hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Linear stability
In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include  exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exists an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".

Linearization
In mathematics, linearization (British English: linearisation) is finding the linear approximation to a function at a given point. The linear approximation of a function is the first order Taylor expansion around the point of interest. In the study of dynamical systems, linearization is a method for assessing the local stability of an equilibrium point of a system of nonlinear differential equations or discrete dynamical systems.  This method is used in fields such as engineering, physics, economics, and ecology.
Number One (Pist.On album)
Number One is the debut album by American heavy metal band Pist.On (or Piston). It was first released in 1996 by Fierce Recordings/Futurist Label Group, before being repackaged and re-released by Atlantic Records on June 24, 1997.

Pist.On
Pist.On (also spelled Pist*On, Pist-On, Pist•On, PistOn, and Piston) is an American alternative metal band from Staten Island, New York. They released two albums in the 1990s before splitting up in 2001. In 2015, the band announced a reunion.
Maruschka Detmers
Maruschka Detmers (born 16 December 1962, Schoonebeek) is a Dutch actress. She moved to France as a teenager after finishing school, where she captured the attention of director Jean-Luc Godard.  In 1983, she made her dramatic debut under Godard's direction in Prénom Carmen.  Other noteworthy films include Hanna's War (1988) and The Mambo Kings (1992), but she is best known for her role in  Devil in the Flesh (1986).

Devil in the Flesh (1986 film)
Devil in the Flesh (Italian: Il diavolo in corpo) is an Italian film released in 1986 and directed by Marco Bellocchio.

An adaptation of Raymond Radiguet’s novel Le Diable au corps, the film stars Federico Pitzalis as a high school student who falls in love with an older woman (played by Maruschka Detmers).
Huaning County
Huaning County (simplified Chinese: 华宁县; traditional Chinese: 華寧縣; pinyin: Huáníng Xiàn) is a county under the administration of Yuxi, in southeastern Yunnan Province, China. It borders Mile City to the east, Jianshui County to the south, Tonghai County and Jiangchuan District to the west, and Chengjiang and Yiliang County, Kunming to the north.

Mile City
Mile (Chinese: 弥勒市; pinyin: Mílè Shì; [mǐlɤ̂ ʂî]; Hani language: Miqleiq Siif; Yi: ꂱꇍꏃ) is a county-level city located in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China. It is named after the Maitreya Buddha, for which there was a temple located on a nearby mountain, making it the only city in China named after a Buddha. It is a center for sugar and tobacco production in Yunnan.
133rd Armored Division "Littorio"
133rd Armored Division "Littorio" (Italian: 133ª Divisione corazzata "Littorio") was an armored division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division's name derives from the fasces (Italian: Fascio littorio) carried by the lictors of ancient Rome, which Benito Mussolini had adopted as symbol of state-power of the fascist regime. Sent to North Africa in January 1942 for the Western Desert Campaign the division was destroyed in the Second battle of El Alamein in November 1942.

Second Battle of El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. The First Battle of El Alamein and the Battle of Alam el Halfa had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt.

In October 1942 Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery,  commander of Eighth Army, opened his offensive against the Axis forces. In a 13-day battle the Axis Panzerarmee Afrika was crushed and forced to retreat from Egypt and Libya to the borders of Tunisia. The Allied victory at El Alamein was the beginning of the end of the Western Desert Campaign.

The battle ended the Axis threat to the Middle East and Iran and revived the morale of the western Allies, being their first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The end of the battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch on 8 November, which opened a second front in North Africa.
Goetzingen
Goetzingen (Luxembourgish: Gëtzen; German: Götzingen) is a village in the commune of Koerich, in western Luxembourg.  As of 2025, the town had a population of 503.

Once an agricultural community, Goetzingen is now almost entirely residential. Owing to its proximity to Capellen and the A6 motorway or European route E25 to Luxembourg City and Brussels, it is increasingly popular for those working in the surrounding area. Goetzingen forms an extended cross along the CR 109 from Koerich to Capellen and the road from Windhof to Nospelt.

Koerich
Koerich (German pronunciation: [ˈkøːʁɪç]; Luxembourgish: Käerch) is a commune and village in western Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.

As of 2023, the commune of Koerich has a population of 2,706.  The other small communities in the commune are Goeblange, Goetzingen and Windhof. With its onion-towered church standing above the ruins of the medieval castle, Koerich has a particularly attractive rural setting although it is only 15 km west of Luxembourg City.
Xanthine
Xanthine (/ˈzænθiːn/ or /ˈzænθaɪn/, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós 'yellow' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.

Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation.

It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase.

It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase.

It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme.

Xanthine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase (XO or XAO) is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid.  These enzymes play an important role in the catabolism of purines in some species, including humans.

