hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
One Magnificent Morning
One Magnificent Morning (OMM) is an American programming block that is programmed by Hearst Media Production Group (formerly Litton Entertainment) and distributed by CBS Media Ventures, and debuted on October 4, 2014, as a replacement for the animation block Vortexx. It airs on Saturday mornings on the owned-and-operated stations and affiliates of The CW, the block features live-action documentary and lifestyle series aimed at teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18, the same style of programming that Litton provides for competing blocks seen on ABC, CBS, and NBC. All of the programs in the three-hour block are designed to meet federally mandated educational programming guidelines. The block's name is a nod to ABC's One Saturday Morning.

Hearst Media Production Group
The Hearst Media Production Group, formerly Litton Syndications and Litton Entertainment, is an American media production and syndication based in New York City, New York and a subsidiary of the Hearst Television division of Hearst Communications, with three additional offices in Boston, Washington, D.C. and Burbank, California. Many of HMPG's programs comply with federally mandated educational and informational requirements.
Westbury, Wiltshire
Westbury is a market town and civil parish in west Wiltshire, England. The town lies below the northwestern edge of Salisbury Plain, about 4 miles (6 km) south of Trowbridge and a similar distance north of Warminster.

Westbury was known for the annual Hill Fair where many sheep were sold in the 18th and 19th centuries; later growth came from the town's position at the intersection of two railway lines. The busy A350, which connects the M4 motorway with the south coast, passes through the town. The urban area has expanded to include the village of Westbury Leigh and the hamlets of Chalford and Frogmore.

Warminster
Warminster (/ˈwɔːrmɪnstər/) is a historic market town and civil parish in south-west Wiltshire, England, on the western edge of Salisbury Plain. The parish had a population of 18,173 in 2021.

The name Warminster occurs first in the early 10th century and the Minster Church of St Denys was begun in the 11th century. The High Street and Market Place have many fine buildings including the Athenaeum Centre, the Town Hall, St Lawrence Chapel, The Old Bell and a variety of independent shops. Several Army establishments, known collectively as the Warminster Garrison, are on the edges of the town.
Strada statale 38 dello Stelvio
Strada statale 38 dello Stelvio (SS 38, German: Stilfserjochstraße) is an Italian state highway 224.29 kilometres (139.37 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol that connects Valtellina with the South Tyrolean Vinschgau via the Stelvio Pass (2,758 metres (9,049 ft) meters), to continue in Etschtal until it reaches Bolzano.

State highways (Italy)
The Strade Statali (Italian: [ˈstraːde staˈtaːli]; sg. Strada Statale [ˈstraːda staˈtaːle]), abbreviated SS, are the Italian national network of state highways. The total length of the network is about 25,000 km (16,000 mi).

The Italian state highway network is maintained by ANAS. From 1928 until 1946, state highways were maintained by the Azienda Autonoma Statale della Strada (AASS).

The routes of some Italian state highways derive from ancient Roman roads, such as the Strada statale 7 Via Appia, which broadly follows the route of the Appian Way. Other examples are the Strada statale 1 Via Aurelia (Via Aurelia) and the Strada statale 4 Via Salaria (Via Salaria).
St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Flint
St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School is a Catholic co-educational voluntary aided secondary school situated on Albert Avenue in Flint, Flintshire, United Kingdom.  It was founded in 1954 to serve the Catholic population of Flintshire.

It is one of three Catholic secondary schools in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrexham, the others being St Joseph's Catholic & Anglican High School, Wrexham and Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School, Rhyl.

Flint, Flintshire
Flint (Welsh: Y Fflint) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee. It is the former county town of Flintshire. According to the 2011 Census, the population of the community of Flint was 12,953, increasing to 13,732 at the 2021 census. The urban area including Holywell and Bagillt had a population of 26,442.
Gisela of Burgundy, Marchioness of Montferrat
Gisela of Burgundy (1075–1135) was a Countess consort of Savoy and a Marchioness consort of Montferrat. Gisela was the wife of Humbert II, Count of Savoy and later of Rainier of Montferrat whom she married after Humbert's death. Gisela was the daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy and his consort Stephanie.

