hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Theoretical definition
A theoretical definition defines a term in an academic discipline, functioning as a proposal to see a phenomenon in a certain way. A theoretical definition is a proposed way of thinking about potentially related events. Theoretical definitions contain built-in theories; they cannot be simply reduced to describing a set of observations. The definition may contain implicit inductions and deductive consequences that are part of the theory. A theoretical definition of a term can change, over time, based on the methods in the field that created it.

Without a falsifiable operational definition, conceptual definitions assume both knowledge and acceptance of the theories that it depends on. A hypothetical construct may serve as a theoretical definition, as can a stipulative definition.

Operational definition
An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational definition of "fear" (the construct) often includes measurable physiologic responses that occur in response to a perceived threat. Thus, "fear" might be operationally defined as specified changes in heart rate, electrodermal activity, pupil dilation, and blood pressure.
Derek Higgs
Sir Derek Alan Higgs (3 April 1944 – 28 April 2008) was an English businessman and merchant banker.  He was knighted in 2004. His father, Alan Higgs, was a multimillionaire through property businesses in the Midlands.

Alan Higgs
Alan Edward Higgs was a businessman who became a multimillionaire mainly from his house building business in Coventry, as well as from other businesses in Birmingham, England. He died in 1979, and because he thought that inherited wealth did more harm than good, he made provision for a charity to be created after his death to help deprived children from Coventry and nearby localities.
P. R. Anthonis
Deshamanya Polwattearachchige Romiel Anthonis FRCS (21 January 1911 – 17 December 2009), known as "P. R. Anthonis", was a leading Sri Lankan surgeon. He was Chancellor of the University of Colombo from 1981 to 2002.

Deshamanya
Deshamanya (Sinhala: දේශමාන්‍ය, romanized: Dēshamāṉya; Tamil: தேசமான்ய, romanized: Tēcamāṉya; "Pride of the Nation") is the second-highest national honour of Sri Lanka awarded by the Government of Sri Lanka as a civil honour. It is awarded for "highly meritorious service", and is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the recipient's name.
Tom Sandoval
Thomas Anthony Sandoval is an American television personality, restaurateur and musician. He was a cast member on Bravo's reality television series Vanderpump Rules and the third season of Peacock's The Traitors.

The Traitors (American TV series) season 3
The third season of the American television series The Traitors was announced on February 7, 2024. The season premiered on January 9, 2025. The season concluded on March 6, 2025 where Dolores Catania, Dylan Efron, Gabby Windey and Lord Ivar Mountbatten won as Faithfuls, while Britney Haynes placed as a runner-up, as a Traitor.
Western Storm
Western Storm were a women's cricket team that represented South West England and Wales, one of eight regional hubs in English domestic cricket. They primarily played their home matches at the County Ground, Taunton, the County Ground, Bristol and Sophia Gardens. They were captained by Sophie Luff and coached by Trevor Griffin. The team were partnered with Somerset, Gloucestershire, Glamorgan, Devon, Cornwall, Wiltshire and Cricket Wales. Originally formed to compete in the Women's Cricket Super League in 2016, Western Storm won the competition twice, in 2017 and 2019. When women's cricket in England was reformed in 2020, the Western Storm brand was retained, and they competed in the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy and the Charlotte Edwards Cup.

At the end of the 2024 season, following reforms to the structure of women's domestic cricket, the team was effectively replaced by a professionalised Somerset team.

Devon Women cricket team
The Devon Women's cricket team is the women's representative cricket team for the English historic county of Devon. They play their home games at The Holt in Budleigh Salterton. They are captained by Steph Hutchins. In 2025 they competed in Division 1 of League Three as part of the newly restructured women's game in England and Wales, having been unsuccessful in their bid to attain Tier 2 status.
Partula turgida
Partula turgida, also known as the Raiatean thin-shelled partula, is an extinct species of air-breathing tropical land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Partulidae. This species was endemic to Ra'iātea, French Polynesia. It is now extinct.

