hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ethan Smith (clergyman)
Ethan Smith (December 19, 1762 – August 29, 1849) was a New England Congregationalist clergyman in the United States who wrote View of the Hebrews (1823), a book that argued that Native Americans were descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. His position was not uncommon among religious scholars, who based their history on the Bible.

Historians including Fawn McKay Brodie, a 20th-century biographer of Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, suggest that View influenced the Book of Mormon (1830), because of the strong "parallelisms" found between the two.

View of the Hebrews
View of the Hebrews is an 1823 book written by Ethan Smith, a Congregationalist minister in Vermont, who argued that Native Americans were descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel, a relatively common view during the early nineteenth century. Numerous commentators on Mormon history, from LDS Church general authority B. H. Roberts to Fawn M. Brodie, biographer of Joseph Smith, have noted similarities in the content of View of the Hebrews and the Book of Mormon, which was first published in 1830, seven years after Ethan Smith's book.
Ferrari flat-12 engine
The Ferrari flat-12 engine family is a series of flat-12 DOHC petrol engines produced by Ferrari from 1964 to 1996. The first racing Ferrari flat-12, the Mauro Forghieri-designed Tipo 207, was introduced in the Ferrari 1512 F1 car in 1964. Later flat-12 racing engines were used in Ferrari Formula One and sports racing cars from 1968 until 1980, including the 212 E Montagna, 312 B series, 312 PB and 312 T series. The roadgoing flat-12 engines were introduced with the 365 GT4 BB and were produced in various versions until the end of F512M production in 1996.

Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer
The Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer (BB) is a series of sports cars produced by Ferrari in Italy between 1973 and 1984. The BB was designed by Leonardo Fioravanti at Pininfarina. The first BB model, the 365 GT4 BB, replaced the front engined Daytona and was the first in a series of road-going Ferraris equipped with a mid-mounted flat-twelve engine. The 365 GT4 BB was succeeded in 1976 by the BB 512, equipped with a larger displacement engine, then by the fuel-injected BB 512i in 1981. The series was discontinued in 1984 when the BB 512i was replaced by the Testarossa, which used a revised version of the flat-twelve engine.
Tratex
Tratex (earlier called GePos) is a geometric sans-serif typeface family for road signs in Sweden. It was developed for maximal readability in traffic, and designed by Karl-Gustaf Gustafsson (known as Kåge Gustafsson).

Since 2014, Tratex has also been used on road signs in the Swedish-speaking autonomous region of Åland in Finland.

Tratex also contains Sami characters. It is free to download and use for illustrations and prints.

Road signs in Sweden
Road signs in Sweden are regulated in the Traffic Sign Ordinance (2007:90) (VMF, Swedish: Vägmärkesförordningen).

Most signs are based on pictograms, with some exceptions like the prohibition-sign for stop at customs and signal and speed limit signs.
If the sign includes text, the text is written in Swedish, except the stop sign, which is written in English ("STOP").

Swedish road signs depict people with realistic (as opposed to stylized) silhouettes.

All signs have a reflective layer added on selected parts of the sign as is custom in European countries; most larger signs also have their own illumination.

The typeface used on Swedish road signs is Tratex.
Ł–l merger
Ł–l merger (Kashubian: bëlaczenié; Polish: bylaczenie) is a phonological change in northeastern dialects of the Kashubian language, a merger of Ł into L. The Polish-language term 
is derived from the pronunciation of the words  "béł", "bëła" (Polish:  "był", "była", English: "was") as "bél", "bëla". The corresponding group of dialects is called gwary bylackie.

The merger is attributed to the historical language contact with Low German being more intensive than with Polish compared to other Kashubian dialects.

Kashubian language
Kashubian (/kəˈʃuːbiən/) or Cassubian (/kəˈsuːbiən/; endonym: kaszëbsczi jãzëk; Polish: język kaszubski) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup.

Approximately 87,600 people use mainly Kashubian at home. It is the only remnant of the Pomeranian language. It is close to standard Polish with influence from Low German and the extinct Polabian (West Slavic) and Old Prussian (West Baltic) languages.

