hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Toce
The Toce (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtoːtʃe, ˈtɔːtʃe]; Lombard: Toss; Walser: Riiss) is a river in Piedmont, Italy, which stretches the length of the Val d'Ossola from the Swiss border to Lake Maggiore into which it debouches near Fondotoce in the commune of Verbania. The river is 83.6 kilometres (51.9 mi) long and is formed in the upper Val Formazza by the confluence of a number of torrents in the plain of Riale.

Val Formazza
The Val Formazza (Walser: Pomattertal) is a valley in the Lepontine Alps, in the Piedmontese Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy. Bordering Switzerland, it represents the northernmost part of Val d'Ossola and Piedmont.

The river Toce flows through the valley, forming the Toce waterfall. Seven hydroelectric reservoirs were built in the valley in the 20th century: lakes Morasco, Sabbione, Toggia, Vannino, Castel, Busin, and Sruer.

The valley is surrounded by several three-thousanders, the highest of which is the Blinnenhorn, followed by the Siedel Rothorn, Basòdino, Ofenhorn, Punta del Sabbione, Kastelhorn, Punta dei Camosci, Corno di Ban and Monte Giove. Ten mountain huts are located on its mountains.

Two municipalities are located in the valley, Premia and Formazza, the latter of which is home to a Walser community.

Much of the valley (22,233 hectares) is covered by a Special Protection Area as part of the Natura 2000 network.
Education in East Germany
Education in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was a socialist education system and was compulsory from age 6 until age 16. State-run schools included crèches, kindergartens, polytechnic schools, extended secondary schools, vocational training, and universities.

Extended Secondary School (East Germany)
The extended secondary school, officially twelve-class general educational polytechnic secondary school, abbreviation EOS, was the standard institution of higher education in the education system of East Germany. It finished with the final examination called Reifeprüfung /Abitur (A-Level) at the end of the 12th grade, granting the Reifezeugnis, the certificate of eligibility for university entrance. The school structure was a four-class comprehensive school without any internal or external differentiation. The EOS was established in 1959 to replace the hitherto existing Oberschule as laid down by the Act on Socialistic Development of the School System in the German Democratic Republic effective December 2, 1959. The designation Gymnasium was not common in East Germany.
Thomas Cloney
Thomas Cloney (1773 – 20 February 1850) was a United Irishman, and leader of the rebellion in County Wexford in 1798, and with Robert Emmet a co-conspirator in the attempt to renew the republican insurrection in 1803.

Robert Emmet
Robert Emmet (4 March 1778 – 20 September 1803) was an Irish Republican, orator and rebel leader. Following the suppression of the United Irish uprising in 1798, he sought to organise a renewed attempt in Ireland to overthrow the British Crown and Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, and to break the recently enforced union with Great Britain. Emmet entertained, but ultimately abandoned, hopes of immediate French assistance and of coordination with radical militants in Great Britain. In Ireland, many of the surviving veterans of '98 hesitated to lend their support, and his rising in Dublin in 1803 proved abortive.

Emmet’s Proclamation of the Provisional Government to the People of Ireland, his Speech from the Dock, and his "sacrificial" end on the gallows inspired later generations of Irish republicans. His memory was invoked by Patrick Pearse who in 1916 was again to proclaim a provisional government in Dublin.
Fraternal order
A fraternal order is a voluntary membership organisation structured as an order, typically featuring initiation rituals and elements derived from religious orders, chivalric traditions, guilds, or secret societies. While drawing on these historical models, fraternal orders generally serve secular purposes: functioning as social clubs, cultural organisations, and providers of mutual aid or charitable services. Many friendly societies, benefit societies, and mutual organisations are organised as fraternal orders.

Friendly society
A friendly society (sometimes called a benefit society, mutual aid society, benevolent society, fraternal organization or ROSCA) is a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking. It is a mutual organization or benefit society composed of a body of people who join together for a common financial or social purpose. Before modern insurance and the welfare state, friendly societies provided financial and social services to individuals, often according to their religious, political, or trade affiliations. These societies are still widespread in many parts of the developing world, where they are referred to as ROSCAs (rotating savings and credit associations), ASCAs (accumulating savings and credit associations), burial societies, chit funds, etc.
Arnoldi iteration
In numerical linear algebra, the Arnoldi iteration is an eigenvalue algorithm and an important example of an iterative method.  Arnoldi finds an approximation to the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of general (possibly non-Hermitian) matrices by constructing an orthonormal basis of the Krylov subspace, which makes it particularly useful when dealing with large sparse matrices.

