hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Thai spelling reform of 1942
The Thai spelling reform of 1942 was initiated by the government of Prime Minister Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. The prime minister's office announced a simplification of the Thai alphabet on 29 May 1942. The announcement was published in the Royal Gazette on 1 June 1942. The reform was cancelled by the government of Khuang Aphaiwong on 2 August 1944. Following the November 1947 coup, Phibunsongkhram became prime minister for a second time, but did not revive the Thai language reform.

Thai script
The Thai script (Thai: อักษรไทย, RTGS: akson thai, pronounced [ʔàksɔ̌ːn tʰāj]) is the abugida used to write Thai, Southern Thai and many other languages spoken in Thailand. The Thai script itself (as used to write Thai) has 44 consonant symbols (Thai: พยัญชนะ, phayanchana), 16 vowel symbols (Thai: สระ, sara) that combine into at least 32 vowel forms, four tone diacritics (Thai: วรรณยุกต์ or วรรณยุต, wannayuk or wannayut), and other diacritics.

Although commonly referred to as the Thai alphabet, the script is not a true alphabet but an abugida, a writing system in which the full characters represent consonants with diacritical marks for vowels; the absence of a vowel diacritic gives an implied 'a' or 'o'. Consonants are written horizontally from left to right, and vowels following a consonant in speech are written above, below, to the left or to the right of it, or a combination of those.
Texas rat snake
The Texas rat snake (Pantherophis obsoletus lindheimeri) is a subspecies of the western rat snake, a nonvenomous colubrid. It is found in the United States, primarily within the state of Texas, but its range extends into Louisiana, Arkansas and Oklahoma. It intergrades with other subspecies of Elaphe obsoleta, so exact range boundaries are impossible to distinguish. The epithet lindheimeri is to honor the German-American naturalist Ferdinand Jacob Lindheimer, who collected the first specimen in New Braunfels, Texas.

Pantherophis obsoletus
Pantherophis obsoletus, also known commonly as the western rat snake, black rat snake (not to be confused with Pantherophis alleghaniensis), pilot black snake, or simply black snake, is a nonvenomous species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to central North America west of the Mississippi River. No subspecies are recognized as being valid.  Its color variations include the Texas rat snake.  Along with other snakes of the eastern United States, like the eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) and the eastern racer (Coluber constrictor), it is called "black snake".
Epson MX-80
The MX-80 is a serial dot matrix printer introduced by Seiko Epson in 1980. The MX-80 is capable of printing a maximum of 132 columns per line, while its 9-pin printhead was the first disposable, user-serviceable printhead on the market.

The MX-80 was a massive commercial success for Epson and soon became the best-selling dot matrix printer in the world, selling well over one million units over the course of its market lifespan. It enjoyed a high level of popularity in the personal computer marketplace for much of the 1980s and was the progenitor of the ESC/P printer control language. The form factor and basic functionality of the MX-80 soon became a de facto standard for manufacturers of inexpensive dot matrix printers. Epson released a number of succeeding revisions of the MX-80 before replacing the entire line with the FX-80 in 1983.

Epson
Seiko Epson Corporation, commonly known as Epson, is a Japanese multinational electronics company and one of the world's largest manufacturers of printers and information- and imaging-related equipment. Headquartered in Suwa, Nagano, Japan, the company has numerous subsidiaries worldwide and manufactures inkjet, dot matrix, thermal and laser printers for consumer, business and industrial use, scanners, laptop and desktop computers, video projectors, watches, point of sale systems, robots and industrial automation equipment, semiconductor devices, crystal oscillators, sensing systems and other associated electronic components.

The company has developed as one of manufacturing and research and development (formerly known as Seikosha) of the former Seiko Group, a name traditionally known for manufacturing Seiko timepieces. Seiko Epson was one of the major companies in the Seiko Group, but is neither a subsidiary nor an affiliate of Seiko Group Corporation.
Balanjar
Balanjar (Arabic: بلنجر; Baranjar, Belenjer, Belendzher, Bülünjar) was a medieval city located in the North Caucasus region, between the cities of Derbent and Samandar, probably on the lower Sulak River. It flourished between the seventh and tenth centuries. The legendary founder of Balanjar, according to the Persian and Kurdish chroniclers Ibn al-Faqih and Abu al-Fida, was named Balanjar ibn Yafith (بلنجر بن يافث).

