hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia
The Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia (CAAM, Malay: Pihak Berkuasa Penerbangan Awam Malaysia; Jawi: ڤيهق بركواس ڤنربڠن عوام مليسيا‎), previously known as the Department of Civil Aviation (DCA, Malay: Jabatan Penerbangan Awam), is a Malaysian government agency under the Ministry of Transport Malaysia. Established in 1969, it entrusted to oversees the technical issues related to the civil aviation sector in Malaysia. On 19 February 2018, DCA was incorporated into a statutory body and renamed as CAAM. On 1 August 2025, CAAM and the Malaysian Aviation Commission (MAVCOM) was merged to establish a standalone aviation regulatory body, which saws CAAM will assumed regulatory functions the latter previously carried out.

Ministry of Transport (Malaysia)
The Ministry of Transport (Malay: Kementerian Pengangkutan; Jawi: كمنترين ڤڠڠكوتن‎), abbreviated MOT, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for transport: road transport, civil aviation, road safety, port authority, maritime, air accident investigation, logistic and maritime safety. The ministry is headquartered  in Putrajaya.

The Minister of Transport administers his functions through the Ministry of Transport and a range of other government agencies.
Cold open
A cold open (also called a teaser sequence) is a narrative technique used in television and films. It is the practice of jumping directly into a story at the beginning of the show before the title sequence or opening credits are shown. In North American television, this is often done on the theory that involving the audience in the plot as soon as possible will reduce the likelihood of them switching to a different show during the opening commercial. A cold open may also be used to recap events in previous episodes or storylines that will be revisited during the current episode.

The cold open technique is sometimes used in films. There, "cold opening" still refers to the opening moments or scenes, but not necessarily to the full duration before the title card, as the title card might appear well after the start.

Title sequence
A title sequence (also called an opening sequence or intro) is the method by which films or television programmes present their title and key production and cast members, utilizing conceptual visuals and sound (often an opening theme song with visuals, akin to a brief music video). It typically includes (or begins) the text of the opening credits, and helps establish the setting and tone of the program. It may consist of live action, animation, music, still images and graphics. In some films, the title sequence is preceded by a cold open.
Salvador de Iturbide y Huarte
Salvador María de Iturbide y Huarte (17 July 1820 – 7 June 1856) was the eighth child (and third son) of Agustín I of Mexico and Empress Ana Maria Huarte. He was married in 1845 to Doña María del Rosario de Marzán y Guisasola. His descendants, through his son Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán, are the current pretenders to the Mexican Throne. He was in the Secretary Mexican Legation in Washington, D.C., in 1849.

Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán
Salvador Agustín Francisco de Paula de Iturbide y Marzán (18 September 1849 – 26 February 1895) was the grandson of Agustín de Iturbide, the first emperor of independent Mexico, and his wife Empress Ana María. He became the adopted son, along with his cousin Agustín de Iturbide y Green, of Mexico's only other imperial couple—Emperor Maximilian I and Empress Carlota.
Morris Kessler
Morris L. Kessler (January 6, 1912 – September 30, 1935) was an American mobster and member of Joseph Amberg's gang in Brooklyn during the early 1930s. As Amberg's personal chauffeur and bodyguard, Kessler was a close associate in his organization until he was killed alongside his boss at a Brownsville auto garage by members of Murder, Inc. in 1935. The gangland slayings of Kessler and Amberg were among the first major contract killings committed by Murder, Inc. and was one of the most publicized of the era.

Joseph C. Amberg
Joseph Amberg (1892 – September 30, 1935), a.k.a. "Joey", was a Russian-born American New York mobster who, with his brothers Hyman and Louis "Pretty" Amberg, was involved in labor racketeering and other criminal activities. During the 1920s and 1930s the brothers competed with rivals such as Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Abe "Kid Twist" Reles and the Shapiro Brothers. On September 30, 1935, Amberg was murdered alongside associate Morris Kessler. The pair were ambushed in a Brownsville, Brooklyn auto repair garage and, after being ordered to line up against the wall, were gunned down by members of Murder, Inc.
Feedback-controlled electromigration
Feedback-controlled electromigration (FCE) is an experimental technique to investigate the phenomenon known as electromigration. By controlling the voltage applied as the conductance varies it is possible to keep the voltage at a critical level for electromigration.