The Arnoldi method belongs to a class of linear algebra algorithms that give a partial result after a small number of iterations, in contrast to so-called direct methods which must complete to give any useful results (see for example, Householder transformation). The partial result in this case being the first few vectors of the basis the algorithm is building.

When applied to Hermitian matrices it reduces to the Lanczos algorithm.  The Arnoldi iteration was invented by W. E. Arnoldi in 1951.

Krylov subspace
In linear algebra, the order-r Krylov subspace generated by an n-by-n matrix A and a vector b of dimension n is the linear subspace spanned by the images of b under the first r powers of A (starting from ), that is,
Hornchurch (UK Parliament constituency)
Hornchurch was a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. At the 2010 general election parts formed the new seats of Hornchurch and Upminster; and Dagenham and Rainham.

Dagenham and Rainham
Dagenham and Rainham is a parliamentary constituency in Greater London that was created in 2010. It has been represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom since 2024 by Margaret Mullane and was previously represented from 2010 by Jon Cruddas, both members of the Labour Party.
WHLS
WHLS (1450 AM) is an alternative rock radio station licensed to Port Huron, Michigan, with a power output of 1,000 watts, covering much of St. Clair County, Michigan. It is the oldest continuously operating radio station serving St. Clair County. The station is owned by Radio First and broadcasts from studios on  Huron Avenue in Downtown Port Huron. Its programming is also simulcasted on FM Translator W288BT, licensed to St. Clair, Michigan at 105.5 MHz, with an effective radiated power of 49 watts.

Radio First
Radio First (Liggett Communications, L.L.C.) is a privately held radio broadcasting company in Michigan owned by Victoria L. Liggett and James A. Jensen. Liggett Communications is  headquartered in Port Huron where it owns five radio stations licensed to St. Clair and Sanilac Counties. These five stations operate under the brand name of Radio First where they serve listeners in the Thumb area of Michigan and Southwestern Ontario.
NYX (2024 series)
NYX is the second volume of the American superhero comic book series NYX by publisher Marvel Comics. The series focuses on former X-Men students (especially from Academy X era) and Kamala Khan as they adapt to life in New York City in the post-Krakoan Age when mutants are hated and feared even more due to the actions of Orchis. Laura Kinney (formerly X-23) was the only announced returning character from the original series; Kiden Nixon returned in the second half of the series.

The ongoing series is written by Collin Kelly and Jackson Lanzing with art by Francesco Mortarino. The first issue was released in July 2024 as part of the X-Men: From the Ashes publishing initiative which relaunches the X-Men line. The series ended with the release of issue #10 in April 2025.

X-Men: From the Ashes
X-Men: From the Ashes is a 2024 relaunch of the X-Men line of comic books published by Marvel Comics that follows the end of the "Krakoan Age" storyline.

Following the line-wide Age of Revelation event (October–December 2025), it will be succeeded by X-Men: Shadows of Tomorrow.
Aaron Hawkins (politician)
Aaron Garth Hawkins (born 1983 or 1984) is a New Zealand politician who served as the 58th mayor of Dunedin, New Zealand from 2019 to 2022. He was elected as Mayor on 12 October 2019 with 54.54% of the vote, after two prior terms as councillor. He is endorsed by the Green Party. He unsuccessfully stood for re-election as mayor in 2022. Hawkins subsequently co-founded a re-wilding project called Floruit.

2022 Dunedin mayoral election
The 2022 Dunedin mayoral election between 16 September and 8 October 2022 was part of the 2022 New Zealand local elections. Voters preferred former city councillor Jules Radich to the incumbent Aaron Hawkins.

