hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Lumla
Lumla is a town and the headquarters of an eponymous circle in the Tawang district in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Lumla is at the southwestern corner of the Tawang district close to its border with Bhutan. Lumla is also the headquarters of a subdivision of the Tawang district and the centre of a Legislative Assembly constituency. The current member of the legislative assembly (MLA) from Lumla is Tsering Lhamu.

Tawang
Tawang (Tibetan: རྟ་དབང་, Wylie: Rta-dbang) is a town and administrative headquarter of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. It lies on NH-13 section of Trans-Arunachal Highway. The town was once the headquarter of the Tawang Tract, which is now divided into the Tawang district and the West Kameng district. Tawang continues as the headquarters of the former. Tawang is the number one tourist destination of Arunachal Pradesh.

India occupied Tawang in February 1951 and removed Tibetan administration from the area. China continues to claim Tawang as its territory. It is situated 448 km by road north-west of state capital Itanagar at an elevation of approximately 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). It lies to the north of the Tawang Chu river valley, roughly 10 miles (16 km) south of the Line of Actual Control with China. It is the site of a famous Gelugpa Buddhist Monastery.
Naples Plague (1656)
The Naples Plague was an epidemic of  plague in the Kingdom of Naples, lasting from 1656 to 1658. The epidemic affected mostly Central Italy and Southern Italy, killing up to 1,250,000 people throughout the Kingdom of Naples according to some estimates.

In the city of Naples alone, approximately 150,000–200,000 people died in 1656 due to the plague, accounting for more than half of the population. The epidemic had a severe impact on the economic and social structure of Naples and some other affected areas.

1629–1631 Italian plague
The Italian plague of 1629–1631, also referred to as the Great Plague of Milan, was part of the second plague pandemic that began with the Black Death in 1348 and ended in the 18th century. One of two major outbreaks in Italy during the 17th century, it affected northern and central Italy and resulted in at least 280,000 deaths, with some estimating fatalities as high as one million, or about 35% of the population. The plague may have contributed to the decline of Italy's economy relative to those of other Western European countries.
Cremorne Girls High School
Cremorne Girls High School, (abbreviation CGHS) is a former high school located on Murdoch Street in the Sydney suburb of Cremorne, New South Wales, Australia. It was a girls high school operated by the New South Wales Department of Education with students from years 7 to 12. The school was first established in 1927 as Neutral Bay Girls Intermediate High School. However, due to declining enrolments the school was declared surplus to the needs of the department and officially closed in 1987. The school and its heritage-listed buildings are now a satellite campus of Redlands.

Redlands, Cremorne
Redlands, Sydney Church of England Co-educational Grammar School, is a multi-campus independent co-educational early learning, primary, and secondary day Anglican school located in Cremorne on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1884, the non-selective school caters to approximately 1,700 students, from early learning and on to kindergarten to Year 12.

Redlands is a member of the Association of Independent Schools NSW, the Independent Schools Association, the Junior School Heads Association of Australia, and the Council of International Schools.
Maximum flow problem
In optimization theory, maximum flow problems involve finding a feasible flow through a flow network that obtains the maximum possible flow rate.

The maximum flow problem can be seen as a special case of more complex network flow problems, such as the circulation problem. The maximum value of an s-t flow (i.e., flow from source s to sink t) is equal to the minimum capacity of an s-t cut (i.e., cut severing s from t) in the network, as stated in the max-flow min-cut theorem.

Circulation problem
The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow.
Hezuo
Hezuo city (Chinese: 合作市; pinyin: Hézuò Shì), also known as Zö from its Tibetan name (Tibetan: གཙོས་གྲོང་ཁྱེར།, Wylie: Gtsos grong khyer), is the administrative seat of the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (TAP) in southern Gansu province in Northwestern China. It is home to the Gêndên Qöling (Zö Gönba) and its Milaraiba Tower, the Langshangmaio Temple, and a mosque.

Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
34°59′N 102°55′E﻿ / ﻿34.98°N 102.91°E﻿ / 34.98; 102.91

Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Chinese: 甘南藏族自治州; pinyin: Gānnán Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu; Tibetan: ཀན་ལྷོ་བོད་རིགས་རང་སྐྱོང་ཁུལ་, Wylie: Kan-lho Bod-rigs rang-skyong-khul, ZWPY: Gainlho Poirig Ranggyong Kü) is an autonomous prefecture in southern Gansu Province, China, bordering Linxia to the north, Dingxi to the northeast, Longnan to the east and Aba (Sichuan province) to the south. It includes Xiahe and the Labrang Monastery, Luqu, Maqu and other mostly Tibetan towns and villages. Gannan has an area of 40,898 km2 (15,791 sq mi) and its capital is Hezuo city (Zoi). In the first year of the proclamation of Gannan Autonomous District, the district-seat was at the Labrang Town of Sangqu.
Bonifatius
Bonifatius (or Bonifacius; also known as Count Boniface or Comes Bonifacius; died 432) was a Roman general and governor of the diocese of Africa. He campaigned against the Visigoths in Gaul and the Vandals in North Africa. An ally of Galla Placidia, mother and advisor of Valentinian III, Bonifacius engaged in Roman civil wars on her behalf against the generals Felix in 427-429 and Aetius in 432. Although he defeated the latter at the Battle of Rimini, Bonifacius suffered a fatal wound and was succeeded by his son-in-law Sebastianus as patricius of the Western Roman Empire.

Galla Placidia
Galla Placidia (392/93 – 27 November 450), daughter of the Roman emperor Theodosius I, was a mother, tutor, and advisor to emperor Valentinian III. She was queen consort to Ataulf, King of the Visigoths from 414 until his death in 415, briefly empress consort to Constantius III in 421, and managed the government administration as a regent during the early reign of Valentinian III until her death.
Georgia State Route 223
State Route 223 (SR 223) is a 20.9-mile-long (33.6 km) east–west state highway in the east-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. Its routing travels through portions of McDuffie, Columbia, and Richmond counties. The highway connects Thomson with Grovetown, Augusta, and Fort Gordon. Except for the portions in Thomson, Grovetown, and Augusta, the highway is relatively rural.

Grovetown, Georgia
Grovetown is a city in Columbia County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Augusta metropolitan area as well as the Central Savannah River Area. As of the 2020 census, Grovetown had a population of 15,577. The mayor is Gary Jones.
Nasdaq Copenhagen
The Nasdaq Copenhagen, formerly known as the Copenhagen Stock Exchange (Danish: Københavns Fondsbørs), is an international marketplace for Danish securities, including shares, bonds, treasury bills and notes, and financial futures and options.

Nasdaq Copenhagen is one of the Nasdaq Nordic Exchanges. Nasdaq Nordic goes back to the 2003 merger of OM AB and HEX plc to form OMX and is, since February 2008, part of Nasdaq, Inc. (formerly known as NASDAQ OMX Group).

Nasdaq Stockholm
Nasdaq Stockholm, formerly and colloquially known as the Stockholm Stock Exchange (Swedish: Stockholmsbörsen), is a stock exchange located in Frihamnen, Stockholm, Sweden.  Founded in 1863, it has become the primary securities exchange of the Nordic countries. As of March 2021, a total of 832 companies are listed on Nasdaq Stockholm with 385 companies on the main market and additional 447 listed on secondary markets (Nasdaq First North and Nasdaq First North Premier).
Gallaeci
The Callaeci (also Callaici in the earliest sources and Callaeci in later sources; Ancient Greek: Καλλαϊκοί) were a Late Iron Age tribal complex who inhabited the north-western corner of Iberia, a region roughly corresponding to what is now Galicia, the Norte Region in northern Portugal and the Spanish regions of western Asturias and western León before and during the Roman period. They spoke Indo-European dialects with Celtic and non-Celtic features, although their actual kinship is under discussion (see Callaecian language). The region was annexed by the Romans from the Lusitanian to the Cantabrian Wars, which paved the way for Romanization of the Callaeci over the following centuries.

The endonym of modern-day Galicians, galegos, derives directly from the name of this people.

