hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Carlo Urbani
Carlo Urbani (Italian: [ˈkarlo urˈbaːni] ⓘ; 19 October 1956 – 29 March 2003) was an Italian physician and microbiologist and the first to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as probably a new and dangerously contagious viral disease, and his early warning to the World Health Organization (WHO) triggered a swift and global response credited with saving numerous lives. Shortly afterwards, he himself became infected and died.

SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus. The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.

SARS was a relatively rare disease; at the end of the epidemic in June 2003, the incidence was 8,422 cases with a case fatality rate (CFR) of 11%. No cases of SARS-CoV-1 have been reported worldwide since 2004.

In December 2019, a second strain of SARS-CoV was identified: SARS-CoV-2. This strain causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease behind the COVID-19 pandemic.
Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator
The integrated powerhead demonstrator (IPD) was a U.S. Air Force project in the 1990s and early 2000s run by NASA and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to develop a new rocket engine front-end ("powerhead", sometimes also termed a powerpack) that would utilize a full flow staged combustion cycle (FFSC). The prime contractors were Rocketdyne and Aerojet.

The long-term design goal was to apply the advantages of FFSC to create a reusable engine with improved life, reliability and performance. The powerhead demonstrator project was to develop a demonstrator design of what could become the front-end for a future engine development project. No subsequent funding was made available by public policymakers, so no full engine design was ever completed.

The turbines were also planned to feature hydrostatic bearings instead of the traditional ball bearings.

Staged combustion cycle
The staged combustion cycle (sometimes known as topping cycle, preburner cycle, or closed cycle) is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle, propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers, and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency, measured through specific impulse, while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity.

Typically, propellant flows through two kinds of combustion chambers; the first called preburner and the second called main combustion chamber. In the preburner, a small portion of propellant is partly combusted under non-stoichiometric conditions, increasing the volume of flow driving the turbopumps that feed the engine with propellant. The gas is then injected into the main combustion chamber and combusted completely with the other propellant to produce thrust.
Ashley Langford
Ashley Brooke Langford (born March 13, 1987) is an American college basketball coach who is currently the head coach of the Tulane Green Wave women's basketball team. She previously was the head coach with the Stony Brook Seawolves women's basketball team.

Stony Brook Seawolves women's basketball
The Stony Brook Seawolves women’s basketball team is the college basketball program representing Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York. The Seawolves currently participate as part of the NCAA Division I basketball, and compete in the Coastal Athletic Association. The Seawolves currently play their home games in the Island Federal Credit Union Arena.

Stony Brook reached the NCAA tournament for the first time in 2021, a year after the team's 28–3 season ended prematurely with the cancelation of the America East Championship and NCAA Tournament due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Apple A8
The Apple A8 is a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc., part of the Apple silicon series. It first appeared in the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, which were introduced on September 9, 2014. Apple states that it has 25% more CPU performance and 50% more graphics performance while drawing only 50% of the power of its predecessor, the Apple A7.

The latest software update for the iPhone 6 & 6 Plus and iPod Touch (6th generation) is iOS 12.5.8, as they were discontinued with the release of iOS 13 in 2019. The latest update for the iPad Mini 4 is iPadOS 15.8.6, as it was discontinued with the release of iPadOS 16 in 2022. As the Apple TV HD and HomePod (1st generation) are still supported with tvOS and audioOS updates respectively, the Apple A8 is the oldest supported Apple SoC. The Apple A8 chip was discontinued on October 18, 2022, following the discontinuation of the Apple TV HD.

