hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Siege of Seringapatam (1799)
The siege of Seringapatam (5 April – 4 May 1799) was the final confrontation of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore. The British, with the allied Nizam Ali Khan, 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas, achieved a decisive victory after breaching the walls of the fortress at Seringapatam and storming the citadel. The leader of the British troops was Major General David Baird, among the lesser known allies were the Portuguese in Goa and Damaon. Tipu Sultan, the ruler after the death of his father, was killed in the action. The British restored the Wodeyar dynasty back to power after the victory through a treaty of subsidiary alliance and Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was crowned the King of Mysore.  However, they retained indirect control (British paramountcy) of the kingdom's external affairs.

Srirangapatna
Srirangapatna or Srirangapattana is a town and headquarters of one of the seven Taluks of Mandya district, in the Indian State of Karnataka. It gets its name from the Ranganathaswamy temple consecrated around 984 CE. Later, under the British rule, the city was renamed to Seringapatam. Located near the city of Mandya, it is of religious, cultural and historic importance.

The monuments on the island town of Srirangapatna have been nominated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the application is pending on the tentative list of UNESCO.
Kanger
A kanger (Kashmiri pronunciation: [kãːɡɨr]; also known as kangri, kangid, or kangir) is a traditional Kashmiri portable heater consisting of an earthen pot encased in wicker, filled with hot embers. The kanger is considered not only a practical device for warmth but also a work of craft and art.

It is typically carried inside the pheran, a traditional Kashmiri cloak, or wrapped in a blanket. Its primary use is during the cold winter period known as Chillai Kalan. When used with modern clothing such as jackets, it may also function as a hand warmer.

Typical kangers measure approximately 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and can reach temperatures of around 150 °F (66 °C). They are produced in various sizes, including smaller versions for children and larger ones for adults.

Chillai Kalan
Chillai Kalan or Chilla-i-Kalan (Persian: چلّه کلان, lit. 'Forty grand [days]') refers to a forty-day period of intense cold and harsh winter weather experienced annually from 21 December to 29 January, in the Kashmir Valley. It represents the coldest phase of winter in the region and has long held climatic, cultural, and social significance

Chillai Kalan is followed by two shorter cold periods; Chill-i-Khurd (lit. 'forty small [days]'), a twenty-day phase from 30 January to 18 February, and Chill-i-Bachha (lit. 'forty baby [days]') which is from February 19 to February 28.
Peary Land
Peary Land is a peninsula in northern Greenland, extending into the Arctic Ocean. It reaches from Victoria Fjord in the west to Independence Fjord in the south and southeast, and to the Arctic Ocean in the north, with Cape Morris Jesup, the northernmost point of Greenland's mainland, and Cape Bridgman in the northeast.

Independence Fjord
Independence Fjord or Independence Sound is a large fjord or sound in the eastern part of northern Greenland. It is about 200 km (120 mi) long and up to 30 km (19 mi) wide. Its mouth, opening to the Wandel Sea of the Arctic Ocean is located at 82°15′N 21°54′W﻿ / ﻿82.250°N 21.900°W﻿ / 82.250; -21.900.

In the area around Independence Fjord there are traces of two paleo-Eskimo cultures that were named Independence I culture and Independence II culture after the fjord.
Ahmed Rebai
Ahmed Rebai (Arabic: أحمد الرباعي), by his full name Ahmed Ben Wajdi Rebai (أحمد بن وجدي الرباعي), born on October 27, 1997, in Tunis, is a Tunisian singer.

Coming from a family of musicians from Sfax, he is the nephew of singer Saber Rebaï.

Saber Rebai
Saber Rebai (Arabic: صابر الرباعي, Saber al Ruba'i; born 13 March 1967) is a Tunisian singer, actor, and composer. He is known for his song "Sidi Mansour". Some albums carry the variant transliteration Saber el Rebaii. He is one of the most well-known artists in the Arab world.
Hillsboro Hops
The Hillsboro Hops are a Minor League Baseball team in the northwest United States, located in Hillsboro, Oregon, a city in the Portland metropolitan area. The Hops are members of the Northwest League and are the High-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks. They play their home games at Hillsboro Ballpark (formerly Ron Tonkin Field), which opened in 2013.

