hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Alfred Robinson (businessman)
Alfred Robinson (1806–1895), later known in Spanish as Don Alfredo Robinson, was a Californian author and businessman. Born in Massachusetts, Robinson immigrated to California (then a part of Mexico) in 1829, to work in the California hide trade. He published Life in California in 1846, an influential early description of Californian society prior to the U.S. Conquest of California.

California hide trade
The California hide trade was a trading system of various products based in cities along the California coastline, operating from the early 1820s to the mid-1840s.

In exchange for hides and tallow from cattle owned by California ranchers, sailors from around the globe, often representing corporations, swapped finished goods of all kinds. The trade was the essential constituent of the region’s economy at the time, and encompassed cities extending from Canton to Lima to Boston, and involved many nations including Russia, Mexico, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

Sailing ships purchased each hide for one American dollar, to sell for a profit at a distant port. Such hides were sold for three dollars in Boston where shoemakers finished the leather.
Alt.news 26:46
alt.news 26:46 is a student-run television program from the School of Journalism and Advertising at Southern Illinois University Carbondale that airs on the university's PBS member station, WSIU. This half hour magazine-style TV program has won national acclaim by capturing thirty-one regional and national awards including seven College Television Awards, or student Emmys. The "26:46" in the show's name reflects its general length per program—26 minutes, 46 seconds, with the remaining time in its half-hour slot used for WSIU's promos and messages.

WSIU-TV
WSIU-TV (channel 8) is a PBS member television station in Carbondale, Illinois, United States. It is owned by Southern Illinois University alongside NPR member WSIU (91.9 FM). The two stations share studios at the Communications Building on the university's campus  on Lincoln Drive in Carbondale; WSIU-TV's transmitter is located along US 51 near Tamaroa, Illinois.

WSIU also operates full-time simulcast WUSI-TV (channel 16) in Olney, Illinois; from a transmitter on North Shipley Road (County Road 900 E) near Dundas, WUSI-TV serves the southeastern part of the state, including Olney and Effingham, and also covers Vincennes, Indiana. A digital replacement translator of WSIU-TV is located in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, on UHF channel 28. SIU also owns WSEC, based in Springfield, which leads a three-station network serving viewers in Springfield, Macomb, and Quincy.
Grønnlifjell Tunnel
The Grønnlifjell Tunnel (Norwegian: Grønnlifjelltunnelen)  is a road tunnel that is part of Norwegian County Road 830 in Fauske Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  It is located between Finneid in the town of Fauske and the village of Sulitjelma. This tunnel is part of a series of three tunnels on this road. The Sjønståfjell Tunnel and the Hårskolten Tunnel both lie to the east of this tunnel.

The 2,811-metre (9,222 ft) long tunnel was originally built in 1956 as part of an expansion of the Sulitjelma Line between Finneid and Sulitjelma.  The railway line was closed and dismantled in 1972.  The tunnel was rebuilt soon after when the old railway line was converted into a highway which opened in 1975.

Hårskolten Tunnel
The Hårskolten Tunnel (Norwegian: Hårskolttunnelen) is a road tunnel that is part of Norwegian County Road 830 in Fauske Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located between Finneid in the town of Fauske and the village of Sulitjelma.  This tunnel is the middle tunnel in a series of three tunnels on this road. The Grønnlifjell Tunnel lies immediately to the east of this tunnel and the Sjønståfjell Tunnel lies immediately to the west of this tunnel.

The 2,425-metre (7,956 ft) long tunnel was originally built in 1956 as part of an expansion of the Sulitjelma Line between Finneid and Sulitjelma.  The railway line was closed and dismantled in 1972.  The tunnel was rebuilt soon after when the old railway line was converted into a highway which opened in 1975.
The Week in Jams
The Week in Jams (a re branded version of Sucker Free Countdown), was MTV2's sole hip-hop video block. It is a 2-hour top 15 countdown, airing on Sundays at 11AM ET/PT and 11PM ET/PT. Hosted by DJ Envy, Charlamagne Tha God, and Sofi Green. The series was canceled on May 26, 2013.

