hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Art education in the United States
Art education in the United States refers to the practice of teaching visual art in American public schools. Before the democratization of education, particularly as promoted by educational philosopher John Dewey, apprenticeship was the traditional route for attaining an education in art. Alongside John Dewey, Elliot Eisner was a leading advocate for the inclusion of art in modern curriculum. Since the first introduction of art in public schooling in 1821, art education in the United States has faced many changes and many stages of growth.

Elliot Eisner
Elliot Wayne Eisner (March 10, 1933 – January 10, 2014) was a professor of Art and Education at the Stanford Graduate School of Education, and was one of the United States' leading academic minds. He was active in several fields  including arts education, curriculum reform, qualitative research, and was the recipient of a University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award in 2005 for his work in education  as well as the Brock International Prize in 2004. In 1992, he became the recipient of the José Vasconcelos World Award of Education in recognition to his 30 years of scholarly and professional work, particularly his contribution in the formulation of educational policy to better understand the potential of the arts in the educational development of the young. He was the 1997 recipient of the Sir Herbert Read Award of the International Society for Education through Art (INSEA).
Fred Lowry
Thomas Frederick Lowry (c. 1836 – 30 August 1863), better known as Fred Lowry, was an Australian bushranger whose crimes included horse theft, mail-coach robbery, prison escape, and assault with a deadly weapon. Lowry briefly rode with the Gardiner–Hall gang, but soon afterwards formed his own gang with John Foley.

His purported last words after being shot by police during apprehension, "Tell 'em I died game", cemented his place as the archetypal Australian bushranger.

Gardiner–Hall gang
The Gardiner–Hall Gang was an informal group of bushrangers who roamed the central west of the Colony of New South Wales, Australia in the 1860s. Named after leaders Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall, the gang was involved in numerous shootouts and robberies, including Australia's largest ever gold robbery, at Eugowra Rocks. The gang formed in 1861 and its demise came with the execution of John Dunn in 1866.

Several members of the gang, in particular Ben Hall, have become prominent figures in Australian folklore, inspiring numerous songs, films, plays and other cultural depictions.
Gorontalo of Tidore
Sultan Gorontalo (Jawi: سلطان ݢرنتالو‎; died 10 August 1639) was the ninth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, ruling from 1634 to 1639. His brief reign was caught up in the tension between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch East India Company, leading to his violent death in 1639.

Saifuddin of Tidore
Sultan Saifuddin (Jawi: سلطان سيف الدين‎), also known as Golofino (died 2 October 1687) was the eleventh Sultan of Tidore in Maluku islands. Reigning from 1657 to 1687, he left Tidore's old alliance with the Spanish Empire and made treaties with the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which now became hegemonic in Maluku for the next century. Tidore was forced to extirpate the clove trees in its territory and thus ceased to be a spice Sultanate. In spite of this, Saifuddin and his successors were able to preserve a degree of independence due to the trade in products from the Papuan Islands and New Guinea.
Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale
Midlothian South, Tweeddale and Lauderdale is a county constituency of the Scottish Parliament covering parts of the council areas of Midlothian and Scottish Borders. Under the additional-member electoral system used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, it elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) by the first past the post method of election. It is also one of ten constituencies in the South Scotland electoral region, which elects seven additional members, in addition to the ten constituency MSPs, to produce a form of proportional representation for the region as a whole.

Created for the 2011 election, the constituency covers parts of the former constituencies of Midlothian and Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale. The remainder of Midlothian council area lies within the constituency of Midlothian North, whilst the remainder of Scottish Borders forms the Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire constituency.

Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scottish Gaelic: Crìochan na h-Alba; Scots: The Mairches), often shortened to the Borders within Scotland, is one of the country's 32 council areas. It is bordered by West Lothian, Edinburgh, Midlothian, and East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, Dumfries and Galloway to the south-west, South Lanarkshire to the west, and the English ceremonial counties of Cumbria and Northumberland to the south. The area's largest settlement is Galashiels; its administrative centre is Newtown St Boswells.

