hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
I*
i* (pronounced "i star") or i* framework is a modeling language suitable for an early phase of system modeling in order to understand the problem domain. i* modeling language allows to model both as-is and to-be situations. The name i* refers to the notion of distributed intentionality which underlines the framework. It is an approach originally developed for modelling and reasoning about organizational environments and their information systems composed of heterogeneous actors with different, often competing, goals that depend on each other to undertake their tasks and achieve these goals. It covers both actor-oriented and goal modeling. i* models answer the question WHO and WHY, not what.

In contrast, the UML use case approach covers only functional goals, with actors directly involved in operations (typically with software). The KAOS approach covers goals of all types but is less concerned with the intentionality of actors.

Use case
In both software and systems engineering, a use case is a structured description of a system’s behavior as it responds to requests from external actors, aiming to achieve a specific goal. The term is also used outside software/systems engineering to describe how something can be used.

In software (and software-based systems) engineering, it is used to define and validate functional requirements. A use case is a list of actions or event steps typically defining the interactions between a role (known in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) as an actor) and a system to achieve a goal. The actor can be a human or another external system. In systems engineering, use cases are used at a higher level than within software engineering, often representing missions or stakeholder goals. The detailed requirements may then be captured in the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) or as contractual statements.
Henry Lamb
Henry Taylor Lamb MC RA (21 June 1883 – 8 October 1960) was an Australian-born British painter. A follower of Augustus John, Lamb was a founder member of the Camden Town Group in 1911 and of the London Group in 1913.

Augustus John
Augustus Edwin John OM RA (4 January 1878 – 31 October 1961) was a Welsh painter, draughtsman, and etcher. For a time he was considered the most important artist at work in Britain: Virginia Woolf remarked that by 1908 the era of John Singer Sargent and Charles Wellington Furse "... was over. The age of Augustus John was dawning." In the second volume of BLAST, Percy Wyndham Lewis wrote, referring to John, that the ten years up to 1914 had been "the Augustan decade." He was the younger brother of the painter Gwen John.
Sanyi teaching
The Harmonious Church of the Three-in-One (Chinese: 三一教协会; pinyin: Sānyī jiào xiéhuì), or Sanyiism (Chinese: 三一教; pinyin: Sānyī jiào) and Xiaism (Chinese: 夏教; pinyin: Xià jiào), is a Chinese folk religious sect of Confucian character founded in the 16th century by Lin Zhao'en, in Putian. In 2011, it was officially recognised by the government of Fujian.

The religion is based on Confucian moral ideas and ancestral worship, and includes meditation techniques modeled after neidan (Chinese: 內丹术; pinyin: nèidān shù) and pursuit of enlightenment. Differently from other Chinese folk religious sects, the Sanyi philosophy is not expounded in the sentimental vernacular language but in the elaborate language of the Confucian literary tradition. The "Three in One" is a philosophical concept expressing the original trinity proceeding from the Tao, the two principles, yin and yang, of the Great Pole. The Great Pole is the One that contains yin and yang, the Two, in the Three.

Chinese salvationist religions
Chinese salvationist religions or Chinese folk religious sects are a Chinese religious tradition characterised by a concern for salvation (moral fulfillment) of the person and the society. They are distinguished by egalitarianism, a founding charismatic person often informed by a divine revelation, a specific theology written in holy texts, a millenarian eschatology and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the numinous through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through evangelism and philanthropy.

Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great Chinese religious category alongside the well-established Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Generally these religions focus on the worship of the universal God (Shangdi) and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God.
John Hopper Mathews
John Hopper Mathews (August 3, 1926 – February 2, 2015) was an American and Osage Nation actor, professor, and research scientist.

Mathews was born in Los Angeles and shortly after his father, John Joseph Mathews, left the family. He moved with his mother, Virginia Hopper, and older sister, Virginia Mathews, to New York City where he worked as a radio actor, broadway actor, and church choir singer to help support the family.

Mathews later attended the U.S. Naval Academy, ETH Zurich, and the University of Michigan before starting a career as a military research scientist. After retiring from civil service he taught at Bowie State College.

Virginia Mathews
Virginia Winslow Hopper Mathews (March 9, 1925 – May 7, 2011) was a literacy advocate and author. Mathews, the daughter of American Indian author John Joseph Mathews, co-founded the American Indian Library Association (AILA). She also helped develop Sesame Street while serving as a consultant to Children's Television Workshop, and she promoted activities to support literacy through libraries.
European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights
The European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights (ESOHR) (Arabic: المنظمة الأوروبية السعودية لحقوق الإنسان) is a Europe-based human rights organisation for documenting and promoting human rights in Saudi Arabia.

