hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Johann Friedrich Weskott
Johann Friedrich Weskott (8 October 1821 – 4 October 1876) was a German master dyer and industrialist who co-founded the dyestuffs firm Friedr. Bayer et comp. in 1863 with Friedrich Bayer. The partnership, initially focused on synthetic coal-tar (aniline) dyes such as fuchsine, grew into the company later known as Bayer AG.

Friedrich Bayer
Friedrich Bayer (born Friedrich Beyer, 6 June 1825 in Barmen now Wuppertal – 6 May 1880 in Würzburg) was the founder of what would become Bayer, a German chemical and pharmaceutical company. He founded the dyestuff factory Friedrich Bayer along with Johann Friedrich Weskott in 1863 in Elberfeld, a flourishing city in the early industrialised region of the Wuppertal or Wupper Valley.

Friedrich Bayer changed the spelling of his surname from Beyer in his early twenties, due to the publicity gained by a fraudulent merchant from Leipzig bearing the same name. Friedrich Beyer from Barmen feared that the bad reputation of his namesake could damage his business and consequently changed his surname to Bayer.
Murder of Pai Hsiao-yen
Pai Hsiao-yen (Chinese: 白曉燕; 23 June 1980 – 18–20 April 1997) was the only daughter of popular Taiwanese television host and actress Pai Bing-bing and Japanese author Ikki Kajiwara. In April 1997, Pai was kidnapped, held for ransom, and murdered by a group of people led by Chen Chien-hsing (陳進興; Chén Jìnxīng), Lin Chun-sheng (林春生; Lín Chūnshēng), and Kao Tien-meen (高天民; Gāo Tiānmín), a trio of criminals previously known to the National Police Agency. Chen, Lin, and Kao evaded a police manhunt for up to eight months, during which they abducted two other people for ransom and killed four people, including a police officer. Ultimately, Lin and Kao committed suicide during encounters with police in August and November, and Chen was arrested and executed after initiating the Alexander family hostage crisis in November.

Alexander family hostage crisis
On the evening of 18 November 1997, South African military attaché McGill Alexander and his family were taken hostage for approximately twenty-one hours by wanted fugitive Chen Chin-hsing in their home in Taipei, Taiwan. Chen forcibly entered the Alexanders' home at approximately 7:00 pm (Taiwan time) that evening. Chen was captured the following day and executed roughly two years later.
Pre-health sciences
Pre-Health Sciences are the undergraduate courses that prepare American college students for admission in medical, dentistry, pharmacy, optometry, veterinary, and physical therapy schools, and for training as a physician assistant. In the United States, colleges have moved away from the impractical designation of students as "Pre-med" majors, as only a small percentage of applicants actually achieve admission into medical schools. As such, students are given the choice to focus on the coursework required for admission.

Pre-medical
Pre-medical (often referred to as pre-med) is an educational track that undergraduate students mostly in the United States pursue prior to becoming medical students. It involves activities that prepare a student for medical school, such as pre-med coursework, volunteer activities, clinical experience, research, and the application process. Some pre-med programs providing broad preparation are referred to as “pre-professional” and may simultaneously prepare students for entry into a variety of first professional degree or graduate school programs that require similar prerequisites (such as medical, veterinary, or pharmacy schools).
Battle of Viipuri
The Battle of Viipuri was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought 24–29 April between the Finnish Whites and the Finnish Reds in Viipuri. Together with the Battle of Tampere and Battle of Helsinki, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War. The battle is also remembered because of its bloody aftermath, as the Whites executed up to 400 non-aligned military personnel and civilians of Russian and associated ethnicities.

Battle of Tampere
The Battle of Tampere was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in Tampere, Finland from 15 March to 6 April between the Whites and the Reds. It is the most famous and deadly of all the Finnish Civil War battles. Its bloody aftermath saw the Whites execute hundreds of captured Reds with another 11,000 prisoners sent to the Kalevankangas camp.
John Horton Conway
John Horton Conway FRS (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020) was an English mathematician. He was active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory. He also made contributions to many branches of recreational mathematics, most notably the invention of the cellular automaton called the Game of Life.

