hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Metzler matrix
In mathematics, a Metzler matrix is a matrix in which all the off-diagonal components are nonnegative (equal to or greater than zero):

It is named after the American economist Lloyd Metzler.

Metzler matrices appear in stability analysis of time delayed differential equations and positive linear dynamical systems. Their properties can be derived by applying the properties of  nonnegative matrices to matrices of the form M + aI, where M is a Metzler matrix.

Nonnegative matrix
In mathematics, a nonnegative matrix, written

is a matrix in which all the elements are equal to or greater than zero, that is,

A positive matrix is a matrix in which all the elements are strictly greater than zero. The set of positive matrices is the interior of the set of all non-negative matrices. While such matrices are commonly found, the term "positive matrix" is only occasionally used due to the possible confusion with positive-definite matrices, which are different. A matrix which is both non-negative and is positive semidefinite is called a doubly non-negative matrix.

A rectangular non-negative matrix can be approximated by a decomposition with two other non-negative matrices via non-negative matrix factorization.

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of square positive matrices are described by the Perron–Frobenius theorem.
Herr Seele
Herr Seele is the pseudonym of Peter Van Heirseele (born 13 April 1959, Torhout, Belgium), a Flemish cartoonist, author, actor and piano collector.

He is mainly known for drawing the absurd humor comic strip Cowboy Henk, for which his colleague Kamagurka writes the scripts. The strip has been published in HUMO since 1981, with only a minor interruption from October 2011 until the spring of 2013. During this period, Seele made another gag-a-day comic series Dikke Billie Walter. Since the spring of 2013, Cowboy Henk appears in the magazine again.

Kamagurka
Luc Zeebroek (born 5 May 1956), better known as Kamagurka, is a Belgian cartoonist, playwright, comic strip artist, painter, comedian, comedic singer and television producer, known for the absurd nature of his work. He created various comic strip characters, but "Bert" is the most well known. He also writes the scenarios for Herr Seele's comic strip, Cowboy Henk.
Province of Prato
The province of Prato (Italian: provincia di Prato) is one of the 80 ordinary provinces in Italy. Situated in the region of Tuscany, its capital and largest city is Prato. It was carved out as a separate province from the province of Florence in 1992.

Spread over an area of 365.72 km2 (141.21 sq mi), it is the smallest province by land area in Tuscany. It is bordered by Pistoia province, and the metropolitan cities of Bologna and Florence. The province is home to about 0.26 million people. There are seven comuni (municipalities) in the province.

Province of Pistoia
The province of Pistoia (Italian: provincia di Pistoia) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Spread across 964.12 square kilometres (372.25 mi2), it is a landlocked province with the seat at the city of Pistoia. It had a population of 291,788 inhabitants as of 2015.
United States Playing Card Company
The United States Playing Card Company (USPC, though also commonly known as USPCC) is a large American producer and distributor of playing cards. It was established in 1867 as Russell, Morgan & Co. and founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in its current incarnation in 1885. Its many brands include Bicycle, Bee, Tally-Ho, Champion, Congress, Aviator, Aristocrat, Mohawk, Maverick, KEM, Hoyle and Fournier. It also produces novelty and custom playing cards, and other playing card accessories such as poker chips. For decades the company was based in Norwood, Ohio, but as of 2009, the USPC is currently headquartered in the Cincinnati suburb of Erlanger, Kentucky.

In 2019, the United States Playing Card Company became a subsidiary of Belgian card manufacturer Cartamundi.

Naipes Heraclio Fournier
Naipes Heraclio Fournier S.A. is a playing card manufacturer based in Vitoria, Spain with a factory in Legutio. It has been owned by the United States Playing Card Company since 1986, which was acquired by Belgium–based Cartamundi in 2020.
Next TV
Next TV (Chinese: 壹電視 ; officially Next TV Broadcasting Limited) is a Taiwanese television broadcaster. It was founded on July 7, 2009, and officially launched on December 28, 2010. It was the first nationwide television network in Taiwan to broadcast all of its channels entirely in high definition (HD).

Initially established by Next Media, the company was acquired by the ERA Communications Inc in June 2013. The network currently operates three main channels: Next TV News channel, a general entertainment channel, and a movie channel. All of its original programming is produced and broadcast in high definition.

