hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Gravitational lens
A gravitational lens is matter, such as a cluster of galaxies or a point particle, that bends light from a distant source as it travels toward an observer. The amount of gravitational lensing is described by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. If light is treated as corpuscles travelling at the speed of light, Newtonian physics also predicts the bending of light, but only half of that predicted by general relativity.

Orest Khvolson (1924) and Frantisek Link (1936) are generally credited with being the first to discuss the effect in print, but it is more commonly associated with Einstein, who made unpublished calculations on it in 1912 and published an article on the subject in 1936.

In 1937, Fritz Zwicky posited that galaxy clusters could act as gravitational lenses, a claim confirmed in 1979 by observation of the Twin QSO SBS 0957+561.

Galaxy cluster
A galaxy cluster, or a cluster of galaxies, is a structure that consists of anywhere from hundreds to thousands of galaxies that are bound together by gravity, with typical masses ranging from 1014 to 1015 solar masses. Clusters consist of galaxies, heated gas, and dark matter. They are the biggest known gravitationally bound structures in the universe. They were believed to be the largest known structures in the universe until the 1980s, when superclusters were discovered. Small aggregates of galaxies are referred to as galaxy groups rather than clusters of galaxies. Together, galaxy groups and clusters form superclusters.
Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald
Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald is a 1963 photograph of nightclub owner Jack Ruby shooting Lee Harvey Oswald. The image was captured by Dallas Times Herald photographer Robert H. Jackson and it won the 1964 Pulitzer Prize for Photography.

Jackson took the photograph in the basement of the Dallas jail at the exact moment when Jack Ruby shot Lee Harvey Oswald. Another reporter, Jack Beers of The Dallas Morning News, took a similar photo a split-second before Ruby fired the shot.

In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, the Jackson image also won awards from the Texas Headliners Club and Sigma Delta Chi. In 2019, The New York Times said the image was "chillingly captured".

Jack Ruby
Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Rubenstein; c. March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was an American nightclub owner notable for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald.

Born in Chicago, Ruby operated nightclubs in Texas. On November 24, 1963, two days after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Ruby shot and mortally wounded Oswald in Dallas Police Headquarters and was immediately arrested. The shooting happened on live television. Ruby was convicted and sentenced to death. The conviction was overturned on appeal, and he was granted a new trial, but Ruby fell ill, was diagnosed with cancer, and died of a pulmonary embolism on January 3, 1967.

In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that there was no evidence Ruby was part of a conspiracy; despite this, Ruby's murder of Oswald has stoked John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories.
Edward Augustus Freeman
Edward Augustus Freeman (2 August 1823 – 16 March 1892) was an English historian, architectural artist, and Liberal politician, a one-time candidate for Parliament. He held the position of Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford, where he tutored Arthur Evans; later he and Evans were activists in the Balkan uprising of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1874–1878) against the Ottoman Empire.

After the marriage of his daughter Margaret to Evans, he and Evans collaborated on the fourth volume of his History of Sicily. He was a prolific writer, publishing 239 distinct works. One of his best known is his magnum opus, The History of the Norman Conquest of England (published in 6 volumes, 1867–1879).

Arthur Evans
Sir Arthur John Evans FRS FBA FREng (8 July 1851 – 11 July 1941) was a British archaeologist and pioneer in the study of Aegean civilization in the Bronze Age.

The first excavations at the Minoan palace of Knossos on the Greek island of Crete began in 1877. They were led by Cretan Greek Minos Kalokairinos, a native of Heraklion. Three weeks later Ottoman authorities forced him to stop (at the time, Crete was under Ottoman rule). Almost three decades later, Evans heard of Kalokairinos' discovery. With private funding, he bought the surrounding rural area including the palace land. Evans began his own excavations in 1900.