Hillsboro Ballpark
Hillsboro Ballpark, formerly Ron Tonkin Field until March 2024, is a baseball park in the northwest United States, located in Hillsboro, Oregon, a suburb west of Portland. The stadium has a capacity of 4,500 spectators (3,534 seats) and is the home for the Hillsboro Hops of the Northwest League and the Post 6 Barbers of the American Legion Oregon Zone 2 Division. Groundbreaking for the $15.55 million venue was on September 21, 2012, with the first game played nine months later on June 17, 2013.

The ballpark is adjacent to Hillsboro Stadium, a multi-sport stadium owned by the city of Hillsboro, with both stadiums located inside the city's Gordon Faber Recreation Complex. Ron Tonkin Field hosts the only professional baseball team in the Portland metropolitan area.
Adrian Capes
Adrian Capes (18 April 1873 – 29 September 1955), was an English footballer. A forward, he scored a total of 135 goals in 340 league and FA Cup games in a 17-year career with Nottingham Forest, Burton Wanderers, Burton Swifts, Burslem Port Vale, and Stoke. He also played cricket for Staffordshire in the 1900 Minor Counties Cricket Championship. After retiring in 1911, he worked behind the scenes at Port Vale from 1911 to 1934. His brother, Arthur, was also a professional footballer.

Arthur Capes
Arthur John Capes (23 February 1875 – 26 February 1945) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Bristol City, Burton Wanderers, Nottingham Forest and Stoke.

Capes played with his brother Adrian at Burton Wanderers before joining Nottingham Forest in 1896. He won the 1898 FA Cup with Forest and scored 42 goals for the club in 197 games. He spent two seasons at Stoke scoring 20 goals in 65 matches and ended his career with Bristol City and Swindon Town. He earned one cap for England in 1903 whilst with Stoke.
Quarantine Act 1908
The Quarantine Act 1908 (Cth) was an act of the Parliament of Australia which is no longer in effect. It was assented to on 30 March 1908. It was superseded by the Biosecurity Act 2015 and repealed on 16 June 2016.

Biosecurity Act 2015
The Biosecurity Act 2015 is an Act of the Parliament of Australia which manages biosecurity risks in Australia at the national border. It was enacted on 16 June 2015, after the Bill was passed with bipartisan support on 14 May 2015. It covers both agricultural and human medical biosecurity risks, including epidemics and pandemics, and is designed to contain and/or deal with any "diseases and pests that may cause harm to human, animal or plant health or the environment" in Australia.

The application of the Act was particularly tested during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia.
Malindi Museum
Malindi Museum is a museum located in Malindi, Kenya. It has control over four main heritage sites:  The Vasco da Gama Pillar, The Portuguese Chapel, The House of Columns and The Heritage Complex museum.

House of Columns, Malindi
The House of Columns in Malindi is part of Malindi Museum. It was first opened as the 'Malindi Museum' on May 10 2004. In 2014, Malindi Museum acquired an additional set of buildings: the former offices of the Malindi District Commissioner, 400 metres west along Silversand Road. Since that time, the 'House of Columns' has been known by its old name, while the new buildings are known as the Malindi Heritage Complex.
Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen
Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen (born 1969/1970) is an American philanthropy educator and author, married to tech billionaire Marc Andreessen.

Born to wealthy parents, she became the founder and president of the Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen Foundation, a private philanthropic foundation that describes itself as a philanthropic "innovation lab", and founded the Silicon Valley Social Venture Fund (SV2), a venture philanthropy fund.

Marc Andreessen
Marc Lowell Andreessen (/ænˈdriːsən/ an-DREE-sən; born July 9, 1971) is an American businessman, venture capitalist, and former software engineer. He is the co-author of Mosaic, the first web browser to display inline images; co-founder of Netscape; and co-founder and general partner of Silicon Valley venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He co-founded and later sold the software company Opsware to Hewlett-Packard; he also co-founded Ning, a company that provides a platform for social networking websites. He supported presidential candidates of the Democratic party until 2016. In 2024 he became an advisor to Donald Trump. Andreessen's net worth is estimated at $1.9 billion as of January 2025.
Mint (facility)
A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency.

