hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
HMY Royal Escape
HMY Royal Escape was a royal yacht owned by King Charles II. She was the former collier Surprise that had carried the king across the Channel to safety.

King Charles took passage on Surprise after the defeat of the royalist cause in 1651, narrowly avoiding pursuing Parliamentarian forces. He arrived safely in France, where he lived in exile until the Restoration in 1660. On his return Charles purchased the ship he had travelled on, naming her after his escape from England nearly a decade before. He kept her moored close to his palace, showing her to visitors. The ship remained on the Navy Lists for many years, being sold finally in 1750, although several other vessels continued the name until 1877.

Escape of Charles II
After the final defeat of the Royalists in the English Civil War against Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the future Charles II of England (already by that time King of Scotland) was forced to flee England. With the support of a network of Royalist gentry, Charles first attempted to escape into Wales, then to Bristol disguised as a servant, then to the south coast at Charmouth. Finally, he rode east to Shoreham from where he sailed for France on 15 October 1651. During the six-week flight, he passed through numerous English counties, and at one point was forced to hide in an oak tree on the grounds of a house that was being searched by Parliamentarian soldiers. A £1000 reward had been offered for information leading to Charles's capture.
Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus
Keio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus (慶應義塾大学湘南藤沢キャンパス, Keio Gijuku Daigaku Shonan-Fujisawa kanpasu), also known as “Keio SFC” is a research-oriented campus of Keio University located in the city of Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The campus currently offers three undergraduate courses and two postgraduate courses, and incorporates one high school and several research institutes. The campus was designed by Fumihiko Maki, a Pritzker Prize laureate.

Keio University
Keio University (Japanese: 慶應義塾大学, Hepburn: Keiō Gijuku Daigaku), abbreviated as Keio (慶應) or Keidai (慶大), is a private research university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. It was originally established as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo. It was granted university status in 1920, becoming one of the first private universities in the country.

Keio University is also one of the member universities of RU11 and APRU, and it is one of two Japanese universities (alongside the University of Tokyo) to be a member of the World Economic Forum's Global University Leaders Forum.
Self-Certification (New York City Department of Buildings)
Self-Certification, officially known as Professional Certification, is a process by which licensed professionals may bypass a full review of a building project by the New York City Department of Buildings.

New York City Department of Buildings
The New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) is the department of the New York City government that enforces the city's building codes and zoning regulations, issues building permits, licenses, registers and disciplines certain construction trades, responds to structural emergencies and inspects over 1,000,000 new and existing buildings. Its regulations are compiled in title 1 of the New York City Rules.
Pretoria Pit disaster
The Pretoria Pit disaster was a mining accident on 21 December 1910, when an underground explosion occurred at the Hulton Colliery Bank Pit No. 3, known as the Pretoria Pit, in Over Hulton, Westhoughton, then in the historic county of Lancashire, in North West England.  A total of 344 men and boys lost their lives.

Hulton Colliery Company
The Hulton Colliery Company was a coal mining company operating on the Lancashire Coalfield from the mid 19th century in Over Hulton and Westhoughton, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. The company had its origins in small coal mines on the northern part of the Hulton Park estate in 1571 owned by the Hultons who had held the estate from medieval times.
Banque Lambert
The Banque Lambert (French pronunciation: [bɑ̃k lɑ̃bɛʁ]) was a significant family-controlled bank in Belgium, with roots going back to 1835 and long associated with the Rothschilds. It merged in 1975 with Banque de Bruxelles to form Bank Brussels Lambert, which itself was acquired in 1998 by ING Group.

Bank Brussels Lambert
Bank Brussels Lambert (BBL, French: Banque Bruxelles Lambert) was a prominent Belgian bank that was created in 1975 through the merger of Banque de Bruxelles and Banque Lambert, and was eventually acquired in 1998 by ING Group; however the name survived as part of Groupe Bruxelles Lambert, which controlled the bank prior to its acquisition.
Genaro de la Riva
Genaro de la Riva Ruiz (9 September 1890 - 25 February 1968) was a Spanish athlete who performed several modalities such as foil, sailing, cricket, field hockey and footballer who played as a midfielder for RCD Espanyol and Catalonia. He was one of the most important figures in the history of RCD Espanyol, both as a player and President of the club, serving as the latter on three separate occasions (1920–22, 1925–30 and 1933–42) for a total of 16 years at the helm of the club. His brothers Victorià and Santiago were also presidents of RCD Espanyol, a society that the three la Riva brothers presided for many years, paying for and maintaining the economy of the club mostly from their own pocket.