Samandar (city)
Samandar (also Semender) was a city in Khazaria (c. 650–969 CE) on the western shore of the Caspian Sea in the North Caucasus. It was the second capital of Khazaria for a brief period in the 8th century. The exact location of Samandar has not been identified; it is generally assumed to be in what is now Dagestan in southern Russia.
Costilla County, Colorado
Costilla County (Spanish for "rib") is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,499. The county seat is San Luis, the oldest continuously occupied town in Colorado.

San Luis, Colorado
San Luis is a statutory town that is the county seat of and the most populous town in Costilla County, Colorado, United States. Formerly known as San Luis de la Culebra, it is the oldest continuously occupied town in Colorado. The population was 598 at the 2020 census.
Uroš II, Grand Prince of Serbia
Uroš II[a] (Serbian Cyrillic: Урош II) was Serbian Grand Prince from c.1145 to 1162, with brief interruptions as ruler by Desa, his brother. His rule was characterized by a period of power struggle, not only of the Serbian throne between the brothers but between the Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Hungary, of which he took advantage. He had two brothers Desa and Beloš, and a sister Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary. Furthermore, Uroš II also had to contend with the Second Norman invasion of the Balkans (1147-1149).

Some researchers have proposed that several events (1162), narrated by John Kinnamos in reference to the grand prince Primislav (Serbian Cyrillic: Примислав), who is also known as Prvoslav (Serbian Cyrillic: Првослав), should be attributed to Uroš II, but those assumptions are not accepted by other scholars who hold that Primislav/Primislav was brother or cousin Uroš II.

Helena of Serbia, Queen of Hungary
Helena of Serbia (Serbian: Јелена/Jelena, Hungarian: Ilona; b. after 1109 – after 1146) was Queen of Hungary and Croatia as the wife of King Béla II. After her husband's death, she governed Hungary as regent from 1141 to September 1146 together with her brother, Beloš, during the minority of her eldest son, Géza II, came of age.

A daughter of Prince Uroš I of Serbia (r. ca. 1112–1145), she was arranged to marry Béla II in 1129 by his cousin, King Stephen II (r. 1116–1131). Her younger sons, Ladislaus II and Stephen IV, also ruled as kings of Hungary. She had two other brothers Uroš II and Desa besides Beloš.
Reconstructive surgery
Reconstructive surgery is surgery performed to restore normal appearance and function to body parts malformed by a disease, medical condition, or injury. The field of reconstructive surgery includes a wide range of sub-specialties including plastic surgery, craniofacial surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, hand surgery, reconstructive microsurgery, and surgical treatment of burns and scars.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is a surgical speciality focusing on reconstructive surgery of the face, facial trauma surgery, the mouth, head and neck, and jaws, as well as facial plastic surgery including cleft lip and cleft palate surgery and rhinoplasty.
WCUM
WCUM (1450 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station broadcasting a Spanish contemporary hit radio format. Licensed to Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, it serves the Bridgeport area. WCUM transmits with 1,000 watts of power. It is also heard on FM translators W277DP 103.3 MHz in Bridgeport, and W288DL on 105.5 MHz in Stamford. The transmitter and studios are both located on State Street and Chopsey Road in Bridgeport. The station is owned by David Webster, through licensee Trignition Media, LLC. WCUM is a simulcast of WRYM (840 AM) in New Britain and WWCO (1240 AM) in Waterbury.

WRYM
WRYM (840 kHz; "Viva Radio") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to New Britain, Connecticut, and serving the Hartford metropolitan area. The station is owned by  licensee Trignition Media, LLC. It simulcasts a Spanish-language contemporary hit radio format, with sister stations WWCO (1240 AM) in Waterbury and WCUM (1450 AM) in Bridgeport. WRYM's studios are located in Newington, Connecticut, in front of its radio towers on Willard Avenue at Robbins Avenue.

