hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Von Mises distribution
In probability theory and directional statistics, the von Mises distribution (also known as the circular normal distribution or the Tikhonov distribution) is a continuous probability distribution on the circle. It is a close approximation to the wrapped normal distribution, which is the circular analogue of the normal distribution. A freely diffusing angle  on a circle is a wrapped normally distributed random variable with an unwrapped variance that grows linearly in time. On the other hand, the von Mises distribution is the stationary distribution of a drift and diffusion process on the circle in a harmonic potential, i.e. with a preferred orientation. The von Mises distribution is the maximum entropy distribution for circular data when the real and imaginary parts of the first circular moment are specified. The von Mises distribution is a special case of the von Mises–Fisher distribution on the N-dimensional sphere.

Maximum entropy probability distribution
In statistics and information theory, a maximum entropy probability distribution has entropy that is at least as great as that of all other members of a specified class of probability distributions. According to the principle of maximum entropy, if nothing is known about a distribution except that it belongs to a certain class (usually defined in terms of specified properties or measures), then the distribution with the largest entropy should be chosen as the least-informative default. The motivation is twofold: first, maximizing entropy minimizes the amount of prior information built into the distribution; second, many physical systems tend to move towards maximal entropy configurations over time.
Ubykh people
The Ubykh (Ubykh: Tuex̂ı /tʷɜxɨ/; Adyghe: Убых, romanized: Ubyx; Russian: Убыхи; Turkish: Ubıhlar / Vubıhlar) are an extinct ethnic group of the Circassian nation, represented by one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Along with the Circassian tribes of Natukhai and Shapsug, the Ubykh formed the Circassian Assembly (Adyghe: Адыгэ Хасэ) in 1860. Historically, they spoke the Ubykh language, which never existed in written form and went extinct in 1992 when Tevfik Esenç, the last speaker, died.

Ubykh language
Ubykh is an extinct Northwest Caucasian language once spoken by the Ubykh people, an ethnic group of Circassian nation who originally inhabited the eastern coast of the Black Sea before being deported en masse to the Ottoman Empire during the Circassian genocide.

Ubykh is ergative and polysynthetic, with a high degree of agglutination, with polypersonal verbal agreement and a very large number of distinct consonants but only two phonemically distinct vowels. With around eighty consonants, it has one of the largest inventories of consonants in the world, and the largest number for any language without clicks.

The name Ubykh is derived from Убых (/wɨbɨx/), from Убыхыбзэ, its name in the Adyghe language. It is known in linguistic literature by many names: variants of Ubykh, such as Ubikh, Oubykh (French); and its Germanised variant Päkhy (from Ubykh /tʷɜχɨ/).
Marriott Vacations Worldwide
Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation is a pure-play public timeshare company. Formerly a division of Marriott International, Marriott Vacations Worldwide was established as a separate, publicly traded entity focusing primarily on vacation ownership in November 2011. Marriott Vacations Worldwide runs more than 120 resorts with over 700,000 Owners and members in a diverse portfolio of brands under The Marriott Vacation Clubs name. Its brands include Marriott Vacation Club, The Marriott Vacation Clubs City Collection, Sheraton Vacation Club, Westin Vacation Club, Grand Residences by Marriott and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club. The company also operates Hyatt Vacation Club as well as Interval International, which offers an exchange network and travel membership programs through a network of more than 3,200 affiliated resorts in over 90 countries and territories, as well as management of more than 160 other resorts and lodging properties.

Marriott Vacation Club
Marriott Vacation Club is the primary timeshare brand of Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation. The brand comprises around 70 Marriott Vacation Club properties throughout the United States, Caribbean, Central America, Europe, and Asia. Marriott Vacation Club resorts consist of one, two, and three-bedroom villas, with more than 400,000 owners.
Massachusetts Route 181
Route 181 is a 9.43-mile-long (15.18 km) north–south state highway in Massachusetts starting at an intersection with U.S. Route 20 in Palmer, located in Hampden County. The route crosses the Mass Pike (Interstate 90), but does not intersect. The route crosses through the Bondsville section of Palmer, crossing into Hampshire County, where it enters Belchertown. In Belchertown, Route 181 comes to an end at a junction with the concurrent U.S. Route 202 (US 202) and Route 21.