Victoriano de la Riva
Victoriano de la Riva Ruiz (9 April 1878 – 16 January 1930) was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for RCD Espanyol. He was one of the most important figures in the history of RCD Espanyol, both as a player and President of the club, serving as the latter on two separate occasions (1919–20, 1922–24). His brothers Genaro and Santiago were also presidents of RCD Espanyol, doing so on three separate occasions, a society that the three la Riva brothers presided for many years, paying for and maintaining the economy of the club mostly from their own pocket.
Chuck Gatschenberger
Chuck Gatschenberger (born February 28, 1956) is a Republican politician. He was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives, representing the 13th District which encompasses portions of Warren and St. Charles counties. He was first elected to the Missouri House in November, 2008. In 2014, Gatschenberger ran for the Missouri Senate and lost to Dr. Bob Onder in the Republican primary.

Bob Onder
Robert Frank Onder Jr. (born January 6, 1962) is an American politician, attorney, and physician from the state of Missouri. He is the member of the United States House of Representatives for Missouri's 3rd congressional district. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Before his tenure in the House of Representatives, he was a member of the Missouri Senate from 2015 to 2023, serving the 2nd District in the St. Charles area. Onder previously was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 2007 to 2008.

Onder announced his bid for the 3rd district in 2024, following the announcement that incumbent Blaine Luetkemeyer would not run for reelection. After defeating six opponents to win the Republican nomination, Onder went on to win the general election against Democrat Bethany Mann.
Andover Newton Theological School
Andover Newton Theological School is the predecessor of Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School and a graduate school and seminary, affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ. It was located in Newton, Massachusetts and was the product of a merger between Andover Theological Seminary and Newton Theological Institution.  In recent years, it was an official open and affirming seminary, meaning that it was open to students of same-sex attraction or transgender orientation and generally advocated for tolerance of it in church and society.

In November 2015, the school announced that it would move from its campus and become part of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, a process it completed in July 2017.

Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School
Andover Newton Seminary at Yale Divinity School is an American seminary program  founded in 2017 within Yale Divinity School and located in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the successor institution of Andover Newton Theological School (ANTS), the oldest graduate seminary in the United States and the nation's first graduate institution of any kind.

In November 2015, ANTS, affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and the United Church of Christ, announced that it would sell its campus in Newton, Massachusetts and relocate, after a presence of 190 years on that site. In July 2017, ANTS and Yale Divinity School completed a formal affiliation to create Andover Newton Seminary within the Divinity School.
Rhinogydd
The Rhinogydd (a Welsh plural form, often anglicised as Rhinogs and also known by the alternative Welsh plural Rhinogau) are a range of mountains located east of Harlech in North Wales. The name Rhinogydd derives from the names of two of the more famous peaks, Rhinog Fawr and Rhinog Fach, although the greatest elevation in the range is reached by Y Llethr, 756 m (2,480 feet).

Foel Penolau, the northernmost summit of the range, was promoted to a Hewitt in 2018 following a new survey.

The Rhinogydd are notably rocky and heather-clad towards the northern end of the range, especially around Rhinog Fawr, Rhinog Fach and towards Moel Ysgyfarnogod. The southern end, around Y Llethr, Diffwys and the Ysgethin Valley has a softer, grassy character.

A population of feral goats are in the range. Over 30 km² are protected as a Special Area of Conservation and a National Nature Reserve.

Rhinog Fawr
Rhinog Fawr is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales and forms part of the Rhinogydd range. It is the third highest summit of the Rhinogydd, losing out to Y Llethr and Diffwys respectively. Its smaller cousin Rhinog Fach lies to the south, separated by the pass of Bwlch Drws Ardudwy, while its other neighbour, Moel Ysgyfarnogod lies to the north.