Lusitanian Wars
The Lusitanian Wars, called Pyrinos Polemos ("the Fiery War") in Greek, were wars of resistance fought by the Lusitanian tribes of Hispania Ulterior against the advancing legions of the Roman Republic from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitanians revolted in 155 BC, and again in 146 BC and were pacified. In 154 BC, a long war in Hispania Citerior, known as the Numantine War, was begun by the Celtiberians. It lasted until 133 and is an important event in the integration of what would become Portugal into the Roman and Latin-speaking world.
Afleet Alex
Afleet Alex (May 9, 2002 – February 6, 2026) was an American thoroughbred race horse who, in 2005, won two of America's classic races, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes. He was owned by the Cash Is King Stable partnership, was trained by Tim Ritchey and ridden by Jeremy Rose. In twelve lifetime starts, Alex won eight times (six times in stakes, three times in G1 stakes), placed twice (both in G1 stakes), and came in third once (in the Kentucky Derby) over 12 starts, for lifetime earnings of $2,765,800.

Jeremy Rose (jockey)
Jeremy Rose (born April 1, 1979 in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse jockey. He began his career as a professional rider at Delaware Park in Wilmington, Delaware and in 2001 was his breakout year and he was voted the United States' Eclipse Award for Outstanding Apprentice Jockey.

In 2005, Rose guided Afleet Alex, to victory in two American Classic Races, the Preakness and Belmont Stakes. His performances that year earned him the ESPY Award as the top American jockey of 2005. He earned his 1000th career victory at Delaware Park on July 3, 2005.

In 2008, Rose was suspended for six months by the Delaware Thoroughbred Racing Commission for whipping Appeal to the City in the head during a June 23 race at Delaware Park. Rose, the horse's trainer and its owner, have asserted it was an accident and the suspension is under appeal.

Jeremy Rose currently resides in Elkton, Maryland.
TV Asahi
JOEX-DTV (channel 5), branded as TV Asahi, and better known as Tele Asa (テレ朝), is a Japanese television station serving the Kanto region as the flagship station of the All-Nippon News Network. It is owned-and-operated by the TV Asahi Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of TV Asahi Holdings Corporation, itself controlled by The Asahi Shimbun Company. Its studios are located in Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo.

Roppongi
Roppongi (Japanese: 六本木, [ɾo̞ppõ̞ŋʲɡʲi] ⓘ, lit. 'six trees') is a district of Minato, Tokyo, Japan, famous for the Roppongi Hills development area, an upscale commercial and residential complex, and night club scene. Several foreign embassies are located in or near Roppongi. The district is in central Tokyo, situated south of Akasaka and north of Azabu and is noted for its night life, attracting both local residents and visitors from abroad.
Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy
Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy (1960, Topcular, Istanbul – August 28, 1996, Bebek, Istanbul) was a Turkish mob boss and former Grey Wolves member who was involved in the Susurluk scandal. After the 1980 Turkish coup, he was arrested and sentenced to 16 years in prison for his role in shootings, bombings, and a murder. In 1986, he was charged with a further five murders and began cooperating with Turkish intelligence. He was released in 1989. He was assassinated on the orders of his former business partner Alaattin Çakıcı.

Alaettin Çakıcı
Alaettin Çakıcı (born 20 January 1953) is one of the leading figures of the Turkish mafia, a convicted felon and a former member of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves in Turkey.

Initially employed by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization for covert operations outside Turkey in the 1980s, contracting assassinations, he went underground from 1992-1998, was arrested and imprisoned for 2 years, arrested again and imprisoned for 16 years. Çakıcı is the arch rival of mafia boss Sedat Peker. After Çakıcı’s release in 2020, Peker left the country and exposed Çakıcı's connections to former members of the Erdogan cabinet, like Mehmet Ağar.
Château de Chantilly
The Château de Chantilly (pronounced [ʃɑto d(ə) ʃɑ̃tiji]) is a historic French château located in the town of Chantilly, Oise, about 50 kilometres (30 miles) north of Paris. The site comprises two attached buildings: the Petit Château, built around 1560 for Anne de Montmorency, and the Grand Château, which was destroyed during the French Revolution and rebuilt in the 1870s. The château is owned by the Institut de France, which received it from Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale.

A historic monument since 1988, it is open to the public. The château's art gallery, the Musée Condé, houses one of France's finest collections of paintings. It specialises in French paintings and book illuminations of the 15th and 16th centuries.

Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale
Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (16 January 1822 – 7 May 1897) was a leader of the Orleanists, a political faction in 19th-century France associated with constitutional monarchy. He was born in Paris, the fifth son of King Louis-Philippe I of the French and Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily and used the title Duke of Aumale.

Aumale became an infantry officer and saw active service in the French conquest of Algeria and in 1847 was appointed as its Governor-General. After the French Revolution of 1848, he went to live in England, where he pursued historical interests. The Franco-Prussian War enabled him to return to France, where he was elected to parliament and the Académie française. In 1872, he returned to the army as a Divisional General, and from 1879 to 1883 was inspector-general of the army.

An important art collector, Aumale left his Château de Chantilly to the Institute of France, to display his collection.
The Mask (1961 film)
The Mask (re-released as Eyes of Hell and The Spooky Movie Show) is a 1961 Canadian surrealist horror film produced in 3-D by Warner Bros. It was directed by Julian Roffman and stars Paul Stevens, Claudette Nevins, and Bill Walker. It was written by Franklin Delessert, Sandy Haver, Frank Taubes and Slavko Vorkapich.

3D film
3D films are motion pictures made to give an illusion of three-dimensional solidity, usually with the help of special glasses worn by viewers. 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters and Disney-themed venues. 3D films became increasingly successful throughout the 2000s, peaking with the success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009, after which 3D films again decreased in popularity. Certain directors have also taken more experimental approaches to 3D filmmaking, most notably celebrated auteur Jean-Luc Godard in his film Goodbye to Language.
Center on International Commercial Arbitration
The Center on International Commercial Arbitration at the American University's Washington College of Law (WCL) was founded in 2004, and provides academic training and a discussion forum for issues and developments in commercial arbitration. Its director is Horacio A. Grigera Naón, an independent international arbitrator and former Secretary General of the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce. In addition to seminars and discussions with practitioners, the Center hosts three annual programs: a summer program on international commercial arbitration, an annual seminar on international commercial arbitration and an annual lecture on international arbitration. Most of the events offer continuing legal education (CLE) credit.

American University Washington College of Law
The American University Washington College of Law (AUWCL or WCL) is the law school of American University, a private research university in Washington, D.C., United States. It is accredited by the American Bar Association.

Begun in 1896, the college was the first law school founded by women, the first with a female dean, and the first to graduate an all-female class.
John Jorgenson
John Richard Jorgenson (born July 6, 1956) is an American musician. Although best known for his guitar work with bands such as the Desert Rose Band and The Hellecasters, he is also proficient on the mandolin, mandocello, Dobro, pedal steel guitar, piano, upright bass, clarinet, bassoon, and saxophone. While a member of the Desert Rose Band, he won the Academy of Country Music's "Guitarist of the Year" award three consecutive years.

Jorgenson has recorded or toured with Elton John, Tommy Emmanuel, The Byrds, Bob Dylan, Bob Seger, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Emmylou Harris, Hank Williams Jr., Barbra Streisand, Luciano Pavarotti, Roy Orbison, Patty Loveless, Michael Nesmith, John Prine, and Bonnie Raitt.

The Desert Rose Band
The Desert Rose Band was an American country rock band from Los Angeles, California, founded in 1985 by Chris Hillman (formerly of the Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers), with Herb Pedersen and John Jorgenson. The original lineup included Bill Bryson on bass guitar, JayDee Maness on pedal steel guitar, and Steve Duncan on drums. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the band charted several hit singles on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts until disbanding in February 1994.
Eva Simons
Eva Maria Simons is a Dutch singer-songwriter and music video director from Amsterdam. She is best known for her song "Policeman" and collaborations with artists such as Afrojack; in 2012, Simons broke through internationally after being featured on the will.i.am single "This Is Love". During her solo career she has released 12 singles, including "Bludfire" which appeared in November 2015.