Xanthine oxidase is defined as an enzyme activity (EC 1.17.3.2).  The same protein, which in humans has the HGNC approved gene symbol XDH, can also have xanthine dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.17.1.4).  Most of the protein in the liver exists in a form with xanthine dehydrogenase activity, but it can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.
Toronto Normal School
The Toronto Normal School was a teachers college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1847, the normal school was located at Church and Gould streets in central Toronto (after 1852), and was a predecessor to the current Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. The Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario College of Art & Design and the Ontario Agricultural College all originated at the Normal School's campus and the provincial Department 
of Education was also located there. Officially named St. James Square (and located with the old Toronto St. James Ward), the school became known as "the cradle of Ontario's education system". The school's landmark Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852. The landmark building was demolished in 1963, but architectural elements of the structure remain on the campus of Toronto Metropolitan University.

Ontario Agricultural College
The Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) originated at the agricultural laboratories of the Toronto Normal School, and was officially founded in 1874 as an associate agricultural college of the University of Toronto. Since 1964, it has become affiliated with the University of Guelph, which operates campuses in Guelph and Ridgetown and formerly in Alfred and Kemptville, all in Ontario.
Flag of Norway
The national flag of Norway (Bokmål: Norges flagg; Nynorsk: Noregs flagg; lit. 'Norway's flag') is red with a navy blue Scandinavian cross bordered in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog, the flag of Denmark.

Flag of Sweden
The national flag of Sweden (Sveriges flagga) consists of a yellow or gold Nordic cross (i.e. a horizontal cross extending to the edges, with the crossbar closer to the hoist than the fly) on a field of light blue. The Nordic cross design traditionally represents Christianity. The design and colours of the Swedish flag are believed to have been inspired by the present coat of arms of Sweden of 1442, which is blue divided quarterly by a cross pattée of gold. Blue and yellow have been used as Swedish colours at least since Magnus III's royal coat of arms of 1275.
Chandan Kushwaha
Chandan Kumar Kushwaha is an IPS officer, serving in Bihar. He has previously served as Superintendent of Police (SP) for Bihar's capital city Patna. Kushwaha was later transferred to Banka district as Superintendent of Police. Before being appointed as city SP of Patna, he was serving as SP for the Rohtas district. He was later shifted to Patna, replacing Shivdeep Lande as police superintendent. In 2018, he was raised to the post of Commandant of Home Guards, as a result of which he was recalled from Banka. As per reports, in his sixteen-month service as the head of the police force of Banka, he took stringent measures to reduce the level of crime in the district. He has also served as city SP for Gaya. Kushwaha was investigation incharge of several high profile cases like 2013 Bodhagaya serial blasts and 2016 Bihar Toppers Scam.

2016 Bihar school examination scandal
The 2016 Bihar school examination scandal or topper scam was a corruption scandal in the Indian state of Bihar which came to public light on 31 May 2016, when the Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB) Arts and Humanities topper (the top scholarly position in the examination) Ruby Rai, Science topper Saurabh Shrestha and third topper in Science stream Rahul Kumar were interviewed by television channels and they were unable to answer to basic questions. Ruby Rai, a student of Vishun Roy College, Kiratpur Raja Ram village in Vaishali district pronounced Political Science as ‘Prodigal Science’ and described it as a subject related to cooking. Science topper Saurabh Shrestha was unaware of electrons and protons and wrongly said that aluminium is the most reactive element.
Abbahu
Rabbi Abbahu (Hebrew: אבהו) was a Jew and Talmudist of the Talmudic Academies in Syria Palaestina from about 279 to 320 CE and is counted a member of the third generation of Amoraim. He is sometimes cited as Rabbi Abbahu of Kisrin (Caesarea Maritima).

Amoraim
Amoraim (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אמוראים [ʔamoraˈʔim], singular Amora אמורא [ʔamoˈra]; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah. They were primarily located in Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Their legal discussions and debates were eventually codified in the Gemara. The Amoraim followed the Tannaim in the sequence of ancient Jewish scholars. The Tannaim were direct transmitters of uncodified oral tradition; the Amoraim expounded upon and clarified the oral law after its initial codification.
Than Thar Moe Theint
Than Thar Moe Theint (Burmese: သံသာမိုးသိမ့်; born 7 March 1995) is a Burmese television and film actress. She is known for her roles in television series It was on Yesterday 2 (2018), I'm Mahaythi (2019) and A Chit Phwae Lay Nyin (2020).

I'm Mahaythi
I'm Mahaythi (Burmese: ကျွန်မကမဟေသီ) is a 2019 Burmese drama television series. It is based on the eponymous popular novel written by Shin Ma. It aired on MRTV-4, from February 18 to April 18, 2019, on Mondays to Fridays at 20:45 for 43 episodes.
1932 Major League Baseball season
The 1932 major league baseball season began on April 11, 1932. The regular season ended on September 25, with the Chicago Cubs and New York Yankees as the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The postseason began with Game 1 of the 29th World Series on September 28 and ended with Game 4 on October 2. The Yankees swept the Cubs in four games, capturing their fourth championship in franchise history, since their previous in 1928. Going into the season, the defending World Series champions were the St. Louis Cardinals from the 1931 season.

