hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
VF Corporation
VF Corporation (formerly Vanity Fair Mills until 1969) is a U.S. apparel (clothing) and footwear company founded in 1899 by John Barbey and headquartered in Denver, Colorado. Its eleven brands are organized into three categories: Outdoor, Active and Work.

In 2015, the firm controlled 55% of the U.S. backpack market with the JanSport, Eastpak, Timberland, and the North Face brands.

The North Face
The North Face is an American outdoor recreation products company. The North Face produces outdoor clothing, footwear, and related equipment. Founded in 1968 to supply climbers, the company's logo draws inspiration from Half Dome, a distinct rock formation rising over 8,700 feet (2,700 m) above sea level in Yosemite National Park. By the late 1990s, the label had expanded beyond outdoor enthusiasts by focusing on street couture and since the 2000s it has been regarded mainly as a streetwear style symbol label. In 2000, it was bought by VF Corporation.
Tram 2000
The Tram 2000 is a type of tram vehicle that was originally designed for the Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ), the municipal transport operator of the Swiss city of Zürich, and first introduced in 1976. Other variants of the type were subsequently built for the VBZ, for other Swiss operators, and for the Italian city of Genoa. The last vehicles to the design entered service in 1994, but the type is still in front line service with all its original users.

The Tram 2000 is a high-floor tram design, which has been built as a single section tram with two bogies, or as a two or three section articulated vehicle with three or four bogies respectively. Variants exist to both metre gauge and standard gauge, and can be either single-ended or double-ended. All vehicles share a similar angular body shape.

Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich
Verkehrsbetriebe Zürich (VBZ) is a public transport operator in the Swiss city of Zurich, and is wholly owned by the city. Previously known as the Städtische Strassenbahn Zürich (StStZ), the organisation was founded in 1896 and adopted its current name in 1950.

The VBZ owns and operates trams, trolleybuses, buses, and a funicular. It also operates, but does not own a further funicular, a rack railway, and the Stadtbahn Glattal light rail system.

All of VBZ's passenger services are operated within the tariff and ticketing system provided by the cantonal public transport authority Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV). The ZVV tariff also covers other passenger transport services in and around the city, including the Zurich S-Bahn, although these are not operated by the VBZ.
Secondary calculus and cohomological physics
In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods.

Diffiety
In mathematics, a diffiety (/dəˈfaɪəˌtiː/) is a geometrical object which plays the same role in the modern theory of partial differential equations that algebraic varieties play for algebraic equations, that is, to encode the space of solutions in a more conceptual way. The term was coined in 1984 by Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov as portmanteau from differential variety.
Indian-head test pattern
The Indian-head test pattern is a test card that gained widespread adoption during the black-and-white television broadcasting era as an aid in the calibration of television equipment. It features a drawing of a Native American wearing a headdress surrounded by numerous graphic elements designed to test different aspects of broadcast display. The card was created by RCA to be the standard image for their TK-1 monoscope, a simple video camera capable of producing only the image embedded within it. The pattern was introduced in 1939 and over the following two decades became a fixture of television broadcast across North America in 525-line resolution and (often in modified form) abroad in 525- and 625-line resolution until it was made obsolete by the rise of color television in the 1960s.

Monoscope
A monoscope was a special form of video camera tube which displayed a single still video image. The image was built into the tube, hence the name. The tube resembled a small cathode-ray tube (CRT). Monoscopes were used beginning in the 1950s to generate TV test patterns and station logos. This type of test card generation system was technologically obsolete by the 1980s.
Mission to Moscow
Mission to Moscow is a 1943 propaganda film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the 1941 book by the former U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, Joseph E. Davies.

The movie chronicles the experiences of the second American ambassador to the Soviet Union and was made in response to a request by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was made during World War II, when the Americans and Soviets were allies, and takes a sympathetic view of not only the USSR in general but of Stalinism and Stalinist repressions in particular. For that reason, it was scrutinized by the House Committee on Un-American Activities.

