hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Xi dynasty
The Xi dynasty (/ʃi/ SHEE; Chinese: 西朝; pinyin: Xī cháo), officially the Great Xi (大西; Dà Xī), was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that existed during the Ming–Qing transition from 1643 to 1647. The dynasty was established by the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong, by proclaiming himself king and later emperor of the Xi dynasty, similar to the contemporary Shun dynasty established by another rebellion leader Li Zicheng. The Xi dynasty was based at Chengdu since 1644 with the era name "Dashun" (大顺, "Great Shun") and ruled most of Sichuan province, after Zhang Xianzhong seized the control of the province from the late Ming dynasty. The regime's brief existence was followed by the devastation and depopulation of Sichuan, though Zhang's responsibility for this is still debated. The dynasty ended in 1647 after the death of Zhang Xianzhong, and its territory fell to the forces of the Southern Ming and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty.

Late Ming peasant rebellions
The late Ming peasant rebellions (Chinese: 明末民變) were a series of peasant revolts during the last decades of the Ming dynasty lasting from 1628 to 1644. They were primarily caused by natural disasters in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Henan. The rebels also composed from the followers of Xu Hongru, the leader of the White Lotus Societies who has been executed in 1622.

At the same time, the She-An Rebellion and Later Jin incursions forced the Ming government to cut funding for the postal service, which resulted in the mass unemployment of men in the provinces hit hard by natural disasters. Unable to cope with three major crises at the same time, the Ming dynasty collapsed in 1644.
Newark Northgate railway station
Newark Northgate (alternatively Newark North Gate) is one of two railway stations serving the market town of Newark-on-Trent, in Nottinghamshire, England; the other is Newark Castle, sited closer to the town centre. It is a stop on the East Coast Main Line, 120 miles 8 chains (193.3 km) down the line from London King's Cross; it is situated on the main line between Grantham to the south and Retford to the north. The station is Grade II listed.

Grantham railway station
Grantham railway station is a stop on the East Coast Main Line, serving the market town of Grantham, in Lincolnshire, England. It lies 105 miles 38 chains (169.7 km) down the line from London King's Cross; on the main line, it is situated between Peterborough to the south and Newark Northgate to the north. Two secondary lines diverge from the main line north of Grantham: the Poacher Line to Skegness and a branch line to Nottingham.
Actizeta
Actizeta is a genus of darkling beetle endemic to New Zealand. It was first described in 1875 by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe from specimens collected in Waikato and Great Barrier Island. They live on sandy beaches. The type species is Actizeta albata.

Actizeta albata
Actizeta albata are a species of darkling beetle endemic to New Zealand. They were first described in 1875 by Francis Pascoe and were the first species of the Actizeta genus to be described. A. albata live along the coast in sandy beaches. They are a diurnal species that act as scavengers.
New South Wales R set
The New South Wales R sets are a class of bi-mode multiple units (EDMUs) being built to replace NSW TrainLink's Xplorer and XPT fleets for long-distance services, as well as Sydney Trains' Endeavour fleet for diesel intercity services. The fleet is being built by CAF as part of their Civity family of trains. They were known as the Regional Rail Fleet (RRF) during procurement.

Electro-diesel multiple unit
An electro-diesel multiple unit (EDMU) or bi-mode multiple unit (BMU) is a form of a multiple unit train that can be powered either by electric power picked up from the overhead lines or third rail (like an electric multiple unit – EMU) or by using an onboard diesel engine, driving an electric generator, which produces alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) electric power (like a diesel-electric multiple unit – DEMU).
Penis
In many animals, a penis (/ˈpiːnɪs/; pl.: penises or penes) is the male sexual organ used to inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation. Such organs occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species. Furthermore, penises are not necessarily homologous.

The term penis applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata, there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes.

In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might be described as a penis, it has no major function other than intromission, or at least conveying the sperm to the female, but in the placental mammals, the penis bears the distal part of the urethra, which discharges both urine during urination and semen during copulation.

Intromittent organ
An intromittent organ is any external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most non-mammalian aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions. For many species in the animal kingdom, the male intromittent organ is a hallmark characteristic of internal fertilization.
Old Patesians R.F.C.
Old Patesians Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club based in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. The club currently play in Counties 2 Gloucestershire North following their voluntary relegation from Regional 2 Severn. As well as the first XV, the club operate two other male teams, a junior programme, with teams starting from under-9, through to under-19 (Colts) level. The club runs a rugby league side under the name, Cheltenham Old Patesians, which play in the West of England Rugby League.

