hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
American Tobacco Company
The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".

Kinney Brothers Tobacco Company
The Kinney Tobacco Company was an American cigarette manufacturing firm that created the Sweet Caporal cigarette brand and promoted it with collectible trading cards. Being a leading cigarette manufacturer of the 1870-1880s, in 1890 it merged with other companies to form the American Tobacco Company.
Domain Name System Security Extensions
The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a suite of extension specifications by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for securing data exchanged in the Domain Name System (DNS) in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The protocol provides cryptographic authentication of data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity, but not availability or confidentiality. As of 2025, DNSSEC deployment is spotty.

Extension Mechanisms for DNS
Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS) is a specification for expanding the size of several parameters of the Domain Name System (DNS) protocol which had size restrictions that the Internet engineering community deemed too limited for increasing functionality of the protocol. The first set of extensions was published in 1999 by the Internet Engineering Task Force as RFC 2671, also known as EDNS0. It was updated in 2013 by RFC 6891, changing the acronym slightly to EDNS(0).
Hermann, Prince of Wied
Hermann, Prince of Wied (German: Wilhelm Hermann Karl Fürst zu Wied; 22 May 1814 – 5 March 1864) was a German nobleman, elder son of Johann August Karl, Prince of Wied. He was the father of Queen Elisabeth of Romania and the paternal grandfather of William, Prince of Albania.

Elisabeth of Wied
Elisabeth of Wied (Pauline Elisabeth Ottilie Luise; 29 December 1843 – 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1916) was the first Queen of Romania as the wife of King Carol I from 15 March 1881 to 27 September 1914. She had been the princess consort of Romania since her marriage to then-Prince Carol on 15 November 1869.

Elisabeth was born into a German noble family. She was briefly considered as a potential bride for the future British king Edward VII, but Edward rejected her. Elisabeth married Prince Carol of Romania in 1869. Their only child, Princess Maria, died aged three in 1874, and Elisabeth never fully recovered from the loss of her daughter. When Romania became a kingdom in 1881, Elisabeth became queen, and she was crowned together with Carol that same year.

Elisabeth was a prolific writer under the name Carmen Sylva.
Pencil fish
Nannostomus (from the Greek nanos, meaning "small", and the Latin stomus, relating to the mouth) is a genus of fish belonging to the characin family Lebiasinidae. All of the species in this genus are known as pencil fish, a popular name that was initially only applied to two species in the 1920s, Nannostomus unifasciatus and Nannostomus eques. By the late 1950s, however, the term was applied to all members of the genus. Several species have become popular aquarium fish due to their attractive coloration, unique shape, and interesting demeanor.

Nannostomus unifasciatus
Nannostomus unifasciatus (from the Greek nanos, meaning "small", and the Latin stomus, relating to the mouth; the Latin unifasciatus = "one band"), commonly known as the one-lined pencilfish, is a freshwater species of fish belonging to the genus Nannostomus in the characin family Lebiasinidae. They are popular in the aquarium trade due to their small size, beautiful color pattern, unique swimming posture and relative hardiness. With its long, pencil-shaped profile, its single jet black stripe reminiscent of the graphite core of a pencil, and its eraser-colored caudal fin, this is the species for which the popular name, 'pencilfish', was first coined in the 1920s, later to be applied to all the species of the genus Nannostomus.
VP9
VP9 is an open and royalty-free video coding format developed by Google.

VP9 is the successor to VP8 and competes mainly with MPEG's High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265).
At first, VP9 was mainly used on Google's video platform YouTube. The emergence of the Alliance for Open Media, and its support for the ongoing development of the successor AV1, of which Google is a part, led to growing interest in the format.

In contrast to HEVC, VP9 support is common among modern web browsers (see HTML video § Browser support). Android has supported VP9 since version 4.4 KitKat, while Safari 14 added support for VP9 in iOS / iPadOS / tvOS 14 and macOS Big Sur.

Parts of the format are covered by patents held by Google. The company grants free usage of its own related patents based on reciprocity, i.e. as long as the user does not engage in patent litigations.

High Efficiency Video Coding
High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), also known as H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2, is a proprietary video compression standard designed as part of the MPEG-H project as a successor to the widely used Advanced Video Coding (AVC, H.264, or MPEG-4 Part 10). The standard was published in 2013. In comparison to AVC, HEVC offers from 25% to 50% better data compression at the same level of video quality, or substantially improved video quality at the same bit rate. It supports resolutions up to 8192×4320, including 8K UHD, and unlike the primarily eight-bit AVC, HEVC's higher-fidelity Main 10 profile has been incorporated into nearly all supporting hardware. The High Efficiency Image Format (HEIF) is a container format whose default codec is HEVC.

