hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Harry C. Wheeler
Harry Cornwall Wheeler (July 23, 1875 – December 17, 1925) was an Arizona lawman who was the third captain of the Arizona Rangers, as well as the sheriff of Cochise County, serving from 1912 into 1918. He is known as the lead figure in the illegal mass kidnapping and deportation of some 1200 miners and family members, many of them immigrants, from Bisbee, Arizona to New Mexico in 1917. Beginning on July 12, 1917, he took total control of the town of Bisbee, controlling access and running kangaroo courts that deported numerous people.

He was born and raised in Florida and was a veteran of the Spanish–American War and World War I. He served in the Arizona Rangers from 1903 to its disbanding in 1909.

Bisbee, Arizona
Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 in the 2010 census.
Fichtelberg railway
The Fichtelberg railway (German: Fichtelbergbahn) is a 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow-gauge railway that leads from the standard-gauge international line at Cranzahl to the ski resort of Oberwiesenthal in the Ore Mountains in eastern Germany. It takes its name from the Fichtelberg Mountain near Oberwiesenthal.

Sehmatal
Sehmatal is a municipality in the district of Erzgebirgskreis, in Saxony, Germany, which was created in 1999 through the union of Neudorf, Cranzahl and Sehma. The three villages are located along the Sehma river, aligned in a north-south direction. At the northern end is the former village of Sehma, in the middle the town of Cranzahl, to the south the village of Neudorf.

The town borders to Annaberg-Buchholz in the north, in the east is Königswalde and Bärenstein, Oberwiesenthal is south and Crottendorf in the west. Nearby is the Bärenstein mountain with a height of 898 meters. The trains along Vejprty–Annaberg-Buchholz railway stop in Sehma and Cranzahl. The station in Cranzahl is also the starting point for the Fichtelberg Railway to Oberwiesenthal.

Neudorf is the home town of Olympic gold medalist Viola Bauer.

Sehmatal's sister city in the United States is Running Springs, California.
Evolution of color vision in primates
The evolution of color vision in primates is highly unusual compared to most eutherian mammals. A remote vertebrate ancestor of primates possessed tetrachromacy, but nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost two of four cones in the retina at the time of dinosaurs. Most teleost fish, reptiles and birds are therefore tetrachromatic while most mammals are strictly dichromats, the exceptions being some primates and marsupials, who are trichromats, and many marine mammals, who are monochromats.

Trichromacy
Trichromacy or trichromatism is the possession of three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different types of cone cells in the eye. Organisms with trichromacy are called trichromats.

The normal explanation of trichromacy is that the organism's retina contains three types of color receptors (called cone cells in vertebrates) with different absorption spectra. In actuality, the number of such receptor types may be greater than three, since different types may be active at different light intensities. In vertebrates with three types of cone cells, at low light intensities the rod cells may contribute to color vision.
Hallraker: Live!
Hallraker: Live! is a live album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1989 through SST Records. It was their second live album and served as a companion to 1987's Liveage!; both albums were recorded on the band's spring and summer 1987 tours but feature completely different sets of songs. The recordings for Hallraker: Live! came from an April 9 show at Berkeley Square, Berkeley, California and a July 13 show at First Avenue in Minneapolis. Singer Milo Aukerman left the band after these tours to pursue a career in biochemistry, and the band relaunched itself under the name ALL.

Liveage!
Liveage! is a live album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1987 through SST Records. It is the band's first live album, it was recorded July 13, 1987 at First Avenue in Minneapolis during their summer 1987 "FinALL" tour, so-called because singer Milo Aukerman was leaving the Descendents to pursue a career in biochemistry, after which the band was relaunching itself under the name All. Liveage! was followed by a second live album, Hallraker: Live! (1989), which was partly recorded at the same show but featured a completely different set of songs.