The term "Scottish Borders" is also used for the areas of southern Scotland and northern England that bound the Anglo-Scottish border, namely Dumfries and Galloway, Scottish Borders, Northumberland, and Cumbria. The council area occupies approximately the same area as the historic shires of Berwickshire, Peeblesshire, Roxburghshire, and Selkirkshire.
Robert D. Cabana
Robert Donald Cabana (born January 23, 1949) is a former Associate Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) and retired NASA astronaut, having flown on four Space Shuttle flights. He served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1994 to 1997 and as director of the John F. Kennedy Space Center from 2008 to 2021. He is also a former naval flight officer and naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps.

NASA Astronaut Corps
The NASA Astronaut Corps is a unit of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members for U.S. and international space missions. It is based at Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis is a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. Primary fibrinolysis is a normal body process, while secondary fibrinolysis is the breakdown of clots due to a medicine, a medical disorder, or some other cause.

In fibrinolysis, a fibrin clot, the product of coagulation, is broken down. Its main enzyme plasmin cuts the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to the production of circulating fragments that are cleared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver.

Thrombolysis
Thrombolysis, also called fibrinolytic therapy, is the breakdown (lysis) of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication. It is used in ST elevation myocardial infarction, stroke, and in cases of severe venous thromboembolism (massive pulmonary embolism or extensive deep vein thrombosis).

Thrombolytic medications pose a risk of serious bleeding, and in some situations thrombolysis may therefore be unsuitable. Thrombolysis can also play an important part in reperfusion therapy in blocked arteries.
Thirteenth Avenue (Brooklyn)
Thirteenth Avenue (or 13th Avenue) is a roughly 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) street in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. Thirteenth Avenue is the commercial center of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Borough Park, and Dyker Heights.

13th Avenue starts at 36th Street in Kensington. It maintains a relatively straight route through Borough Park and ends at 86th Street in Dyker Heights. The avenue is 2.5 miles (4.0 km) long. It is part of a one-way pair with Fourteenth Avenue, being one-way southbound to 60th Street (14th Avenue is one-way northbound north of New Utrecht Avenue and 60th Street). While New York neighborhoods have no official boundaries, the two neighborhoods meet approximately in the area of 65th Street.

In an approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) section traversing Borough Park, the street contains a huge variety of stores, businesses and food establishments catering to the local and international Haredi Jewish community.

Borough Park, Brooklyn
Borough Park (also spelled Boro Park) is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, in New York City. The neighborhood is bordered by Bensonhurst to the south, Dyker Heights to the southwest, Sunset Park to the west, Kensington and Green-Wood Cemetery to the north, Flatbush to the east, and Mapleton to the southeast.

It is economically diverse and home to one of the largest Orthodox Jewish communities outside Israel, with one of the largest concentrations of Jews in the United States. With Orthodox and Haredi families having an average of 6.72 children, Boro Park is experiencing a sharp growth in population.

The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 12, and its primary ZIP Code is 11219. It is patrolled by the 66th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Politically, it is represented by the New York City Council's 38th, 39th, and 44th districts.
I Want You to Want Me
"I Want You to Want Me" is a song by the American rock band Cheap Trick. It is originally from their second album In Color, released in September 1977. It was the first single released from that album, but it did not chart in the United States in its original studio version.

19 months later, a more hard rock-oriented live version from the band's successful Cheap Trick at Budokan album was released as a single and became one of their biggest hits, peaking at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100, number two in Canada, and number one in Japan. It has since become Cheap Trick's signature song.

In Color (Cheap Trick album)
In Color  is the second studio album by the American rock band Cheap Trick, released in 1977 and produced by Tom Werman. Considered a classic of the power pop genre, the album was ranked No. 4 on Shake Some Action: The Ultimate Power Pop Guide. In 2003, the album was also ranked number 443 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

The album was Cheap Trick's first to reach the Billboard 200, debuting at number 149, and peaking at number 73, but was far more successful in Japan, where the singles "I Want You to Want Me" and "Clock Strikes Ten" were very popular. The former became a top 10 US hit as a live version from the Cheap Trick at Budokan album, recording on the band's first Japanese tour, and remains Cheap Trick's signature song.
Simien Mountains National Park
Simien Mountains National Park is the largest national park in Ethiopia. Located in the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, its territory covers the highest parts of the Simien Mountains and includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia.