Next Digital
Next Digital Limited (Chinese: 壹傳媒有限公司), previously known as Next Media Limited, was a listed media company in Hong Kong. It was the nation's largest before it ceased operations in 2021. Founded by Jimmy Lai, it had 2,095 employees as of 30 September 2020. It had a user base of 5 million monthly unique visitors in Hong Kong, 12.3 million in Taiwan, 1.7 million in the United States and 399,000 in Canada up till 2019. Its newspaper Apple Daily was the most read in the city. The company and its newspaper became defunct in 2021 following the 2020 Hong Kong national security law, the imprisonment of Lai by the Chinese government, and the freezing of the company's assets.
Video Seven
Video Seven, Inc., also typeset as Video-7 and abbreviated as V7, was a public American computer hardware company independently active from 1984 to 1989. The company manufactured expansion cards for personal computers, mainly graphics cards for the  IBM PC through their Vega brand. It was founded by Paul Jain as his second venture in the graphics card market; after his departure in 1990, he founded Media Vision. Video Seven delivered both the first graphics card compatible with IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), in 1985, and one of the first cards compatible with IBM's Video Graphics Array (VGA) standard, in 1987. At its peak, it was one of the three largest global manufacturers of graphics hardware for the IBM PC. In 1989, Video Seven merged with G-2 Inc., a subsidiary of LSI Logic Corporation, becoming Headland Technology, Inc., which folded in 1993.

LSI Logic
LSI Logic Corporation was an American ASIC and EDA company founded in Santa Clara, California. The company designed and sold semiconductors and software that accelerated storage and networking in data centers, mobile networks and client computing.

In April 2007, LSI Logic merged with Agere Systems and rebranded the firm as LSI Corporation.On May 6, 2014, LSI Corporation was acquired by Avago Technologies (now known as Broadcom Inc.) for $6.6 billion.
Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park
The Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park is a national park located in northwest Madagascar. It is mainly within the boundaries of Antsalova District, with a small part in the northeast falling within Morafenobe District. The national park centers on two geological formations: the Great Tsingy and the Little Tsingy. Together with the adjacent Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve, the National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

It is crossed by the Manambolo River.

Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (Malagasy: Tsingin'i Bemaraha, French: Réserve naturelle intégrale du Tsingy de Bemaraha) is a nature reserve located near the western coast of Madagascar in Melaky Region. The area was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990 due to the unique geography, preserved mangrove forests, and wild bird and lemur populations.
2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship
The 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship was the 17th IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship, an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The World Championship ran alongside the 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I tournament and took place between 1 and 7 July in Ingolstadt, Germany. The tournament was won by Canada, earning their second World Championship title. Germany finished in second place and Finland third after defeating Slovenia in the bronze medal match. Great Britain were relegated to Division I for 2013 after losing the relegation game against Sweden.

2012 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I
The 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship Division I was an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The Division I tournament ran alongside the 2012 IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship and took place between 1 and 7 June 2012 in Ingolstadt, Germany. The tournament was won by Slovakia who upon winning gained promotion to the 2013 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship. While Bulgaria and New Zealand were relegated after finishing last and second last respectively.
Cedar Lake (Minneapolis)
Cedar Lake is a lake in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, and part of the city's Chain of Lakes. It is located on the west side of the city, north of Bde Maka Ska and west of Lake of the Isles. The lake is connected to Lake of the Isles via the Kenilworth Channel.

The lake is surrounded by parkland, with some easements having been made to private homeowners on the southeast side; it is the only lake in the city with private shoreline. The south and west sides border the Cedar-Isles-Dean neighborhood, while the east shore flanks the Kenwood residential area. On the north is the Cedar Lake Trail and the BNSF Railway, and the south Bryn Mawr neighborhood. Cedar Lake has an area of 169 acres (0.68 km2) and a maximum depth of 51 feet (16 m). The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board manages the lake and parkland around the lake.

