hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Imamate of Futa Toro
The Imamate of Futa Toro (Arabic: إمامة فوتة تورو; Fula: Imaama Futa Toro; French: Imamat de Futa Toro) was a West African theocratic monarchy of the Fula-speaking people (Fulɓe and Toucouleurs) in the middle valley of the Senegal River, in the region known as Futa Toro. Following the trend of jihads in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the religious leader Sulayman Bal led a jihad in 1776. His successor, the expansionist Abdul Kader defeated the emirates of Trarza and Brakna and by his death in 1806, power became decentralized between a few elite families of Torodbes. Threatened by both the expansion of the Toucouleur Empire and the French in the mid-19th century, Futa Toro was eventually annexed in 1859. By the 1860s, the power of the Almamy became nominal and the state was further weakened when a cholera epidemic killed a quarter of its population in 1868.

Torodbe
The Torodbe; singular Torodo (also called Turudiyya, Banu Toro, Takrur, Toronkawa) were Muslim Toucouleur clerics and theocratic monarchs who preached and reigned in Futa Toro, a region located in the north of present-day Senegal, and other Fula communities in West Africa from at least the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Drawn from all ethnicites and levels of society, the Torodbe aimed to 'purify' the Islam practiced in West Africa and establish Islamic states run with Islamic law.
Sunset Song
Sunset Song is a 1932 novel by Scottish writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon. It is considered one of the most important Scottish novels of the 20th century and is the first part of the trilogy A Scots Quair. There have been several adaptations, including a 1971 television series by BBC Scotland, a 2015 film version, and some stage versions.

Sunset Song (film)
Sunset Song is a 2015 British drama film written and directed by Terence Davies and starring Agyness Deyn, Peter Mullan and Kevin Guthrie. It is an adaptation of Lewis Grassic Gibbon's 1932 novel of the same name. It was shown in the Special Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in the United Kingdom on 4 December 2015. The film follows Chris Guthrie, the daughter of a Scottish farmer in the early 1900s.
Johns Island, South Carolina
Johns Island is an island in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States, and is the largest island in the state of South Carolina. Johns Island is bordered by the Wadmalaw, Seabrook, Kiawah, Edisto, Folly, and James islands; the Stono and Kiawah rivers separate Johns Island from its border islands. It is the fourth-largest island on the US east coast, surpassed only by Long Island, Mount Desert Island and Martha's Vineyard. Johns Island is 84 square miles (220 km2) in area, with a population of 21,500.

Johns Island was named after Saint John Parish in Barbados by the first English colonial settlers on the island, who had come from there.

Charleston County, South Carolina
Charleston County is located in the U.S. state of South Carolina along the Atlantic coast. As of the 2020 census, the population was 408,235, making it the third-most populous county in South Carolina (behind Greenville and Richland counties). Its county seat is Charleston. It is also the largest county in the state by total area, although Horry County has a larger land area. The county was created in 1800 by an act of the South Carolina State Legislature. Charleston County is included in the Charleston-North Charleston, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is in the Lowcountry region of South Carolina.
Shaheed Udham Singh (film)
Shaheed Uddham Singh is a 1999 Indian Punjabi-language biographical film based on the life of Udham Singh, an Indian revolutionary who had witnessed the 1919 Amritsar massacre and wanted to avenge the mass killing of his countrymen. He was desperate to punish Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab for his involvement with the massacre. The film was theatrically released in India on 24 December 1999, just two days before Singh's birth centenary. The film was screened retrospective on 13 August 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense, commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day.

Udham Singh
Udham Singh (born Sher Singh; 26 December 1899 – 31 July 1940) was an Indian revolutionary belonging to Ghadar Party and HSRA, best known for assassinating Michael O'Dwyer, the former lieutenant governor of the Punjab in India, on 13 March 1940. The assassination was done in revenge for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar in 1919, for which O'Dwyer was responsible and of which Singh himself was a survivor. Singh was subsequently tried and convicted of murder and hanged in July 1940. While in custody, he used the name Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, which represents the three major religions in India and his anti-colonial sentiment.

