hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Baksan (river)
The Baksan (/bɑːkˈsɑːn/) is a river in Kabardino-Balkaria in Russia. It flows east northeast and joins the Malka just before that river joins the northwest bend of the Terek. The Baksan is 169 kilometres (105 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 6,800 square kilometres (2,600 sq mi).

Malka (river)
The Malka (Russian: Малка), also known as Balyksu (Russian: Балыксу), is a river in Kabardino-Balkaria in Russia, which forms the northwest part of the Terek basin. It is 210 kilometres (130 mi) long, and its drainage basin covers 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). The Malka originates in the glaciers on the northern slopes of Mount Elbrus, flows north and then east. Near the point where it joins the great northwest bend of the Terek it receives several northeast-flowing rivers such as the Baksan. The town of Prokhladny is along the Malka.
Wood Hite
Robert Woodson "Wood" Hite (c. 1850 – December 4, 1881) was an outlaw and cousin of Frank and Jesse James. He was a member of the James-Younger gang, participating in a number of robberies and other crimes. He was shot dead by Robert Ford during a gunfight with Ford's friend Dick Liddil. The death of Hite precipitated the series of events that culminated in the killing of Jesse James by Ford.

Dick Liddil
James Andrew "Dick" Liddil (September 15, 1852 – July 13, 1901) was an American outlaw who was one of the last surviving members of the James–Younger Gang. His surname is often misspelled as Liddel, Liddell, or Liddle.
Terme di Saturnia
42°39′29.21″N 11°30′58.35″E﻿ / ﻿42.6581139°N 11.5162083°E﻿ / 42.6581139; 11.5162083
The Terme di Saturnia are a group of thermal springs located in the municipality of Manciano in Italy, a few kilometers from the village of Saturnia, Province of Grosseto. The springs that feed the baths, which are found in the south-eastern valley, cover a vast territory that stretches from Mount Amiata to the coast.

Manciano
Manciano is a town and comune in the southern part of the province of Grosseto, Tuscany, central Italy. It has a population of about 7,200.

Manciano is 18 kilometres (11 mi) southwest of Pitigliano and 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Orbetello.
Hispania, la leyenda
Hispania, la leyenda (transl. 'Hispania, the legend') is a Spanish adventure drama television series starring Roberto Enríquez, Lluís Homar, Ana de Armas, Juan José Ballesta, Jesús Olmedo, Manuela Vellés and Nathalie Poza, among others. Set in the 2nd century BC in the Iberian Peninsula, it consists of a retelling of the myth around Lusitanian leader Viriathus and his resistance against Roman conquest efforts. Produced by Bambú Producciones, it aired on Antena 3 from 2010 to 2012.

Viriathus
Viriathus (also spelled Viriatus; known as Viriato in Portuguese and Spanish; died 139 BC) was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of today known as Portugal, named Lusitania.

Viriathus developed alliances with other Celtic groups, even far away from his usual theatres of war, inducing them to rebel against Rome. He led his army, supported by most of the Lusitanian and Vetton tribes as well as by other Celtic and Iberian allies, to several victories over the Romans between 147 BC and 139 BC before being betrayed by them and murdered while sleeping. Theodor Mommsen said of him: "It seemed as if, in that thoroughly prosaic age, one of the Homeric heroes had reappeared."
Moduli of algebraic curves
In algebraic geometry, a moduli space of (algebraic) curves  is a geometric space (typically a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent isomorphism classes of algebraic curves.  It is thus a special case of a moduli space. Depending on the restrictions applied to the classes of algebraic curves considered, the corresponding moduli problem and the moduli space is different. One also distinguishes between  fine and coarse moduli spaces for the same moduli problem.

The most basic problem is that of moduli of smooth complete curves of a fixed genus. Over the field of complex numbers these correspond precisely to compact Riemann surfaces of the given genus, for which Bernhard Riemann proved the first results about moduli spaces, in particular their dimensions ("number of parameters on which the complex structure depends").