The Kashubian language exists in two different forms: vernacular dialects used in rural areas, and literary variants used in education.
Shannon RFC
Shannon Rugby Football Club is the most successful club in the All Ireland League, having won the competition nine times. They hail from Limerick near the banks of the Shannon river. Shannon RFC is a member of the Irish Rugby Football Union Munster Branch. The club is one of the top amateur sides in Ireland has seen many of its players progress to professional and international rugby. The 1st XV plays in Division 2A of the All-Ireland League. While the women's side compete in Division 1 of the Munster League. Shannon RFC fields underage teams for boys and girls from u6s - u20s. In 2017 Shannon RFC became the first club in the country to field a girls u20 club side.

Munster Rugby
Munster Rugby (Irish: Rugbaí Mumhan) is one of the professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland. They compete in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby Champions Cup. The team represents the IRFU's Munster Branch, which is responsible for rugby union throughout the Irish province of Munster. The team motto is "To the brave and faithful, nothing is impossible." This is derived from the motto of the MacCarthy clan – "Forti et Fideli nihil difficile". Their main home ground is Thomond Park, Limerick, though some games are played at Musgrave Park, Cork.
Leutschach an der Weinstraße
Leutschach an der Weinstraße (Austrian German: [ˈlɔʏtʃax an deːɐ̯ ˈvaɪnˌʃtraːsɛ]; Slovene: Lučane na Vinski cesti) is since January 2015 a new municipality with 3,794 residents (as of 1 January 2016) in the Leibnitz District of Styria, Austria.

The municipality was founded as part of the Styria municipal structural reform,
on 31 December 2014, from the dissolved independent municipalities Leutschach, Schloßberg, Eichberg-Trautenburg and Glanz an der Weinstraße.

On January 1, 2015, the administration of the new market town, Leutschach an der Weinstraße, moved into the renovated office building, in which all municipal council offices are housed.

The town formed, together with Ehrenhausen an der Weinstraße, Arnfels, Oberhaag and Straß in Steiermark, the tourism agency "Die südsteirische Weinstraße" with base in the town Leutschach an der Weinstraße.

Eichberg-Trautenburg
Eichberg-Trautenburg is a former municipality in the district of Leibnitz in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Leutschach an der Weinstraße.
Sleep mode
Sleep mode (or suspend to RAM or stand by) is a low-power mode for electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and remote controlled devices. Sleep modes save significantly on electrical consumption compared to leaving a device fully on and, upon resuming to a working state, allow the user to avoid having to reissue instructions or wait for a machine to boot.

Many devices signify this power mode with a pulsed or red-colored LED power light.

Hibernation (computing)
Hibernation (also known as suspend to disk, or Safe Sleep on Macintosh computers) in computing is powering down a computer while retaining its state. When hibernation begins, the computer saves the contents of its random access memory (RAM) to a hard disk or other non-volatile storage. When the computer is turned on the RAM is restored and the computer is exactly as it was before entering hibernation.  Hibernation was first implemented in 1992 and patented by Compaq Computer Corporation in Houston, Texas.

Microsoft's Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 11 employ a type of hibernation (Fast Startup) by default when shutting down.
Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)
The Southwestern Front was a front of the Red Army during the Second World War, formed thrice.

It was first created on June 22, 1941 from the Kiev Special Military District. The western boundary of the front in June 1941 was 865 km long, from the Pripyat River and the town of Wlodawa to the Prut River and the town of Lipkany at the border with Romania. It connected to the north with the Western Front, which extended to the Lithuanian border, and to the south with the Southern Front, which extended to the city of Odessa on the Black Sea.

Southern Front (Soviet Union)
The Southern Front was a front, a formation about the size of an army group of the Soviet Army during the Second World War. The Southern Front directed military operations during the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940 and then was formed twice after the June 1941 invasion by Germany, codenamed Operation Barbarossa.

