hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Penal transportation
Penal transportation (or simply transportation) was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their destination. While the prisoners may have been released once the sentences were served, they generally did not have the resources to return home.

Penal colony
A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority.

Historically, penal colonies have often been used for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm.
Frieth
Frieth is a village in the parish of Hambleden, in Buckinghamshire, England. It lies on the top of "Frieth Hill", which is part of the chalk escarpments of the Chiltern Hills.

Frieth lies at a height of around 550 feet (170 m), on the edge of a broad and deep winterbourne chalk valley in which are located the older settlements of the parish and adjacent parishes – Hambleden, Skirmett, Turville, and Fingest. Because of the shortage of surface water and the relatively poor soils – heavy clay and flint overlaying the permeable chalk – Frieth did not develop into a village until well into Victorian times. However, there are a number of ancient properties and Frieth has all the symbols of a traditional English village. As well as the church, it has a village hall, a village green, two rural pubs, a village society, fine open hilly countryside, and a small but thriving primary school. The village shop and dairy has closed.

Hambleden
Hambleden is a small village and civil parish in southwest Buckinghamshire, England. The village is around 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Marlow, and around 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire.

The civil parish also includes the villages of Fingest and Frieth, and the hamlets of Colstrope, Mill End, Parmoor, Pheasant's Hill and Skirmett. At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 1,445.
Tự Đức Thông Bảo
Tự Đức Thông Bảo (chữ Hán: 嗣德通寶) was an inscription used on different coins made from various metals and alloys during the reign of Emperor Tự Đức. The coinage of Tự Đức saw the introduction of the term văn (文) which was an accounting unit used for copper-alloy cash coins denominating their worth in number of zinc cash coins with a weight of 6 phần.

These coins circulated alongside another series of issued under Emperor Tự Đức, the Tự Đức Bảo Sao.

Tự Đức Bảo Sao
The Tự Đức Bảo Sao (chữ Hán: 嗣德寶鈔) was a series of large denomination Vietnamese cash coins produced under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức from 1861 to complement the contemporary Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) copper and zinc cash coins with larger nominal values. These coins were very badly received by the general population as their intrinsic value was relatively low compared to their nominal value and for this reason the Vietnamese government reduced the value of a single Tiền to 50 văn and allowed these coins to be used for the payment of taxes.

The Tự Đức Bảo Sao is the first Vietnamese cash coin series that uses the denomination văn (文) replacing the earlier weight based denomination of phân (分).
Yukito Ayatsuji
Naoyuki Uchida (内田 直行, Uchida Naoyuki; born December 23, 1960), known by his pen name Yukito Ayatsuji (綾辻 行人, Ayatsuji Yukito), is a Japanese writer of mystery and horror. He is one of the founders of Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan and one of the representative writers of the new traditionalist movement in Japanese mystery writing. His wife is Fuyumi Ono, a Japanese fantasy and horror writer who is known for her fantasy series The Twelve Kingdoms.

His first novel The Decagon House Murders was ranked as the No. 8 novel on the Top 100 Japanese Mystery Novels of All Time.

In 2018, a minor planet (2001 RG46) was named as Yukito Ayatsuji.

Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan
Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan (本格ミステリ作家クラブ, Honkaku Misuteri Sakka Kurabu) is a Japan-based organization for mystery writers who write honkaku (i.e. authentic, orthodox) mystery.

The organization was founded on 3 November 2000 by Yukito Ayatsuji, Natsuhiko Kyogoku, Hiroko Minagawa, Kaoru Kitamura, Tetsuya Ayukawa and other mystery writers. It is currently chaired by Rintaro Norizuki and claims about 170 members.

It presents the Honkaku Mystery Awards to writers every year and produces the annual anthology.
Rhipicentor
Rhipicentor is an African genus of hard ticks. The genus parasitises a range of domestic and sylvatic Carnivora and Mammalia hosts. The genus forms part of the Rhipicephalinae subfamily, along with Dermacentor, Margaropus, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Nosomma. There are no records of Rhipicentor human parasitism, but R. nuttalli can cause tick paralysis in dogs.