In common with most of the range, the terrain is characterised by hard sedimentary rock covered with heather, making progress on foot difficult. At 510m, nestled in crags, lies Llyn Du, a small tarn beneath the summit. The ascent is most easily made from the north-east or north-west, via the Roman Steps pass.
Spring Mountain Road
Spring Mountain Road is a major east-west road in the Las Vegas Valley. It runs from Hualapai Way at its western terminus to Las Vegas Boulevard in the east. East of Las Vegas Boulevard, Spring Mountain becomes Sands Avenue, and then jogs south to join Twain Avenue. State Route 591 (SR 591) was a state highway that comprised a 0.242-mile (0.389 km) section of Spring Mountain at Interstate 15. The roadway is named after Hoot Gibson's Spring Mountain Ranch, which is located where Chinatown is currently. The Spring Mountain Ranch was also known as the D-4-C Ranch due to the number of people who took advantage of Nevada's lax divorce laws in the period before the 1950's.

The street is located in the unincorporated towns of Paradise (east of Decatur Boulevard) and Spring Valley (west of Decatur). It is the main thoroughfare of Las Vegas's Chinatown.

Spring Valley, Nevada
Spring Valley is an unincorporated town and census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States, located 2 miles (3 km) west of the Las Vegas Strip. The population was 215,597 at the 2020 census. Spring Valley was formed in May 1981.
Meissen
Meissen (German: Meißen [ˈmaɪsn̩] ⓘ; Upper Sorbian: Mišno; Latin: Misnia, Misenacode: lat promoted to code: la ) is a town of approximately 30,000 inhabitants, situated about 25 km (16 mi) north‑west of Dresden and 75 km (47 mi) west of Bautzen, on both banks of the River Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meissen is renowned as the home of Meissen porcelain, the Albrechtsburg castle, the Gothic Meissen Cathedral, and the Meissen Church of Our Lady. The town of Meissen, designated as a Große Kreisstadt, serves as the administrative seat of the Meissen district.

In Germany, the name Meissen is the legally registered trademark of the State Porcelain Manufactory (Staatliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Meissen GmbH), while Meißen refers specifically to the city and municipality.

Albrechtsburg
The Albrechtsburg is a Late Gothic castle erected from 1471 till about 1495. It is located in the town centre of Meissen in the German state of Saxony. It is situated on a hill above the river Elbe, adjacent to the Meissen Cathedral.
The Guides and Scouts of Norway
The Guides and Scouts of Norway (Norwegian: Speiderne i Norge) is the national Scouting and Guiding federation of Norway, founded in 2003 as "Speidernes Fellesorganisasjon". It took over the WOSM membership of Norges Speiderforbund and the WAGGGS membership of the Fellesrådet for speiderpiker i Norge. Speidernes Fellesorganisasjon serves 17,348 Scouts (as of 2011) and 14,443 Guides (as of 2008).

The federation has actual two independent member associations:

Norges Speiderforbund (Norwegian Guide and Scout Association)

Norges KFUK-KFUM-speidere (YWCA-YMCA Guides and Scouts of Norway)

Norwegian Guide and Scout Association
The Norwegian Guide and Scout Association (Norwegian: Norges Speiderforbund, NSF) is a Norwegian Scouting and Guiding association founded in its present form in 1978, when the Norwegian Boy Scout Organization (founded in 1911 and among the charter members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922) and the Norwegian Girl Guide Organization (founded in 1921 and an early member of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts) merged.

NSF is a member of Speiderne i Norge, the national Scouting and Guiding federation of Norway. NSF is also a member of WOSM and WAGGGS.
Gao Renhou
Gao Renhou (Chinese: 高仁厚) (d. 886) was an army general late in the Chinese Tang dynasty who served under the warlord Chen Jingxuan the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan). Serving under Chen, he defeated the rebels Qian Neng (阡能), Han Xiusheng (韓秀升), and Qu Xingcong (屈行從), as well as Chen's rival Yang Shili the military governor of Dongchuan (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan), after which Chen made him the military governor of Dongchuan. By 886, however, Chen, who had become suspicious of his intentions, attacked him and killed him.

