hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Hard spheres
In statistical mechanics, hard spheres are widely used as model particles in fluids and solids. They are defined simply as impenetrable spheres that cannot overlap in space. They mimic the extremely strong ("infinitely elastic bouncing") repulsion that atoms and spherical molecules experience at very close distances. Hard spheres systems are studied by analytical means, by molecular dynamics simulations, and by the experimental study of certain colloidal model systems.

Besides being a model of theoretical significance, the hard-sphere system is used as a basis in the formulation of several modern, predictive equations of state for real fluids through the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) approach, and models for transport properties in gases through Chapman–Enskog theory.

Chapman–Enskog theory
Chapman–Enskog theory provides a framework in which equations of hydrodynamics for a gas can be derived from the Boltzmann equation. The technique justifies the otherwise phenomenological constitutive relations appearing in hydrodynamical descriptions such as the Navier–Stokes equations.  In doing so, expressions for various transport coefficients such as thermal conductivity and viscosity are obtained in terms of molecular parameters. Thus, Chapman–Enskog theory constitutes an important step in the passage from a microscopic, particle-based description to a continuum hydrodynamical one.

The theory is named for Sydney Chapman and David Enskog, who introduced it independently in 1916 and 1917.
Towcester
Towcester (/ˈtoʊstər/ TOH-stər) is a market town and civil parish in the West Northamptonshire unitary authority area of Northamptonshire, England. From 1974 to 2021, it was the administrative centre of the South Northamptonshire district.

Towcester is one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the country. It was the Roman town of Lactodurum, located on Watling Street, today's A5. In Saxon times, this was the frontier between the kingdom of Wessex and the Danelaw. Towcester features in Charles Dickens's novel The Pickwick Papers as one of Mr Pickwick's stopping places on his tour. The local racecourse has hosted many national horseracing events.

South Northamptonshire
South Northamptonshire was a local government district in Northamptonshire, England, from 1974 to 2021. Its council was based in the town of Towcester, first established as a settlement in Roman Britain. The population of the Local Authority District Council in 2011 was 85,189.

The largest town in the district was Brackley, which had a population of 14,000 in 2008, followed by Towcester, which had a population of nearly 10,000. Other significant settlements in size included Deanshanger, Bugbrooke, Roade, King's Sutton, Silverstone and Middleton Cheney. Many of the villages listed had populations exceeding 1,000.
Lake Memphremagog
Lake Memphremagog (mem-frə-MAY-gog; French: Lac Memphrémagog, pronounced [lak mɛmfʁemaɡɔɡ]) is a fresh water glacial lake located between Newport, Vermont, United States and Magog, Quebec, Canada.  The lake spans both Quebec and Vermont, but is mostly in Quebec. Most of the watershed that feeds the lake is located in Vermont, and is a source for accumulated phosphorus, sediments, and other pollutants. Cleanup efforts since the late 1980s have improved the water quality. The lake furnishes potable water for 200,000 people.

Magog, Quebec
Magog (locally /ˈmeɪɡɔːɡ/ MAY-gawg, French: [maɡɔɡ]) is a city in southeastern Quebec, Canada, about 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Montreal at the confluence of Lake Memphremagog—after which the city was named—with the Rivière aux Cerises and the Magog River. It is a major centre and industrial city in the Regional County Municipality of Memphremagog. The city lies in the Eastern Townships tourist region.

In 2002, the City of Magog was merged with the Township of Magog and the Village of Omerville as part of the municipal reorganization in Quebec.
New York State Route 411
New York State Route 411 (NY 411) is an east–west state highway in Jefferson County, New York, in the United States. The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 180 in the community of La Fargeville in the town of Orleans. Its eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 37 in the adjacent town of Theresa just west of the village of Theresa.