Rhipicentor forms part of the Rhipicephalinae subfamily, in the broader Amblyocephalus clade of the Ixodidae.

Ixodidae
The Ixodidae are the family of hard ticks or scale ticks, one of the three families of ticks, consisting of 750 species, as of 2025. They are known as 'hard ticks' because they have a scutum or hard shield, which the other major family of ticks, the 'soft ticks' (Argasidae), lack. They are ectoparasites of a wide range of host species, and some are vectors of pathogens that can cause human disease.
Houmochen Chong
Houmochen Chong (513–563), courtesy name Shangle, was a Xianbei military general of the Northern Wei, Western Wei and Northern Zhou during the Northern and Southern dynasties. He joined Erzhu Rong's army at a young age, and during Erzhu Tianguang and Heba Yue's expedition in the Guanzhong region, he personally captured the rebel leader, Moqi Chounu in battle. Houmochen later joined Yuwen Tai, who founded the Western Wei, and further distinguished himself in campaigns against Houmochen Yue and the Eastern Wei before eventually becoming one of the Eight Zhuguo (八柱國) in 549. He continued to hold important civil positions under the Northern Zhou, but in 563, he was forced to commit suicide after he spread a prophecy that the regent, Yuwen Hu would die that year.

Heba Yue
Heba Yue (died February or March 534), Xianbei nickname Adouni, was a Tiele military general of the Northern Wei dynasty during the Northern and Southern dynasties. During the rebellion of the Six Garrisons, he joined the Wei commander, Erzhu Rong and followed Erzhu Tianguang in his campaign to pacify the Guanzhong region. After the Erzhu clan's defeat in 532, he seized control over the Guanzhong and later colluded with Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei to wrest power away from Gao Huan, who held paramountcy over the imperial court. In 534, through Gao Huan's instigation, Heba was assassinated by his trusted friend, Houmochen Yue.

Modern historian, Chen Yinke accredit the founding of the Guanlong Group to Heba Yue. After his death, his subordinate, Yuwen Tai assumed leadership over the group and founded the Western Wei, which was later succeeded by the Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang dynasties, all of which were politically dominated by the group.
Gain-ground
Gain-ground games are team sports which are played with a small ball or a balloon. They are often outdoors on a "ballodrome" but can also be played indoors.

Among these games, longue paume and real tennis are the most well-known because they are played with rackets. The rules change a little depending on the game, but the basic rules remain identical from one game to the other.

Games of gain-ground are characterized in particular by the use of "chasses". Chasses indicate the limit between both teams or in real tennis a limit to score a point. Points are counted as in tennis: 15, 30, 40 and set.

Longue paume
Longue paume ([lɔ̃ɡ pom], also jeu de longue paume, "long tennis") is an outdoor version of jeu de paume, an ancestor of modern lawn tennis. It has been popularly played, particularly in France, for several centuries. It is a game of gain-ground as Balle à la main.

It was played as part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but its medal status is disputed. Today, the sport is most played in the region of Picardy. The sport's governing body is the Fédération Française de Longue Paume, with its headquarters in Amiens.
Don Lusher
Gordon Douglas "Don" Lusher OBE (6 November 1923 – 5 July 2006) was an English jazz and big band trombonist best known for his association with the Ted Heath Big Band. In a career spanning more than 60 years, he played trombone with a number of jazz orchestras and bands and was twice president of the British Trombone Society.

Ted Heath (bandleader)
George Edward Heath (30 March 1902 – 18 November 1969) was a British musician and big band leader.

Heath led what is widely considered Britain's greatest post-war big band, recording more than 100 albums, which sold over 20 million copies. The most successful band in Britain during the 1950s, it remained in existence as a ghost band long after Heath died, surviving in such a form until 2000.
Hammer and sickle
The hammer and sickle (Unicode: U+262D ☭ HAMMER AND SICKLE) is a socialist and communist symbol representing proletarian solidarity between industrial and agricultural workers. It was first adopted during the Russian Revolution at the end of World War I, the hammer representing workers and the sickle representing the peasants.

