hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Ulrike Tillmann
Ulrike Luise Tillmann FRS is a mathematician specializing in algebraic topology, who has made important contributions to the study of the moduli space of algebraic curves. She was the president of the London Mathematical Society in the period 2021–2022.

She is titular Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. In 2021 she was appointed Director of the Isaac Newton Institute at the University of Cambridge, and N.M. Rothschild & Sons Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Cambridge, but continued to hold a part-time position at Oxford.

Søren Galatius
Søren Galatius (born 1 August 1976) is a Danish mathematician who works as a professor of mathematics at the Columbia University. He works in algebraic topology, where one of his most important results concerns the homology of the automorphisms of free groups. He is also known for his joint work with Oscar Randal-Williams on moduli spaces of manifolds, comprising several papers.
Mary Wells Ashworth
Mary Wells Knight Ashworth (May 28, 1903 – September 12, 1992) was an American historian who wrote for Douglas Southall Freeman between 1945 and 1953. With Freeman, Ashworth worked on his seven volume biography on George Washington. After Freeman died before his biography was completed, Ashworth continued completing the biography as a member of Charles Scribner's Sons from 1954 to 1957.

With the George Washington biography, Ashworth was a bibliographer before she co-wrote the seventh volume with John Alexander Carroll. Apart from Washington, Ashworth's entries appeared in Notable American Women 1607-1950 and the World Book Encyclopedia. Between the late 1950s and late 1960s, Ashworth held executive positions for the English-Speaking Union and Hollins College. She was granted a Guggenheim Fellowship for biography in 1955 and was a co-winner of the 1958 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography with George Washington, Volumes I-VII.

Douglas Southall Freeman
Douglas Southall Freeman (May 16, 1886 – June 13, 1953) was an American historian, biographer, newspaper editor, radio commentator, and author. He is best known for his multi-volume biographies of Robert E. Lee and George Washington, for both of which he was awarded Pulitzer Prizes.
The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation
The Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation was founded in 1918 by Louis Comfort Tiffany to operate his estate, Laurelton Hall, in Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. It was designed to be a summer retreat for artists and craftspeople.   In 1946 the estate closed and the foundation changed its purpose from a retreat to the bestowing of grants to artists.

The first director of the foundation was Sarah Eileen Hanley.

In closing down her father's residence after his death, George Frederick Kunz' daughter, Ruby Zinsser, donated two paintings by Louis C. Tiffany to the Tiffany Foundation. "In 1935, the family of George F. Kunz donated two Tiffany paintings to the picture gallery." In this, she was following her father's inclination, since he had previously donated a Syrian bracelet and mineral collection to the Foundation in 1928.

Louis Comfort Tiffany
Louis Comfort Tiffany (February 18, 1848 – January 17, 1933) was an American artist and designer who worked in the decorative arts and is best known for his work in art glass, especially stained glass and Favrile glass. He is associated with the art nouveau and aesthetic art movements. He was affiliated with a prestigious collaborative of designers known as the Associated Artists, which included Lockwood de Forest, Candace Wheeler, and Samuel Colman. Tiffany designed stained glass windows and lamps, glass mosaics, blown glass such as vases, ceramics, jewelry, enamels, and metalwork. Glass work by Tiffany Studios is known as Tiffany glass. He was the first design director at his family company, Tiffany & Co., founded by his father Charles Lewis Tiffany.
Notora
The Notora (Russian: Нотора; Yakut: Нуотара) is a river in Yakutia (Sakha Republic), Russia, a left tributary of the Aldan, part of the Lena basin. It has a length of 308 kilometres (191 mi) and a drainage basin area of 7,440 square kilometres (2,870 sq mi).

There is a bridge of the Yakutsk — Amga — Ust-Maya highway across the river. It was inaugurated in November 2018.

Aldan (river)
The Aldan (Sakha and Russian: Алдан) is the second-longest right tributary of the Lena in the Sakha Republic in eastern Siberia. The river is 2,273 kilometres (1,412 mi) long, of which around 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) is navigable. It has a drainage basin of 729,000 square kilometres (281,000 sq mi).

