hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Udwadia–Kalaba formulation
In classical mechanics, the Udwadia–Kalaba formulation is a method for deriving the equations of motion of a constrained mechanical system. The method was first described by  Anatolii Fedorovich Vereshchagin for the particular case of robotic arms, and later generalized to all mechanical systems by Firdaus E. Udwadia and Robert E. Kalaba in 1992. The approach is based on Gauss's principle of least constraint. The Udwadia–Kalaba method applies to both holonomic constraints and nonholonomic constraints, as long as they are linear with respect to the accelerations. The method generalizes to constraint forces that do not obey D'Alembert's principle.

Holonomic constraints
In classical mechanics, holonomic constraints are relations between the position variables (and possibly time) that can be expressed in the following form:

where  are n generalized coordinates that describe the system (in unconstrained configuration space) and  is a continuous function. For example, the motion of a particle constrained to lie on the surface of a sphere is subject to a holonomic constraint, but if the particle is able to fall off the sphere under the influence of gravity, the constraint becomes non-holonomic. For the first case, the holonomic constraint may be given by the equation

where  is the distance from the centre of a sphere of radius , whereas the second non-holonomic case may be given by

Velocity-dependent constraints (also called semi-holonomic constraints) such as

are not usually holonomic.
Upper Halliford
Upper Halliford is a small village in the Borough of Spelthorne, Surrey, England approximately 24 km (15 mi) west of central London. It is part of the Shepperton post town and is in the Metropolitan Green Belt. The closest settlements are Shepperton, Charlton,  Walton on Thames, and Sunbury-on-Thames to the east. St Andrew’s Baptist Church is in the southern part of the village and the settlement is in the ecclesiastical Parish of Sunbury on Thames. The conservation area surrounds the village green.

The village is partially bypassed by the A244 which alternates here between a dual carriageway and a single carriageway. Upper Halliford railway station is on the Shepperton branch line and train services to London Waterloo are run by South Western Railway.

Upper Halliford railway station
Upper Halliford railway station serves the village of Upper Halliford in Surrey, England. It is 17 miles 34 chains (28.0 km) down the line from London Waterloo.

The station and all trains serving it are operated by South Western Railway.
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
Ici Radio-Canada Télé (stylized as ICI Radio-Canada Télé, and sometimes abbreviated as Ici Télé) is a Canadian French-language free-to-air television network spunoff Ici Radio-Canada Première, owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (known in French as Société Radio-Canada [SRC]), the national public broadcaster. Its English-language counterpart is CBC Television.

Its headquarters are at the Nouvelle Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal, which is also home to the network's flagship station, CBFT-DT, as well as the master control facilities of all of its owned-and-operated stations nationwide. Until the 2012 closedown of the CBC / Radio-Canada rebroadcaster network, it was the only francophone network in Canada to broadcast terrestrially in all Canadian provinces.

CBFT-DT
CBFT-DT (channel 2, cable channel 4) is a television station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, serving as the flagship station of the French-language service of Ici Radio-Canada Télé. It is owned and operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (known in French as Société Radio-Canada) alongside CBC Television outlet CBMT-DT (channel 6). The two stations share studios at Maison Radio-Canada on René Lévesque Boulevard East in Downtown Montreal; CBFT-DT's transmitter is located atop Mount Royal.
Uncommon Valor: Campaign for the South Pacific
Uncommon Valor: Campaign for the South Pacific is a 2002 computer wargame developed by 2 by 3 Games and published by Matrix Games. Designed by Gary Grigsby, it is a successor to Gary Grigsby's Pacific War and a precursor to War in the Pacific.

Gary Grigsby's Pacific War
Gary Grigsby's Pacific War is a 1992 computer wargame for MS-DOS from Strategic Simulations It covers World War II in the Pacific between the Japanese Empire and the Allies, which include the United States, the British Empire, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Philippines, and China. The main map of the game stretches from north of the Aleutians to southern New Zealand and Australia, and from the eastern coast of India to the West Coast of North America. It includes aircraft carrier operations, amphibious assaults, surface bombardments/engagements, strategic bombing, kamikazes, and the submarine war against naval and merchant shipping.