Gisela married Humbert II, Count of Savoy. They had:

Amadeus III, Count of Savoy

William, Bishop of Liège

Adelaide of Maurienne (d. 1154), wife of King Louis VI of France

Agnes—wife of Arcimboldo VI, lord of Bourbon

Humbert

Reginald

Gisela married Rainier, Marquis of Montferrat. They had:

Joanna, who married William Clito, Count of Flanders, in 1127, and was widowed a year later

William V, Marquis of Montferrat

Matilda, wife of Alberto of Parodi, Margrave of Parodi

Adelasia—a nun

Isabella—wife of Guido, Count of Biandrate

Humbert II, Count of Savoy
Humbert II (Italian: Umberto II), nicknamed the Fat (c. 1065 – 19 October 1103), was Count of Savoy from 1080 until his death in 1103.  He was the son of Amadeus II of Savoy.

He was married to Gisela of Burgundy, daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, and had seven children:

Amadeus III of Savoy (1095–1148)

William, Bishop of Liège

Adelaide, (d. 1154), married to Louis VI of France

Agnes, (d. 1127), married to Archimbald VI, lord of Bourbon

Umberto

Reginald

Guy, abbey of Namur
Shoeburyness railway station
Shoeburyness railway station is the eastern terminus of the London, Tilbury and Southend Line (Engineer's Line Reference FSS), serving the coastal town of Shoeburyness, in Essex, England. It is 39 miles 40 chains (63.57 km) down the main line from London Fenchurch Street, via Basildon; the preceding station is Thorpe Bay. Its three-letter station code is SRY.

The line and station were opened in 1884 when the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway extended east from Southend. The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c.

Thorpe Bay railway station
Thorpe Bay railway station is on the London, Tilbury and Southend line, serving the Thorpe Bay area to the east of Southend-on-Sea, Essex. It is 37 miles 73 chains (61.0 km) down the main line from London Fenchurch Street via Basildon and is situated between Southend East and Shoeburyness. Its three-letter station code is TPB. The station and all trains serving it are currently operated by c2c.
Alsancak railway station
Alsancak railway station (Turkish: Alsancak Garı) is one of the two main railway terminals in İzmir and is the second-oldest railway station in Turkey, after Kemer, being completed in 1858. The station serves İZBAN trains. İZBAN operates commuter trains north to Aliağa and Menemen and south to Cumaovası and Tepeköy.

Kemer railway station
Kemer railway station (Turkish: Kemer İstasyonu) is a railway station in İzmir. The station is the oldest railway station in Turkey, built in 1857. İZBAN operates commuter trains north to Aliağa and Menemen and south to Cumaovası and Tepeköy.
PTAS reduction
In computational complexity theory, a PTAS reduction is an approximation-preserving reduction that is often used to perform reductions between solutions to optimization problems. It preserves the property that a problem has a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) and is used to define completeness for certain classes of optimization problems such as APX. Notationally, if there is a PTAS reduction from a problem A to a problem B, we write .

With ordinary polynomial-time many-one reductions, if we can describe a reduction from a problem A to a problem B, then any polynomial-time solution for B can be composed with that reduction to obtain a polynomial-time solution for the problem A. Similarly, our goal in defining PTAS reductions is so that given a PTAS reduction from an optimization problem A to a problem B, a PTAS for B can be composed with the reduction to obtain a PTAS for the problem A.

Approximation-preserving reduction
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, especially the study of approximation algorithms, an approximation-preserving reduction is an algorithm for transforming one optimization problem into another problem, such that the distance of solutions from optimal is preserved to some degree.  Approximation-preserving reductions are a subset of more general reductions in complexity theory; the difference is that approximation-preserving reductions usually make statements on approximation problems or optimization problems, as opposed to decision problems.

Intuitively, problem A is reducible to problem B via an approximation-preserving reduction if, given an instance of problem A and a (possibly approximate) solver for problem B, one can convert the instance of problem A into an instance of problem B, apply the solver for problem B, and recover a solution for problem A that also has some guarantee of approximation.
Manus Lunny
Manus Lunny (born 1962) is an Irish producer and multi-instrumentalist from County Donegal, Ireland, best known as a member of Celtic supergroup Capercaillie. He is the brother of multi-instrumentalist and producer Dónal Lunny.

