hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Penicillin-binding proteins
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are a group of proteins that are characterized by their affinity for and binding of penicillin. They are a normal constituent of many bacteria; the name just reflects the way by which the protein was discovered. All β-lactam antibiotics (except for tabtoxinine-β-lactam, which inhibits glutamine synthetase) bind to PBPs, which are essential for bacterial cell wall synthesis. PBPs are members of a subgroup of transpeptidase enzymes called DD-transpeptidases.

Β-Lactam antibiotic
β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a β-lactam ring in their chemical
structure. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems), monobactams, carbapenems and carbacephems. Most β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis in the bacterial organism and are the most widely used group of antibiotics. Until 2003, when measured by sales, more than half of all commercially available antibiotics in use were β-lactam compounds. The first β-lactam antibiotic discovered, penicillin, was isolated from a strain of Penicillium rubens (named as Penicillium notatum at the time).

Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics can be given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
Toshihiro Kawamoto
Toshihiro Kawamoto (川元 利浩, Kawamoto Toshihiro; born July 15, 1963) is a Japanese animator. He is the co-founder and director of the anime studio Bones. He was the character designer and animation director of Cowboy Bebop.

Bones (studio)
Bones Inc. (Japanese: 株式会社ボンズ, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Bonzu) is a Japanese animation studio, with headquarters located in Igusa, Suginami, Tokyo. It has produced numerous series, including RahXephon, No. 6, Wolf's Rain, Scrapped Princess, Eureka Seven, Angelic Layer, Darker than Black, Soul Eater, Ouran High School Host Club, both the 2003 and 2009 adaptations of Fullmetal Alchemist, Star Driver, Gosick, Mob Psycho 100, Space Dandy, Noragami, Bungo Stray Dogs, Gachiakuta, and My Hero Academia.
John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore
General John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore, GCB (15 May 1757 – 29 June 1832) was an Irish soldier and politician. He served for many years in the British Army, most notably as commander in the Egyptian campaign when he forced a French army to surrender at the Siege of Alexandria in 1801, ending Napoleon's ambitions in Egypt.

Siege of Alexandria (1801)
The siege of Alexandria (17 August – 2 September 1801) was fought during the French Revolutionary Wars between French and British forces. It was the last action of the French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801). The French had occupied Alexandria, a major fortified harbour city on the Nile Delta in northern Egypt, since 2 July 1798, and the garrison there surrendered on 2 September 1801.
Hazel Ruby McQuain
Hazel Ruby McQuain (née Robinson; March 22, 1909 – June 15, 2002) was an American businesswoman, community leader, and philanthropist. She is, perhaps, best known for her $8 million donation toward the construction of J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital, the flagship academic medical center of West Virginia University, which is named in honor of her late-husband, J.W. Ruby.

During her life, McQuain formed the Hazel Ruby McQuain Charitable Trust, which continues to make frequent, substantial donations throughout the Morgantown community to this day.

J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital
J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital is the flagship hospital of the West Virginia University Health System, located in Morgantown, West Virginia. An 880-bed tertiary care center, Ruby is also the largest hospital in the health system and serves as the academic medical center of the West Virginia University School of Medicine.

J.W. Ruby Memorial Hospital is home to several medical institutes, including the WVU Cancer Institute, WVU Critical Care and Trauma Institute, WVU Eye Institute, WVU Heart and Vascular Institute, WVU Medicine Children's, and the WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute.

In 1984, in honor of her late husband, John Wesley Ruby, Morgantown philanthropist Hazel Ruby McQuain made an $8 million donation toward the construction of the new hospital. The donation, the largest in West Virginia history at the time, saw the hospital bear Mr. Ruby's name; he remains the hospital's namesake to this day.
Nazar (TV series)
Nazar (transl. Evil Eye) is an Indian supernatural thriller series produced by 4 Lions Films and directed by Atif Khan that airs on StarPlus and streams digitally on Disney+ Hotstar.

Season 1 of the franchise aired from 30 July 2018 to 18 February 2020. It starred Monalisa, Niyati Fatnani, and Harsh Rajput and performed well in TRP charts apart from gaining popularity.