U.S. Route 20 in Massachusetts
U.S. Route 20 (US 20) runs its easternmost 153 miles (246 km) in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. The highway crosses the state border from New Lebanon, New York, into Hancock and runs eastward to Boston, where it ends at Route 2 in Kenmore Square. It spends the vast majority of its journey paralleling I-90 (Massachusetts Turnpike), which has largely superseded US 20 for through travel. Still, US 20 directly serves many towns and local business areas which the turnpike bypasses.

US 20 is currently the longest numbered highway in the entire country, at an estimated length of 3,365 miles (5,415 km) between Boston and Newport, Oregon.

Parts of US 20 between the Worcester and Boston areas are part of an alignment of the Boston Post Road, an early colonial highway designated in 1673 for carrying mail between New York City and Boston. US 20 is still locally known as the "Boston Post Road" in the towns of Northborough, Marlborough, Sudbury, Wayland, and Weston.
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood
Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood (also spelt as Daniel Tiger's Neighbourhood in some countries) is a live action/animated educational musical television series. It was created by Angela C. Santomero (who also created Blue's Clues and Super Why!) and produced by Fred Rogers Productions, 9 Story Media Group, and 9 Story USA (formerly Out of the Blue Enterprises). The series debuted on September 3, 2012, on PBS Kids.

It is based on the Neighborhood of Make-Believe from Mister Rogers, the family-oriented television series created and hosted by Rogers that aired from 1968 to 2001.

Neighborhood of Make-Believe
The Neighborhood of Make-Believe is the fictional kingdom inhabited by hand puppet characters on the children's television series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, which originally aired on PBS (and its predecessor NET) from 1968 to 2001, and its predecessor Mister Rogers, which originally aired on CBC from 1963 to 1966 with the name Neighbourhood of Make Believe. Principal puppeteer Fred Rogers developed many of the characters in the 1950s for Josie Carey's program The Children's Corner. Both shows were shot in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Allsvenskan (speedway)
Allsvenskan (literally, "The National League") is the second tier in the league system of Speedway in Sweden and currently comprises six motorcycle speedway teams.

Until the introduction of the Elitserien in 1982 the Allsvenskan was the highest level of Swedish Speedway.

Elitserien (speedway)
Elitserien (literally, "The Elite Series") (Swedish: Elitserien i speedway) is the highest league in the league system of speedway in Sweden and currently comprises the top eight Swedish speedway teams. The first season began in 1982. Before that Allsvenskan was the highest division. The winner of the Elitserien is crowned the Swedish Speedway Team Championship winner.
Sybirak
A sybirak (Polish: [sɨˈbirak], plural: sybiracy) is a person resettled to Siberia. Like its Russian counterpart sibiryák, the word can refer to any dweller of Siberia, but it more specifically refers to Poles imprisoned or exiled to Siberia
or even to those sent to the Russian Arctic or to Kazakhstan in the 1940s (post World War II).

Katorga
Katorga (Russian: ка́торга, romanized: kátorga, IPA: [ˈkatərɡə] ⓘ; from medieval and modern Greek: κάτεργον, romanized: kátergon, lit. 'galley'; and Ottoman Turkish: کادیرغا, kadırga) was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union (see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union).

Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers. The prisoners had to perform forced labor under harsh conditions.
Frederic Potterton
Christianity portal

Frederic Augustus Potterton  was an Anglican priest, most notably Archdeacon then Dean of Ardagh.

He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained deacon in 1856 and priest in 1857. He served curacies at Killukin, Mostrim, Ardagh and Killoe. He was the Incumbent of Clonbroney from 1872 to 1889; Archdeacon of Ardagh from 1891 to 1896; and Dean of Ardagh from 1896 until his death in 1912.