Born and raised in Liverpool, Conway spent the first half of his career at the University of Cambridge before moving to the United States, where he held the John von Neumann Professorship at Princeton University for the rest of his career. On 11 April 2020, at age 82, he died of complications from COVID-19.

Conway's Game of Life
The Game of Life, also known as Conway's Game of Life or simply Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. It is a zero-player game, meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating an initial configuration and observing how it evolves in discrete time steps called generations.  There is no limit to the number of generations (computational resources permitting) or win condition.
Mexicana de Aviación (2023–present)
Mexicana de Aviación (legally Aerolínea del Estado Mexicano, S.A. de C.V.) is a Mexican domestic, state-owned airline established on 15 June 2023. It operates under the historical commercial name Mexicana de Aviación, after the government acquired the former airline's brands and assets on 9 August 2023.

The airline is managed by the Secretariat of National Defense and its headquarters is at Felipe Ángeles International Airport.

Mexicana de Aviación (1921–2010)
Compañía Mexicana de Aviación S.A. de C.V., usually shortened to Mexicana de Aviación, was Mexico's oldest airline and one of the oldest continuously single-branded airlines, inaugurated in 1921. It was Mexico's biggest airline and flag carrier before ceasing operations on August 28, 2010, leaving competitor Aeroméxico as a de facto monopoly.

A revival airline is operated by SEDENA – the Mexican Ministry of Defense, as a state-owned airline. It began operations in December 2023 under the legal name Aerolínea del Estado Mexicano using the Mexicana brand.
Capital punishment in Serbia
Capital punishment was used from the creation of the modern Serbian state in 1804. On 26 February 2002, the Serbian Parliament adopted amendments striking it off from the Criminal Code. The last execution, by shooting, took place on 14 February 1992, and the last death sentences were given in 2001. Serbia is bound by the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ratified on 6 September 2001), and Protocols No. 6 and No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ratified on 3 March 2004). According to Article 24 of the Serbian constitution (2006): "Human life is inviolable. There shall be no death penalty in the Republic of Serbia".

Constitution of Serbia
The current Constitution of the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Устав Републике Србије, romanized: Ustav Republike Srbije), also known as Mitrovdan Constitution (Serbian: Митровдански устав, romanized: Mitrovdanski ustav), is the supreme and basic law of Serbia. It was adopted in 2006, replacing the previous constitution dating from 1990.
Variable seedeater
The variable seedeater (Sporophila corvina) is a passerine bird which breeds from southern Mexico through Central America to the Chocó of northwestern South America. The taxonomy is confusing, and it was formerly considered a subspecies of Sporophila americana (see Taxonomy). Even within the variable seedeater as presently defined, there are great variations in plumage.

Wing-barred seedeater
The wing-barred seedeater (Sporophila americana) is a  passerine bird from coastal regions of north-eastern South America in north-eastern Venezuela, Tobago, the Guianas, Amapá and north-eastern Pará (with a single record from Maranhão), Brazil, and along the Amazon River upstream to around Manaus. Formerly, it included the mainly Central American Sporophila corvina and the west Amazonian S. murallae as subspecies, in which case the combined species had the common name Variable Seedeater. Following the split, this common name is now restricted to S. corvina.
Elizabeth Taylor Diamond
The Elizabeth Taylor Diamond, formerly known as the Krupp Diamond, is a 33.19-carat (6.638 g) diamond that was bought by Richard Burton for his wife, Elizabeth Taylor, in 1968. The diamond was one of a number of significant pieces of jewellery owned by Taylor; her collection also included the 68 carat Taylor–Burton Diamond, which was bought by the couple in 1969. The diamond was sold by Taylor's estate in 2011 for $8.8 million.