The album's title derives from the band having titled some of their songs by adding the suffix "-age" to words that would not normally use it (cf. "Myage", "Tonyage", "Bikeage", and "Cameage").
Skyway Airlines
Skyway Airlines was an American ramp and aircraft ground handling services and catering company based in Oak Creek, Wisconsin. Until April 5, 2008, it operated as a regional airline and banner carrier exclusively for Midwest Express Airlines (which subsequently changed its name to Midwest Airlines) under the business name Midwest Connect (previously Midwest Express Connection), feeding Midwest's hub at General Mitchell International Airport with twelve 32-seat Fairchild Dornier 328JET regional jet aircraft, and four 19-seat Beechcraft 1900 commuter turboprops.  Skyway Airlines, along with its parent corporation, Midwest Air Group, has since ceased operations.

Midwest Airlines
Midwest Airlines (formerly Midwest Express Airlines) was an airline in the United States headquartered in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, that operated from Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport between 1984 and 2010. For a short time, it also operated as a brand of Republic Airways Holdings.

Operations as an independent airline ceased in November 2010, upon its merger with Frontier Airlines.
Pseudoholomorphic curve
In mathematics, specifically in topology and geometry, a pseudoholomorphic curve (or J-holomorphic curve) is a smooth map, from a Riemann surface into an almost complex manifold, that satisfies the Cauchy–Riemann equations. Introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gromov, pseudoholomorphic curves have since revolutionized the study of symplectic manifolds. In particular, they lead to the Gromov–Witten invariants and Floer homology, and play a prominent role in string theory.

Gromov–Witten invariant
In mathematics, specifically in symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry, Gromov–Witten (GW) invariants are rational numbers that, in certain situations, count the number of curves (pseudoholomorphic or algebraic) meeting prescribed conditions in a given ambient space (a symplectic manifold or a smooth projective variety).

The GW invariants may be packaged as a homology or cohomology class in an appropriate space, or as the deformed cup product of quantum cohomology. These invariants have been used to distinguish symplectic manifolds that were previously indistinguishable. They also play a crucial role in closed type IIA string theory. They are named after Mikhail Gromov and Edward Witten.

The rigorous mathematical definition of Gromov–Witten invariants is lengthy and difficult, so it is treated separately in the stable map article. This article attempts a more intuitive explanation of what the invariants mean, how they are computed, and why they are important.
Maya Ulanovskaya
Maya Aleksandrovna Ulanovskaya (also known as Maiia Ulanovskie and Maria Ulanovsky) (Russian:  Майя Александровна Улановская) (Hebrew:  מאיה אולאנובסקאיה) (October 20, 1932 – June 25, 2020), was an American-born Russian-Israeli who, with spouse Anatoly Yakobson, participated in the dissident movement in the USSR and became a professor, writer, and translator in Israel.

Anatoly Yakobson
Anatoly Aleksandrovich Yakobson (Russian: Анато́лий Алекса́ндрович Якобсо́н; 30 April 1935, Moscow — 28 September 1978, Jerusalem) was a literary critic, teacher, poet and a central figure in the human rights movement in the Soviet Union.
Hadouken
The Hadouken or Hadoken (波動拳, Hadōken; IPA: [hadoːkẽꜜɴ], literally "wave motion fist" or "fist of surge") is a special attack from Capcom's Street Fighter series of fighting games. Game designer Takashi Nishiyama credits an energy attack called Hadouho (lit. the "Wave Motion Gun"), from the 1970s anime Space Battleship Yamato, as the origin of Hadouken. It is used by the characters Ryu, Ken, Sakura, Akuma (Gouki in Japan) and Gouken. The Hadouken, Shoryuken and Tatsumaki Senpukyaku are the three archetypal moves of these characters, as well as some of the most iconic and famous elements of the Street Fighter series or even video games in general.

Street Fighter
Street Fighter is a Japanese media franchise centered on a series of fighting games developed and published by Capcom. The first game in the series was released in 1987, followed by the other six main games in the series, various spin-offs and crossovers, and numerous appearances in other media. Its best-selling 1991 release, Street Fighter II, established many of the conventions of the one-on-one fighting genre.