The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions.

With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($0.01) cost $0.015 to make in 2016.

Coining (mint)
Minting, coining or coinage is the process of manufacturing coins using a kind of stamping, the process used in both hammered coinage and milled coinage. This "stamping" process is different from the method used in cast coinage.

A coin die (archaically spelt dye) is one of the two metallic pieces that are used to strike a coin, one per each side of the coin. A die contains an inverse version of the image to be struck on the coin. Striking a coin refers to pressing an image into the blank metal disc, or planchet, and is a term descended from the days when the dies were struck with hammers to deform the metal into the image of the dies.

Modern dies made out of hardened steel are capable of producing hundreds of thousands of coins before they are retired and defaced. Scissel is the scrap produced in the punching of coin blanks from a continuous strip of metal.
Montana Highway 2
Montana Highway 2 (MT 2) is a 63.241-mile-long (101.777 km) state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of Montana. It extends from Interstate 15 (I-15) and I-90 in Butte to I-90 in Three Forks. Previously, this roadway was a part of U.S. Route 10 (US 10).

Interstate 90 in Montana
Interstate 90 (I-90) is an east–west transcontinental Interstate Highway across the northern United States, linking Seattle to Boston. The portion in the state of Montana is 552.54 miles (889.23 km) in length, passing through 14 counties in central and southern Montana. It is the longest segment of I-90 within a single state.
Kessingland
Kessingland is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of the English county of Suffolk. It is located around 4 miles (6 km) south of Lowestoft on the east coast of the United Kingdom. It is of interest to archaeologists as Palaeolithic and Neolithic implements have been found here; the remains of an ancient forest lie buried on the seabed.

The parish, which had a population of 4,327 at the 2011 United Kingdom census, borders the parishes of Gisleham, Henstead with Hulver Street and Benacre. It extends from the edge of the Pontins holiday park south of Pakefield in the north to the Hundred River which marks the southern border of the parish. The main A12 road cuts through the parish, bypassing the main built up area of the village.

Lowestoft
Lowestoft (/ˈloʊ(ɪ)stɒft, ˈloʊstəf/ LOH-(ih)-stoft, LOH-stəf) is a coastal town and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of Suffolk, England. As the most easterly UK settlement, it is 38 miles (61 km) north-east of Ipswich and 22 miles (35 km) south-east of Norwich, and the main town in its district. Its development grew with the fishing industry and as a seaside resort with wide sandy beaches. As fishing declined, oil and gas exploitation in the North Sea in the 1960s took over. In 2021 the built-up area had a population of 71,327 and the parish had a population of 47,879.
Alba Longa
Alba Longa (occasionally written Albalonga in Italian sources) was an ancient Latin city in Central Italy in the vicinity of Lake Albano in the Alban Hills. The ancient Romans believed it to be the founder and head of the Latin League, before it was destroyed by the Roman Kingdom around the middle of the 7th century BC and its inhabitants were forced to settle in Rome. In legend, Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome, had come from the royal dynasty of Alba Longa, which in Virgil's Aeneid had been the bloodline of Aeneas, a son of Venus.

According to Livy, Roman patrician families such as the Julii, Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curiatii and Cloelii originated in Alba Longa.

Lake Albano
Lake Albano (Italian: Lago Albano or Lago di Castel Gandolfo) is a small volcanic crater lake in the Alban Hills of Lazio, at the foot of Monte Cavo, 20 km (12 mi) southeast of Rome. Castel Gandolfo, overlooking the lake, is the site of the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo.

It hosted the canoeing and rowing events of the 1960 Summer Olympic Games that were held in Rome.  The lane marking system developed for these events is commonly referred to as the Albano buoy system.
Abraham Lincoln (Healy)
Abraham Lincoln is an 1869 oil-on-canvas painting by George Peter Alexander Healy of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States.