Partula clarkei, misidentified as this species, was being kept alive in captivity, when the population suffered a crash caused by the microsporidian genus Steinhausia. This is the first definitive report of an extinction of a species caused by a parasite.

The genus Partula was presumed to have been established around 1.5 million BC.

Partula (gastropod)
Partula is a genus of air-breathing tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Partulidae.

Many species of Partula are known under the general common names "Polynesian tree snail" and "Moorean viviparous tree snail". Partulids are distributed across 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km2) of Pacific Ocean islands, from the Society Islands to New Guinea.

Once used as decorative items in Polynesian ceremonial wear and jewelry, these small snails (averaging about one-half to three-quarters of an inch in length) gained the attention of science when Dr. Henry Crampton (along with Yoshio Kondo) spent 50 years studying and cataloging partulids, detailing their remarkable array of morphological elements, ecological niches, and behavioral aspects that illustrate adaptive radiation.
Dogon languages
The Dogon languages are a small closely related language family that is spoken by the Dogon people of Mali and may belong to the proposed Niger–Congo family. There are about 600,000 speakers of its dozen languages. They are tonal languages, and most, like Dogul, have two tones, but some, like Donno So, have three. Their basic word order is subject–object–verb.

Toro-tegu Dogon
The Toro language, Tɔrɔ tegu 'Mountain speech', is a Dogon language spoken in Mali. It is closest to the prestige variety of Dogon, Jamsay tegu, though speakers deny they are related and understand little of it. (They understand nothing of the Dogon languages on the escarpment or plateau.) Hochstetler report difficulties in comprehension between Tɔrɔ tegu and one of the western Plains Dogon languages, Tomo kan.
California's 24th congressional district
California's 24th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California. The district is currently represented by Salud Carbajal. It contains all of Santa Barbara County, most of San Luis Obispo County, and part of Ventura County. Cities in the district include Santa Barbara, Ventura, San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, and Ojai.

Prior to redistricting in 2011, the district covered the inland portions of Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, as well as a sparsely populated portion of the Ventura County coast. Redistricting in 2021 removed the northern part of San Luis Obispo County and added the cities of Ojai and Ventura.

San Luis Obispo, California
San Luis Obispo (Spanish for 'St. Louis the Bishop'; /sæn ˌluːɪs əˈbɪspoʊ/ san LOO-iss ə-BISS-poh; Spanish: [san ˈlwis oˈβispo]; Chumash: tiłhini) is a city in and the county seat of San Luis Obispo County, California, United States. Located on the Central Coast of California, San Luis Obispo is roughly halfway between the San Francisco Bay Area in the north and Greater Los Angeles in the south. The population was 47,063 at the 2020 census.

San Luis Obispo was founded by the Spanish in 1772, when Saint Junípero Serra established Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa. The town grew steadily through the Mexican period before a rapid expansion of San Luis Obispo following the American Conquest of California. San Luis Obispo is a popular tourist destination, known for its historic architecture, vineyards, and hospitality, as well as for being home to California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
228th Mixed Brigade
The 228th Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 228.ª Brigada Mixta), was a short-lived mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the last months of the Civil War with battalions belonging to the Carabineros corps. Its first and only leader was the Carabineros Commander Miguel Bascuñana Sánchez.

This unit disappeared in early 1939 during the crushing advance of the Francoist armies across Catalonia.

Carabineros
The Carabineros was an armed carabiniers force of Spain under both the monarchy and the Second Republic. The formal mission of this paramilitary gendarmerie was to patrol the coasts and borders of the country, operating against fraud and smuggling. As such the Carabineros performed the dual roles of frontier guards and customs officials.

The force was established in 1829 and lasted until 1940 when it was summarily disbanded and merged with the Guardia Civil.
Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg
Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg, nicknamed the Lion (after 14 April 1266 – 21 January 1329 in Sternberg) was regent of Mecklenburg from 1287 to 1298, co-regent from 1298 to 1302 and ruled alone again from 1302 to 1329.