New York State Route 180
New York State Route 180 (NY 180) is a north–south state highway in the northwestern part of Jefferson County in the U.S. state of New York. The southern terminus of the route is at NY 3 in the Hounsfield hamlet of Baggs Corner, located 7 miles (11 km) west of downtown Watertown. The northern terminus is at NY 12 in the Orleans hamlet of Fishers Landing. NY 180 is part of the Seaway Trail from its southern terminus at Baggs Corner to its junction with NY 12E at the Brownville hamlet of Limerick.
Checheyigen
Checheyigen (c. 1186 – after 1253) was the second daughter of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, and his first wife Börte. As part of Genghis's policy of marrying his daughters to powerful rulers in exchange for their submission, she married a prince of the Oirat tribe, who lived near Lake Baikal, in 1207. There, she assumed a high-ranking administrative role among her husband's people, organising people and flocks like other high-ranking nomadic women. Over the following decades, Checheyigen arranged a series of advantageous marriages for her seven children and, after she backed the successful side in the Toluid Revolution of the early 1250s, her Oirat family became one of the most powerful in the empire. However, her descendants failed to take full advantage of their position, and eventually lost most of their influence.

Börte
Börte Üjin (/ˈbɜːrti ˈuːdʒɪn/; Mongolian: ᠪᠥᠷᠲᠡ ᠦᠵᠢᠨ Бөртэ үжин), better known as Börte (c. 1161–1230), was the first wife of Temüjin, who became Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. Börte became the head of the first Court of Genghis Khan, and Grand Empress of his Empire. She was betrothed to Genghis at a young age, married at seventeen, and then kidnapped by a rival tribe. Her husband's rescue of her is considered one of the key events that started him on his path to becoming a conqueror. She gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who, along with their own descendants, were the primary bloodline in the expansion of the Mongol Empire.
Sharon (talk show)
Sharon is a Philippine television talk show broadcast by ABS-CBN. Hosted by Sharon Cuneta, it aired from September 6, 1998 to May 9, 2004, replacing Compañero y Compañera and was replaced by Rated K. The program is returned from February 26, 2006 to October 3, 2010, and was replaced by Star Power.

Star Power (TV program)
Star Power: Sharon's Search for the Next Female Pop Superstar is a Philippine television reality competition show broadcast by ABS-CBN. Hosted by Sharon Cuneta, Erik Santos, and Christian Bautista, it aired on the network's Yes Weekend line-up from October 10, 2010 to February 20, 2011, replacing Sharon and was replaced by the second season of Pilipinas Got Talent and Gandang Gabi, Vice!.

The program aimed to develop 15- to 21-year-old female singers into becoming the next female singing superstar. Regional-wide searches began in Metro Manila, Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao from August to September 2010.
Bartholomeus van Hove
Bartholomeus Johannes van Hove (October 28, 1790 in The Hague – November 8, 1880 in The Hague) was a Dutch painter and the father of Hubertus van Hove. He played an important role in the development of 19th-century painting by his many disciples. He was able to teach his skills to a large group of artists, of whom especially Johannes Bosboom and Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch would rise to great heights.

Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch
Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, also known as Hendrik Johannes Weissenbruch (born 19 June 1824 in The Hague – died 24 March 1903 in The Hague) was a Dutch painter of the Hague School. He is noted especially for his watercolours.
Ș
S-comma (majuscule: Ș, minuscule: ș) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the sound /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like sh in shoe). S-comma consists of an s with a diacritical comma underneath it, and is distinct from s-cedilla.

Ş
S-cedilla (majuscule: Ş, minuscule: ş) is a letter used in some of the Turkic languages. It occurs in the Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkish, and Turkmen alphabets. It is also planned to be in the Latin-based Kazakh alphabet.
It is used in Brahui, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Kurdish, and Tatar as well, when they are written in the Latin alphabet.

It commonly represents /ʃ/, the voiceless postalveolar fricative (like sh in shoe).

It is written as the letter S with a cedilla below and it has both the lower-case (U+015F) and the upper-case variants (U+15E).
Sheffield Airey Neave
Sheffield Airey Neave CMG OBE  (20 April 1879 – 31 December 1961) was a British naturalist and entomologist. Neave was the grandson of Sheffield Neave, a governor of the Bank of England and he was the father of Airey Neave.