The river was part of the River Route to Okhotsk. In 1639 Ivan Moskvitin ascended the rivers Aldan and Maya and crossed to the Ulya to reach the Sea of Okhotsk.

Its basin is known for gold and for Cambrian fossils.
Beuth (locomotive)
BEUTH was a 2-2-2 steam locomotive manufactured by Borsig in 1843 and  was the first steam locomotive developed independently in Germany. Borsig had previously built locomotives based on American models. The locomotive won a race against a model by Stephenson by about ten minutes and was considered the prototype of fast German locomotive designs for the next ten years. A driving axle and two running axles as well as a vertical boiler ensured comparatively high speeds. It was named after the head of the Prussian trade academy Christian Peter Wilhelm Beuth, who had prophesied to August Borsig that nothing would ever come of it. A replica of the locomotive is currently on display in the German Museum of Technology in Berlin.

2-2-2
Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-2-2 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and two trailing wheels on one axle. The wheel arrangement both provided more stability and enabled a larger firebox than the earlier 0-2-2 and 2-2-0 types. This wheel arrangement is sometimes described as a Single, although this name could be used to describe any kind of locomotive with a single pair of driving wheels.
Siegfried (archbishop of Bremen)
Siegfried of Anhalt (c. 1132 – 24 October 1184) was born as the third son of Sophie of Winzenburg and her husband Albert the Bear, then Count of Anhalt, of the House of Ascania. In 1168 he was elected Archbishop of Bremen. Afterward he became Prince-Bishop of Brandenburg (1173–1179) as Siegfried I. In 1179 he succeeded in getting it upgraded to a Prince-Archbishopric of imperial immediacy in 1180, thus becoming Prince-Archbishop of Bremen. He was a strong advocate of Ascanian clan interests.

Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg
The Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg (German: Hochstift Brandenburg) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire from the 12th century until it was secularized during the second half of the 16th century. It should not be confused with the larger Diocese of Brandenburg (Latin: Dioecesis Brandenburgensis) established by King Otto I of Germany in 948, in the territory of the Marca Geronis (Saxon Eastern March) east of the Elbe river. The diocese, over which the prince-bishop exercised only spiritual authority, was a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, its seat was Brandenburg an der Havel.
SafeNet
SafeNet, Inc. was an information security company based in Belcamp, Maryland, United States, which was acquired in August 2014 by the French security company Gemalto.  Gemalto was, in turn, acquired by Thales Group in 2019.  The former SafeNet's products include solutions for enterprise authentication, data encryption, and key management. SafeNet's software monetization products are sold under the Thales Sentinel brand.

SafeNet was notably one of the largest suppliers of encryption technology to the United States Government.

On 8 August 2014, Gemalto announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire 100% of the share capital of SafeNet from Vector Capital for US$890 million on a debt free/cash free basis. A subsequent acquisition of Gemalto by French rival Thales Group was completed on 2 April 2019.

Gemalto
Gemalto was an international digital security company providing software applications, secure personal devices such as smart cards and tokens, e-wallets and managed services. It was formed in June 2006 by the merger of two companies, Axalto and Gemplus International. Gemalto N.V.'s revenue in 2018 was €2.969 billion.

The company was purchased by Thales Group in April 2019 and is now operating as Thales DIS (Digital Identity and Security). Gemalto was until its acquisition the world's largest manufacturer of SIM cards.

Thales DIS is headquartered in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and has subsidiaries and group companies in several countries. It has approximately 15,000 employees in 110 offices along with 24 production sites, 47 personalization centers, and 35 R&D centers in 47 countries.
Skaklya Glacier
Skaklya Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Скакля, romanized: lednik Skaklya, IPA: [ˈlɛdnik ˈskakʎɐ]) is the 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) long and 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) wide glacier on the east side of the main crest of northern Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.  It is situated northwest of Zhenda Glacier and southeast of the head of Vidul Glacier.  The glacier drains the south slopes of Mount Reimer and the north slopes of Blenika Peak, flows east-northeastwards and together with Zhenda Glacier joins Sabazios Glacier west of Mount Lanning in Sostra Heights.