Taylor–Burton Diamond
The Taylor–Burton Diamond, a diamond weighing 68 carats (13.6 g), became famous in 1969 when it was purchased by actors Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor. Burton had previously been the underbidder when jeweller Cartier bought the diamond at auction for $1,050,000, setting a record price for a publicly sold jewel. Thousands of people in New York and Chicago queued to see the diamond after its 1969 sale.  It was subsequently worn by Taylor at Princess Grace of Monaco's 40th birthday, and at the 42nd Academy Awards.
Adam Pagria
Adam Pagria or Adam Pagra (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡐࡀࡂࡓࡉࡀ, bodily or physical Adam) in Mandaeism is the physical body of the primeval man and therefore of all humans. According to Mandaeism, all human bodies can be traced back to this primeval body. In contrast, Adam Kasia is the primeval soul of mankind.

The creator and uthra Ptahil, son of Abatur, created Adam Pagria with his helpers, the Seven Planets and the Twelve Zodiacs, from clay and other elements. With the help of Ruha, Ptahil gave Adam Pagria the spirit. Manda d-Hayyi and Hibil gave the World of Light soul (Adam Kasia) to the body. Hawa (ࡄࡀࡅࡀ, Eve) was then created as a companion for the first bodily Adam.

Adam Kasia
Adam Kasia (Classical Mandaic: ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡊࡀࡎࡉࡀ, Modern Mandaic pronunciation: [ˈɑdam ˈkæsjæ]; also referred to using the portmanteau Adakas ࡀࡃࡀࡊࡀࡎ or Adakas Ziwa in the Ginza Rabba) means "the hidden Adam" in Mandaic. The hidden Adam is also called Adam Qadmaiia (ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡒࡀࡃࡌࡀࡉࡉࡀ, "The First Adam"). In Mandaeism, it means the soul of the first man. He is also identified as Shishlam, the primordial priest.

Among the Mandaeans, Adam Kasia means the soul of every human. Adam Kasia shows many similarities with the Jewish idea of Adam Kadmon.
Visiting forces agreement
A visiting forces agreement (VFA) is an agreement between a country and a foreign nation having military forces visiting in that country. Visiting forces agreements are similar in intent to status of forces agreements (SOFAs).  A VFA typically covers forces visiting temporarily, while a SOFA typically covers forces based in the host nation as well as visiting forces.

Status of forces agreement
A status of forces agreement (SOFA) is an agreement between a host country and a foreign nation stationing military forces in that country. SOFAs are often included, along with other types of military agreements, as part of a comprehensive security arrangement. A SOFA does not constitute a security arrangement; it establishes the rights and privileges of foreign personnel present in a host country in support of the larger security arrangement. Under international law a status of forces agreement differs from military occupation.
Gamera vs. Jiger
Gamera vs. Jiger (ガメラ対大魔獣ジャイガー, Gamera tai Daimajū Jaigā; lit. 'Gamera vs. Giant Devil Beast Jiger') is a 1970 Japanese kaiju film directed by Noriaki Yuasa, written by Niisan Takahashi, and produced by Daiei Film. It is the sixth entry in the Gamera film series, following Gamera vs. Guiron, which was released one year prior. Gamera vs. Jiger stars Tsutomu Takakuwa, Kelly Burris, Katherine Murphy, and Kon Ohmura, and features the fictional giant flying turtle monster Gamera. The film was released theatrically in Japan on 21 March 1970, and did not receive a theatrical release in the United States, instead being released directly to television by American International Television in 1970 under the title Gamera vs. Monster X. The film was followed by Gamera vs. Zigra the following year.

Gamera vs. Zigra
Gamera vs. Zigra (ガメラ対深海怪獣ジグラ, Gamera tai Shinkai Kaijū Jigura; lit. 'Gamera vs. Deep-Sea Monster Zigra') is a 1971 Japanese kaiju film directed by Noriaki Yuasa, written by Niisan Takahashi, and produced by Yoshihiko Manabe and Hidemasa Nagata. It is the seventh entry in the Gamera film series, after Gamera vs. Jiger, which was released the previous year. Gamera vs. Zigra stars Eiko Yanami, Reiko Kasahara, Mikiko Tsubouchi, and Kōji Fujiyama, and features the fictional giant monsters Gamera and Zigra. It was a tie-in film with the aquarium Kamogawa Sea World which was founded in the previous year.