Singh was a well-known figure of the Indian independence movement. He is also referred to as Shaheed-i-Azam Sardar Udham Singh (the expression "Shaheed-i-Azam" means "the great martyr"). A district (Udham Singh Nagar) was named after him as a homage by the Mayawati government in October 1995.
Georgia's 7th Senate district
District 7 of the Georgia Senate is a senatorial district located in northeastern Metro Atlanta.

The district, located entirely within Gwinnett County, includes Berkeley Lake and Duluth, as well as parts of Lawrenceville, Norcross, Peachtree Corners, and Suwanee.

The current senator is Nabilah Islam Parkes, a Democrat from Duluth first elected in 2022.

Nabilah Parkes
Nabilah Aishah Parkes (née Islam; born November 27, 1989) is an American activist and politician from the state of Georgia who is the Georgia State Senator for the 7th district as a result of the 2022 Georgia State Senate election. She became the first Muslim woman in the Georgia State Senate. She previously ran to represent Georgia's 7th congressional district in 2020.
Montafon
Montafon (German: [mɔntaˈfoːn] ⓘ in local dialect: "Muntafu") is a 39-kilometer (24 mi) long valley in the westernmost Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg.

It is traversed by the river Ill (Vorarlberg) and extends from the city of Bludenz and the Verwall Alps in the north, to the Silvretta and Rätikon mountain range in the south. Piz Buin, at 3,312 meters, is the highest peak within the Silvretta mountain range and the highest peak in Vorarlberg. The Montafon region has a population of 16,421(2021).

Bludenz
Bludenz (German pronunciation: [ˈbluːdɛnt͡s] ⓘ; Alemannic: Bludaz) is a town in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is the administrative seat of the Bludenz District, which encompasses about half of Vorarlberg's territory. As of January 2025, Bludenz had a population of 15,102.
Carl Gustav Axel Harnack
Carl Gustav Axel Harnack (7 May [O.S. 25 April] 1851, Dorpat (now Tartu) – 3 April 1888, Dresden) was a Baltic German mathematician who contributed to potential theory. Harnack's inequality applied to harmonic functions. He also worked on the real algebraic geometry of plane curves, proving Harnack's curve theorem for real plane algebraic curves.

Harnack's inequality
In mathematics, Harnack's inequality is an inequality relating the values of a positive harmonic function at two points, introduced by A. Harnack (1887). Harnack's inequality is used to prove Harnack's theorem about the convergence of sequences of harmonic functions. J. Serrin (1955), and J. Moser (1961, 1964) generalized Harnack's inequality to solutions of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations. Such results can be used to show the interior regularity of weak solutions.

Perelman's solution of the Poincaré conjecture uses a version of the Harnack inequality, found by R. Hamilton (1993), for the Ricci flow.
Crouch End Vampires F.C.
Crouch End Vampires F.C. are an amateur football club from the Crouch End area of north London, based at the Muswell Hill Sports Ground. The club are affiliated to the Amateur Football Alliance and are currently members of the Southern Amateur League Senior Division 3. The club was formed through the merger of Crouch End F.C. and Vampires F.C. in 1897.

Southern Amateur Football League
The Southern Amateur League (SAL) is an association football league in England affiliated to the Amateur Football Alliance (AFA). It is based in and around Greater London and caters for 11–a–side men's adult teams. A feature of the league is 'multi-team football', common in AFA leagues, with clubs fielding an average of 3.5 teams each. For season 2025-26 the league has more than 100 member clubs including several veterans-only clubs running around 320 teams in 30 divisions. All clubs are strictly amateur. In 2025 The SAL merged with the Amateur Football Combination creating the largest adult football league in Europe.
Toldos Aharon
Toldos Aharon is a devout, insular, fervently anti-Zionist ultra orthodox Hasidic dynasty. The group is characterized by extreme conservatism and a desire to preserve the life of the old Yishuv in Jerusalem, in sharp opposition to Zionism, in a strict Haredi way of life, in a special style of clothing, and in an emphasis on prayer at a moderate pace and with enthusiasm. Headquartered in Jerusalem's Mea Shearim neighborhood, it also has significant numbers in Ramat Beit Shemesh, and New York City, and additional members in Tiberias and in Harish. The sect has about 1,800 households. Toldos Aharon is a split-off from Shomer Emunim. It is led by the current Aharoner Rebbe, Dovid Kohn.

Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok
Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok is a Hasidic group located in Jerusalem's Mea Shearim neighborhood. It is an offshoot of the Hasidic group Toldos Aharon, which is in turn an offshoot of Shomer Emunim. It is led by its Rebbe, Rabbi Shmuel Yaakov Kohn.

Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok is one of the groups that make up the Edah HaChareidis. Until his death in May 2009, Rabbi Meir Brandsdorfer served as both the halachic decisor of Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok and member of the Badatz of the Edah HaChareidis.
Pete Suder
Peter Suder (April 16, 1916 – November 14, 2006), nicknamed "Pecky", was an American professional baseball player, a utility infielder for the Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics (1941–43, 1946–55).

He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet (1.8 m) tall and weighed 180 pounds (82 kg). He is the grandfather of Rick Suder

Rick Suder
Rick Suder Jr. (born c. 1964) is an American retired athlete who played college basketball for Duquesne of the Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10) from 1982 to 1986. He holds the Duquesne single-season and career free throw percentage records as well as the A-10 career free throw percentage record. Suder formerly held the school single-game assists record. He led the A-10 in scoring and free throw percentage for the 1985–86 season. Suder graduated from Center High School before attending college locally at Duquesne. Following his basketball career, he had a career in business and became a financial advisor. Suder is the grandson of Major League Baseball infielder Pete Suder and father of All-Mid American Conference basketball player Peter Suder.
Fitness to Practice
Fitness to Practice is a 2004 album produced for charity by Amateur Transplants (Adam Kay and Suman Biswas). 10% of the profits from the album sales go to Macmillan Cancer Relief.

A remastered version of the album available with two bonus tracks, "Northern Birds" and "What I Went to SKL 4". The album is published on the Friday Audio label of The Friday Project.

The album contains extremely strong language and therefore, according to the official website, "should not be bought for an elderly maiden aunt".

In 2019, Kay apologised for some of the songs in the album as being in "terrible taste".

Amateur Transplants
Amateur Transplants were a parody music band fronted by London-based, British comedian Adam Kay and Suman Biswas (born 1978). Amateur Transplants came to prominence in 2005 with a song about the London Underground, parodying the Jam song "Going Underground". They regularly performed live, and have been recommended by Time Out, including several successful years at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The band's final performance was in Reading in May 2016.
Performance improvement
Performance improvement is a broad category of management that refers to the systematic approach of identifying, measuring, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of processes. It can be applied to an individual or organizational performance, such as athletics or commercial business.

Performance Improvement Guide (PIG) was published by the United States Coast Guard, which describes various processes and tools for performance management at the individual and organizational levels.

Business performance management
Business performance management (BPM) (also known as corporate performance management (CPM) enterprise performance management (EPM),) is a management approach which encompasses a set of processes and analytical tools to ensure that a business organization's activities and output are aligned with its goals. BPM is associated with business process management, a larger framework managing organizational processes.

It aims to measure and optimize the overall performance of an organization, specific departments, individual employees, or processes to manage particular tasks. Performance standards are set by senior leadership and task owners which may include expectations for job duties, timely feedback and coaching, evaluating employee performance and behavior against desired outcomes, and implementing reward systems. BPM can involve outlining the role of each individual in an organization in terms of functions and responsibilities.
Chinatown, Brisbane
Chinatown, Brisbane (Chinese: 布里斯班唐人街) is a precinct in Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, Australia. It is centred on Chinatown Mall, a pedestrian street which occupies all of Duncan Street. The Mall runs parallel to Brunswick Street Mall, and connects Wickham Street and Ann Street. The precinct is the location of Chinese restaurants and shops, and is the venue for events including Chinese New Year and Valley Fiesta. Street signs in the area are written in both English and Chinese. It is also home to many restaurants offering Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, Japanese, Thai and Vietnamese cuisines. Its pan-Asian nature is also emphasized through the hosting of many Asian festivals including the annual Indian festival, Diwali.