In the painting, a contemplative Lincoln is observed alone, leaning forward in a chair, with his elbow on his knee and his head resting on his hand. Lincoln's pose was inspired by Healy's 1868 painting, The Peacemakers, which depicts Lincoln and others in an historic 1865 strategy session of the Union high command, during the final days of the American Civil War.

The Peacemakers
The Peacemakers is an 1868 painting by George P.A. Healy.  It depicts the historic March 27, 1865, strategy session by the Union high command on the steamer River Queen during the final days of the American Civil War.  Although he painted it in at least two versions, the largest was destroyed by fire in 1893, and the second sat unknown in storage for decades. Since 1947, it has been in the White House collection.
Sonata in G major for two flutes and basso continuo, BWV 1039
The Sonata in G major for two flutes and basso continuo, BWV 1039, is a trio sonata by Johann Sebastian Bach. It is a version, for a different instrumentation, of the Gamba Sonata, BWV 1027. The first, second and fourth movement of these sonatas also exist as a trio sonata for organ.

Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord (Bach)
The sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord, BWV 1027–1029, are three sonatas composed by Johann Sebastian Bach for viola da gamba and harpsichord. They probably date from the late 1730s and early 1740s.
Russian tea culture
Tea is an important part of Russian culture. Due in part to Russia's cold northern climate, it is today considered the de facto national beverage, one of the most popular beverages in the country, and is closely associated with traditional Russian culture. Russian tea is brewed and can be served sweet, and hot or cold. It is traditionally taken at afternoon tea, but has since spread as an all day drink, especially at the end of meals, served with dessert. A notable aspect of Russian tea culture is the samovar, which was widely used to boil water for brewing until the middle of the 20th century.

Samovar
A samovar (Russian: самовар, IPA: [səmɐˈvar] ⓘ, lit. 'self-brewer') is a metal container traditionally used to heat and boil water. Although originating in Russia, the samovar is well known outside of the country and has spread through Russian culture to other parts of Eastern Europe, as well as Western and Central and South Asia. Since the heated water is typically used to make tea, many samovars have a ring-shaped attachment (конфорка, konforka) around the chimney to hold and heat a teapot filled with tea concentrate. Though traditionally heated with coal or kindling, many newer samovars use electricity to heat water in a manner similar to an electric water boiler.
Diazolidinyl urea
Diazolidinyl urea is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics. It is chemically related to imidazolidinyl urea which is used in the same way. Diazolidinyl urea acts as a formaldehyde releaser.

It is used in many cosmetics, skin care products, shampoos and conditioners, as well as a wide range of products including bubble baths, baby wipes and household detergents. Diazolidinyl urea is found in the commercially available preservative Germaben.

Commercial diazolidinyl urea is a mixture of different formaldehyde addition products including polymers.

Imidazolidinyl urea
Imidazolidinyl urea is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics . It is chemically related to diazolidinyl urea which is used in the same way. Imidazolidinyl urea acts as a formaldehyde releaser.
Fort Radiowo
Fort Radiowo (Polish: [ˈfɔrt raˈdjɔ.vɔ]) is a neighbourhood and City Information System area in the Bemowo district of Warsaw, Poland. It features the campus of the Military University of Technology and low-rise single-family housing, as well as the historic Fort IIA, dating to the 1880s.

In the 1880s, the Fort IIA Babice (later also known as Radiowo), was built in the area of the modern neighbourhood, as part of the fortifications of Warsaw. In 1923, it was adopted to house the broadcasting infrastructure of the Transatlantic Radiotelegraph Exchange, at the time, one of the largest radio communication stations in the world. In 1933, a small suburb of Boernerowo was built nearby to house its employees. The complex was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War. In 1951, the campus of the Military University of Technology was built in the area. It was incorporated into the city the same year.

Boernerowo
Boernerowo (Polish: [bɔ.ɛr.nɛˈrɔ.vɔ]) is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in Warsaw, Poland, within the district of Bemowo. It is a residential estate with detached and semi-detached houses.

