hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Callan–Symanzik equation
In physics, the Callan–Symanzik equation is a differential equation describing the evolution of the n-point correlation functions under variation of the energy scale at which the theory is defined and involves the beta function of the theory and the anomalous dimensions.

The Callan–Symanzik equation was discovered independently by Curtis Callan and Kurt Symanzik in 1970. Later it was used to understand asymptotic freedom.

This equation arises in the framework of renormalization group. It is possible to treat the equation using perturbation theory.

Beta function (physics)
In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function or Gell-Mann–Low function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory.
It is defined by the Gell-Mann–Low equation or renormalization group equation, given by

and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on μ, so it only depends on μ implicitly through g.
This dependence on the energy scale thus specified is known as the running of the coupling parameter, a fundamental 
feature of scale-dependence in quantum field theory, and its explicit computation is achievable through a variety of mathematical techniques. The concept of beta function was first introduced by Ernst Stueckelberg and André Petermann in 1953, and independently postulated by Murray Gell-Mann and Francis E. Low in 1954.
Boystown (website)
Boystown (stylized in logo as BOYS TOWN) was a child pornography website run through the Tor network as an onion service. It launched in June 2019 and was shut down by authorities in April 2021. Four German administrators of the site confessed and were sentenced to long prison sentences in December 2022.

Tor (network)
Tor is a free overlay network for enabling anonymous communication. It is built on free and open-source software run by over seven thousand volunteer-operated relays worldwide, as well as by millions of users who route their internet traffic via random paths through these relays. This technique is called onion routing.

Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's internet activity by preventing any single point on the internet (other than the user's device) from being able to view both where traffic originated from and where it is ultimately going to at the same time. This conceals a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis from any such point, protecting the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially.
Irlam's Ant Bed Building
Irlam's Ant Bed Building is a heritage-listed former homestead and hotel at Clermont-Alpha Road, Clermont, Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1870s by George Irlam. It is also known as Oaky (Oakey) Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.

Clermont, Queensland
Clermont is a rural town and locality in the Isaac Region, Queensland, Australia.  Clermont is a major hub for the large coal mines in the region, and is also a service town for  agricultural properties in the area. In the 2021 census, the locality of Clermont had a population of 2,952 people.
Chihayaakasaka
Chihayaakasaka (千早赤阪村, Chihayaakasaka-mura) is a village located in Minamikawachi District, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.  As of 31 December 2021, the village had an estimated population of 4,970 in 2267 households and a population density of 130 persons per km2. The total area of the village is 30.70 square kilometres (11.85 sq mi).

Minamikawachi District, Osaka
Minamikawachi (南河内郡, Minamikawachi-gun) is a district located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. In 2009 the district had an estimated population of 37,695 and a density of 491 persons per km2. The total area is 76.81 km2.
Metal Men
The Metal Men are a group of robot superheroes that appear in DC Comics. The characters first appeared in Showcase #37 (March–April 1962) and were created by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Ross Andru. Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books, the characters have appeared in comic books and other DC Comics-related products such as animated television series, clothing, figurines and trading cards.

Showcase (comics)
Showcase is a comic anthology series published by DC Comics. The general theme of the series was to feature new and minor characters as a way to gauge reader interest in them, without the difficulty and risk of featuring untested characters in their own ongoing titles. Showcase is regarded as the most successful of such tryout series, having been published continuously for more than 14 years, launching numerous popular titles, and maintaining a considerable readership of its own. The series ran from March–April 1956 to September 1970, suspending publication with issue #93, and then was revived for eleven issues from August 1977 to September 1978.
Herwig Mitteregger
Herwig Rudolf Mitteregger (born 6 September 1953) is an Austrian musician. He became known with the Nina Hagen Band, where he played drums and percussions. He was most famous as a member of German rock band Spliff.

