hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Association Montessori International of the United States
The Association Montessori International/USA (AMI/USA) is a national non-profit organization that strives to propagate and further the teachings and work of Dr. Maria Montessori in the United States. As an affiliate of the Association Montessori Internationale, the Association Montessori International/USA oversees recognition of eligible Montessori schools, supports AMI Montessori teacher training centers, and organizes professional development opportunities in the United States. The organization also maintains a member database of about 17,000 teachers, school administrators, parents, and interested individuals.

Montessori in the United States
The Montessori method was practiced in the United States early after its invention. While the name is not trademarked and there is no central authority for the method, the American Montessori Society (AMS) was established in 1960.
Cuthites
The Cuthites is a name describing a people said by the Hebrew Bible and by the 1st-century historian Josephus to be living in Samaria around 500 BCE. The name comes from the Assyrian city of Kutha in line with the claim that the Samaritans were descendants of settlers placed in Israel by the Neo-Assyrian Empire after the destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel around 720 BCE. The label "Cuthites" was a pejorative name for Samaritans in later rabbinic literature.

The modern scholarly view is that Yahweh-worshippers in the north of Ancient Israel outnumbered post-722 BCE Assyrian settlers, who assimilated into the existing Yahwist population. The "Cuthites", therefore, were not a foreign population in Israel but instead "a branch of Yahwistic Israel in the same sense as the Jews."

Kutha
Kutha, Cuthah, Cuth or Cutha (Arabic: كُوثَا, Sumerian: Gû.du8.aki, Akkadian: Kûtu), modern Tell Ibrahim (also  Tell Habl Ibrahlm) (Arabic: تَلّ إِبْرَاهِيم), is an archaeological site in Babil Governorate, Iraq. The site of Tell Uqair (possibly ancient Urum) is just to the north. The city was occupied from the Akkadian period until the Hellenistic period. The city-god of Kutha was Meslamtaea, related to Nergal, and his temple there was named E-Meslam.
Jameson Irish Whiskey
Jameson (/ˈdʒeɪməsən, ˈdʒɛməsən/) is a blended Irish whiskey produced by the Irish Distillers subsidiary of Pernod Ricard. Originally one of the six main Dublin whiskeys at the Jameson Distillery Bow St., Jameson is now distilled at the New Midleton Distillery in County Cork. It is by far the best-selling Irish whiskey in the world; in 2019, annual sales passed 8 million cases. It has been sold internationally since the early 19th century, and is available to buy in over 130 countries.

Jameson Distillery Bow St.
Jameson Distillery Bow St. (informally the Jameson Distillery) is a former Irish whiskey distillery and a tourist attraction located just off Smithfield Square in Dublin, Ireland. Jameson Distillery Bow St. is the original site where Jameson Irish Whiskey was distilled until 1971. It is now a visitors centre that provides guided tours, tutored whiskey tastings, JJs bar and a gift shop.
Pavlos Melas (municipality)
Pavlos Melas is a municipality in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece. It is named after a Greek revolutionary officer of the Macedonian Struggle, Pavlos Melas. It was formed during the administrative reform introduced by the Kallikratis plan and encompasses the former municipalities of Efkarpia, Polichni and Stavroupoli. The seat of Pavlos Melas is Stavroupoli.

Efkarpia
Efkarpia (Greek: Ευκαρπία, romanized: Eukarpiá), also known as Nea Efkarpia (Greek: Νέα Ευκαρπία, lit. 'New Efkapria'), is a suburb of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and a former municipality in the regional unit of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pavlos Melas, of which it is a municipal unit. It has a population of 15,416 (2021) and the area of the municipal unit is 13.263 km2.
2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
The 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches determined the participating teams for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.

A total of 16 teams competed in the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.

Prior to November 2014, it was expected that Morocco would be the host country (and thus be pre-qualified). However, as Morocco missed the 9 November deadline for confirming their willingness to host (because of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa), Morocco was expelled from the tournament. Equatorial Guinea was chosen as the new host, and despite having played in the qualifiers and been disqualified due to fielding an ineligible player, they now qualified for the tournament automatically by virtue of being the hosts.

