hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender is the usage of wording that is balanced in its treatment of the genders in a non-grammatical sense.
For example, advocates of gender-neutral language challenge the traditional use of masculine nouns and pronouns (e.g. "man" and "he") when referring to two or more genders or to a person of an unknown gender in most Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. This stance is often inspired by feminist ideas about gender equality. Gender neutrality is also used colloquially when one wishes to be inclusive of people who identify as non-binary genders or as genderless.

Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender. The values present in a given language, of which there are usually two or three, are called the genders of that language. Determiners, adjectives, and pronouns also change their form depending on the noun to which they refer.

According to one estimate, gender is used in approximately half of the world's languages.
Elysa Chen
Elysa Chen Shiyun (born 29 February 1984) is a Singaporean politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), she has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Bishan East–Sin Ming division of Bishan–Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency (GRC) since 2025.

Bishan–Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency
The Bishan–Toa Payoh Group Representation Constituency (GRC) is a four-member Group Representation Constituency located in the central region of Singapore. There are four divisions of the GRC: Bishan East–Sin Ming, Toa Payoh West–Thomson, Toa Payoh East and Toa Payoh Central, managed by Bishan–Toa Payoh Town Council. The current Member of Parliament (MP) are Cai Yinzhou, Chee Hong Tat, Elysa Chen and Saktiandi Supaat, from the People's Action Party (PAP).
Friend or Foe (t.A.T.u. song)
"Friend or Foe" is a song by Russian recording duo t.A.T.u., taken from the group's second English language studio album Dangerous and Moving (2005). The song was written by Dave Stewart and Martin Kierszenbaum, while production was handled by Kierszenbaum and Robert Orton. The song was released by Interscope in December 2005 as the album's second single. Musically, the song is a pop rock and electropop inspired song, with dance music influences. The song features ambiguous lyrics; it is unclear who exactly the words are directed at.

The song received generally positive reviews from critics, with many identifying it as the album's best song along with its praised for its dance nature and lyrical content. The song did not perform successfully like the group's previous single "All About Us", chart just under the top forty in most countries it charted in. An accompanying music video was issued, where it featured the group singing in a cave to fans.

Dangerous and Moving
Dangerous and Moving is the second English-language (third overall) studio album by Russian musical group t.A.T.u. and the English-language equivalent of the album Lyudi Invalidy ("People with disabilities"). The album was first released on 5 October 2005 in Japan then on 10 October in the United Kingdom, 11 October in North America, and in Europe and Latin America, on 14 October.

On 10 October 2025, to celebrate the 20-year anniversary of the album, a remastered deluxe edition was released digitally, including bonus tracks and remixes. On the same day, the album's Russian version was released worldwide on all streaming platforms for the first time ever, since it was previously available only in few countries, excluding Russia and Belarus due to Universal Music Group suspending their operations in those countries back in 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Sugar plum
Sugar plums are a type of dragée or other hard candy made into small round or oval shapes. The plum in the name of these confections does not always mean plum in the sense of the fruit, but rather their small size and spherical or oval shape. Traditional sugar plums often contained no fruit, instead being made mostly of pure sugar. These candies were comfits, and often surrounded a seed, nut, or spice.

Comfit
Comfits are confectionery consisting of dried fruits, nuts, seeds or spices coated with sugar candy, often through sugar panning. Almond comfits (also known as sugared almonds or Jordan almonds) in a muslin bag or other decorative container are a traditional gift at baptism and wedding celebrations in many countries of Europe and the Middle East, a custom which has spread to other countries such as Australia and Puerto Rico. Licorice comfits (sometimes sold as torpedoes)  are typically multi-colored, while almond comfits are usually white for weddings and may be brightly colored for other occasions.

A late medieval recipe for comfits is based on anise seeds, and suggests also making comfits with fennel, caraway, coriander, and diced ginger. These aniseed comfits seem to be a precursor of modern aniseed balls.

French almond comfits for a baptism

Red almond comfits, called confetti rossi, are used in Italy to celebrate the conferring of a degree.
Maulik Pancholy
Maulik Navin Pancholy (/moʊliːk nɑːvɪn pænˈtʃoʊli/, born January 18, 1974) is an American actor and author. He is best known for his roles as Jonathan on 30 Rock, Baljeet Tjinder in Phineas and Ferb, Neal in the first season of Whitney, and as characters named Sanjay Patel in both Weeds and Sanjay and Craig. His debut novel, The Best at It (from Balzer + Bray/HarperCollins), is about a gay, Indian American boy coming into his own. It was named a 2020 Stonewall Honor Book by the American Library Association. In 2022, he released Nikhil Out Loud, which tells the story of eighth grade theater kids rising up against homophobia in their community. It won the 2023 Lambda Literary Award for Middle Grade Literature.