IPad Mini 4
The iPad Mini 4 (stylized and marketed as iPad mini 4) is the fourth-generation iPad Mini tablet computer developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced along with the iPad Pro on September 9, 2015, and released the same day. The iPad Mini 4, which replaced the iPad Mini 3, was discontinued on March 18, 2019, when it was replaced by the fifth-generation iPad Mini. It features most of the hardware similar to the iPad Air 2 including its laminated display and design.
Easy Money (2010 film)
Easy Money (Swedish: Snabba cash) is a Swedish crime thriller film directed by Daniel Espinosa (in his directorial debut) that was released on 15 January 2010. It is based on the 2006 novel of the same name by Jens Lapidus. Joel Kinnaman stars in the lead role of Johan "JW" Westlund, a rather poor man living a double life in the upper class areas of Stockholm. After meeting a wealthy girl, he is enticed into the world of organized crime and begins to sell cocaine to afford his expensive lifestyle. Easy Money was well received by critics and was a hit at the box office.

Two sequels to the film have been made: Easy Money II (2012) and Easy Money III (2013). In 2010, Warner Bros. announced their plans for an American remake of Easy Money starring Zac Efron, but the project was shelved. In 2021, the TV series Snabba Cash was released on Netflix, containing 6 episodes based on the original novel. A second season was announced in June 2021, and released in September 2022.

Easy Money (novel)
Easy Money (Swedish title: Snabba cash) is a 2006 novel by Jens Lapidus. The paperback was the fourth bestselling Swedish novel of 2007.

The first book in the Stockholm Noir trilogy, it was adapted into a film in 2010 starring Joel Kinnaman and a narratively unrelated Netflix TV series bearing the same name in 2021 and subsequently a second season in 2022.
Universal's Endless Summer Resort
Universal's Endless Summer Resort - Surfside Inn and Suites and Dockside Inn and Suites are a pair of hotels located in Universal Orlando in Orlando, Florida forming a single resort. The resorts are built on the former site of Wet 'n Wild Orlando, which had closed in 2016. The hotels were built as value-level hotels for Universal Orlando.

The resort has two themes, with the Surfside hotel being themed to a surfing lifestyle and the Dockside hotel being themed to a coastal retreat. Surfside Inn and Suites opened first on June 27, 2019, and Dockside Inn and Suites opened on December 15, 2020 following a delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Wet 'n Wild Orlando
Wet 'n Wild Orlando was the flagship water park of Wet 'n Wild owned by NBC Universal, located on International Drive in Orlando, Florida. It was founded by SeaWorld creator George Millay and opened on March 13, 1977. It closed on January 1, 2017.
Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel Aziz
Mohamed Mahmoud Abdel Aziz (Arabic: محمد محمود عبد العزيز)  commonly known as Mohamed Abdel Aziz (Arabic: محمد عبد العزيز), is an Egyptian producer and actor. He  is also  the son of the famous actor Mahmoud Abdel Aziz.

Mahmoud Abdel Aziz
Mahmoud Abdel Aziz (Arabic: محمود عبد العزيز‎; 4 June 1946 – 12 November 2016) was an Egyptian film and television actor. He became famous for several famous roles in Egyptian cinema, before becoming famous in his native Egypt and the whole region for his Egyptian patriotic role in the Egyptian TV series Raafat el-Hagan. The Egyptian Actors Guild announced his death on the night of 12 November 2016.
I.aM.mE
I.aM.mE (which stands for inspire, motivate, and energize) is an American hip-hop dance crew from Houston, Texas. The group rose to prominence after being crowned champions in the sixth season of America's Best Dance Crew. The three founding members, Phillip Chbeeb, Di Moon Zhang and Brandon Harrell, formed I.aM.mE after Marvelous Motion Crew disbanded. Three additional members, Chachi Gonzales, Emilio Dosal, and Džajna "jaja" Vaňková, joined later after an audition.

The new and present roster of I.aM.mE includes members of dance crews who have competed in past seasons of ABDC, Tamara "Tam" Rapp (from 8 Flavahz, season 7), Jean "B-Boy Bebo" Lloret (from Phunk Phenomenon, season 6), Scarlett Nabil (from Funkdation, season 7), and sole newcomer to the show, Liza Riabinina.