A follow-up was published in  2004: War in the Pacific.
South East Stars
South East Stars were a women's cricket team that represented the London & South East region, one of eight regional hubs in English domestic women's cricket. They played their home matches at various grounds, including the County Cricket Ground, Beckenham. They were captained by Bryony Smith and coached by Johann Myburgh. The team carried over many elements of the WCSL team Surrey Stars, but were partnered with both Surrey and Kent. The team won the inaugural Charlotte Edwards Cup, beating Northern Diamonds in the final.

At the end of the 2024 season, following reforms to the structure of women's domestic cricket, the team was effectively replaced by a professionalised Surrey team.

Northern Diamonds
Northern Diamonds were a women's cricket team that represented the traditional areas of the North East and Yorkshire, one of eight regional hubs in English domestic women's cricket. They primarily played their home matches at Headingley and the Riverside. They were captained by Hollie Armitage and coached by former England cricketer Danielle Hazell.

The team carried over elements of the WCSL team Yorkshire Diamonds, and were partnered with Yorkshire and North East Warriors. The Diamonds reached the final of the first three tournaments that they competed in, but lost each time. They won their first title in 2022, winning the Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy.

At the end of the 2024 season, following reforms to the structure of women's domestic cricket, the team was effectively replaced by a professionalised Durham team.
Fowey
Fowey (/ˈfɔɪ/ ⓘ FOY; Cornish: Fowydh, meaning beech trees) is a port town and civil parish at the mouth of the River Fowey in south Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town has been in existence since well before the Norman invasion, with the local church first established some time in the 7th century; the estuary of the River Fowey forms a natural harbour which enabled the town to become an important trading centre. Privateers also made use of the sheltered harbourage. The Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway brought China clay here for export. At the 2021 census the population of the parish was 2,244 and the population of the built up area was 2,069.

Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway
The Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway opened in 1869 as a broad gauge railway linking the port of Fowey in Cornwall with the Cornish Main Line at Lostwithiel. Its main traffic was china clay. The company ran into financial difficulties and closed in 1880, but the line was purchased by the Cornwall Minerals Railway and reopened in 1895.

A passenger service operated, but it was withdrawn in 1965, and the line reverted to the conveyance of china clay; it remains open for that traffic at the present day.
Silane
Silane (Silicane) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula SiH4. It is a colorless, pyrophoric gas with a sharp, repulsive, pungent smell, somewhat similar to that of acetic acid. Silane is of practical interest as a precursor to elemental silicon. Silanes with alkyl groups are effective water repellents for mineral surfaces such as concrete and masonry. Silanes with both organic and inorganic attachments are used as coupling agents.  They are commonly used to apply coatings to surfaces or as an adhesion promoter.

Pyrophoricity
A substance is pyrophoric (from Ancient Greek: πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, 'fire-bearing') if it ignites spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C (129 °F) (for gases) or within five minutes after coming into contact with air (for liquids and solids). Examples are organolithium compounds and triethylborane. Pyrophoric materials are often water-reactive as well and will ignite when they contact water or humid air. They can be handled safely in atmospheres of argon or (with a few exceptions) nitrogen. Fire classification fire extinguishers are designated for use in fires involving metals but not pyrophoric materials in general. A related concept is hypergolicity, in which two compounds spontaneously ignite when mixed.
Wewahitchka, Florida
Wewahitchka is a city in Gulf County, Florida, United States. The population was 2,074 as of the 2020 census. From the creation of Gulf County in 1925 until 1965, it served as the county seat before the county seat was moved to Port St. Joe. The City of Wewahitchka was settled around 1870 and officially founded in 1875. The city took its name from a Native American word meaning "water eyes". Two lakes along the edge of town look like a perfect pair of eyes, one of the lakes is called Lake Julia, while the other one is Lake Alice.

Port St. Joe, Florida
Port St. Joe or Port Saint Joe is a city and the county seat of Gulf County, Florida, United States. It is located at the intersection of U.S. Highway 98 and State Road 71. As of the 2020 census, the population was 3,357.
George Graham (clockmaker)
George Graham, FRS (7 July 1673, maybe 1675 – 16 November 1751) was an English clockmaker, inventor, and geophysicist, and a Fellow of the Royal Society.