Chen Jingxuan
Chen Jingxuan (陳敬瑄) (d. April 26, 893) was a general of the Tang dynasty of China, who came to control Xichuan Circuit (西川), headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan by virtue of his being an older brother of the eunuch Tian Lingzi, who controlled the court of Emperor Xizong during most of Emperor Xizong's reign.  Later, when Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong tried to recall Chen, Chen refused, leading to a general campaign against him.  He was eventually defeated and killed by Wang Jian, who took over his territory and later founded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Former Shu.
Curtis Reed (politician)
Curtis Reed (March 24, 1815 – March 18, 1895) was an American businessman, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He is considered the founder of Menasha, Wisconsin, and was the first village president after its incorporation in 1853, he subsequently served as the 8th mayor of Menasha after it became a city.  He also served two terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly, in 1853 and 1861.

Most of Reed's siblings were also notable politicians or married to notable politicians.  His brothers were George B. Reed, Orson Reed, and Harrison Reed.  His youngest sister was Martha Reed Mitchell.

Orson Reed
Orson Reed (September 7, 1809 – c.1890) was an American farmer, Democratic politician, and Wisconsin pioneer.  He represented Waukesha County in the Wisconsin Senate (1866, 1867) and State Assembly (1853), and also served as sheriff of Waukesha County.  His first name was sometimes spelled "Orison".

Most of Reed's siblings were also notable politicians or married to notable politicians.  His brothers were George B. Reed, Harrison Reed, and Curtis Reed.  His youngest sister was Martha Reed Mitchell.
Ridge (differential geometry)
In differential geometry, a smooth surface in three dimensions has a ridge point when a line of curvature has a local maximum or minimum of principal curvature. The set of ridge points form curves on the surface called ridges.

The ridges of a given surface fall into two families, typically designated red and blue, depending on which of the two principal curvatures has an extremum.

At umbilical points the colour of a ridge will change from red to blue. There are two main cases: one has three ridge lines passing through the umbilic, and the other has one line passing through it.

Ridge lines correspond to cuspidal edges on the focal surface.

Principal curvature
In differential geometry, the two principal curvatures at a given point of a surface are the maximum and minimum values of the curvature as expressed by the eigenvalues of the shape operator at that point.  They measure how the surface bends by different amounts in different directions at that point.
Widescreen
Widescreen images are displayed within a set of aspect ratios (relationship of image width to height) used in film, television and computer screens. In film, a widescreen film is any film image with a width-to-height aspect ratio greater than 4:3 (1.33:1).

For TV, the original screen ratio for broadcasts was in 4:3 (1.33:1). Largely between the 1990s and early 2000s, at varying paces in different countries, 16:9 (e.g. 1920×1080p 60p) widescreen displays came into increasingly common use by high definitions.

With computer displays, aspect ratios other than 4:3 (e.g. 1920×1440) are also referred to as "widescreen". Widescreen computer displays were previously made in a 16:10 aspect ratio (e.g. 1920×1200), but nowadays they are 16:9 (e.g. 1920×1080, 2560×1440, 3840×2160).

Aspect ratio (image)
The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, in the format width:height. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in cinematography, 4:3 (originally) and 16:9 in television, and 3:2 in still photography. The 1:1 aspect ratio is used for square images, often seen on social media platforms like Instagram, and 21:9 is an "ultrawide" aspect ratio popular for gaming and desktop monitors.
Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics
Greece was the host nation of the 1896 Summer Olympics held in Athens.  The number of Greek contestants is commonly cited as 169, but as many as 176 Greeks contested events in all nine sports.  The Greeks were by far the most successful nation in terms of total medals with 47, 27 more than the United States of America.  Nevertheless, their number of first-place finishes (10) was one fewer than the Americans' 11.  The Greeks had 172 entries in 39 events.  Only 4 events had no Greek entrants—the 400 metres and the high jump in athletics and the vault and the team horizontal bar in gymnastics.