America's Best Dance Crew season 6
The sixth season of America's Best Dance Crew, also known as America's Best Dance Crew: Season of the Superstars, premiered on April 7, 2011. Taking a different route from past seasons, the crews performed to the music of one specific artist each week, including Rihanna, Lil Wayne, and other stars. The season also featured special guest appearances by various music celebrities including Justin Bieber, The Black Eyed Peas, Katy Perry, Kesha, Nicki Minaj, and Kanye West. Dominic "D-Trix" Sandoval, a former member of Quest Crew, joined returning judges Lil Mama and JC Chasez as the newest judge. In the season finale, which aired on June 5, 2011, I.aM.mE was declared the winner.
Tyana
Tyana, earlier known as Tuwana during the Iron Age, and Tūwanuwa during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern Kemerhisar, Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.

It was the capital of a Luwian-speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom in the 1st millennium BC.

Tynna
Tynna (Ancient Greek: Τύννα, romanized: Túnna; Latin: Tynna) was an ancient Anatolian city located at the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, near the town of Ulukışla and the Cilician Gates in southern Cappadocia.

It is known in the present-day as Porsuk Höyük or Zeyve Höyük in Asiatic Turkey.
Paul v. Virginia
Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 168 (1869), is a U.S. corporate law decision by the United States Supreme Court. It held that a corporation is not a citizen within the meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause. Of greater consequence, the Court further held that "issuing a policy of insurance is not a transaction of commerce," effectively removing the business of insurance beyond the United States Congress's legislative reach (until partially overturned in United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Association).

Privileges and Immunities Clause
The Privileges and Immunities Clause (U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the Comity Clause) prevents a state of the United States from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.  Additionally, a right of interstate travel is associated with the clause.
Adventist Health Portland
Adventist Health Portland (formerly Portland Adventist Medical Center), is a 302-bed hospital serving 900,000 residents on the east side of the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area in the United States.  It is the primary teaching hospital of the Walla Walla University Nursing program.

Walla Walla University
Walla Walla University is a private Adventist university in College Place, Washington. The university has five campuses throughout the Pacific Northwest. It was founded in 1892 and is affiliated with the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

The university has an annual enrollment of around 1,700 students. It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities and is also denominationally accredited. Walla Walla University offers more than 100 areas of study including preprofessional degrees and four graduate programs.
Pierce County, Georgia
Pierce County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,716. The county seat is Blackshear. Pierce County is part of the Waycross, Georgia Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Blackshear, Georgia
The city of Blackshear is the county seat of Pierce County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 3,506.

Blackshear is part of the Waycross Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Servant of God
Servant of God (Latin: Servus Dei) is a title used in the Catholic Church to indicate that for an individual a beatification process has been opened. In a canonical process, the so-called heroic virtue or the authenticity of martyrdom has been proved. The conferral is a procedural step in the beatification process and is based solely on the examination of a person's life by the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, without examination or consideration of any miracles. The conferral is announced in the presence of the Pope.

Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
In the Catholic Church, the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, previously named the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (Latin: Congregatio de Causis Sanctorum), is the dicastery of the Roman Curia that oversees the complex process that leads to the canonization of saints, passing through the steps of a declaration of "heroic virtues" and beatification. After preparing a case, including the approval of miracles, the case is presented to the pope, who decides whether or not to proceed with beatification or canonization.
Pat Jennings
Patrick Anthony Jennings (born 12 June 1945) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is widely recognised as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of the sport and was nominated for the Ballon d'Or in 1973, 1975 and 1985.

He played 119 international matches for Northern Ireland in an international career which lasted for over 22 years. During his career, Jennings played for Newry Town, Watford and in the top division with Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal, winning the FA Cup with both of the north London rivals. In total, Jennings made over 1,000 top level appearances, and despite being a goalkeeper, he scored from play in the 1967 FA Charity Shield.