He was born in Kirklinton, Cumberland. A Friend (Quaker) like his mentor Thomas Tompion, Graham left Cumberland in 1688 for London to work with Tompion. He later married Tompion's niece, Elizabeth Tompion.

Thomas Tompion
Thomas Tompion (1639–1713) was an English clockmaker, watchmaker and mechanician who is still regarded to this day as the "Father of English Clockmaking". Tompion's work includes some of the most historic and important clocks and watches in the world, and can command very high prices whenever outstanding examples appear at auction. A plaque commemorates the house he shared on Fleet Street in London with his equally famous pupil and successor George Graham.
2021 South Gippsland Shire Council election
The 2021 South Gippsland Shire Council election was held in October 2021 to elect nine councillors for South Gippsland Shire, a local government area (LGA) in Victoria, Australia.

This was the first election for the council since it was dismissed by the sacked by the state government in June 2019, which resulted in its scheduled 2020 election being delayed by a year. The only elected candidate who had previously served on the council was Mohya Davies, who was elected in 2012 but defeated in 2016.

The Victorian Greens endorsed two candidates, while Liberal Party member Nathan Herseyn also contested the election. The local Labor Party branch expressed interest, but did not end up endorsing any candidates.

South Gippsland Shire
The South Gippsland Shire is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the south-eastern part of the state. It covers an area of 3,296 square kilometres (1,273 sq mi) and, in June 2018, had a population of 29,576. It includes the towns of Leongatha, Korumburra, Foster, Poowong, Mirboo North and Meeniyan.

The Shire is governed and administered by the South Gippsland Shire Council; its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Leongatha, it also has a service centre located in Mirboo North. The Shire is named after the Gippsland region, in which the LGA occupies the southernmost portion, including Wilsons Promontory at the southern tip of the Australian continent.
Parliament of Malaysia
The Parliament of Malaysia (Malay: Parlimen Malaysia; Jawi: ‏ڤرليمن مليسيا‎) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the Dewan Negara (Senate, lit. "State Assembly"). The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), as the head of state, is the third component of Parliament.

The Parliament assembles in the Malaysian Houses of Parliament, located in the national capital city of Kuala Lumpur.

The term "Member of Parliament (MP)" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of the Parliament. The term "Senator" usually refers to a member of the Dewan Negara, the upper house of the Parliament.

Malaysian Houses of Parliament
The Malaysian Houses of Parliament (Malay: Bangunan Parlimen Malaysia) is a complex where the Malaysian Parliament assembles. The structure is located at the Perdana Botanical Gardens in Kuala Lumpur, close to the Malaysian National Monument.
Nordic Regional Airlines
Nordic Regional Airlines Oy (abbreviated as Norra and often stylised as N°RRA, previously Flybe Nordic) is a Finnish regional airline based on the grounds of Helsinki Airport. Norra is owned as a joint venture by Finnair, Finland's flag carrier, and Danish Air Transport.

The airline began operations as Flybe Nordic on 20 October 2011 as a joint venture between Flybe and Finnair, following their acquisition of Finncomm Airlines. Flybe sold its 60% to Finnair as a temporary solution at a price of one euro (€1) in March 2015, which was sold three years later to Danish Air Transport. The airline has operated under Finnair's flight code since 1 May 2015. The company's head office and operations centre is located in Vantaa, Finland, while the office in Seinäjoki houses the company's financial division.

Finnair
Finnair Plc (Finnish: Finnair Oyj, Swedish: Finnair Abp) is the flag carrier and largest full-service legacy airline of Finland, with headquarters in Vantaa on the grounds of Helsinki Airport, its hub. Finnair and its subsidiaries dominate both domestic and international air travel in Finland. Its major shareholder is the government of Finland, which owns 55.9% of its shares. Finnair is a member of the Oneworld airline alliance.

Founded in 1923, Finnair is one of the oldest airlines in continuous operation and is consistently listed as one of the safest in the world. The company's slogans are Designed for you and The Nordic Way.
Parantaka I
Parantaka Chola I (Tamil: பராந்தக சோழன்; 873–955) was the Chola emperor from 907 until his death in 955. During his 48-year long reign, he annexed the Pandyas by defeating Rajasimhan II, and in the Deccan won the Battle of Vallala against Rashtrakutas in 911.