Counties 3 Gloucestershire
Counties 3 Gloucestershire (formerly Gloucester 1) is an English rugby union league which sits at the ninth level of league rugby union in England for teams based primarily in the county of Gloucestershire but also on occasion teams from Bristol. Promoted clubs move into Counties 2 Gloucestershire North or Counties 2 Gloucestershire South depending on location.  Relegated clubs drop into either Counties 4 Gloucestershire.
Skarkos
Skarkos (Greek: Σκάρκος) is an early Bronze Age settlement on the island of Ios in Greece. Owing to its well preserved state, Skarkos is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the Aegean and especially the Cyclades.

Cycladic culture
Cycladic culture (also known as Cycladic civilisation) was a Bronze Age culture (c. 3100 BC – c. 1000 BC) found throughout the islands of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. In chronological terms, it is a relative dating system for artifacts which is roughly contemporary to Helladic chronology (mainland Greece) and Minoan chronology (Crete) during the same period of time.
Pennsylvania Route 168
Pennsylvania Route 168 (PA 168) is a highway in Western Pennsylvania that runs for 55 miles (89 km) from PA 18 in Frankfort Springs to PA 208 in Volant.  PA 168 intersects or runs concurrently with PA 18 at several points, including in New Castle.

Pennsylvania Route 18
Pennsylvania Route 18 (PA 18) is a major north–south highway in Western Pennsylvania whose southern terminus is at the West Virginia state line, where it continues as WV 69, while the northern terminus is at PA 5 in Lake City. At a length of 205 miles (330 km), PA 18 is the only state route in Pennsylvania — north–south or east–west — to traverse the entire state. It also has the distinction of being the longest state route in Pennsylvania.
Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera  or Acercaria is a superorder of insects which includes lice (bark lice and true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous.

All of the insects classified here exhibit various "reductions" or "simplifications" from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans. Cerci, for example, are entirely absent in all living paraneopterans (Acercaria meaning without cerci). Other "reductions" occur in wing venation, in the number of tarsal segments (no more than three), only four Malpighian tubules, and only one complex of abdominal ganglia.

The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Some groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas other groups feed on plant or animal fluids.

Psocoptera
Psocoptera (/soʊˈkɒptərə/) are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocodea (as part of the suborder Troctomorpha).

They are often regarded as the most primitive of the paraneopterans. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in the early twenty-first century. They range in size from 1–10 millimetres (1/32–13/32 in) in length.

The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books—they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen.
Youth word of the year (Germany)
The Youth word of the year (German: Jugendwort des Jahres) is an annual publication which reviews trends in German youth language and names one new or recently popularized word as the most noteworthy. The winning word is chosen by a jury under the guidance of publishing company Langenscheidt, who specializes in language reference works. The competition has run since 2008, but no word was announced in 2019.

The competition stands in the tradition of assessments of a word of the year, the longest-running being the selection of the German word of the year by the Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache (GfdS), which has been announced annually since 1977.

Word of the year
The word(s) of the year, sometimes capitalized as "Word(s) of the Year" and abbreviated "WOTY" (or "WotY"), refers to any of various assessments as to the most important word(s) or expression(s) in the public sphere during a specific year.

The German tradition Wort des Jahres was started in 1971. In 1999 it was supplemented with the Austrian word of the year to express the pluricentric nature of German and its multiple standards varieties.

The American Dialect Society's Word of the Year is the oldest English-language version, and the only one that is announced after the end of the calendar year, determined by a vote of independent linguists, and not tied to commercial interest. However, various other organizations also announce Words of the Year for a variety of purposes.
Tegelen
Tegelen (Limburgish: Tegele) is a village in the municipality of Venlo, situated in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. It was an independent municipality until 2001, when it was merged into the municipality of Venlo.

Venlo
Venlo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈvɛnloː] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in southeastern Netherlands, close to the border with Germany. It is situated in the province of Limburg. The municipality of Venlo counted 101,578 inhabitants as of January 2019.
Amargosa River
The Amargosa River is a waterway, 185 miles (298 km) long, in southern Nevada and eastern California in the United States. The Amargosa River is one out of two rivers located in the California portion of the Mojave Desert with perennial flow. It drains a high desert region, the Amargosa Valley in the Amargosa Desert northwest of Las Vegas, into the Mojave Desert, and finally into Death Valley where it disappears into the ground aquifer. Except for a small portion of its route in the Amargosa Canyon in California and a small portion at Beatty, Nevada, the river flows above ground only after a rare rainstorm washes the region. A 26-mile (42 km) stretch of the river between Shoshone and Dumont Dunes is protected as a National Wild and Scenic River. At the south end of Tecopa Valley the Amargosa River Natural Area protects the habitat.