Airey Neave
Lieutenant Colonel Airey Middleton Sheffield Neave, DSO, OBE, MC, TD (/ˈɛəri ˈniːv/) (23 January 1916 – 30 March 1979) was a British soldier, lawyer and Member of Parliament (MP) from 1953 until his assassination in 1979.

During the Second World War, Neave was the first British prisoner-of-war to succeed in escaping from Oflag IV-C at Colditz Castle. On his return to England he worked with MI9 (Room 900) assisting escape and evasion lines in occupied Europe to help downed airmen evade German capture and return to Britain.  The escape lines helped about 7,000 British and American airmen and soldiers escape occupied Europe. After the war he served with the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg trials. He later became Conservative MP for Abingdon.

Neave was assassinated in a car bomb attack at the House of Commons; the Irish National Liberation Army claimed responsibility.
Dule tree
Dule trees, or dool trees, in Scotland were used as gallows for public hangings. They were also used as gibbets for the display of the corpse for a considerable period after such hangings. These "trees of lamentation or grief" were usually growing in prominent positions or at busy thoroughfares, particularly at crossroads, so that justice could be seen to have been done and as a salutary warning to others. Place names such as Gallows-Hill, Gallows-See, Gallows-Fey and Hill of the Gallows (Tom Nan Croiche) record the site of such places of execution.

Gibbeting
Gibbeting is the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hanged on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals. Occasionally, the gibbet (/ˈdʒɪbɪt/) was also used as a method of public execution, with the criminal being left to die of exposure, thirst and/or starvation. The practice of placing a criminal on display within a gibbet is also called hanging in chains.
Craig Wolfley
Craig Alan Wolfley (May 19, 1958 – March 10, 2025) was an American professional football player and color analyst for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL).  He played in the NFL as an offensive lineman, spending most of his career with the Steelers before finishing with the Minnesota Vikings.  Along with fellow Steeler Tunch Ilkin and later Max Starks, he hosted a show, In the Locker Room, on WBGG.

Tunch Ilkin
Tunch Ilkin (Turkish: Tunç Ali İlkin; September 23, 1957 –  September 4, 2021) was a Turkish-American professional football player and sports broadcaster. A two-time Pro Bowl selection as an offensive tackle with the Pittsburgh Steelers, he was the first Turk to play in the National Football League (NFL). He was voted to the Pittsburgh Steelers All-Time Team. After his playing career, he was a television and radio analyst for the  Steelers from 1998 to 2020.
Bhavabhuti
Bhavabhūti (born Śrīkaṇṭha Nīlakaṇṭha; Devanagari: भवभूति; c. 680-c. 750 – c. 760 CE) was a classical Sanskrit scholar, poet, and playwright of eighth-century India. He is considered a key successor to Kalidasa and is often regarded as matching his literary stature. His best known work Uttararamacarita (translated as The Later Deeds of Rama), earned him the title "Poet of the Karunā Rasa".

Kalidasa
Kālidāsa (Sanskrit: कालिदास, "Servant of Kali"; 4th–5th century CE) was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright. His plays and poetry are primarily based on Hindu Puranas and philosophy.  His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems.

Much about his life is unknown except what can be inferred from his poetry and plays. His works cannot be dated with precision, but they were most likely authored before the 5th century CE during the Gupta era. Kalidas is mentioned as one of the seven Brahma avatars in Dasam Granth, written by Guru Gobind Singh.
2023 ATP Tour
The 2023 ATP Tour was the global elite men's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2023 tennis season. The 2023 ATP Tour calendar comprised the Grand Slam tournaments, supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the ATP Finals, the ATP Tour Masters 1000, the United Cup, the ATP 500 series, the ATP 250 series. Also included in the 2023 calendar were the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), Next Gen ATP Finals, Laver Cup,  Hopman Cup (sanctioned by the ITF), none of which distributed ranking points. 2023 marked the return of the ATP tournaments in China after strict COVID-19 protocols in the country.