2015 Africa Cup of Nations
The  2015 Africa Cup of Nations, known as the Orange Africa Cup of Nations, Equatorial Guinea 2015 for sponsorship reasons, was the 30th staging of the Africa Cup of Nations, the international men's football championship of Africa. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and was held from 17 January to 8 February.

The tournament was initially scheduled to be hosted by Morocco who later demanded postponement of the event because of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; subsequently Morocco was ruled out as a host country and replaced by Equatorial Guinea.

Ivory Coast won the tournament for their second Africa Cup of Nations title, defeating Ghana 9–8 in a penalty shoot-out after the final finished goalless following extra time. The DR Congo came third and the hosts Equatorial Guinea fourth, while defending champions Nigeria had failed to qualify for the tournament.
King Street, Hamilton, Ontario
King Street is a Lower City arterial road in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, also known as Highway 8. The western-end starts off beside  McMaster University Medical Centre as a two-way street and passes through Westdale. At Paradise Road, King Street switches over to a one-way street (westbound) right through the city's core up to "the Delta", a spot in town where King and Main streets intersect. (West of the Delta, King Street is north of Main Street. East of the Delta after King crosses over Main Street, King then runs south of Main Street.) From the Delta onwards, King Street then switches over to become a two-way street again and ends at Highway 8 in Stoney Creek.

There is actually another King Street in Hamilton, which runs through the Dundas district, which was an independent town prior to being amalgamated with Hamilton in 2001, with the name never having been changed since to avoid confusion.

Main Street (Hamilton, Ontario)
Main Street is a major street in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It starts in Ancaster as a two way street, where Wilson Ave turns into Main Street after passing Filman Rd. Just before crossing Ontario Highway 403 from Westdale, it turns into a one way street east bound and stays that way throughout the city until it reaches the Delta, where Main Street and King Street intersect with each other and both streets return to two way traffic, until it reaches the Queenston Traffic Circle, where it continues as a residential street until it ends at Reid Ave.
George de Rue Meiklejohn
George de Rue Meiklejohn (/ˈmiːkəlˌdʒɒn/; August 26, 1857 – April 19, 1929) was an American politician who served as the fifth lieutenant governor of Nebraska under Governor John Milton Thayer and as a member of the United States House of Representatives for Nebraska. He was the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1897 to 1901.

United States Assistant Secretary of War
The United States assistant secretary of war was the second–ranking official within the American Department of War from 1861 to 1867, from 1882 to 1883, and from 1890 to 1940. According to the military laws of the United States, "The act of August 5, 1882 authorizing the appointment of an assistant secretary of war was repealed by the act of July 7, 1884 (23 Stat L., 331) the power conferred by the act of August 5, 1882 never having been exercised," indicating that the post was not filled between 1882 and 1883 (p. 45, footnote 2).

In 1940, the new position of United States under secretary of war replaced this position as the number-two office in the department. Assistant Secretary Robert P. Patterson became the first under secretary.

The office continued to exercise administrative duties until the department's end in 1947, when the United States Department of Defense was established.
Historic Cold Spring Village
Historic Cold Spring Village is a non-profit living history museum in the Cold Spring section of Lower Township in Cape May County, New Jersey. The village was listed as the Historic Cold Spring Village Historic District on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places on September 27, 2016.

The Village consists of 27 historic buildings relocated from around Cape May County, several of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are two entrances, one at 735 Seashore Road and the other at 720 US Route 9. The Cold Spring Grange Hall, listed in 1998, located at the Seashore Road entrance, serves as the Cold Spring Grange Restaurant. Cold Spring Village is home to Cold Spring Brewery, the only non-profit craft brewery in New Jersey.

In 1983 the one-room former Cape May Point jail was moved to the village.

