hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Wood splitting
Wood splitting (riving, cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe.

Splitting maul
A splitting maul also known as a block buster, block splitter, chop and maul,  sledge axe, go-devil or hamaxe is a heavy, long-handled axe used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side of its head is like a sledgehammer, and the other side is like an axe.
Hossein Amanat
Hossein Amanat (Persian: حسین امانت, born 1942) is an Iranian-Canadian architect. He is best known as the architect of the Shahyad Tower (renamed as Azadi Tower after the 1979 revolution) in Tehran, Iran, the Baháʼí Arc buildings in Haifa, Israel and the House of Worship in Samoa. He has also been designated as the architect of the Shrine of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá currently under construction near Acre, Israel.

Azadi Tower
The Azadi Tower (Persian: برج آزادی, romanized: Borj-e Āzādi, lit. 'Freedom Tower'), also known as the Shahyad Tower (Persian: برج شهیاد, romanized: Borj-e Šahyād, lit. 'Shah's Memorial Tower'), is a monument at Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran. It is one of Tehran's landmarks, once marking the westernmost entrance to the city, and is part of the Azadi Cultural Complex, which also includes an underground museum.

With a Persian-inspired architecture, the tower is about 45 metres (148 ft) tall and is completely clad in cut marble. It was commissioned by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, to mark the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire and was completed in 1971.

After winning a competition, architect Hossein Amanat was tasked to design the tower. His ideas were based upon Iran's classical and post-classical architecture, popular influences on art in the 1960s following the White Revolution.
Belva Ann Lockwood
Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood (October 24, 1830 – May 19, 1917) was an American lawyer, politician, educator, and author who was active in the women's rights and women's suffrage movements. She was one of the first women lawyers in the United States. In 1879 she became the first woman to be admitted to practice law before the U.S. Supreme Court. Lockwood ran for president in 1884 and 1888 on the ticket of the Equal Rights Party and was the first woman to appear on official ballots. While Victoria Woodhull is commonly cited as the first woman to run for president, Lockwood was the first one to appear on any ballots, due to Woodhull being too young for the presidency when she ran.

Due to gender restrictions, Lockwood overcame many social and personal obstacles. Early on in life, Lockwood was a teacher and school principal, working to equalize pay for women in education. She supported the movement for world peace, and was a proponent of the temperance movement.

Marietta Stow
Marietta L. B. Stow (1830 or 1837–1902) was an American politician and women's rights activist. Throughout her career in law and politics, Stow advocated for women's suffrage, access to political office, and probate law reform.
Taxiarch
The word taxiarch (Greek: ταξίαρχος, romanized: taxiarchos (masculine); ταξιάρχη, taxiarchē (feminine)) is used in the Greek language to mean "brigadier". The term derives from  táxis 'order', in military context meaning 'an ordered formation'. It is cognate with the scientific term taxonomy. In turn, the rank has given rise to the Greek term for brigade, taxiarchia. In Greek Orthodox Church usage, the term is also applied to the archangels Michael and Gabriel, as leaders of the heavenly host, and several locations in Greece are named after them.

Strategos
Strategos (pl.  strategoi), also known by its Latinised form strategus, is a Greek term meaning 'military general'. In the Hellenistic world and in the Byzantine Empire, the term also described a military governor. In the modern Hellenic Army, it is the highest officer rank.
Schwetzingen
Schwetzingen (German pronunciation: [ˈʃvɛtsɪŋən] ⓘ; Palatine German: Schwetzinge) is a German town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, around 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Heidelberg and 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Mannheim. 
Schwetzingen is one of the five biggest cities of the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district and a medium-sized centre between Heidelberg and Mannheim.

The city is most famous for Schwetzingen Palace and the Schlosstheater. The palace grounds also feature a mosque, the oldest in Germany. Although not functional, it was used by Muslim prisoners in the Franco-Prussian War.