Dónal Lunny
Dónal Lunny (born 10 March 1947) is an Irish folk musician and producer. He plays guitar and bouzouki, as well as keyboards and bodhrán. As a founding member of popular bands Planxty, The Bothy Band, Moving Hearts, Coolfin, Mozaik, LAPD, and Usher's Island, he has been at the forefront of the renaissance of Irish traditional music for over five decades. In 2025 he was the recipient of the RTÉ Radio 1 Folk Awards Lifetime Achievement Award.
Meovv
Meovv (pronounced "Meow"; Korean: 미야오; RR: Miyao, stylized in all caps) is a South Korean girl group formed and managed by The Black Label. The group consists of five members: Sooin, Gawon, Anna, Narin, and Ella. They debuted on September 6, 2024, with the release of their digital single "Meow".

Ella Gross
Ella McKenzie Gross (/ɡroʊs/, German: [ɡʁoːs]; born December 1, 2008), also known mononymously as Ella, is an American singer, model, and actress based in South Korea. She first began her career as a model at age two and has modeled for fashion brands such as H&M, Levi's, and GAP. As a singer, she debuted as a member of the South Korean girl group Meovv in September 2024, under The Black Label.
Frances Spence
Frances V. Spence (née Bilas; March 2, 1922 – July 18, 2012) was an American physicist and computer scientist. She was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC (the first electronic digital computer). She is considered one of the first computer programmers in history.

The other five ENIAC programmers were Betty Holberton, Ruth Teitelbaum, Kathleen Antonelli, Marlyn Meltzer, and Jean Bartik.

Betty Holberton
Frances Elizabeth Holberton (March 7, 1917 – December 8, 2001) was an American computer scientist who was one of the six original programmers of the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). The other five ENIAC programmers were Jean Bartik, Ruth Teitelbaum, Kathleen Antonelli, Marlyn Meltzer, and Frances Spence.

Holberton invented breakpoints in computer debugging.
Volition (linguistics)
In linguistics, volition is a concept that distinguishes whether the subject, or agent of a particular sentence intended an action or not. Simply, it is the intentional or unintentional nature of an action. Volition concerns the idea of control and for the purposes outside of psychology and cognitive science, is considered the same as intention in linguistics. Volition can then be expressed in a given language using a variety of possible methods. These sentence forms usually indicate that a given action has been done intentionally, or willingly. There are various ways of marking volition cross-linguistically. When using verbs of volition in English, like "want" or "prefer", these verbs are not expressly marked. Other languages handle this with affixes, while others have complex structural consequences of volitional or non-volitional encoding.

Agent (grammar)
In linguistics, a grammatical agent is the thematic relation of the cause or initiator to an event. The agent is a semantic concept distinct from the subject of a sentence as well as from the topic. While the subject is determined syntactically, primarily through word order, the agent is determined through its relationship to the action expressed by the verb. For example, in the sentence "The little girl was bitten by the dog", girl is the subject, but dog is the agent.

The word agent comes from the present participle agens, agentis ('the one doing') of the Latin verb agere, to 'do' or 'make'.
Ottoman poetry
The poetry of the Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman Divan poetry, is little known outside modern Turkey, which forms the heartland of what was once the Ottoman Empire. It is, however, a rich and ancient poetic tradition that lasted for nearly 700 years, and one whose influence can still be felt in the modern Turkish poetic tradition.

Even in modern Turkey, however, Ottoman Divan poetry is a highly specialist subject. Much of this has to do with the fact that Divan poetry is written in Ottoman Turkish, which was written using a variant of the Arabic script and made extensive use of Arabic and Persian words, making the language vastly different from modern Turkish. In its own time, knowledge of this form of literary Turkish was largely limited to the educated classes.

Diwan (poetry)
A diwan (from Persian دیوان divân [d̪iːˈvɒːn]; Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈwaːn]) is a collection of poems by a single author – usually excluding the poet's long poems – in Islamic cultures of West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia.

The vast majority of Diwan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals (or gazels, which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition) or kasîdes. There were, however, other common genres, most particularly the mesnevî—a kind of verse romance and thus a variety of narrative poetry; the two most notable examples of this form are the Layla and Majnun (ليلى و مجنون) of Fuzûlî and the Hüsn ü Aşk (حسن و عشق – 'Beauty and Love') of Şeyh Gâlib.

