hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Colonization (series)
Colonization is a trilogy of alternate history books  by American writer Harry Turtledove. It is a series continuation of the situation set up in the Worldwar tetralogy, projecting the situation between humanity and The Race (the bipedal lizard-like invaders and settlers from Worldwar) nearly twenty years afterward, in the mid-1960s.

The Race has settled and plans to colonize nearly half the surface of the Earth, including Africa, Australia, China, southern Asia, Mexico, Central America, South America, Spain, Portugal, and Poland (prewar Poland and East Prussia). The United States, Canada, the Soviet Union, the Greater German Reich (Germany and the territories that it occupied during World War II), the United Kingdom, and Japan are the only other powers when the Race's colonization fleet of 80–100 million settlers arrives. Humanity and The Race still jockey for advantages over each other.

Worldwar series
The Worldwar series is the fan name given to a series of eight alternate history science fiction novels by Harry Turtledove. Its premise is an alien invasion of Earth during World War II, with a timeline ranging from 1942 to 2031. The series includes Turtledove's Worldwar tetralogy, the Colonization trilogy, and the novel Homeward Bound. The early series was nominated for a Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 1996.
Penn Yan Historic District
Penn Yan Historic District is a national historic district located at Penn Yan in Yates County, New York. The district consists of 65 acres (26 ha) and contains 281 structures, 210 of which are contributing. It includes a broad range of architecturally significant resources that document the village's development from the 1820s to 1929. It includes representative examples of residential, commercial, industrial, civic, and ecclesiastical structures. Highlights include the Birkett Mills, the Chronicle Building, Knapp Hotel, and the Castner House.  Located within the boundaries of the district are the separately listed Yates County Courthouse Park District and the U.S. Post Office building (1912–1913).

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Yates County Courthouse Park District
Yates County Courthouse Park District is a national historic district located at Penn Yan in Yates County, New York. The district consists of two acres and contains the Yates County Courthouse, First Baptist Church, the County Office Building, the Old Jail, and the Courthouse Park.  The park includes a Civil War monument to the 2,109 county soldiers who served in the war.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and, since 1985, has been contained entirely within the larger Penn Yan Historic District.
Chalmette National Cemetery
Chalmette National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located within Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve in Chalmette, Louisiana. The cemetery is a 17.5-acre (7.1 ha) graveyard adjacent to the site that was once the battleground of the Battle of New Orleans, which took place at the end of the War of 1812. Despite its proximity to the site of the Battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812, the majority of the interments are of soldiers who were casualties or veterans of the American Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, or the Vietnam War. The cemetery was subsequently closed to new interments.

Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve (French: Parc historique national et réserve Jean Lafitte) protects the natural and cultural resources of Louisiana's Mississippi River Delta region. It is named after French pirate Jean Lafitte and consists of six separate sites and a park headquarters.
Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method
In mathematics, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method (or Fehlberg method) is an algorithm in numerical analysis for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. It was developed by the German mathematician Erwin Fehlberg and is based on the large class of Runge–Kutta methods.

The novelty of Fehlberg's method is that it is an embedded method from the Runge–Kutta family, meaning that it reuses the same intermediate calculations to produce two estimates of different accuracy, allowing for automatic error estimation. The method presented in Fehlberg's 1969 paper has been dubbed the RKF45 method, and is a method of order O(h4) with an error estimator of order O(h5). By performing one extra calculation, the error in the solution can be estimated and controlled by using the higher-order embedded method that allows for an adaptive stepsize to be determined automatically.

Runge–Kutta methods
In numerical analysis, the Runge–Kutta methods (English: /ˈrʊŋəˈkʊtɑː/ ⓘ RUUNG-ə-KUUT-tah) are a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of simultaneous nonlinear equations. These methods were developed around 1900 by the German mathematicians Carl Runge and Wilhelm Kutta.
NPO 2
NPO 2 (known as Nederland 2 [ˌneːdərlɑn ˈtʋeː] until 2014) is a Dutch television channel, the sister channel of NPO 1 and NPO 3. It was established on 1 October 1964 at 20:00, initially with a 2.5-hour schedule until 22:30.