It is home to a number of endangered species, including the Ethiopian wolf and the walia ibex, a wild goat found nowhere else in the world. The gelada baboon and the caracal, a cat, also occur within the Simien Mountains. More than 50 species of birds inhabit the park, including the bearded vulture, or lammergeier, with its 3-metre (10 ft) wingspan.

The park is crossed by an unpaved road which runs from Debarq, where the administrative headquarters of the park is located, east through a number of villages to the 4,430 metres (14,530 ft) Buahit Pass, where the road turns south to end at Mekane Berhan, 10 kilometres (6 mi) beyond the park boundary.

Walia ibex
The Walia ibex (Capra walie, Amharic: ዋልያ wālyā) is a vulnerable species of ibex. It is sometimes considered an endemic subspecies of the Alpine ibex. If the population were to increase, the surrounding mountain habitat would be sufficient to sustain only 2,000 ibex. The adult Walia ibex's only known wild predators are the hyena and leopard.  However, young ibex are often hunted by a variety of fox and cat species. The ibex are members of the goat family, and the Walia ibex is the southernmost of today's ibexes. In the late 1990s, the Walia ibex went from endangered to critically endangered due to the declining population. The Walia ibex is also known as the Abyssinian ibex.
Given the small distribution range of the Walia ibex in its restricted mountain ecosystem, the presence of many domestic goats may pose a serious threat that can directly affect the population's survival.
Grappling
Grappling is a fighting technique based on throws, trips, sweeps, clinch fighting, ground fighting and submission holds.

Grappling contests often involve takedowns and ground control, and may end when a contestant concedes defeat. Should there be no winner after the match time-limit has lapsed, competition judges will determine the winner based on who exerted more control.

Grappling most commonly does not include striking or the use of weapons. However, some fighting styles or martial arts known especially for their grappling techniques teach tactics that include strikes and weapons either alongside grappling or combined with it.

Throw (grappling)
In martial arts, a throw is a grappling technique that involves off-balancing or lifting an opponent, and throwing them to the ground. Throws are a subset of takedown (grappling). In Japanese martial arts throws are referred to as nage waza, 投げ技, "throwing technique(s)".
Malakoff (food)
A malakoff is a ball of fried cheese typically found in western Switzerland, particularly in the villages of Eysins, Begnins, Bursins, Luins, and Vinzel (where it is also known as “Vinzel beignet”) along the shores of Lake Leman. The name comes from the Battle of Malakoff, the dish itself having been invented by Swiss mercenaries during the siege of Sevastopol.

Battle of Malakoff
The Battle of Malakoff (French: Bataille de Malakoff, Russian: Бой на Малаховом кургане) or the Storming of the Malakhov Kurgan (Russian: Штурм Малахова кургана) was a series of French attacks against Russian forces on the Malakoff redoubt. The first attack was unsuccessful, and occurred on 18 June 1855; subsequent capture of the redoubt was on 8 September 1855. The assaults were parts of the Crimean War and the siege of Sevastopol. The French army under General MacMahon successfully stormed the Malakoff redoubt on 8th, while a simultaneous British attack on the Redan to the south of the Malakoff was repulsed. In one of the war's defining moments, the French zouave Eugène Libaut raised the French flag on the top of the Russian redoubt. The battle of Malakoff resulted in the fall of Sevastopol on 9 September, bringing the 11-month siege to an end.
Rajesh Touchriver
Rajesh Touchriver (born M. S. Rajesh) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer known for his works in English, Malayalam, Telugu, and Hindi language films. He received various National and International honors for his works. In 2002 he directed In the Name of Buddha which was later screened in the Spotlight on India section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. In 2013, he scripted, and directed the social problem film Naa Bangaaru Talli which won five International honours, the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu, and four state Nandi awards including Second Best Feature Film.