Human rights in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy in which all legislative, executive, and judicial power ultimately rests in the hands of the king. The government system concentrates authority within the monarchy, which has drawn international attention and criticism over restrictions on political and civil liberties. While the Kingdom has introduced reforms in recent years, significant challenges remain regarding freedoms of expression, assembly, and political participation. The government is consistently ranked among the "worst of the worst" in Freedom House's annual survey of political and civil rights and was in 2023 ranked as the world's most authoritarian regime.

The regime works to whitewash its record of human rights abuses. For example, it has for more than a decade employed the public relations organization Qorvis MSLGroup, a U.S. subsidiary of Publicis Groupe.
Ksenia Sobchak
Ksenia Anatolyevna Sobchak (Russian: Ксения Анатольевна Собчак, IPA: ['ksʲenʲɪjə ɐnɐ'tolʲjɪvnə sɐpˈt͜ɕak]; born 5 November 1981) is a Russian journalist, media manager, television personality, and former politician. She is the younger daughter of Anatoly Sobchak, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg and one of Vladimir Putin's mentors, and Senator Lyudmila Narusova. Sobchak became known to the wider public as the host of the TNT reality show Dom-2. She later became an anchor at the independent television channel TV Rain. Sobchak was the Civic Initiative's candidate for the 2018 Russian presidential election. As of January 2023, she hosts the television show Dok-Tok with Alexander Gordon.

Anatoly Sobchak
Anatoly Aleksandrovich Sobchak (Russian: Анатолий Александрович Собчак, IPA: [ɐnɐˈtolʲɪj ɐlʲɪˈksandrəvʲɪtɕ sɐpˈtɕak]; 10 August 1937 – 19 February 2000) was a Russian politician and legal scholar, a co-author of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg.
Cayley configuration space
In the mathematical theory of structural rigidity, the Cayley configuration space of a linkage over a set of its non-edges , called Cayley parameters, is the set of distances attained by  over all its frameworks, under some -norm. In other words, each framework of the linkage prescribes a unique set of distances to the non-edges of , so the set of all frameworks can be described by the set of distances attained by any subset of these non-edges. Note that this description may not be a bijection. The motivation for using distance parameters is to define a continuous quadratic branched covering from the configuration space of a linkage to a simpler, often convex, space. Hence, obtaining a framework from a Cayley configuration space of a linkage over some set of non-edges is often a matter of solving quadratic equations.

Cayley configuration spaces have a close relationship to the flattenability and combinatorial rigidity of graphs.

Graph flattenability
Flattenability in some -dimensional normed vector space is a property of graphs which states that any embedding, or drawing, of the graph in some high dimension  can be "flattened" down to live in -dimensions, such that the distances between pairs of points connected by edges are preserved. A graph  is -flattenable if every distance constraint system (DCS) with  as its constraint graph has a -dimensional framework. Flattenability was first called realizability, but the name was changed to avoid confusion with a graph having some DCS with a -dimensional framework.

Flattenability has connections to structural rigidity, tensegrities, Cayley configuration spaces, and a variant of the graph realization problem.
Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet
Sir John William de la Pole, 6th Baronet MP (26 June 1757 – 30 November 1799) of Shute in the parish of Colyton, Devon, was a Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of West Looe. In 1791 he published, under the title Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, the researches on the history and genealogy of Devonshire made by his ancestor the antiquary Sir William Pole (d.1635), which he did not publish in his lifetime and which were enlarged by his son Sir John Pole, 1st Baronet, but which were partly destroyed during the Civil War at Colcombe Castle.

New Shute House
New Shute House is a late Palladian country house built between 1785 and 1789 by Sir John de la Pole, 6th Baronet (1757–1799) and is situated within the grounds of Old Shute House, in the parish of Shute, near Axminster, East Devon. It was given Grade II* listing on 8 May 1967. It was vacated by the Pole family in 1926 and was let between 1933 and 1974 to a girls' school. In 1974 it was sold by the family to a developer who converted it, together with stables and outbuildings, into 8 freehold apartments. It remains in private ownership and the main block has now been converted back into a single residence from the two vertically divided apartments created in 1974.
Camanachd Association
The Camanachd Association (in Scottish Gaelic, Comann na Camanachd) is the world governing body of the Scottish sport of shinty. The body is based in Inverness, Highland, and is in charge of the rules of the game. Its main competitions are the Tulloch Homes Camanachd Cup, Mowi Premiership and the Mowi Valerie Fraser Camanachd Cup, as well as the annual composite shinty-hurling series with fellow Gaelic sporting federation the Irish GAA.