2023 ATP Finals
The 2023 ATP Finals (also known as the 2023 Nitto ATP Finals for Nitto sponsorship) was a men's tennis year-end tournament played on indoor hard courts at the Pala Alpitour in Turin, Italy, from 12 to 19 November 2023. It was the season-ending event for the highest-ranked singles players and doubles teams on the 2023 ATP Tour.

This is the 54th edition of the tournament (49th in doubles), and the third time Turin hosted the ATP Tour year-end championships.
Portus Lemanis
Portus Lemanis, also known as Lemanae, was the Latin name of a Roman Saxon Shore fort, settlement and port in southern Kent. The modern village of Lympne derives its name from the ancient port. The site, known locally as Stutfall Castle, is on private land which is accessible by public footpath.

Saxon Shore
The Saxon Shore (Latin: litus Saxonicum) was a military command of the Late Roman Empire, consisting of a series of fortifications on both sides of the English Channel. It was established in the late 3rd century and was led by the "Count of the Saxon Shore". In the late 4th century, his functions were limited to Britain, while the fortifications in Gaul were established as separate commands. Several well-preserved Saxon Shore forts survive in east and south-east England; they are some of the best-preserved Roman forts surviving in the world, notable for the height and strength of their walls.
Washbrook
Washbrook is a village and former civil parish 3 miles (4.8 km) south west of Ipswich, now in the parish of Copdock and Washbrook, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. In 2011 the built-up area had a population of 517.

Copdock and Washbrook
52°01′44″N 1°04′08″E﻿ / ﻿52.029°N 1.069°E﻿ / 52.029; 1.069

Copdock and Washbrook is a civil parish in the Babergh district in the county of Suffolk, England. It covers the villages of Copdock and Washbrook, as well as the hamlets of Coles Green, Mace Green and Washbrook Street.

In 2006 the parish had an estimated population of 1,130. The population was measured at 1,114 in the 2011 Census. It is in the Belstead Brook electoral division of Suffolk County Council.
OG Parker
Joshua Isaih "'OG" Parker (born October 27, 1993), is an American hip hop record producer from Atlanta, Georgia. In 2015, he worked as an in-house producer for the record label Quality Control Music. His stage moniker is adapted from his early affiliation with OG Maco's collective OGG, where he became acquainted with frequent collaborator Deko. Parker has since produced for prominent artists including Megan Thee Stallion, Migos, Drake, PartyNextDoor, Chris Brown, Jazmine Sullivan, Gucci Mane, Fetty Wap, K Camp, and YFN Lucci.

OG Maco
Benedict Chiajulam Ihesiba Jr. (April 23, 1992 – December 26, 2024), known professionally as OG Maco, was an American rapper. He was best known for his debut single "U Guessed It", which spawned a remix that features 2 Chainz, that entered the Billboard Hot 100.
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 1,3BPG) is a three-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis. 1,3BPG is a transitional stage between glycerate 3-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during the fixation/reduction of CO2. 1,3BPG is also a precursor to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate which is formed in the  Luebering–Rapoport shunt of glycolysis in red blood cells.

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms. With the chemical formula H(O)CCH(OH)CH2OPO32-, this anion is a monophosphate ester of glyceraldehyde.
Comp Air 3
The  Comp Air 3 is a small civil utility aircraft marketed in kit form by Comp Air. It is a conventional, high-wing monoplane built largely of composite materials and which can be configured with either tailwheel or tricycle undercarriage. The design is based on the Comp Air 4, but the fuselage has been reduced in width, sacrificing seating for improved aerodynamics. The prototype first flew on February 25, 2002.

The company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.

Comp Air 4
The Comp Air 4 (also known as the Comp Monster) is an American light civil utility aircraft manufactured in kit form by Comp Air. Builders are able to choose between an airframe designed for engines in the 140-180 hp (104-134 kW) range, and a heavier one for 250 hp (187 kW) units. The latter airframe can be fitted with up to six seats, while the standard airframe seats four. The Comp Air 4 may be built with tailwheel, tricycle, float, or amphibious float undercarriage.