Cold Spring Grange Hall
The Cold Spring Grange Hall is located at 720 Seashore Road (U.S. Route 9) in the Cold Spring section of Lower Township in Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. The historic grange hall was built in 1912, designed as the meeting hall for the Cold Spring Grange #132. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1998, for its significance in architecture and social history. It is at the entrance of Historic Cold Spring Village and is run as a restaurant.
Anne Bowes-Lyon
Anne Ferelith Fenella Bowes-Lyon (4 December 1917 – 26 September 1980), later styled Viscountess Anson and later Princess Anne of Denmark, was a British noblewoman and member of the Danish royal family by marriage, and a first cousin of Elizabeth II.

Born into the Bowes-Lyon family, she married Thomas Anson, Viscount Anson, and had two children, Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield, and Lady Elizabeth Shakerley, before divorcing Anson in 1948. She became a princess of Denmark by her second marriage to Prince Georg of Denmark in 1950.

Lady Elizabeth Shakerley
Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Shakerley CVO (née Anson; 7 June 1941 – 1 November 2020) was a British party planner, writer and socialite from the Anson family. She was a first cousin once removed of Queen Elizabeth II and sister of Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield.
WSB-FM
WSB-FM (98.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Atlanta, Georgia.  It carries a hot adult contemporary radio format and is owned by the Cox Media Group, serving as the group's flagship FM station.  WSB-FM is the oldest FM radio station in Atlanta.  The studios and offices are on Peachtree Street NE in Atlanta, in the WSB-TV and Radio Group Building.

WSB-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts.  The transmitter is at the end of New Street NE in the Edgewood neighborhood of Atlanta.  It shares the tower with WABE-TV, WSTR-FM and WVEE-FM.  It broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format; the HD2 subchannel carries the urban adult contemporary format heard on WALR-FM, and the HD3 subchannel carries the Regional Mexican format heard on WLKQ-FM, and also feeds FM translator W296BB (107.1) in Jonesboro.

WSTR (FM)
WSTR (94.1 FM, "Star 94") is a radio station licensed to Smyrna, Georgia, and serving the Atlanta metropolitan area. Owned by Audacy, Inc., it broadcasts a Hot AC-leaning Variety Hits format, switching to Christmas music between Thanksgiving and Christmas Day. Its studios are located at Colony Square in Midtown Atlanta, while the station transmitter resides in Atlanta's Reynoldstown neighborhood.
Borough of Wellingborough
England portal

The Borough of Wellingborough was a non-metropolitan district and borough in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. It was named after Wellingborough, its main town, but also included surrounding rural areas.

The local council preferred to call itself the "Borough Council of Wellingborough" rather than the more usual form "Wellingborough Borough Council".

The borough covered almost the same area as the Wellingborough constituency. It was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, by a merger of the borough of Wellingborough with Wellingborough Rural District.

The borough bordered the districts of South Northamptonshire, Northampton, Kettering, Daventry and East Northamptonshire, as well as Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, and Bedford in Bedfordshire.

South Northamptonshire
South Northamptonshire was a local government district in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. Its council was based in the town of Towcester, first established as a settlement in Roman Britain. The population of the Local Authority District Council in 2011 was 85,189.

The largest town in the district was Brackley, which had a population of 14,000 in 2008, followed by Towcester, which had a population of nearly 10,000. Other significant settlements in size included Deanshanger, Bugbrooke, Roade, King's Sutton, Silverstone and Middleton Cheney. Many of the villages listed had populations exceeding 1,000.
Hargaya
Hargaya (Harari: ሀርጋየ Härgāyä) was a historical Muslim state in present-day eastern Ethiopia. It was located east of the Awash River on the Harar plateau in Adal alongside Gidaya and Hubat states. It neighbored other polities in the medieval era including Ifat, Fedis, Mora, Biqulzar and Kwelgora.

Gidaya
Gidaya (Harari: ጊዳየ Gidāyä; Somali: Gidaaya), also known as Gedaya or Jidaya was a historical Muslim state located around present-day eastern Ethiopia. The state was positioned on the Harar plateau and a district of Adal region alongside Hargaya and Hubat polities. It neighbored other states in the medieval era including Ifat, Mora, Hadiya, Fatagar, Biqulzar, Fedis and Kwelgora.
Michigan State Capitol
The Michigan State Capitol is the building that houses the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is in the portion of the state capital of Lansing which lies in Ingham County.