While AVC uses the integer discrete cosine transform (DCT) with 4×4 and 8×8 block sizes, HEVC uses both integer DCT and discrete sine transform (DST) with varied block sizes between 4×4 and 32×32.
Emerson, Michigan
Emerson is an uninhabited unincorporated community in Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As an unincorporated community, Emerson has no legally defined boundaries or population statistics of its own. The community is located within Whitefish Township.

Emerson was settled as a lumber community as early as 1880 near the mouth of the Tahquamenon River. After the lumber industry declined by 1920, the community slowly dwindled and became a ghost town during the 1940s. There are very few remnants of the former community, and it was later recognized as a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979.

Whitefish Township, Michigan
Whitefish Township is a civil township of Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 474 at the 2020 census.

With a land area of 241.50 square miles (625.48 km2), Whitefish Township is the sixth-largest municipality in the state by land area and among the least-densely populated.  Located along Whitefish Bay on the shores of Lake Superior, the township contains Whitefish Point Light and the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum, as well as portions of Tahquamenon Falls State Park.
Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic (synonym pathognomic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. The absence of a pathognomonic sign does not rule out the disease.  Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom.

The word is an adjective of Greek origin derived from πάθος pathos 'disease' and γνώμων gnomon 'indicator' (from γιγνώσκω gignosko 'I know, I recognize').

Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are diagnostic indications of an illness, injury, or condition. While signs are objective and externally observable, symptoms are a person's reported subjective experiences.

A sign, for example, can be an elevated or lower than normal temperature or blood pressure; or an abnormal finding showing on medical imaging. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body. Symptoms can be a result of the immune system's response to an infection, the physical manifestation of an abnormal body condition, or the effect of a consumed substance. Symptoms, though often indicative of a disease process, are not always diagnostically relevant, and can be idiopathic in nature.
Obilićev Venac
Obilićev Venac  (Serbian Cyrillic: Обилићев венац), a pedestrian and shopping zone, is located in the city center of Belgrade, Serbia, within the Knez Mihailova Street spatial unit protected by law, and contains a number of residential and office buildings dating from 1900 to 2000.

Knez Mihailova Street
Knez Mihailova Street (Serbian: Кнез Михаилова улица, romanized: Knez Mihailova ulica, officially: Улица кнеза Михаила, Ulica kneza Mihaila) is the main pedestrian and shopping zone in Belgrade, and is protected by law as one of the oldest and most valuable landmarks of the city. Named after Mihailo Obrenović III, Prince of Serbia, it features a number of buildings and mansions built during the late 1870s.

One kilometer long Knez Mihailova Street was protected in 1964 as the spatial cultural-historical unit, the first cultural monument of that type in Belgrade. In 1979 it was elevated to the Spatial Cultural-Historical Units of Great Importance, and as such is protected by the Republic of Serbia.
Lancashire Fusiliers
The Lancashire Fusiliers was a line infantry regiment of the British Army that saw distinguished service through many years and wars, including the Second Boer War, and the First and Second World Wars. It had many different titles throughout its 280 years of existence.

In 1968 the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments of the Fusilier Brigade – the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) – to form the current Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.

Royal Warwickshire Regiment
The Royal Warwickshire Regiment, previously titled the 6th Regiment of Foot, was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in continuous existence for 283 years. The regiment saw service in many conflicts and wars, including the Second Boer War and both the First and Second World Wars. On 1 May 1963, the regiment was re-titled, for the final time, as the Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers and became part of the Fusilier Brigade.

In 1968, by now reduced to a single Regular battalion, the regiment was amalgamated with the other regiments in the Fusilier Brigade – the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) and the Lancashire Fusiliers – into a new large infantry regiment, to be known as the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, becoming the 2nd Battalion of the new regiment.
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (Richard Alexander Walter George; born 26 August 1944), is a member of the British royal family. He is the second son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, the youngest of the nine grandchildren of George V, nephew of Edward VIII and George VI, and first cousin of Elizabeth II. He is 32nd in the line of succession to the British throne, and the highest person on the list who is not a descendant of George VI. At the time of his birth, he was fifth in line to the throne.

Richard practised as an architect until the death of his elder brother, William, placed him in direct line to inherit his father's dukedom of Gloucester, to which he succeeded in 1974. He married Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen on 8 July 1972. They have three children.

Prince William of Gloucester
Prince William of Gloucester (William Henry Andrew Frederick; 18 December 1941 – 28 August 1972) was a member of the British royal family. The elder son of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, he was a grandson of George V, nephew of Edward VIII and George VI, and first cousin of Elizabeth II. At birth, he was fourth in line to the throne; by the time of his death, he was ninth. A graduate of Cambridge and Stanford, he joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, serving in Lagos and Tokyo before returning to undertake royal duties.