By day, WRYM is powered at 1,000 watts non-directional. Because 840 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A station WHAS in Louisville, Kentucky, WRYM must reduce power at night to 250 watts and use a directional antenna to avoid interference. Programming is also heard on 99-watt FM translator W297BT at 107.3 MHz in New Britain.
Griff II
Griff II, the current iteration of Griff, is the Official Live Mascot of Drake University. Griff II is an English Bulldog who will be retiring from the position in May of 2026, and will be succeeded by Griff III. There have been two bulldogs to bear the name Griff at Drake, with the most recent, who assumed the name in July 2020, taking over as mascot before the 2020–21 school year. The name "Griff" can be attributed to former Drake football coach and creator of the Drake Relays, John L. Griffith, who became known for bringing his two English Bulldogs to the practices and games as he coached. Because of this tradition, Des Moines Register sports editor Art Gordon eventually dubbed the teams "the Bulldogs."

Drake Bulldogs
The Drake Bulldogs  are the intercollegiate athletics teams that represent Drake University, located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. The Bulldogs' athletic program is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC)  and competes at the NCAA Division I level. Drake also sponsors teams in the Pioneer Football League, Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, and Summit League. Drake's live bulldog mascot is Griff II; the costumed mascot is Spike; and the school colors are blue and white.
Jay Hardway
Jobke Pieter Hendrik Heiblom (born 27 April 1991), better known by his stage name Jay Hardway (stylised as JΔY HΔRDWΔY), is a Dutch DJ and music producer from Drunen, North Brabant. He is signed to Spinnin' Records. He is best known for his collaboration "Wizard" in conjunction with his fellow Dutch artist Martin Garrix. The 2013 single became an international hit charting in Belgium, France and the Netherlands.

Martin Garrix
Martijn Gerard Garritsen (Dutch pronunciation: [mɑrˈtɛin ɣəˈrɑrt‿ˈxɑrɪtsə(n)]; born 14 May 1996), known professionally as Martin Garrix and also as Ytram or GRX, is a Dutch DJ and record producer. Best known for his singles "Animals", "In the Name of Love", and "Scared to Be Lonely", he was ranked number one on DJ Mag's Top 100 DJs list in 2016, 2017, and 2018.

Garrix has performed at music festivals such as Coachella, Electric Daisy Carnival, Ultra Music Festival, Tomorrowland, and Creamfields. In 2014, he headlined the first edition of Ultra South Africa, making this his first major festival. In the same year, he became the youngest DJ to headline 2014 Ultra Music Festival at the age of 17. He was a resident DJ at Spain's Hï Ibiza (2017) and Ushuaïa Ibiza (2016 and 2018). He founded the label Stmpd Rcrds in 2016, months after leaving Spinnin' Records and before signing with Sony Music.
Jeffrey D. Klein
Jeffrey David Klein (born July 10, 1960) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. He represented the New York State Senate's 34th District, serving parts of Bronx and Westchester Counties from 2005 to 2018. Klein also served as Deputy Democratic Conference Leader.

Klein served in the New York State Assembly from 1994 until 2004, when he was elected to the New York State Senate. From January 2011 to April 2018, Klein led the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC), a group of Democratic state senators who formed a separate conference and allied themselves with Senate Republicans. Klein and his IDC colleagues rejoined the Senate Democratic Conference in April 2018.

In the September 2018 Democratic primary election, Klein was defeated by lawyer and first-time candidate Alessandra Biaggi in what amounted to a major upset for Klein and his former IDC colleagues. Klein remained on the general election ballot on a minor party line and was defeated by Biaggi again.

Alessandra Biaggi
Alessandra Rose Biaggi (born May 20, 1986) is an American politician from the state of New York. Biaggi is the granddaughter of former U.S. Congressman Mario Biaggi.

A progressive Democrat, Biaggi served as a member of the New York State Senate from 2019 to 2022, representing the 34th district. The district included portions of Bronx and Westchester Counties. Biaggi was first elected to the State Senate in 2018 after she upset longtime Senator Jeffrey D. Klein in the Democratic primary. She chaired the New York State Senate Committee on Ethics and Internal Governance. Biaggi is notable for her advocacy for survivors of sexual misconduct.

In 2022, Biaggi ran for Congress in New York's 17th congressional district, where she was defeated by incumbent Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney in the Democratic primary.
Kalman's conjecture
Kalman's conjecture or Kalman problem is a disproved conjecture on absolute stability of 
nonlinear control system  with one scalar nonlinearity, which belongs to the sector of linear stability.  Kalman's conjecture is a strengthening of Aizerman's conjecture
and is a special case of Markus–Yamabe conjecture.  This conjecture was proven false but led to the (valid) sufficient criteria on absolute stability.