Shinty–Hurling International Series
The Shinty/Hurling International is a sports competition played annually between the Ireland national hurling team (selected by the Gaelic Athletic Association) and Scotland national shinty team (selected by the Camanachd Association). The series is conducted according to the rules of shinty–hurling, which is a hybrid sport consisting of a mixture of rules from the Gaelic sports of Scottish shinty and Irish hurling. The competition is currently sponsored by Mowi and is officially known as the Mowi Shinty/Hurling International.
Tanbur
The term Tanbur can refer to various long-necked string instruments originating in Mesopotamia, Southern or Central Asia. According to the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, "terminology presents a complicated situation. Nowadays the term tanbur (or tambur) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked lutes used in art and folk traditions. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms." These instruments are used in the traditional music of Iran, Iraq, India, Armenia, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan (especially Avar community), Pakistan, Turkey, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.

Turkish tambur
The tambur is a fretted string instrument of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. There are two variants, one of which is played with a plectrum (mızraplı tambur) and the other with a bow (yaylı tambur). The player is called a tamburî.
Putnam County, New York
Putnam County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 97,668. The county seat is Carmel, within one of the county's six towns. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.

Putnam County is bordered by Dutchess County to the north, Connecticut and its county of Fairfield to the east,  Westchester County to the south, and the Hudson River and Orange County to the west. Midtown Manhattan is around a one-hour drive, and the county is included in the New York metropolitan area.

Putnam County was formed in 1812 from Dutchess County and is named for Israel Putnam, a hero in the French and Indian War and a general in the American Revolutionary War.

It is one of the most affluent counties in America, ranked 21st by median household income, and 43rd by per-capita income, according to the 2012 American Community Survey and 2009–2013 American Community Survey, respectively.

Orange County, New York
Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 401,310. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.

Orange County is part of the Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh metropolitan statistical area, which belongs to the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.

As of the 2020 census the center of population of the state of New York was located in Orange County, in the hamlet of Cuddebackville.
Alexandre Jean-Baptiste Brun
Alexandre Jean-Baptiste Brun (Marseille, 3 November 1853, Marseille; 5 November 1941) was a French painter, a pupil of Alexandre Cabanel, Carolus-Duran and Félix Bracquemond. He is especially known for his many marine paintings and a collection of watercolors on dark wash representing orchids.

Carolus-Duran
Charles Auguste Émile Durand, known as Carolus-Duran (4 July 1837 – 17 February 1917), was a French painter and art instructor. 
He is noted for his stylish depictions of members of high society in Third Republic France.
Memories Off: Yubikiri no Kioku
Memories Off: Yubikiri no Kioku (メモリーズオフ ゆびきりの記憶, Memoriizu Ofu Yubikiri no Kioku) is a Japanese romance visual novel developed and published by 5pb. for the Xbox 360 and later ported to the PlayStation Portable, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita. It is the seventh game in the Memories Off series.

Memories Off
Memories Off (Japanese: メモリーズオフ, Hepburn: Memoriizu Ofu) is a series of Japanese romance visual novel video games released by KID. The first game in the series, simply called Memories Off, was released in 1999 for the PlayStation. Memories Off titles have been released on the PC as well as video and handheld gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 2, Dreamcast, WonderSwan Color, and the PlayStation Portable. Several of the series' games' story have been adapted into original video animations, novels, or manga.

With the bankruptcy of KID in 2006, the development of Memories Off #5: Encore was cancelled. It also marked a temporary halt to any development of the game series. However, after Cyberfront took over the brand, development resumed and Memories Off #5: Encore was released on July 12, 2007. However, as of November 30, 2007, 5pb. Games has acquired exclusive rights of the series from Cyberfront and all future development of the series will be handled by 5pb. Games.
Johann Christian Martin Bartels
Johann Christian Martin Bartels (12 August 1769 – 20 December [O.S. 7 December] 1836) was a German mathematician.  He was the tutor of Carl Friedrich Gauss in Braunschweig and the educator of Nikolai Lobachevsky at the University of Kazan in Russia.

Nikolai Lobachevsky
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (/loʊbəˈtʃɛfski/; Russian: Никола́й Ива́нович Лобаче́вский, IPA: [nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ləbɐˈtɕefskʲɪj] ⓘ; 1 December [O.S. 20 November] 1792 – 24 February [O.S. 12 February] 1856) was a Russian mathematician and geometer, known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry, and also for his fundamental study on  Dirichlet integrals, known as the Lobachevsky integral formula.

William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work.
HGTV (UK & Ireland)
HGTV (formerly Home) was a British free-to-air interior home and garden-orientated lifestyle television channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland, owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel originally launched on 1 November 1997 as UK Style, and then was rebranded Home on 30 April 2009, and was rebranded to its final form on 21 January 2020. HGTV was broadcast 24 hours a day on Sky.