He was the most recent descendant of George III to be diagnosed with porphyria, a condition thought to have caused George III’s mental breakdown, and in William’s case, it was most likely hereditary. William died in 1972, aged 30, in an air crash while piloting his plane during a competition.
Kulinić dynasty
The Kulinić family was a medieval Bosnian ruling family from the second half of the 12th century to the first half of the 13th century.  Its founder, Kulin, was made Bosnia's Ban by the Eastern Roman Emperor Manuel I Comnenus in 1180, but he was present in Bosnian political and social life since its takeover by the Byzantines from the Hungarians in 1163. He was one of the greatest early Bosnian rulers and gradually made Bosnia an ordered and de facto independent state.  His son, Stjepan, succeeded him as Ban and totally reversed his father's pro-Bosnian politics into a pro-Roman Catholic ecclesiastical order.  This brought downfall upon the dynasty of Kulinić – as the Bosnian Bogumils dethroned him and forced him to retreat to his son in Usora – where he died in 1236. Stjepan's son – Sibislav Prince of Usora – attempted to restore his House's glory by fighting Bosnia's Grand Ban Matej Ninoslav at the end of his reign.

Stephen Kulinić
Stephen or Stjepan Ban of Bosnia, was the third Bosnian ban who ruled the banate of Bosnia recorded by name in written sources. He was in power sometime between 1204 and 1232.  His rule was not popular, due to his Catholicism and allegiance to the Kingdom of Hungary. He was the last ruler of the House of Kulinić.

He is often called Serbo-Croatian: Stjepan Kulinić / Стјепан Кулинић in local sources (Stephen son of Kulin), and sometimes Stephen Kulinić in English There are no contemporary sources calling him by this patronymic, however.
Dan Spring
Dan Spring (22 July 1910 – 6 September 1988) was an Irish Labour Party politician who served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kerry North constituency from 1943 to 1981. He was a Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Local Government from 1956 to 1957. He was the father of Dick Spring, who led the Labour Party from 1982 to 1997.

Dick Spring
Richard Martin Spring (born 29 August 1950) is an Irish former Labour Party politician who served as Tánaiste from 1982 to 1987, 1992 to November 1994, and December 1994 to 1997, Leader of the Labour Party from 1982 to 1997, Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1993 to November 1994 and December 1994 to 1997, Minister for Energy from 1983 to 1987, and Minister for the Environment from 1982 to 1983. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry North from 1981 to 2002.

Before his political career, Spring was a successful sportsman who played for the Ireland national rugby union team and the Kerry GAA football and hurling teams.
Woodwind section
The woodwind section, which consists of woodwind instruments, is one of the main sections of an orchestra or concert band.
Woodwind sections contain instruments given Hornbostel-Sachs classifications of 421 (edge-blown aerophones, commonly known as flutes) and 422  (reed aerophones), but exclude 423 (brass instruments, which have their own section.)

Brass section
The brass section of the orchestra, concert band, and jazz ensemble consist of brass instruments, and is one of the main sections in all three ensembles. The British-style brass band contains only brass and percussion instruments.

They contain instruments given Hornbostel-Sachs classification 423 (brass instruments).
Yıldız Park
Yıldız Park (Turkish: Yıldız Parkı) is a historical, urban park in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the largest public parks in Istanbul. The park is located in Yıldız quarter between the palaces of Yıldız and Çırağan.

Yıldız Palace
Yıldız Palace (Turkish: Yıldız Sarayı, IPA: [jɯɫˈdɯz saɾaˈjɯ]) is a vast complex of former imperial Ottoman pavilions and villas in Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey, built in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was used as a residence by the sultan and his court in the late 19th century.
Plogging
Plogging is the activity of picking up litter while jogging. It started as an organized activity in Sweden around 2016 (the first part of the name deriving from the Swedish verb plocka upp, to pick up) and spread to other countries in 2018, following increased concern about plastic pollution. As a workout, it provides variation in body movements by adding bending, squatting and stretching to the main action of running, hiking, or walking. An estimated 2,000,000 people plog daily in 100 countries and some plogging events have attracted over 3,000,000 participants.

Similar to plogging, pliking is a combination of picking up litter with hiking or biking.

Clean-up (environment)
A cleanup or clean-up is a form of environmental volunteering where a group of people get together to pick-up and dispose of litter in a designated location. Cleanups can take place on a street, in a neighborhood, at a park, on a water stream, or other public spaces. Cleanup events are often volunteer run. The cleanup volunteers make sure the waste picked-up is disposed of in its appropriate place. Cleanup events are often community-centered and led.