Aizerman's conjecture
In nonlinear control, Aizerman's conjecture or Aizerman problem states that a linear system in feedback with a sector nonlinearity would be stable if the linear system is stable for any linear gain of the sector. This conjecture, proposed by Mark Aronovich Aizerman in 1949, was proven false but led to the (valid) sufficient criteria on absolute stability.
Asghar Hussain Deobandi
Asghar Hussain Deobandi (also known as Mian Sayyid Asghar Hussain) (16 October 1877 — 8 January 1945) was a Sunni Muslim scholar from the Indian subcontinent who co-founded Madrasatul Islah.

Born on 16 October 1877 in a Deoband-based family, claiming descent to Abdul Qadir Jeelani, Asghar Hussain Deobandi was an alumnus of Darul Uloom Deoband, where he studied with Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Azizur Rahman Usmani and Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad. Hussain was a disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki in the Chishti Sufi order. He taught religious sciences at Atala Masjid, Jaunpur and at his alma mater, Darul Uloom Deoband. He co-edited Al-Qasim, a monthly journal published by Darul Uloom Deoband. Hussain died on 8 January 1945 in Surat, and was buried in Rander. His students include Manazir Ahsan Gilani and Muhammad Shafi.

Muhammad Shafi
Muhammad Shafi (24 January 1897 – 6 October 1976), often referred to as Mufti Muhammad Shafi, was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school, a Hanafi jurist and mufti, he was also an authority on shari'ah, hadith, Qur'anic exegesis, and Sufism. Born in Deoband, British India, he graduated in 1917 from Darul Uloom Deoband, where he later taught hadith and held the post of Head mufti. He resigned in 1943 to devote his time to the Pakistan Movement. After the independence he moved to Pakistan, where he established Darul Uloom Karachi in 1951. Of his written works, his best-known is Ma'ariful Qur'an, an Urdu commentary on the Qur'an.
Petatje
Petatje is a Belgian comics character from the comic strip The Adventures of Nero by Marc Sleen. She is a teenage girl who was adopted by Madam Pheip and Meneer Pheip, along with another orphan child, Petoetje.

Petoetje
Petoetje is a Belgian comics character from the comic strip The Adventures of Nero by Marc Sleen. He is a teenage black boy who originates from Papua New Guinea, but was adopted by Madam Pheip and Meneer Pheip, along with another orphan child, Petatje.
Penehupifo Pohamba
Penehupifo "Penny" Pohamba (born 16 June 1948) is a Namibian nurse and politician who was the second First Lady of Namibia while her husband, Hifikepunye Pohamba, was President of Namibia from 2005 to 2015.

Hifikepunye Pohamba
Hifikepunye Lucas Pohamba (born 18 August 1935) is a Namibian politician who served as the second president of Namibia from 21 March 2005 to 21 March 2015. He won the 2004 presidential election overwhelmingly as the candidate of SWAPO and was reelected in 2009. Pohamba was the president of SWAPO from 2007 until his retirement in 2015. He is a recipient of the Ibrahim Prize.

Before his presidency, Pohamba served in various ministerial positions, beginning with Namibia's independence in 1990. He was Minister of Home Affairs from 1990 to 1995, Minister of Fisheries and Marine Resources from 1995 to 1997, Minister without portfolio from 1997 to 2000, and Minister of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation from 2001 to 2005. He was also secretary-general of SWAPO from 1997 to 2002 and vice-president of SWAPO from 2002 to 2007.
Arsène Tchakarian
Arsène Tchakarian (21 December 1916 – 4 August 2018) was a French-Armenian historian, former tailor and member of the French Resistance. He was a member of the Manouchian Group of the FTP-MOI, a wing of the larger Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP) composed of fighters of foreign immigrant origin. Tchakarian was the last surviving member of the Manouchian Group (Groupe Manouchian), a Paris-based resistance cell led by Missak Manouchian.

FTP-MOI
The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance. A wing composed mostly of foreigners, the MOI maintained an armed force to oppose the German occupation of France during World War II. The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was the "Immigrant Movement" of the FTP.