Electromigration
Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.  The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the structure size in electronics such as integrated circuits (ICs) decreases, the practical significance of this effect increases.
Giovanni Ferrero
Giovanni Ferrero (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni ferˈrɛːro]; born 21 September 1964) is an Italian billionaire businessman. He assumed the leadership of the confectionery company Ferrero SpA after the death of his brother Pietro Ferrero in 2011. His personal fortune is estimated at US$43.8 billion in 2024 according to Forbes, making him the 26th richest in the world, and richest in Italy.

Pietro Ferrero Jr.
Pietro Ferrero Jr. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈpjɛːtro ferˈrɛːro]; 11 September 1963 – 18 April 2011) was the joint CEO (with his brother Giovanni) of Italian confectionery company Ferrero SpA, from 1997 until his death in April 2011.
Volvo C30
The Volvo C30 is a three-door, front-engine, front-wheel-drive premium compact hatchback manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars from 2006 to 2013, in a single generation. Powered by inline-four and straight-five engines, the C30 is a variant of the Volvo S40/V50/C70 range, sharing the same Ford C1/Volvo P1 platform. Volvo marketed the C30 as a premium hatchback / sports coupe.

The C30's rear styling and frameless glass rear hatch recall Volvo's earlier P1800 ES and Volvo 480.

Volvo 480
The Volvo 480 is a sporty compact car that was produced in Born, Netherlands, by Volvo from 1986 to 1995. It was the first front-wheel drive car made by Volvo and the only Volvo featuring pop-up headlights. The 480 was available in only one body style on an automobile platform related to the Volvo 440/460 five-door hatchback and four-door saloon models.

It features an unusual four-seat, three-door hatchback body, somewhere between liftback and estate in form. The 480 was marketed as a coupé in Europe starting in 1986. The car was originally intended to be marketed in the United States as a 2+2 "sports wagon" in the fall 1987, although these plans were cancelled in part due to the continued weakness of the U.S. dollar during 1987.
Office of the Comptroller General of the Social Security
The Office of the Comptroller General of the Social Security (Spanish: Intervención General de la Seguridad Social, IGSS) is the department of the Spanish Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration responsible for the internal audit and accounting duties of all the entities that integrate the Social Security system. Although integrated into the Ministry for Social Security, the Office reports directly to the Comptroller General of the State.

The IGSS was created in December 1977. The current comptroller general of the Social Security is Sonia Pérez-Urría Ventosa, who assumed office on December 10, 2020.

Comptroller General of the State
The Comptroller General of the State (IGAE) is a senior official of the Ministry of Finance of Spain. The comptroller directs the Office of the Comptroller General of the State Administration, which is an internal supervisory agency with the task of supervising the state public administration and of managing the public accounts.

The Comptroller General is appointed by the Monarch with the advice of the Finance Minister. The Comptroller General reports directly to the Under Secretary of Finance.
Strong connectivity augmentation
Strong connectivity augmentation is a computational problem in the mathematical study of graph algorithms, in which the input is a directed graph and the goal of the problem is to add a small number of edges, or a set of edges with small total weight, so that the added edges make the graph into a strongly connected graph.

The strong connectivity augmentation problem was formulated by Kapali Eswaran and Robert Tarjan (1976). They showed that a weighted version of the problem is NP-complete, but the unweighted problem can be solved in linear time. Subsequent research has considered the approximation ratio and parameterized complexity of the weighted problem.