Chinatown's popularity with Chinese Australians has declined in the past two decades, and Sunnybank is instead seen as the hub of Chinese culture in Brisbane.

Fortitude Valley, Queensland
Fortitude Valley (often called "The Valley" by local residents) is an inner suburb of the City of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Fortitude Valley had a population of 9,708 people. The suburb features two pedestrian malls at Brunswick Street Mall and Chinatown, and is one of the hubs of Brisbane's nightlife, known for its nightclubs, bars and adult entertainment.
Wilhelm Beck
Wilhelm Beck (/bɛk/, German: [ˈvɪlhɛlm bɛk]; 26 March 1885 – 20 January 1936) was a lawyer and politician from Liechtenstein who was the founder of the Christian-Social People's Party and later served as the President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein from 1922 to 1927. He was a member of the Landtag from 1914 to 1928 and again from 1932 to 1935.

Beck is considered one of the most influential politicians in Liechtenstein's modern history. He was heavily involved in the rapid democratization and establishment of economic and political ties with Switzerland within the country following the end of World War I, him most notably presenting the original draft for the constitution of Liechtenstein.

Constitution of Liechtenstein
The Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (German: Verfassung des Fürstentums Liechtenstein) was promulgated on 5 October 1921, replacing the 1862 constitution.

It was granted by Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein, and established the rule of partial parliamentary democracy mixed with that of constitutional monarchy, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the Landtag. It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the Prince and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21. The country replaced universal male suffrage with universal suffrage, following a national referendum in 1984.
Bakhtiyaar Irani
Bakhtiyaar Irani (born 19 November 1979) is an Indian film and television actor who has participated in Indian television reality shows. He has appeared in the reality dance series Nach Baliye, paired with his wife Tannaz Irani. In 2009, the couple became participants in Bigg Boss.

Tannaz Irani
Tannaz Irani (née Lal born 8 April 1972) is an Indian actress. She has acted in Bollywood films and Hindi television serials. She has also been credited as Tannaz Lal, her maiden name, and Tanaaz Currim (during her first marriage).
Aishwarya Sushmita
Aishwarya Sushmita (born 12 July 1995) is an Indian actress and model who works in Hindi films and series. She gained recognition after winning the Kingfisher Calendar Supermodels 3 in 2016, which was shot in Seychelles. Sushmita made her acting debut in the Disney+ Hotstar web series Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story (2021) and has appeared in the thriller Runway 34 (2022). She received further acclaim for her performance as Meeta Devi in the Netflix crime series Khakee: The Bihar Chapter (2022), and played the role of Kiki in the Disney+ Hotstar series Bad Cop (2024).

Khakee: The Bihar Chapter
Khakee: The Bihar Chapter is an Indian action thriller television series created by Neeraj Pandey and written by Umashankar Singh. It was produced by Shital Bhatia, under Friday Storytellers. It stars Karan Tacker, Avinash Tiwary, Abhimanyu Singh, Brijeshwar Singh Jatin Sarna, Ravi Kishan, Ashutosh Rana, Nikita Dutta, Aishwarya Sushmita, Anup Soni, Shraddha Das, Neeraj Kashyap, Sanjay Pandey and Bharat Jha.

The series premiered on Netflix on 25 November 2022. The series was renewed for a standalone sequel series, Khakee: The Bengal Chapter, in August 2023.
Tokmak
Tokmak (Ukrainian: Токмак, IPA: [tokˈmɑk]) is a small city in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, in south-central Ukraine. It stands on the Tokmak River, a tributary of the Molochna. It is the administrative centre of the Tokmak urban hromada, and was the centre of the Tokmak Raion until that was disestablished in 2020. Its pre-war population was approximately 29,573 (2022 estimate).

Tokmak has been occupied by Russia since early March 2022.