Moduli space
In mathematics, in particular algebraic geometry, a moduli space  is a geometric space (usually a scheme or an algebraic stack) whose points represent algebro-geometric objects of some fixed kind, or isomorphism classes of such objects.  Such spaces frequently arise as solutions to classification problems:  If one can show that a collection of interesting objects (e.g., the smooth algebraic curves of a fixed genus) can be given the structure of a geometric space, then one can parametrize such objects by introducing coordinates on the resulting space.  In this context, the term "modulus" is used synonymously with "parameter"; moduli spaces were first understood as spaces of parameters rather than as spaces of objects. A variant of moduli spaces is formal moduli. Bernhard Riemann first used the term "moduli" in 1857.
Heresy of the Judaizers
The Heresy of the Judaizers (Russian: ересь жидовствующих, romanized: yeres zhidovstvuyushchikh) was a religious movement that emerged in Novgorod and later Moscow in the second half of the 15th century which marked the beginning of a new era of schism in Russia. Initially popular among high-ranking statesmen and even the royal court, the movement was persecuted by the hegumen Joseph Volotsky and the archbishop Gennady of Novgorod. Several councils of the Russian Orthodox Church later condemned the Judaizers as heretics.

Some scholars see them as a Russian variant of the pre-Reformation era. Any filiation with the strigolniki, who appeared in the 14th century, remains conjectural, but highlights the religious situation in Novgorod at the time.

Gennady of Novgorod
Gennadius (Gennady, Russian: Геннадий; died 4 December 1505) was Archbishop of Novgorod the Great and Pskov from 1484 to 1504.

He was most instrumental in fighting the Heresy of the Judaizers and is famous for compiling the first complete codex of the Bible in Slavic in 1499, known as the Gennady Bible. Gennady is a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church.  His feast day is 4 December OS/17 December in the Gregorian Calendar.
Richard Moth
Charles Phillip Richard Moth (born 8 July 1958) is a British Roman Catholic prelate who currently serves as Archbishop of Westminster, having served as Bishop of Arundel and Brighton from 2015 to 2025. Previously, he was Vicar General of the Archdiocese of Southwark from 2001 to 2009, and Bishop of the Forces from 2009 to 2015.

Roman Catholic Bishop of Arundel and Brighton
The Bishop of Arundel and Brighton is the ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arundel and Brighton in the Province of Southwark, England.

On 21 May 2015, Pope Francis appointed Richard Moth to be the fifth bishop of Arundel and Brighton. He was installed on 28 May 2015 at Arundel Cathedral. The most recent former bishop was the Right Reverend Kieran Thomas Conry, the fourth bishop of the diocese, who announced his resignation on 27 September 2014, and which was accepted by Pope Francis on 4 October 2014.

The Diocese of Arundel and Brighton was created on 28 May 1965 out of the Diocese of Southwark when the latter was elevated to archdiocese status.

The diocese covers 1,929 sq mi (4,997 km2) and consists of the counties of East and West Sussex and Surrey outside the Greater London Boroughs. The see is in the town of Arundel where the bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of Our Lady & Saint Philip Howard.
Zhang Decheng
Zhang Decheng (simplified Chinese: 张德成; traditional Chinese: 張德成; pinyin: Zhāng Déchéng; also romanized as Chang De-Cheng; 1846 – late-July 1900) was a Chinese nationalist and leader of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists during the Boxer Uprising.

Boxer movement
The Boxers, officially known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (traditional Chinese: 義和拳; simplified Chinese: 义和拳; pinyin: Yìhéquán; Wade–Giles: I4-ho2-ch'üan2) among other names, were a Chinese secret society based in Northern China that carried out the Boxer Rebellion from 1899 to 1901.

The movement was made up of independent local village groups, many of which kept their membership secret, making the total number of participants difficult to estimate, but it may have included as many as 100,000. They originally attacked the Qing government, but soon called upon it to resist foreign influence.

In the summer of 1900, groups of Boxer fighters destroyed foreign owned property, such as railroads and telegraphs, and murdered Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. They then supported the Empress Dowager in resisting the resulting foreign invasion, which all but destroyed the group and ended the Rebellion, though some members continued in other groups across China.
Samantha Spiro
Samantha Spiro (born 20 June 1968) is an English actress and singer. She played Barbara Windsor in the stage play Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick and the television films Cor, Blimey! and Babs, D.I. Vivien Friend in M.I.T.: Murder Investigation Team, Melessa Tarly in the HBO series Game of Thrones, and Maureen Groff in Sex Education. She has won two Laurence Olivier Awards.

Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick
Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick is a 1998 play written by the English dramatist Terry Johnson, who also directed the original production at the National Theatre.

The play is about the off-screen love affair between Carry On film stalwarts, Barbara Windsor and Sid James.

The comedy also portrays the filming of the "Carry On" series as a less than glamorous affair, characterised by leaking caravans, inadequate pay and argumentative co-stars.

Most of the play's action takes place on rain-soaked locations with a scantily-clad Barbara taking refuge in Sid's trailer while he and co-star Kenneth Williams carry on their notorious feud, which began when they starred together in the TV series Hancock's Half Hour.

In 2000, Johnson adapted the play for television as Cor, Blimey!.
Monica Bedi
Monica Bedi (born 18 January 1975) is an Indian actress and television presenter who primarily appears in Hindi films. She has also worked in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Bengali films. Bedi debuted in Hindi films in the mid-1990s, with notable works including Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat and Jodi No.1. She is known for participating in reality TV shows such as Bigg Boss 2 and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 3, and for her role as Gumaan Kaur Vyas in Star Plus's Saraswatichandra. In 2002, Bedi was convicted for using a forged document.

Jodi No.1 (film)
Jodi No.1 (transl. Pair No.1) is an Indian 2001 Hindi-language comedy film directed by David Dhawan. Released on 13 April 2001, the film stars Sanjay Dutt, Govinda, Anupam Kher, Twinkle Khanna and Monica Bedi. Budgeted at ₹11.00 crore (US$1.3 million) the movie was a commercial success, grossing ₹34.13 crore (US$4.0 million) at the box office.
Mangup
Mangup (Russian: Мангуп, Ukrainian: Мангуп, romanized: Manhup, Crimean Tatar: Mangup) also known as Mangup Kale (kale means "fortress" in Turkish) is a historic fortress in Crimea, located on a plateau about 13 kilometres east of Sevastopol (ancient Chersonesus).

Chufut-Kale
Chufut-Kale (Crimean Tatar: Çufut Qale, pronounced [tʃuˈfut qaˈle]; Russian and Ukrainian: Чуфут-Кале; Karaim: Кала, קלעה, romanized: Kala) is a medieval city-fortress in the Crimean Mountains that now lies in ruins. It is a national monument of Crimean Karaites culture just 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Bakhchysarai.

Its name is Crimean Tatar and Turkish for "Jewish Fortress" (çufut/çıfıt - Jew, qale/kale - fortress), while Crimean Karaites refer to it simply as "Fortress", considering the place as a historical center for the Crimean Karaite community. In the Middle Ages the fortress was known as Qırq Yer (Place of Forty) and as Karaites to which sect the greater part of its inhabitants belong, Sela' ha-Yehudim  (Hebrew for 'Rock of the Jews').
Music of Changes
Music of Changes is a piece for solo piano by John Cage. Composed in 1951 for pianist and friend David Tudor, it is a ground-breaking piece of indeterminate music. The process of composition involved applying decisions made using the I Ching, a Chinese classic text that is commonly used as a divination system. The I Ching was applied to large charts of sounds, durations, dynamics, tempo and densities.

Indeterminacy (music)
Indeterminacy is a composing approach in which some aspects of a musical work are left open to chance or to the interpreter's free choice. John Cage, a pioneer of indeterminacy, defined it as "the ability of a piece to be performed in substantially different ways".

The earliest significant use of music indeterminacy features is found in many of the compositions of American composer Charles Ives in the early 20th century. Henry Cowell adopted Ives's ideas during the 1930s, in works allowing players to arrange the fragments of music in a number of different possible sequences. Beginning in the early 1950s, the term came to refer to the (mostly American) movement which grew up around Cage. This group included the other members of the New York School. In Europe, following the introduction of the expression "aleatory music" by Werner Meyer-Eppler, the French composer Pierre Boulez was largely responsible for popularizing the term.
MacGregor plaque
The MacGregor Plaque (or MacGregor Tablet, also King Den's sandal label) is an artefact that was probably found in the tomb of King Den at Abydos, and dated circa 2985 BCE. According to its inscriptions, the plaque was originally attached to the king's sandal. The plaque is displayed in the British Museum.