Schlosstheater Schwetzingen
Schlosstheater Schwetzingen (Schwetzingen palace theater) is a court theater in Schwetzingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The historic building, opened in 1753, is part of Schloss Schwetzingen and since 1952 the principal venue of the Schwetzingen Festival. It is also called Hoftheater (court theater), Hofoper (court opera), and Comoedienhaus (comedy house). The frequently applied name Rokokotheater (Rococo theater) is misleading, because it shows also neoclassical elements, added in 1762.
Julio Irigoyen
Julio Irigoyen (1 July 1894 – 29 August 1967 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine film director notable for his work during the Golden Age of Argentine cinema.

Irigoyen began directing in 1923. His first film was De Nuestras Pampas. He directed films such as the 1942 film Academia El Tango Argentino.

His last film Su íntimo secreto was released in 1948. He died in Buenos Aires in 1967, in the same house where he had been born.

Academia El Tango Argentino
Academia El Tango Argentino (English: The Argentine Tango Academy) is a 1942 black and white Argentine musical romantic drama film of the Golden Age of Argentine cinema, directed and written by Julio Irigoyen and written by Julio Porter. It stars Warly Ceriani and Domingo Conte. The movie was filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The film is about tango dancing, an integral part of Argentine culture.
Iona College (Windsor, Ontario)
Iona College is a small affiliated college of the University of Windsor located in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Initially founded by the United Church of Canada, in 2016 the college announced it would become an interfaith college with a board of directors representing a variety of religious groups.

University of Windsor
The University of Windsor (UWindsor, U of W, or UWin) is a public research university in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's southernmost university. It has approximately 17,500 students. The university was incorporated by the provincial government in 1962 and has more than 150,000 alumni.

The University of Windsor has nine faculties, including the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Engineering, Odette School of Business, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, the Faculty of Human Kinetics, the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of Nursing, and the Faculty of Science. Through its faculties and independent schools, the university has demonstrated its primary research focuses of automotive, environmental, social justice, and international trade research. In recent years, it has increasingly begun focusing on health, natural science, and entrepreneurship research.
Wyndham Branch
The Wyndham Branch, also known as the Glenham Branch, was a branch line railway in Southland, New Zealand.  The first section was opened in 1882 and it operated until 1962.  Although its name would imply that it terminated in Wyndham, an extension to a terminus in Glenham operated for forty years. It was operated by the New Zealand Railways Department.

Waikaia Branch
The Waikaia Branch, also known as the Switzers Branch, was a branch line railway in Southland, New Zealand.  Proposed as early as the 1870s, it was not opened until 1909 and was operated by the New Zealand Railways Department for half a century until its closure in 1959.
Sam Tarry
Samuel Peter Tarry (/ˈtɑːri/; born 27 August 1982) is a British former politician who was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Ilford South from 2019 until 2024. He was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group parliamentary caucus. On 10 October 2022 he was deselected by the Ilford South Constituency Labour Party as its candidate for the next general election.

Socialist Campaign Group
The Socialist Campaign Group (Welsh: Grŵp Ymgyrch Sosialaidd), also simply known as the Campaign Group, is a UK parliamentary caucus of the Labour Party including Members of Parliament in the House of Commons. The group also includes some MPs who formerly represented Labour in Parliament but have had the whip withdrawn or been expelled from the party.

The group was formed in 1982 following the 1981 Labour Party deputy leadership election when a number of soft left MPs, led by Neil Kinnock, refused to back Tony Benn's campaign, leading a number of left-wing Benn-supporting MPs to split from the Tribune Group to form the Campaign Group. It was at a meeting of the Campaign Group in 2015 that the decision was taken that Jeremy Corbyn would contest for the leadership of the Labour Party. The Campaign Group maintains close links with Momentum.
Southern Powys (medieval)
Southern Powys, or Powys Wenwynwyn (Welsh for 'Gwenwynwyn's Powys'), was a Welsh lordship which existed during the high Middle Ages. The realm was the southern portion of the former princely state of Powys which split following the death of Madog ap Maredudd and the killing of his heir Llywelyn in 1160: the northern portion (Maelor) went to Gruffydd Maelor and eventually became known as Powys Fadog; while the southern portion (Cyfeiliog) going to Owain Cyfeiliog and becoming known, eventually, as Powys Wenwynwyn after Prince Gwenwynwyn ab Owain, its second ruler.