During the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1940, the Soviets deployed three armies (12th, 5th and 9th). Altogether the Soviet Southern Front opposing Bessarabia and Bukovina consisted of 32 (or 31) rifle divisions, 2 (or 3) motorised rifle divisions, 6 cavalry divisions, 11 tank brigades, 3 airborne brigades (one in reserve), 14 corps artillery regiments, 16 artillery regiments of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and 4 heavy artillery divisions. These force totalled around 460,000 men, ca. 12,000 guns and mortars, ca. 3,000 tanks and 2,160 aircraft.
Clent Hills
The Clent Hills are a hill range in Clent, Worcestershire, England. The closest towns are Stourbridge and Halesowen. The Clent Hills range consists of, in order from north-west to south-east: Wychbury Hill, Clent Hill (and Adams Hill), and Walton Hill (and Calcot Hill). The north Worcestershire range of hills continues eastwards to include Romsley Hill, Waseley Hills and the Lickey Hills. The hills lie 10 miles (16 km) south-west of Birmingham.

Clent Hill is the most popular hillwalking hill in the range, although it is not often mentioned because the whole area is referred to as Clent Hills. Just under a million visitors a year are estimated to come to the hills, making them Worcestershire's most popular non-paying attraction.

Walton Hill
At 316 metres (1,037 ft) above sea level, Walton Hill is the highest point in the range of hills in northern Worcestershire known as the Clent Hills. It is the highest point for 21 miles (34 km) in all directions, and as such commands an excellent panorama. Its neighbours include Clent Hill, Wychbury Hill (which is hidden from view by Clent Hill), Calcot Hill, and Romsley Hill.

The summit of the hill is open grassland and heath, which was commonland of the manor of Clent. This became a regulated common in 1935, as a result of action by Bromsgrove Rural District Council, and was given to the National Trust in 1959. Woodlands on the side of the hill in the Clatterbach valley were bought by Worcestershire County Council in 1957 and given by it to the National Trust in 1959.
Modified Dietz method
The modified Dietz method is a measure of the ex post (i.e. historical) performance of an investment portfolio in the presence of external flows.  (External flows are movements of value such as transfers of cash, securities or other instruments in or out of the portfolio, with no equal simultaneous movement of value in the opposite direction, and which are not income from the investments in the portfolio, such as interest, coupons or dividends.)

To calculate the modified Dietz return, divide the gain or loss in value, net of external flows, by the average capital over the period of measurement. The average capital weights individual cash flows by the length of time between those cash flows until the end of the period. Flows which occur towards the beginning of the period have a higher weight than flows occurring towards the end. The result of the calculation is expressed as a percentage return over the holding period.

Time-weighted return
The time-weighted return (TWR, TWRR, TWOR or TTWROR for true time-weighted rate of return) is a method of calculating investment return, where returns over sub-periods are compounded together, with each sub-period weighted according to its duration.
The time-weighted method differs from other methods of calculating investment return, in the particular way it compensates for external flows.
Dunstable Town railway station
Dunstable Town, also known as Dunstable Church Street, was a railway station on the Great Northern Railway's branch line from Welwyn which served Dunstable in Bedfordshire from 1858 to 1965. Against a background of falling passenger numbers and declining freight returns, the station closed to passengers in 1965 and to goods in 1964, a casualty of the Beeching Axe. The station site is now in use as part of the Luton to Dunstable Busway.

Dunstable
Dunstable (/ˈdʌnstəbəl/ DUN-stə-bəl) is a market town and civil parish in Bedfordshire, England, east of the Chiltern Hills, 30 miles (50 kilometres) north of London. There are several steep chalk escarpments, most noticeable when approaching Dunstable from the north. Dunstable is the fourth largest town in Bedfordshire and along with Houghton Regis forms the westernmost part of the Luton/Dunstable urban area.
Filth (novel)
Filth is a 1998 novel by Scottish writer Irvine Welsh. It was adapted into a 2013 film of the same name, directed by Jon S. Baird with James McAvoy in the lead role. A sequel, Crime, was published in 2008.

Filth (film)
Filth is a 2013 psychological black comedy crime thriller film written and directed by Jon S. Baird, based on Irvine Welsh's 1998 novel Filth. The film was released on 27 September 2013 in Scotland, 4 October 2013 elsewhere in the United Kingdom and in Ireland, and on 30 May 2014 in the United States. It stars James McAvoy, Jamie Bell, and Jim Broadbent.