It is, with the depictions of Narmer, among the oldest images of a ruler.

Den (pharaoh)
Den, also known as Hor-Den, Dewen, and Udimu, was the Horus name of a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period who ruled during the First Dynasty of Egypt. He is the best archaeologically-attested ruler of this period, credited with bringing prosperity to his realm.

Den was attributed the title "King of Upper and Lower Egypt" and wore the double crown (red and white). Notably, the floor of his tomb at Umm El Qa'ab, near Abydos, was constructed using red and black granite, making it the earliest known use of this hard stone as a building material in Egypt with a flight of stairs leading to it. During his long reign, he established many of the customs of court ritual and royalty drawn on by later rulers and was held in high regard by his immediate successors.
Criminal Law Act 1827
The Criminal Law Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 28) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, applicable only to England and Wales. The act abolished many obsolete procedural devices in English criminal law, particularly the benefit of clergy.

The act was one of Peel's Acts which consolidated, repealed and replaced a large number of existing statutes. The enactments replaced by the act were repealed by the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27).

Similar provisions were made for Ireland by the Criminal Law (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 54) and for India by the Criminal Law (India) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 74).

Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827
The Malicious Injuries to Property Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 30) or the Malicious Injuries to Property (England) Act 1827 was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidated enactments relating to malicious injuries to property in England and Wales.

The act was one of Peel's Acts which consolidated, repealed and replaced a large number of existing statutes. The enactments replaced by the act were repealed by the Criminal Statutes Repeal Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. 27).

Similar provisions were made for Ireland by the Malicious Injuries to Property (Ireland) Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 56).
Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar
Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar, known as Baba Bhaskar Pandit or Bhaskar Pant by the people of Bengal and Maharashtra, was a Maratha general and statesman. He was the dewan (Finance Minister) of the Maharaja of Nagpur, Raghuji Bhonsle. He played an important role in the kingdom of Nagpur's expansion. The first Maratha invasion of Bengal in 1741, as also the third in 1744, was led by him. He was an able military leader, proven by his success in the Maratha invasions of Bengal and conquest of Chhattisgarh. He was killed by Alivardi Khan on 30 March 1744.

Kingdom of Nagpur
The Kingdom of Nagpur was a kingdom within the Maratha Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was ruled by the Maratha Bhonsle dynasty in the mid-18th century. The city of Nagpur was the capital of the state.

After the Third Anglo-Maratha War, it became a princely state of the British Empire in 1818, and was annexed to British India in 1853 becoming Nagpur Province.
B'nai Brith Canada
B'nai Brith Canada (/bəˌneɪ ˈbrɪθ/ bə-NAY BRITH; BBC; from Hebrew: בני ברית, romanized: b'né brit, lit. 'Children of the Covenant') is a Canadian Jewish service organization and advocacy group. It is the Canadian chapter of B'nai B'rith International and has offices in Toronto, Winnipeg, Montreal, and Vancouver.

B'nai B'rith
B'nai B'rith International (/bəˌneɪ ˈbrɪθ/ bə-NAY BRITH; from Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְּרִית, romanized: b'né brit, lit. 'Children of the Covenant') is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit Jewish service organization and was formerly a cultural association for German Jewish immigrants to the United States. B'nai B'rith states that it is committed to the security and continuity of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and combating antisemitism and other forms of bigotry.

Although the organization's historic roots stem from a system of fraternal lodges and units in the late 19th century, as fraternal organizations declined throughout the United States, the organization evolved into a dual system of both lodges and units. The membership pattern became more common to other contemporary organizations of members affiliated by contribution in addition to formal dues paying members. B'nai B'rith has members, donors and supporters around the world.
Josif Mihailović Jurukovski
Josif Mihailović (Macedonian: Јосиф Михаиловиќ, Serbian Cyrillic: Јосиф Михаиловић) (1887 in Tresonče, Ottoman Empire – 11 March 1941 in Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was a Serbian politician and intellectual of Mijak descent, mayor of Skopje between 1929 and 1931, and was responsible for its transformation from an oriental Ottoman into a modern European city.