In the National League, the Brooklyn Robins reverted to their 1913 name, the Brooklyn Dodgers.

1932 World Series
The 1932 World Series was the championship series in Major League Baseball for the 1932 season. The 29th edition of the World Series, it matched the American League champion New York Yankees versus the National League champions Chicago Cubs. The Yankees won in a four-game sweep. By far it is mostly noteworthy for Babe Ruth's "called shot" home run, in his 10th and last World Series. It was punctuated by fiery arguments between the two teams, heating up the atmosphere before the World Series even began. A record 13 future Hall of Famers played in this World Series, with three other future Hall of Famers also participating: umpire Bill Klem, Yankees manager Joe McCarthy, and Cubs manager Rogers Hornsby. It was also the first World Series in which both teams wore uniforms with numbers on the backs of the shirts.
Obonga–Ottertooth Provincial Park
The Obonga–Ottertooth Provincial Park is located about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north of Thunder Bay, in Ontario, Canada. It protects a 100 kilometres (62 mi) long stretch of lakes and streams between Obonga Lake in the east and Kashishibog Lake in the west, mostly following the Kashishibog River (a tributary of the Brightsand River) and Ottertooth Creek (a tributary of the Kopka River). The park is notable as an important recreational link between Brightsand River Provincial Park, Kopka River Provincial Park, and the Lake Nipigon basin.

Major lakes in the park include Hawn, Kashishibog, Kershaw, Obonga, Savage, Survey, and Tommyhow Lakes. The height-of-land between Hawn and Tommyhow Lakes divides the Arctic and Atlantic watersheds.

Lake Nipigon
Lake Nipigon (/ˈnɪpɪɡɒn/ NIP-ih-gon; French: lac Nipigon; Ojibwe: Animbiigoo-zaaga'igan) is a freshwater lake in Northwestern Ontario. Part of the Great Lakes drainage basin, it drains through the Nipigon River into Lake Superior. It is the largest lake entirely within the Canadian province of Ontario.
Woolgoolga, New South Wales
Woolgoolga (/wʊlɡʊlɡə/; Kumbainggar: Wiilgulga), locally nicknamed Woopi (/wʊpi/), is a town on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Pacific Highway, approximately 550 km north of Sydney and 365 km south of Brisbane. The closest city to Woolgoolga is Coffs Harbour, which lies 24.8 km to the south. Woolgoolga has two beaches on the Pacific Ocean. The area has long been a centre of banana growing in New South Wales, but this industry has declined in the face of competition from Queensland. Recent times have seen many banana plantations replaced by blueberries after banana sales slumped in the late 1990s. The town has a large Punjabi Sikh community.

Sikhism in Australia
Australian Sikhs number over 210,000 people and account for 0.8% of Australia's population as of 2021, forming the country's fastest-growing and fifth-largest religious group. The largest Sikh populations in Australia are found in Victoria, followed by New South Wales and Queensland.
Andy Atmodimedjo
Andy Jozua Atmodimedjo (born 16 March 1967) is a Surinamese football manager and former player,  who is currently the manager of Inter Moengotapoe. He spent most of his professional playing career with S.V. Robinhood, winning four Hoofdklasse titles. He had previously played for Producers in the Hoofdklasse before joining Robinhood in 1986.

After retiring from playing, he went into management with Puwa Nani, followed by spells with S.V. Robinhood, WBC, Super Red Eagles, FCS Nacional, SV Boskamp, before returning to Puwa Nani in 2011. He has also managed the Suriname senior team and the under-21 team in the past.

Suriname national football team
The Suriname national football team (Dutch: Surinaams voetbalelftal)  represents Suriname in men's international football. The team is controlled by the Surinaamse Voetbal Bond (English: Surinamese Football Association), which is a member of CONCACAF.
Paradox Development Studio
Paradox Development Studio (PDS) is a Swedish video game developer founded in 1995. It is closely associated with its parent company and video game publisher, Paradox Interactive. It is best known for its grand strategy wargame series Europa Universalis, Hearts of Iron, Victoria, Crusader Kings, Stellaris, and Imperator.

Imperator: Rome
Imperator: Rome is a 2019 grand strategy wargame developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive. It is a spiritual successor to Europa Universalis: Rome (2008). It received generally positive reviews from critics, however development and support for the game was suspended by May 2021, though occasional patches are still released.
Protectorate of South Arabia
The Protectorate of South Arabia (Arabic: محمية الجنوب العربي), also known as the Eastern Aden Protectorate, consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under treaties of protection with Britain. The area of the former protectorate became part of South Yemen after the Aden Emergency  and is now part of the Republic of Yemen.