Amargosa Desert
The Amargosa Desert is located in Nye County in western Nevada, United States, along the California–Nevada border, comprising the northeastern portion of the geographic Amargosa Valley, north of the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge.

The desert is named after the Amargosa River, which was named after the Spanish word for bitter because of the bitter taste of the water.
39th (Deptford) Divisional Artillery
The 39th (Deptford) Divisional Artillery (39th DA) was a Royal Artillery force raised as part of 'Kitchener's Army' in early 1915. Recruited in Deptford, South London, the units served with the 'Pals battalions' of the 39th Division on the Western Front for two years. They saw action at the Somme, Ypres, and the German spring offensive, including the Battle of the Avre, described as 'one of the finest artillery stories of the whole war'. The units then operated as an independent artillery formation during the Allied Hundred Days Offensive.

39th Division (United Kingdom)
The 39th Division was an infantry formation of the British Army, raised as part of Kitchener's New Armies during World War I. It did not have a regional title, but was composed primarily of recruits from the Midlands, London, and the south of England. Most of its original units had been raised by local communities, and bore the names of their towns or sponsors. After training and home service, it deployed to the Western Front in early 1916 and saw action at the Somme, at Ypres and against the German spring offensive of 1918. Following near-destruction at the Battle of the Lys, the division was reduced to a cadre, which spent the remainder of the war training newly arrived units of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). It was disbanded in July 1919 after the end of the war.
Anthony De Ceglie
Anthony De Ceglie is an Australian journalist.

He is currently chief executive of NRL expansion club the Perth Bears.

De Ceglie has previously been Seven West Media's director of news and current affairs, and editor-in-chief of West Australian Newspapers.

The West Australian
The West Australian is the only locally edited daily newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia. It is owned by Southern Cross Media Group, as is the state's other major newspaper, The Sunday Times. It is the second-oldest continuously produced newspaper in Australia, having been published since 1833. It tends to have conservative leanings, and has mostly supported the Liberal–National Party Coalition. It has Australia's largest share of market penetration (84% of WA) of any newspaper in the country.
Ghulam (film)
Ghulam (transl. Slave) is a 1998 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Vikram Bhatt. The film stars Aamir Khan and Rani Mukerji in the lead roles. The plot of the film is similar to Vishesh Films' first production Kabzaa (1988), starring Sanjay Dutt, in turn inspired by Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954; itself inspired by "Crime on the Waterfront" by Malcolm Johnson, a series of November–December 1948 articles published in the New York Sun).

Ghulam was released on 19 June 1998, and was a commercial success at the box office.

At the 44th Filmfare Awards, Ghulam received 6 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Bhatt) and Best Actor (Khan), and won Best Scene of the Year. The film was remade in Tamil in 2000 as Sudhandhiram.

Sudhandhiram
Sudhandhiram (transl. Independence) is a 2000 Indian Tamil-language crime action film directed by Raj Kapoor and produced by K. R. Gangadharan. The film stars Arjun and Rambha while Raghuvaran, Radhika and Sharat Saxena play supporting roles. It is a remake of the Hindi film Ghulam (1998) which itself is based on the 1954 American film On the Waterfront.
Palos Verdes High School
Palos Verdes High School (PVHS) is one of three public high schools on the Palos Verdes Peninsula in Los Angeles County, Southern California, USA (the others being Palos Verdes Peninsula High School (formerly Rolling Hills High School) and Rancho Del Mar High School). Located by the ocean in Palos Verdes Estates, the school is part of the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District.

Palos Verdes Peninsula High School
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School is a public high school in Rolling Hills Estates, Los Angeles County, California, United States, in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.  The attendance area includes highly affluent cities of Rancho Palos Verdes, Rolling Hills Estates, Rolling Hills, as well as Palos Verdes Estates.

It is considered to be a top-ranked school in the Los Angeles, CA Metro Area (#11) and California (#34), according to US News & World Report.
Deb Frecklington
Deborah Kay Frecklington (born 3 September 1971) is an Australian politician who serves as the member for Nanango in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, having won the seat at the 2012 state election. She was the Leader of the Queensland Opposition and leader of the Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP) before resigning as party leader following the LNP’s loss at the 2020 Queensland state election. She is currently serving as Attorney-General of Queensland as well as Minister for Justice and Minister for Integrity under David Crisafulli.