Shortly after Gamera vs. Zigra was completed, the film's production studio, Daiei Film, went bankrupt. As a result, the film was distributed by Dainichi Eihai, receiving a theatrical release in Japan on July 17, 1971. The film was not released theatrically in the United States, instead being released directly to American television by King Features Entertainment in 1987.
Yakovlev Corporation
The JSC Yakovlev Corporation (MCX: IRKT) (Russian: Яковлев) is a Russian aircraft manufacturer, headquartered in the Aeroport District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is the manufacturer of the Sukhoi Su-30 family of interceptor/ground-attack aircraft. The company was founded in 1932 in the Transbaykal region of the Soviet Union as the Irkutsk Aviation Plant (IAP). It was formerly known as Irkut Corporation.

United Aircraft Corporation was formed in 2006 from the merger of Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Sukhoi, Tupolev, and Yakovlev.

Irkutsk Aviation Plant
The Irkutsk Aviation Plant (Russian: Иркутский авиационный завод) is an aircraft manufacturing company based in Irkutsk, Russia. The company is a subsidiary of Yakovlev Corporation and produces a number of civilian and military aircraft, including the Sukhoi Su-30 multirole fighter, Yakovlev Yak-130 trainer and Yakovlev MC-21 airliner.

Since its establishment in 1932, the plant has produced over 8,000 aircraft. The plant is based at Irkutsk Northwest Airport, located along the Angara River.
Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, like living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence.

In linguistics, nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages.

In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners, articles and attributive adjectives, and can function as the head of a noun phrase. According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns.  Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs.

Syntax
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes well-formed combine to form larger units such as phrases and sentences. Central concerns with syntax include word order, grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics). Diverse approaches, such as generative grammar and functional grammar, offer unique perspectives on syntax, reflecting its complexity and centrality to understanding human language.
Kaalingar
Kaalingar (c. 12th century CE), also known as Kalingarayar, was a Tamil scholar and commentator known for his commentary on the Thirukkural. He was among the canon of Ten Medieval Commentators of the Kural text highly esteemed by scholars. He was also among the five ancient commentators whose commentaries had been preserved and made available to the Modern era, the others being Manakkudavar, Pari Perumal, Paridhi, and Parimelalhagar.

Ten Medieval Commentators
The Ten Medieval Commentators (Tamil: உரையாசிரியர்கள் பதின்மர்) were a canonical group of Tamil scholars whose commentaries on the ancient Indian didactic work of the Kural are esteemed by later scholars as worthy of critical analysis. These scholars lived in the Medieval era between the 10th and 13th centuries CE. Among these medieval commentaries, the commentaries of Manakkudavar, Kaalingar, and Parimelalhagar are considered pioneer by modern scholars.
Ilmala railway station
Ilmala railway station (Finnish: Ilmalan rautatieasema, Swedish: Ilmala järnvägsstation) is a railway station on the VR commuter rail network located in northern Helsinki, Finland. It is approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) north of Helsinki Central railway station. The VR Group maintains a depot north of the station.

The station was opened in 1967 to serve the newly built television studios of the Finnish public broadcaster Yle and commercial broadcaster MTV3.

Ilmala depot
Ilmala depot (Finnish: Ilmalan varikko) is a railway depot owned and operated by the VR Group in Pohjois-Pasila, Helsinki. It is located to the west of the Posti distribution centre, south of Hakamäentie, east of Veturitie and north of the Postipuisto development area. The entire depot area is roughly 60 hectares (150 acres) in size, and it contains 65 km (40 mi) of rails. Roughly 800 people work in the area. The depot maintains the majority of VR's long-distance rolling stock and all of its commuter rail rolling stock.
Bochnia
Bochnia [ˈbɔxɲa] ⓘ is a town on the river Raba in southern Poland, administrative seat of Bochnia County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Bochnia is most noted for its salt mine, the oldest functioning in Europe, built in the 13th century, a World Heritage Site and a Historic Monument of Poland.

As of December 2021, Bochnia has a population of 29,317 and an area of 29.87 square kilometres (11.53 sq mi).