Spliff (band)
Spliff was a German band that existed from 1980 to 1985. Their musical repertoire combined rock, funk, and electronic music. The keyboard sounds of Reinhold Heil, and later the electronic drums of the Simmons SDS-V brand, especially defined the sound of their music.
7346 Boulanger
7346 Boulanger, provisional designation 1993 DQ2, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.4 kilometers (4.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 February 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the CERGA Observatory in Caussols, southeastern France. It was named after French Enlightenment philosopher Nicolas Boulanger.

Nicolas Antoine Boulanger
Nicolas Antoine Boulanger (French pronunciation: [nikɔla ɑ̃twan bulɑ̃ʒe]; 11 November 1722, in Paris – 16 September 1759, in Paris) was a French philosopher and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment.
Depew, New York
Depew (/dəˈpju/) is a village in Erie County, New York. The population was 15,303 at the time of the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The village is named for Chauncey Depew, a politician and one of the original investors who bought the land for the village, which was incorporated in 1894.

The village extends across the boundary between the towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga. The village lies on both sides of NY Route 78 (Transit Road), a major north-south route.

Village residents voted on January 17, 2017, to not dissolve the Village of Depew into the Towns of Lancaster and Cheektowaga, by a margin of 3,006–1,165.

Lancaster (village), New York
Lancaster is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 10,027. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.

The village of Lancaster is in the west part of the town of Lancaster and is east of Buffalo.

The Lancaster Opera House is locally famous for its musicals and stage plays. The current mayor is William Schroeder.
Westshore Wolves
The Westshore Wolves are a junior ice hockey team based in Colwood, British Columbia, Canada. They are a member of the South Division of the Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League (VIJHL). The Wolves entered the VIJHL in 2012, replacing a former franchise, the Westshore Stingers. They play their home games at The Q Centre under head coach Mike Nesbitt. They are the official farm team of the Langley Rivermen.

Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League
The Vancouver Island Junior Hockey League (VIJHL) is a junior ice hockey league of 11 clubs on Vancouver Island. The Brent Patterson Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season. In 2024, the league decided to withdraw from the Hockey Canada framework and operate as an independent farm league for the BCHL.
1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers
The 1st Sussex Rifle Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army first raised from the county of Sussex in 1859. It later became the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion of the Royal Sussex Regiment. During World War I it served in home defence in Britain and Ireland, while its 2nd Line battalion served in India and Waziristan. It was not reformed after the war.

Royal Sussex Regiment
The Royal Sussex Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that was in existence from 1881 to 1966. The regiment was formed in 1881 as part of the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot and the 107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry). The regiment saw service in the Second Boer War, and both World War I and World War II.

On 31 December 1966, the Royal Sussex Regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Home Counties Brigade – the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment, the Queen's Own Buffs, The Royal Kent Regiment, and the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own) – to form the Queen's Regiment; which was later, on 9 September 1992, amalgamated with the Royal Hampshire Regiment to form the present Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires).
N-group (finite group theory)
In mathematical finite group theory, an N-group is a group all of whose local subgroups (that is, the normalizers of nontrivial p-subgroups) are solvable groups. The non-solvable ones were classified by Thompson during his work on finding all the minimal finite simple groups.

John G. Thompson
John Griggs Thompson (born October 13, 1932) is an American mathematician at the University of Florida noted for his work in the field of finite groups. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970, the Wolf Prize in 1992, and the Abel Prize in 2008.
Turnstone (company)
Turnstone is an office furniture company based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It is a division of Steelcase and was founded in 1993. The brand was created with the intention of reaching younger businesses with budgets too small to afford a dedicated facilities manager and offices with a small number of in-office employees. As of January 2006, the company employed 30 people.

Steelcase
Steelcase Inc. is an international manufacturer of furniture, casegoods, seating, and storage and partitioning systems for offices, hospitals, classrooms, and residential interiors. Founded in 1912, it is headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
Aulikaras
The Aulikaras (Late Brahmi script:  Au-li-ka-rā), were an ancient clan that ruled the Kingdom of Malwa between 350 and 575.