The glacier is named after Skaklya Waterfall in Western Bulgaria.

Zhenda Glacier
Zhenda Glacier (Bulgarian: ледник Женда, romanized: lednik Zhenda, IPA: [ˈlɛdniɡ ˈʒɛndɐ]) is the 8 km long and 4.8 km wide glacier on the east side of the main crest of northern Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica.  It is situated west of Sabazios Glacier and southeast of Skaklya Glacier.  The glacier drains the northeast slopes of Mount Sharp and the east slopes of Mount Barden, flows northeastwards and together with Skaklya Glacier joins Sabazios Glacier west of Mount Lanning in Sostra Heights.

The glacier is named after the settlement of Zhenda in Southern Bulgaria.
Smathers Library (Gainesville, Florida)
Smathers Library (previously known as Library East) is a historic library in Gainesville, Florida, United States. It is located in the northeastern section of the University of Florida in the middle of the Campus Historic District. When it was first created it was the largest building on campus at that time. It is a part of the George A. Smathers Libraries system and home to multiple collections of books and other library materials.

George A. Smathers Libraries
The George A. Smathers Libraries of the University of Florida constitute one of the largest university library systems in the United States.  The system includes eight of the nine libraries of the University of Florida and provides primary support to all academic programs except those served by the Lawton Chiles Legal Information Center. Previously the Health Science Center Library was also separate, but it was integrated into the Smathers Libraries on July 1, 2009.  The current dean is Judith C. Russell. All of the libraries serve all of the university's faculty and students, but each has a special mission to be the primary support of the specific colleges and degree programs with which they are primarily affiliated. As is common in research libraries, library materials are housed in a variety of locations depending upon discipline. The three largest libraries cover an extensive range of disciplines while the smaller libraries focus on three or fewer disciplines.
Jack Troy
John Bernard Troy (2 October 1928 – 20 January 1995), was an Australian rugby league footballer who played as a winger for Newtown and Eastern Suburbs in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), Australia's major rugby league competition. He also represented Australia internationally and New South Wales against Queensland.

Newtown Jets
The Newtown Jets are a rugby league football club based in Marrickville, a suburb of Sydney's inner west. They currently compete in the NSW Cup competition, having left the top grade after the 1983 NSWRFL season. The Jets' home ground is Henson Park, and their team colours are blue (traditionally royal blue) and white.

Established in 1908, Newtown were one of the founding members of the New South Wales Rugby Football League. They competed continuously in the NSWRFL premiership until their departure in 1983, the first reduction in the League since 1937. Over this period they won the competition three times.
Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz
The Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz (French: Faculté des Sciences Dhar El Mahraz; FSDM) is a major Moroccan public institution of higher education and scientific research. Established in 1980, it is the oldest science faculty within the Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA) in Fez.

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Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (French: Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah; Arabic: جامعة سيدي محمد بن عبد الله) is a university in Fez city, Morocco, which was founded in 1975. It is named for Mohammed ben Abdallah.

In 2022, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rated Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University as the best higher education institution in Morocco. It was the only Moroccan university to be ranked in the top 1,000 globally.
Tunnel of Eupalinos
The Tunnel of Eupalinos or Eupalinian aqueduct (Greek: Ευπαλίνιον όρυγμα, romanized: Efpalinion orygma) is a tunnel of 1,036 m (3,399 ft) length running through Mount Kastro in Samos, Greece, built in the 6th century BC to serve as an aqueduct. The tunnel is the second known tunnel in history which was excavated from both ends (Ancient Greek: ἀμφίστομον, romanized: amphistomon, "having two openings"), and the first with a geometry-based approach in doing so. Today it is a popular tourist attraction. The tunnel is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the nearby Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos, and it was designated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 2017.