Beatrix of Brandenburg
Beatrix of Brandenburg (died 22 September 1314 in Wismar) was the first wife of Lord Henry II "the Lion" of Mecklenburg (1266–1329), whom she married in 1292 at Stargard Castle.

Beatrix was the daughter of Margrave Albert III of Brandenburg and his wife, Matilda of Denmark.  Their wedding in 1292 is historically significant because Beatrix brought the Lordship of Stargard as dowry into the marriage and thus into the hands of Mecklenburg.  Beatrix's marriage did not produce a male heir, so the Ascanians reckoned Stargard fell back to Brandenburg when she died.  Mecklenburg disagreed and this led to the so-called "North German Margrave War".  Mecklenburg won and under the terms of the Treaty of Templin of 1317, Stargard definitively became part of Mecklenburg.
Mark Sixma
Mark Frederik Sixma (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈmɑr(ə)k ˈsɪksmaː]; born 23 February 1983) is a Dutch trance and house music producer and DJ. In his career, Sixma has worked on collaborations with Armin van Buuren, Faruk Sabanci and W&W, among others. He is best known for his hit singles "Sinfonia", "X", "Chased" (with Andrew Rayel), and "Panta Rhei" (with Armin van Buuren).

Andrew Rayel
Andrei Rață (born 21 July 1992), better known by his stage name Andrew Rayel, is a Moldovan producer and DJ. Initially releasing his music on Armada Music, Rayel founded the label "inHarmony Music" on 22 September 2017, where his role is label chief and head of A&R.
Expedition to Samosata
The Expedition to Samosata was undertaken by Baldwin following his ascension to co-regent of Edessa as a part of the First Crusade. His main goal was to eliminate the emirate of Samosata as a commercial and military rival of the Edessene state. The expedition was carried out from 14 to 20 February 1098.

Samsat
Samsat (Kurdish: Samîsad, Ottoman Turkish صمصاد Semisat),  formerly Samosata (Ancient Greek: Σαμόσατα) is a small town in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river. It is the seat of Samsat District. The town is populated by Kurds of the Bêzikan tribe.

Halil Fırat from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) was elected mayor in the local elections in March 2019. The current Kaymakam is Halid Yıldız.

Samsat was the ancient capital of Kingdom of Commagene. The current site of Samsat is comparatively new, however, being rebuilt in 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during the construction of the Atatürk Dam. As of 2018, reconstruction process had not yet been fully completed. An ancient tell nearby dating back to Paleolithic times has survived to the current day.

Its population was 3,790 in 2022, up from 3,520 in 2017.
Las Adelitas de Aztlán
Las Adelitas de Aztlán was a short-lived Mexican American female civil rights organization created by Gloria Arellanes, Gracie and Hilda Reyes in 1970. Gloria Arellanes, Gracie, and Hilda Reyes were all former members of the Brown Berets, another Mexican American Civil rights organization that had operated concurrently during the 1960s and 1970s in the California area. The founders left the Brown Berets due to enlarging gender discrepancies and disagreements that caused much alienation amongst their female members. The Las Adelitas De Aztlan advocated for Mexican-American Civil rights, better conditions for workers, protested police brutality and advocated for women's rights for the Latino community. The organization's name was a tribute to Mexican female soldiers or soldaderas who fought during the early twentieth-century Mexican Revolution.

Gloria Arellanes
Gloria Arellanes (March 4, 1946 – October 12, 2024) was a political activist known for her involvement with the Brown Berets during the Chicano Movement and has been influential in the development of Chicana feminism. As the first female Prime Minister of the Brown Berets, Arellanes worked to include the Chicana perspective in fighting for Mexican rights in Los Angeles in the 1960s and 1970s.