Street Fighter is one of the highest-grossing video game franchises of all time and one of Capcom's flagship series, with total sales of 56 million units worldwide as of March 2025. It is also one of the highest-grossing media franchises and is the longest-running fighting game franchise.
Waikato Regiment
The Waikato Regiment was a territorial infantry regiment of the New Zealand Military Forces. The Regiment was formed in 1911 as the 16th (Waikato) Regiment and provided service companies to the Auckland Infantry Regiment during the First World War. Men from the Regiment also served with the 18th, 21st, 24th and 29th battalions of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force during the Second World War. The regiment was absorbed by the 1st Armoured Regiment (Waikato) of the Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps in 1950

Auckland Infantry Regiment
The Auckland Infantry Regiment was a military unit of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) raised for service in the First World War. It saw service in the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) and on the Western Front (1916–1919). The regiment was formed by grouping together companies from four different territorial regiments based in the Auckland Military district.
Alialujah Choir
Alialujah Choir (ə-lee-ə-loo-yə kwy-ər) is an American folk band based in Portland, Oregon. The band consists of Adam Shearer, Alia Farah (Weinland) and Adam Selzer (Norfolk & Western). The trio is known for their sparse instrumentation, three part harmonies and balanced vocals. The band's inception is tied to the 19th century humanitarian James C. Hawthorne.

Weinland (band)
Adam Shearer born John Adam Weinland Shearer and better known by his band and recording name John Weinland or Weinland is an American singer-songwriter. Shearer has released four studio albums and is also a member of the band Alialujah Choir.
East Bay (Santa Rosa County, Florida)
East Bay is a bay located in the far western Florida Panhandle. Unusually, East Bay is connected to open waters via Pensacola Bay to its southwest.  The bay is fed primarily by the Blackwater River and the East Bay River.

East Bay River
The East Bay River (also called the East River and historically known as The River Jordan or the Chester River) in Florida is a 15-mile-long (24 km) river located in Santa Rosa and Okaloosa counties. It flows from east to west, forming near Hurlburt Field, and empties into the eastern portion of East Bay (Florida) near the towns Holley and Navarre. The river forms part of the southern boundary of Eglin Air Force Base.

There is one public boat launch ramp located on the river, along State Road 87 in Holley, near the outlet into Pensacola Bay.

Named tributaries include Alligator Creek, and Panther Creek.

The average discharge rate is 40 cubic feet per second.
Bendigo line
The Bendigo line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria, Australia. It serves 14 stations towards its terminus in the regional city of Bendigo. It is the third most-used regional rail service in Victoria (behind the Ballarat and Geelong services), carrying 2.06 million passengers in the 2022-23 financial year.

Beyond Bendigo, the Echuca line continues north-east to Echuca via Epsom; and the Swan Hill line continues north-west to Swan Hill via Eaglehawk. Services are operated to Bendigo and Echuca primarily using V/Line VLocity diesel multiple unit sets in either 3- or 6-car configurations; V/Line N class loco-hauled services run to Swan Hill, with a mixture of N type carriages and Z type carriages.

Geelong line
The Geelong line is a regional passenger rail service operated by V/Line in Victoria, Australia. It serves 15 stations towards its terminus in Waurn Ponds, a southern suburb of Geelong, via the Regional Rail Link. It is the most used regional rail service in Victoria, carrying 10.22 million people in the 2023–2024 financial year.

Beyond Waurn Ponds, the service continues as the Warrnambool line to Warrnambool in the state's south-west.
Rochford
Rochford is a town and civil parish in Essex, England. It lies 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Southend-on-Sea, 43 miles (69 km) from London and 21 miles (34 km) from Chelmsford. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 9,889 and the Rochford built up area had a population of 12,615. It gives its name to the wider Rochford District, which also covers an extensive surrounding area.

Rochford District
Rochford is a local government district in Essex, England. It is named after one of its main settlements, Rochford, where the council is based. The largest town in the district is Rayleigh. Other places in the district include Hockley, Ashingdon, Great Wakering, Canewdon and Hullbridge.