Based on the structures and artefacts found there and throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Evans found that he needed to distinguish the Minoan civilisation from Mycenaean Greece. Evans was also the first to define the Cretan scripts Linear A and Linear B, as well as an earlier pictographic writing.
Pyr-T
Pyr-T, also known as N,N-tetramethylenetryptamine or as 3-(2-pyrrolidinoethyl)indole, is a lesser-known serotonin receptor modulator of the tryptamine and pyrrolidinylethylindole families. It is the cyclized derivative of diethyltryptamine (DET) in which the N,N-diethyl groups have been fused into a pyrrolidine ring.

Pyrrolidinylethylindole
Pyrrolidinylethylindoles, or 3-(2-pyrrolidinylethyl)indoles, also known as pyr-tryptamines or N,N-tetramethylenetryptamines, are a group of cyclized tryptamines in which the amine has been replaced with or cyclized into a pyrrolidine ring. They can also be thought of as derivatives of the psychedelic tryptamine N,N-diethyltryptamine (DET) in which the ethyl groups attached to the amine have been connected together to form a ring. Examples of pyrrolidinylethylindoles include pyr-T, 4-HO-pyr-T, 5-MeO-pyr-T, 4-F-5-MeO-pyr-T, and L-760790.

Pyrrolidinylethylindoles are known to act as serotonin receptor agonists, primarily of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and to variably lesser extents of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. In addition, they are known to be psychoactive drugs and some have psychedelic-like effects, although they are very different in their subjective effects compared to other psychedelic tryptamines.
Glarus Alps
The Glarus Alps (German: Glarner Alpen) are a mountain range in central Switzerland. They are bordered by the Uri Alps and the Schwyz Alps to the west, the Lepontine Alps to the south, the Appenzell Alps to the northeast. The eastern part of the Glarus Alps contains a major thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site (the Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona).

The Glarus Alps extend well beyond the canton of Glarus, including parts of the cantons of Uri, Graubünden, and St Gallen. Conversely, not all the mountains in the canton of Glarus are part of the Glarus Alps, with those to the north of the Urner Boden and to the west of the valley of the river Linth considered to be part of the Schwyz Alps.

Canton of St. Gallen
The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall (German: Kanton St. Gallen [zaŋkt ˈɡalən] ⓘ; Romansh: Chantun Son Gagl; French: Canton de Saint-Gall; Italian: Canton San Gallo) is a canton of Switzerland. Its capital is St. Gallen.

Located in northeastern Switzerland, the canton has an area of 2,026 km2 (782 sq mi) (5% of Switzerland) and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015 (6% of Switzerland). It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
Sports18
Sports18 Network was a group of Indian multinational pay television sports channels owned by Viacom18. Initially launched on 15 April 2022, the network broadcast various flagship sports tournaments. On 15 March 2025, the network was discontinued, and its channels were integrated into the Star Sports Network.

Viacom18
Viacom18 Media Private Limited was an Indian media conglomerate. It was a subsidiary of Reliance Industries with a minority stake owned by Bodhi Tree Systems. It owned television channels and a film production studio in India. Following the merger of its assets with Disney Star, it is the largest shareholder in the newly formed merged entity JioStar with a 46.82% stake.
Flavian Aponso
Goniamalimage John Anthony Flavian Aponso (born 28 October 1952), commonly as Flavian Aponso, is a former Sri Lankan first class and Dutch ODI cricketer, who played five One-day Internationals for The Netherlands during the 1996 World Cup. Aponso was the first ODI cap for Netherlands. He holds the unique distinction of representing both Sri Lanka and Netherlands at professional cricket.

1996 Cricket World Cup
The 1996 Cricket World Cup, also called the Wills World Cup 1996 for sponsorship reasons, was the sixth Cricket World Cup organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was co-hosted by Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka. The tournament was won by Sri Lanka, who defeated Australia by seven wickets in the final on 17 March 1996 at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore, Pakistan, something Australia would get revenge on Sri Lanka for 11 years later during the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup.
Vanessa Reed
Vanessa Reed (born December 1974) is a British music executive and cultural leader. She is currently Chief Executive of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic, a position she assumed in June 2025, becoming the first woman to hold the role in the organisation's 185-year history.