United States at the 1896 Summer Olympics
Fourteen competitors from the United States competed in three sports at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.  The Americans were the most successful athletes in terms of gold medals, beating host nation Greece, 11 to 10, despite fielding only 14 competitors compared to an estimated 169 Greek entrants.  However, the Greeks' 46 total medals dwarfed the Americans' 20.

The United States team had 27 entries in 16 events, with 20 of the 27 resulting in top-three finishes.

Most of the American competitors were students at Harvard University or Princeton University or members of the Boston Athletic Association. The team trained at The Pennington School, in Pennington, New Jersey, while preparing for the first modern Olympic Games.
Canada–Portugal relations
Canada and Portugal have friendly bilateral relations, the importance of which center on the history of Portuguese migration to Canada. Canadians of full or partial Portuguese ancestry number approximately 482,000 people. Both nations are members of NATO, the OECD, and the United Nations.

Portuguese Canadians
Portuguese Canadians (Portuguese: luso-canadianos) are Canadian citizens of full or partial Portuguese heritage or people who migrated from Portugal and reside in Canada. According to the 2021 Census, there were 448,310 or 1.21% of Canadians claimed full or partial Portuguese ancestry, a decrease compared to 482,110 in 2016 (1.40% of the nation's total population).

Most Portuguese Canadians live in Ontario - 300,600 (67.05%), followed by Quebec 64,385 (14.36%) and British Columbia 39,755 (8.87%).
Operation Rugged
Operation Rugged was a military operation performed by the United Nations Command (UN) during the Korean War designed to advance the UN lines to positions north of the 38th Parallel designated the Kansas Line. The operation would be the first phase of the advance, being immediately succeeded by Operation Dauntless which would take the UN forces to the Wyoming Line 10 miles (16 km) to 20 miles (32 km) north of the 38th Parallel. The operation resulted in a UN victory.

Operation Dauntless
Operation Dauntless was a military operation performed by the United Nations Command (UN) during the Korean War designed to advance the UN lines to positions 10–20 miles (16–32 km) north of the 38th Parallel designated the Wyoming Line which would threaten the Chinese and North Korean logistics hub marked out by the towns of Pyonggang, Ch'orwon and Gimhwa-eup named the Iron Triangle. The operation immediately succeeded Operation Rugged which took the UN forces to the Kansas Line 2 to 6 miles (3.2 to 9.7 km) north of the 38th Parallel. The operation was initially successful, reaching its initial objectives, but was brought to a halt by the Chinese Spring Offensive on 22 April 1951.
Rate Your Music
Rate Your Music (often abbreviated to RYM) is a social cataloging website for music releases and films. Users can catalog items from their personal collection, review them, and assign ratings in a five-star rating system. The site also features community-based charts that track highest-rated releases.

Social cataloging application
A social cataloging application is a web application designed to help users to catalog pieces of media such as books, films, television shows, albums, video games, etc. consumed, owned, or otherwise of interest to them. The phrase refers to characteristics that generally arise from a multi-user cataloging environment:

The ability to share catalogs and interact with others based upon shared items

The enrichment or improvement of cataloging description through either explicit cooperation in the production of cataloging metadata or through the analysis of implicit data (e.g. "people who like X also like Y").
Varenets
Varenets (Russian: варенец, lit. 'the stewed one'), sometimes anglicised as stewler or simmeler, is a fermented milk product that is popular in Russia. Similar to ryazhenka, it is made by adding sour cream (smetana) to baked milk.

Ryazhenka
Ryazhenka, or ryazhanka (Russian: ряженка; Belarusian: ражанка, Ukrainian: ряжанка), is a traditional fermented milk product in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. It is made from baked milk by lactic acid fermentation.
George Walker (soldier)
George Walker (c.1645 – 1 July 1690 Old Style) was an English soldier and Anglican priest. He was joint Governor of Derry  during the Siege in 1689. He was killed at the Battle of the Boyne while going to the aid of the wounded Duke of Schomberg.

Governor of Londonderry
The Governor of Londonderry and Culmore was a British military appointment. The Governor was the officer who commanded the garrison and fortifications of the city of Derry and of Culmore fort. The Governor was paid by The Honourable The Irish Society.