The district borders Maldon District to the north, the City of Chelmsford to the north-west, the Borough of Basildon to the west, the Borough of Castle Point to the south-west, and the City of Southend-on-Sea to the south. To the east, it has a stretch of coast at Foulness Island.

Most of the built-up areas are in the western part of the district, along the railway line from Shenfield to Southend Victoria. Southend Airport straddles the district's border with the City of Southend-on-Sea. The eastern part of the district is more sparsely populated.
Sharia and securities trading
Sharia and securities trading is the impact of conventional financial markets activity for those following the Islamic religion and particularly sharia law. Sharia practices ban riba (earning interest) and involvement in haram. It also forbids gambling (maisir) and excessive risk (bayu al-gharar). This, however has not stopped some in Islamic finance industry from using some of these instruments and activities, but their permissibility is a subject of "heated debate" within the religion.

Of particular interest are financial markets activities such as margin trading, short selling, day trading and derivative trading including futures, options and swaps which are considered by some as haram or forbidden.

Gharar
Gharar (Arabic: غرر) literally means uncertainty, hazard, chance or risk. It is a negative element in mu'amalat fiqh (transactional Islamic jurisprudence), like riba (usury) and maisir (gambling).
One Islamic dictionary (A Concise Dictionary of Islamic Terms) describes it as "the sale of what is not present" — such as fish not yet caught, crops not yet harvested. Similarly, author Muhammad Ayub says that "in the legal terminology of jurists", gharar is "the sale of a thing which is not present at hand, or the sale of a thing whose aqibah (consequence) is not known, or a sale involving hazard in which one does not know whether it will come to be or not".
Żarów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Żarów [ˈʐaruf] (German: Saarau) is a town in Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district (gmina) called Gmina Żarów.

As of 2020, the town has a population of 12,335. 53.9% of the population is classified as urban, while 46.1% is classified as rural.

In 2016, town limits were expanded by including a part of the village of Mrowiny.

Gmina Żarów
Gmina Żarów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Its seat is the town of Żarów, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-east of Świdnica, and 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.

The gmina covers an area of 87.98 square kilometres (34.0 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population was 12,412.
European Mid-Amateur Ladies' Championship
The European Mid-Amateur Ladies' Championship is a European amateur golf championship, opened to women aged 25 or plus years old, organized by the European Golf Association.

The championship was introduced in 2019 and is now played annually in conjunction with the European Mid-Amateur Men's Championship. The age limit lowered from 30 to 25 years old in 2021.

European Mid-Amateur Men's Championship
The European Mid-Amateur Men's Championship is a European amateur golf championship opened to men aged 25 or plus years old, organized by the European Golf Association.

The championship was introduced in 1991, with over 30 editions contested so far. The event is played annually in conjunction with the European Mid-Amateur Ladies' Championship. The age limit lowered from 30 to 25 years old in 2021.
Philip
Philip, also Phillip, is a male name derived from the Greek Φιλιππος (Philippos, lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of φίλος (philos, "dear", "loved", "loving") and ἵππος (hippos, "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularized the name include kings of Macedonia and one of the apostles of early Christianity.

Philip has many alternative spellings. One derivation often used as a surname is Phillips. The original Greek spelling includes two Ps as seen in Philippides and Philippos, which is possible due to the Greek endings following the two Ps. To end a word with such a double consonant—in Greek or in English—would, however, be incorrect. It has many diminutive (or even hypocoristic) forms including Phil, Philly, Phillie, Lip, and Pip. There are also feminine forms such as Philippine and Philippa.

Philippa
Philippa is a feminine given name meaning "lover of horses" or "horses' friend", from the Greek Philippos, which is derived from philein, meaning to love and hippos, meaning horse. The English masculine form is Philip, which was formerly the vernacular form for both sexes. The Latinate Philippa was used in official church records for women bearing the name in medieval times, but they were actually called Philip or the French Philippe. The name Philippa came into common use for women in the Anglosphere in the 1800s. Common alternative spellings include Filippa and Phillipa. Less common is Filipa. The name is commonly shortened to the nicknames Pippa, Pippy, Pippita, Pipka, Pippulina, and Pip.

