hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Istanbul Bilgi University
Istanbul Bilgi University (Turkish: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi) is a private university founded in 1996, located in Eyüpsultan, Istanbul, Turkey. The university has four campuses in Istanbul: SantralIstanbul, Kuştepe, Dolapdere, and Kozyatağı.

SantralIstanbul
The santralistanbul (Turkish: santralistanbul), opened in 2007, is an arts and cultural complex located at the upper end of Golden Horn where two small rivers, Alibeyköy and Kağıthane meet in the Eyüp district of Istanbul, Turkey. The center, consisting of an energy museum, an amphitheater, concert halls and a public library, is situated within the Silahtarağa campus of Istanbul Bilgi University that was formerly the first power station of the Ottoman Empire.

Arts, cultural, educational and social buildings of santralistanbul, having an area of 118,000 m2, are all housed in the facilities of the former Silahtarağa Power Station, which served from 1914 to 1983 for supplying Istanbul with electric power. The site is named after the Turkish word "santral" for power plant.
Marcinelle school
The terms "Marcinelle school" (French: École de Marcinelle) and "Charleroi school" (École de Charleroi) refer to a group of Belgian cartoonists formed by Joseph Gillain (known as Jijé) following World War II. The first generation, known as the "Bande à quatre" ("Gang of four"), consisted of Jijé and his assistants Franquin, Morris and Will. Marcinelle school cartoonists were all associated with the weekly magazine, Spirou, whose offices in the 1940s were located in the town of Marcinelle, near Charleroi in Belgium.

The style of these cartoonists soon became the preferred in-house style for artists working at the influential Spirou magazine, and thus had a huge impact on the Belgian comics and Franco-Belgian comics scene, inspiring generations of cartoonists.

Will (comics)
Willy Maltaite (French: [vili maltɛt]; 30 October 1927 – 18 February 2000), better known by the pseudonym Will ([vil]), was a Belgian comics creator and comics artist in the Franco-Belgian tradition. In the genre known in Francophone countries as bande dessinée, Will is one of the young cartoonists trained by Jijé, who made them live and work with him in his studio in Waterloo. He is considered one of la Bande des Quatre (the Gang of 4, which also included André Franquin, Morris, and Jijé himself), and a founding member of the Marcinelle school.
Franzo Grande Stevens
Franzo Grande Stevens (13 September 1928 – 13 June 2025) was an Italian lawyer. He was famous for being the lawyer of the Agnelli family, and was one of the triad of longtime advisors of Gianni Agnelli. He continued to advise Agnelli's grandson and heir John Elkann. He served as chairman of Juventus from 2003 to 2006, when the club was relegated due to Calciopoli.

Gianni Agnelli
Giovanni "Gianni" Agnelli (Italian: [ˈdʒanni aɲˈɲɛlli]; 12 March 1921 – 24 January 2003), nicknamed L'Avvocato ('The Lawyer'), was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce, and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research. He was the richest man in modern Italian history.

Agnelli was regarded as having an impeccable and slightly eccentric fashion sense, which has influenced both Italian and international men's fashion. Agnelli was awarded the decoration Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1967 and the Order of Merit for Labour (Cavaliere del lavoro) in 1977. Following his death in 2003, control of the firm was gradually passed to his grandson and chosen heir, John Elkann.
Arnold Maran
Arnold George Dominic Maran (16 June 1936 – 10 December 2017) MD, FRCSEd, FRCSEng, FACS, FRCPE was a Scottish head and neck surgeon and otolaryngologist. Having trained in ear, nose and throat surgery in Edinburgh, Scotland  he then had further training  as a head and neck surgeon in the United States and  returned to a consultant post in Dundee, Scotland. Moving to Edinburgh he was awarded a personal chair in otorhinolaryngology by the University of Edinburgh.  In collaboration with Professor Philip Stell of Liverpool he devised training courses in head and neck surgery and together they wrote Stell and Maran’s Textbook of Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology which became a popular textbook for the subspeciality. Maran went on to establish a clinic for voice disorders in Edinburgh which attracted professional singers and celebrities. He was elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1997.

Philip Stell
Professor Philip Michael Stell MBE FRCS  FRCSE FRHistS FSA (14 August 1934 – 29 May 2004) was a British surgeon and historian.  After a career in otolaryngology he retired early from his chair at the University of Liverpool and developed a second career as a medieval historian based in York; he was appointed MBE in 2004 "for services to history".
Hymenaea protera
Hymenaea protera is an extinct prehistoric leguminous tree, the probable ancestor of present-day Hymenaea species. Most neotropical ambers come from its fossilized resin, including the famous Dominican amber.

H. protera once grew in an extensive range stretching from southern Mexico down to the Proto-greater Antilles, across northern South America, and on to the African continent. Both morphology and DNA studies have revealed that H. protera was more closely related to the only species of Hymenaea remaining in East Africa than to the more numerous American species.