Afrojack
Nick Leonardus van de Wall (Dutch: [ˈnɪk leːjoːˈnɑrdʏs fɑn də ˈʋɑl]; born 9 September 1987), known professionally as Afrojack (stylized in all caps), is a Dutch DJ, record producer and remixer. In 2007, he founded the record label Wall Recordings; his debut album Forget the World was released in 2014. Afrojack regularly features as one of the ten best artists in the Top 100 DJs published by DJ Mag. He is also the CEO of LDH Europe.
De (Cyrillic)
De (Д д; italics: Д д or Д д; italics: Д д) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiced dental stop /d̪/, like the pronunciation of ⟨d⟩ in  "door", except closer to the teeth. De is usually Romanized using the Latin letter D.

D
D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced /ˈdiː/ ⓘ), plural dees.
Abdulrahman Saleh (physician)
Abdulrahman Saleh (1 July 1909 – 29 July 1947) was an Indonesian physician and aviator whose plane was shot down by the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. He was also a co-founder of Radio Republik Indonesia. He was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1974.

Agustinus Adisutjipto
Agustinus Adisutjipto (Perfected Spelling: Agustinus Adisucipto, 4 July 1916 – 29 July 1947) was born in Salatiga, Central Java, and raised as a Roman Catholic. He was the first pilot of the Indonesian Air Force, whose plane was shot down by the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. He was posthumously declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1974.
Anita Doron
Anita Doron (born June 3, 1974) is a Hungarian-Canadian film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, author, and a 2010 TED Fellow. Doron is best known for her 2012 film adaptation of the 1996 novel The Lesser Blessed, written by Canadian author Richard Van Camp.

The Lesser Blessed (film)
The Lesser Blessed is a Canadian drama film, released in 2012. The film was written and directed by Anita Doron and is based on the novel of the same name by Richard Van Camp, the film stars Joel Evans as Larry Sole, a young Tłı̨chǫ teenager living in the Northwest Territories. The film's cast also includes Chloe Rose, Kiowa Gordon, Benjamin Bratt, Dylan Cook and Tamara Podemski. Despite being set in the Northwest Territories, the film was shot in Sudbury, Ontario.

The film premiered at the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival in 2012 to critical acclaim. Doron garnered a Canadian Screen Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 1st Canadian Screen Awards. The film later screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2012.
Dinagat Islands
Dinagat Islands (Cebuano: Mga Pulo sa Dinagat; Surigaonon: Mga Puyo nan Dinagat; Kabalian: Mga Puyo san Dinagat; Waray: Mga Purô han Dinagat; Filipino: Mga Islang Dinagat), officially the Province of Dinagat Islands, is an island province in the Caraga region of the Philippines, located on the south side of Leyte Gulf. The island of Leyte is to its west, across Surigao Strait, and mainland Mindanao is to its south. Its main island, Dinagat, is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) from north to south. San Jose serves as its provincial capital while Basilisa is the most populous town in the province.

San Jose, Dinagat Islands
San Jose, officially the Municipality of San Jose (Surigaonon: Lungsod nan San Jose; Cebuano: Lungsod sa San Jose; Tagalog: Bayan ng San Jose), is a municipality and the provincial capital of the province of Dinagat Islands, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,375 people.

San Jose is the seat of the Philippine Benevolent Missionaries Association (PBMA).
Lampedusa e Linosa
Lampedusa e Linosa (Sicilian: Lampidusa e Linusa) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region of Sicily. Located about 220 km (137 miles) southwest of Agrigento and about 260 km (162 miles) southeast of Tunis, it is the southernmost comune of Italy. It includes the isles of Lampedusa, Linosa and Lampione, collectively known as the Pelagie Islands. It has a population of 6,488.

Linosa
Linosa (Italian: [liˈnoːza, -oːsa]; Sicilian: Linusa [lɪˈnuːsa]) is one of the Pelagie Islands in the Sicily Channel of the Mediterranean Sea.

The island is a part of the Italian comune of Lampedusa e Linosa, part of the province of Agrigento in Sicily, Italy. It has a population of 430.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, and has 20,305 staff working in 136 countries as of December 2023.

Voluntary return
Voluntary return or voluntary repatriation is the return of a migrant  such as undocumented immigrants, rejected asylum seekers, refugees, unaccompanied minors, as well as second-generation immigrants who, of their own free-will, make the decision to return to their country of origin or homeland when they are unable or unwilling to remain in their host country, for a variety of possible reasons, from conflicting cultural values to deteriorating conditions.