Reed is recognised for founding Keychange, a pioneering gender equality initiative in the music industry, and for her leadership of PRS Foundation from 2008 to 2019. She served as President and CEO of New Music USA from 2019 to 2025.

In 2018, Reed was named the third most powerful woman in music by BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour Power List, after Beyoncé and Taylor Swift.

PRS Foundation
PRS Foundation (The Performing Right Society Foundation) is the United Kingdom's leading charitable funder of new music and talent development. Established in 2000 by PRS for Music, the Foundation supports songwriters, composers, artists and music organisations across all genres through grant funding, professional development programmes and strategic initiatives addressing systemic barriers in the music industry.

Since its inception, PRS Foundation has invested over £50 million in more than 9,000 new music initiatives. The Foundation has supported seven of the last eight Mercury Prize winners and numerous BRIT, Ivors, RPS and Grammy award winners and nominees.
Miyafuku Line
The Miyafuku Line (宮福線, Miyafuku-sen) is a railway line of Kyoto Tango Railway in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. Trains on the line are operated by Willer Trains Inc. as part of its Kyoto Tango Railway system. The line operates between Fukuchiyama Station in Fukuchiyama and Miyazu Station in Miyazu. At Miyazu Station, Limited Express services and some Rapid trains operate one stop further to/from Amanohashidate Station on the Miyazu Line.

Kyoto Tango Railway
The Kyoto Tango Railway (京都丹後鉄道, Kyōto Tango Tetsudō), or Tantetsu (丹鉄), is a railway system in Kyoto Prefecture and Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan operated by Willer Trains Inc. headquartered in Miyazu, Kyoto.
PZR Grom
PZR Grom (Grom, meaning "thunder" in Polish) is a man-portable air-defense system produced in Poland and based on the Soviet man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM) 9K38 Igla. It consists of a 72 mm anti-aircraft missile set with a flight speed of 650 m/s, as well as a single-use launcher, re-usable gripstock and thermal battery coolant assembly electric unit. The full name of the system is Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Rakietowy Grom (literally, anti-air rocket-propelled set).

It is designed to target low-flying helicopters and aeroplanes. As such, the Grom missile is used by other surface-to-air defence systems manufactured in Poland, including ZSU-23-4MP Biała, ZUR-23-2 kg and Poprad self-propelled artillery system. It should not be confused with versions of the Zvezda Kh-23 air-to-surface missile built under licence in Yugoslavia/Serbia as the Grom-A and Grom-B.

Man-portable air-defense system
Man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS or MPADS) are portable shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles. They are guided weapons and are a threat to low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters and also used against low-flying cruise missiles. These short-range missiles can also be fired from vehicles, tripods, weapon platforms, and warships.
Carlos Manuel Rosario
Carlos Manuel Rosario (1922 – February 1, 1987) was a Puerto Rican activist who served as the executive director of the Spanish Community Advisory Committee. He was a founder of the Latino Festival in Washington, DC and founded the Program of English Instruction for Latin Americans (PEILA).

Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.
As of 2016, the Hispanic and Latino community made up nine percent of Washington, D.C.'s population, and 44.9 percent of non-English-speaking households spoke Spanish. The district’s Latino population has been increasing steadily since the 1980s as its total population has declined. More immigrants from Latin American countries have settled in the district, and there has been an increase in births to Latina mothers compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Latinos living in D.C. are more likely to be immigrants than non-Latinos, and Latino immigrants in the district are predominantly from El Salvador, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. D.C. Latino households are more likely to consist of a married couple than non-Latino households, and include more children.
Janalibandali
Janalibandali is a market center in Mangalsen municipality in Achham District in the Sudurpashchim Province of western Nepal. The municipality was established merging with existing Janalibandali, Kuntibandali, Oligau, Jupu, Kalagaun and Mangalsen village development committees (VDCs) on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 2001 Nepal census, the population was 2,913, of whom 22% were literate.