Conflicts of covert "macho attitude" within the delegation of labor in the Brown Berets led Gloria Arellanes along with other female Brown Berets to leave the organization and create Las Adelitas de Aztlán. Similar to the Brown Berets, Las Adelitas de Aztlán strived to assist its community members in creating awareness for better bilingual education in Los Angeles as well as protesting against the Vietnam War. Arellanes was also a prominent figure in the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, leading Las Adelitas de Aztlán to participate in marches against the violence of the Vietnam War.
Keep Them Confused
Keep Them Confused the seventh studio album by punk rock band No Use for a Name, released on June 14, 2005, via Fat Wreck Chords. A video for "For Fiona", a track about lead singer Tony Sly's daughter, has been released on the aforementioned record label.

No Use for a Name
No Use for a Name (sometimes abbreviated NUFAN or No Use) was an American punk rock band from Sunnyvale, California, formed in 1986 by Chris Dodge (guitar), Steve Papoutsis (bass) and Rory Koff (drums). The band's sound evolved considerably through its career, starting off as a Bay Area-influenced punk band, moving on to a much heavier metallic-tinted sound to finally taking on a much lighter brand of melodic punk as the years passed. Following Tony Sly's death on July 31, 2012, the remaining members chose to disband the group out of respect for him.
Hassler Whitney
Hassler Whitney (March 23, 1907 – May 10, 1989) was an American mathematician. He was one of the founders of singularity theory, and did foundational work in manifolds, embeddings, immersions, characteristic classes and,  geometric integration theory.

Immersion (mathematics)
In mathematics, an immersion is a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds whose differential pushforward is everywhere injective. Explicitly, f : M → N is an immersion if

is an injective function at every point p of M (where TpX denotes the tangent space of a manifold X at a point p in X and Dp f  is the derivative (pushforward) of the map f at point p). Equivalently, f is an immersion if its derivative has constant rank equal to the dimension of M:

The function f itself need not be injective, only its derivative must be.
Bridged T delay equaliser
The bridged-T delay equaliser is an electrical all-pass filter circuit utilising bridged-T topology whose purpose is to insert an (ideally) constant delay at all frequencies in the signal path.  It is a class of image filter.

All-pass filter
An all-pass filter is a signal processing filter that passes all frequencies equally in gain, but changes the phase relationship among various frequencies. Most types of filter reduce the amplitude (i.e. the magnitude) of the signal applied to it for some values of frequency, whereas the all-pass filter allows all frequencies through without changes in level.
Manasvi Mamgai
Manasvi Mamgai is an Indian actress, model, social worker and beauty pageant winner.  She won the titles of Miss India Tourism International and Miss Tourism International 2008 and Femina Miss India 2010. She also represented India at Miss World 2010. In 2016, she became the Indian Ambassador of the Republican Hindu Coalition. She was a contestant on the 2023 Indian reality TV show, Bigg Boss season 17.

Miss Tourism International
Miss Tourism International is an annual international beauty pageant run and owned by Malaysia–based D’Touch International Sdn. Bhd. Foundation.

The current Miss Tourism International is Zuzanna Balonek from Poland. She was crowned on October 18, 2025, at the Resorts World Genting, Genting Highlands, Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia.
Milwaukee Road class EP-2
The Milwaukee Road's class EP-2 comprised five electric locomotives built by General Electric in 1919. They were often known as Bipolars, which referred to the bipolar electric motors they used. Among the most distinctive and powerful electric locomotives of their time, they epitomized the modernization of the Milwaukee Road. They came to symbolize the railroad during their nearly 40 years of use, and remain an enduring image of mainline electrification.

Bipolar electric motor
A bipolar electric motor is an electric motor with only two (hence bi-) poles to its stationary field. They are an example of the simple brushed DC motor, with a commutator. This field may be generated by either a permanent magnet or a field coil.

The 'bipolar' term refers to the stationary field of the motor, not the rotor. The rotors often have more than two poles, three for a simple motor and potentially more for a high-power motor. A two-pole rotor has the disadvantage that it is not self-starting in all positions and so requires to be flicked to start.
Stephen Nass
Stephen Leonard Nass (born October 7, 1952) is an American Republican politician from Whitewater, Wisconsin.  He is a member of the Wisconsin Senate, representing the 11th Senate district since 2015; he has announced he will not run for re-election in 2026 and his term will expire on January 4, 2027. He previously served 24 years in the Wisconsin State Assembly, from 1991 to 2015, and served on the Whitewater city council from 1977 to 1981.