The Mayor's role is  'to provide leadership to the other elected members of the territorial authority, be a leader in the community and perform civic duties'. Voting was held using Single Transferable Vote (STV). Ballots were accepted until midday on 8 October by post or by dropping off completed voting papers. The mayoral election was combined with elections for the Dunedin City Council, Community Boards, and the Otago Regional Council.
Tsumago-juku
Tsumago-juku (妻籠宿, Tsumago-juku) was the forty-second of the sixty-nine post towns on the Nakasendō. It is located in Nagiso, Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It has been restored to its appearance as an Edo-era post town and is now a popular tourist destination.

Shukuba
Shukuba (宿場) were staging post stations during the Edo period in Japan, generally located on one of the Edo Five Routes or one of its sub-routes. They were also called shuku-eki (宿駅). These stage stations, or "stage station towns (宿場町, shukuba-machi)" developed around them, were places where travelers could rest on their journey around the nation. They were created based on policies for the transportation of goods by horseback that were developed during the Nara and Heian periods.
Lars Tharp
Lars Broholm Tharp (born 27 March 1954) is a Danish-born British historian, lecturer and broadcaster, and one of the longest running 'experts' on the BBC antiques programme, Antiques Roadshow, first appearing in 1986.

Antiques Roadshow
Antiques Roadshow is a British reality show television programme broadcast by the BBC in which antiques appraisers travel to various regions of the United Kingdom (and occasionally in other countries) to appraise antiques brought in by local people (generally speaking). It has been running since 1979, based on a 1977 documentary programme.

The series has spawned many international versions throughout Europe, North America and other countries with the same TV format. The programme is hosted by Fiona Bruce and in 2025 was in its 48th series.
Strymonian Gulf
The Strymonian or Strymonic Gulf (Greek: Στρυμονικός Κόλπος, romanized: Strymonikos Kolpos), also known as the Orfano Gulf (Greek: Κόλπος Ορφανού, romanized: Kolpos Orfanou), is a branch of the Thracian Sea—itself part of the Aegean Sea—lying east of the Chalcidice peninsula and south of the Serres regional unit. It was formerly known as the Gulf of Rendina, in reference to the ancient colony of Eion along the gulf's shores.

The river Struma/Strymon empties into the gulf.

The largest towns on the Strymonic Gulf, with their respective administrative divisions, are:

Asprovalta, Stavros, Nea Vrasna (Thessaloniki regional unit, Central Macedonia);

Orfani (Kavala regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace);

Olympiada, Stratoni (Chalkidiki regional unit, Central Macedonia);

Nea Kerdylia, Amfipoli (Serres regional unit, Central Macedonia).

Three mountains form the natural border of the Gulf: Pangaio to the north-east, Kerdylio to the north, and Stratoni to the south.

Serres (regional unit)
Serres (Greek: Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σερρών) is one of the regional units of Greece, in the geographic region of Macedonia. It is part of the Region of Central Macedonia. Its capital is the city of Serres. The total population reaches just over 150,000.
Tinwari
Tinwari also known as Tinvari or Tivari, is a principality located in the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located in Osian tehsil of Jodhpur district. It is located 59 km north of Jodhpur headquarters and 330 km from the state capital Jaipur. Mandore in the north, Jodhpur in the south, Balesar in the west and Bhopalgarh tehsil in the east. It was the main jagir of Akherajot Rajpurohits during the Rathore dynasty. It has been upgraded from sub-tehsil to Tehsil.

Rajpurohit
Rajpurohit is a martial race of Brahmin origin residing in South Asia natively in western Rajasthan of India. Their ancestors belonged to the family line of SaptRishis. They maintain traditions that are similar to both Brahmins and Rajputs.

They have historically been involved in administration, trade, vassals, royal council members, as warriors, jagirdars and feudal lords and are spread across the country. They were given control of villages at boundary of kingdom for the purpose of security of state. According to political analysts, the Rajput, Charan and Rajpurohit communities are considered to be identical in regards to their social customs and political ideologies.
Takamoto Katsuta
Takamoto "Taka" Katsuta (勝田貴元, Katsuta Takamoto, born 17 March 1993) is a Japanese rally driver who currently competes in the World Rally Championship for Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT. Katsuta rose to prominence after taking a surprise victory in the WRC-2 class at the 2018 Rally Sweden. He achieved his first World Rally Championship podium in the 2021 Safari Rally, finishing in second place.

Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT
The Toyota Gazoo Racing World Rally Team is a competitor of the World Rally Championship (WRC) based in Finland, serving as the entry for the car manufacturer Toyota. Its team principal is former WRC driver Jari-Matti Latvala and its drivers for 2023 include reigning champion Kalle Rovanperä, alongside Elfyn Evans, Takamoto Katsuta and Sébastien Ogier. The team made its debut during the 2017 season, where it entered the Toyota Yaris WRC.

The team is a separate operational unit to the Toyota Gazoo Racing team that competes in the World Endurance Championship, but both are a part of Toyota Gazoo Racing Europe.

In 2018, the team won the championship for manufacturers, Toyota's first since 1999, followed by more wins in 2021 and 2022. The team have also delivered championship titles for drivers and co-drivers from 2019 to 2023.
Otago pack saddle
The Otago pack saddle, later known as the British universal pack saddle, is a rideable pack saddle devised by Harvey Spiller in Otago, New Zealand, in 1863, to prevent ruinous injuries to horses carrying heavy loads. It was improved and adopted for military use by the Commissariat Transport Corps during the New Zealand wars of 1863–1867 and the Abyssinian expedition of 1867–1868, to become a preferred military general use type also favoured by expeditioners. Apart from horses, it worked well on mules and bullocks when adapted to them.

Pack saddle
A pack saddle is any device designed to be secured on the back of a horse, mule, or other working animal so that it can carry heavy loads such as luggage, firewood, small cannons, or other things too heavy to be carried by humans.
854 Naval Air Squadron
854 Naval Air Squadron (854 NAS), sometimes expressed as 854 Squadron, is an inactive Fleet Air Arm (FAA) naval air squadron of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy (RN). It most recently operated Westland Sea King ASaC.7 airborne surveillance and control helicopter between December 2006 and December 2014.

It first formed in January 1944 at Squantum Naval Air Station in the United States, flying Grumman Avenger. It was disbanded in December 1945, and reformed December 2006 as a helicopter squadron designed for Airborne Surveillance and Control.

Naval Air Station Squantum
Naval Air Station Squantum was an active naval aviation facility during 1917 and from 1923 until 1953. The original civilian airfield that preceded it, the Harvard Aviation Field, dates back to 1910. The base was sited on Squantum Point in the city of Quincy, Massachusetts. It also abutted Dorchester Bay, Quincy Bay, and the Neponset River.
Saikul
Saikul is a town in the Kangpokpi district in Manipur, India. It is the headquarters of "Sadar Hills East" subdivision (or Saikul subdivision) of the Kangpokpi district, and one of the principal towns under the Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council. It is also the seat of the Saikul Assembly constituency, a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribes.

Kangpokpi district
Kangpokpi district (Meitei pronunciation: /kāng-pōk-pī/) is one of the 16 districts in the Indian state of Manipur. It was created in December 2016 from areas in the Sadar Hills region which were previously part of Senapati District.

The district headquarters is located in Kangpokpi. The district was formed from three sub-divisions of Senapati District: Sadar Hills West, Sadar Hills East and Saitu–Gamphazol.
Mike Gatting
Michael William Gatting OBE (born 6 June 1957) is an English former cricketer, who played first-class cricket for Middlesex (1975–1998; captain 1983–1997) and for England from 1977 to 1995, captaining the national side in twenty-three Test matches between 1986 and 1988. He toured South Africa as captain of the rebel tour party in 1990. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1979 Cricket World Cup and captain of the squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup.

He replaced John Buchanan as the Middlesex coach, serving during 1999 and 2000.

He is currently an elected member of the Middlesex C.C.C. Executive Board and the Marylebone Cricket Club committee. He has previously served as the ECB managing director of Cricket Partnerships and president of the M.C.C.

Cricket writer Colin Bateman has stated that "talk of Gatting the batsman always evokes adjectives such as pugnacious, bold, brave and belligerent".