Pythagoreion
The Pythagoreion is the archaeological site of the ancient town of Samos in Samos, Greece. It is located in the area of the modern town of Pythagoreio, from which it got its modern name. The archaeological site contains ancient Greek and Roman monuments and a famous ancient tunnel, the Tunnel of Eupalinos or Eupalinian aqueduct. Along with the Heraion of Samos, the Pythagoreion was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 because of its testimony to the cultural, military, and economic importance of Samos during Archaic and early Classical Greece.
Torre Baró – Vallbona (Barcelona Metro)
Torre Baró | Vallbona is a station on Line 11 of the Barcelona Metro. It is located in the neighborhood of Torre Baró, in the Nou Barris district of Barcelona. Opened along the rest of the line in 2003, the station is the halfway point of Line 11's 5 station route. The station provides a connection with the Rodalies de Catalunya station in Torre del Baró.

Barcelona Metro line 11
Barcelona Metro line 11 is a light metro line of the Barcelona Metro.

One of the newer lines on the network, Line 11 is operated by TMB and part of the ATM fare-integrated transport network in Barcelona. The 2.1 km line is automated, with platform screen doors and short, 2 car trains. With only 5 stations, Line 11 connects the terminus of Line 3 and Line 4 at Trinitat Nova to Can Cuiàs in Montcada i Reixac.
Duchcov
Duchcov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈduxtsof]; German: Dux) is a town in Teplice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 8,700 inhabitants. Duchcov is known for the Duchcov Castle. The historic town centre with the castle complex is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument zone.

Cultural monument (Czech Republic)
The cultural monuments of the Czech Republic (Czech: kulturní památka) are protected properties (both real and movable properties) designated by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic. Cultural monuments that constitute the most important part of the Czech cultural heritage may be declared national cultural monuments (Czech: národní kulturní památka) by a regulation of the Government of the Czech Republic. The government may also proclaim a territory, whose character and environment are determined by a group of immovable cultural monuments or archaeological finds, as a whole, as a monument reservation. The Ministry of Culture may proclaim a territory of a settlement with a smaller number of cultural monuments, a historical environment or part of a landscape area that displays significant cultural values as a monument zone.

As of 2019, there are 14 Czech cultural monuments on the World Heritage List.
Edna Owen
Edna Owen (more generally referred to by her married name Mrs Herbert Sumner Owen) (1859–1936) was an American suffragist probably best known for her contributions to the training of female wireless operators in the US during World War I.  She was the director of the wireless training course run by the National League for Women's Service at Hunter College, New York; trained female wireless operators at the YWCA in New York City; and was a founder and chairman of the Women's Radio Corps.

National League for Women's Service
The National League for Women's Service (NLWS) was a United States civilian volunteer organisation formed in January 1917 to provide stateside war services such as feeding, caring for and transporting soldiers, veterans and war workers and was described as "America's largest and most remarkable war emergency organization."
Taraval and 42nd Avenue station
Taraval and 42nd Avenue is a light rail stop on the Muni Metro L Taraval line, located in the Parkside neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The station opened with the first section of the L Taraval line on January 14, 1923.

L Taraval
The L Taraval is a light rail line of the Muni Metro system in San Francisco, California, mainly serving the Parkside District. While many streetcar lines were converted to bus lines after World War II, the L Taraval remained a streetcar line due to its use of the Twin Peaks Tunnel.
Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex
Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex (1575 – 6 August 1645) was an English merchant and politician. He sat in the House of Commons between 1614 and 1622 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cranfield.

Earl of Middlesex
Earl of Middlesex was a title that was created twice in the Peerage of England. The first creation came in 1622 for Lionel Cranfield, the Lord High Treasurer. He had already been created Baron Cranfield, of Cranfield in the County of Bedford, the year before. He was succeeded by his elder son, the second Earl, in 1645. On his early death in 1651 the titles passed to his younger brother, the third Earl. The titles became extinct when the latter died childless in 1674.