House Un-American Activities Committee
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives created in 1938. Their goal was to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties. It became a standing (permanent) committee in 1946. Then, from 1969 and onward, it was known as the House Committee on Internal Security. When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary Committee.

The committee's anti-communist investigations are often associated with McCarthyism, although Joseph McCarthy himself (as a U.S. senator) had no direct involvement with the House committee. McCarthy was the chairman of the Government Operations Committee and its Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the U.S. Senate, not the House.
Education in Australia
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education (preschool and pre-primary) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools and senior high schools), and finally tertiary education, which includes higher education (universities and other higher education providers) and vocational education (registered training organisations). Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories; however, the Australian Government also contributes to funding.

Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of four, five, or six and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the state or territory and the date of birth.

Registered training organisation
A registered training organisation (RTO), in Australia, is an organisation providing Vocational Education and Training (VET) courses to students, resulting in qualifications or statements of attainment that are recognised and accepted by industry and other educational institutions throughout Australia.
1919 St Albans by-election
The 1919 St Albans by-election was a parliamentary by-election held in England in December 1919 for the UK House of Commons constituency of St Albans in Hertfordshire.

It was the first contested parliamentary election in St Albans since before World War I. Since the previous contest, in 1910, boundaries had been changed and the franchise extended.

The Coalition Unionists (i.e. Conservatives) held the seat, but by only a narrow margin over the Labour Party, even though Labour had existed in the area for less than 12 months, and St Albans had previously been a Conservative safe seat.

1904 St Albans by-election
The 1904 St Albans by-election was a Parliamentary by-election held on 12 February 1904. The constituency returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, elected by the first past the post voting system.

It was the first contested parliamentary election in St Albans since 1892. The two-way contest was dominated by the contemporary debate between free trade and tariff reform, and fought with the assistance of the major national organisations on both sides of that divide. It also reflected the wider national divide between high church Conservatism and nonconformist Liberalism.  After a campaign marred by several incidents of unrest, the Liberal Party candidate narrowly won the seat from the Conservatives, who had held the seat since its creation in 1885.
Elections in Maryland
The following is a list of federal, state, and local elections in the U.S. state of Maryland and can refer to one of the following elections:

United States presidential elections in Maryland

Primary elections in Maryland

Maryland gubernatorial elections

United States Senate election in Maryland

United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland

Maryland Comptroller election

United States presidential election in Maryland

Frederick mayoral election

Baltimore mayoral election, among others

In a 2020 study, Maryland was ranked as the 5th-easiest state for citizens to vote in, based on registration and identification requirements, and convenience provisions.

United States presidential elections in Maryland
Following is a table of United States presidential elections in Maryland, ordered by year. Since its admission to statehood in 1788, Maryland has participated in every U.S. presidential election. Considered a bellwether state during the 20th century, only voting for the losing candidate three times during that century, Maryland has since become one of the most blue (Democratic) states, last voting for a Republican candidate in 1988.

Winners of the state are in bold. The shading refers to the state winner, and not the national winner.
Parijat (writer)
Bishnu Kumari Waiba, also known as Parijat was a Nepali writer and poet of Nepali language. She is best known for her novel Shirishko Phool, for which she won the Madan Puraskar, becoming the first woman to receive the award. She published multiple novels and wrote many poems and stories in her lifetime.

Madan Puraskar
The Madan Puraskar (Nepali: मदन पुरस्कार) is a literary honor in Nepal which Madan Puraskar Guthi confers annually for an outstanding book in the Nepali language published within the calendar year. It is considered as the most prestigious literature award in Nepal. It is awarded on the day of Ghatasthapana every year alongside Jagadamba Shree Puraskar.
Ruski Krstur
Ruski Krstur (Serbian: Руски Крстур; Pannonian Rusyn: Руски Керестур, romanized: Ruski Kerestur)  is a village located in the municipality of Kula, West Bačka District, Vojvodina, Serbia. The village has a Rusyn ethnic majority. and a population of 3,846 people (2022 census). Ruski Krstur is the cultural centre of the Rusyns in Serbia. The number of Rusyns in Ruski Krstur is in constant decline as many of them have moved out to Canada concentrating in the town of North Battleford, Saskatchewan. The village is the seat of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur, part of the wider Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia.

Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur
The Eparchy of San Nicola di Ruski Krstur (Serbian: Крстурска гркокатоличка епархија) is a Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia ecclesiastical territory or eparchy of the Catholic Church in Serbia. It was founded in 2003 as apostolic exarchate with territory in Serbia and Montenegro, and was reduced to the territory of Serbia in 2013. In 2018, it was elevated to an eparchy by Pope Francis. Since 2003, it is headed by bishop Đura Džudžar.

The Eparchy of Ruski Krstur is one of two eparchies for the Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia, together with the Eparchy of Križevci in Croatia. The Eparchy of Ruski Krstur is exempt directly to the Holy See. The Eparchy of Križevci is a suffragan of the Latin Church Archdiocese of Zagreb.

The Eparchy of Ruski Krstur mostly serves a group of Rusyn Greek Catholics in the region of Vojvodina.
Yerevan Brandy Company
Yerevan Brandy Company (Armenian: Երևանի Կոնյակի Գործարան (Yerevani Konyaki Gortsaran)), commonly known with its famous brand "ArArAt", is the leading enterprise of Armenia for the production of brandy. It was founded in 1887, during the period of the Russian Empire. After the Sovietization of Armenia, the factory became a state-owned enterprise. In 1999, the government of independent Armenia sold the factory to the French Pernod Ricard company for distilled beverages. The variety of the company's cognac products are labeled and publicized as ArArAt.

The company owns another factory in the town of Armavir, operating since 1966.

Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory
40°10′25″N 44°30′04″E﻿ / ﻿40.173633°N 44.501176°E﻿ / 40.173633; 44.501176

Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory, officially known as the Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory (Armenian: Երևանի Արարատ կոնյակի-գինու-օղու կոմբինատ), commonly known by its famous brand Noy, is a leading Armenian brandy production company in Yerevan, Armenia, currently owned by Gagik Tsarukyan's Multi Group Concern. It was founded in 1877 during the rule of the Russian Empire. The factory is located on the left bank of the Hrazdan River at the centre of Yerevan, occupying the area of the historic Erivan Fortress.
Baku City Circuit
The Baku City Circuit (Azerbaijani: Bakı Şəhər Halqası) is a motor racing street circuit located in Baku, Azerbaijan constructed near Baku Boulevard. A lap of the circuit is 6.003 km (3.730 mi), making it the fourth-longest circuit on the Formula One calendar (after Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Jeddah Street Circuit and Las Vegas Strip Circuit). The inaugural Formula One race at the circuit was the 2016 European Grand Prix and its support events. A year later, in 2017, the circuit held the inaugural Azerbaijan Grand Prix. The event is organised by Baku City Circuit Operation Company (Azerbaijani: Bakı Şəhər Halqası Əməliyyat Şirkəti).

Azerbaijan Grand Prix
The Azerbaijan Grand Prix (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Qran Prisi) is a Formula One motor racing event that was held for the first time in 2017. It is held on the Baku City Circuit, a street circuit in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.

The event is due to take place at the Baku City Circuit until at least 2030.
Jesse Watters
Jesse Bailey Watters (born July 9, 1978) is an American conservative political commentator and television program host on the Fox News cable television network. He frequently appeared earlier in his media career on The O'Reilly Factor, the political talk show hosted by commentator/moderator Bill O'Reilly, and became recognized for his man-on-the-street interviews, featured in his segment there of "Watters' World", which, in 2015, eventually became its own show. In January 2017, Watters' World became a weekly television show, and in April 2017, he became a co-host of the roundtable series The Five. In January 2022, Watters became the host of his own program, Jesse Watters Primetime, on the Fox News Channel.