The present structure, at the intersection of Capitol and Michigan Avenues, is a National Historic Landmark that houses the chambers and offices of the Michigan Legislature as well as the ceremonial offices of the Governor of Michigan and Lieutenant Governor. Historically, this is the third building to house the Michigan government.

The first state capitol was in Detroit, the original capital of Michigan, and was relocated to Lansing in 1847, due to the need to develop the state's western portion and for better defense from British troops stationed in Windsor, Ontario.

Michigan Legislature
The Michigan Legislature is the legislature of the U.S. state of Michigan. It is organized as a bicameral body composed of the Senate (the upper chamber) and the House of Representatives (the lower chamber). Article IV of the Michigan Constitution, adopted in 1963, defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted. The chief purposes of the Legislature are to enact new laws and amend or repeal existing laws. The Legislature meets in the Capitol building in Lansing.

The 103rd Michigan Legislature was sworn in on January 11, 2025.
Connecticut Route 154
Route 154 is a state highway in Connecticut running for 28.24 miles (45.45 km). It serves as one of the main thoroughfares in the town of Old Saybrook, intersecting  twice with U.S. Route 1 (US 1). North of Interstate 95 (I-95), Route 154 runs parallel to Route 9, along to the west bank of the Connecticut River. The route ends in Higganum at Route 9.

Interstate 95 in Connecticut
Interstate 95 (I-95) is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the East Coast of the United States, running in a general east–west compass direction for 111.57 miles (179.55 km) in Connecticut, from the New York state line to the Rhode Island state line. I-95 from Greenwich to East Lyme is part of the Connecticut Turnpike, during which it passes through the major cities of Stamford, Bridgeport, and New Haven. After leaving the turnpike in East Lyme, I-95 is known as the Jewish War Veterans Memorial Highway and passes through New London, Groton, and Mystic, before exiting the state through North Stonington at the Rhode Island border and goes on.
Uniform space
In the mathematical field of topology, a uniform space is a set with additional structure that is used to define uniform properties, such as completeness, uniform continuity and uniform convergence. Uniform spaces generalize metric spaces and topological groups, but the concept is designed to formulate the weakest axioms needed for most proofs in analysis.

In addition to the usual properties of a topological structure, in a uniform space one formalizes the notions of relative closeness and closeness of points.  In other words, ideas like "x is closer to a than y is to b" make sense in uniform spaces.  By comparison, in a general topological space, given sets A,B it is meaningful to say that a point x is arbitrarily close to A (i.e., in the closure of A), or perhaps that A is a smaller neighborhood of x than B, but notions of closeness of points and relative closeness are not described well by topological structure alone.

Uniform property
In the mathematical field of topology a uniform property or uniform invariant is a property of a uniform space that is invariant under uniform isomorphisms.

Since uniform spaces come as topological spaces and uniform isomorphisms are homeomorphisms, every topological property of a uniform space is also a uniform property. This article is (mostly) concerned with uniform properties that are not topological properties.
Commissioner's Academic Challenge
The Commissioner's Academic Challenge (CAC) is Florida's statewide high school quiz bowl-like academic tournament. It has been held at the Grand Floridian Resort in Walt Disney World  each spring, usually in April, after 2015. Previously, it was held at the Contemporary Resort. It was cancelled in 2020 due to COVID-19. In 2022 it was held at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort and in 2023 it was held at Omni Hotels & Resorts in Championsgate. Each county school board in Florida is asked to send a team composed of six high school students. Participating counties are separated into three divisions based on their full-time enrollment numbers for grades 9-12.

Quiz bowl
Quiz bowl (quizbowl, scholars' bowl, scholastic bowl, academic bowl, academic team, academic challenge, etc.) is a family of quiz-based competitions that test players on a wide variety of academic subjects. Standardized quiz bowl formats are played by primary school, middle school, high school, and university students throughout North America, Asia, Europe, Australia, and Africa.