Maravarman Rajasimha II
Maravarman Rajasimha II (r. c. 900–915 AD) (Tamil:பராந்தகப் பாண்டியன்) was the last major king of the early medieval Pandya kingdom (6th–10th century AD) of south India. He was the son and successor of Parantaka Viranarayana (r. c. 880–900 AD). He is the donor of the Larger Sinnamanur Plates.

Rajasimha was the son of Parantaka Viranarayana and Vanavan Mahadevi (a Kongu Chera princess). Chola king Parantaka I (r. c. 907–55) invaded the Pandya territories in 910 AD and captured Madurai (hence the title "Madurai Konda", or the Conqueror of Madurai, for the Chola). Rajasimha II received help from the Sri Lankan king Kassapa V, still got defeated by the Cholas in the decisive Battle of Vellur(Velur).

Rajasimha fled the Pandya country and stayed in Sri Lanka for some years. He then found refuge in the Chera country, leaving even his royal insignia in Sri Lanka.
Amia ocellicauda
Amia ocellicauda, the eyespot bowfin or emerald bowfin, is a species of bowfin native to North America. Originally described by John Richardson from Lake Huron in 1836, it was synonymized with Amia calva until genetic work in 2022 revealed them to be separate species.

It differs from Amia calva by having fewer dentary teeth (only 15 compared to 16 or 17 of A. calva) and its interopercle membrane bone being smaller. It also has a more pronounced eyespot, has a longer body, has a less red hue, and males have green coloration during the breeding season. The two species split approximately 1 to 2.5 million years ago during the mid-Pliocene. It is hypothesized that there are still several more undescribed species of Amia to be described. The vernacular name eyetail bowfin, was proposed by Brownstein et al.

Amia (fish)
Amia, commonly called bowfin, is a genus of ray-finned fish related to gars in the infraclass Holostei. They are regarded as taxonomic relicts, being the sole surviving species of the order Amiiformes and clade Halecomorphi, which dates from the Triassic to the Eocene, persisting to the present. There are two living species in Amia, Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda, and a number of extinct species which have been described from the fossil record.
Raccordo autostradale RA2
The Raccordo autostradale 2 (RA 2; "Motorway connection 2"), or Raccordo autostradale di Avellino ("Motorway connection to Avellino") is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 23.6 kilometres (14.7 mi) long in Italy located in the region of Campania that connects the city of Avellino with the  Autostrada A2 and the Autostrada A30 at Fisciano. It is a part of the E841 European route.

Autostrada A2 (Italy)
Autostrada A2, otherwise known as the Autostrada del Mediterraneo ("Mediterranean motorway") or Salerno–Reggio Calabria, is an autostrada (Italian for "motorway") 432 kilometres (268 mi) long in Italy located in the regions of Campania, Basilicata and Calabria. Running between the towns of Fisciano, in the province of Salerno, and Villa San Giovanni, in the province of Reggio Calabria, the motorway forms part of European routes E45, E841 and E90.
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease
Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, also often referred to as bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A or simply RNase A, is a pancreatic ribonuclease enzyme that cleaves single-stranded RNA.  Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease is one of the classic model systems of protein science. Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded in recognition of work on bovine pancreatic ribonuclease: in 1972, the Prize was awarded to Christian Anfinsen for his work on protein folding and to Stanford Moore and William Stein for their work on the relationship between the protein's structure and its chemical mechanism; in 1984, the Prize was awarded to Robert Bruce Merrifield for development of chemical synthesis of proteins.

Pancreatic ribonuclease family
Pancreatic ribonuclease family (EC 4.6.1.18, RNase, RNase I, RNase A, pancreatic RNase, ribonuclease I, endoribonuclease I, ribonucleic phosphatase, alkaline ribonuclease, ribonuclease, gene S glycoproteins, Ceratitis capitata alkaline ribonuclease, SLSG glycoproteins, gene S locus-specific glycoproteins, S-genotype-assocd. glycoproteins, ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase) is a superfamily of pyrimidine-specific endonucleases found in high quantity in the pancreas of certain mammals and of some reptiles.

