hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Shana Knizhnik
Shana Knizhnik (born August 22, 1988) is an American lawyer and author from Philadelphia. She is best known for her New York Times bestselling book, Notorious R.B.G.: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, co-written with MSNBC reporter Irin Carmon. She is currently a Senior Staff Attorney in the American Civil Liberties Union's LGBTQ & HIV Project.

Irin Carmon
Irin Carmon (English: /ɪˈrɪn kɑːrˈmoʊn/) born 1983/1984) is an Israeli-American journalist and commentator. She is a senior correspondent at New York Magazine, and a CNN contributor. She is co-author of Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Previously, she was a national reporter at MSNBC, covering women, politics, and culture for the website and on air. She was a visiting fellow in the Program for the Study of Reproductive Justice at Yale Law School.

In 2011, she was named one of Forbes' "30 under 30"  in media and featured in New York Magazine as a face of young feminism. She received the November 2011 Sidney award from The Sidney Hillman Foundation recognizing her reporting on the Mississippi Personhood Initiative for Salon. Mediaite named her among four in its award for Best TV pundit of 2014.
Crunchie
Crunchie is a brand of chocolate bar with a centre of honeycomb/cinder toffee, manufactured by British confectionary company Cadbury, currently produced in Poland. It was originally launched by J. S. Fry & Sons in 1929; a very similar product named Violet Crumble was already invented in Australia in 1913. The Crunchie bar is widely available in several countries around the world and has also been grey imported elsewhere.

Honeycomb toffee
Honeycomb toffee, honeycomb candy, sponge toffee, cinder toffee, seafoam, or hokey pokey is a sugary toffee with a light, rigid, sponge-like texture. Its main ingredients are typically brown sugar (or corn syrup, molasses or golden syrup) and baking soda, sometimes with an acid such as vinegar. The baking soda and acid react to form carbon dioxide which is trapped in the highly viscous mixture. When acid is not used, thermal decomposition of the baking soda releases carbon dioxide. The sponge-like structure is formed while the sugar is liquid, then the toffee sets hard. The candy goes by a variety of names and regional variants.

Owing to its relatively simple recipe and quick preparation time, in some regions it is often made at home, and is a popular recipe for children. It is also made commercially and sold in small blocks, or covered in chocolate, a popular example being the Crunchie bar of Britain and Canada, or the Violet Crumble of Australia.
Downieville-Lawson-Dumont, Colorado
Downieville-Lawson-Dumont is a census-designated place (CDP) comprising the unincorporated communities of Downieville, Lawson, and Dumont located in, and governed by, Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States. At the United States Census 2020, the population of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont CDP was 527. The CDP is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor. The Dumont post office ZIP code 80436 (post office boxes) serves the area.

Downieville, Colorado
Downieville is a small unincorporated community situated along Clear Creek in Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States.  Downieville is the principal community of the Downieville-Lawson-Dumont, CO Census Designated Place.
Cydia pomonella granulovirus
Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a granulovirus belonging to the family Baculoviridae. It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 123,500 base pairs in length with 143 ORFs. The virus forms small bodies called granules containing a single virion. CpGV is a virus of invertebrates – specifically Cydia pomonella, commonly known as the Codling moth. CpGV is highly pathogenic, it is known as a fast GV – that is, one that will kill its host in the same instar as infection; thus, it is frequently used as a biological pesticide.

Biopesticide
A biopesticide is a biological substance or microorganism that is used to control pests. Invertebrates and macroorganisms used to control pests are usually categorised as biological pest control agents.

Biopesticides are traditionally obtained through bioprospecting from organisms including plants, microorganisms, etc. They are components of integrated pest management programmes, and are used as substitutes for synthetic pesticides.
Old Town, Warsaw
Warsaw Old Town, also known as Old Town, and historically known as Old Warsaw, is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Śródmieście. It is the oldest portion of the city, and contains numerous historic buildings, mostly from 17th and 18th centuries, such as the Royal Castle, city walls, St. John's Cathedral, and the Barbican, the Old Town Market Square and the Warsaw Mermaid Statue. The settlement itself dates back to between the 13th and 14th centuries, and was granted town privileges c. 1300.

During World War II, the Old Town was nearly totally destroyed, and subsequently reconstructed. The project was the world's first attempt to resurrect an entire historic city core and was included on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1980. The reconstruction efforts were again recognized in 2011 when all its documents and records were added by UNESCO to its Memory of the World international register.

