hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Kolmogorov equations
In probability theory, Kolmogorov equations characterize continuous-time Markov processes. In particular, they describe how the probability of a continuous-time Markov process in a certain state changes over time.  There are four distinct equations: the Kolmogorov forward equation for continuous processes, now understood to be identical to the Fokker–Planck equation, the Kolmogorov forward equation for jump processes, and two Kolmogorov backward equations for processes with and without discontinuous jumps.

Jump process
A jump process is a type of stochastic process that has discrete movements, called jumps, with random arrival times, rather than continuous movement. It is typically modelled as a simple or compound Poisson process.

In finance, various stochastic models are used to model the price movements of financial instruments; for example the Black–Scholes model for pricing options assumes that the underlying instrument follows a traditional diffusion process, with continuous, random movements at all scales, no matter how small. John Carrington Cox and Stephen Ross: 145–166  proposed that prices actually follow a 'jump process'.

Robert C. Merton extended this approach to a hybrid model known as jump diffusion, which states that the prices have large jumps interspersed with small continuous movements.
Mercedes-Benz EQA
The Mercedes-Benz EQA is a battery electric subcompact luxury crossover SUV (C-segment) produced by German luxury vehicle brand Mercedes-Benz since February 2021. It is part of the EQ family, a range of vehicles expanded by 10 models in 2022. The vehicle uses the MFA2 platform, which designates C-segment and smaller-sized D-segment vehicles which use a base front-wheel drive layout.

As of 2023, the EQA is the smallest vehicle in the EQ Series, slotting beneath the D-segment EQB. The name "EQA" blends EQ, Mercedes' electric vehicle group, with the letter A, which signifies that the vehicle is the smallest of its class.

Mercedes-Benz GLA
The Mercedes-Benz GLA is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by Mercedes-Benz over two generations. It is essentially the SUV equivalent of the A-Class, and the smallest SUV marketed by the brand. The production version was revealed in August 2013 ahead of the 2013 Frankfurt Auto Show in September 2013.

The GLA is powered by a range of petrol and diesel 4-cylinder engines, and comes in either front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive, the latter marketed by Mercedes as 4Matic.

The GLA nameplate aligns with Mercedes SUV nomenclature, where GL stands for Geländewagen (German for off-road vehicle) and the A designates its overall place in the Mercedes range, in this class, the smallest or A-Class.
Players (Coi Leray song)
"Players" is a song by American rapper and singer Coi Leray. It was released on November 30, 2022, through Republic Records and 1801 as the lead single from her second studio album, Coi (2023). Leray wrote the song with producer Johnny Goldstein, alongside WorldWideFresh, Feli Ferraro, and German (AyoRoc!) Valdes. It contains samples of American hip hop group Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five's 1982 single, "The Message", from their debut studio album of the same name and an interpolation of Dr Dre's 2000 single "The Next Episode", from the second studio album, 2001. In March 2023, a remix of the song using the instrumental of Busta Rhymes' 1997 song "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" and containing a guest verse by him was released.

Akil King
Akil "Fresh" King, also known as "WorldwideFresh", is an American songwriter and producer from New York City. Mentored by producer Scott Storch, King is best known for co-writing "Black Parade", the majority of Brandy's B7, as well as his contributions to various Jessie Reyez, Beyoncé, and Ari Lennox projects, among others. In 2022, he co-wrote "Players", which became rapper Coi Leray's first Billboard Hot 100 top 10 single in the United States, as well as a sizable hit in various global markets.
Wang Gao
Wang Gao (fl. 900) was a Chinese warlord near the end of the Tang dynasty. Born into a wealthy and powerful military dynasty, he served as the largely independent military governor (jiedushi) of Yiwu (around modern Baoding, Hebei), succeeding his father Wang Chucun to the post in 895 and losing it to his cousin Wang Chuzhi in 900 after fleeing battle with the forces of Zhu Quanzhong, the warlord who subsequently established the Later Liang Empire.