Filth marked the final film role of David Soul, in a cameo role.

Set in Edinburgh, the film follows a misanthropic Detective Sergeant investigating a murder case, beset with mental health problems following the end of his marriage. He has borderline personality disorder, feelings of guilt over the death of his brother and (eventually) suicidal ideation.
Executive of Turkey
The executive power in Turkey is exercised by the Cabinet of Turkey, which is responsible for implementing government policies and administering the affairs of the state. Traditionally, this authority was vested in the Prime Minister of Turkey, who served as the head of government and chaired the Cabinet, while the President of Turkey held a largely ceremonial role as the head of state. However, following the 2017 Turkish referendum, Turkey underwent a significant constitutional transformation that replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential one. As a result, the office of the Prime Minister was abolished, and its executive powers were transferred to the President of Turkey, who now serves simultaneously as both the Head of government and the Head of the state.

Constitution of Turkey adapts separation of powers between Judiciary of Turkey, Legislation of Turkey and The Executive of Turkey

Judicial system of Turkey
The judicial system of Turkey is defined by Articles 138 to 160 of the Constitution of Turkey.

With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a civil law legal system, replacing Ottoman law and the Sharia courts. The Civil Code, adopted in 1926, was based on the Swiss Civil Code of 1907 and the Swiss Code of Obligations of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The Criminal Code, originally based on the Italian Criminal Code, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the German Penal Code and German law generally. Administrative law is based on the French equivalent and procedural law generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems. The system can be very slow – as of 2024 one land dispute has been ongoing for 53 years.
Roberto de Noya
Roberto de Noya, O.P. or Roberto de Noja (died 1515) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Naxos (1504–1515), Bishop of Acerra (1497–1504),
and Bishop of Minervino Murge (1492–1497).

Diocese of Acerra
The Diocese of Acerra (Latin: Dioecesis Acerrarum) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Campania, southern Italy, eight miles east of Naples, in the area once called Terra Laboris (Liburia). It has existed since the 11th century. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Naples.

The diocese has one priest for every 2,436 Catholics.
Human Terrain: War Becomes Academic
Human Terrain: War Becomes Academic is a 2010 documentary film about the US Army's Human Terrain System (HTS), written and directed by James Der Derian, David Udris and Michael Udris.  The film examines the history of the HTS program, the public controversy surrounding HTS, and the story of the involvement of one academic (Michael V. Bhatia) in the program.

Michael Bhatia
Michael Vinay Bhatia (August 23, 1976 – May 7, 2008) was a researcher studying conflict resolution in war-torn countries. He was born in Upland, California. He attended Brown University, where he graduated magna cum laude with a B.A. in International Relations in 1999. He was the recipient of the Herbert Scoville Jr. Peace Fellowship and a Marshall Scholarship to study at the University of Oxford where he earned his M.Sc. in International Relations in 2002. He was a visiting fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University and a lecturer at Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.

Bhatia was killed on May 7, 2008, in Khost Province, Afghanistan, where he was serving as a social scientist in consultation with the US Defense Department. On May 16, 2008, by order of Robert Gates, the Secretary of Defense of the United States, Bhatia was awarded the Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom posthumously.
3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy
3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy is a 2011 Hong Kong 3D erotic costume drama film directed by Christopher Suen and produced by Stephen Shiu. It was released in Hong Kong, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand on 14 April 2011. It is a new instalment of the Sex and Zen series and is loosely based on the 17th century Chinese novel The Carnal Prayer Mat. As compared to the original film series, it is more dark and dramatic, and it occasionally pays homage to the humour of the earlier films.

The Carnal Prayer Mat
Rouputuan, also known as Huiquanbao and Juehouchan, and translated as The Carnal Prayer Mat or The Before Midnight Scholar, is a 17th-century Chinese erotic novel published under a pseudonym but usually attributed to Li Yu. It was written in 1657 and published in 1693 during the Qing dynasty. It is divided into four volumes of five chapters apiece. It was published in Japan in 1705 as Nikubuton with a preface proclaiming it the greatest erotic novel of all time.