Sanjay and Craig
Sanjay and Craig is an American animated sitcom created by Jim Dirschberger, Jay Howell, and Andreas Trolf for Nickelodeon. Produced by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi, the series revolves around Sanjay, voiced by Maulik Pancholy, and his best friend Craig, voiced by Chris Hardwick, a talking snake.

The series was first pitched in 2009 and officially began production in June 2012, a few months after the pilot was completed. The series first aired on Nickelodeon on May 25, 2013. The series was renewed for a second season on September 12, 2013, that began airing on July 12, 2014, and for a third season on June 11, 2014, that premiered on September 7, 2015. Hardwick confirmed on Twitter on June 10, 2016, that the series had officially finished production. The series ended on July 29, 2016, with the half-hour special episode "Booyah for Bollywood", having aired three seasons and 60 episodes. Reruns were continued on Nicktoons until March 31, 2022.
Khanate of Kalat
The Khanate of Kalat, also known as the Brahui Confederacy, was a Brahui Khanate that originated in the modern-day Kalat region of Pakistan. Formed in 1666 due to the threat of Mughal expansion in the region, it controlled the wider Balochistan at its greatest extent in the mid-18th century, extending from Kerman in the west to Sindh in the east and from Helmand River in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.

The Khanate of Kalat was sacked by the British in 1839. In 1875, Kalat became a self-governing state under a subsidiary alliance with British India following the signing of the Treaty of Kalat by the Khan of Kalat and the Brahui Sardars. Supervision of Kalat was assigned to the Baluchistan Agency. Kalat remained independent from 12 August 1947 until 27 March 1948, when its ruler, Ahmad Yar Khan, acceded to Pakistan

Kharan (princely state)
The State of Kharan (Urdu: ریاست خاران) was an autonomous princely state in British India covering what is part of the present-day province of Balochistan, in the southwest of Pakistan. Makran was located to its south.

On 17 March 1948, Kharan acceded to Pakistan and on 3 October 1952 it joined the Baluchistan States Union. The state was dissolved on 14 October 1955 when most regions of the western wing of Pakistan were merged to form the province of West Pakistan. With the dissolution of the province in 1970, the territory was reorganised as Kharan District of the province of Baluchistan (later Balochistan).
Between the Valley of the Ultra Pussy
Between the Valley of the Ultra Pussy is an album of industrial remixes of Faster Pussycat songs from the late 1980s and early 1990s, released after they reunited for a tour in 2001. Lead singer Taime Downe had always favored industrial rock and had been recording in that style since Faster Pussycat's break-up.

Faster Pussycat
Faster Pussycat is an American hard rock/glam metal band from Los Angeles, formed in 1985 by vocalist Taime Downe, guitarists Greg Steele and Brent Muscat and bassist Kelly Nickels. The group has since gone through numerous lineup changes leaving Downe as the only constant member. They broke up in 1993, but reformed in 2001. Faster Pussycat has released four studio albums to date: Faster Pussycat (1987), Wake Me When It's Over (1989), Whipped! (1992) and The Power and the Glory Hole (2006). They were a successful hard rock band during the late 1980s and early 1990s, having sold over two million records worldwide.

In 2020, Jeff Mezydlo of Yardbarker included them in his list of "the 20 greatest hair metal bands of all time".
Frome Hoard
The Frome Hoard is a hoard of 52,503 Roman coins found in April 2010, by metal detectorist Dave Crisp near Frome in Somerset, England. The coins were contained in a ceramic pot 45 cm (18 in) in diameter, and date from AD 253 to 305. Most of the coins are made from debased silver or bronze. The hoard is one of the largest ever found in Britain, and is also important as it contains the largest group ever found of coins issued during the reign of Carausius (who ruled Britain independently from 286 to 293, and was the first Roman Emperor to strike coins in Britain). The Museum of Somerset in Taunton, using a grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund (NHMF), acquired the hoard in 2011 for a value of £320,250.

Carausius
Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius (died 293) was a military commander of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century. He was a Menapian from Belgic Gaul, who usurped power in 286, during the Carausian Revolt, declaring himself emperor in Britain and northern Gaul (Imperium Britanniarum). He did this only 13 years after the Gallic Empire was ended in 273. He held power for seven years, fashioning the name "Emperor of the North" for himself, before being assassinated by his finance minister Allectus.
Valeric acid
Valeric acid or  pentanoic acid is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3COOH. Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has an unpleasant odor.  It is found in the perennial flowering plant Valeriana officinalis, from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Salts and esters of valeric acid are known as valerates or pentanoates. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Several, including ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.

Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, also known as 3-methylbutanoic acid or β-methylbutyric acid, is a branched-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H.  It is classified as a short-chain fatty acid. Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has an unpleasant odor.  The compound occurs naturally and can be found in many foods, such as cheese, soy milk, and apple juice.
Bligh Bros
Bligh Bros. or Bligh Brothers of Canterbury was a British coachbuilder initially producing carriage and, in the 20th century, bodies for automobiles. Amongst the most famous creations by Bligh Brothers are the unique race cars known as Chitty Bang Bang, which inspired the book Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang by author Ian Fleming and the later film adaptation, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

Chitty Bang Bang
Chitty Bang Bang was the informal name of a number of celebrated British racing cars, built and raced by Count Louis Zborowski and his engineer Clive Gallop in the 1920s, which inspired the book Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang.

The cars were built in Canterbury, Kent in the workshop of Bligh Brothers coachbuilders, and stored at Higham Park, Zborowski's country house at Bridge near Canterbury. The cars were so loud that Canterbury reportedly passed a by-law prohibiting them from entering within the city walls. The origin of the name "Chitty Bang Bang" is disputed, but may have been inspired by aeronautical engineer Letitia Chitty, the sound of an idling aeroplane engine or from a salacious World War I song.
Viscount Norwich
Viscount Norwich, of Aldwick in the County of Sussex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 5 July 1952 for the Conservative politician, author and former ambassador to France, Sir Duff Cooper. He was the son of Sir Alfred Cooper and the husband of Lady Diana Manners. The second viscount, who succeeded his father in 1954, was a well-known historian, travel writer and television personality.  As of 2021 the title is held by his son, the third viscount, who succeeded his father in 2018.

The author Artemis Cooper is the daughter of the second viscount Norwich.

Duff Cooper
Alfred Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich, GCMG, DSO, PC (22 February 1890 – 1 January 1954), known as Duff Cooper, was a British Conservative Party politician and diplomat who was also a military and political historian and writer.

First elected to Parliament in 1924, he lost his seat in 1929 but returned to Parliament in the 1931 Westminster St George's by-election, which was seen as a referendum on Stanley Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party. He later served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War and First Lord of the Admiralty. He resigned from the cabinet over the Munich Agreement of 1938.

When Winston Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he named Cooper as Minister of Information. In 1941, as a member of the Cabinet, Cooper served as British Minister in Singapore before its fall to the Japanese. He later served an important role as representative to Charles de Gaulle's Free France (1943–1944) and ambassador to France from 1944 to 1948.
Oroville Mercury-Register
The Oroville Mercury-Register is a daily newspaper in the town of Oroville, California. It is owned by Digital First Media, formerly MediaNews Group. MediaNews Group took control of the paper from Donrey in 1999. It publishes Tuesday through Sunday with a circulation of 5,852. The Mercury-Register has been an edition of the Chico Enterprise-Record since 1996, with a combined circulation of 31,488 as of March 2007.

MediaNews Group
MNG Enterprises, Inc., doing business as Digital First Media and MediaNews Group, is a Denver, Colorado, United States–based newspaper publisher owned by Alden Global Capital. As of May 2021, it owns over 100 newspapers and 200 assorted other publications.
Prusa Research
Prusa Research a.s., commonly referred to as Prusa, is a Czech company that produces 3D printers, and was the world's second largest 3D printer manufacturer in 2020.

It was founded in 2012 by Josef Průša, a developer in the RepRap project which has a strong emphasis on open-source hardware. In the past, all printers produced by the company were open source – their design plans were fully available online and anyone could use them, for example to improve an existing printer. Some examples are the Prusa i3, Prusa Mini and Prusa XL.

As of 2023, the company started partially abandoning this open-source concept due to competition from others (including their open-source software being used by competitor Bambu Lab), and in 2024 launched their second CoreXY printer Prusa Core One which is no longer fully open-source.

Prusa Mini
The Prusa Mini, stylized as the Original Prusa MINI, is an open-source fused deposition modeling 3D printer that is manufactured by the Czech company Prusa Research. The printer is the lowest cost machine produced by Prusa Research and is designed as a first printer or as part of a 'print farm'.
Kezar Pavilion
Kezar Pavilion, located adjacent to Kezar Stadium, is an indoor arena in the southeast corner of Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, United States (US). Built in 1924, the Pavilion seats 4,000 people and is owned and operated by the City of San Francisco. The venue is home to the annual San Francisco Pro-Am tournament. It was previously home to the San Francisco Dons (NCAA Division I), Santa Clara Broncos (NCAA Division I), San Francisco Pilots (ABA), San Francisco Rumble (ABA), San Francisco City Cats (ABA), and Academy of Art Urban Knights (NCAA Division II).