Sucker Free
Sucker Free, known as Sucker Free Daily on weekdays and then Sucker Free Countdown on Sundays, was a former hip-hop video block on MTV2. Previously, Sucker Free aired weekdays for one hour, then eventually sporadically until the week leading to February 28, 2010. Sucker Free Countdown, its 2-hour top 15 countdown, aired Sundays at 11 am ET/PT and 11 pm ET/PT. Sucker Free originated from a block branding of hip-hop videos on MTV2 Sundays called Sucker Free Sundays in 2002, and eventually became the branding of MTV's main hip-hop program weekdays from 2006 until 2008. In October 2012, the show was relaunched as The Week in Jams.
Hamilton Place (Columbia, Tennessee)
Hamilton Place is an antebellum plantation house in Maury County, Tennessee, near Columbia.

The house was completed in 1832. It was built for Lucius Junius Polk, a wealthy cotton planter who served as a state senator and later as Tennessee's adjutant-general, by master builder Nathan Vaught. The Palladian design of its front facade is based on Palladio's design for the Villa Pisani at Montagnana. The interior floor plan was loosely based on the White House floor plan, and an interior arcade is styled after a design by Brunelleschi for a hospital in Florence, Italy.

Hamilton Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It is across the highway from Rattle and Snap, the house built in 1845 for Lucius J. Polk's brother George Washington Polk.

Rattle and Snap
Rattle and Snap (also called the Polk-Granberry House and once known as Oakwood Hall) is a plantation estate at 1522 North Main Street in Mount Pleasant, Tennessee.  The centerpiece of the estate is a mid-1840s mansion that is one of grandest expressions of the Greek Revival in Tennessee.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its architecture, and for its association with the Polk family, once one of eastern Tennessee's largest landowners.  The house is privately owned, but may be viewed by appointment.
Ğazı II Giray
Ğazı II Giray (1530/32 – November 1607) was Khan of the Crimean Khanate from 1588 to 1596 and again from 1597 until his death in 1607. Born in 1554, he distinguished himself in the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578–1590, gaining the trust of his Ottoman suzerains. He was appointed khan in 1588, after his homeland experienced a period of political turmoil. He failed to capture Moscow during his 1591 campaign against Russia; however, he managed to secure a favorable peace treaty two years later. He was then summoned to support his Ottoman allies in the Long Turkish War, taking part in multiple military expeditions centered in Hungary. In late 1596, the Ottoman sultan briefly unseated Ğazı II Giray in favor of Fetih I Giray after heeding the advice of Grand Vizier Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha. He returned to power three months later, continuing his reign until his death in November 1607.

Fetih I Giray
Fetih I Giray (c. 1529–1597, reigned 1596–97) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate, interrupting the reign of his elder brother Ğazı II Giray (1588–1607). He was one of the many sons of Devlet I Giray. Khan Adil Giray (1666–1671) was said to be his grandson.
Machine taper
A machine taper is a system for securing cutting tools, workholders or toolholders in the spindle of a machine tool or power tool. A male member of conical form (that is, with a taper) fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper of equal angle.

Almost all machine tool spindles, and many power tool spindles, have a taper as their primary method of attachment for tools. Even on many drill presses, handheld drills, and lathes, which have chucks (such as a drill chuck or collet chuck), the chuck is attached by a taper. On drills, drill presses, and milling machines, the male member is the tool shank or toolholder shank, and the female socket is integral with the spindle. On lathes, the male may belong to the tool or to the spindle; spindle noses may have male tapers, female tapers, or both.

Chuck (engineering)
A chuck is a specialized type of clamp used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylinder.  In a drill, a mill and a transmission, a chuck holds the rotating tool; in a lathe, it holds the rotating workpiece.

Chucks commonly use jaws to hold the tool or workpiece. The jaws are typically arranged in a radially symmetrical pattern like the points of a star. Jawed chucks may require a wrench-like device called a chuck key to be tightened or loosened, but other jawed chucks may be tightened or loosened by hand force alone, offering convenience at the expense of gripping force. Chucks on some lathes have jaws that move independently, allowing them to hold irregularly shaped objects. More complex designs might include specially shaped jaws, greater numbers of jaws, or quick-release mechanisms.