NPO 2 tends to broadcast arts, culture, politics, news, current affairs, documentaries and religious programmes. In the mornings, NPO 2 simulcasts NPO 1's news bulletins with sign language.

The channel is also available on cable companies in its overseas dependencies in the Caribbean, either live or time-shifted.

NPO 3
NPO 3 (known as Nederland 3 [ˌneːdərlɑn ˈdri] until 2014) is the third and youngest of the terrestrial television channels operated by the Dutch public-broadcasting organization NPO in the Netherlands. It carries programmes provided by member-based non-profit broadcasting associations and is oriented towards children, youth, and innovative television. The channel is also available on cable companies in its overseas dependencies in the Caribbean, either live or time-shifted.
QWERTY
QWERTY (/ˈkwɜːrti/ KWUR-tee) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets; the name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top letter row of the keyboard: QWERTY. The design evolved for the quick typing of English on typewriters.

The QWERTY design is based on a layout included on the Sholes and Glidden typewriter sold by E. Remington and Sons from 1874. The layout became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878 and remains in widespread use as a de facto standard on computers, as of 2026. Two prominent alternatives, Dvorak and Colemak, have been developed.  In Europe, two types of modified layouts, QWERTZ and AZERTY, are used predominantly for German and French, respectively.

Dvorak keyboard layout
Dvorak (/ˈdvɔːræk/ ⓘ) is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets. It was patented in 1936 by August Dvorak and his brother-in-law, William Dealey, as a faster and more ergonomic alternative for typing English, compared to the 1874 QWERTY layout (the de facto standard keyboard layout). Dvorak proponents claim that it requires less finger motion and as a result reduces errors, increases typing speed, reduces repetitive strain injuries, or is simply more comfortable than QWERTY.

Dvorak has failed to replace QWERTY as the most common keyboard layout, with the most pointed-to reasons being that QWERTY was popularized 60 years prior to Dvorak's creation, and that Dvorak's advantages are debated and relatively small. However, most major modern operating systems (such as Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, ChromeOS, and BSD) allow a user to switch to the Dvorak layout. The layout can be chosen for use with any hardware keyboard, regardless of any characters printed on the key caps.
North Adams High School
North Adams High School is a public high school located in Seaman, Adams County, Ohio, United States.  It is one of three high schools in the Adams County/Ohio Valley School District, the other two being Peebles High School and West Union High School.  The district also has a vocational school (Ohio Valley Career and Technical Center).

Peebles High School (Ohio)
Peebles High School is a public high school located in Peebles, Ohio.  It is one of three high schools in the Adams County/Ohio Valley School District.  The other county schools are North Adams and West Union.  The district also has a vocational school (Ohio Valley Career and Technical Center).
National Highway 319 (India)
National Highway 319 (NH 319) is a National Highway in India. This highway connects NH-922 in Arrah (Bhojpur district) to NH-19 in Mohania (Kaimur district) in the state of Bihar. The NH-319 passes through Jagdishpur and Dinara.

National Highway 19 (India)
National Highway 19 (NH 19) is a national highway in India. It was previously referred to as Delhi–Kolkata Road and is one of the busiest national highways in India. After renumbering of national highways, the Delhi–Agra route is now national highway 44 and the Agra–Kolkata route is numbered national highway 19. It constitutes a major portion of the Indian section of the historical Grand Trunk Road. It is also part of AH1 of Asian Highway Network, that traverses from Japan to Turkey.

It was earlier known as NH 2 (Old) before renumbering of all national highways by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways in 2010.
Aleksander Aberg
Aleksander Richard Aberg (11 August [O.S. 30 July] 1881 – 15 February 1920) was an Estonian professional Greco-Roman and free-style wrestling world champion of the early 20th century. He took part in the World Heavyweight Championship and was one of the three most famous Estonian professional wrestlers, along with Georg Lurich and Georg Hackenschmidt.