UK Style was transmitted by terrestrial provider ITV Digital 24 hours a day until the company's collapse in 2002. After a slight rebrand to UKTV Style, the channel returned to terrestrial television for a time in the mid-2000s as part of the now-defunct Top Up TV system. Before 2016, Home was a pay channel. Home became available as a free-to-air linear service on Freeview from 1 March 2016.

The channel closed on 13 January 2026, with its programming moved to Really and its channel slot on Freeview replaced by a new generalist version of TLC.

Really (TV channel)
Really is a British free-to-air digital television channel broadcasting in the United Kingdom and Ireland, currently owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The channel launched on 19 May 2009 as UKTV's channel for female audiences.  Since January 2026, the channel shows home-styling shows, alongside antiques, lifestyle and paranormal programming. It is available on satellite through Sky and Freesat, cable through Virgin Media and also on digital terrestrial provider Freeview.
Paulsternstraße (Berlin U-Bahn)
Paulsternstraße is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7. It was opened on 1 October 1984 (constructed by Rümmler), with the line's extension from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau. Its name means "Paul Stern Street" in English, Paul Stern having been the name of a pub owner after whom a Spandau neighbourhood was named.
The station's interiors are notable for the large and colorful mosaics which decorate almost all walls. All signs spell "Paulsternstrasse".

It lies between the stations Haselhorst and Rohrdamm.

The Paulsternstraße is also a street in Berlin, Spandau.
The walls are covered with pictures of flowers, grass and sunpatterns. The ceiling is also covered with stars. The next station is Rohrdamm.

Rohrdamm (Berlin U-Bahn)
Rohrdamm is a station on the Berlin U-Bahn line U7 in the Siemensstadt district.

Designed by architect Rümmler, the station was opened on 1 October 1980, as part of the line's extension from Richard-Wagner-Platz to Rohrdamm. Until the second extension of the line from Rohrdamm to Rathaus Spandau in 1984, it was the western terminus of the U7. The name literally means "pipe dam"; as the eponymous street was laid out along a water pipe which gets its water from the Tegeler See and fills the water works in Jungfernheide, from which about 250,000 people get drinking water. The station's machine-like decoration, featuring cog-wheels and pipes, points to this. The adjacent stations are Paulsternstraße and Siemensdamm.
Swiss children coercion reparation initiative
The Swiss children coercion reparation initiative (German: Wiedergutmachungsinitiative) was a Swiss federal popular initiative. It called for reappraisal and a fund of 500 million Swiss francs for Verdingkinder (forced child laborers) and other victims of compulsory social measures in Switzerland.

The initiative was launched in April and submitted in December 2014. In 2016, a counter-proposal by the Federal Council was adopted by the Swiss Parliament. The Federal Act on Compulsory Social Measures and Placements Prior to 1981 largely met the demands of the initiative, which was subsequently withdrawn.

Verdingkinder
Verdingkinder, Verdingsbuben, "contract children", or "indentured child laborers" were children in Switzerland who were removed from their families by the authorities due to poverty or moral reasons (e.g. the mother being unmarried, very poor, of Yenish origin, neglect, etc.), and placed in foster families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour. In the early 2000s, many of these children, by then adults, publicly stated that they had been severely mistreated by their foster families, suffering neglect, beatings and other physical and psychological abuse. The Verdingkinder scheme was common in Switzerland from the 1800's until the 1960's.
Nishterabad
Nishterabad (Pashto: ٖنشتر آباد, Urdu: نشتر آباد), also spelled as Nishtarabad, is a residential neighbourhood in Peshawar, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.
It is bordered by Hashtnagri to the west and Gulbahar to the east.

Gulbahar, Peshawar
Gulbahar (Pashto: ٖګل بهار, Urdu: گل بہار) is a neighbourhood of Peshawar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It was the first planned residential colony of the Peshawar city. It is located to the east of Nishterabad.
SMK tank
The SMK was an armored vehicle prototype developed by the Soviet Union prior to the Second World War. It was named after Sergei Mironovich Kirov, a Communist Party official assassinated in 1934. The SMK was discovered and classified by German intelligence as the T-35C, leading to the misunderstanding that the T-35 took part in the Winter War.

Only one was built and after a trial showing the downsides of its weight and size against the KV tank and brief use in the war with Finland, the project was dropped.

T-35
The T-35 was a Soviet multi-turreted heavy tank of the interwar period and early Second World War that saw limited service with the Red Army. Often called a "land battleship", it was the only five-turreted heavy tank in the world to reach production, but proved to be slow and mechanically unreliable. Most of the T-35 tanks still operational at the time of Operation Barbarossa were lost due to mechanical failure rather than enemy action. It was designed to complement the contemporary T-28 medium tank; however, very few were built.

Outwardly it was large, but internally the spaces were cramped with the fighting compartments separated from each other. Some of the turrets obscured the entrance hatches.