Epigraphical discoveries have brought to light two royal lines, who call themselves as the Aulikaras and ruled from Dashapura (present-day Mandsaur). The first royal house, which ruled from Dashapura comprised the following kings in the order of succession: Jayavarma, Simhavarma, Naravarma, Vishvavarma and Bandhuvarma. The Rīsthal stone slab inscription discovered in 1983 has brought to light another royal house, which comprised the following kings in the order of succession: Drumavardhana, Jayavardhana, Ajitavardhana, Vibhishanavardhana, Rajyavardhana and Prakashadharma, who defeated Toramana. In all probability, Yashodharman also belonged to this house and he was the son and successor of Prakashadharma. Yashodharma defeated Mihirakula and freed the Malwa region from the Hunas. The rule of the Aulikaras over Malwa ended with him.

Yashodharman
Yashodharman (Gupta script:  Ya-śo-dha-rmma, IAST: Yaśodharman) was a ruler of the Malava Empire in North India, from 515 until his death in 545. He belonged to the Second Aulikara dynasty. He conquered much of the Indian subcontinent between c. 530–540 according to the Mandsaur pillar inscription.
Leopold Kronecker
Leopold Kronecker (German: [ˈkʁoːnɛkɐ]; 7 December 1823 – 29 December 1891) was a German mathematician who worked on number theory, abstract algebra and logic, and criticized Georg Cantor's work on set theory.  Heinrich Weber quoted Kronecker
as having said, "Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk" ("God made the integers, all else is the work of man").
Kronecker was a student and life-long friend of Ernst Kummer.

Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (/ˌdɪərɪˈkleɪ/; German: [ləˈʒœn diʁiˈkleː]; 13 February 1805 – 5 May 1859) was a German mathematician. In number theory, he proved special cases of Fermat's Last Theorem and created analytic number theory. In analysis, he advanced the theory of Fourier series and was one of the first to give the modern formal definition of a function. In mathematical physics, he studied potential theory, boundary-value problems, heat diffusion, and hydrodynamics.

Although his surname is Lejeune Dirichlet, he is commonly referred to by his mononym Dirichlet, in particular for results named after him.
Nobuhiro Watsuki
Nobuhiro Nishiwaki (Japanese: 西脇 伸宏, Hepburn: Nishiwaki Nobuhiro; born May 26, 1970), better known by his pen name Nobuhiro Watsuki (和月 伸宏, Watsuki Nobuhiro), is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his samurai-themed series Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story (1994–1999), which has over 70 million copies in circulation, and a sequel he is currently creating, Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc (2017–present).

Watsuki has written three more manga series, Gun Blaze West (2001), Buso Renkin (2003–2005), and Embalming: The Another Tale of Frankenstein (2007–2015). He has mentored several well-known manga artists, including One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda, Shaman King creator Hiroyuki Takei, and Mr. Fullswing creator Shinya Suzuki. Watsuki was convicted of possessing child pornography in 2018.

Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc
Rurouni Kenshin: The Hokkaido Arc (Japanese: るろうに剣心 ─明治剣客浪漫譚・北海道編─, Hepburn: Rurōni Kenshin: Meiji Kenkaku Roman Tan Hokkaidō-hen) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nobuhiro Watsuki. His wife, Kaworu Kurosaki, is credited as a story consultant. It is a direct sequel to Rurouni Kenshin and follows Himura Kenshin and his friends in 1883 Japan as they traverse Hokkaido in search of his father-in-law.

It has been serialized monthly in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Jump Square since September 2017, with the chapters collected in ten tankōbon volumes as of January 2026. North American publisher Viz Media released the series digitally in Weekly Shonen Jump simultaneously as it ran in Japan until November 2017.
Guldbagge Award for Best Makeup and Hair
The Guldbagge for Best Makeup and Hair is a Swedish film award presented annually by the Swedish Film Institute (SFI) as part of the Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: "Guldbaggen") to make-up artists working in the Swedish motion picture industry.