The company website does not list it as being in production in 2022.
Regents Academy
Regents Academy was an independent school based in Manby, Lincolnshire, England. The school was founded in 1992 by Amanda Franklin and her husband, Stephen Franklin, a pastor in a local church. The school admitted both male and female pupils from ages 3 to 19. The school closed in 2017.

Manby
Manby is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, and lies approximately 5 miles (8 km) east from Louth.
Manby contains a village post office. Other amenities, including a primary school, The Manby Arms public house, two village shops, and an Italian restaurant, are in the conjoined village of Grimoldby, separated from Manby by the B1200 road. The population was 1,655 at the 2021 census.

Manby scout group, the 1st Manby, has existed for 60 years. It is one of only two scout groups in the area to include all scouting sections: Beavers, aged 6–8; Cubs, aged 8–10; Scouts, aged 11½–14; and Explorers, aged 14–18. The other is the 6th Skegness.
Thomas George Lanphier Jr.
Thomas George Lanphier Jr. (November 27, 1915 – November 26, 1987) was a Panama-born American colonel and fighter pilot during World War II who was first given sole credit, then later partial credit shared with  Rex T. Barber, for shooting down the plane carrying Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the commander in chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Most modern historians discount his version entirely, giving Barber the whole credit for the kill.

Rex T. Barber
Rex Theodore Barber Sr. (May 6, 1917 – July 26, 2001) was a World War II fighter pilot from the United States. He is best known as a member of Operation Vengeance, the top secret mission to intercept the aircraft carrying Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto in April 1943.
Mountain Province
Mountain Province is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Bontoc while Bauko is the largest municipality. Mountain Province was formerly referred to as Mountain in some foreign references. The name is usually shortened by locals to Mt. Province.

The province was named so for being in the Cordillera Central mountain range found in the upper realms of Luzon island.

Mountain Province was also the name of the historical province that included most of the current Cordillera provinces. This old province was established by the Philippine Commission in 1908, and was later split in 1966 into Mountain Province, Benguet, Kalinga-Apayao and Ifugao.

The province is also known for its mummy caves, which contain naturally mummified bodies, and for its hanging coffins.

Benguet
Benguet (/bɛŋˈɡɛt/), officially the Province of Benguet (Ibaloi: Probinsya ne Benguet; Kankanaey: Probinsyan di Benguet; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Benguet; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Benguet; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Benguet), is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the southern tip of the Cordillera Administrative Region in the island of Luzon. Its capital is La Trinidad.

The highland province is known as the Salad Bowl of the Philippines due to its huge production of upland vegetables.

Situated within the interior of Benguet is the highly urbanized city of Baguio, which is administered independent from the province and also its largest city and regional center of Cordillera Administrative Region.
Jhosep Lopez
Jhosep Ylarde Lopez (born February 8, 1963) is a Filipino politician and judge who has served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines since 2021. He was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace Associate Justice Priscilla Baltazar-Padilla.

Priscilla Baltazar-Padilla
Priscilla Joson Baltazar-Padilla (born Priscilla Joson Baltazar; July 2, 1958 – August 27, 2021) served as the 188th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines in 2020. She was appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte to replace Associate Justice Andres Reyes Jr.
Valerie Jerome
Valerie Jerome (born 28 April 1944) is an African-Canadian retired Track and Field sprinter, educator, and political activist. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1960 Summer Olympics. She finished third in the 1959 Pan American Games 4 × 100 metres relay. Jerome also finished seventh in the 1959 Pan American Games long jump. Jerome is the only Canadian athlete to compete in five track and field events in the Olympics, Commonwealth Games, or Pan-American Games. She is the sister of Harry Jerome and the granddaughter of John "Army" Howard.

Harry Jerome
Harry Winston Jerome OC (September 30, 1940 – December 7, 1982) was a Canadian track and field sprinter and physical education teacher. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo and set a total of seven world records over the course of his career.