Wisconsin's 11th Senate district
The 11th Senate district of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.  Located in southern Wisconsin, the district comprises most of Walworth County, most of Kenosha County, and southwest Racine County, along with parts of southeast Rock County.  It contains the cities of Burlington, Delavan, Elkhorn, and Lake Geneva, and the villages of Clinton, Darien, East Troy, Genoa City, Paddock Lake, Sharon, Union Grove, Walworth, along with most of the village of Pleasant Prairie and part of the city of Kenosha.
The God of High School
The God of High School is a South Korean manhwa released as a webtoon written and illustrated by Yongje Park. It has been serialized in Naver Corporation's webtoon platform Naver Webtoon from April 2011 to December 2022, with the individual chapters collected and published by Imageframe under their Root label into four volumes as of January 2023. The God of High School received official English translations by Line Webtoon beginning in July 2014.

It has received a mobile game and an original net animation (ONA) short attached to the aforementioned game's original soundtrack. An anime television series adaptation produced by MAPPA aired from July to September 2020.

Webtoon
Webtoons (Korean: 웹툰; RR: Weptun) are a type of episodic digital comics that originated in South Korea usually meant to be read on smartphones. While webtoons were mostly unknown outside of South Korea during their inception, there has been a surge in popularity internationally thanks to the easy online accessibility and variety of free digital comics. Today, Webtoons make roughly $5.91 billion globally.
In the country, as digital comics have emerged as a popular medium, print publication of comics has decreased. The amount of material published in webtoon form has now reached an equal amount as that published offline.
Fluency heuristic
In psychology, a fluency heuristic is a mental heuristic and cognitive bias in which, if one object is processed more fluently, faster, or more smoothly than another, the mind infers that this object has the higher value with respect to the question being considered. In other words, the more skillfully or elegantly an idea is communicated, the more likely it is to be considered seriously, whether or not it is logical.

Processing fluency
In cognitive psychology, processing fluency is the ease with which information is processed by the brain. It is commonly treated as a synonym for cognitive fluency, a term used to describe the subjective experience of ease or difficulty associated with mental tasks. Processing fluency influences a range of judgments and decisions, including perceptions of truth, attractiveness, familiarity, and confidence.

Several subtypes of processing fluency have been identified. Perceptual fluency refers to the ease of processing sensory stimuli, which can be affected by factors such as visual clarity, contrast, or exposure duration. Retrieval fluency involves the ease with which information is accessed from memory.

Higher fluency is often associated with more favorable evaluations, even when the ease of processing is unrelated to the content itself, a cognitive bias known as the fluency heuristic.
Lacunar ligament
The lacunar ligament, also named Gimbernat's ligament, is a ligament in the inguinal region. It connects the inguinal ligament to the pectineal ligament, near the point where they both insert on the pubic tubercle.

Pectineal ligament
The pectineal ligament, sometimes known as the inguinal ligament of Cooper, is an extension of the lacunar ligament. It runs on the pectineal line of the pubic bone. The pectineal ligament is the posterior border of the femoral ring.
Anarchias
Anarchias is a genus of moray eels in the family Muraenidae.

The species in this family are typically characterized by their small stature(length), they’re usually brown, and they tend to reside in coral reefs or rocky regions near shores.

Moray eel
Moray eels, or Muraenidae (/ˈmɒreɪ, məˈreɪ/), are a family of eels whose members are found worldwide. There are approximately 200 species in 16 genera which are almost exclusively marine, but several species are regularly seen in brackish water, and a few are found in fresh water.

The English name, moray, dates back to the early 17th century, and is believed to be a derivative from Portuguese moreia, which itself derives from Latin mūrēna, in turn from Greek μύραινα, muraina; these are the Latin and Greek names of the Mediterranean moray.