After World War I (from which Russia withdrew in 1917) and the Russian Civil War, the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for labor within the Soviet Union (USSR) and for international proletarian unity. It was taken up by many communist movements around the world, some with local variations. The hammer and sickle remains commonplace in Communist states, such as China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, but also some former Soviet republics following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, such as Belarus and Russia. Some countries have imposed bans on communist symbols, where the display of the hammer and sickle is prohibited.

Bans on communist symbols
Communist symbols have been banned, in part or in whole, by a number of the world's countries. As part of a broader process of decommunization, these bans have mostly been proposed or implemented in countries that belonged to the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War, including some post-Soviet states. In some countries, the bans also extend to prohibit the propagation of communism in any form, with varying punishments applied to violators. Though the bans imposed by these countries nominally target the communist ideology, they may be accompanied by popular anti-leftist sentiment and therefore a de facto ban on all leftist philosophies, such as socialism, while not explicitly passing legislation to ban them.
Calochortus pulchellus
Calochortus pulchellus is a rare species of flowering plant in the lily family known by the common name Mt. Diablo fairy-lantern or Mount Diablo globelily.

Calochortus pulchellus is endemic to California, where it is mainly restricted to Mount Diablo of the Diablo Range, in Contra Costa County of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area. There are historical occurrences in the North California Coast Ranges, within Marin, Solano, Napa, and Humboldt Counties.

It grows in chaparral and woodland habitats, currently only known on the bayside−western slopes of Mount Diablo.

Mount Diablo
Mount Diablo is a mountain of the Diablo Range, in Contra Costa County of the eastern San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. It is south of Clayton and northeast of Danville. It is an isolated upthrust peak of 3,849 feet (1,173 meters), visible from most of the San Francisco Bay Area. Mount Diablo appears from many angles to be a double pyramid and has many subsidiary peaks. The largest and closest is North Peak, the other half of the double pyramid, which is nearly as high in elevation at 3,557 feet (1,084 m), and is about one mile (1.6 kilometers) northeast of the main summit.

The mountain is within the boundaries of Mount Diablo State Park, which is administered by California State Parks.
Musashino University
Musashino University (武蔵野大学, Musashino Daigaku) is a private university with the main campus in Ariake, Kōtō, Tokyo, and a second campus in Nishitōkyō. Musashino University was founded based on the ideals associated with the Hongwanji Jodo Shinshu School of Buddhism.

Nishitokyo
Nishitokyo (西東京市, Nishitōkyō-shi, "City of West Tokyo") (Japanese pronunciation: [ɲiɕi̥toꜜːkʲoː]) is a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. As of 1 January 2021, the city had an estimated population of 206,047, and a population density of 13,000 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 15.75 square kilometres (6.08 sq mi).
Made in Timeland
Made in Timeland is the nineteenth studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, released on 5 March 2022 on Flightless in Australia, ATO in the U.S., and self-released in Europe. Produced by Stu Mackenzie, the album consists of two fifteen-minute-long tracks, each taking one side of the record.

The album was originally planned to be an exclusive vinyl-only release, given to the attendees of the band's Timeland Festival on 31 December 2021. The festival was ultimately cancelled and the album was instead given a full physical release in March 2022, with digital versions becoming available on 11 October 2022.

The band's 22nd album, Laminated Denim, released later in 2022, features an anagram of Made in Timeland as its title, and is described by the band as a "spiritual successor" to the album - and was released the day after Made in Timeland's digital release.

Laminated Denim
Laminated Denim is the twenty-second studio album by Australian psychedelic rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, released on 12 October 2022, five days after their previous album, Ice, Death, Planets, Lungs, Mushrooms and Lava.

The album's title is an anagram of the title of the band’s 19th album, Made in Timeland, whose digital release coincided with the release of Laminated Denim. Described by the band as a "spiritual successor" to Made in Timeland, Laminated Denim features two 15-minute songs written around the ticking of a clock, but featuring more rock-focused instrumentals with heavy use of polyrhythms and a Motorik beat. Its psychedelic and progressive rock sound differs from the electronic-based Timeland.
Shan and Nationalities Democratic Party
The Shan and Nationalities Democratic Party (Burmese: ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရက်တစ် ပါတီ [ʃáɴ táɪɴjɪ́ɴðámjá dìmòkərɛʔtɪʔ pàtì]; abbreviated SNDP), also known as the White Tiger Party or Kya Phyu Party, formerly the Shan Nationalities Democratic Party is a political party in Myanmar (Burma).