Season 2 of the franchise, which replaced Season 1, premiered on 19 February 2020 and starred Monalisa and Shruti Sharma. Despite having good ratings, the second season of Nazar went off-air due to the pandemic situation of COVID-19 and its high production demand.

A telefilm of Nazar premiered on Star Plus on 10 October 2021 under the name Ankahee Dastaan – Nazar.

Antara Biswas
Antara Biswas (born 21 November), known professionally as Monalisa, is an Indian actress who primarily works in Bhojpuri films and Hindi television. She participated as a contestant on Bigg Boss 10 in 2016 and is best known for portraying Mohana Rathod in the supernatural drama Nazar. Monalisa is considered as one of the highest paid Bhojpuri actress.
Unity Tour
The Unity Tour was a concert tour by the Jacksons. The tour marked the first time the brothers have toured as the Jacksons without Michael, who died on June 25, 2009. This was also the first tour without Randy Jackson. The tour began on June 20, 2012, and ended on July 27, 2013. The lineup consisted of the four eldest Jackson brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon.

Jackie Jackson
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer and songwriter. He is a founding member and the sole constant member of the Jackson 5, for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997. He is the second child of the Jackson family, and the oldest Jackson brother.
J. Johnston Pettigrew
James Johnston Pettigrew (July 4, 1828 – July 17, 1863) was an American author, lawyer, and soldier. He served in the army of the Confederate States of America, fighting in the 1862 Peninsula Campaign and played a prominent role in the Battle of Gettysburg.  Despite starting the Gettysburg campaign commanding a brigade, Pettigrew took over command of his division after the division's original commander, Henry Heth, was wounded.  In this role, Pettigrew was one of three division commanders in the disastrous assault known as Pickett's Charge on the final day of Gettysburg. He was wounded, in the right hand, during the Pickett-Pettigrew Charge on July 3, 1863, and was later mortally wounded during the Union Confederate rearguard action while the Confederates retreated to Virginia near Falling Waters, Virginia (now West Virginia), on July 14, dying several days thereafter on July 17, 1863.

Falling Waters, West Virginia
Falling Waters is a  census-designated place (CDP) on the Potomac River in Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States. It is located along Williamsport Pike (US 11) north of Martinsburg. An 1887 Scientific American article claimed that the first U.S. railroad was built in Falling Waters in 1814. The population was 1,440 at the 2020 census.
Tunku Soraya
Tunku Soraya binti Almarhum Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah (Jawi: تونكو ثريا بنت المرحوم سلطان عبدالحليم معظم شاه; born Tunku Soraya binti Tengku Abdul Aziz; born 30 April 1960) is the Raja Puan Muda (Deputy Crown Princess) of Perak as the wife of Raja Iskandar Dzurkarnain, the Raja Di-Hilir (Deputy Crown Prince) of Perak. She and her twin sister Tunku Sarina were adopted by their maternal uncle Sultan Abdul Halim and his consort Sultanah Bahiyah of Kedah as their daughters on 3 May 1960.

Abdul Halim of Kedah
Al-Mu’tassimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah (Jawi: المعتصم بالله محب الدين سلطان عبدالحليم معظم شاه ابن المرحوم سلطان بدلي شاه; 28 November 1927 – 11 September 2017) was Sultan of Kedah from 1958 until his death in 2017, and served twice as the King of Malaysia from 1970 to 1975 and from 2011 to 2016. He was the first and only ruler to reign as king twice, as well as the oldest elected to the office. Prior to his death, he was the second longest-reigning living monarch in the world after Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.
Muazzez Abacı
Hicran Muazzez Abacı (Turkish pronunciation: [hidʒˈɾan muazˈzez abaˈdʒɯ]; 12 November 1947 – 12 November 2025) was a Turkish singer. Trained in Turkish classical music, she achieved considerable popular success in the Turkish Classical Music genre. She was active from 1973 until 2025, with a silent period between 2002 and 2012. Abacı was awarded the State Artist title in 1998 on the recommendation of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Turkey). Abacı died from multiple organ failure following a cardiac arrest, on 12 November 2025, her 78th birthday. She was buried at Cebeci Asri Cemetery in Ankara on 17 November 2025.