Santa Clara Broncos men's basketball
The Santa Clara Broncos men's basketball team represents Santa Clara University in NCAA Division I basketball competition. The team plays home games at the Leavey Center in Santa Clara, California and have been members of the West Coast Conference since its formation in 1952. The team is currently coached by Herb Sendek, who had previously been the head coach at North Carolina State and Arizona State

Santa Clara has a long history of basketball success, having appeared in 11 NCAA Tournaments and 7 National Invitational Tournaments and producing a number of both collegiate All-Americans and NBA players. The Broncos have competed in the NIT in three of the last four seasons. In the 2022 and 2023 seasons produced a first round draft pick in the NBA draft, Jalen Williams and Brandin Podziemski.
Crimean Khanate
The Crimean Khanate, self-defined as the Throne of Crimea and Desht-i Kipchak, and in old European historiography and geography known as Little Tartary, was a Crimean Tatar state existing from 1441 to 1783. Established by Hacı I Giray in 1441.

In 1783, violating the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (which had guaranteed non-interference of both Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the affairs of the Crimean Khanate), the Russian Empire annexed the khanate. Among the European powers, only France came out with an open protest against this act, due to the longstanding Franco-Ottoman alliance.

Hacı I Giray
Hacı I Giray (1397–1466) was the founder of the Crimean Khanate and the Giray dynasty of Crimea ruling from c. 1441 until his death in 1466. As the Golden Horde was breaking up, he established himself in Crimea and spent most of his life fighting off other warlords. He was usually allied with the Lithuanians. His name has many spellings, such as Haji-Girei and Melek Haji Girai (Crimean Tatar: Bır Hacı Geray, بیر-خاجى كراى; Melek Hacı Geray, ملک خاجى كراى).

He is said to have introduced the new state symbol, taraq tamğa, or "the trident of the Girays", which is derived from the scales insignia of the Golden Horde. A contemporary European source, The Chronicle of Dlugosz, described him as a person of outstanding personal values and an effective governor.
Encyclopedic knowledge
To have encyclopedic knowledge is to have "vast and complete" knowledge about a large number of diverse subjects. A person having such knowledge might, sometimes humorously be referred to as "a human encyclopedia" or "a walking encyclopedia".

The concept of encyclopedic knowledge was once attributed to exceptionally well-read or knowledgeable persons such as Plato, Aristotle, Hildegard von Bingen, Leonardo da Vinci, Immanuel Kant, or G. W. F. Hegel. Tom Rockmore described Hegel, for example, as a polymath and "a modern Aristotle, perhaps the last person to know everything of value that was known during his lifetime." Such persons are generally described as such based on their deep cognitive grasp of multiple and diverse fields of inquiry—an intellectually exceptional subset of philosophers who might also be differentiated from the multi-talented, the genius, or the "Renaissance man."

Polymath
A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but some are gifted at explaining abstractly and creatively.

Embodying a basic tenet of Renaissance humanism that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term Renaissance man, often applied to the gifted people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectually, artistically, socially, physically, and spiritually.
Corrachadh Mòr
Corrachadh Mòr is a headland on the Ardnamurchan Peninsula in Lochaber, Highland, west of Scotland. Notable for being the most westerly point on the island of Great Britain, it is 37 km (23 mi) further west than Land's End in Cornwall.

Depending on which coordinates are used, this headland is 31 or 43 metres (102 or 141 ft) west of Ardnamurchan Point (and about a kilometre to its south).

Corrachadh Mòr means 'great, tapering field' in Scottish Gaelic.

Extreme points of the United Kingdom
This is a list of the extreme points of the United Kingdom: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location. Traditionally the extent of the island of Great Britain has stretched "from Land's End to John o' Groats" (that is, from the extreme southwest of mainland England to the far northeast of mainland Scotland).

This article does not include references to the Channel Islands because they are Crown dependencies, not constituent parts of the United Kingdom.
Papyrus 11
Papyrus 11 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), signed by 𝔓11, is a copy of a part of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the First Epistle to the Corinthians. It contains fragments 1 Corinthians 1:17–22; 2:9–12.14; 3:1–3,3:5–6; 4:3; 5:5–5.7–8; 6:5–9.11–18; 7:3–6.10–11.12–14. Only some portions of the codex can be read.

The manuscript palaeographically had been assigned to the 7th century.

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Aland placed it in Category II.

In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (prayer) – along with 𝔓46, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth; other manuscripts have reading τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting).

The manuscript was discovered by Tischendorf in 1862.

It is currently housed at the Russian National Library (Gr. 258A) in Saint-Petersburg.

First Epistle to the Corinthians
The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Ancient Greek: Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους) is one of the Pauline epistles, part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author, Sosthenes, and is addressed to the Christian church in Corinth. Scholars believe that Sosthenes was the amanuensis who wrote down the text of the letter at Paul's direction. It addresses various issues which had arisen in the Christian community at Corinth and is composed in a form of Koine Greek. Despite the name, it is not believed to be the first such letter written to the Corinthian church.