City walls of Warsaw
The city walls of Warsaw are walls around Warsaw Old Town. They are composed of two lines: inner and outer, with several gates round the city. Originally raised between the 13th and 16th centuries, then rebuilt in 1950–1963, partly later. The best-preserved fragments of the fortification are those parallel to Podwale Street, from the Warsaw Royal Castle to the Barbican and further to the Vistula Embankment.
Louise Timpson
Louise Timpson (née Louise Hollingsworth Morris Clews, formerly Vanneck; November 27, 1904 – February 10, 1970), previously Louise Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, was an American socialite and, later, a British aristocrat. She was the second wife of Ian Douglas Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll and the mother of the 12th Duke.

Ian Campbell, 12th Duke of Argyll
Ian Campbell, 12th and 5th Duke of Argyll, KStJ, DL, FRSA (28 August 1937 – 21 April 2001), styled Marquess of Lorne between 1949 and 1973, was a Scottish peer and Chief of Clan Campbell. He was the 12th Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of Scotland, 5th Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of the United Kingdom and Lord Lieutenant of Argyll and Bute.
Factiva
Factiva is a business information and research tool owned by Dow Jones & Company. Factiva aggregates content from both licensed and free sources. Providing organizations with search, alerting, dissemination, and other information management capabilities. Factiva products claim to provide access to more than 32,000 sources such as newspapers, journals, magazines, television and radio transcripts, photos, etc. These are sourced from nearly every country in the world in 28 languages, including more than 600 continuously updated newswires.

Dow Jones & Company
Dow Jones & Company, Inc. (also known simply as Dow Jones) is an American publishing firm owned by News Corp, and led by CEO Almar Latour. The company publishes The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, MarketWatch, Mansion Global, Financial News and Private Equity News.

The company is best known for its historical publication of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) and related market statistics. It published the DJIA from 1882 until 2010, when News Corp then sold 90% ownership of the Dow Jones stock market indices business to CME Group; News Corp sold CME its remaining 10% in 2013.
Pascack Valley Regional High School District
The Pascack Valley Regional High School District is a regional public high school district encompassing students from four communities in the Pascack Valley region of Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Hillsdale, Montvale, River Vale and Woodcliff Lake.

As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprising two schools, had an enrollment of 1,867 students and 172.6 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Montvale, New Jersey
Montvale is a borough in northern Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, bordering the state of New York. The borough is part of the New York City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 8,436, an increase of 592 (+7.5%) from the 2010 census count of 7,844, which in turn reflected an increase of 810 (+11.5%) from the 7,034 counted in the 2000 census.
June 1990 Mineriad
The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of anti-National Salvation Front (FSN) rioting in Bucharest, Romania by the physical intervention of groups of industrial workers as well as coal miners from the Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by the government to counter the rising violence of the protesters. This event occurred several weeks after the FSN achieved a landslide victory in the May 1990 general election, the first elections after the fall of the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Many of the miners, factory workers, and other anti-protester groups, fought with the protesters and bystanders. The violence resulted in some deaths and many injuries on both sides of the confrontations. Official figures listed seven fatalities and hundreds of injured, although media estimates of the number killed and injured varied widely and were often much higher.

Jiu Valley
The Jiu Valley (Romanian: Valea Jiului pronounced [ˈvale̯a ˈʒi.uluj], Hungarian: Zsil-völgy) is a region in southwestern Transylvania, Romania, in Hunedoara county, situated in a valley of the Jiu River between the Retezat Mountains and the Parâng Mountains. The region was heavily industrialised and the main activity was coal mining, but due to low efficiency, most of the mines were closed down in the years following the collapse of Communism in Romania. For a long time the place was called Romania's biggest coalfield.
Wild Arms 5
Wild Arms 5, released in Japan as Wild Arms: The Fifth Vanguard, is a role-playing video game developed by Media.Vision and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2. It is the fifth and most recent main installment of the Wild Arms series. It was released in December 2006 in Japan, August 2007 in North America by Xseed Games, February 2008 in Europe by 505 Games and April 2008 in Australia by Xseed Games. The game celebrates the series' 10th anniversary by featuring cameo appearances of characters from the previous games.

Wild Arms
Wild Arms (ワイルドアームズ, Wairudo Āmuzu), stylized as Wild ARMs, is a media franchise developed by Media.Vision and owned by Sony Computer Entertainment. The franchise consists of several role-playing video games and related media. Since the launch of the original Wild Arms title in 1996, the series has gone on to encompass several media, including toys, manga, mobile phone applications, and a 22-episode anime.

The series has largely been overseen by producer Akifumi Kaneko. It saw regular releases throughout the late 1990s and 2000s. Following its last major entry, Wild Arms XF, in 2007, it became dormant save for a crossover mobile game, Wild Arms: Million Memories, released a decade later. Kaneko crowdfunded an open world spiritual successor, Armed Fantasia, in 2022, alongside Naruke and other series veterans. The title is currently in development.
David Gore-Booth
Sir David Alwyn Gore-Booth KCMG KCVO (15 May 1943 – 31 October 2004) was a British diplomat, who served in the FCO from 1964 until 1998.