In 1993, chloroplast DNA dated at 35–40 million years old was extracted from the leaf of H. protera, preserved in a fossil amber from the La Toca mines, Dominican Republic.

Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin. It has been appreciated for its color (orange, brown and, sometimes, red) and natural beauty since the Neolithic times, and worked as a gemstone since classical antiquity. Amber is used in jewelry and as a healing agent in folk medicine.

There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.
Jarai language
Jarai (/dʒəˈraɪ/; Vietnamese: tiếng Gia Rai or Tiếng Jrai; Khmer: ចារ៉ាយ, Charay [caːraːj]) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Jarai people of Vietnam and Cambodia.  The speakers of Jarai number approximately 530,000, not including other possible Jarai communities in countries other than Vietnam and Cambodia such as United States of America. They are the largest of the upland ethnic groups of Vietnam's Central Highlands known as Degar or Montagnards, and 25 per cent of the population in the Cambodian province of Ratanakiri.

The language is in the Chamic subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and is thus related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.

A number of Jarai also live in the United States, having resettled there following the Vietnam War.

Chamic languages
The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Acehnese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and Hainan, China. The Chamic languages are a subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian languages in the Austronesian family. The ancestor of this subfamily, proto-Chamic, is associated with the Sa Huỳnh culture, its speakers arriving in what is now Vietnam from Formosa.

The most widely spoken Chamic languages are Acehnese with 3.5 million speakers, Cham with about 280,000, and Jarai with about 230,000, in both Cambodia and Vietnam. Tsat is the most northern and least spoken, with only 3000 speakers by the Utsuls in Hainan.
Princess Josephine of Baden
Princess Josephine Friederike Luise of Baden (21 October 1813 – 19 June 1900) was Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen from 27 August 1848 to 7 December 1849 during the brief reign of her husband, Prince Karl Anton. Josephine was the second daughter of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden, and Stéphanie de Beauharnais. She was the mother of the first king of Romania, Carol I. Through her younger daughter Marie, she is the ancestress of the Belgian royal family, the grand ducal family of Luxembourg as well as the last Queen of Italy and her descendants. Through her son, Leopold, she is also ancestress of the Romanian royal family and the Serbian and Yugoslav Royal House.

Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (born 1811)
Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (German: Karl Anton Joachim Zephyrinus Friedrich Meinrad Fürst von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen; 7 September 1811 – 2 June 1885) was the last reigning prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen before the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1849. Afterwards, he continued to be titular prince of his house and – with the death of the last prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen in 1869 – of the entire Swabian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. He served as Minister President of Prussia from 1858 to 1862, the only Hohenzollern prince to hold that post. His second son, Karl, became king of Romania. The offer of the throne of Spain to his eldest son, Leopold, was one of the causes of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire.
CTrain
CTrain (previously branded C-Train) is a light rail  system in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The system is operated by Calgary Transit as part of the Calgary municipal government's transportation department, and currently consists of two lines; the Red Line and the Blue Line.

The CTrain began operation on May 25, 1981, and has expanded as the city has increased in population. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 94,097,200, or about 279,200 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025, making it one of the busiest light rail transit systems in North America. Approximately 45% of workers in Downtown Calgary take the CTrain to work.

Red Line (Calgary)
The Red Line, also known as Route 201, is a light rail transit (LRT) line in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Together with the Blue Line and future Green Line it makes up Calgary's CTrain network. Following its initial approval in 1976, the Red Line opened in 1981, running from Anderson station in the southeast into downtown. The Red Line has been expanded several times to reach its current state. The Red Line services the northwest quadrant and south end of the city beginning at Tuscany station, runs through the downtown core on 7th Avenue, then proceeds southbound where it terminates at Somerset–Bridlewood station. The section of track running along 7th Avenue is shared with the Blue Line. Future expansion of the Red Line includes rerouting the downtown section below 8th Avenue, which would allow the operation of five-car trains, further increasing capacity.
Sato–Tate conjecture
In mathematics, the Sato–Tate conjecture is a statistical statement about the family of elliptic curves Ep obtained from an elliptic curve E over the rational numbers by reduction modulo almost all prime numbers p. Mikio Sato and John Tate independently posed the conjecture around 1960.

If Np denotes the number of points on the elliptic curve Ep defined over the finite field with p elements, the conjecture gives an answer to the distribution of the second-order term for Np. By Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves,

as , and the point of the conjecture is to predict how the O-term varies.

The original conjecture and its generalization to all totally real fields was proved by Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, Nicholas Shepherd-Barron, and Richard Taylor under mild assumptions in 2008, and completed by Thomas Barnet-Lamb, David Geraghty, Harris, and Taylor in 2011. Several generalizations to other algebraic varieties and fields are open.

Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves
Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves, also referred to as the Hasse bound, provides an estimate of the number of points on an elliptic curve over a finite field, bounding the value both above and below.

If N is the number of points on the elliptic curve E over a finite field with  q elements, then Hasse's result states that

The reason is that N differs from q + 1, the number of points of the projective line over the same field, by an 'error term' that is the sum of two complex numbers, each of absolute value

This result had originally been conjectured by Emil Artin in his thesis.  It was proven by Hasse in 1933, with the proof published in a series of papers in 1936.

Hasse's theorem is equivalent to the determination of the absolute value of the roots of the local zeta-function of E.  In this form it can be seen to be the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis for the function field associated with the elliptic curve.
Butler Hospital
Butler Hospital is a private, non-profit, psychiatric and substance abuse hospital for adolescents, adults, and seniors, located at 345 Blackstone Boulevard in Providence, Rhode Island. The hospital is affiliated with the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and is the flagship for Brown University's renowned department of psychiatry. Butler Hospital was a founding member, along with Women & Infants Hospital and Kent Hospital, of the Care New England health system in 1996.

Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island is a women and infants' hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. It is the primary teaching hospital in obstetrics, gynecology, and newborn pediatrics of the Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University. In 1996, Women & Infants Hospital was a founding member (along with Butler Hospital and Kent Hospital) of the Care New England Health System.
Utah Catzz
The Utah Catzz was a team in the United States Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) in 1998. The Catzz franchise was owned by Mack Fulton, who also started a farm club for the Catzz, the Salt Lake Lions (semi-pro football team). The Catzz played their home games at the David O. McKay Events Center in Orem, UT., with the team office located in Salt Lake City, UT. The team's color's were: Blue, Red, and Purple. Utah's head coach for the 1998 season was Gordon Hudson.

The Catzz played four preseason PIFL games in 1997-98. Winning three out of the four:

December 6, 1997 - Utah Catzz 41 at West Virginia Wizards 51†

December 20, 1997 - Texas Bullets 22 at Utah Catzz 47

March 21, 1998 - Tucson Mirage† 23 at Utah Catzz 59

April 4, 1998 - Utah Catzz 42 at Louisiana Bayou Beast 40

† was scheduled to be an expansion team for the 1999 season.

Louisiana Bayou Beast
The Louisiana Bayou Beast were a team in the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) in 1998, in the Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL) in 1999 and reincarnated in 2001 in the National Indoor Football League (NIFL). The Bayou Beast franchise was owned by James (Sr.) and Carolyn Shiver, who currently own and operate the NIFL which is based in Lafayette, Louisiana. The Bayou Beast competed in the PIFL in 1998, playing their home games at the Pete Maravich Assembly Center on the LSU campus in Baton Rouge. The team colors were red, black, and white. In 1999, the PIFL changed its name to the IPFL, and the Beast changed arenas, moving to the Riverside Centroplex in downtown Baton Rouge for that season.

After two seasons, the Bayou Beast moved to Alexandria. and were renamed the Louisiana Rangers for the IPFL 2000 season.

The team was reincarnated in 2001 for the National Indoor Football League, and based in Monroe, Louisiana. Following that season, the franchise folded.
Protein quality
Protein quality is the digestibility and quantity of essential amino acids for providing the proteins in correct ratios for human consumption. There are various methods that rank the quality of different types of protein, some of which are outdated and no longer in use, or not considered as useful as they once were thought to be. The Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), which was recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), became the industry standard in 1993. FAO has recently recommended the newer Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) to supersede PDCAAS.

Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score
Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) is a protein quality method proposed in March 2013 by the Food and Agriculture Organization to replace the current protein ranking standard, the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS).

The DIAAS accounts for amino acid digestibility at the end of the small intestine (= the end of ileum, the last section of the small intestine), providing a more accurate measure of the amounts of amino acids absorbed by the body and the protein's contribution to human amino acid and nitrogen requirements. This is in contrast to the PDCAAS, which is based on an estimate of total protein digestibility over the total digestive tract. Values stated using PDCAAS generally overestimate the amount of amino acids absorbed.
Quiz (play)
Quiz is a play written by James Graham. Originally commissioned by theatre producer, William Village, it made its world premiere at the Minerva Theatre, Chichester, in November 2017, before transferring to the Noël Coward Theatre in London's West End in March 2018. The play centres on the true story of Charles Ingram and the coughing scandal that surrounded his 2001 win of £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2020, the stage play was adapted for a TV series of the same name.

Charles Ingram
Charles William Ingram (born 6 August 1963) is a British fraudster and a former major in the British Army who gained fame for his appearance on the ITV television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Across two episodes recorded in September 2001, Ingram correctly answered 15 questions to win the show's maximum prize of £1 million, becoming the third recorded contestant ever to do so; however, he was denied the winnings due to suspicion of cheating.