Southern Powys and Gwynedd became bitter rivals in the years that followed, with the former frequently allying itself with England to further its aims of weakening the latter.

Gwenwynwyn ab Owain Cyfeiliog
Gwenwynwyn ab Owain Cyfeiliog (died c. 1216) was the last major ruler of mid Wales before the completion of the Norman English invasion. He was one of few native rulers to represent a real threat to the rule of Llywelyn the Great.
R814 road (Ireland)
The R814 road, or Lombard Street East, is a regional road in Dublin, Ireland.

The official definition of the R814 from the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 states:

R814: Lombard Street East, Dublin

Between its junction with R813 at City Quay and its junction with R118 at Pearse Street via Lombard Street East all in the city of Dublin.

The street is 300 metres long.

Regional road (Ireland)
A regional road (Irish: bóthar réigiúnach) in the Republic of Ireland is a class of road not forming a major route (such as a national primary road or national secondary road), but nevertheless forming a link in the national route network. There are over 11,600 kilometres (7,200 miles) of regional roads. Regional roads are numbered with three-digit route numbers, prefixed by "R" (e.g. R105). The equivalent road category in Northern Ireland are B roads.
Heather Joshi
Heather Evelyn Joshi, CBE, FBA, FAcSS (née Spooner; born 21 April 1946) is a British academic, economist, and demographer. She is Emeritus Professor of Economic and Developmental Demography at the University of London. She was Director of the Centre for Longitudinal Studies from 2003 to 2010.

UCL Institute of Education
The UCL Institute of Education (IOE) is the faculty of education and society of University College London (UCL). It specialises in postgraduate study and research in the field of education and is one of UCL's 11 constituent faculties. Prior to merging with UCL in 2014, it was a constituent college of the University of London. The IOE is ranked first in the world for education in the QS World University Rankings, and has been so every year since 2014.

The IOE is the largest education research body in the United Kingdom, with over 700 research students in the doctoral school. It also has the largest portfolio of postgraduate programmes in education in the UK, with approximately 4,000 students taking Master's programmes, and a further 1,200 students on PGCE teacher-training courses. At any one time the IOE hosts over 100 research projects funded by Research Councils, government departments and other agencies.
Keșco
The House of Keșco or Cheșco/Keșcu/Cheșcu (Russian: Кешко; English: Keshko, Romanian: Cheșcu), was the name of an ancient Moldavian Boyar noble family whose members held significant positions in Moldavia and later in the Russian Empire and Romania. Most notable member was Natalia Keshko, who became first modern Queen of Serbia.

Natalie of Serbia
Natalija Obrenović (Serbian Cyrillic: Наталија Обреновић; 15 May 1859 – 8 May 1941), née Keshko (Romanian: Natalia Cheșcu; Russian: Наталья Кешко), known as Natalie of Serbia, was the Princess of Serbia from 1875 to 1882 and then Queen of Serbia from 1882 to 1889 as the wife of Milan I of Serbia, born in a old noble Moldavian family Kesco.

A celebrated beauty during her youth, she was later regarded as one of the most beautiful queens in Europe.
Te Atatū Peninsula
Te Atatū Peninsula (formerly Te Atatu North, also known in Māori as Ōrukuwai) is a waterfront suburb of West Auckland surrounded by the Waitematā Harbour. The area was home to brickworks and farmland until the Northwestern Motorway was constructed in the 1950s, after which Te Atatū developed a low and medium-cost suburb. The area south of the motorway became known as Te Atatū South. The Auckland Harbour Board intended to develop a port on the peninsula for much of the 20th century. After plans for this were abandoned, the land was redeveloped into Footrot Flats Fun Park, an amusement park which operated in the 1980s. During the late 2010s, large-scale housing intensification led to the population of Te Atatū greatly expanding.