Aden Protectorate
The Aden Protectorate (Arabic: محمية عدن Maḥmiyyat ‘Adan) was a British protectorate in southern Arabia. The protectorate evolved in the hinterland of the port of Aden and in the Hadhramaut after the conquest of Aden by the Bombay Presidency of British India in January 1839, and which continued until the 1960s. In 1940, it was divided for administrative purposes into the Western Protectorate and the Eastern Protectorate. The territory now forms part of the Republic of Yemen.

The rulers of the Aden Protectorate, as generally with the other British protectorates and protected states, retained a large degree of autonomy: their flags still flew over their government buildings, government was still performed by them or in their names, and their states maintained a distinct 'international personality' in terms of international law, in contrast to states possessed directly by the British Empire, such as Colony of Aden, where the British monarch was the sovereign.
Yatra (2019 film)
Yatra (transl. Journey), also marketed as YSR: Yatra, is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language biographical film starring Mammootty as Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy. Directed by Mahi V Raghav, the film is based on padayatra of Reddy who served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh from May 2004 to June 2009 representing Indian National Congress. The film is produced by Vijay Chilla, Shashi Devi Reddy under 70mm Entertainments and music composed by K. Principal photography commenced on 20 June 2018 in Hyderabad.

The film was released on 8 February 2019 alongside dubbed versions in Malayalam and Tamil. Despite receiving critical acclaim, the film did not perform commercially.

Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (8 July 1949 – 2 September 2009), popularly known as YSR, was an Indian politician. He served as the 14th chief minister of Andhra Pradesh from 2004 to 2009. Reddy was elected (1989, 1991, 1996 and 1998) four terms to the Lok Sabha from Kadapa. He was also elected (1978, 1983, 1985, 1999, 2004 and 2009) six terms to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Pulivendula. Over the course of his career, he won every election that he contested, either to Assembly or Lok Sabha.

On 2 September 2009, a helicopter carrying Reddy went missing in the Nallamala Forest area. It was later confirmed to have crashed with all five people including Reddy pronounced dead.
Dickite
Dickite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) is a phyllosilicate clay mineral named after the metallurgical chemist Allan Brugh Dick, who first described it. It is chemically composed of 20.90% aluminium, 21.76% silicon, 1.56% hydrogen and 55.78% oxygen. It has the same composition as kaolinite, nacrite, and halloysite, but with a different crystal structure (polymorph). Dickite sometimes contains impurities such as titanium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium.

Dickite occurs with other clays and requires x-ray diffraction for its positive identification. Dickite is an important alteration indicator in hydrothermal systems as well as occurring in soils and shales.

Dickite's type location is in Pant-y-Gaseg, Amlwch, Isle of Anglesey, Wales, United Kingdom, where it was first described in 1888. Dickite appears in locations with similar qualities and is found in China, Jamaica, France, Germany, United Kingdom, United States, Italy, Belgium and Canada.

Clay mineral
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates (e.g. kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4), sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces.

Clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and many theories of abiogenesis involve them. They are important constituents of soils, and have been useful to humans since ancient times in agriculture and manufacturing.
Vrancea County
Vrancea (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈvrant͡ʃe̯a]) is a county (județ) in Romania, with its seat at Focșani. It is mostly in the historical region of Moldavia but the southern part, below the Milcov River, is in Muntenia.

Muntenia
Muntenia (Romanian pronunciation: [munˈteni.a], also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the rarely used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian). It is situated between the Danube (south and east), the Carpathian Mountains (the Transylvanian Alps branch) and Moldavia (both north), and the Olt River to the west. The latter river is the border between Muntenia and Oltenia (or Lesser Wallachia). Part of the traditional border between Wallachia/Muntenia and Moldavia was formed by the rivers Milcov and Siret.
Partnership to End Addiction
Partnership to End Addiction, formerly called The Partnership for a Drug Free America, is a non-profit organization aiming to prevent the misuse of illegal drugs. The organization is most widely known for its TV ad This Is Your Brain on Drugs.

Early public service announcements created by the organization have been called iconic, and during their initial release were part of the largest privately run public-service campaign in history. The organization's marketing experience was written up as a 58-page marketing "case study" for study by students at the Harvard Business School. An analysis of the Partnership's efforts by Forbes magazine suggested that it had earned "a single-brand advertising clout" during the Reagan era comparable to that of McDonald's.

This Is Your Brain on Drugs
This Is Your Brain on Drugs was a large-scale US anti-narcotics campaign by Partnership for a Drug-Free America (PDFA) launched in 1987, that used three televised public service announcements (PSAs) and a related poster campaign.