Cedar Lake Trail
Cedar Lake Trail is a 4.3-mile (6.9 km), shared-use path in the U.S. state of Minnesota, from downtown Minneapolis to the neighboring suburb of St. Louis Park. The trail begins at its eastern trailhead in downtown Minneapolis (44°59′11″N 93°16′01″W﻿ / ﻿44.98645°N 93.26694°W﻿ / 44.98645; -93.26694﻿ (Cedar Lake Trail, eastern terminus)) and continues west to Minnesota State Highway 100 in St. Louis Park (44°57′43″N 93°20′36″W﻿ / ﻿44.96208°N 93.34335°W﻿ / 44.96208; -93.34335﻿ (Cedar Lake Trail, western terminus)). At the trail's west end, a paved path continues for another 4.2 miles (6.8 km) through St. Louis Park to Hopkins under the former name of Hutchinson Spur Trail ("Hutch Spur"), but known as North Cedar Lake Regional Trail since 2009. In 2019, large portions of the Cedar Lake Trail were closed due to construction of the Southwest LRT extension with expected reopening in 2021 or 2022.
Laura J. Burns
Laura J. Burns is an American author originally from Long Island, New York. Starting in publishing, she now specializes in novels based on television shows or movies. She often collaborates with fellow author Melinda Metz, with whom she writes the book series based on the Everwood TV show, the Wright and Wong young detective series, and the Vampire Beach series under the pseudonym of Alex Duval. She was closely involved with creating the Roswell High series, and later became a staff writer on the Roswell TV series.

Melinda Metz
Melinda Metz (born March 7, 1962) is an American author of young adult books as well as a series for adults. Her series Roswell High, about teenage aliens, serves as the basis of The WB television series Roswell and The CW television series Roswell, New Mexico.
Hebe Haven
Hebe Haven, also known as Pak Sha Wan (Chinese: 白沙灣; lit. 'White Sand Bay'), is a harbour on the south shore of Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong.

The harbour has one opening to Port Shelter in its south. The Pak Sha Wan Peninsula, spanning south from Tsiu Hang (蕉坑) hugs the Hebe Haven and separates it from Inner Port Shelter (Sai Kung Hoi). Villages are established along its shores. The haven is an excellent natural harbour for yachts and boats and is home to a number of yacht clubs.

Port Shelter
Port Shelter, known in Cantonese as Ngau Mei Hoi (Chinese: 牛尾海; Jyutping: ngau4 mei5 hoi2; Cantonese Yale: ngàuh méih hói), is a harbour south of Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong. The water body connects to Inner Port Shelter (known in Cantonese as Sai Kung Hoi; Chinese: 西貢海; Jyutping: sai1 gung3 hoi2; Cantonese Yale: sāi gung hói), as well as Hebe Haven (白沙灣), Rocky Harbour (糧船灣海) and other water body. Outer Port Shelter, is situated at the mouth of the harbour.
Financial Reporting Council
The Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is an independent regulator in the UK and Ireland based in London Wall in the City of London, responsible for regulating auditors, accountants and actuaries, and setting the UK's Corporate Governance and Stewardship Codes. The FRC seeks to promote transparency and integrity in business by aiming its work at investors and others who rely on company reports, audits and high-quality risk management.

In December 2018, an independent review of the FRC, led by Sir John Kingman, recommended its replacement by a new Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority, a recommendation that the government agreed to follow in March 2019 but later delayed.

Ireland adopted the FRC's auditing framework in 2017.

Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority
The Audit, Reporting and Governance Authority is a proposed Audit regulator intended to be established in the United Kingdom to replace the Financial Reporting Council. The government announced plans for a new regulator in March 2019, and published detailed proposals in March 2021; the new regulator was expected to be fully implemented in 2023 but is delayed without a clear timetable.
Official Opposition frontbench
The frontbench of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom consists of the Shadow Cabinet and other official shadow ministers of the political party currently serving as the Official Opposition. The Opposition front bench provide Parliamentary opposition to the British Government frontbench and has been the Conservative Party since 5 July 2024. The current Leader of the Opposition is Kemi Badenoch, following her victory in the 2024 Conservative Party Leadership Election.

Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)
The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet, or His Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet, usually simply the Shadow Cabinet, is the committee of senior members of the Official Opposition who scrutinise the work of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Each Shadow Cabinet member is typically given a position which corresponds to that of a government minister in Cabinet.
East Asian Gothic typeface
In East Asian typography, gothic typefaces or "black script" (simplified Chinese: 黑体; traditional Chinese: 黑體; pinyin: hēitǐ; Jyutping: haak1 tai2; Japanese: ゴシック体, romanized: goshikku-tai; Korean: 돋움, romanized: dodum, 고딕체 godik-che) are a style of typeface/font characterized by even thickness of strokes and lack of serif decorations, akin to sans serif styles in Western (Latin and Cyrillic) typography. The most prominent example of East Asian gothic typefaces is the one used for printing the Chinese family of scripts, which include Chinese characters and their borrowed relatives such as kanji, hanja and the radical-derived katagana. It is one of the four most commonly seen typeface styles used in modern written Chinese (along with the Song, Fangsong and regular typefaces) and is the standard Guobiao typeface used on road signs in China.

Ming typefaces
The Song script (simplified Chinese: 宋体; traditional Chinese: 宋體) or Ming script (simplified Chinese: 明体; traditional Chinese: 明體) is a category of serifed typefaces used to display Chinese family of scripts such as traditional and simplified Chinese characters as well as their borrowed (e.g. Japanese kanji and Korean hanja) and radical-derived relatives (e.g. katagana). First invented during the Song dynasty and matured during the Ming dynasty, they are currently the most common printing and text display/editing fonts for Chinese and Japanese language publications.

The former term "Song" is the official terminology used in Mainland China, while the latter "Ming" is used prominently in Taiwan and Hong Kong and is a loanword from post-restoration Japan, as the typefaces are commonly called Mincho tai (Hiragana: みんちょうたい) and Myeongjo che (Hangul: 명조체) — both literally translate to "Ming dynasty font" — respectively in Japanese and Korean texts.
M29 (tram)
The M29 is a class of 60 four-axle trams built for use on the Gothenburg Tramway in Sweden between 1969 and 1972. The class is still in passenger service in its home city and carries fleet numbers 801–860, although some members have been withdrawn.

The M29 was one of three similar classes, along with the M25 and M28 classes. All three classes were of similar exterior design, and any combination of them could be operated together in multiple unit with any vehicle leading.

M28 (tram)
The M28 was a class of 70 four-axle trams built for use on the Gothenburg Tramway in Sweden between 1965 and 1967. The class carries fleet numbers 701-770, and was withdrawn from service in 2021.

The M28 was one of three similar classes, along with the M25 and M29 classes. All three classes were of similar exterior design, and any combination of them could be operated together in multiple unit with any vehicle leading.
Namibia Football Association
The Namibia Football Association (NFA) is the governing body of football in Namibia. It was founded in 1990, and affiliated to FIFA and to CAF in 1992. It organizes the national football league and the national team. Its aim is to create a football culture and industry that provides entertainment and economical benefits for all; to become a dominant national association within the confederation via the professionalism of the game's administration; to promote education and development programmes in all aspects of the sport.

On 22 July 2020, the NFA officially expelled the Namibia Premier League as a member and a 2 year absence of soccer comes from the disputes of these two bodies, and founded the Namibia Premier Football League in 2021.

Namibia Premiership
The Namibia Premiership, or the Debmarine Namibia Premiership for sponsorship reasons, is the highest level of domestic association football in Namibia. It operates under the auspices of the Namibia Football Association.
David Feldman (philatelist)
David Feldman (born 1947 in Dublin) MA. BBS, RDP(I).FRPSL is a professional philatelist, auctioneer, art specialist and author. He held his first stamp auction in 1967. Feldman is Honorary Chairman of David Feldman SA, a Geneva-based auction company, through which he attained record prices for some of the world's most famous postage stamps. In 1993, Feldman auctioned the "Bordeaux Cover", which comprised the 1847 1d Orange-red and the 2d Deep Blue Mauritius "Post Office" stamps, which brought 6,175,000 Swiss francs including all commissions, at that time the highest price ever paid for any philatelic item. He also sold the unique 1855 Sweden Treskilling Yellow stamp at auction in 1996, which at the time was the highest price ever paid for a single stamp, for which he was pictured (page 48) in the Guinness Book of Records (https://www.Guinness world records.com.//2002). That record was eclipsed in 2014 by the sale of the British Guiana 1c magenta.