Wang Chucun
Wang Chucun (831–895) was a Chinese general of the Tang Empire who served as the largely independent military governor (jiedushi) of Yiwu in modern Baoding, Hebei. He was one of the main contributors to Tang's eventual defeat of the agrarian rebel Huang Chao.
Harry Wright
William Henry "Harry" Wright (January 10, 1835 – October 3, 1895) was an American professional baseball player, manager, and developer. He assembled, managed, and played center field for baseball's first fully professional team, the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings. He is credited with introducing innovations such as backing up infield plays from the outfield and shifting defensive alignments based on hitters' tendencies. For his contributions as a manager and developer of the game, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953 by the Veterans Committee.

Wright was the first to make baseball into a business by paying his players up to seven times the pay of the average working man.  He is the oldest former professional player in the Hall: a few other inductees were born before him, but none of them played professionally.  His younger brother George Wright is also in the Hall.

Cincinnati Red Stockings
The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team, with ten salaried players. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club formed in 1866 and fielded competitive teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) 1867–1870, a time of a transition that ambitious Cincinnati businessmen and ballplayer Harry Wright shaped as much as anyone. Major League Baseball recognized those events officially by sponsoring a centennial of professional baseball in 1969.

Thanks partly to their on-field success and the continental scope of their tours, the Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also established the color red as the color of Cincinnati (continuing with the modern Cincinnati Reds), and they were the origin of the "Red Sox" in Boston Red Sox.
Moxie Marlinspike
Moxie Marlinspike is an American entrepreneur, cryptographer, and computer security researcher. Marlinspike is the creator of Signal, co-founder of the Signal Technology Foundation, and served as the first CEO of Signal Messenger LLC. He is also a co-author of the Signal Protocol encryption used by Signal, WhatsApp, Google Messages, Facebook Messenger, and Skype.

Marlinspike is a former head of the security team at Twitter and the author of a proposed SSL authentication system replacement called Convergence. He previously maintained a cloud-based WPA cracking service and a targeted anonymity service called GoogleSharing.

Signal Foundation
The Signal Technology Foundation, commonly known as the Signal Foundation, is an American non-profit organization founded in 2018 by Moxie Marlinspike and Brian Acton. Its mission is to "protect free expression and enable secure global communication through open source privacy technology." Its subsidiary, Signal Messenger LLC, is responsible for the development of the Signal messaging app and the Signal Protocol.
Irwin Tieng
William Irwin Chua Tieng (born November 21, 1980) is a Filipino politician. He is currently serving as representative of the 5th district of Manila since 2022. He is currently a member of the Lakas–CMD. A member of the Tieng family of businessmen, he was first elected to Congress as a Buhay Party-List representative in 2007.

As a partylist representative, Tieng authored a house bill reducing the amusement tax imposed on local films from 30% to 10% that was signed into law in 2009, culminating more than two decades of attempts to lower the film tax.

Manila's 5th congressional district
Manila's 5th congressional district is one of the six congressional districts of the Philippines in the city of Manila. It has been represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippines since 1987. The district consists of barangays 649 to 828 in the south Manila districts of Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Port Area, San Andres and south Paco. It is currently represented in the 20th Congress by William Irwin C. Tieng of Asenso Manileño and Lakas–CMD.

This district also includes the Manila City Hall and Manila South Cemetery, an exclave of Manila surrounded by Makati, within its borders.
Michiyoshi Ohara
Michiyoshi Ohara (Japanese: 小原道由, Ohara Michiyoshi) (born November 15, 1967) is a Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist, best known for his work in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he wrestled from 1990 to 2004, winning the IWGP Tag Team Championship with Tatsutoshi Goto in 1999.