1987 Cricket World Cup
The 1987 Cricket World Cup (officially known as the Reliance Cup 1987 for sponsorship reasons) was the fourth Cricket World Cup. It was held from 8 October to 8 November 1987 in India and Pakistan – the first such tournament to be held outside England. The one-day format was unchanged from the eight-team 1983 event except for a reduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50, the current standard for all ODIs.

The competition was won, for the first time, by Australia who defeated their arch-rivals England by seven runs in the second-most closely fought World Cup final to date in Kolkata's Eden Gardens stadium. The two host nations, India and Pakistan failed to reach the final, after both being eliminated in the semi-finals. The West Indies failed to live up to expectations and did not advance from the group stage.
Ribes
Ribes (/ˈraɪbiːz/) is a genus of approximately 200 known species of flowering plants, predominantly native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Ribes is the sole genus in the plant family Grossulariaceae. The genus includes species commonly referred to as redcurrants, blackcurrants, whitecurrants, and gooseberries. Several species are cultivated both for their edible fruit and as ornamental plants in horticulture. Notably, Ribes are also alternate hosts for white pine blister rust, a fungal pathogen predominantly impacting five-needle pines.

Cronartium ribicola
Cronartium ribicola  is a species of rust fungus in the family Cronartiaceae that causes the disease white pine blister rust. Other names include: Rouille vésiculeuse du pin blanc (French), white pine Blasenrost (German), moho ampolla del pino blanco (Spanish).
Sacrament meeting
Sacrament meeting is the primary weekly Sunday worship service in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Sacrament meetings are held in the chapel of a meetinghouse by each individual ward (or branch). The service is presided over by the congregation's bishop (or branch president), unless a higher authority is present, such as the stake president or a general authority. Anyone is invited to attend, whether they are a member of the church or not. Sacrament meeting does not occur on the weeks when stake or district conferences, or the church's general conference are held.

Those attending sacrament meeting generally wear "Sunday formal" dress. Men wear suits and ties, and women wear modest dresses or skirts. Children are also encouraged to attend.

Bishop (Latter Day Saints)
In the Latter Day Saint movement, a bishop is the highest office of the Aaronic priesthood. It is almost always held by one who holds the office of high priest in the Melchizedek priesthood. The Latter Day Saint concept of the office differs significantly from the role of bishops in other Christian denominations, being in some respects more analogous to a pastor or parish priest. Each bishop serves with two counselors, who together form a bishopric.

The role of a bishop varies in the different Latter Day Saint denominations; however, they derive from a common history.
Muhammad Shafiq
Muhammad Shafiq (Urdu: محمد شفیق; born 11 November 1953) is a Pakistani sports administrator and former track and field sprinter. He is 3rd and current Secretary General of Asian Handball Federation (AHF) since 25 October 2013. He is also holds the position of President in Pakistan Handball Federation since 2012.

Pakistan Handball Federation
Pakistan Handball Federation (Urdu: پاکستان ہینڈبال فیڈریشن) (PHF) is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. PHF is an affiliated member of the Asian Handball Federation (AHF) and the International Handball Federation (IHF).
Pacific View League
The Pacific View League (PVL) was a high school athletic conference in California affiliated with the CIF Southern Section. The league was formed in 1998, pulling Camarillo and Channel Islands high schools from the Marmonte League to join Hueneme, Oxnard, and Rio Mesa highs from the Channel League. Pacifica High School joined the league when it opened its doors in 2001.

For most of its history, the PVL consisted entirely of schools from the Oxnard Union High School District, including the five charter members (Camarillo, Channel Islands, Hueneme, Oxnard, and Rio Mesa). As of the 2018–19 school year, all member schools are located in or near Oxnard and Ventura in Ventura County, California.

In May 2021, it was announced that the Pacific View League would merge with the Channel League beginning with the 2022–23 academic year, and take on the Channel League name.

Oxnard High School
Oxnard High School (OHS) is a public four-year high school serving grades 9–12 in Oxnard, California. The school is part of the Oxnard Union High School District and serves students in the western portion of the city of Oxnard, north Port Hueneme, and adjacent unincorporated beach neighborhoods.