1967 FA Charity Shield
The 1967 FA Charity Shield was the 45th FA Charity Shield, an annual football match held between the winners of the previous season's Football League and FA Cup competitions. The match was contested by Manchester United, who had won the 1966–67 Football League, and Tottenham Hotspur, who had won the 1966–67 FA Cup, at Old Trafford, Manchester,  on 12 August 1967. The match was drawn 3–3, which meant that the two clubs shared the Shield, holding it for six months each. Bobby Charlton scored two goals for United, while Denis Law scored their third. Jimmy Robertson and Frank Saul scored for Spurs, but the match is most famous for Tottenham's second goal, which was scored by goalkeeper Pat Jennings. Ball in hand, Jennings punted it downfield, only for it to bounce in front of United goalkeeper Alex Stepney, over his head and into the goal.
Catalan Pre-Coastal Range
Pyrenees

Pre-Pyrenees

Catalan Central Depression

Smaller mountain ranges of the Central Depression

Catalan Transversal Range

Catalan Pre-Coastal Range

Catalan Coastal Range

Catalan Coastal Depression and other coastal and pre-coastal plains

The Catalan Pre-Coastal Range (Catalan: Serralada Prelitoral Catalana) is a system of mountain ranges running parallel to the Mediterranean Sea coast in Catalonia. It is part of the Catalan Mediterranean System. Its main axis runs between the Catalan Transversal Range and the Serra de l'Espina, which connects with the Ports de Tortosa-Beseit, part of the Iberian System. The highest point is 1,706.7 m at the Montseny Massif.

Catalan Transversal Range
Pyrenees

Pre-Pyrenees

Catalan Central Depression

Smaller mountain ranges of the Central Depression

Catalan Transversal Range

Catalan Pre-Coastal Range

Catalan Coastal Range

Catalan Coastal Depression and other coastal and pre-coastal plains

The Catalan Transversal Range (Serralada Transversal) is a system of minor mountain ranges at the eastern end of the Pre-Pyrenees, between the Osona and Garrotxa comarques. The existence of the Catalan Transversal Range has made communications in the northern areas of Catalonia difficult in the past, especially between Northeastern Catalonia (Catalan Coastal Depression, with cities like Girona, Figueres and La Jonquera) and Western Catalonia (Catalan Mediterranean System; Lleida, Cervera and further west to Aragón), a problem that has been partly solved with the development of the Eix Transversal.
Michael Lewis Foster
Michael Lewis Foster is an American filmmaker who directed the film To Fall in Love (2023) and wrote and directed the short film Hush (2016). He has won awards at Horrible Imaginings Film Festival and Oceanside International Film Festival.

To Fall in Love (film)
To Fall in Love is a 2023 American drama film written by Jennifer Lane and directed by Michael Lewis Foster. The film is adapted from a play Lane previously wrote. It stars Beth Gallagher and Eric Casalini. Lane and Gallagher won awards at the 13th Oceanside International Film Festival.
Commer FC
The Commer FC was a forward control commercial vehicle produced by Commer from 1960 to 1976. During its lifespan, it was developed into the Commer PB in 1967, and the Commer SpaceVan in 1974. After the Rootes Group, which owned Commer, was purchased by Chrysler, the SpaceVan was also sold under the Dodge, DeSoto and Fargo marques. From 1976 onwards, the van was only sold as the Dodge SpaceVan, and it remained in production until 1983.

Morris Commercial J4
The Morris Commercial J4 is a 10 cwt (0.5 ton) forward-control van (driver's controls in front of front wheels) launched by Morris Commercial in 1960 and produced with two facelifts until 1974.

The van was marketed first as both the Morris J4 and the Austin J4.  Following the formation of the British Leyland Motor Corporation in 1968, into which British Motor Corporation (BMC), by then a subsidiary of British Motor Holdings, had been absorbed, the van was branded as the BMC J4.
House of Dănești
The House of Dănești was the name of one of the two main branches of the Wallachian noble family House of Basarab. They were descended from Dan I of Wallachia. The other lineage of the Basarabs is the House of Drăculești.

Dan I of Wallachia
Dan I (1354 – 23 September 1386) was the ruler of Wallachia from 1383 to 1386. He was the son of Radu I of Wallachia and the half-brother of Mircea I of Wallachia.