Shiro Koshinaka
Shiro Koshinaka (越中 詩郎, Koshinaka Shirō; born September 3, 1958) is a Japanese professional wrestler who has competed in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Wrestle Association "R" (WAR) during the 1980s and 1990s. He was also the first IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion.
Branching (linguistics)
In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences. Assuming that the language is being written or transcribed from left to right, parse trees that grow down and to the right are right-branching, and parse trees that grow down and to the left are left-branching. The direction of branching reflects the position of heads in phrases, and in this regard, right-branching structures are head-initial, whereas left-branching structures are head-final. English has both right-branching (head-initial) and left-branching (head-final) structures, although it is more right-branching than left-branching. Some languages such as Japanese and Turkish are almost fully left-branching (head-final). Some languages are mostly right-branching (head-initial).

Head (linguistics)
In linguistics, the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase. For example, the head of the noun phrase "boiling hot water" is the noun (head noun) "water".

Analogously, the head of a compound is the stem that determines the semantic category of that compound. For example, the head of the compound noun "handbag" is "bag", since a handbag is a bag, not a hand.

The other elements of the phrase or compound modify the head, and are therefore the head's dependents. Headed phrases and compounds are called endocentric, whereas exocentric ("headless") phrases and compounds (if they exist) lack a clear head.

Heads are crucial to establishing the direction of branching. Head-initial phrases are right-branching, head-final phrases are left-branching, and head-medial phrases combine left- and right-branching.
Killing of Javier Ambler
On March 28, 2019, Javier Ambler II died of heart failure while being arrested by police in Austin, Texas, after fleeing from deputies who sought to stop him for a traffic violation. Ambler was tased multiple times by authorities. Video of Ambler's death, recorded by police officers, was obtained and released by news organizations in June 2020. During the arrest Ambler repeatedly stated "I can't breathe" and "please save me" before dying. Ambler's death was recorded by a Live PD television crew, and the recording has since been destroyed, according to A&E Networks.

I can't breathe
"I can't breathe" is a slogan of the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States. The phrase originates from the last words of Eric Garner, who was killed in 2014 after being put in a chokehold by a New York City police officer. A number of other Black Americans, such as Javier Ambler, Manuel Ellis, Elijah McClain, and George Floyd, have said the same phrase prior to dying during similar law-enforcement encounters. According to a 2020 report by The New York Times, the phrase has been used by over 70 people who died in police custody. The phrase is now used in widespread protest against police brutality and racial inequality in the United States.
Konstal 105Nb
Konstal 105Nb is a tram that is a modernization of the Konstal 105Na design (with the narrow-gauge version designated as 805Nb), produced between 1992 and 1993. In 1992, as a result of modifications to the Konstal 105Na design, another model in the series was created, differing primarily in its electrical system and control panel. These trams were given a designation that had already been used for a prototype intended for Kraków.

In Warsaw, these trams proved to be unreliable, leading to their return to the manufacturer. In 1993, after a fire at the Grudziądz depot resulted in the loss of 12 tram cars (11 in regular service and one technical vehicle), the city's authorities were forced to replenish their fleet. Initially planning to purchase used rolling stock, they ultimately decided to acquire new trams. Konstal then sold the trams rejected by Warsaw's municipal administration.

Konstal 105Na
The Konstal 105Na are a class of Polish trams manufactured from 1979 to 1992 in the workshops Konstal Chorzów, Poland. The metre-gauge version is designated as 805Na. As of 2016 they were still the most common trams in Poland.
Border Security Force
The Border Security Force (BSF) is a central armed police force under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is responsible for guarding India's borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh. It was formed in the wake of the Indo-Pak War of 1965 to ensure the security of India's borders and for related matters.

The BSF has grown from 25 battalions in 1965, to 193 battalions with a sanctioned strength of 270,000 personnel including an expanding air wing, water wing, an artillery regiment and specialised units. It is currently the world's largest border security force. BSF has been termed the First Line of Defence of Indian territories.

Central Reserve Police Force
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is a central armed police force in India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The CRPF assists states and Union Territories in maintaining law and order and internal security. It is composed of the Central Reserve Police Force (Regular) and Central Reserve Police Force (Auxiliary).