Instead of jaws, a chuck may use magnetism, vacuum, or collets, which are flexible collars or sleeves that fit closely around the tool or workpiece and grip it when squeezed.
MDH (spice company)
Mahashian Di Hatti Private Limited, doing business as MDH, is an Indian spice producer and seller based in New Delhi, India. It is the second largest leader in the Indian market with 12% market share, following S. Narendrakumar's Everest Spices.

It was founded by Dharampal Gulati in 1959, who served as its CEO until his death on 3 December 2020, Subsequently, Dharampal's son, Rajeev Gulati, took over the company and became the face of the MDH brand.

Dharampal Gulati
Dharampal Gulati (27 March 1923 – 3 December 2020), also known as Mahashay Dharampal Gulati, was an Indian businessman, and founder and CEO of MDH (Mahashian Di Hatti; transl. "gentlemen's shop"), an Indian spice company.

He was referred to as 'spice-king' in reference to his pioneering of ready-to-use ground spices. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian award, in 2019.
Brussels tram route 51
The tram route 51 in Brussels, Belgium, is operated by STIB/MIVB, and connects Heysel/Heizel metro station in Laeken in the City of Brussels to the Van Haelen stop in the southern municipality of Uccle. The route runs north–south, crossing the City of Brussels, Jette, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, the City of Brussels again, Saint-Gilles, Forest and Uccle. Currently, service is interrupted between Brussels-South railway station and Altitude Cent/Hoogte Honderd due to construction work at Albert premetro station.

Albert premetro station
Albert (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ] ⓘ; Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑlbərt] ⓘ) is a premetro (underground tram) station located on the border between the municipalities of Saint-Gilles and Forest in Brussels, Belgium. The station is at the crossroad between the Avenue Albert/Albertlaan on the Greater Ring and the Chaussée d'Alsemberg/Alsembergsesteenweg, between Forest Park and Saint-Gilles Prison.

The station is the last stop south of the North–South Axis, a tram tunnel crossing the city centre from Albert to Brussels-North railway station. Tram routes 4 and 10 stop at this station. There is also a connection at ground level with tram route 51, as well as bus routes 48 and 54.

As line 3 of the Brussels Metro is built, Albert station will be reconfigured; tram routes 2 and 3 will terminate there.
Bank of Japan
The Bank of Japan (日本銀行, Nippon Ginkō; BOJ) is the central bank of Japan. The bank is often called Nichigin (日銀) for short. It is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo.

The said bank is a corporate entity independent of the Japanese government, and while it is not an administrative organisation of the state, its monetary policy falls within the scope of administration. From a macroeconomic perspective, long-term stability of prices is deemed crucial. However, the political sector tends to favour short-term measures. Thus, the bank's autonomy and independence are granted from the standpoint of ensuring long-term public welfare and political neutrality.

Nihonbashi
Nihonbashi (日本橋, Nihonbashi; Japanese pronunciation: [ɲi.hom.ba.ɕi], also romanized as Nihombashi) is a business district of Chūō, Tokyo, Japan, which sprung up around the bridge of the same name that has linked two sides of the Nihonbashi River at this site since the 17th century.  The first wooden bridge was completed in 1603. The current bridge,  designed by Tsumaki Yorinaka and constructed of stone on a steel frame, dates from 1911.  The district covers a large area to the north and east of the bridge, reaching Akihabara to the north and the Sumida River to the east. Ōtemachi and Yaesu are to the west and Kyobashi to the south.

Nihonbashi, together with Kyobashi and Kanda, is the core of Shitamachi, the original downtown center of Edo-Tokyo, before the rise of newer secondary centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya.
Old Crawfordsville High School
Old Crawfordsville High School is a former public high school erected in 1910 on East Jefferson Street in Crawfordsville, Indiana. It was a part of the Crawfordsville Community Schools. The old building was expanded in 1914, 1921, and 1941 to provide additional classrooms, an auditorium, and a gymnasium. A new Crawfordsville High School facility opened at One Athenian Drive in 1993. In 2000 the old school building was converted to a multi-use facility of offices, residential housing, and a fitness center. The former high school building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. The former high school became a senior living facility and in 2019 was converted into 99 apartment units called The Laurel Flats.