Guldbagge Awards
The Guldbagge Awards (Swedish: Guldbaggen, lit. 'the golden scarab') is an official film awards ceremony in Sweden. Presented annually by Swedish Film Institute, the awards honors excellence in cinematic achievements in the Swedish film industry. It is described as the most prestigious in Sweden and the Swedish equivalent of the Academy Awards. Winners are awarded a statuette depicting a rose chafer, hence the name.

The first awards was presented in 1964 at Grand Hôtel in Stockholm. The awards was first televised in 1981 on SVT2, and has since then been broadcast, almost every year, on national channels SVT1, SVT2, or TV4.
Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer
Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer (FINESSE) was a  NASA mission proposal for a space observatory operating in the Near-infrared spectrum for the Medium-Class Explorers program. The Principal Investigator was Mark Swain of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

FINESSE was one of three Medium-Class Explorers (MIDEX) mission concepts that received $2 million to conduct a nine-month mission concept study in August 2017. The mission study was terminated prematurely following the selection by European Space Agency of an identical concept, the ARIEL exoplanet atmosphere survey mission. Had it been selected for implementation, FINESSE would have launched no earlier than 2022 and lasted at least two years. The other two finalist concepts competing with FINESSE were Arcus (an X-ray space observatory) and SPHEREx (a near-infrared space observatory). In February 2019, it was announced that SPHEREx had been selected.

ARIEL
Ariel (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey) is a planned space telescope and the fourth medium-class mission of the European Space Agency's Cosmic Vision programme. The mission is aimed at observing at least 1,000 known exoplanets using the transit method, studying and characterising the planets' chemical composition and thermal structures. Compared to the James Webb Space Telescope, Ariel will be a much smaller telescope with more observing time available for planet characterisation. Ariel was expected to be launched in 2029 aboard an Arianespace Ariane 6 together with the Comet Interceptor into the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L2. However as of January 2026, it is likely to be delayed until 2031.
London EV Company
London EV Company Limited (LEVC), formerly The London Taxi Corporation Limited, is a British automotive manufacturer with its headquarters at Ansty Park near Coventry, England. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Chinese automaker Geely. The company produces London's famous black taxicabs.

Hackney carriage
A hackney or hackney carriage (also called a cab, black cab, hack or taxi) is a carriage or car for hire. A symbol of London and Britain, the black taxi is a common sight on the streets of London. The hackney carriages carry a roof sign TAXI that can be illuminated to indicate their availability for passengers.

In the UK, the name hackney carriage today refers to a taxicab licensed by Transport for London, local authority (non-metropolitan district councils, unitary authorities) or the Department of the Environment depending on region of the country. Some hackney carriages have also been exported for use in other countries.
Tell el-Hesi
Tell el-Hesi (Hebrew: תל חסי), or Tell el-Hesy, is a 25-acre archaeological site in Israel. It was the first major site excavated in Palestine, first by Flinders Petrie in 1890 and later by Frederick Jones Bliss in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF). Petrie's excavations were one of the first to systematically use stratigraphy and seriation to produce a chronology of the site.
Tell el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern Israeli city of Qiryat Gat.

Palestine Exploration Fund
The Palestine Exploration Fund is a British society based in London. It was founded in 1865, shortly after the completion of the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem by Royal Engineers of the War Department. The Fund is the oldest known organization in the world created specifically for the study of the Levant region, also known as Palestine. Often simply known as the PEF, its initial objective was to carry out surveys of the topography and ethnography of Ottoman Palestine – producing the PEF Survey of Palestine. Its remit was considered to fall between an expeditionary survey and military intelligence gathering. There was also strong religious interest from Christians; William Thomson, Archbishop of York, was the first president of the PEF.