Northwestern Motorway
The Northwestern Motorway (also known historically as the Auckland–Kumeu Motorway), part of State Highway 16 (SH 16), is the major western route and secondary northern route out of Auckland in New Zealand. Twenty-one kilometres in length, the motorway runs from Stanley St in Parnell through the Central Motorway Junction, and west through Central Auckland and West Auckland before continuing northwest and terminating outside of Kumeū at the Brigham Creek Roundabout. A large part of it forms the middle section of the Western Ring Route.
Wandering set
In dynamical systems and ergodic theory, the concept of a wandering set formalizes a certain idea of movement and mixing. When a dynamical system has a wandering set of non-zero measure, then the system is a dissipative system. This is the opposite of a conservative system, to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies. Intuitively, the connection between wandering sets and dissipation is easily understood: if a portion of the phase space "wanders away" during normal time-evolution of the system, and is never visited again, then the system is dissipative.  The language of wandering sets can be used to give a precise, mathematical definition to the concept of a dissipative system.  The notion of wandering sets in phase space was introduced by Birkhoff in 1927.

Poincaré recurrence theorem
In mathematics and physics, the Poincaré recurrence theorem states that certain dynamical systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state arbitrarily close to (for continuous state systems), or exactly the same as (for discrete state systems), their initial state.

The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the recurrence. This time may vary greatly depending on the exact initial state and required degree of closeness. The result applies to isolated mechanical systems subject to some constraints, e.g., all particles must be bound to a finite volume. The theorem is commonly discussed in the context of ergodic theory, dynamical systems and statistical mechanics. Systems to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies are called conservative systems.

The theorem is named after Henri Poincaré, who discussed it in 1890. A proof was presented by Constantin Carathéodory using measure theory in 1919.
Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Jacksonville Beach is a coastal resort city in Duval County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,830 at the 2020 census. The city is part of a group of communities collectively referred to as the Jacksonville Beaches on the northern half of San Pablo Island. These communities include Mayport, Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, and Ponte Vedra Beach. When the city of Jacksonville consolidated with Duval County in 1968, Jacksonville Beach, together with Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, and Baldwin, voted to retain their own municipal governments. As a result, citizens of Jacksonville Beach are also eligible to vote in mayoral election for the City of Jacksonville. It is part of the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Jacksonville metropolitan area
The Jacksonville Metropolitan Area, also called the First Coast, Metro Jacksonville, or Northeast Florida, is the metropolitan area centered on the principal city of Jacksonville, Florida and including the First Coast of North Florida. As of the 2020 census, the total population was 1,605,848. The Jacksonville–Kingsland–Palatka, FL–GA Combined Statistical Area (CSA) had a population of 1,733,937 in 2020 and was the 34th largest CSA in the United States. The Jacksonville metropolitan area is the 40th largest in the country and the fourth largest in the State of Florida, behind the Miami, Tampa, and Orlando metropolitan areas.
Need for Speed (2015 video game)
Need for Speed is a 2015 online racing video game developed by Ghost Games and published by Electronic Arts. The game was released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in November 2015, while a Windows version released in March 2016. It is the twenty-second Need for Speed installment, and serves as a reboot of the franchise.

Need for Speed received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the game's visuals and customization but criticized it for being always-online with the inability to pause, which would also lead to performance issues on all platforms. The game was succeeded by Need for Speed Payback in 2017.