Watters' first book, How I Saved the World, was published by HarperCollins. His second book, Get It Together: Troubling Tales from the Liberal Fringe, was published by Broadside Books in March 2024.

Jesse Watters Primetime
Jesse Watters Primetime, known as Fox News Primetime from 2021 until 2022, is an American conservative talk show and current affairs program hosted by The Five co-host and political commentator Jesse Watters. The program airs live weekdays at 8 p.m. ET and has been a part of FNC's lineup since January 24, 2022.
Turkish National Division
The National Division or National League (Turkish: Millî Küme) was a top-level football competition organised by the Turkish Football Federation, including the most successful teams from Istanbul, Ankara, and İzmir in Turkey. It was the first national league in Turkish football history. The league was played from 1937 to 1950.

The top four clubs from Istanbul and the top two clubs from the Ankara and İzmir regional leagues made up the league roster, since the leagues of these three major cities were the strongest in those decades. The matches in Ankara were played at 19 Mayıs Stadium, the matches in İzmir at Alsancak Stadium, and the matches in Istanbul at Taksim Stadium. The league was the most important and popular football competition in its era.

Fenerbahçe are the most successful club, having won six titles.

Turkish Football Federation
The Turkish Football Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu; TFF) is the governing body of association football in Turkey. It was formed on 23 April 1923, and joined FIFA the same year and UEFA in 1962. It organizes the Turkey national football team, the Turkish Football League and the Turkish Cup.
Liverpool–Parramatta T-way
The Liverpool–Parramatta T-way is a continuous series of bus-only lanes and bus roadways between Parramatta and Liverpool in Western Sydney. Completed in February 2003, the 31 km (19.3 mi) T-way was the first bus rapid transit infrastructure to be built in Sydney.

Liverpool, New South Wales
Liverpool is a suburb in South Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located 31 kilometres (19 mi) south-west of the Sydney central business district on the western bank of the Georges River. Liverpool is the administrative centre for the City of Liverpool local government area.
Flint Wagon Works
Flint Wagon Works of Flint, Michigan, manufactured wagons from the early 1880s. One of the world's most successful horse-drawn vehicle makers they formed with their Flint neighbors a core of the American automobile industry. In 1905 Flint was promoting itself as Flint the Vehicle City. The former site is now located in the neighborhood of Flint known as "Carriagetown".

Flint Wagon Works brought the automotive industry to Flint by buying David Dunbar Buick's Detroit business and moving it to Flint.

Overburdened with debt and litigation Flint Wagon Works shareholders sold their business to William C. Durant as of October 12, 1911. Durant took the useful parts of the business and began to manufacture Little automobiles. Sales were hindered by poor quality product and their unappealing brandname and Durant put Little into Chevrolet in 1913. After GM assumed operations, it became the manufacturing location of what later became Chevrolet Flint Manufacturing.

Little (automobile)
Little Motor Car Company was an automobile manufacturing company founded primarily by William H. Little and William C. Durant that operated from 1911 to 1913. Built in Flint, Michigan, the company was eventually incorporated into the current Chevrolet Motor Company.
Jim Paciorek
James Joseph Paciorek (born June 7, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player. He played first base, third base, and the outfield for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He also played with the Yokohama Taiyo Whales and Hanshin Tigers in the Japanese Central League.

His two older brothers, John and Tom, also played in the major leagues.

Yokohama DeNA BayStars
The Yokohama DeNA BayStars (横浜DeNAベイスターズ, Yokohama Dī-Enu-Ē Beisutāzu) are a professional baseball team in the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball. Their home field is Yokohama Stadium, located in central Yokohama. The team has been known by several names since becoming a professional team in 1950. It adopted its current name in 2011, when the club was purchased by software company DeNA.
Ghosts 'n Goblins
Ghosts 'n Goblins, known in Japan as Makaimura (Japanese: 魔界村; lit. "Demon World Village"), is a series of run-and-gun platform video games developed and owned by Capcom. The first entry in the series was Ghosts 'n Goblins, released in arcades on July 7, 1985. The series has subsequently been ported to and released on a variety of personal computers, game consoles and mobile platforms and spawned several sequels and spin-offs.