Boernerowo, originally called Osiedle Łączności (Neighbourhood of Communications), was developed between 1933 and 1938, in an area donated by the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, partially for the employees of the nearby Transatlantic Radiotelegraph Exchange. It was incorporated into the city in 1951, and throughout the 1950s, the neighbourhood was requisitioned by the government, and its original population evicted.
4MV
The 4MV planetary probe (short for 4th-generation Mars-Venus probe) is a designation for a common design used for Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus.

It was an incremental improvement of earlier 3MV probes and was used for Mars missions 2 to 7 and Venera missions 9 to 16. Different versions of the bus exist, for example 4V-1, 4V-M and 4V-2. The same base design was also used for earth-orbiting space observatories.

3MV
The 3MV planetary probe (short for 3rd generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus. It was an incremental improvement of earlier 2MV probes and was used for Zond 1, Zond 2 and Zond 3 missions to Mars as well as several Venera probes. It was standard practice of the Soviet space program to use standardized components as much as possible. All probes shared the same typical characteristics and differed usually in equipment necessary for specific missions. Each probe also incorporated improvements based on experience with earlier missions.
Concord Mountains
Concord Mountains is a group name applied to a complex system of ranges in northwest Victoria Land, Antarctica.
They comprise the Everett Range, Mirabito Range, King Range, Leitch Massif, East Quartzite Range and West Quartzite Range.
They are north of the Admiralty Mountains, northeast of the Victory Mountains, southeast of the Bowers Mountains and south of the Anare Mountains.

Anare Mountains
The Anare Mountains (70°55′S 166°00′E﻿ / ﻿70.917°S 166.000°E﻿ / -70.917; 166.000﻿ (Anare Mountains)) are a large group of mainly snow-covered peaks and ridges along the northern coast of Victoria Land, Antarctica. 
The group is bounded on the north and east by the Pacific Ocean, on the west by Lillie Glacier, and on the south by Ebbe Glacier and Dennistoun Glacier. 
They are north of the Concord Mountains and east of the Bowers Mountains.
Bayannurosaurus
Bayannurosaurus is a non-hadrosauriform ankylopollexian ornithopod described in 2018 by Xu Xing. It lived during the early Aptian period, being found in the Bayin-Gobi Formation of China. The genus includes the type species Bayannurosaurus perfectus. A phylogenetic analysis of Bayannurosaurus indicates that it is more derived than Hypselospinus, yet less derived than Ouranosaurus and just outside of the Hadrosauriformes. It was a large iguanodontian, measuring up to 9 metres (30 ft) in total body length. The genus name Bayannurosaurus comes from Bayannur, the area where it was found, while the species name perfectus comes from the "perfect" preservation of the holotype specimen (IMMNH PV00001).

Ankylopollexia
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. It is a derived clade of iguanodontian ornithopods and contains the subgroup Styracosterna. The name stems from the Greek word, "ankylos", mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, "pollex", meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely synapomorphic feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.

First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the Jurassic, Ankylopollexia  became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the Cretaceous, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the Maastrichtian. They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and they were universally herbivorous.
Distributed Data Management Architecture
Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM) is IBM's open, published software architecture for creating, managing and accessing data on a remote computer. DDM was initially designed to support record-oriented files; it was extended to support hierarchical directories, stream-oriented files, queues, and system command processing; it was further extended to be the base of IBM's Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA); and finally, it was extended to support data description and conversion.  Defined in the period from 1980 to 1993, DDM specifies necessary components, messages, and protocols, all based on the principles of object-orientation. DDM is not, in itself, a piece of software; the implementation of DDM takes the form of client and server products. As an open architecture, products can implement subsets of DDM architecture and products can extend DDM to meet additional requirements.  Taken together, DDM products implement a distributed file system.

DRDA
Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) is a database interoperability standard from The Open Group.

DRDA describes the architecture for distributed relational databases. It defines the rules for accessing the distributed data, but it does not provide the actual application programming interfaces (APIs) to perform the access. It was first used in DB2 2.3.

DRDA was designed by a work group within IBM in the period 1988 to 1994. The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the Distributed Data Management Architecture.