Specifically, the enzymes are involved in endonucleolytic cleavage of 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. Ribonuclease can unwind the RNA helix by complexing with single-stranded RNA; the complex arises by an extended multi-site cation-anion interaction between lysine and arginine residues of the enzyme and phosphate groups of the nucleotides.
Dehousing
Dehousing was a military strategy adopted by the United Kingdom against Nazi Germany during World War II from 1942 to 1945. It sought to maximize the damage to civilian housing in Germany's largest cities during Royal Air Force raids as part of a demoralisation campaign against the German public.

The Dehousing strategy was proposed via a memorandum on 30 March 1942, by Professor Frederick Lindemann, Baron Cherwell, the British government's chief scientific adviser who believed that this strategy would allow them to avoid an invasion of Europe. Documentation on the strategy based on the effects of the Area bombing directive issued in February 1942, after it was accepted by the Churchill War Cabinet, became known as the dehousing paper.

Area bombing directive
The Area Bombing Directive was a directive issued by the Air Ministry of the War Cabinet to the Royal Air Force (RAF) during World War II on 14 February 1942. The directive ordered RAF Bomber Command to destroy Nazi Germany's industrial workforce and demoralise the population through area bombing of Germany's cities and their civilian inhabitants. The directive must be understood within the context of the bombing of London by the German Luftwaffe from September 1940 to May 1941.
Frontal eye fields
The frontal eye fields (FEF) are a region located in the frontal cortex, more specifically in Brodmann area 8 or BA8, of the primate brain. In humans, it can be more accurately said to lie in a region around the intersection of the middle frontal gyrus with the precentral gyrus, consisting of a frontal and parietal portion. The FEF is responsible for saccadic eye movements for the purpose of visual field perception and awareness, as well as for voluntary eye movement. The FEF communicates with extraocular muscles indirectly via the paramedian pontine reticular formation. Destruction of the FEF causes deviation of the eyes to the ipsilateral side.

Saccade
In vision science, a saccade (/səˈkɑːd/ sə-KAHD; French: [sakad]; French for 'jerk') is a quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of focal points in the same direction. In contrast, in smooth-pursuit movements, the eyes move smoothly instead of in jumps. Controlled cortically by the frontal eye fields (FEF), or subcortically by the superior colliculus, saccades serve as a mechanism for focal points, rapid eye movement, and the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus. The word appears to have been coined in the 1880s by the French ophthalmologist Émile Javal, who used a mirror on one side of a page to observe eye movement in silent reading and found that it involves a succession of discontinuous individual movements. These movements quickly scan objects of attention and aid the brain in grasping a scene visually.
West Horndon
West Horndon is a village and civil parish in the south of the Borough of Brentwood in Essex, England. It is located 20 miles (32 km) east-northeast of Charing Cross in Central London. As well as West Horndon village, the parish also includes East Horndon, the southern part of Little Warley, and surrounding rural areas. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 1,649.

Dunton Hills, at the eastern end of the civil parish, is planned to be the location of a new 3,700 home garden village. A 2,100 home new town development at Tillingham Hall on the southern border of the parish is also planned.

East Horndon
East Horndon is a village in the civil parish of West Horndon, in the borough of Brentwood in Essex, England. It lies 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south-east of the centre of Brentwood. It straddles the A127 road and lies to the south of Herongate. Its former parish church of All Saints is located to the north of the A127. The church has closed and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
Duchess Maria Isabella of Württemberg
Duchess Maria Isabella Philippine Theresia Mathilde Josephine of Württemberg (German: Maria Isabella Philippine Theresia Mathilde Josephine, Herzogin von Württemberg{ (30 August 1871 – 24 May 1904) was a member of the House of Württemberg and a Duchess of Württemberg by birth and a member of the House of Wettin and a Princess of Saxony through her marriage to Prince Johann Georg of Saxony.

Prince Johann Georg of Saxony
Prince Johann Georg Pius Karl Leopold Maria Januarius Anacletus of Saxony, Duke of Saxony (10 July 1869 – 24 November 1938) was the sixth child and second-eldest son of George of Saxony and his wife Infanta Maria Ana of Portugal and a younger brother of the Kingdom of Saxony's last king, Frederick Augustus III of Saxony. Johann Georg was a well-known arts expert and an avid art collector.