Mauritius "Post Office" stamps
The Mauritius "Post Office" stamps were issued by the British Colony Mauritius in September 1847, in two denominations: an orange-red one penny (1d) and a deep blue two pence (2d). Their name comes from the wording on the stamps reading "Post Office", which was soon changed in the next issue to "Post Paid". They are among the rarest postage stamps in the world.
Suellen Rocca
Suellen Rocca (née Krupp; October 2, 1943 – March 26, 2020) was an American artist, one of the original Chicago Imagists, a group in the 1960s and 1970s who turned to representational art.  She exhibited with them at the Hyde Park Art Center from 1966 through 1969. She was curator of the art collection and director of exhibitions at Elmhurst College.

Chicago Imagists
The Chicago Imagists are a group of representational artists associated with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago who exhibited at the Hyde Park Art Center in the late 1960s.

Their work was known for grotesquerie, Surrealism and complete indifference to New York art world trends. Critic Ken Johnson referred to Chicago Imagism as "the postwar tradition of fantasy-based art making."  Senior Chicago magazine editor Christine Newman said, "Even with the Beatles and the Vietnam War in the forefront, the artists made their own way, staking out their time, their place, and their work as an unforgettable happening in art history."

The Imagists had an unusually high proportion of female artists. There are three distinct groups which, outside of Chicago, are indiscriminately bundled together as Imagists: the Monster Roster, the Hairy Who, and The Chicago Imagists.
HMS Seadog
HMS Seadog was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in September 1942, she spent most of her career in Arctic waters, off Norway, but sank only one German ship in 13 patrols. In January 1945, she was redeployed to the Far East, meeting more success. On her first patrol in the area, the submarine rescued four American airmen. After two patrols, she and her sister ship HMS Shalimar sank five sailing vessels, two coasters, a barge, a tugboat and a Japanese tank landing ship. After the war ended, Seadog was sent back to England, placed in reserve, then sold for scrap in December 1947. She was ultimately broken up in August 1948.

HMS Shalimar
HMS Shalimar (P242) was a third-batch S-class submarine built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed in April 1944, she conducted one war patrol off the Orkney Islands, then was assigned to the Pacific theater, arriving there in September. The submarine conducted one war patrol off the Nicobar Islands, destroying several small ships with gunfire. During her next three patrols in the Strait of Malacca, Shalimar sank twelve sailing vessels, eleven landing craft, four coasters, three lighters, three tugboats, and one minesweeper. After the war ended, the boat was sent back to England, placed in reserve, then sold for scrap in July 1950.
Pavliuk uprising
The Pavliuk uprising of 1637 was a Cossack uprising in Left-bank Ukraine and Zaporizhia headed by Pavlo Pavliuk against the abuses of the nobility and magnates of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The uprising was sparked by several Cossacks being expelled from the Cossack Registry. Pavliuk ordered the captured commanders of the Registered Cossacks to be executed and issued a declaration, in which he proclaimed a fight against the masters.  Defeated by the forces of Mikołaj Potocki in the Battle of Kumeyki in 1637, Pavliuk was brought to Warsaw, tried and executed. The uprising was bloodily quelled, only to restart the following year in the form of the Ostrzanin Uprising, which was also defeated by the Commonwealth.

Battle of Kumeyki
The Battle of Kumeyky was fought during the Pavlyuk Uprising between the Polish crown forces, and Ukrainian peasants & insurgent Cossacks on December 16, 1637. The Polish crown army, under the command of Mikołaj Potocki, surrounded the Cossacks, commanded by Pavlo Pavliuk, in the town of Borovytsia, located in modern-day Cherkasy Oblast in central Ukraine. The Polish forces were unable to capture the town, so Potocki proposed a negotiation, which Pavliuk and the senior starshyna (officers) agreed to. Potocki, ignoring the rules of parley, had Pavliuk and the other leaders of the rebellion taken prisoner during the negotiation talks, sent to Warsaw, and executed.