Crawfordsville, Indiana
Crawfordsville (/ˈkrɑːfərdsˌvil/) is a city in Montgomery County in west central Indiana, United States, 49 miles (79 km) west by northwest of Indianapolis. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 16,306. The city is the county seat of Montgomery County, the only chartered city and the largest populated place in the county. It is the principal city of the Crawfordsville, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Montgomery County. The city is also part of the Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN Combined Statistical Area.

The city was founded in 1823 on the bank of Sugar Creek, a southern tributary of the Wabash River and named for U.S. Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford. The city is home to Wabash College, a private liberal arts men's college, and the General Lew Wallace Study & Museum, a National Historic Landmark.
Psoriatic onychodystrophy
Psoriatic onychodystrophy (also termed  psoriatic nails or psoriatic onychopathy) is a nail disease which is common in those with psoriasis, with reported incidences varying from 10% to 78%.  Elderly patients and those with psoriatic arthritis are more likely to have psoriatic nails.: 781–2

Nail disease
A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail.  Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage, nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions. Some nail conditions that show signs of infection or inflammation may require medical assistance.
Channel A (TV channel)
Channel A Corporation (Korean: 주식회사 채널에이; Hanja: 株式會社 채널에이), known as Channel A (채널A, typeset CHANNEL A), is a national generalist cable TV network and broadcasting company in South Korea. The company's largest shareholder is Dong-A Media Group (DAMG), which consists of 12 affiliate companies including The Dong-a Ilbo. Channel A was launched on 1 December 2011. Channel A's management philosophy is 'Open & Creative' and the company slogan is 'Channel A, A Canvas that Holds Your Dreams.' JaeHo Kim is the chief executive officer.

Channel A is one of four newly launched South Korea nationwide generalist cable TV networks alongside JoongAng Ilbo's JTBC, Chosun Ilbo's TV Chosun and Maeil Kyungje's MBN in 2011. The four new networks supplement existing conventional free-to-air TV networks like KBS, MBC, SBS, and other smaller channels launched following deregulation in 1990.

Maeil Broadcasting Network
37°33′38″N 126°59′34″E﻿ / ﻿37.560475°N 126.9928191°E﻿ / 37.560475; 126.9928191

Maeil Broadcasting Network, Inc. (MBN) (주식회사 매일방송) is a South Korean cable TV network operated by the Maeil Business Newspaper.
Joseph Marino
Joseph Salvador Marino (born January 23, 1953) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who worked in the Vatican diplomatic service from 1988 to 2019 and then served as president of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy until 2023. He became an archbishop in 2008 and represented the Holy See in Bangladesh. After his post there, he represented the Holy See in Malaysia, East Timor, and Brunei for six years.

Apostolic Nunciature to Bangladesh
The Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to Bangladesh is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to Bangladesh, equivalent to an embassy. It is located at U.N. Road 2, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212. The position of Apostolic Nuncio is currently hold by Kevin Stuart Randall.

The Apostolic Nunciature to Bangladesh is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Bangladesh, with the rank of ambassador. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Pope (as head of state of Vatican City) to the President of Bangladesh, and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in Bangladesh and the Pope (as head of the church).

The Holy See established the Apostolic Nunciature to Bangladesh on 2 March 1973.
Warren Benbow
Warren Benbow (December 22, 1954 – September 29, 2024) was a drummer who worked with Nina Simone, Jimmy Owens, Larry Willis, Eddie Gómez, Olu Dara, Michael Urbaniak, Teruo Nakamura, and was an original member of James Blood Ulmer's band, Odyssey.

James Blood Ulmer
James "Blood" Ulmer (born February 8, 1940) is an American jazz, free funk and blues guitarist and singer. Ulmer plays a Gibson Byrdland guitar. His guitar sound has been described as "jagged" and "stinging". His singing has been called "raggedly soulful".
Safiental
Safiental (Romansh: Val Stussavgia) is a municipality in the Surselva Region in the canton of the Grisons in Switzerland.  The municipalities of Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Safiental.