Ente (film)
Ente (transl. Mine) is a 2013 Indian social problem film written and directed by Rajesh Touchriver. Based on a real-life story, the film stars Siddique, Anjali Patil, Lakshmi Menon, Neena Kurup, and Rathna Shekar. The film is co-produced by  Rajesh Touchriver and Sunitha Krishnan, an internationally known anti-trafficking crusader. It explores the consequences of sex trafficking, testing the vulnerability of trust in human relations. The film was simultaneously produced in Malayalam and Telugu, with the latter version titled Naa Bangaaru Talli (transl. My golden girl).

The film was first released in Malayalam. The Telugu version of the film was released on 21 November 2014 with public funding. It received highly positive reviews, winning awards such as Best Film at the Trinity International Film Festival in Detroit. At the 61st National Film Awards, Na Bangaaru Talli won three awards including the award for Best Feature Film in Telugu.
Kannada inscriptions
About 35,000 inscriptions found in Karnataka and nearby states belong to historic Kannada rulers, including the Kadambas, the Western Ganga Dynasty, the Rashtrakuta, the Chalukya, the Hoysala and the Vijayanagara Empire. Many inscriptions related to Jainism have been unearthed. The inscriptions found are generally on stone (Shilashasana) or copper plates (Tamarashasana). These Kannada inscriptions (Old Kannada, Kadamba script) are found on historical hero stones, coins, temple walls, pillars, tablets and rock edicts. They have contributed towards Kannada literature and helped to classify the eras of Proto Kannada, Pre Old Kannada, Old Kannada, Middle Kannada and New Kannada. Inscriptions depict the culture, tradition and prosperity of their era. The literature of Ramayana and Mahabharata are transferred through the generations by these inscriptions. The Hazara Rama Temple and Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple are the best examples of temples associated with Kannada inscriptions.

Hebbal-Kittayya inscription
13°02′26″N 77°35′29″E﻿ / ﻿13.040444°N 77.591250°E﻿ / 13.040444; 77.591250

Hebbal is a locality situated in the northern part of Bengaluru, is recognized as one of Bengaluru’s oldest regions, with documented history extending back at least 1,300 years. Originally marking the northern boundary of the city, Bengaluru has since expanded significantly northward. The area is renowned for Hebbal Lake which is thought to have contributed to early settlement in the area. Additionally, Hebbal is home to 3 valuable historical inscriptions that contribute to Bengaluru's rich epigraphic heritage. Two of these inscriptions are being preserved physically and digitally, while the status of the third inscription is unknown.
Letters to Juliet
Letters to Juliet is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama film starring Amanda Seyfried, Christopher Egan, Gael García Bernal, Vanessa Redgrave and Franco Nero. This was the final film of director Gary Winick before his death on February 27, 2011.

On Sophie's pre-honeymoon in Verona, she inadvertently finds an old unanswered letter asking for love advice from Juliet. Answering it leads to the recipient showing up alongside her grumpy grandson, and the trio search for the old long-lost love while new love sparks.

The film was released theatrically in North America and other countries on May 14, 2010. The idea for the film was inspired by the 2006 non-fiction book Letters to Juliet, by Lise Eve Friedman and Ceil Jann Friedman, which chronicles the phenomenon of letter-writing to Shakespeare's most famous romantic character.

Juliet
Juliet Capulet (Italian: Giulietta Capuleti [dʒuˈljetta kapuˈleːti]) is the female protagonist in William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy Romeo and Juliet. A 13-year-old girl, Juliet is the only daughter of the patriarch of the House of Capulet. She falls in love with the male protagonist Romeo, a member of the House of Montague, with which the Capulets have a blood feud. The story has a long history that precedes Shakespeare himself.
Songs for Groovy Children: The Fillmore East Concerts
Songs For Groovy Children: The Fillmore East Concerts is a chronologically sequenced collection of American musician Jimi Hendrix's 1969–1970 New Years recorded performances at the Fillmore East in New York City. It was released as a box set of five-CDs on November 22, 2019 and an eight-LP set on December 13.