Lady Frances Cranfield, daughter of the first Earl and sister of the second and third Earls, married Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset. The barony and earldom were revived in 1675 in favour of their son Charles, who two years later also succeeded his father in the earldom of Dorset. Charles' son Lionel was made Duke of Dorset in 1720, and thereafter the earls of Middlesex were also the dukes of Dorset. Both titles became extinct on the death of the sixth earl in 1843.
Palmer Ridge High School
Palmer Ridge High School (PR, or PRHS) is a public high school in Monument, Colorado, United States, serving students in grades 9–12. It is one of two high schools in the Lewis-Palmer School District 38, with admission based primarily on the locations of students' homes.

As of 2024, Palmer Ridge offers 18 varsity sports (7 of which offer both boys and girls teams), 20 Advanced Placement courses, and occupational skills training in partnership with Pikes Peak Community College and the International Salon and Spa Academy.

At the time of its construction in 2008, Palmer Ridge High School was the largest public geothermal project in the state of Colorado.

Monument, Colorado
Monument is a home rule town situated at the base of the Rampart Range in El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Monument is one of the three communities that make up the Tri-Lakes area, along with Palmer Lake and Woodmoor. Monument is bordered by Pike National Forest on the west, Colorado Springs and the United States Air Force Academy to the south, Bald Mountain, True Mountain, and Spruce Mountain to the north, and Black Forest and rolling plains to the east. Monument was first settled as a stop along the Rio Grande Railroad in 1872, and the area was incorporated as a town called Henry's Station in 1879, but the name was later changed to Monument.  The town population was 10,399 at the 2020 United States census, a 88% increase from a population of 5,530 in 2010 and a 528% increase from a population of 1,971 in 2000.
Spectrum (arena)
The Spectrum (later known as CoreStates Spectrum, First Union Spectrum and Wachovia Spectrum) was an indoor arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The arena opened in September 1967 as part of what is now known as the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. After several expansions of its seating capacity, it accommodated 18,168 for basketball and 17,380 for ice hockey, arena football, indoor soccer, and box lacrosse. It was the home arena for the Philadelphia Flyers and the Philadelphia 76ers from 1967 to 1996 before both moved to the CoreStates Center (known as Spectrum II during planning and construction, and currently named Xfinity Mobile Arena). The Spectrum continued to be used for concerts and as the home for other sports teams including a new AHL affiliate for the Flyers, the Philadelphia Phantoms.

The final event at the Spectrum was a Pearl Jam concert on October 31, 2009. The arena was demolished between November 2010 and May 2011.

Stateside Live!
Stateside Live! (originally known as Philly Live! prior to construction and Xfinity Live from 2012 to 2025) is a dining and entertainment complex located at the corner of 11th and Pattison Avenue in the South Philadelphia Sports Complex on the eastern edge of the former site of the Spectrum. It has become a media hub for various live broadcasts.

Stateside Live! is the home of five restaurant and entertainment venues including, Victory Beer Hall, PBR: A Coors Banquet Bar, Broad Street Bullies Pub, 1100 Social and NBC Sports Arena. The district also features an outdoor plaza that is home to the Miller Lite Concert Stage. Often called “Philly's fourth stadium”, the venue has invested over $150 million in original design as well as renovations over the years.
832nd Bombardment Squadron
The 832nd Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Forces unit.  It trained as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator unit, and deployed with its planes to the European Theater of Operations, entering combat in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany on 7 May 1944.  In July 1944, the squadron converted to Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, continuing combat with the 486th Bombardment Group until April 1945.  Following V-E Day it returned to Drew Field, Florida, where it was inactivated on 7 November 1945.

486th Air Expeditionary Wing
The 486th Air Expeditionary Wing is a provisional United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Combat Command. As a provisional unit, it may be activated or inactivated at any time.

The unit was last known to be active during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

During World War II, its predecessor unit, the 486th Bombardment Group (Heavy) was an Eighth Air Force heavy bombardment unit in England, stationed at RAF Sudbury. The group operated chiefly against strategic objectives in Germany until May 1945, flying 188 missions and losing 33 aircraft.