Unlike the similarly named Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (SNLD), the party prefers the status quo of 7 states and 7 regions, rather than the SNLD's preference for a federal system with 8 states.

Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (Burmese: ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်; [ʃáɰ̃ táɪɰ̃jɪ́ɰ̃ðámjá dìmòkəɹèsì ʔəpʰwḛdʑoʊʔ]; Shan: ငဝ်ႈငုၼ်းတီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇၸီႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆး; abbreviated as SNLD) is a de-registered political party in Myanmar (Burma). The party was established on 26 October 1988, and campaigns for the interests of the Shan people. The SNLD became the largest Shan party in the Assembly of the Union following the 2015 general election. The party is a federal party having local branches in most townships in Shan State and few in other states and regions such as Kayah, Kachin, and Mandalay.

Unlike other Shan political parties, the party prefers a federal system with eight states or eight units to have equal political rights in upper house as the original principle based on the Federal Principles of 1961, rather than the status quo of seven states and seven regions.
National Railway
The National Railway or National Air Line Railroad was a planned air-line railroad between New York City and Washington, D.C. in the United States around 1870. Part of it was eventually built from New York City to Philadelphia by the Delaware and Bound Brook Railroad and the Delaware River Branch of the North Pennsylvania Railroad, leased by the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, in 1879, and becoming its New York Branch. The line was intended to provide an alternate to the various monopolies that existed along the route, specifically the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Companies and their Camden and Amboy Railroad, and as such had a long struggle to be built.

North Pennsylvania Railroad
North Pennsylvania Railroad was a railroad company which served Philadelphia, Montgomery County, Bucks County and Northampton County in Pennsylvania. It was formed in 1852, and began operation in 1855. The Philadelphia and Reading Railway, predecessor to the Reading Company, leased the North Pennsylvania in 1879. Its tracks were transferred to Conrail and the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) in 1976.
Philip Berrigan
Philip Francis "Phil"  Berrigan SSJ (October 5, 1923 – December 6, 2002) was an American peace activist and Catholic priest with the Josephites. He engaged in nonviolent, civil disobedience in the cause of peace and nuclear disarmament and was often arrested.

In 1973, he married a former nun, Elizabeth McAlister. Both were subsequently excommunicated by the Catholic Church before being reinstated. For 11 years of their 29-year marriage they were separated by one or both serving time in prison.

Elizabeth McAlister
Elizabeth McAlister (born November 17, 1939) is an American peace activist and former nun of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary. She married Philip Berrigan and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. McAlister served prison time for nonviolent acts of civil disobedience.
Kirana gharana
The Kirana Gharana is a Hindustani music apprenticeship tradition (gharana) made popular by Bande Ali Khan in the 19th Century and his cousins Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan. Evolved from the instrumental and vocal Gauharbani dhrupad lineages of medieval music maestros Nayak Gopal, Nayak Dhondu, and Nayak Bhanu. Later, this tradition came to be reputed for khayal, thumri, dadra, ghazal, bhajan, abhang, and natya sangeet. This gharana is known for producing acclaimed musicians like Sawai Gandharva, Sureshbabu Mane, Hirabai Barodekar, Amir Khan, Gangubai Hangal, Bhimsen Joshi, Roshanara Begum, Mohammed Rafi, Prabha Atre, Mashkoor Ali Khan Kaivalya Kumar Gurav, Pran Nath, Anand Bhate, Sanhita Nandi, and Jayateerth Mevundi. Consequently, this gharana developed a reputation for its distinctly sweet, devotional, and intense vocalism.