Mangalsen
Mangalsen (Nepali: मङ्गलसेन) is a municipality and the capital of Achham District in Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal. It was established on 18 May 2014 by merger of the former Village development committees of Janalibandali, Kuntibandali, Oligaun, Jupu, Kalagaun into its current form. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 32,507 people living in 6,604 individual households.

Mangalsen was a major scene of conflict between Maoist rebels and government forces during the Nepalese Civil War.
National Bank Act
The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were two United States federal banking acts that established a system of national banks chartered at the federal level, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national fiat currency backed by bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the United States Department of the Treasury. The Act shaped today's national banking system and its support of a uniform U.S. banking policy.

Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is an independent bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that was established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all national banks and federal thrift institutions and the federally licensed branches and agencies of foreign banks in the United States.

The head of the agency, the comptroller of the currency, is Jonathan V. Gould, who took office on July 15, 2025.
Build to order
Build to Order (BTO: sometimes referred to as Make to Order or Made to Order (MTO)) is a production approach where products are not built until a confirmed order is received. The end consumer determines the time and number of produced products. Ordered products are customized to meet the design requirements of an individual, organization or business. Production orders can be generated manually, through inventory and production management programs, such as configuration system. BTO is the oldest style of order fulfillment and is the most appropriate approach used for highly customized or low volume products. Industries with expensive inventory use this production approach. Made to order products are common in the food service industry, such as at restaurants.

BTO can be considered a Just in time (JIT) production system, as components or products are only delivered just in time, when demanded, in order to reduce wasted time and increase efficiency.

Configurator
Configurators, also known as choice boards, design systems, toolkits, or co-design platforms, manage combinations of hardware and software components. Three primary features of configuration systems are identified by European professors Nikolaus Franke Frank T. Piller as: variations that are represented and guide users through the process; delivers visualized feedback for design variation; and integrates user choices into the product specifications, and communicates the specifications to manufacturing systems.

Though the term “configurator” or “configuration system” is often referenced in literature, but commonly references a software tool. There is little empirical research regarding user interactions with the toolkit, for which Franke and Piller proposed a research agenda, wherein the success of the system is defined by several factors: technological capabilities;  integration in the supply chain; facility for hands-on learning; user and result satisfaction; and brand integration.
Million Death Study
The Million Death Study (MDS) is a study of premature human mortality conducted in India. It began in 1998 and ended in 2014 . Among a sample size of 14 million Indians, approximately 1 million deaths are assigned as medical causes through the Verbal Autopsy method to determine disease patterns and direct public health policy. The principal investigator of the study is Dr. Prabhat Jha, director of the Centre for Global Health Research and professor of epidemiology at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada.

Prabhat Jha (epidemiologist)
Prabhat Jha OC (born February 12, 1965) is an Indian-Canadian epidemiologist currently working in the field of global health.

Jha is the founding director of the Centre for Global Health Research at St. Michael’s Hospital in Toronto, Ontario. His research focuses primarily on premature mortality resulting from HIV/AIDS, tobacco, alcohol, malaria, maternal, and child health, infectious and non-communicable diseases.
SHR9352
SHR9352 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor, selective for activation of the G-protein signalling pathway over β-arrestin 2 recruitment. It was structurally derived from oliceridine by replacing the benzylic side chain with a cyclised group, although only some compounds in the series retained the desired biased agonist profile, with some derivatives such as compound 12 being potent, unbiased μ-opioid full agonists.