Polohy Raion
Polohy Raion (Ukrainian: Пологівський район) is one of the five raions (districts) of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in southern Ukraine. The administrative center of the region is the town of Polohy. Population: 163,641 (2022 estimate).

On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast was reduced to five, and the area of Polohy Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 38,636 (2020 est.).
Lunar eclipse
A lunar eclipse, also called a blood moon, is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon orbits through Earth's shadow.‍‍ Lunar eclipses occur during eclipse season, when the Moon's orbital plane is approximately in line with Earth and the Sun. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.‍‍ In contrast with illusive and short-lasting solar eclipses, lunar eclipses can be observed from anywhere on the night side of Earth and often last for an hour or longer. Lunar eclipses are safe to observe without eye protection.

Lunar eclipses are notable for causing the Moon to appear orange or red. This occurs when the Moon passes through the Earth's umbra, necessitating any sunlight that reaches the Moon to first pass through the Earth's atmosphere. The resulting Rayleigh scattering removes high-wavelength colors such as violet and blue from the incoming light before it reflects off the lunar surface and is observed on Earth.

Lunar node
A lunar node is either of the two orbital nodes of the Moon; that is, the two points at which the orbit of the Moon intersects the ecliptic. The ascending (or north) node is where the Moon moves into the northern ecliptic hemisphere, while the descending (or south) node is where the Moon enters the southern ecliptic hemisphere.

They are the reason for eclipse season, being the intersection necessary for the alignment of Sun, Earth and Moon.
Navaratri
Navaratri (Sanskrit: नवरात्रि, romanized: Navarātri) is an annual Hindu festival observed in honor of the goddess Durga, an aspect of Adi Parashakti, the supreme goddess. It spans over nine nights, first in the month of Chaitra (March/April of the Gregorian calendar), and again in the month of Ashvin (September–October). It is observed for different reasons and celebrated differently in various parts of the Hindu - Indian cultural sphere. Theoretically, there are four seasonal Navaratris. However, in practice, it is the post-monsoon autumn festival called Sharada Navaratri. There are also two additional Navaratris as well, in Shukla Paksha of the Magha Month (Magha Gupta Navaratri) and another in the Shukla Paksha of Ashadha Month.

Kanya Puja
Kanyā Pūjā or Kumārī Pūjā, is a Hindu holy ritual, carried out especially on the Ashtami (eighth day) and Navami (ninth day) of the Navaratri festival. The ceremony primarily involves the worship of nine girls, representing the nine forms of Goddess Durga (Navadurga). As per Hindu philosophy, these girls are considered the manifestation of the natural force of creation. Legend says that it was on the ninth day of Navaratri that Shakti had taken the form of Goddess Durga, on the request of the devas to kill the demon Mahisasura.
Robin Webb
Robin Webb (born c. 1945) is an English animal rights activist. He is a former member of the ruling council of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), and former director of Animal Aid. A British court ruled in 2006 that Webb was a "central and pivotal figure" in the Animal Liberation Front (ALF).

Since October 1991, Webb has run the British Animal Liberation Press Office, which releases material to the media on behalf of activists operating as the ALF, the Animal Rights Militia (ARM), and the Justice Department. He has said that his policy as press officer is "never to criticize any action, whatever it may be, so long as it has been undertaken with the sincere intention of furthering animal liberation." This has led to criticism that Webb has appeared to condone acts of violence.

Animal Liberation Press Office
Animal Liberation Press Offices relay anonymous communiques, photos, and videos to the media about direct action undertaken by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), Animal Rights Militia (ARM), Revolutionary Cells – Animal Liberation Brigade, Justice Department, and other leaderless resistance within the animal liberation movement. It states that it will "explain and seek to justify any action, whatever it may be", so long as it appears to have been carried out "with the sincere intention of furthering animal liberation." The North American press office also includes a newsletter, prisoner list and merchandise page.

The press office's position is that it receives claims of responsibility from anonymous cells, and that its officers "do not engage in illegal activities, nor do they know any individuals who do." In contrast, a British High Court judge described press officer Robin Webb as a "central and pivotal figure" in the ALF.