During the COVID-19 pandemic litter picking participation has greatly increased in the UK.   There are a vast range of reasons that people take part in litter picking activities. These include: clearing up unsightly areas; protecting wildlife; keeping people safe, connecting with nature, finding valuables, being part of a community, mental and physical health benefits and acting to protect the environment.
Columbia Pictures Television
Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. (abbreviated as CPT) was an American television production and distribution company owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment. It is the second name of Columbia Pictures's television division Screen Gems (SG) and the third name of Pioneer Telefilms. The company was active until New Year's Day 2001, when it was folded into Columbia TriStar Television (which is currently known as Sony Pictures Television), a merger between Columbia Pictures Television and TriStar Television. A separate entity of CPT continues to exist in-name as "CPT Holdings" (the initials obviously standing for Columbia Pictures Television) to hold the copyright for the television series The Young and the Restless, as well as older properties from the company's library such as What's Happening!!.

Screen Gems
Screen Gems is an American film production label of Sony Pictures Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Japanese conglomerate, Sony Group Corporation. Screen Gems has served several different purposes for its parent companies over the decades since its incorporation, initially as a cartoon studio that was active from 1921 to 1946, then a television studio that was active from November 1948 to May 6, 1974, and later on as a film studio that was founded on December 8, 1998. Screen Gems currently serves as a film production division of Sony that specializes in genre films, mainly horror.

Screen Gems is currently one of the five live-action labels of the Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group, alongside Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, and 3000 Pictures.
Sanquelim Assembly constituency
Sakhali Assembly constituency, also known as Sanquelim, is one of the 40 Goa Legislative Assembly constituencies of the state of Goa in Western India. It is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under the North Goa Lok Sabha constituency.

Following the delimitation of constituencies in 2008, Sanquelim was established as a separate assembly constituency. Pratap Prabhakar Gauns of the Indian National Congress became the first elected Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Sanquelim, after winning the 2008 by-election for the erstwhile Pale constituency.

During his tenure, Gauns initiated several key development projects in the constituency, including the establishment of the Ravindra Bhavan Sanquelim, the Goa Institute of Management, the Primary Health Centre Sanquelim, a garbage treatment plant, a swimming pool, and a sewage treatment plant in Sanquelim. Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

Pale Assembly constituency
Pale Assembly Constituency was one of the 40 Goa Legislative Assembly constituencies of the state of Goa in Western India. Pale was also one of the 20 constituencies falling under North Goa Lok Sabha constituency.
The Land of Stories
The Land of Stories is a series of children's fiction, adventure, and fantasy books written by American author, actor, and singer Chris Colfer. The first book, The Wishing Spell, was released on July 17, 2012, with the sixth and final book published in July 2017. Colfer started plans for a prequel series in 2016, and has since published three books in this series, beginning with A Tale of Magic... in 2019.

Described by Colfer as a "modern-day fairy tale", the series follows twins Conner and Alex Bailey as they enter a world of fairy tales and discover that there is more to this world than meets the eye.

A Tale of Magic...
A Tale of Magic... is a 2019 fantasy novel written by Chris Colfer, creator of The Land of Stories series. The first novel in the A Tale of Magic... series and a prequel to The Land of Stories series, the book follows Brystal Evergreen, an oppressed young woman in the Southern Kingdom. One day, Brystal discovers she can perform magic, which is illegal in almost every kingdom, but Madame Weatherberry recognizes her talent and brings her to a school of magic, which is approved by King Champion of the Southern Kingdom.

First published on October 1, 2019, in the United States, the book debuted at number 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list, staying on the list for a total of 17 weeks. To promote the book, Colfer did a week-long book signing, visiting eight cities in the United States. The book earned positive reviews from critics, who praised the messages of acceptance and inclusion as well as the characters.
Whitehills Lifeboat Station
Whitehills Lifeboat Station was located at Harbour Place in Whitehills, a harbour town on  the south shore of the Moray Firth on the north coast of Aberdeenshire, formerly Banffshire, in north-east Scotland.

A lifeboat station was first established in the area at Banff in 1860 by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). It was later moved to Macduff, before being relocated to Whitehills in 1923.

After operating for 45 years, Whitehills Lifeboat Station closed in 1969. Five years later, in March 1974, a new lifeboat station was re-established at Macduff.

Macduff Lifeboat Station
Macduff Lifeboat Station is located on Bankhead in Macduff, a harbour town and former Royal Burgh, which sits opposite Banff, Aberdeenshire on the eastern shore of the River Deveron, overlooking Banff Bay in Aberdeenshire, historically Banffshire, in north-east Scotland.

A lifeboat station was established at Macduff by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1974, although a lifeboat station in this part of Aberdeenshire has been sited in various locations locally since 1860. Supporters and volunteers treat the station as 'one', regardless of the location.

The station currently operates a B-class (Atlantic 85) lifeboat, Skipasund (B-933), on station since 2022.