Strongly connected component
In the mathematical theory of directed graphs, a graph is said to be strongly connected if every vertex is reachable from every other vertex. The strongly connected components of a directed graph form a partition into subgraphs that are strongly connected themselves. It is possible to test the strong connectivity of a graph, or to find its strongly connected components, in linear time (that is, Θ(V + E)).
Flicker-free
Flicker-free is a term given to video displays, primarily cathode-ray tubes, operating at a high refresh rate to reduce or eliminate the perception of screen flicker. For standard-definition television, this involves operating at a 100 hertz (Hz) or 120 hertz rate to eliminate flicker, compared to common televisions that operate at 50 Hz (PAL/SÉCAM systems) or 60 Hz (NTSC), most simply done by displaying each field of interlaced video twice, rather than once. For computer displays, this is usually a refresh rate of 70–90 Hz, sometimes 100 Hz or higher. This should not be confused with motion interpolation, though the two may be combined.

Televisions operating at these frequencies are often labelled as being 100 or 120 Hz without using the words flicker-free in the description.

Flicker (screen)
Flicker is a visible change in brightness between cycles displayed on video displays. It applies to the refresh interval on cathode-ray tube (CRT) televisions and computer monitors, as well as plasma computer displays and televisions.
Provisional Theatre (Prague)
The Prague Provisional Theatre (Czech: Prozatímní divadlo, Czech pronunciation: [ˈprozaciːmɲiː ˈɟɪvadlo]) was erected in 1862 as a temporary home for Czech drama and opera until a permanent National Theatre could be built. It opened on 18 November 1862 and functioned for 20 years, during which time over 5,000 performances were presented. Between 1866 and 1876 the theatre staged the premieres of four of Bedřich Smetana's operas, including The Bartered Bride. The Provisional Theatre building was eventually incorporated into the structure of the National Theatre, which opened its doors on 11 June 1881.

National Theatre (Prague)
The National Theatre (Czech: Národní divadlo) is a historic opera house in Prague, Czech Republic. It is known as the alma mater of Czech opera, and as the national monument of Czech history and art.

The National Theatre belongs to the most important Czech cultural institutions, with a rich artistic tradition, which helped to preserve and develop the most important features of the nation–the Czech language and a sense for a Czech musical and dramatic way of thinking.

Today the National Theatre consists of three artistic ensembles: opera, ballet and drama. They alternate in their performances in the historic building of the National Theatre, in the State Opera, in the Estates Theatre and in the Kolowrat Theatre. All three artistic ensembles select their repertoire both from classical heritage, and modern authors.
United States Semiquincentennial
The United States Semiquincentennial, also called the Bisesquicentennial, the Sestercentennial, or the Quarter Millennium, will be the 250th anniversary of the United States Declaration of Independence. Festivities will mark various events leading up to the Declaration's anniversary on the 250th Independence Day: July 4, 2026.

Official planning for the celebrations began in 2016 with the congressional, non-partisan United States Semiquincentennial Commission. In 2025, President Donald Trump created the White House Task Force on Celebrating America's 250th Birthday to also promote and plan the events. An unofficial "soft launch" of celebrations began with the United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade on June 14, 2025. America250 events formally began on the eve of July 4, 2025.

United States Semiquincentennial Commission
The United States Semiquincentennial Commission is the congressionally appointed body in charge of promoting and coordinating the United States Semiquincentennial. The commission has been chaired by Rosie Rios since July 2022.
Forest Hill station (Muni Metro)
Forest Hill station is a Muni Metro station located near the Forest Hill and Laguna Honda neighborhoods on the West Side of San Francisco, California. It was originally built in 1916 to 1918 as part of the Twin Peaks Tunnel, and is the oldest subway station west of Philadelphia and east of Istanbul. The station was originally named Laguna Honda; lettering with that former name is carved on the station headhouse.

Scenes from the film Dirty Harry (1971) and Milk (2008) were shot inside of this station.

Twin Peaks Tunnel
The Twin Peaks Tunnel is a 2.27-mile-long (3.65 km) light rail/streetcar tunnel in San Francisco, California. The tunnel runs under Twin Peaks and is used by the K Ingleside, L Taraval, M Ocean View and S Shuttle lines of the Muni Metro system.