Sir David was appointed HM Ambassador to Saudi Arabia in 1993, before his final posting as British High Commissioner in New Delhi 1996–1998. His father, Lord Gore-Booth GCMG was also High Commissioner to India 1960–1965.

Paul Gore-Booth, Baron Gore-Booth
Paul Henry Gore-Booth, Baron Gore-Booth GCMG KCVO (3 February 1909 – 29 June 1984) was a British diplomat.

He was British High Commissioner to India, 1960 to 1965, then Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Head of HM Diplomatic Service, retiring in 1969, after which was created a life peer and went into business. He was a member of the House of Lords from 1969 until his death.
Agusta-Bell AB.102
The Agusta AB.102 was an Italian helicopter produced in small numbers in the early 1960s. The aircraft was based on the mechanical components of a Bell 48 that Agusta incorporated into an all-new, streamlined fuselage. The first flight was on 3 February 1959 and the prototype was exhibited at that year's Paris Air Show in faux military colours. Only two production examples were built, operated by Elivie in a regular air service between Turin and Milan from 1961. However, the advent of turbine-powered helicopters in the 1960s soon rendered the AB.102 obsolete.

Bell H-12
The Bell R-12 (later redesignated H-12; company Model 48)  was an American 1940s military utility helicopter built by the Bell Helicopter company. The design did not go into full production, but over a dozen prototypes were used for various tests and projects.
All India Senior School Certificate Examination
The All India Senior School Certificate Examination or  AISSCE  also known as Senior School Certificate Examination, SSCE  or  Class 12 Board Exams, is the final examination conducted every year for high school students by the Central Board of Secondary Education on behalf of the Government of India.

It is the equivalent of the A-level examination in the United Kingdom.

Central Board of Secondary Education
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is a national-level board of education in India for public and private schools, controlled and managed by the Government of India. Established in 1929 by a government resolution, the Board was an experiment in inter-state integration and cooperation in the sphere of secondary education. There are more than 27,000 schools in India and 240 schools in 28 foreign countries affiliated with the CBSE. All schools affiliated with CBSE follow the NCERT curriculum, especially those in classes 9 to 12. The current Chairperson of CBSE is Rahul Singh, IAS.

The constitution of the Board was amended in 1952 to give its present name, the Central Board of Secondary Education. The Board was reconstituted on 1 July 1962 to make its services available to students and various educational institutions across the country.
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (attraction)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is a dark ride based upon the 1977 film of the same name, itself based on the Winnie-the-Pooh books by A. A. Milne. The attraction exists in slightly different forms at the Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort, Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland, and Shanghai Disneyland.

The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is a 1977 American animated musical anthology fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. It was first released on a double bill with The Littlest Horse Thieves on March 11, 1977.

Its characters have spawned a franchise of various sequels and television programs, clothing, books, toys, and an attraction of the same name at Disneyland,  Walt Disney World, and Hong Kong Disneyland in addition to Pooh's Hunny Hunt in Tokyo Disneyland.
Brahmavihara
The brahmavihārā (sublime attitudes, lit. "abodes of Brahma") is a series of four Buddhist virtues and the meditation practices made to cultivate them. They are also known as the four immeasurables (Pāli: appamaññā)  or four infinite minds (Chinese: 四無量心). The brahmavihārā are:

loving-kindness or benevolence (mettā)

compassion (karuṇā)

empathetic joy (muditā)

equanimity (upekkhā)

According to the Metta Sutta, cultivation of the four immeasurables has the power to cause the practitioner to be reborn into a "Brahma realm" (Pāli: Brahmaloka).

Karuṇā
Karuṇā (Sanskrit: करुणा) is generally translated as compassion or mercy and sometimes as self-compassion or spiritual longing. It is a significant spiritual concept in the Indic religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism.
Lopingian
The Lopingian,  informally the Late or Upper Permian, is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian, and last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.

The name was introduced by Amadeus William Grabau in 1931 and derives from Leping, Jiangxi in China. It consists of two stages/ages. The earlier is the Wuchiapingian and the later is the Changhsingian.

The International Chronostratigraphic Chart (v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the Wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.

Evidence from Milankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.

Guadalupian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 274.4 ± 0.4 – 259.51 ± 0.21 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian is also known as the Middle Permian.
Gumnaami
Gumnaami is a 2019 Indian Bengali-language mystery film based on the true events directed by Srijit Mukherji, which deals with the mystery of Netaji's death, based on the Mukherjee Commission hearings and the book Conundrum written by Anuj Dhar and Chandrachur Ghose. It has been produced by Shrikant Mohta, Pranay Ranjan, and Mahendra Soni under the banner of Shree Venkatesh Films. Prosenjit Chatterjee plays the roles of Subhas Chandra Bose and Gumnaami Baba.