It was established on 27 July 1939 as Crown Representative's Police with the objective of providing security to the British Crown Representatives in India. The force was later renamed as the Central Reserve Police Force by an Act of Parliament in 1949. The CRPF played a major role in the Parliamentary elections of September 1999.

The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is the largest central armed police force in India, comprising 247 battalions and exceeding a total strength of 301,376 personnel, as of 2019. CRPF officers are also deployed in United Nations missions.
Jake Dickert
Jacob Dickert (born August 23, 1983) is an American college football coach, who is the current head coach at Wake Forest University. He was the head coach at Washington State University from 2021–2024. Dickert attended school and played football at the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, and has coached at various colleges and universities since his graduation in 2007.

Washington State Cougars football
The Washington State Cougars football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Washington State University, located in Pullman, Washington. The team competes at the NCAA Division I level in the FBS and is a member of the Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12) Known as the Cougars, the first football team was fielded in 1894.

The Cougars play home games on campus at Martin Stadium, which opened in 1972; the site dates back to 1892 as Soldier Field and was renamed Rogers Field ten years later. Its present seating capacity is 35,117. Their main rivals are the Washington Huskies; the teams historically end the regular season with the Apple Cup rivalry game in late November but that is no longer the case with the Washington Huskies joining the Big Ten.
Jain monasticism
Jain monasticism refers to the order of monks and nuns in the Jain community and can be divided into two major denominations: the Digambara and the Śvētāmbara. The monastic practices of the two major sects vary greatly, but the major principles of both are identical. Five mahāvratas (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics of both the sects. Historians believe that a united Jain sangha (community) existed before 367 BCE, about 160 years after the moksha (liberation) of Mahavira. The community then gradually divided into the major denominations. However, no evidence indicate when the schism between the Digambaras and the Śvetāmbaras happened.

Sangha (Jainism)
In Jainism, Sangha (Community of the pious) is a term used to refer to the fourfold community of Muni (male ascetics), Aryika / Sadhvi (female ascetics), Śrāvaka (laymen), and Śrāvikā (laywomen).

The word is also used in various other ways.
Zuane Pizzigano
Zuane Pizzigano (sometimes given as Giovanni Pizzigano), was a 15th-century Venetian cartographer.  He is the author of a famous 1424 portolan chart, the first known to depict the phantom islands of the purported Antillia archipelago (Antillia, Satanazes, Royllo and Tanmar), in the north Atlantic Ocean.

Royllo
Royllo (also Roillo), is a legendary phantom island that was once thought to be located in the Atlantic Ocean. It is probably identical with the island originally called Ymana in a 1424 nautical chart of Zuane Pizzigano.  The island is usually depicted in many 15th-century maps as a small island located slightly to the west (20 leagues or so) of the much larger island of Antillia. It is often found in the group insulae de novo repertae, or "newly discovered islands" along with other legendary islands.
Arginase
Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1, arginine amidinase, canavanase, L-arginase, arginine transamidinase) is a manganese-containing enzyme. The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme is:

arginine + H2O → ornithine + urea

It is the final enzyme of the urea cycle. It is ubiquitous to all domains of life.

Urea cycle
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3). Animals that use this cycle, mainly amphibians and mammals, are called ureotelic.

The urea cycle converts highly toxic ammonia to urea for excretion. This cycle was the first metabolic cycle to be discovered by Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit in 1932, five years before the discovery of the TCA cycle. The urea cycle was described in more detail later on by Ratner and Cohen. The urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys.
Outre-Forêt
The Outre-Forêt (Unteremwàld in Alsatian) is a natural region which is located in the very north of Alsace, bordering on Rhineland-Palatinate. Outre-Forêt means in French beyond the forest,
beyond the Haguenau Forest. To the north, it is bounded by the Bienwald as well as by the Lauter.
To the east, it is bounded by the Rhine and the Petit Ried. To the west, it is bounded by
the Northern Vosges and the River Falkensteinerbach. As a frontier zone off the beaten tracks,
the Outre-Forêt has managed to keep its traditions; numerous timbered houses can be admired,
pottery is well developed. Far away from the traditional Alsatian vineyards, grapes are grown here.