Following a lengthy trial at Southwark Crown Court, Ingram was convicted on a single count of procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception. He was subsequently convicted of an unrelated offence involving insurance fraud in 2003 and ordered to resign his commission as a major by the Army Board.
Robert Brooke (died 1669)
Sir Robert Brooke (1637 – 5 June 1669) was an English landowner, magistrate, commissioner, military officer, knight and MP who sat in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1669. Dying at the age of 32, his promise was cut short, and the core of his estates in East Suffolk passed by marriage into the Blois family.

Blois family
The Blois family (formerly spelled, and usually pronounced, Bloyse) have been substantial landowners in Suffolk for several centuries. Until recently the family home was at Cockfield Hall in Yoxford, Suffolk, a Grade 1 listed private house standing in 40 acres (160,000 m2) of historic parkland.
Genetic studies on Gujarati people
The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the Gujarati people of India aims at uncovering these people's genetic history. According to the 1000 Genomes Project, "Gujarati" is a general term used to describe people who trace their ancestry to the region of Gujarat, located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, and who speak the Gujarati language, an Indo-European language. They have some genetic commonalities as well as differences with other ethnic groups of India.

Gujarati people
The Gujarati people, or Gujaratis, are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the Indian state of Gujarat. They primarily speak Gujarati, an Indo-Aryan language. Gujaratis have diaspora across India as well in a large number of countries around the world.
Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1963
Belgium was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 with the song "Waarom?", composed by Hans Flower with lyrics by Wim Brabants, and performed by Jacques Raymond. The Belgian participating broadcaster, Dutch-speaking Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep (BRT), selected its entry through a national final. Raymond had previously finished second in the 1961 national final, and would later represent the country in a duet with Lily Castel in 1971.

Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971
Belgium was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 with the song "Goeiemorgen, morgen", composed by Paul Quintens, with lyrics by Phil van Cauwenbergh, and performed by Jacques Raymond and Lily Castel. The Belgian participating broadcaster, Dutch-speaking Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep (BRT), selected its entry through a national final.

Raymond and Castel had not taken part in the national final, which was won by Nicole & Hugo performing the song. BRT called them as late replacements shortly before Eurovision, as Nicole had fallen ill and was unable to travel. Nicole & Hugo would represent Belgium in 1973.
Yi Geon
Colonel Prince Yi Geon (October 28, 1909 – December 21, 1990), also Ri Ken and Kenichi Momoyama (桃山 虔一, Momoyama Ken'ichi), was a Korean prince and a cavalry officer in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. The first son of Prince Yi Kang of Korea by Lady Jeong, he was a grandson of Emperor Gwangmu. His Korean name was Yi Geon (이건, 李鍵), and his birth name was Yong-gil (용길).

Yi Kang
Yi Kang, Prince Imperial Ui (Korean: 의친왕 이강; 30 March 1877 – 15 August 1955), also known as Prince Uihwa (1891–1900) or King Ui (1900–1955) was the second son of Emperor Gojong of Korea and his concubine, Lady Jang, who was a court lady-in-waiting.

In 1891, his father King Gojong issued a decree naming Yi "Prince Uihwa" with the style of Royal Highness. Yi married Lady Kim Deok-su, the daughter of court official Kim Sajun.

Upon declaration of Korean Empire in 1897, Yi was enthroned as King Ui or Prince Imperial Ui by his father Emperor Gojong of Korea in 1900 along with his younger brother, Yi Un.
Mount Wachusett
Mount Wachusett is a mountain in Massachusetts. It straddles towns of Princeton and Westminster, in Worcester County.  It is the highest point in Massachusetts east of the Connecticut River. The mountain is named after a Native American term meaning "near the mountain" or "mountain place".  The mountain is a popular hiking and skiing destination (see 'Wachusett Mountain Ski Area"). An automobile road, open spring to fall, ascends to the summit. Views from the top of Mount Wachusett include Mount Monadnock to the north, Mount Greylock to the west, southern Vermont to the northwest, and Boston to the east. The mountain is traversed by the 92 mi (148 km) Midstate Trail. It is also home to the Wachusett Mountain State Reservation.

A band of old growth forest along rock ledges 500 feet (150 m) below the summit supports trees from 150 to 370 years old. Covering 220 acres (89 ha), it is the largest known old growth forest east of the Connecticut River in Massachusetts.

Wachusett Mountain State Reservation
Wachusett Mountain State Reservation is a protected area encompassing 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) around the summit of Mount Wachusett in Massachusetts. Views from the top of Mount Wachusett include Mount Monadnock to the north, Mount Greylock to the west, southern Vermont to the northwest and Boston to the east.