Quiz bowl competitions are typically played with a lockout buzzer system between at least two teams, usually consisting of four players each. A moderator reads questions to the players, who try to score points for their team by buzzing first and responding with the correct answer.

Quiz bowl is most commonly played in a tossup/bonus format, which consists of a series of two different types of questions. Other formats, particularly in local competitions, may deviate from the above rules, with additions like lightning rounds or category choice.
Ashcroft v. Iqbal
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), was a United States Supreme Court case which held that plaintiffs must present a "plausible" cause of action. Alongside Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly (and together known as Twiqbal), Iqbal raised the threshold which plaintiffs needed to meet. Further, the Court held that government officials are not liable for the actions of their subordinates without evidence that they ordered the allegedly discriminatory activity. At issue was whether current and former federal officials, including FBI Director Robert Mueller and former United States Attorney General John Ashcroft, were entitled to qualified immunity against an allegation that they knew of or condoned racial and religious discrimination against Muslim men detained after the September 11 attacks. The decision also "transformed civil litigation in the federal courts" by making it much easier for courts to dismiss individuals' suits.

Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States involving antitrust law and civil procedure. The court's opinion, authored by Justice David Souter, established that parallel conduct, absent evidence of agreement, is insufficient to sustain an antitrust action under Section 1 of the Sherman Act. It also heightened the pleading requirement for federal civil cases by requiring plaintiffs to include enough facts in their complaint to make it plausible, not merely possible or conceivable, that they will be able to prove facts to support their claims. The latter change in the law has been met with a great deal of controversy in legal circles, as evidenced by the dissenting opinion from Justice John Paul Stevens.
Australian League of Rights
The Australian League of Rights is a far-right and antisemitic political organisation in Australia. It was founded in Adelaide, South Australia, by Eric Butler in 1946, and organised nationally in 1960. It inspired groups like the Canadian League of Rights (1968), the New Zealand League of Rights (1970) and the British League of Rights (1971), with principles based on the economic theory of Social credit expounded by C. H. Douglas. The League describes itself as upholding the virtues of freedom, with stated values of "loyalty to God, Queen and Country".

In 1972, Butler created an umbrella group, the Crown Commonwealth League of Rights, to represent these four groups, and which also served as a chapter of the World League for Freedom and Democracy.

World League for Freedom and Democracy
The World League for Freedom and Democracy (WLFD) is an international non-governmental organization of anti-communist politicians and groups. It was founded in 1954 as the  Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League (APACL) under the initiative of Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Republic of China (first on Mainland China, after 1949 on Taiwan) and retired General Charles A. Willoughby and established by Ku Cheng-kang. During the Cold War, WACL actively participated in anti-communist and anti-Soviet positions.

In 1990, the organization changed to its current name, but has preserved its traditions and former ties. It unites representatives from more than 100 countries and has eight regional divisions. It has its headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan.
Sun Ru
Sun Ru (Chinese: 孫儒; died July 3, 892), formally the Prince of Le'an (樂安王), was a Chinese military general, rebel and politician during the Tang dynasty. He initially served as a general under the pretender emperor Qin Zongquan.  After Qin's defeat, he nominally submitted to Tang imperial authority and contended for control of the central-lower Yangtze River region with Yang Xingmi; he was eventually defeated by Yang and executed.  His subordinate Ma Yin was the eventual founder of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Chu.

Ma Yin
Ma Yin (traditional Chinese: 馬殷; simplified Chinese: 马殷; pinyin: Mǎ Yīn; c. 853 – December 2, 930), courtesy name Batu (霸圖), also known by his posthumous name as the King Wumu of Chu (楚武穆王), was a Chinese military general and politician who became the founding ruler of the Chinese Ma Chu dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was the only monarch who carried the title of "king" in his dynasty. He initially took control of the Changsha region in 896 after the death of his predecessor Liu Jianfeng, and subsequently increased his territorial hold to roughly modern Hunan and northeastern Guangxi, which became the territory of Ma Chu.