Mijaks
Mijaks (Macedonian: Мијаци, romanized: Mijaci) are an ethnographic group of Macedonians who live in the Lower Reka region which is also known as Mijačija (Macedonian: Мијачија), along the Radika river, in western North Macedonia, numbering 30,000–60,000 people. The Mijaks practise predominantly animal husbandry, and are known for their ecclesiastical architecture, woodworking, iconography, and other rich traditions, as well as their characteristic Galičnik dialect of Macedonian. The main settlement of the Mijaks is Galičnik.
Real Data Transport
Real Data Transport (RDT) is a proprietary transport protocol for the actual audio-video data, developed by RealNetworks in the 1990s. It is commonly used in companion with a control protocol for streaming media like the IETF's Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP).

A non-proprietary alternative for RDT is IETF's Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), which is also implemented in RealNetworks players.

As reported in a 2002 book about firewalls, RDT used two unidirectional UDP connections, one for the data sent from the server to the client and another in the opposite direction for retransmission requests. The same book reported that RealNetworks' G2 server used RDT in this configuration by default. Another 2003 book reported that RDT was also seen carried over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), as a fall-back mechanism.

RDT is now included as part of the Helix Community project.

Helix (multimedia project)
Helix DNA was a project to produce computer software that can play audio and video media in various formats and aid in creating such media. It was intended as a largely free and open-source digital media framework compatible with numerous operating systems and processors (including mobile phones) and it was started by RealNetworks, which contributed much of the code. The Helix Community was an open collaborative effort to develop and extend the Helix DNA platform. The Helix Project has been discontinued.

Helix DNA Client is a software package for multi-platform, multi-format media playback. Helix Player is a media player compatible with Linux, Solaris, Symbian, and FreeBSD and uses the Helix DNA Client. 
The Helix DNA Producer application aids in producing media files, and Helix DNA Server can stream media files over a network.
Ridgeway Hill Viking burial pit
50°40′16″N 2°27′58″W﻿ / ﻿50.671°N 2.466°W﻿ / 50.671; -2.466

The Ridgeway Hill Viking burial pit at Ridgeway Hill near Weymouth, Dorset,  was a mass grave of 54 skeletons, including 51 skulls, of Scandinavian men executed some time between AD 970 and 1025. The men are believed to have been Vikings executed by local Anglo-Saxons. The dismembered skeletons were discovered by archaeologists in June 2009, and their identity and approximate ages were later confirmed by forensic analyses. Although the immediate circumstances of the deaths is unknown, the event occurred at a time of conflict between the native Anglo-Saxons and Viking invaders, and it has been suggested that the Vikings had been captured during an attempted raid into Anglo-Saxon territory. There is a possibility it could be linked to the St. Brice's Day massacre order of 1002. It is suggested that the 'Oxford Massacre' was not an isolated incident and could have been part of a kingdom-wide order to eradicate the Vikings.

St Brice's Day massacre
The St. Brice's Day massacre was a mass killing of Danes within England on 13 November 1002, on the order of King Æthelred the Unready of England. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that the massacre was carried out in response to an accusation that the Danes would "beshrew [Æthelred] of his life, and afterwards all his council, and then have his kingdom without any resistance." King Æthelred thus ordered the killing of many Danes within his territory. The retaliation by the Danish King Sweyn Forkbeard over the next few years would earn Æthelred the nickname Æthelred the Ill-Advised (or the Unready).

The skeletons of 37 young men and juveniles, found during an excavation at St John's College, Oxford, in 2008 were presumed to be victims of the massacre.
Jowangsin
Jowangshin (in Hangul, 조왕신, in hanja, 竈王神) is the goddess of fire and the hearth in Korean shamanism. As the goddess of the hearth, the rituals dedicated to her were generally kept alive by housewives. She is no longer the subject of worship, but still remains one of the most famous Korean deities.

Gasin faith
Gasin faith (Korean: 가신신앙; Hanja: 家神信仰; lit. house god faith) refers to belief and rituals surrounding gods of the household in Korean shamanism. These deities, called gasin, are believed to protect the various objects (such as jangdok) and rooms of the house.