Notable people with the name Philippa include:
GR footpath
The GR footpaths are a network of long-distance walking trails in Europe, mostly in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain. They go by the following names: French: sentier de grande randonnée, West Flemish: Groteroutepad, Dutch: Langeafstandwandelpad, Spanish: sendero de gran recorrido, Portuguese: percurso pedestre de grande rota – generally meaning "long trail" or more literally "great route". The trails in France alone cover approximately 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi). Trails are blazed with characteristic marks consisting of a white stripe above a red stripe. These appear regularly along the route, especially at places such as forks or crossroads.

The network is maintained in France by the Fédération Française de la Randonnée Pédestre (French Hiking Federation), and in Spain by the Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada (Spanish Mountain Sports Federation). Many GR routes make up part of the longer European walking routes which cross several countries.

European long-distance paths
The European long-distance paths (E-paths) are a network of long-distance footpaths that traverse Europe. While most long-distance footpaths on the continent are located in just one country or region, each of these numbered long-distance trails passes through many countries.

The first long-distance hiking trail in Europe was the National Blue Trail of Hungary, established in 1938. The formation of the European Union in 1993 made transnational hiking trails possible. Presently, the network consists of 12 paths and covers more than 65,000 kilometres (40,000 mi), crisscrossing the continent. In general, the routes connect and make use of existing national and local trails, such as the GR footpaths.

The trails are officially designated by the European Ramblers' Association.
South San Diego
South San Diego is a district within San Diego, and is in the larger South Bay region of southwestern San Diego County, California. It is a practical exclave of San Diego, having no land connection with the rest of the city. It is the only part of the city which borders Mexico. South San Diego includes four of the city's official community planning areas: Otay Mesa, Otay Mesa-Nestor, San Ysidro, and the Tijuana River Valley.

San Ysidro, San Diego
San Ysidro (Californio Spanish for "St. Isidore", Spanish pronunciation: [san iˈsiðɾo]) is a district of San Diego, California, immediately north of the Mexico–United States border. It neighbors Otay Mesa West to the north, Otay Mesa to the east, and Nestor and the Tijuana River Valley to the west; together these communities form South San Diego, a practical exclave of the City of San Diego. Major thoroughfares include Beyer Boulevard and San Ysidro Boulevard.
Antlers Hotel (Kingsland, Texas)
The Antlers Hotel is a hotel and resort built in 1901 by the Austin and Northwestern Railroad on the Colorado River in Kingsland in Llano County in Central Texas. After a brief heyday, The Antlers closed in 1923 and fell into disrepair. It was eventually resurrected by a couple from Austin and reopened in 1996. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 as part of the Austin and Northwestern Railroad Historic District-Fairland to Llano historic district.

The Victorian structure is the centerpiece of what has become an historic railway district. Other railroad buildings have been added, among them a depot and three brightly painted cabooses setting on actual rails which have also been modified to serve as guest accommodations. The transformation continues whenever additional authentic old railroad structures are occasionally found, renovated and added to the resort. In 2002, The Antlers was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, Marker No. 15150.

Austin and Northwestern Railroad Historic District-Fairland to Llano
The Austin and Northwestern Railroad Historic District-Fairland to Llano is a 380-acre (1.5 km2) historic district in Burnet County and Llano County, Texas, United States.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.  The listing included four contributing buildings, 43 contributing structures, and three contributing sites.

It is located near Kingsland, Texas and runs roughly along railroad tracks from Fairland to Llano. It also was known as Southern Pacific Railroad—Fairland to Llano branch.

The historic district is generally a linear 30-mile (48 km) strip along the railroad with a 100 ft (30 m) width of the right-of-way for the tracks. The three exceptions to this are the Fairland wye, the Antlers Hotel in Kingsland and the original depot in Llano, Texas.