State Artist (Turkey)
State Artist (Turkish: Devlet Sanatçısı, also sometimes translated as "National Artist") is an honorary title granted to prominent artists by the government of Turkey for their contributions to the Turkish culture. It was established in 1971 by the President of Turkey (Cevdet Sunay) and the Minister of Culture and Tourism.

The award is issued for people occupied in various categories of arts: music, dance, theatre, photography, cinema, visual arts, literature, etc.
Channel 101
Channel 101 is a non-profit monthly short film festival in Los Angeles, which has a sister festival in New York City, Channel 101 NY.  Channel 101 is a creation of Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab in which participants submit a short film in the format of a pilot under five minutes in length. The event is structured such that a panel of previously successful submitters choose what pilots are shown, and a live audience at The Downtown Independent decides which pilots continue as a series for the next screening in much the same way TV programs are rated and managed. According to the Channel 101 website, "Channel 101 is a chance to sit in the worn-out chair of the fat network exec, drunk on the blood of lowly artists whose right to exist is given in exchange for their ability to nourish... You run the network. You pick the programming."

Channel 101 NY
Channel 101: NY, formerly known as Channel 102, is a monthly live screening of five-minute-long "TV shows" in New York City, created by Tony Carnevale, with the blessings of Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab. Harmon and Schrab created Channel 101, the Los Angeles-based film festival that inspired Channel 101: NY.

Channel 101: NY launched on February 3, 2005 as Channel 102 at the Variety Underground showcase at the Parkside Lounge. For that debut screening, all pilots that were submitted which met the five-minute maximum length were accepted. Eleven were shown, and the top five became the first "prime time" shows of Channel 102.
Dark Web (Marvel Comics)
"Dark Web" is an American comic book crossover storyline written by Zeb Wells with art by Adam Kubert and Ed McGuinness, published in 2022 by Marvel Comics. The story, which serves as a spiritual successor to "Inferno", involves Spider-Man and the X-Men joining forces against Ben Reilly and Madelyne Pryor as the two wronged clones are teaming up as Chasm and Goblin Queen to raise hell across the Marvel Universe.

"Dark Web" is bookended by two one-shots, subtitled Dusk and Dawn, and the story continued in the pages of Zeb Wells' run of Amazing Spider-Man. The storyline tied into various other books like Venom (vol. 5) and limited series including Gold Goblin, Mary Jane & Black Cat, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel, and Dark Web: X-Men.

Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 6) #18, Dark Web Finale, Dark Web: Ms. Marvel #2, Dark Web: X-Men #3, Mary Jane & Black Cat #2, and Venom (vol. 5) #15 were dedicated in memory of Carlos Pacheco.

Inferno (Marvel Comics)
"Inferno" was a 1989 Marvel Comics company-wide crossover storyline centered upon the X-Men family of titles, including The Uncanny X-Men, X-Factor, X-Terminators, Excalibur, and The New Mutants. The story's inciting incident is demonic invasion of New York City, and its main character arcs were the corruption of Madelyne Pryor into the Goblin Queen, and the final transformation of Illyana Rasputin into the Darkchylde. Other non-X-Men books that tied into the storyline included the Spider-Man titles, which depicted the demonic transformation of the villain Jason Macendale (a.k.a. the Hobgoblin). The core series were written by Louise Simonson, and Chris Claremont, and drawn by Bret Blevins, Marc Silvestri, and Walt Simonson, while the various tie-in books were handled by creators that included Alan Davis, Steve Engelhart, Gerry Conway, David Michelinie, Ann Nocenti, Walter Simonson, Jon Bogdanove, Terry Austin, and Julianna Jones.
Han Hee-jun
Han Hee-jun (Korean: 한희준; born April 20, 1989), also known as Heejun Han, is a South Korean singer. He finished in ninth place on the eleventh season of American Idol in 2012. He also finished in the top six of K-pop Star 3 in 2014.