Georg Lurich
Georg Lurich (22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1876 – 20 January 1920) was an Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler and strongman of the early 20th century. Lurich was also the trainer of Estonian wrestlers and weightlifters Georg Hackenschmidt and Aleksander Aberg.
M7 (Amsterdam Metro)
The CAF Inneo M7 is a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) trainsets used on the Amsterdam Metro network. The trains entered service on 28 February 2023 and are expected to remain in operation for at least 30 years.

Each M7 set consists of three carriages, with a total length of nearly 60 metres, roughly half the length of an M5 trainset. During peak hours, the M7 is typically operated in double formation to provide additional capacity, while single sets are used at other times to prevent overcapacity and facilitate more efficient maintenance.

The M7 currently operates on the East Line (Line 53 and Line 54) and the Ring Line (Line 50). Deployment on the North–South Line (Line 52) is not planned at this time.

CAF previously supplied the 37 S3/M4 trainsets used on the Ring Line in 1996, and in 2016 also won the contract to supply the 15G series trams for the Amsterdam Tram network.

S3/M4 (Amsterdam Metro)
The CAF S3/M4 is a series of electric multiple unit (EMU) train operated by Amsterdam Metro, with car numbers 70-73 (S3) and 74-106 (M4). This train was built by CAF in Beasain, Basque Country (Spain) and delivered in 1996-1997. These are metro/light rail vehicles with a length of 30.90 meters and a width of 2.65 meters, consisting of two car bodies resting on two regular bogies and one Jacobs bogie. Since April 2024, this rolling stock has been the oldest operational metro generation in the Netherlands.
West Bengal Transport Corporation
West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) is a West Bengal state government undertaken corporation which plies buses, trams and ferries in the state. It was formed by merging existing state transport agencies, namely the Calcutta State Transport Corporation (CSTC), the Calcutta Tramways Company (CTC) and the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation (WBSTC).

Calcutta State Transport Corporation
Calcutta State Transport Corporation  (CSTC) was a West Bengal state government undertaken corporation. Headquartered in Kolkata, it was set up on 31 July 1948. Currently it operates under the name WBTC. It plied buses in Kolkata and nearby districts of West Bengal, along with some long-distance services. CSTC owned 11 depots in Kolkata (then known as Calcutta).
Flood Plains National Park
Flood Plains National Park (Sinhala: ජලගැලුම් නිම්න ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය, romanized: Jalagælum Nimna Jātika Vanōdyānaya; Tamil: வெள்ளச் சமவெளிகள் தேசிய வனம், romanized: Veḷḷac Camaveḷikaḷ Tēciya Vaṉam) is one of the four national parks set aside under the Mahaweli River development project in Sri Lanka. The park was created on 7 August 1984. The national park is situated along the Mahaweli flood plain and is considered a rich feeding ground for elephants. Flood Plains National Park is considered an elephant corridor for the elephants migrate between Wasgamuwa and Somawathiya national parks. The park is situated 222 kilometres (138 mi) north-east of Colombo.

Somawathiya National Park
Somawathiya National Park is one of the four national parks designated under the Mahaweli River development project. Somawathiya Chaitya, a stupa said to be containing a relic of the tooth of the Buddha, is situated within the park. The park was created on 2 September 1986, having been originally designated a wildlife sanctuary on 9 August 1966. The park is home to many megaherbivores. The national park is located 266 kilometres (165 mi) north-east of Colombo.
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) based in Riverdale, Maryland responsible for protecting animal health, animal welfare, and plant health. APHIS is the lead agency for collaboration with other agencies to protect U.S. agriculture from invasive pests and diseases. APHIS's PPQ is the National Plant Protection Organization for the U.S., and the agency's head of veterinary services/veterinary Deputy Administrator is the Chief Veterinary Officer of the United States.