Petit Ried
The Petit Ried (occasionally referred to as Ried-Nord) is located in north-eastern Alsace. It stretches between the Robertsau Forest in Strasbourg in the south, and Lauterbourg in the north. It borders on Outre-Forêt. The Petit Ried shows a typical Ried landscape. It spreads over a narrow strip along the river Rhine. It is accessible because of the railway Strasbourg-Lauterbourg, as well as the motorway A35 between Hœrdt and Lauterbourg.

In the Petit Ried, three rivers flow into the Rhine River:

the Ill in Offendorf

the Moder in Beinheim

the Sauer in Munchhausen, which actually takes its source in Germany

To the east, the Black Forest with the Hornisgrinde stands out against the horizon. The Vosges are more inconspicuous because they lie further away, and are not as high as the Black Forest.

The Petit Ried is densely populated, and is relatively rich, as many cross-border workers live there.
Lakshmana (Chahamana dynasty)
Lakshmana (IAST: Lakṣmaṇa, r. c. 950–982 CE) also known as Raval Lakha or Lakhana was an Indian king who established the Naddula Chahamana dynasty. A son of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vakpatiraja I, Lakshmana carved out a principality around Naddula (present-day Nadol in Rajasthan).

Vakpatiraja I
Vakpatiraja I (reigned c. 917–944 CE), also known as Vappayaraja, was an Indian king belonging to the Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day Rajasthan in north-western India. He appears to have made an attempt to throw off the Gurjara-Pratihara overlordship, and was the first Chahamana king to assume the title Maharaja.
Gmina Kosakowo
Gmina Kosakowo (Kashubian: Kòsôkòwò) is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Kosakowo, which lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Puck and 27 km (17 mi) north of the regional capital Gdańsk.

The gmina covers an area of 47.37 square kilometres (18.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,087.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Coastal Landscape Park.

Coastal Landscape Park
The Polish Coastal Landscape Park (Polish: Nadmorski Park Krajobrazowy; Kashubian: Nadmòrsczi Park Krajòbrazny) is a protected area (Landscape Park) in northern Poland, established in 1978, covering an area of 188 square kilometres (73 sq mi).

The Park lies within Pomeranian Voivodeship, in Puck County (Gmina Kosakowo, Gmina Krokowa, Gmina Puck).

Within the Landscape Park are nine nature reserves.

In the Coastal Landscape Park there are all types of coast typical of the southern Baltic Sea. A characteristic element here are bogs, including the easternmost, Atlantic-type raised bogs. Almost half of the park is covered with forests, especially pine trees. There is a beech reserve on Cape Rozewie.

The fauna includes birds such as gulls, buzzards, ruffs. The coastal waters are rich in algae, crustaceans and molluscs. There are also many species of fish: stickleback, roach, perch, eel. Puck Bay is a reservoir for grey seals. It can also be seen in the Seal Sanctuary in Hel.
Kishorenagar
Kishorenagar is a small Town in the Angul district, Odisha, India. It is also called as Raj Kishorenagar. It is a Block and Tahasil under Athmallik Sub-Division. It was 90 km from District Headquarter Angul and 40 km from Sub-divisional Headquarter Athmallik.

Athmallik
Athmallik is a sub-division and its headquarter in Angul district in Odisha, India, and also a notified area council. It previously came under Dhenkanal district but after the creation of Angul district in April 1993 it then came under Angul. The Athmallik sub-division of Angul district includes Athmallik and Kishorenagar blocks and tehsils.
World Beard and Moustache Championships
The World Beard and Moustache Championships is a biennial competition overseen by the World Beard and Moustache Association (WBMA), in which men with beards and moustaches display lengthy, highly styled facial hair.

Moustache
A moustache (UK: /məˈstɑːʃ/) or mustache (US: /ˈmʌstæʃ/) is a growth of facial hair grown above the upper lip and under the nose.

Moustaches have been grown in various styles throughout history, see the following detail.