Pran Nath (musician)
Pandit Pran Nath (Devanagari: पंडित प्राणनाथ) (3 November 1918 – 13 June 1996) was an Indian classical singer and master of the Kirana gharana singing style. Promoting traditional raga principles, Nath exerted an influence on notable American minimalist and jazz musicians, including La Monte Young, Terry Riley, and Don Cherry. He began performing in the United States in the 1970s, and established the Kirana Center for Indian Classical Music in 1972; he subsequently taught in various universities across the US and Europe.
Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
Aguadilla (Spanish pronunciation: [aɣwaˈðiʝa], locally [awaˈðiʝa]), founded in 1775 by Luis de Córdova, is a city and municipality located in the northwestern tip of Puerto Rico, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, north of Aguada, and Moca and west of Isabela. Aguadilla is spread over 15 barrios and Aguadilla Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is a principal city and core of the Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area. This region was already inhabited and known as Aguadilla before 1770. Nevertheless, according to Dr. Agustín Stahl in his Foundation of Aguadilla, it was not until 1780 that the town was officially founded. The construction of a new church and the proceedings to become an independent village began in 1775.

Isabela, Puerto Rico
Isabela (Spanish pronunciation: [isaˈβela]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the north-western region of the island, north of San Sebastián; west of Quebradillas; and east of Aguadilla and Moca. It is named in honor of Queen Isabella I of Castile. Isabela is spread over 13 barrios and Isabela Pueblo, which is the downtown area and administrative center. It is a principal part of the Aguadilla-Isabela-San Sebastián Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Krossen, Telemark
Krossen is a village in Vinje Municipality in Telemark county, Norway. The village is located near the eastern shore of the lake Totak, just to the southeast of the village of Raulandsgrend in the Rauland area of the municipality. The municipal centre of Åmot lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Krossen. The 0.9-square-kilometre (220-acre) village has a population (2022) of 558 and a population density of 619 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,600/sq mi).

Vinje
Vinje is a municipality in Telemark county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Vest-Telemark which is part of Øvre Telemark. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Åmot. Other villages in the municipality include Arabygdi, Edland, Grunge, Haukeli, Krossen, Møsstrond, Nesland, Øyfjell, Raulandsgrend, and Vinje.

The 3,106-square-kilometre (1,199 sq mi) municipality is the 14th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Vinje is the 209th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,832. The municipality's population density is 1.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (3.6/sq mi) and its population has increased by 3% over the previous 10-year period.
Shinnecock Canal
The Shinnecock Canal (also known as the Shinnecock and Peconic Canal) is a canal that cuts across the South Fork at Hampton Bays, New York.   At 4,700 feet (1,400 m) long, it connects Great Peconic Bay and the north fork of Long Island with Shinnecock Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.  The canal opened to traffic in 1892.

Although "the Hamptons" officially begins about 10 miles (16 km) west at Westhampton, New York, the Shinnecock Canal, which funnels traffic across bridges for the Sunrise Highway, Montauk Highway, and Long Island Rail Road, marks their beginning in popular imagination.

Hampton Bays, New York
Hampton Bays is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Southampton in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York. It is considered as part of the region of Long Island known as The Hamptons. The population was 13,603 at the 2010 census.
Andriantsitakatrandriana
Andriantsitakatrandriana (1613-c. 1650) was the king of Imerina from 1630 to 1650, acceding to the throne upon the death of his father, Andrianjaka. He took two wives: the first, Ravololontsimitovy, gave birth to his first son and successor Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe, while his second wife, Rafoloarivo, gave birth to a son named Andriamanjakatokana. During his reign, he chased his second wife and son from his territory, and constructed dikes to transform the Betsimitatatra swamps around Antananarivo into vast rice paddies to feed the local population.

Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe
Andriantsimitoviaminandriandehibe ("the noble without equal among great nobles") was the King of Imerina in the central highlands of Madagascar from 1650 to 1670. He acceded to the throne on the death of his father, King Andriantsitakatrandriana. He had three wives: Ratompoimbahoaka of Ambohimalaza, Princess Ramahafoloarivo (granddaughter of King Andrianjaka), and Princess Rafaravavy Rampanananiamboninitany. He is responsible for establishing the rice paddies of the Betsimitatatra that lie to the west of Ankadimbahoaka.