The main series focuses on the knight Arthur's quest to save princess Prin-Prin from the demon king Astaroth. The primary spin-offs include the Gargoyle's Quest and Maximo game series.

The series as a whole has sold over 4.7 million units as of December 31, 2025 and stands as the 13th best-selling Capcom game franchise. It has gained a reputation among players for its high level of difficulty.

The most recent game in the series, Ghosts 'n Goblins Resurrection, was released on February 25, 2021.

Ghosts 'n Goblins: Gold Knights
Ghosts 'n Goblins: Gold Knights and Ghosts 'n Goblins: Gold Knights II, released in Japan as Makaimura Kishi Retsuden (魔界村騎士列伝, lit. Demon World Village: Knight Chronicles) and Makaimura Kishi Retsuden II (魔界村騎士列伝II, lit. Demon World Village: Knight Chronicles II) respectively, are a pair of run and gun platform games developed and published by Capcom for iOS. Both titles were removed from the Apple App Store on May 10, 2016.

They are the first games in the series to offer a choice of playable characters in addition to the series standard, Arthur. Similar to Ultimate Ghosts 'n Goblins they employ 3D graphics, while maintaining much of the 2D gameplay mechanics of the earlier games.
Amtrak California
Amtrak California (reporting mark CDTX) is a brand name used by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) Division of Rail for three state-supported Amtrak regional rail routes in California – the Capitol Corridor, the Pacific Surfliner, and the Gold Runner – and their associated connecting network of Amtrak Thruway transportation services.

Reporting mark
A reporting mark is a code used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain rail transport networks.  The code typically reflects the name or identifying number of the owner, lessee, or operator of the equipment, similar to IATA airline designators.

In North America, the mark, which consists of an alphabetic code of two to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment, along with a one- to six-digit number. This information is used to uniquely identify every such rail car or locomotive, thus allowing it to be tracked by the railroad it is traveling over, which shares the information with other railroads and customers.  In multinational registries, a code indicating the home country may also be included.
Filton and Bradley Stoke
Filton and Bradley Stoke is a constituency in Gloucestershire represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by Claire Hazelgrove from the Labour Party. As the name suggests, major settlements include Filton, Bradley Stoke, as well as Almondsbury, Stoke Gifford, Downend and Winterbourne. Filton and Bradley Stoke hosts an electorate of 73,598 (2023).

Bradley Stoke
Bradley Stoke is a town and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England, situated  6 miles (10 kilometres) north-northeast of Bristol city centre. The town is the northernmost part of the Bristol built-up area.

Planned in the 1970s, building works began in 1987. Bradley Stoke was Europe's largest new town built with private investment. It is named after two local streams, the Bradley Brook and Stoke Brook.

Bradley Stoke is part of the North Fringe of Bristol, an extensive area of housing and employment developed during the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is bordered by Patchway to the west and Stoke Gifford to the south, but unlike these neighbours, Bradley Stoke has fewer major employers and is primarily a residential suburb, being 40% detached housing. The M5 and M4 motorways form its northern and eastern boundaries, beyond which is the Avon Green Belt.
Mary Louise Montagu, Duchess of Hamilton
Mary Louise Montagu, Duchess of Hamilton (Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu; 27 December 1854 –  10 February 1934) was the eldest daughter of William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester and Countess Luise von Alten. By marriage to William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton, she was Duchess of Hamilton and Brandon.

William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton
William Alexander Louis Stephen Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton, 9th Duke of Brandon, 2nd Duke of Châtellerault KT (12 March 1845 – 16 May 1895), styled Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale until 1863, was a Scottish nobleman.