K-pop Star 3
The third season of the South Korean reality television competition show K-pop Star premiered on SBS on November 24, 2013, airing Sunday evenings at 4:55 pm KST as part of the Good Sunday lineup. Jun Hyun-moo replaced Yoon Do-hyun as host and narrator, and Yoo Hye-young replaced Boom as live host. Yang Hyun-suk and Park Jin-young returned as judges. BoA was replaced by You Hee-yeol, as she was focusing on her music career instead. Changes to the format occurred, including the choice of company for debut made immediately on the live finale. The season ended on April 13, 2014, with Bernard Park crowned as winner and choosing to sign with JYP Entertainment.

A special episode named, K-pop Star 3 D-1 Final Stage, aired on April 12, 2014 before the finals as a summary and analysis of the season.
Enumerative geometry
In mathematics, enumerative geometry is the branch of algebraic geometry concerned with counting numbers of solutions to geometric questions, mainly by means of intersection theory.

While mathematicians mostly lost interest in the field, popular with the Ancient Greeks and afterward, in the mid-1900s, it has experienced a recent reawakening as methods have been discovered to apply motivic homotopy theory to the problems.

A¹ homotopy theory
In algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, branches of mathematics, A1 homotopy theory or motivic homotopy theory is a way to apply the techniques of algebraic topology, specifically homotopy, to algebraic varieties and, more generally, to schemes.  The theory is due to Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky.  The underlying idea is that it should be possible to develop a purely algebraic approach to homotopy theory by replacing the unit interval [0, 1], which is not an algebraic variety, with the affine line A1, which is.  The theory has seen spectacular applications such as Voevodsky's construction of the derived category of mixed motives and the proof of the Milnor and Bloch-Kato conjectures. It has also recently revolutionized the theory of enumerative geometry problems.
Pennsylvania Route 350
Pennsylvania Route 350 (PA 350) is a 22-mile-long (35 km) state highway located in Huntingdon, Blair, and Centre counties in Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at PA 45 in Franklin Township.  The northern terminus is at PA 53/PA 504 in Philipsburg.

Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Huntingdon County is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,092. Its county seat is Huntingdon. The county was created on September 20, 1787, mainly from the northern part of Bedford County, plus an addition of territory on the east (Big Valley, Tuscarora Valley) from Cumberland County. The county is part of the Southwest region of the commonwealth.

Huntingdon County comprises the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Diana Diamond
Diana Diamond (born February 4, 1937) is an American journalist who has edited a number of newspapers including the Palo Alto Daily News, and was a columnist at the Palo Alto Weekly. At the Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal, she was editor of their magazine, Valley Life Quarterly, and a columnist and editorial writer for the Journal. After serving as associate editor and twice-weekly columnist for the Palo Alto Daily Post she later wrote a twice-weekly column for the Palo Alto Daily News on political topics of interest to the city, the state and the nation, a thrice monthly column for The Mercury News and a blog for Palo Alto Online called "An Alternative View."

The Daily News (Palo Alto)
The Daily News, originally the Palo Alto Daily News, is a free newspaper owned by MediaNews Group and located in Menlo Park. Founded in 1995, it was formerly published seven days a week and at one point had a circulation of 67,000 (a figure that included five zoned editions which no longer exist). The Daily News is distributed in red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces.  As of April 7, 2009 the paper ceased to be published as The Palo Alto Daily News and was consolidated with other San Francisco Peninsula Daily News titles; it published five days a week, Tuesday through Saturday. Weekday editions were delivered to selected homes. While continuing to publish daily online, The Daily News cut its print edition back to three days a week in 2013, and one day a week in 2015.
Nightmask
Nightmask is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by writer Archie Goodwin, and first appeared in Nightmask #1 (November 1986), a series which was published under Marvel's New Universe imprint. The 2006 series newuniversal and Marvel's 2012 rebranding, Marvel NOW!, reintroduced the character with different civilian alter egos.

Newuniversal
newuniversal is a comic book series by writer, Warren Ellis; artist, Salvador Larroca, and colorist, Jason Keith. The book series was published by Marvel Comics. The series is a re-imagining of Marvel's New Universe concepts, launched to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the New Universe's creation in 1986.