Bochnia Salt Mine
The Bochnia Salt Mine (Polish: Kopalnia soli Bochnia) in Bochnia, Poland, is one of the oldest salt mines in the world and is the oldest commercial company in Poland. The Bochnia salt mine was established in 1248 after salt had been discovered there in the 12th and 13th centuries and became part of the royal mining company, Żupy krakowskie (Kraków Salt Works). In 1990, the mine ceased producing salt but remained a tourist attraction. The mine is on the UNESCO list.

In 1981 the Bochnia salt mine was declared a heritage monument. It is one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated on 6 October 2000 and is overseen by the National Heritage Board of Poland. The chapel in the mine has train tracks running through it.
Torleite Formation
The Torleite Formation is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Germany. It preserves fossils dating to the Kimmeridgian stage of the Jurassic period. Animals recovered from the formation include the small theropod dinosaur Sciurumimus, the ctenochasmatid pterosaur Balaenognathus, and the extinct bony fish Anaethalion.

Balaenognathus
Balaenognathus (meaning "bowhead whale jaw") is an extinct genus of ctenochasmatid pterosaurs from the Late Jurassic Torleite Formation of Bavaria, Germany. The genus contains a single species, B. maeuseri, known from a nearly-complete, articulated skeleton.
Normal mapping
In 3D computer graphics, normal mapping, or Dot3 bump mapping, is a texture mapping technique used for faking the lighting of bumps and dents – an implementation of bump mapping. It is used to add details without using more polygons. A common use of this technique is to greatly enhance the appearance and details of a low polygon model by generating a normal map from a high polygon model or height map.

Normal maps are commonly stored as regular RGB images where the RGB components correspond to the X, Y, and Z coordinates, respectively, of the surface normal.

Texture mapping
Texture mapping is a term used in computer graphics to describe how 2D images are projected onto 3D models. The most common variant is the UV unwrap, which can be described as an inverse paper cutout, where the surfaces of a 3D model are cut apart so that it can be unfolded into a 2D coordinate space (UV space).
Lee Dae-hwi
Lee Dae-hwi (Korean: 이대휘, born January 29, 2001), known mononymously as Daehwi, is a South Korean singer-songwriter, producer and television personality. He is a member of South Korean boy group AB6IX, and is known for his participation in the reality competition show Produce 101 Season 2, where he finished in third place overall and became a member of the boy group Wanna One. In addition to singing and writing songs for various artists, he guest hosted and then became the permanent host for the long-time running variety show M Countdown.

Wanna One
Wanna One (Korean: 워너원) was a South Korean boy band formed by CJ E&M through the second season of Produce 101. The group was composed of eleven members: Kang Daniel, Park Ji-hoon, Lee Dae-hwi, Kim Jae-hwan, Ong Seong-wu, Park Woo-jin, Lai Kuan-lin, Yoon Ji-sung, Hwang Min-hyun, Bae Jin-young, and Ha Sung-woon. The group debuted on August 7, 2017, under Swing Entertainment and CJ E&M. Their contract ended on December 31, 2018, but their final activity as a group was their single album B-side released on January 27, 2022.
The Condemned
The Condemned is a 2007 action film written and directed by Scott Wiper. The film stars Steve Austin, Vinnie Jones, Robert Mammone, Tory Mussett, Madeleine West and Rick Hoffman.

The film centers on ten convicts who are forced to fight each other to the death as part of an illegal game which is being broadcast to the public.  The Condemned was filmed in Queensland, Australia. Fight choreography was coordinated by Richard Norton, who also stunt doubles for Jones on some scenes. A sequel titled The Condemned 2 starring Randy Orton was released in 2015.

The film was produced by WWE Films and distributed by Lionsgate on April 27, 2007.

The Condemned 2
The Condemned 2 (also known as The Condemned 2: Desert Prey) is a 2015 American action film directed by Roel Reiné and released by WWE Studios. The film stars Randy Orton, Eric Roberts and Wes Studi. It is the stand-alone sequel to the 2007 action film The Condemned starring Stone Cold Steve Austin. It was distributed via a limited release in the United States and to video on demand on November 6, 2015.