The eastern entrance to the tunnel is located at the west end of the Market Street subway, near the intersection of Market and Castro Streets, in the Castro neighborhood, and the western entrance is located at West Portal Avenue and Ulloa Street, in the West Portal neighborhood, named for the tunnel. There are three stations along the tunnel: West Portal at the western entrance, Forest Hill near the middle, and the now disused Eureka Valley near the eastern end.
The Serpent Prince
The Serpent Prince or The Snake Prince (Hungarian: Kégyókirályfi or Kígyókirályfi) is a Hungarian folk tale collected by Hungarian-American scholar Linda Dégh, featuring the marriage between a human maiden and a husband in serpent guise.

The tale is related to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband: a human maiden marries an animal that is a prince in disguise, breaks a taboo and loses him, and she has to seek him out. The story shares motifs with other tales of the region, like Serbian Again, The Snake Bridegroom, and Romanian Trandafiru, The Enchanted Pig and Enchanted Balaur: the heroine must search for her husband under a curse not to bear their child until he touches her again. According to Hungarian scholars, the snake appears as the form of the enchanted husband in most of the Hungarian variants.

Animal as Bridegroom
In folkloristics, "The Animal as Bridegroom" refers to a group of folk and fairy tales about a human woman marrying or being betrothed to an animal. The animal is revealed to be a human prince in disguise or under a curse. Most of these tales are grouped in the international system of Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index under type ATU 425, "The Search for the Lost Husband". Some subtypes exist in the international classification as independent stories, but they sometimes do not adhere to a fixed typing.
Onésimo Redondo
Onésimo Redondo Ortega (16 February 1905 – 24 July 1936) was a Spanish Falangist politician. He founded the Juntas Castellanas de Actuación Hispánica, a political group that merged with Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista and José Antonio Primo de Rivera's Falange Española.

Together with Ledesma and Primo de Rivera, Redondo was one of the key figures of Francoist propaganda.

Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (23 May 1905 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish philosopher, politician, writer, essayist, journalist, and revolutionary, known as one of the pioneers in the introduction of Fascism and National Syndicalism in Spain.
All (band)
All (stylized ALL) is an American punk rock band originally from Los Angeles, California, currently based in Fort Collins, Colorado. The group was formed by Descendents members Bill Stevenson, Karl Alvarez, and Stephen Egerton.

Descendents
The Descendents are an American punk rock band formed in Manhattan Beach, California, in 1977, by guitarist Frank Navetta, bassist Tony Lombardo and drummer Bill Stevenson as a power pop/surf punk band. In 1979, they enlisted Stevenson's school friend Milo Aukerman as a singer, and reappeared as a melodic hardcore punk band, becoming a major player in the hardcore scene developing in Los Angeles at the time. They have released eight studio albums, three live albums, three compilation albums, and four EPs. Since 1986, the band's lineup has consisted of Aukerman, Stevenson, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and bassist Karl Alvarez.
193rd Special Operations Squadron
The 193rd Special Operations Squadron (193 SOS) is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard 193rd Special Operations Wing located at Harrisburg Air National Guard Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania, The 193rd is equipped with the MC-130J Commando II.

193rd Special Operations Wing
The 193rd Special Operations Wing is a unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, stationed at Harrisburg Air National Guard Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania. The wing is gained by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania when in a "state" status, as well as by the United States Air Force and Air Force Special Operations Command in its Federal capacity as part of the Air National Guard.  The wing was organized as a group, the 193rd Tactical Electronic Warfare Group.  Although it has never been mobilized as a unit, most of its equipment and personnel have been individually called up to serve in Southeast Asia and in Desert Storm.
Sindh Land Alienation Bill, 1947
Sindh Land Alienation Bill of 1947 was a piece of legislation introduced by the British Sindh Assembly (now in Pakistan), with the aim of returning the mortgaged land to the owners, Similar to the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900.

Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900
The Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900 was a piece of legislation introduced by the British Raj with the aim of limiting the transfer of land ownership in Punjab Province. It created an "agricultural tribes" category, the membership of which was almost compulsory to buy or sell land.
Sumantra Ghoshal
Sumantra Ghoshal was an Indian scholar and educator. He served as a professor of strategic and international management at the London Business School, and was the founding Dean of the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad. Ghoshal met Christopher Bartlett while he was a PhD student at Harvard. Both of whom have gone on to become frequent contributors at Harvard Business Review and both have collaborated in writing several influential books and articles relating to leadership and organization managements.

His Managing Across Borders: The Transnational Solution, co-authored with Christopher A. Bartlett, has been listed in the Financial Times as one of the 50 most influential management books, and has been translated into nine languages.

Christopher A. Bartlett
Christopher A. Bartlett (born 1943) is an Australian organizational theorist, and Emeritus Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School, known for his work on multinational corporation and transnational management with Sumantra Ghoshal.
Diocese of Leiria–Fátima
The Diocese of Leiria–Fátima (Latin: Dioecesis Leiriensis–Fatimensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Portugal. It is suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Patriarchate of Lisbon.

The main church of the episcopal see is the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Conception, in Leiria. It also has two minor basilicas, both in Fátima: the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary and the Basilica of the Holy Trinity, and also a World Heritage Site: the Monastery of Saint Mary of the Victory, in Batalha, as a decommissioned former Cathedral (now ruined): Church of Our Lady of Pena.

Patriarchate of Lisbon
The Metropolitan Patriarchate of Lisbon (Latin: Patriarchatus Metropolitæ Olisiponensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or patriarchal archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.

Its archiepiscopal see is the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. Mary Major, in Lisbon. The patriarchate also has three minor basilicas: the Basilica of Our Lady of the Martyrs and Basilica of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus in Estrela, both in Lisbon; the Basilica of Our Lady and St. Anthony in Mafra; and two World Heritage Site monasteries: the Monastery of the Hieronymites, in Lisbon, and the Monastery of Saint Mary of Alcobaça, in Alcobaça.
Peosta, Iowa
Peosta is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, and an exurb of the city of Dubuque. It is part of the Dubuque, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,908 in the 2020 census, an increase of 193% from 651 in 2000. Peosta experienced a 70% increase in population (estimated) from 2000 to 2007, making it the state's 10th fastest-growing city during that period. Peosta is currently the sixth-largest city in Dubuque County. The community is home to the 2015 ASA D Northern Nationals Men's Slow Pitch Champions, Kass & Company, a large industrial park, the largest campus of Northeast Iowa Community College, and a handful of new commercial businesses. However, the city is increasingly becoming a bedroom community, much like nearby Asbury, made up of suburban subdivisions.

Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque (/dəˈbjuːk/ ⓘ, dəb-YOOK) is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States, and its county seat. The population was 59,667 at the 2020 census. The city lies along the Mississippi River at the junction of Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin, a region locally known as the Tri-State Area. It serves as the main commercial, industrial, educational, and cultural center for the area. Geographically, it is part of the Driftless Area, a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsin Glaciation, resulting in a hilly topography unlike most of the Midwestern United States.

Dubuque is a regional tourist destination featuring the city's architecture, casinos, and riverside location. It is home to five institutions of higher education. While Dubuque has historically been a center of manufacturing, the local economy also includes health care, publishing, and financial service sectors.
Goran Rakočević
Goran Rakočević (Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Ракочевић; born March 1, 1951) is a Serbian former professional basketball player. He is the father of Igor Rakočević, a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player.

Igor Rakočević
Igor Rakočević (Serbian Cyrillic: Игор Ракочевић; born 29 March 1978) is a Serbian professional basketball executive and former player.

At a height of 1.94 m (6'4 1⁄2") tall, he played at both the point guard and shooting guard positions, but he spent the vast majority of his career playing as a shooting guard. During his playing career, Rakočević was a two-time All-EuroLeague Team member, and a three-time Alphonso Ford EuroLeague Top Scorer Trophy winner. He was also a member of the senior FR Yugoslavian national team, which was eventually renamed the Serbian and Montenegrin national team. With FR Yugoslavia, he won gold medals at both the 2001 FIBA EuroBasket and the 2002 FIBA World Championship.