be, e.g., an ion from a particle accelerator, an atomic recoil produced by a passing high-energy neutron, electron or photon, or be produced when a radioactive nucleus decays and gives the atom a recoil energy.

The characteristics of collision cascades can vary greatly depending on the energy and mass of the recoil or incoming ion, as well as the material's density (stopping power).

Stopping power (particle radiation)
In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy.

Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle. Its application is important in a wide range of thermodynamic areas such as radiation protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine.
Plant cell
Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or centrioles, except in the gametes, and a unique method of cell division involving the formation of a cell plate or phragmoplast that separates the new daughter cells.

Vacuole
A vacuole (/ˈvækjuːoʊl/) is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these. The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure varies according to the requirements of the cell.
MPEG Multichannel
MPEG Multichannel, also known as MPEG-2 Backwards Compatible, or MPEG-2 BC, is an extension to the MPEG-1 Layer II audio compression specification, as defined in the MPEG-2 Audio standard (ISO/IEC 13818-3) which allows it provide up to 5.1-channels (surround sound) of audio. To maintain backwards compatibility with the older 2-channel (stereo) audio specification, it uses a channel matrixing scheme, where the additional channels are mixed into the two backwards compatible channels. Extra information in the data stream (ignored by older hardware) contains signals to process extra channels from the matrix.

MPEG-2
MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. While MPEG-2 is not as efficient as newer standards such as H.264/AVC and H.265/HEVC, backwards compatibility with existing hardware and software means it is still widely used, for example in over-the-air digital television broadcasting and in the DVD-Video standard.