Originating in Persian literature, the idea spread to the Arab, Turkic and Indic worlds, and the term was sometimes used in Europe, albeit not always in the same way.
Old Mortality
Old Mortality is one of the Waverley novels by Walter Scott. Set in south west Scotland, it forms, along with The Black Dwarf, the 1st series of his Tales of My Landlord (1816). The novel deals with the period of the Covenanters, featuring their victory at Loudoun Hill (also known as the Battle of Drumclog) and their defeat at Bothwell Bridge, both in June 1679; a final section is set in 1689 at the time of the royalist defeat at Killiecrankie.

Scott's original title was The Tale of Old Mortality, but this is generally shortened in most references.

The Black Dwarf (novel)
One of the Waverley Novels by Walter Scott, The Black Dwarf was part of his Tales of My Landlord, 1st series (1816). It is set in 1708, in the Scottish Borders, against the background of the first uprising to be attempted by the Jacobites after the Act of Union.
Optatus of Thamugadai
Optatus of Thamugadi was, from 388 to 398, a donatist bishop in the city of Thamugadi (Timgad) in the Roman province of Numidia. He was an important subject in the anti-donatistic polemic of Augustine, who was at that time a bishop in Hippo Regius and who called him evil.

Optatus was associated both with the militant Circumcellions, which are regarded as adherents of the Donatists, as well as with the renegade Roman general Gildo. Augustine made Optatus responsible for attacks on Catholics, but also at the anti-Donatist opponents, the Maximinianists.

Timgad
Timgad (Arabic: تيمقاد, romanized: Tīmqād, known as Marciana Traiana Thamugadi) was a Roman city in the Aurès Mountains of Algeria. It was founded by the Roman Emperor Trajan around 100 AD. The full name of the city was Colonia Marciana Ulpia Traiana Thamugadi. Emperor Trajan named the city in commemoration of his mother Marcia, eldest sister Ulpia Marciana, and father Marcus Ulpius Traianus.

Located in modern-day Algeria, about 35 kilometers (22 mi) east of the city of Batna, the ruins are noteworthy for representing one of the best extant examples of the grid plan as used in Roman town planning. Timgad was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982.
Moder humus
Moder is a forest floor type formed under coniferous forests, mixed-wood and pure deciduous forests. Moder is a kind of humus form whose properties are the transition between mor humus and mull humus types. Moder is similar to mor as it is made up of partially to fully humified organic components accumulated on the mineral soil, while compared to mull, moder is zoologically active. In addition, moder presents as in the middle of mor and mull with a higher decomposition capacity than mull but lower than mor. Moder is characterized by a slow rate of litter decomposition by litter-dwelling organisms and fungi, leading to the accumulation of organic residues, mainly in the form of invertebrate fecal pellets. Moder has been described by Franz Hartmann, midway between mull and mor and was previously described as 'insect mull'.

Humus form
Humus form is the features of the topsoil and plant litter in a biome, such as mull humus form in deciduous forest or mor humus form in coniferous forest. Dead organic matter, such as leaves, decomposes into humus. Sometimes soil animals mix underlying mineral soil with the humus. This is also part of the humus form.

Humus form is important in ecosystem management, such as forest management, as it influences a forest's ability to regenerate through the establishment of new saplings and seedlings. Humus form is affected by land use, vegetation dynamics, pollution, and climate change.
Drawa
The Drawa (German: Drage) is a river and popular aquatic trail in Poland, 192 km long. The surface of its catchment area amounts to 3291 km2. The Drawa begins its course at Lake Krzywe in Drawsko Landscape Park and ends it in Noteć below Krzyż Wielkopolski. The Drawa is a right-bank tributary of Noteć, the second regarding size. Its average gradient is 0,61% and its flow rate 19 m3/s. It is the longest river in Pojezierze Drawskie.