As a result, the PEF had a complex relationship with Corps of Royal Engineers of the War Department. The PEF members sent back reports to the UK on the need to salvage and modernise the Levant region.
Brian Routh
Brian Routh (9 March 1948 – 3 August 2018) was an English performance and sound artist.

He was known for his performance work with Martin von Haselberg as one of The Kipper Kids who became notorious for their rowdy and rebellious performances in the art world; influencing the punk movement and the inspiration for such acts as the Blue Man Group, Karen Finley and Paul McCarthy. In addition to performing in the United Kingdom, The Kipper Kids performed throughout Europe, North Africa, Canada and the United States. They also worked on a number of projects for HBO and Cinemax as well as cameos in various movies.

In addition to The Kipper Kids, Routh performed as a solo act and collaborated with other performers and artists. He produced sound art which consists of video performance and sound works that have been featured in museums, galleries, and on radio and television.

The Kipper Kids
The Kipper Kids were a duo composed of Martin Rochus Sebastian von Haselberg (born 20 January 1949) and Brian Routh (1948–2018), two artists known for the extreme and often comedic performance art they made together in the 1970s and after. Von Haselberg lives and works in New York, and Routh most recently lived in Leicester, England. From 1971, the duo were also known as Harry and Harry Kipper.
Stardom New Blood Premium
Stardom New Blood Premium (スターダム ニューブラッド プレミアム, Sutādamu nyūburaddo puremiamu) was a professional wrestling event promoted by World Wonder Ring Stardom. The event took place on March 25, 2023, in Yokohama, Japan at the Yokohama Budokan. The event saw the finals of the New Blood Tag Team Championship tournament to crown the inaugural New Blood Tag Team Champions.

New Blood Tag Team Championship
The New Blood Tag Team Championship (ニュー・ブラッド・タッグ王座, Nyū Buraddo Taggu Ōza) is a women's professional wrestling tag team championship owned by the World Wonder Ring Stardom promotion and acts as a developmental championship in the "New Blood" branch of events. The current champions are Sakurara (Aya Sakura and Sayaka Kurara), who are in their first reign as a team. They defeated previous champions Rice or Bread (Hanako and Waka Tsukiyama) at New Blood 26 in Kanda Myojin Hall on October 30, 2025, in Tokyo, Japan.
Jolly Marsupial
Jolly Marsupial: Down Under and Other Scenes is a 1982 collection of humorous journalism by English author Jilly Cooper. The collection is based on her 1980 tour of Australia to promote her book Class, but also includes other journalism.

Class (Cooper book)
Class: A View From Middle England is a 1979 book by English author Jilly Cooper that offers a humorous, satirical commentary on the English class system. While categorized as non-fiction, it presents its commentary through fictional characters presented as caricatures of different social classes, illustrating Cooper's views on class distinctions and social behaviours.

The book received positive reviews upon publication, although Mary Cadogan described how portrayals of working-class people were less successful than those of other classes. The work has led to Cooper being compared to Nancy Mitford and analysis over subsequent decades after publication has led it to be drawn on as a text, for example in Scoff: A History of Food and Class in Britain, and it has been analysed by historians and sociologists studying class in Britain, including David Cannadine and Laurie Taylor.
Brian Haner
Brian Elwin Haner Sr. (born April 7, 1958), also known as Guitar Guy or Papa Gates, is an American musician, comedian, and author. Haner is known for touring with fellow stand-up comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham, as in the 2008 Christmas program, Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas Special. He is also a noted session musician for Avenged Sevenfold, a band in which his son, Brian Haner Jr. (a.k.a. Synyster Gates), is the lead guitarist.

Synyster Gates
Brian Elwin Haner Jr. (born July 7, 1981), better known by his stage name Synyster Gates or simply Syn, is an American guitarist, best known as the lead guitarist of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. He ranks No. 9 on Guitar World's best metal guitarists of all time. Gates was voted as Best Metal Guitarist in the World by Total Guitar in 2016 and once again in 2017.