Plant Protection and Quarantine
Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) is one of six operational program units within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The PPQ works to safeguard agriculture and natural resources in the U.S. against the entry, establishment, and spread of animal and plant pests, and noxious weeds in order to help ensure the protection of native flora and an abundant, high-quality, and varied food supply.
Golden Liberty
Golden Liberty (Latin: Aurea Libertas; Polish: Złota Wolność [ˈzwɔ.ta ˈvɔl.nɔɕt͡ɕ], Lithuanian: Auksinė laisvė), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka or Złota wolność szlachecka) was a political system in the Kingdom of Poland and, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under that system, all nobles (szlachta), regardless of rank, economic status or their ethnic background were considered to have equal legal status and enjoyed extensive legal rights and privileges. The nobility controlled the legislature (the Sejm—the parliament) and the Commonwealth's elected king.

Nobility privileges in Poland
The privileges of the szlachta (Poland's nobility) formed a cornerstone of "Golden Liberty" in the Kingdom of Poland (before 1569) and, later, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795).  Most szlachta privileges were obtained between the late-14th and early-16th centuries.  By the end of that period, the szlachta had succeeded in garnering numerous rights, empowering themselves and limiting the powers of the elective Polish monarchy to an extent unprecedented elsewhere in Europe at the time.
July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
On 29 July 2021, the oil tanker MT Mercer Street, travelling from Tanzania to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with no cargo on board, was attacked off the coast of Oman. The ship is flagged in Liberia. It is Japanese-owned and managed by Israeli-owned Zodiac Maritime, an international ship management company headquartered in London and led by billionaire shipping magnate Eyal Ofer, who is an Israeli citizen.

The United States Navy, which responded to assist the vessel, stated that it thought the attack came from a drone. Israeli, United States, British and Romanian officials blamed the attack on Iran. Iranian state media initially said the incident was in retaliation for an alleged Israeli airstrike on a military airport in Syria, but the Iranian government formally denied involvement.

The attack was preceded by two similar incidents that occurred in May and June 2019 and was followed by another in August 2021.

August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident
On 3 August 2021 the asphalt tanker Asphalt Princess, travelling from Khor Fakkan, the United Arab Emirates, to the Sohar, Oman, was attacked and boarded in the Gulf of Oman. The ship is flagged in Panama. The vessel is owned by Glory International, listed as based in the Emirati free zone.

In early August 2021, the Asphalt Princess was widely reported in the western media as having been hijacked in the Gulf of Oman, 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) east the port of Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates. The hijackers were allegedly backed by Iran. Shipping near in the Gulf of Oman were advised to exercise “extreme caution” by the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) earlier in the day.

The attack was preceded by three similar maritime incidents in May 2019, June 2019 and July 2021.
Fort Bunker Hill
Fort Bunker Hill was one of seven temporary earthwork forts part of the Civil War Defenses of Washington, D.C., during the Civil War built in the Northeast quadrant of the city at the beginning of the Civil War by the Union Army to protect the city from the Confederate Army. From west to east, the forts were: Fort Slocum, Fort Totten, Fort Slemmer, Fort Bunker Hill, Fort Saratoga, Fort Thayer and Fort Lincoln. Unlike other forts, today very little remains of the structure.

Civil War Defenses of Washington
The Civil War Defenses of Washington were a group of Union Army fortifications that protected the federal capital city, Washington, D.C., from invasion by the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

Some of these fortifications are part of a grouping of properties now managed by the National Park Service (NPS) and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Others are parts of state, county, or city parks or are located on privately owned properties. A trail connecting the sites is part of the Potomac Heritage Trail.

Parts of the earthworks of some such fortifications still exist; others have been demolished. A 19.5-mile long trail connecting some of the forts was designated as a National Recreation Trail in 1971.
Minardi M194
The Minardi M194 was a Formula One car designed by Aldo Costa and Gustav Brunner and built by Minardi for the 1994 season. It was introduced at that year's Canadian Grand Prix to replace the Minardi M193B. The car was again powered by the Ford HBD V8 engine.