Mu-opioid receptor
The μ-opioid receptors (using the Greek letter mu, abbreviated MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins. They are also referred to as μ(mu)-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors. The prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist is morphine, the primary psychoactive alkaloid in opium and for which the receptor was named, with mu being the first letter of Morpheus, the compound's namesake in the original Greek. It is an inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor that activates the Gi alpha subunit, inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity, lowering cAMP levels.
Kidderminster railway station
Kidderminster railway station is the main station serving the large town of Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England and the wider Wyre Forest district. The station is operated by West Midlands Trains, and is on the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line. Regular commuter services run to Birmingham and Worcester. It shares its station approach with the adjacent Severn Valley Railway station.

Worcester Shrub Hill railway station
Worcester Shrub Hill is one of two railway stations serving the city of Worcester, England; the other is Worcester Foregate Street in the city centre. A third, Worcestershire Parkway, is located just outside the city to the south-east. The station is managed by West Midlands Trains, operating here under the West Midlands Railway brand, and is also served by Great Western Railway.
2010–11 SVB Hoofdklasse
The 2010–11 Surinamese Hoofdklasse is the 78th season of the Surinamese Hoofdklasse, the highest football league competition of Suriname. The season began on November 17, 2010 and will conclude on September 14, 2011. Inter Moengotapoe are the defending champions.

Inter Moengotapoe
Inter Moengotapoe (sometimes rendered Inter Moengo Tapoe or just IMT) is a Surinamese football club, based in Moengo, Marowijne between Paramaribo and the border town of Albina. They play their home matches at the Ronnie Brunswijkstadion.

Since the launch of professional football on February 22, 2024, Inter Moengotapoe is competing in the professional Suriname Major League.
Eliwana mine
The Eliwana mine is an iron ore mine operated by the Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) and located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 90 km (56 mi) west of Tom Price. The mine forms the core of the company's Western Hub, one of three of its active mining areas, together with the Chichester Hub and the Solomon Hub.

Firetail mine
The Firetail mine is an iron ore mine operated by the Fortescue Metals Group (FMG) and located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 60 km (37 mi) north of Tom Price. The mine is part of the company's Solomon Hub, one of three of its active mining areas, together with the Chichester Hub and the Western Hub.
Harvest Time Blues
Harvest Time Blues (also referred to as the Monaghan Rhythm and Blues Festival) is an annual music festival held in Monaghan town, in Ireland. Since its launch in 1990, it has been described as "one of Ireland's leading live music festivals". Performers appearing at the festival have included Van Morrison, Peter Green of Fleetwood Mac, and ex-The Rolling Stones guitarist Mick Taylor.

Monaghan
Monaghan (/ˈmɒnəhən/ MON-ə-hən; Irish: Muineachán [ˈmˠɪnʲəxaːnˠ]) is the county town of County Monaghan, Ireland. It also provides the name of its civil parish and Monaghan barony.

The population of the town as of the 2022 census was 7,894. The town is on the N2 road from Dublin to Derry and Letterkenny.
Tom Sturridge
Thomas Sidney Jerome Sturridge (born 5 December 1985) is an English actor. His early films include Being Julia (2004), Like Minds (2006), and The Boat That Rocked (2009). He was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in Orphans (2013) and Sea Wall/A Life (2019). He was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in 2016 for his performance in a West End revival of the play  American Buffalo. Sturridge has starred as Dream in the Netflix fantasy series The Sandman (2022–2025).

Dream (character)
Dream of the Endless is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic personification who first appeared in the first issue of The Sandman, written by Neil Gaiman and published by DC Comics. One of the seven Endless, who are inconceivably powerful beings older and greater than gods, Dream is both lord and personification of all dreams and stories, and all that is not in reality (which, in turn, Dream may define by his existence). He has taken many names, including Morpheus, Oneiros, Kai'ckul, and the Sandman, and his appearance can change depending on the person who is seeing him. Dream was named the sixth-greatest comic book character by Empire. He was also named fifteenth in IGN's 100 Top Comic Book Heroes list.

After the events of The Sandman: The Kindly Ones that led to Dream's death at the hands of the Furies, Daniel Hall becomes the new Dream.