Archdeacon of Ardagh
The Archdeacon of Ardagh was a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Anglican Diocese of Ardagh. As such he was responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within the Diocese.

The archdeaconry can trace its history back to Joseph Magodaig who then became the Bishop of Ardagh. The Archdeaconry is now combined with that of Elphin, one of two within the United Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh
Sällskapsresan 2 – Snowroller
Sällskapsresan 2 – Snowroller (English: The Conducted Tour 2 - Snowroller) is a Swedish comedy film which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 4 October 1985, directed by Lasse Åberg and Peter Hald.  It is a sequel to Sällskapsresan and the second film of the series of the same name.

Sällskapsresan
Sällskapsresan (English: The Charter Trip) or with subtitle included Sällskapsresan eller Finns det svenskt kaffe på grisfesten? (The Charter Trip, or: Is there Swedish Coffee at the Pig-Festival?) is a Swedish comedy film which was released to cinemas in Sweden on 22 August 1980, and the first in a series directed by Lasse Åberg. The film has reached cult status in Sweden and a vast number of the Swedish people have seen it, and many of the lines in the movie are known and referenced frequently by many Swedes. It was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival.
Laura, Queensland
Laura is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It is the centre for the largest collection of prehistoric rock art in the world, including Quinkan Country which is on the Australian National Heritage List. In the 2021 census, the locality of Laura had a population of 133 people.

Quinkan rock art
Quinkan rock art refers to a large body of locally, nationally and internationally significant Aboriginal rock art in Australia of a style characterised by their unique representations of "Quinkans" (an Aboriginal mythological being, often spelt "Quinkin"), found among the sandstone escarpments around the small town of Laura, Queensland (aka Quinkan region or Quinkan country). Quinkan Country was inscribed on the Australian National Heritage List on 10 November 2018.
Arnaldo Antunes
Arnaldo Antunes (pronounced [aʁˈnawdu ɐ̃ˈtunis]; born Arnaldo Augusto Nora Antunes Filho, 2 September 1960) is a Brazilian singer, writer, and composer. He was a member of the rock band Titãs, which he co-founded in 1982 and left ten years later. After 1992, he embarked on a solo career. He has published poetry and had his first book published in 1983. He has worked with Marisa Monte, Tribalistas, Carlinhos Brown and Pequeno Cidadão.

Marisa Monte
Marisa de Azevedo Monte (Brazilian Portuguese: [maˈɾizɐ dʒ(i) azeˈvedu ˈmõtʃi]; born 1 July 1967) is a Brazilian singer, composer, instrumentalist, and record producer of Brazilian popular music and samba. As of 2011, she had sold 10 million albums worldwide and has won numerous national and international awards, including four Latin Grammys, eight Brazilian Music Awards, seven Brazilian MTV Video Music Awards, nine Multishow de Música Brasileira awards, and 5 APCAs. Marisa is considered by Rolling Stone Brasil to be the second greatest singer, behind only Elis Regina. She also has two albums (MM and Verde, Anil, Amarelo, Cor-de-Rosa e Carvão) on the list of the 100 best albums of Brazilian music.
Deportivo Pasto
Club Profesional Deportivo Pasto S.A., best known as Deportivo Pasto, is a Colombian professional football team based in the city of Pasto, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at the Estadio Departamental Libertad. Deportivo Pasto is both the southernmost and westernmost based team in the Colombian league.

Founded in 1949, Pasto has won the league title once in the 2006 Apertura and finished as runner-up three times: in the 2002 Finalizacion, 2012 Apertura, and 2019 Apertura. The club has also finished runners-up twice in the Copa Colombia: in 2009 and 2012.

Estadio Departamental Libertad
Estadio Departamental Libertad is a multi-purpose stadium in Pasto, Colombia. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Deportivo Pasto. The stadium holds 20,000 people and was built in 1955.

In 2007 Pasto qualified for the Copa Libertadores, so the stadium was expanded to fit CONMEBOL requirements. The north stand was expanded, which completed the bowl of the stadium and made every side two tiers since before the renovation the north side was semi-open and had only one tier.