Minardi team drivers during 1994 were Pierluigi Martini and former Grand Prix winner Michele Alboreto. The team's test driver was Luca Badoer.

The M194 would only score two points during its 11 races, both when Martini finished in 5th place at the car's second race, the French Grand Prix. The team in fact scored more points in 1994 (3 points) using the M193B than with the M194. The combined 5 point total saw Minardi only finish tenth in the Constructors' Championship.

The M194 was replaced for the 1995 season by the Minardi M195. Alboreto retired and was replaced by test driver Badoer.

Minardi M193
The Minardi M193 was a Formula One car designed by Aldo Costa and Gustav Brunner and built by Minardi for the 1993 Formula One season. Drivers of the car included Christian Fittipaldi (who flipped his car when he collided with teammate Pierluigi Martini at the finish of the Italian Grand Prix), Martini and former Ferrari driver and 5 time grand prix winner Michele Alboreto. Using the M193, Minardi scored 7 points to finish 8th in the 1993 Constructors' Championship.
Kumada coupling
In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts, typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl, aryl or vinyl groups. The groups of Robert Corriu and Makoto Kumada reported the reaction independently in 1972.

The reaction is notable for being among the first reported catalytic cross-coupling methods. Despite the subsequent development of alternative reactions (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Stille, Hiyama, Negishi), the Kumada coupling continues to be employed in many synthetic applications, including the industrial-scale production of aliskiren, a hypertension medication, and polythiophenes, useful in organic electronic devices.

Hiyama coupling
The Hiyama coupling is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organosilanes with organic halides used in organic chemistry to form carbon–carbon bonds (C-C bonds). This reaction was discovered in 1988 by Tamejiro Hiyama and Yasuo Hatanaka as a method to form carbon-carbon bonds synthetically with chemo- and regioselectivity. The Hiyama coupling has been applied to the synthesis of various natural products.

: aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl
: aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkyl
: Cl, F or alkyl
: Cl, Br, I or OTf
Wave-piercing hull
A wave-piercing boat hull has a very fine bow, with reduced buoyancy in the forward portions. When a wave is encountered, the lack of buoyancy means the hull pierces through the water rather than riding over the top, resulting in a smoother ride than traditional designs, and in diminished mechanical stress on the vessel.  It also reduces a boat's wave-making resistance.

Design theory calls for very long thin hulls, so in practice most are multi-hulls such as catamarans and trimarans.

The main current usage areas are passenger ferries and naval ships.

Wave-making resistance
Wave-making resistance or wave resistance is a form of drag that affects any object moving on a surface of a fluid, such as boats and ships moving on the surface of water, and reflects the energy required to push the water out of the way of that body. For example, the hull of a moving watercraft creates waves (a wake) which carry energy away and resist the motion of the watercraft. Wave resistance is only one of the components of the total resistance or drag experienced by a body moving on a surface of a fluid, others being viscous drag and pressure drag.
Grey Ranks
Grey Ranks (Polish: Szare Szeregi) was a codename for the underground paramilitary Polish Scouting Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego) during World War II.

The wartime organisation was created on 27 September 1939, actively resisted and fought German occupation in Warsaw until 18 January 1945, and contributed to the resistance operations of the Polish Underground State. Some of its members (Grupy Szturmowe – Assault Groups) were among the Home Army's best-trained troops.

Though formally independent, the Grey Ranks worked closely with the Government Delegation for Poland and Home Army Headquarters. The Grey Ranks had their own headquarters known under the cryptonym Pasieka (bee yard) staffed by the Chief Scout of Grey Ranks plus three to five deputies in the rank of Harcmistrz (Scoutmaster).

Polish resistance movement in World War II
In Poland, the resistance movement during World War II was led by the Home Army. The Polish resistance is notable among others for disrupting German supply lines to the Eastern Front (damaging or destroying 1/8 of all rail transports), and providing intelligence reports to the British intelligence agencies (providing 43% of all reports from occupied Europe). It was a part of the Polish Underground State.