The last surviving member of the FTP-MOI's Manouchian Group, resistance fighter Arsène Tchakarian, died in August 2018.
Altanserin
Altanserin is a compound that binds to the 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor). Labeled with the isotope fluorine-18 it is used as a radioligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the brain, i.e., studies of the 5-HT2A neuroreceptors. Besides human neuroimaging studies altanserin has also been used in the study of rats.

An alternative for PET imaging the 5-HT2A receptor is the 
[11C]volinanserin (MDL-100,907) radioligand.
18F-altanserin and 3H-volinanserin have shown very comparable binding.
Both altanserin and MDL 100,907 are 5-HT2A receptor antagonists.
[18F]-setoperone can also be used in PET.

An alternative SPECT radioligand is the [123I]-5-I-R91150 receptor antagonist.

A rapid chemical synthesis of fluorine-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin has been described.

Other ligands for other parts of the serotonin system used in PET studies are, e.g., DASB, ketanserin, and WAY-100635.

Ketanserin
Ketanserin, sold under the brand name Sufrexal, is an antihypertensive agent which is used to treat arterial hypertension and vasospastic disorders. It is also used in scientific research as an antiserotonergic agent in the study of the serotonin system; specifically, the 5-HT2 receptor family. The drug is taken orally.

Side effects of ketanserin include dizziness, tiredness, edema, dry mouth, weight gain, and QT interval prolongation. Ketanserin acts as a selective antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A, α1-adrenergic, and histamine H1 receptors. It also shows lower affinity for various other targets.

Ketanserin was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1980. It was the first serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist to be discovered that showed selectivity over other serotonin receptors. The drug is not available in the United States and is mostly no longer marketed throughout the rest of the world.
Qusra
Qusra (also Kusra) (Arabic: قُصرة) is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank, located 28 kilometers southeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Qusra had a population of 5,418 inhabitants in 2017.

According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from the two Palestinian villages of Jalud and Qusra in order to construct the two illegal Israeli outposts of Ahiya and Esh Kodesh.

Jalud
Jalud (Arabic: جاﻟﻭﺩ) is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate in the northern West Bank. It is approximately 30 kilometers (19 mi) south of Nablus and is situated just east of Qaryut, south of Qusra and northeast of Shilo, an Israeli settlement. Its land area consists of 16,517 dunams (square kilometers), 98 of which constitutes its built-up area. Jalud is encircled by four illegal outposts: Esh Kodesh, Adi Ad, Ahiya and Shvut Rachel. Jalud residents were blocked by both IDF forces and settlers from tending most of their farms from 2001 to 2007. In 2007 permission was given to farm their groves,  twice a year for a few days, on condition that prior coordinating arrangements are made with the IDF.
Taiping, Perak
Taiping (Malay: [taipeŋ]) is a city located in Larut, Matang and Selama District, in the state of Perak, Malaysia. It is located approximately 48 km (30 mi) northwest of Ipoh, the capital of Perak, and 78 km (48 mi) southeast of George Town, Penang. With a population of 245,182 (in 2013), it is the second largest city in Perak after Ipoh, the state capital.

Taiping took over Kuala Kangsar's role as the state capital from 1876 to 1937, but was then replaced by Ipoh. Its growth slowed after that, but in recent years the town has been developing rapidly again. Perak State Museum is located in the town.

Taiping also receives some limelight for being the wettest town in Peninsular Malaysia. Its average annual rainfall of about 2757mm of precipitation has led to fertile flora and rain trees in the Taiping Lake Gardens.

Taiping was ranked in the Top 3 Sustainable Cities in the world.

Perak Museum
The Perak Museum (Malay: Muzium Perak) is a public museum located at the junction of Jalan Muzium (Museum Road) and Jalan Taming Sari (Main Road) in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia. It is the oldest museum in Malaysia and highlights the history of the state.
Mirsk
Mirsk [mʲirsk] (German: Friedeberg am Queis) is a town in Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Mirsk, close to the Czech border. It is situated on the upper Kwisa river north of the Jizera Mountains, within the historic region of Lower Silesia. As of 2019, the town has a population of 3,886.

Gmina Mirsk
Gmina Mirsk is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of Mirsk, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-west of Lwówek Śląski, and 118 kilometres (73 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 186.57 square kilometres (72.0 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 8,622.