In 2019, the seating rows were painted, the lighting was upgraded, the changing rooms were renovated, and a large TV screen was installed. Around $20 million COP were spent in the renovations, which ended in December 2019.
California State Route 263
State Route 263 (SR 263) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California in Siskiyou County, running parallel to Interstate 5 to the west. Route 263 connects State Route 3 near the north city limits of Yreka to State Route 96 eight miles (13 km) north. Although SR 263 was once part of U.S. Route 99, it is not signed as part Business Loop 5.

California State Route 96
State Route 96 (SR 96) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that follows the Trinity and Klamath Rivers between State Route 299 in Willow Creek and Interstate 5 near Yreka in Northern California. For most of the route it goes through the Karuk Tribal Reservation, the Yurok Tribal Reservation, and the Hoopa Tribal Reservation. Over half of the length is the Bigfoot Scenic Byway, passing through "the region boasting the most sightings of Bigfoot of anywhere in the country" according to the National Forest Scenic Byway Program.
Juanga (ship)
A juanga or joanga refers to large-sized kora-kora, karakoa and lanong. They are used all throughout the Philippines and Eastern Indonesia, in Maluku smaller versions were popular and are still used to this day (Kora-kora). They are propelled by oars but are not used for carrying cargo.

Lanong
Lanong were large outrigger warships used by the Iranun and the Banguingui people of the Philippines. They could reach up to 30 m (98 ft) in length and had two biped shear masts which doubled as boarding ladders. They also had one to three banks of oars rowed by galley slaves. They were specialized for naval battles. They were prominently used for piracy and slave raids from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century in most of Southeast Asia. The name lanong is derived from Lanun, an exonym of the Iranun people.

Like the karakoa, large lanong were also known by the Spanish as joanga or juanga (Spanish for "junk"), a name which was also applied to other large ships in Southeast Asia.
Brazos County, Texas
Brazos County (/ˈbræzəs/ ⓘ BRAZ-əs) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 233,849. The county seat is Bryan. Along with Brazoria County, the county is named for the Brazos River, which forms its western border. The county was formed in 1841 and organized in 1843.

Brazos County is part of the Bryan-College Station Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Bryan, College Station, and smaller cities and towns in Brazos, Burleson, and Robertson counties.

Burleson County, Texas
Burleson County (/ˈbɜːrlɪsən/ BUR-liss-ən) is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 17,642. Its county seat is Caldwell. The county is named for Edward Burleson, a general and statesman of the Texas Revolution.

Burleson County is part of the College Station-Bryan metropolitan statistical area.
Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles
In 2015, 251 million tubes of toothpaste were sold in the United States. A single tube holds roughly 170 grams of toothpaste, so approximately 43 kilotonnes of toothpaste get washed into the water systems annually. Toothpaste contains silver nanoparticles, also known as nanosilver or AgNPs, among other compounds.

Each tube of toothpaste contains approximately 91 mg of silver nanoparticles, with approximately 3.9 tonnes of silver nanoparticles entering the environment annually. Silver nanoparticles are not entirely cleared from the water during the wastewater treatment process, possibly leading to detrimental environmental effects.

Silver nanoparticle
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. Numerous shapes of nanoparticles can be constructed depending on the application at hand. Commonly used silver nanoparticles are spherical, but diamond , octagonal, and thin sheets are also common.  It is typically used as a colloid, hence the name colloidal silver.

Their extremely large surface area permits the coordination of a vast number of ligands. The properties of silver nanoparticles applicable to human treatments are under investigation in laboratory and animal studies, assessing potential efficacy, biosafety, and biodistribution.
Delaware Route 26
Delaware Route 26 (DE 26) is a state highway in Sussex County, Delaware. The route's western terminus is at an intersection with Maryland Route 353 (MD 353) and DE/MD 54 at the Maryland border south of Gumboro and its eastern terminus is at a dead end on the Atlantic Ocean in Bethany Beach, even though signage ends at the DE 1 intersection. The route passes through rural areas of southeastern Sussex County along with the communities of Dagsboro, Millville, Ocean View and Bethany Beach. DE 26 intersects DE 54 in the Gumboro area, U.S. Route 113 (US 113) and DE 20 in Dagsboro, and DE 17 west of Millville. The road was built as a state highway in various stages during the 1920s and 1930s. By 1936, DE 26 was assigned onto its current alignment.