Noteć
The  Noteć (Polish pronunciation: [ˈnɔtɛtɕ] ⓘ; German: Netze, Latin: Natissis) is a river in central Poland with a length of 391 km (243 mi) (7th longest) and a basin area of 17,302 km2 (6,680 sq mi). It is the largest tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland.
Michael Dunlop
Michael Dunlop (born 10 April 1989) is a Northern Irish professional motorcycle road racer. He holds the all-time record for victories and podium finishes at the Isle of Man TT, with 33 wins and 51 podiums, surpassing the previous record of 26 wins held by his uncle Joey Dunlop in 2024. These results make him the most successful competitor in the history of the event.

He is part of a prominent racing dynasty: the son of the late Robert Dunlop, brother of the late William Dunlop, and nephew of the late Joey Dunlop. His family legacy was documented in Road (2014), and he later published his autobiography Road Racer: It's in My Blood (2017).

In the 2025 King's Birthday Honours, Dunlop was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to motorcycle racing.

Joey Dunlop
William Joseph Dunlop (25 February 1952 – 2 July 2000) was a Northern Irish roadracing motorcyclist from Ballymoney, County Antrim. In 2015, he was voted Northern Ireland's greatest-ever sports star.

Dunlop lies second on the list of all-time victories at the Isle of Man TT Races. During the course of his career, Dunlop secured a total 26 race wins at the TT, including three hat-tricks, and 24 wins at the Ulster Grand Prix.

Dunlop was awarded the MBE in 1986 for his contributions to the sport and the OBE in 1996 for his humanitarian work in Romanian orphanages. After his death, the Joey Dunlop Foundation was established to provide accommodation for disabled visitors to the Isle of Man. Dunlop's legacy includes the "Joey Dunlop Cup", awarded to the most successful rider at the annual TT races, and several memorials and statues in his honour. Dunlop's career was documented in several films.
Carnoux-en-Provence
Carnoux-en-Provence (French pronunciation: [kaʁnu ɑ̃ pʁɔvɑ̃s]; Occitan: Carnós de Provença), commonly referred to simply as Carnoux, is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southern France. It was created in 1966 from the commune of Roquefort-la-Bédoule.

Carnoux-de-Provence is located 16.3 km (10.3 mi) to the east-southeast of Marseille. Camp de Carpiagne, the garrison for the 1st Foreign Cavalry Regiment and formerly 1st-11th Cuirassier armoured (tank) regiment of the French Army, is found in the town's western part, as well as with territory in the 9th arrondissement of Marseille, Aubagne and Cassis, north of the renowned road from Marseille to Cassis.

Roquefort-la-Bédoule
Roquefort-la-Bédoule (French pronunciation: [ʁɔkfɔʁ la bedul]; Occitan: Ròcafòrt e la Bedola) is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southern France. Its inhabitants are called Bédoulens (masculine) and Bédoulennes (feminine).
Livingstone National Park
Livingstone is a national park and state conservation area located 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Wagga Wagga and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of Mangoplah, in the South West Slopes region of south western New South Wales.

South Western Slopes
The South Western Slopes, also known as the South West Slopes, is a region predominantly in New South Wales, Australia. It covers the lower inland slopes of the Great Dividing Range, extending from north of Dunedoo through central NSW and into north-east Victoria, meeting its south-western end around Beechworth. More than 90% of the region is in the state of New South Wales and it occupies about 10% of that state – more than 80,000 km2.
Khamerernebty II
Khamerernebty II was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th Dynasty. She was a daughter of Pharaoh Khafre and Queen Khamerernebty I. She married her brother Menkaure and she was the mother of Prince Khuenre.

Menkaure
Menkaure or Menkaura (Egyptian transliteration: mn-kꜣw-rꜥ; c. 2550 BC - c. 2503 BC) was a king of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. He is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos (Ancient Greek: Μυκερῖνος, romanized: Mukerînos by Herodotus), in turn Latinized as Mycerinus, and Menkheres (Μεγχέρης, Menkhérēs by Manetho). According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological evidence, he was almost certainly the successor of Khafre. Africanus (from Syncellus) reports as rulers of the fourth dynasty Sôris, Suphis I, Suphis II, Mencherês (=Menkaure), Ratoisês, Bicheris, Sebercherês, and Thamphthis in this order. Menkaure became famous for his tomb, the Pyramid of Menkaure, at Giza and his statue triads, which showed him alongside the goddess Hathor and various regional deities.