David Crisafulli
David Frank Crisafulli (/ˌkrɪsəˈfʊli/, Italian: [kri.zaˈful.li]; born 14 April 1979) is an Australian politician who has served as the 41st premier of Queensland since 2024 and leader of the Liberal National Party since 2020. He has been the member of parliament (MP) for the district Broadwater since 2017.

Crisafulli previously held ministerial positions in the Newman government. He is the first Queensland premier to be of Italian heritage.
KSTP (AM)
KSTP (1500 kHz; SKOR North) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Saint Paul, Minnesota.  It is the flagship AM radio station of Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns dozens of television and radio stations in nine states.  KSTP has a sports radio format and is the ESPN Radio Network affiliate for Minneapolis-St. Paul. Studios are on University Avenue in Minneapolis, shared with sister stations KSTP-FM, KSTP-TV, KTMY, and KSTC-TV.

The transmitter site is on U.S. Route 61 at Beam Avenue in Maplewood.  KSTP runs the maximum power allowed for AM stations in the United States, 50,000 watts.  By day it uses a single non-directional antenna.  KSTP shares clear-channel, Class A status on 1500 AM with sister station WFED in Washington, D.C.  At night, these two stations operate with directional antennas in order to mutually protect each other from interference.  After sunset, KSTP uses a three-tower array, resulting in a reduced signal to eastern parts of the market.

WFED
WFED (1500 kHz; branded as Federal News Network) is a 50,000-watt Class A AM radio station in Washington, D.C. The station is owned by Hubbard Broadcasting and broadcasts a news/talk format focused on issues and news pertaining to members and staff of the United States federal government.

WFED's studios are located at Hubbard's broadcast complex in northwest Washington, while its transmitter site is located at a three-tower array in Wheaton, Maryland. The station transmits full-time with a power of 50,000 watts. A single transmitter tower, with a non-directional signal, is used during the day. At night, all three towers are used for a directional pattern, with a null toward the west to protect KSTP in St. Paul, Minnesota. WFED's signal can be heard across most of the Eastern Seaboard at night.

WFED became a Primary Entry Point station for the Emergency Alert System in 2014.
Ideal gas law
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron and independently of him, Dmitry Mendeleev in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. The ideal gas law is often written in an empirical form:

where ,  and  are the pressure, volume and temperature respectively;  is the amount of substance; and  is the ideal gas constant.
It can also be derived from the microscopic kinetic theory, as was achieved (independently) by August Krönig in 1856 and Rudolf Clausius in 1857.

Equation of state
In physics and chemistry, an equation of state is a thermodynamic equation relating state variables, which describe the state of matter under a given set of physical conditions, such as pressure, volume, temperature, or internal energy. Most modern equations of state are formulated in the Helmholtz free energy. Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of pure substances and mixtures in liquids, gases, and solid states as well as the state of matter in the interior of stars. Though there are many equations of state, none accurately predicts properties of substances under all conditions. The quest for a universal equation of state has spanned three centuries.
Trionfo di Afrodite
Trionfo di Afrodite (Italian for Triumph of Aphrodite) is a cantata written in 1951 by the German composer Carl Orff. It is the third and final installment in the Trionfi musical triptych, which also includes Carmina Burana (1937) and Catulli Carmina (1943).

Catulli Carmina
Catulli Carmina (Songs of Catullus) is a cantata by Carl Orff dating from 1940–1943. He described it as ludi scaenici (scenic plays). The work mostly sets poems of the Latin poet Catullus to music, with some text by the composer. Catulli Carmina is part of Trionfi, the musical triptych that also includes the Carmina Burana and Trionfo di Afrodite. It is scored for a full mixed choir, soprano and tenor soloists, and an entirely percussive orchestra – possibly inspired by Stravinsky's Les noces – consisting of four pianos, timpani, bass drum, 3 tambourines, triangle, castanets, maracas, suspended and crash cymbals, antique cymbal (without specified pitch), tam-tam, lithophone, metallophone, 2 glockenspiels, wood block, xylophone, and tenor xylophone/low xylophone.
2002 loya jirga
An emergency loya jirga (Pashto for "grand assembly") was held in Kabul, Afghanistan between 11 and 19 June 2002 to elect a transitional administration. The loya jirga was called for by the Bonn Agreement and Bush administration. The agreement (designed by Afghan leaders) was drawn up in December 2001 in Germany. Conducted under United Nations auspices, the talks at Bonn sought a solution to the problem of government in Afghanistan after the US ousted the Taliban government.

Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), also known as the Afghan Transitional Authority, was the temporary transitional government in Afghanistan established by the loya jirga in June 2002. The Transitional Authority succeeded the original Islamic State of Afghanistan and preceded the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.