The primary sources on his death agree that Dan was assassinated, but disagree on who killed him. He was either killed by his stepbrother Mircea I or by agents of Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria.
Fritz Walter (footballer, born 1960)
Fritz Walter (born 21 July 1960) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker, and who was nicknamed "Little Fritz". Born in Mannheim, he is of no relation to German legend of the same name Fritz Walter.

With 22 goals in the 1991–92 Bundesliga season, Fritz Walter was crowned the league's top scorer when he won the German Championship with VfB Stuttgart.

1991–92 Bundesliga
The 1991–92 Bundesliga was the 29th season of the Bundesliga, Germany's premier football league. It began on 2 August 1991 and ended on 16 May 1992. 1. FC Kaiserslautern were the defending champions.

As Germany had been reunified on 3 October 1990, this was the first season that the Bundesliga contained teams from the former East Germany.
Kubi (film)
Kubi (首; lit. 'Head') is a 2023 Japanese historical samurai film written, directed, produced and edited by Takeshi Kitano, who also stars as Hashiba Hideyoshi (Toyotomi Hideyoshi). The film is based on the novel of the same name, which was released in 2019 and written by Kitano. The film depicts the historical event of the Honnō-ji incident, which took place in the Sengoku period in 1582. Kadokawa Corporation produced the film and co-distributed it in Japan with Toho. The film also stars Hidetoshi Nishijima as Akechi Mitsuhide, Ryo Kase as Oda Nobunaga, Tadanobu Asano as Kuroda Kanbei, Jun Soejima as Yasuke and Nao Omori as Hashiba Hidenaga.

It had its world premiere in the Cannes Premiere section at the 76th Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2023. It was released in Japan on 23 November 2023.

Nao Ōmori
Nao Ōmori (大森 南朋, Ōmori Nao; born February 19, 1972), sometimes credited as Nao Ohmori or Nao Omori, is a Japanese actor. He was given the Best Supporting Actor award at the 2004 Yokohama Film Festival.
Count of Malta
The County of Malta was a feudal lordship of the Kingdom of Sicily, relating to the islands of Malta and Gozo. Malta was essentially a fief within the kingdom, with the title given by Tancred of Sicily the Norman king of Sicily to Margaritus of Brindisi in 1192 who earned acclaim as the Grand Admiral of Sicily. Afterwards the fiefdom was passed from nobleman to nobleman remaining as a family possession in a few instances. It was used mainly as a bargaining tool in Sicilian politics leading to a rather turbulent history. The fiefdom was elevated to a Marquisate in 1392 and either title was no longer used after 1429.

Margaritus of Brindisi
Margaritus of Brindisi (also Margarito; Italian: Margaritone, Greek: Megareites or Margaritoni [Μαργαριτώνη]; c. 1149 – 1197), called "the new Neptune", was the last great ammiratus ammiratorum (Grand Admiral) of the Kingdom of Sicily. Following in the footsteps of Christodulus, George of Antioch and Maio of Bari, Margaritus commanded the kingdom's fleets during the reigns of William II (1166–1189) and Tancred (1189–1194). He probably began as a Greek pirate and gradually rose to the rank of privateer before becoming a permanent admiral of the navy. In 1185, he became the first count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos. In 1192, he became the first Count of Malta.
Nicol prism
A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer. It is an optical device made from calcite crystal used to convert ordinary light into plane polarized light. It is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the rays by total internal reflection, i.e. the ordinary ray is eliminated and only the extraordinary ray is transmitted through the prism.

It was the first type of polarizing prism, invented in 1828 by William Nicol (1770–1851) of Edinburgh.

Prism (optics)
An optical prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that are designed to refract light. At least one surface must be angled—elements with only two parallel surfaces are windows, not prisms. The most familiar type of optical prism is the triangular prism, which has a triangular base and rectangular sides. Not all optical prisms are geometric prisms, and not all geometric prisms would count as an optical prism. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, acrylic and fluorite.

A dispersive prism can be used to break white light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow) to form a spectrum as described in the following section.  Other types of prisms noted below can be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.