The principal photography began in May 2019 in Asansol, West Bengal. The film was released theatrically on 2 October 2019.

Srijit Mukherji
Srijit Mukherji (born 23 September 1977) is an  Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in Bengali cinema. 
His regular collaboration with veteran actor Prosenjit Chatterjee brought him into the limelight. His first feature film Autograph (2010), was a critical and commercial success, where he had written the script with Chatterjee in mind. His fifth film, Jaatishwar, won four national awards at India's 61st National Film Awards (2014). He won the National Film Award for Best Direction and Best Original Screenplay for his sixth film, Chotushkone, at India's 62nd National Film Awards. His eighth film, Rajkahini had been remade into a Hindi film titled, Begum Jaan, starring Vidya Balan in 2017. His 2018 release Ek Je Chhilo Raja won the 'Best Bengali Film' Award at India's 66th National Film Awards. His 2019 film Gumnaami won him the Best Bengali Film and Best Adapted Screenplay Awards at the 67th National Film Awards.
Lai (state)
Lai (simplified Chinese: 莱; traditional Chinese: 萊; pinyin: Lái), also known as Laiyi (萊夷; Láiyí), was an ancient Dongyi state located in what is now eastern Shandong Province, recorded in the Book of Xia.  Tang Shanchun (唐善纯) believes lái means "mountain" in the Old Yue language, while the Yue Jue Shu (越絕書) says lai means "wilderness".

Dongyi
The Dongyi or Eastern Yi (Chinese: 東夷; pinyin: Dōngyí) was a collective term for ancient peoples found in Chinese records. The definition of Dongyi varied across the ages, but in most cases referred to inhabitants of eastern China, then later, the Korean peninsula and Japanese Archipelago. Dongyi refers to different group of people in different periods. As such, the name "Yí" (夷) was something of a catch-all and was applied to different groups over time.
According to the earliest Chinese record, the Zuo Zhuan, the Shang dynasty was attacked by King Wu of Zhou while attacking the Dongyi and collapsed afterward.
George's Day in Autumn
George's Day in Autumn, or Saint George's Day, is one of two feasts of Saint George, celebrated by the Russian Orthodox Church (9 December [O.S. 26 November]), the Serbian Orthodox Church (16 November [O.S. 3 November]), and the Georgian Orthodox Church (23 November [O.S. 10 November]), the other being Saint George's Day of Spring (6 May [O.S. 23 April]).

Đurđic is one of major Serbian Slava (patron saint) days.

Saint George's Day
Saint George's Day is the feast day of Saint George, celebrated by Christian churches, countries, regions, and cities from which he is the main patron saint, including England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Catalonia, Aragon, Palestine, Rio de Janeiro, Alcoi, and Genoa, and also where he is an important patron saint, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Syria, and Lebanon.

Saint George's Day is usually celebrated on 23 April, the traditionally accepted date of the saint's death in the Diocletianic Persecution. However Saint’s days are not observed if they fall between Palm Sunday and the second Sunday of Easter, they will then be celebrated the following Monday.
Gravitron
The Gravitron is an amusement ride, most commonly found as a portable ride at fairs and carnivals. The Gravitron first appeared at Morey's Piers in 1983, designed and manufactured by Wisdom Industries. It is a modification of an earlier ride called the Rotor.

Rotor (ride)
The Rotor is an amusement ride designed and patented by German engineer Ernst Hoffmeister in 1948. The ride was first demonstrated at Oktoberfest 1949 and still appears in numerous amusement parks. The Rotor is a large, upright barrel, rotated to create an inward acting centripetal force supplied by the wall's support's force. Once at full speed, the floor is retracted, leaving the riders stuck to the wall of the drum.
Ian Somerville
Ian Somerville (born September 1, 2000) is an American ice dancer. With his skating partner, Emily Bratti, he is the 2024 U.S. national bronze medalist and 2024 Grand Prix de France bronze medalist.

With his former skating partner, Katarina Del Camp, he is the 2021 U.S. junior national bronze medalist. With his former skating partner, Eliana Gropman, he is the 2019 U.S. national junior bronze medalist and the 2018 JGP Slovakia bronze medalist. They placed in the top twelve at the 2019 World Junior Championships.

Emily Bratti
Emily Bratti (born June 11, 2002) is an American ice dancer. With her skating partner, Ian Somerville, she is the 2024 U.S. national bronze medalist and 2024 Grand Prix de France bronze medalist.

Bratti previously represented France internationally with her former skating partner, Mathieu Couyras.