As with the original New Universe, newuniversal is set in a world where several people suddenly develop superhuman abilities. However, where the New Universe began with the 'real' world as its starting point, the world of newuniversal is already markedly different.
Muskegon Lumberjacks
The Muskegon Lumberjacks are a Tier I junior ice hockey team in the Eastern Conference of the United States Hockey League. They play in Muskegon, Michigan, at Trinity Health Arena. The Lumberjacks replaced the International Hockey League franchise (IHL) of the same name, which relocated to Evansville, Indiana, at the end of the 2009–10 IHL season.

United States Hockey League
The United States Hockey League (USHL) is the top junior ice hockey league sanctioned by USA Hockey. The league consists of 16 active teams located in the Midwestern United States and Great Plains, for players between the ages of 16 and 21. The USHL is strictly amateur, allowing former players to compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college hockey.

The Lincoln Stars won the Anderson Cup as the 2024–25 regular season champions. The Muskegon Lumberjacks won the 2025 Clark Cup playoff championship, their first in franchise history.
The Rifles
The Rifles is an infantry regiment of the British Army. Formed in 2007, it consists of four Regular battalions and three Reserve battalions. Each Regular battalion was formerly an individual battalion of one of the two large regiments of the Light Division (with the exception of the 1st Battalion, which is an amalgamation of two individual regiments). The regiment was involved in the later stages of the Iraq War and in the War in Afghanistan.

Light Division
The Light Division is a light infantry division of the British Army. It was reformed in 2022, as part of Future Soldier reforms.

Its origins lay in "Light Companies" formed during the late 18th century, to move at speed over inhospitable terrain and protect a main force with skirmishing tactics. These units took advantage of then-new technology in the form of rifles, which allowed them to emphasise marksmanship, and were tasked primarily with disrupting and harassing enemy forces in skirmishes before the main forces clashed.

Formed in 1803, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Light Division was raised thereafter: during the Crimean War, the First World War, from 1968 to 2007, and from 2022 to the present day. Some light infantry units remained and remain outside of the Light Division.
Las Marías, Puerto Rico
Las Marías (Spanish pronunciation: [las maˈrias], locally [ˌlaʔ maˈɾiaʔ]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located north of Maricao; southeast of Añasco; south of San Sebastián; east of Mayagüez; and west of Lares. Las Marías is spread over 15 barrios and Las Marías Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).

Las Marías barrio-pueblo
Las Marías barrio-pueblo  is a barrio and the administrative center (seat) of Las Marías, a municipality of Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 262.

As was customary in Spain, in Puerto Rico, the municipality has a barrio called pueblo which contains a central plaza, the municipal buildings (city hall), and a Catholic church. Fiestas patronales (patron saint festivals) are held in the central plaza every year.
Prince Albert Volunteers
The Prince Albert Volunteers (PAV) is the name of two historical infantry units headquartered in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The unit was first raised in 1885 during the North-West Rebellion and disbanded after hostilities ceased. In the 20th century, the unit was operational from 1913 to 1936 and 1941 to 1946. The PAV is now incorporated by amalgamation in the North Saskatchewan Regiment (N Sask R).

Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
Prince Albert is a small city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is the third-largest in the province, after Saskatoon and Regina. It is situated near the geographic centre of the province on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River. Often simply referred to as P. A., the city is also known as the "Gateway to the North" since it is the northernmost major urban centre in the province and serves as somewhat of a hub between Saskatchewan's northern communities and larger communities in the south. Prince Albert National Park is located 51 kilometres (32 mi) north of the city and contains a wealth of lakes, forest, and wildlife. The city itself is located in a transition zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes. Prince Albert is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No. 461, of which it is the seat, but is politically separate.
44th Military Airlift Squadron
The 44th Military Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 60th Military Airlift Wing of Military Airlift Command at Travis Air Force Base, California.

In 1965, the 44th was the first USAF squadron to receive the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. It was inactivated on 1 March 1972.

60th Air Mobility Wing
The 60th Air Mobility Wing is the largest air mobility organization in the United States Air Force and is responsible for strategic airlift and air refueling missions around the world. It is the host unit at Travis Air Force Base in California.  Wing activity is primarily focused on support in the Middle East region; however, it also maintains operations in areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.