Safien
Safien is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.  The municipalities of Valendas, Versam, Safien and Tenna merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Safiental.
Charles Reed (British politician)
Sir Charles Reed FSA (19 June 1819 – 25 March 1881) was a British politician who served as Member of Parliament for Hackney and for St Ives, Chairman of the London School Board, Director and Trustee of the original Abney Park Cemetery Joint Stock Company, Chairman of the Bunhill Fields Preservation Committee, associate of George Peabody, lay Congregationalist, and owner of a successful commercial type-founding business in London. He was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and was knighted by the Queen at Windsor Castle in 1874. As a pastime he collected autographed letters and keys.

London School Board
The School Board for London, commonly known as the London School Board (LSB), was an institution of local government and the first directly elected body covering the whole of London.

The Elementary Education Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 75) was the first to provide for education for the whole population of England and Wales. It created elected school boards, which had power to build and run elementary schools where there were insufficient voluntary school places; they could also compel attendance. In most places, the school boards were based on borough districts or civil parishes, but in London the board covered the whole area of the Metropolitan Board of Works – the area today known as Inner London.

Between 1870 and 1904, the LSB was the single largest educational provider in London and the infrastructure and policies it developed were an important influence on London schooling long after the body was abolished.
National Provincial Bank
National Provincial Bank was a retail bank which operated in England and Wales. It was created in 1833 as National Provincial Bank of England, and expanded largely by taking over a number of other banks. Following the transformative acquisition of the Union Bank of London in 1918, it changed its name to National Provincial and Union Bank of England, then in 1924 shortened its name again to National Provincial Bank. It further acquired Coutts Bank in 1920, Grindlays Bank in 1924, Isle of Man Bank in 1961, District Bank in 1962, thus becoming one of the "Big Five" that dominated the UK banking sector for much of the 20th century, together with Barclays Bank, Lloyds Bank, Midland Bank and Westminster Bank. On 1 January 1970, it completed its merger with Westminster Bank to form National Westminster Bank.

For most of its history, National Provincial Bank was headquartered in London on Bishopsgate, at junction with Threadneedle Street.

Westminster Bank
Westminster Bank was a British retail bank which operated in England and Wales. It was created in 1834 as the London and Westminster Bank. It merged with the London and County Bank in 1909, after which it renamed itself the London County and Westminster Bank, then acquired the former business of Birkbeck Bank in 1911, Ulster Bank in 1917, and Parr's Bank in 1918, following which it changed its name again to London County Westminster and Parrs. It shortened its name to Westminster Bank in 1923.

Following that transformative sequence of acquisitions, Westminster Bank was the fifth-largest bank in England, thus one of the so-called Big Five together with Barclays, Lloyds Bank, Midland Bank, and National Provincial Bank. In 1968 it announced its merger with National Provincial to form the National Westminster Bank, which was completed on 1 January 1970.
Dronning Olgas Vej
Dronning Olgas Vej (Danish: Queen Olga's Road) is a street in the Mariendal neighborhood of Frederiksberg in Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Falkoner Allé in the east to a modernist housing estate adjacent to Nordre Fasanvej in the west from where it turns south to join Kong Georgs Vej. The Modernist housing estate was built in the 1970s in the former grounds of the Stjernen cooperative brewery. Most of the other buildings in the street are single family detached homes from the late 19th and early 20th century.

Mariendalsvej
Mariendalsvej  is a street in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It runs from Falkoner Allé in the southeast to the Ring Line in the northwest. The area to the southeast of Nordre Fasanvej runs through the Mariendal Quarter and the rest runs through the Fuglebakken neighbourhood.
Meju
Meju (Korean: 메주) is a brick of dried fermented soybeans. While not consumed on its own, it serves as the basis of several Korean condiments, such as doenjang (soybean paste), ganjang (soy sauce), and gochujang (chili paste). Meju is produced by pounding, kneading, and shaping cooked soybeans, and undergoes fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae and/or Bacillus subtilis.

Doenjang
Doenjang (Korean: 된장; pronounced [tøn.dʑaŋ]; lit. 'thick sauce') or soybean paste is a type of fermented bean paste made of soybean and brine used in Korean cuisine. It is also a byproduct of soup soy sauce production. It is sometimes used as a relish.