The novel had a controversial status in Chinese literature, and has long been banned and censored; recent scholarship treats the work as an allegory which uses its unabashed pornographic nature to attack Confucian puritanism. The prologue comments that sex is healthy when taken as if it were a drug, but not as if it were ordinary food.
Battle of Derna (2018–2019)
The Battle of Derna was a military campaign by the Libyan National Army to recapture the city of Derna from the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna, which lasted from 7 May 2018 until 12 February 2019. The majority of military operations concluded by 28 June 2018, with the Libyan National Army declaring control of the entire city on that day, despite continued clashes in the old city. During the early stages of the battle, the Shura Council was dissolved and replaced with the Derna Protection Force, which continued operations after the LNA declared victory in June 2018, before surrendering at the end of the battle.

Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
The Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna (Arabic: مجلس شورى مجاهدين درنة) was a coalition of Islamist militias that advocated the implementation of Sharia law within Derna, Libya. Besides seeking to implement strict social mores in Derna, the alliance was known for its open opposition to Khalifa Haftar and the Libyan affiliates of the Islamic State (IS).

On 11 May 2018, the Shura Council was dissolved as result of reversals during the Battle of Derna (2018), and replaced by the Derna Protection Force.
Pérotin
Pérotin (fl. c. 1200) was a composer associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony in Paris and the broader ars antiqua musical style of high medieval music. He is credited with developing the polyphonic practices of his predecessor Léonin, with the introduction of three and four-part harmonies.

Other than a brief mention by music theorist Johannes de Garlandia in his De Mensurabili Musica, virtually all information on Pérotin's life comes from Anonymous IV, a pseudonymous English student who probably studied in Paris. Anonymous IV names seven titles from a Magnus Liber—including Viderunt omnes, Sederunt principes and Alleluia Nativitas—that have been identified with surviving works and gives him the title Magister Perotinus (Pérotinus the Master), meaning he was licensed to teach. It is assumed that Perotinus was French and named Pérotin, a diminutive of Peter, but attempts to match him with persons in contemporary documents remain speculative.

Magnus Liber
The Magnus Liber or Magnus liber organi (English translation: Great Book of Organum), written in Latin, is a repertory of medieval music known as organum. This collection of organum survives today in three major manuscripts. This repertoire was in use by the Notre-Dame school composers working in Paris around the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries, though it is well agreed upon by scholars that Leonin contributed a bulk of the organum in the repertoire. This large body of repertoire is known from references to a "magnum volumen" by Johannes de Garlandia and to a "Magnus liber organi de graduali et antiphonario pro servitio divino" by the English music theorist known as Anonymous IV. Today it is known only from later manuscripts containing compositions named in Anonymous IV's description. The Magnus Liber is regarded as one of the earliest collections of polyphony.
Fuerza y Corazón por México
Fuerza y Corazón por México (English: Strength and Heart for Mexico), previously called the Broad Front for Mexico (Spanish: Frente Amplio por México), was a big tent political coalition formed by three Mexican political parties: the conservative National Action Party (PAN), the catch-all Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and the social-democratic Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).

Party of the Democratic Revolution
The Party of the Democratic Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Democrática [paɾˈtiðo ðe la reβoluˈsjon demoˈkɾatika], PRD) is a state-level social democratic political party in Mexico (previously national, until 2024). The PRD originated from the Democratic Current, a political faction formed in 1986 from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRD was formed after the contested general election in 1988, which the PRD's immediate predecessor, the National Democratic Front, believed was rigged by the PRI. This sparked a movement away from the PRI's authoritarian rule.

As of 2023, the PRD was a member of the Fuerza y Corazón por México (Strength and Heart for Mexico) coalition. Internationally, the PRD was a member of the Progressive Alliance. The members of the party are known colloquially in Mexico as Perredistas. In 2024, the party failed to reach the necessary percentage of votes to keep its registration as a national political party.