With over five hours of recorded music, the box set contains 43 songs, which Experience Hendrix (the current managers of Hendrix's recording legacy) note "assembles all four concerts from New Year’s Eve 1969 and New Year’s Day 1970".  Several previously unreleased recordings are included, along with longer versions of some already issued.  However, at least five songs were left off and at least one other was edited for the box set.

Fillmore East
40°43′39″N 73°59′19″W﻿ / ﻿40.7276°N 73.9886°W﻿ / 40.7276; -73.9886

The Fillmore East was rock promoter Bill Graham's rock venue on Second Avenue near East 6th Street on the Lower East Side section of Manhattan, now called the East Village, in New York City. The venue was open from March 8, 1968, to June 27, 1971, and featured some of the biggest acts in rock music of that time. The Fillmore East was a companion to Graham's Fillmore Auditorium, and its successor, the Fillmore West, in San Francisco.
14.5 × 114 mm
The 14.5×114mm (.57 calibre) is a heavy machine gun and anti-materiel rifle cartridge used by the Soviet Union, the former Warsaw Pact, modern Russia, and other countries.

It was originally developed for the PTRS and PTRD anti-tank rifles, and was later used as the basis for the KPV heavy machine gun that formed the basis of the ZPU series anti-aircraft guns that is also the main armament of the BTR series of armoured personnel carriers from the BTR-60 to the BTR-80 and for heavy anti-materiel sniper rifles.

ZPU
The ZPU (Russian: ЗПУ; зенитная пулемётная установка, romanized: zenitnaya pulemotnaya ustanovka, lit. 'anti-aircraft machine gun mount') is a family of towed anti-aircraft guns based on the Soviet 14.5×114mm KPV heavy machine gun. It entered service with the Soviet Union in 1949 and is used by over 50 countries worldwide.

Quadruple-barreled (ZPU-4), double-barreled (ZPU-2 and ZU-2), and single-barreled (ZPU-1) versions of the weapon exist.
Diocese of Cheyenne
The Diocese of Cheyenne (Latin: Dioecesis Cheyennensis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the state of Wyoming in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Denver. The cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral in Cheyenne, Wyoming. The diocese covers all of Wyoming, as well as the parts of Yellowstone National Park in Montana and Idaho.

Diocese of Green Bay
The Diocese of Green Bay (Latin: Diocesis Sinus Viridis) is a diocese of the Catholic Church in the northeast region of Wisconsin in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee. Its mother church is the Cathedral of Saint Francis Xavier in Green Bay. The diocese was erected in 1868. The bishop is David Ricken.
Manipuri Language Festival
The Manipuri Language Festival (Meitei: Manipuri Lon-gi Kummei), also known as the Meitei Language Festival or the Manipuri Bhasha Utsav, is an annual language festival dedicated to the promotion and the development of the Manipuri Meitei language, Meitei script, and Meitei culture in Bangladesh. The event is organised by the Bangladesh Manipuri Literary Society (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ মণিপুরি সাহিত্য সংসদের, romanized: Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad).

Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad
The Bangladesh Manipuri Sahitya Sangsad (Meitei: ꯕꯥꯡꯂꯥꯗꯦꯁ ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯁꯪꯁꯗ, lit. 'Bangladesh Manipuri Literary Parliament') is a literary society that works for the development of Meitei language (officially called Manipuri language and culture in the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Its name is usually shortened as BAMSAS. However, instead of BAMSAS, it is also shortened as BMSS in many cases.
Santiago Carrillo
Santiago José Carrillo Solares (18 January 1915 – 18 September 2012) was a Spanish politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1960 to 1982.

He was exiled during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, becoming a leader of the democratic opposition to the regime. His role as leader of the PCE made him a key figure in the transition to democracy. He later embraced Eurocommunism and democratic socialism, and was a member of the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1986.

Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more relevant for Western Europe. During the Cold War, they sought to reject the influence of the Soviet Union and its Communist Party. The trend was especially prominent in Italy, Spain, and France. It is commonly considered to have been prompted by the Prague Spring. Although the various parties converged against the Soviet factor, their own doctrines remained as different at the dissolution of the movement as they originally were before 1968.