Delaware Route 17
Delaware Route 17 (DE 17) is a two-lane undivided state highway located in Sussex County, Delaware. The route runs in a northeast-southwest direction between DE 54 in Selbyville and DE 26 west of Millville, crossing DE 20 in Roxana. It is called Bethany Road within Selbyville and Roxana Road for the remainder of its length. The route passes through rural areas of southeastern Sussex County. DE 17 serves to connect Selbyville with the Bethany Beach area. The route was built as a state highway in the 1920s and received the DE 17 designation by 1938.
Ivan Putski
Józef Bednarski (born January 21, 1941) is a Polish and American former professional wrestler and bodybuilder, best known by the ring name Ivan Putski. He was given the nicknames the "Polish Hammer" and "Polish Power".

Putski is a former WWF World Tag Team Champion with Tito Santana. He had a famous feud with Superstar Billy Graham over the WWF Championship, which led to many pose-downs, arm wrestling bouts, and long matches between the two. Other rivals included The Iron Sheik, Ivan Koloff, and Jesse Ventura, who would refer to Putski as "Puduski" when commentating for the WWF. Putski was the first Polish wrestler to perform in the WWF (now WWE).

He was inducted to the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 2025.

"Superstar" Billy Graham
Eldridge Wayne Coleman Jr. (June 7, 1943 – May 17, 2023), better known by his ring name "Superstar" Billy Graham, was an American professional wrestler. He gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion from 1977 to 1978. He was a three-time world champion in major professional wrestling promotions. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He was most remembered for revolutionizing the interview and physique aspects of the professional wrestling industry, and for his charismatic performance style.
Komachi (train)
The Komachi (こまち) is a high-speed shinkansen service  between Tokyo and Akita in Japan, operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) since March 1997. It is the only shinkansen service that runs on the Akita Shinkansen, and uses E6 series trains. Between Tokyo Station and Morioka, it couples with Tōhoku Shinkansen E5 series Hayabusa and formerly E2 series for E3 series respectively. After Morioka, the Komachi service continues along standard gauge tracks that were converted from narrow gauge. Because it then runs on tracks that have grade crossings, its maximum speed from Morioka to Akita is 130 km/h (80 mph), compared to 320 km/h (200 mph) on the Tohoku Shinkansen.

The Komachi service was named after a famous poet from the area, Ono no Komachi, whose name (小町) is also synonymous with "belle" or "beauty" in Japanese.

Hayabusa (train)
The Hayabusa (Japanese: はやぶさ; lit. 'peregrine falcon') is an express high-speed Shinkansen service operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido) between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto in Japan since 26 March 2016. The name was formerly used for a limited express sleeping car service operated by JR Kyushu, which ran from Tokyo to Kumamoto, and was discontinued in March 2009.
Zośka Battalion
Battalion Zośka (pronounced /'zɔɕ.ka/; 'Sophie' in Polish) was a paramilitary scouts battalion that specialized in field intelligence gathering, irregular warfare and scouting of the Polish resistance movement organisation - Home Army (Armia Krajowa or "AK") during World War II. It mainly consisted of members of the Szare Szeregi paramilitary Boy Scouts. It was formed in late August 1943. A part of the Radosław Group, the battalion played a major role in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

Zośka was named after Tadeusz Zawadzki, who used the name as his pseudonym during the AK's early days. He was killed during a partisan action.

Radosław Group
Radosław Group (Polish: Zgrupowanie Radosław) was the codename of a group of Kedyw, a Polish World War II Armia Krajowa organization, units during World War II created shortly before the outbreak of the Warsaw Uprising.