Always-on DRM
Always-on DRM or always-online DRM is a form of digital rights management (DRM) that requires a consumer to remain connected to a server, especially through an internet connection, to use a particular product. The practice is also referred to as persistent online authentication. The technique is meant to prevent copyright infringement of software. Like other DRM methods, always-on DRM has proven controversial, mainly because it has failed to stop pirates from illegally using the product, while causing severe inconvenience to people who bought the product legally due to the single point of failure it inherently introduces.
Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg
Charles Alexander of Württemberg (24 January 1684 – 12 March 1737) first became a Württemberg Duke (for the Württemberg-Winnental branch) in 1698 after his father's death and then went on to govern the Kingdom of Serbia as regent from 1720 until 1733, and then assumed the position of Duke of Württemberg, which he held until his death.

Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg
Charles Eugene (German: Carl Eugen; 11 February 1728 – 24 October 1793) was the Duke of Württemberg, and the eldest son, and successor, of Charles Alexander; his mother was Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis.
China Taiping Insurance Holdings
China Taiping Insurance Holdings Company Limited (CTIH) formerly China Insurance International Holdings Company Limited (CIIH), is a Chinese insurance conglomerate. The company has strong Chinese Central Government background despite being incorporated in Hong Kong. It is considered as a red chip company.

People's Insurance Company of China
The People's Insurance Company (Group) of China Limited, known as PICC Group or just PICC, is a Chinese listed insurer. The Chinese Central Government is the controlling shareholder.

The group contains the major subsidiaries: PICC Asset Management, PICC Life as well as PICC Property and Casualty (PICC P&C). The latter also listed on the stock exchange.
Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
The Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia is a state-recognized tribe in Virginia and a nonprofit organization of individuals who identify as descendants of the Patawomeck people. The majority of them live in and near Fredericksburg and Stafford County, Virginia.

The Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia is not federally recognized as a Native American tribe. The organization has never petitioned for federal recognition.

The Patawomeck people, more commonly known as the Potomac people, are a historic Eastern Algonquian–speaking tribe who lived on the Virginia.

Patawomeck
The Patawomeck are a Native American tribe based in Stafford County, Virginia, who historically lived on the south side the Potomac River. Patawomeck is another spelling of Potomac, which was a 17th-century town in present-day Stafford County, Virginia.

In the 17th century, at the time of early English colonization, the Patawomeck tribe was a fringe component of the Powhatan Confederacy. At times it was allied with others in the confederacy, and at others, the Patawomeck allied with the English colonists.

The Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia is a state-recognized tribe in Virginia that identifies as descendants of the Patawomeck.
Sawa District
Sawa District (佐波郡, Sawa-gun) is a rural district located in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

As of January 2015, the district had an estimated population of 36,952 and an area of 25.78 km2, with a population density of 1430 people per square kilometer.

Gunma Prefecture
Gunma Prefecture (群馬県, Gunma-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡɯꜜm.ma, ɡɯm.maꜜ.keɴ]) is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Gunma Prefecture has a population of 1,937,626 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 6,362 square kilometres (2,456 sq mi). Gunma Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Nagano Prefecture to the southwest, Saitama Prefecture to the south, and Tochigi Prefecture to the east.

Maebashi is the capital and Takasaki is the largest city of Gunma Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōta, Isesaki, and Kiryū. Gunma Prefecture is one of only eight landlocked prefectures, located on the northwestern corner of the Kantō Plain with 14% of its total land being designated as natural parks.
Saharsa district
Saharsa district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar, India. Saharsa city is the administrative headquarters of this district. Saharsa district is a part of the Kosi Division and it became a district on 1 April 1954 and has subsequently become smaller with other districts being carved from it, most notably Madhepura in 1981.

Saharsa is located in the Mithila region, one of the earliest centers of Brahminical civilization in India. Saharsa is considered as the heart of whole Mithila region. it is the place which gave birth to legends such as like Mandana Misra, Laxminath Gosain, Ubhai Bharti, etc.

Kosi division
Kosi division is an administrative geographical unit of Bihar state of India. Saharsa is the administrative headquarters of the division.  Currently (2022), the division consists of Saharsa district, Madhepura district, and Supaul district.