hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Durbin–Watson statistic
In statistics, the Durbin–Watson statistic is a test statistic used to detect the presence of autocorrelation at lag 1 in the residuals (prediction errors) from a regression analysis. It is named after James Durbin and Geoffrey Watson. The small sample distribution of this ratio was derived by John von Neumann (von Neumann, 1941). Durbin and Watson (1950, 1951) applied this statistic to the residuals from least squares regressions, and developed bounds tests for the null hypothesis that the errors are serially uncorrelated against the alternative that they follow a first order autoregressive process. Note that the distribution of this test statistic does not depend on the estimated regression coefficients and the variance of the errors.

A similar assessment can be also carried out with the Breusch–Godfrey test and the Ljung–Box test.

Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation, sometimes known as serial correlation in the discrete time case, measures the correlation of a signal with a delayed copy of itself. Essentially, it quantifies the similarity between observations of a random variable at different points in its domain (which for this article is time). The analysis of autocorrelation is a mathematical tool for identifying repeating patterns or hidden periodicities within a signal obscured by noise. Autocorrelation is widely used in signal processing, time domain and time series analysis to understand the behavior of data over time.

Different fields of study define autocorrelation differently, and not all of these definitions are equivalent. In some fields, the term is used interchangeably with autocovariance.

Various time series models incorporate autocorrelation, such as unit root processes, trend-stationary processes, autoregressive processes, and moving average processes.
Just Say Mao
Just Say Mao was Sire Records' Volume 3 of Just Say Yes and was originally released on July 11, 1989 as a  CD sampler.  It contained remixes and non-album tracks of artists on the label, most of which were considered new wave or modern rock (all would eventually fall under the genre alternative rock).

Just Say Yes (compilation album)
Released on November 4, 1987, Just Say Yes is the first volume of Sire Records' Just Say Yes promotional CD sampler series. It contains "both hard-to-find numbers by the label's established artists and tempting introductions to its promising new artists."
Lodovico Sergardi
Lodovico Sergardi (b. at Siena, 1660; d. at Spoleto, 7 November 1726) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and poet, chiefly known for his vivid latin satires against the jurist Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, models of composition, which for nearly a decade kept the Roman public in an uproar. Sergardi's satires were an influence on Parini's Il giorno.

Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina
Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina (20 January 1664 – 6 January 1718) was an Italian man of letters and jurist. He was the adoptive father of the poet Metastasio. Gravina was one of the foremost Italian jurists of the late 17th century. His views exerted considerable influence outside his own country, particularly upon Montesquieu.
Coelurosauria
Coelurosauria from Greek κοῖλος (koîlos, "hollow") + οὐρά (ourá, "tail") + σαύρα (saúra, "lizard") +‎ -ia, meaning "hollow-tailed lizards", is the clade containing all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs.

Coelurosauria is a subgroup of theropod dinosaurs that includes compsognathids, tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, maniraptorans, and over the recent years, megaraptorans (although their position within the clade is unclear). Maniraptora includes birds, the only known dinosaur group alive today. In the past, Coelurosauria was used to refer to all small theropods, but this classification has since been amended.

Most feathered dinosaurs discovered so far have been coelurosaurs. Philip J. Currie had considered it likely and probable that all coelurosaurs were feathered. However, several skin impressions found for some members of this group show pebbly, scaly skin, indicating that feathers did not completely replace scales in all taxa.

Maniraptora
Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs which includes birds and the non-avian dinosaurs that were more closely related to them than to Ornithomimus velox. It contains the major subgroups Avialae, Dromaeosauridae, Troodontidae, Oviraptorosauria, and Therizinosauria. Ornitholestes and the Alvarezsauroidea are also often included. Together with the next closest sister group, the Ornithomimosauria, Maniraptora comprises the more inclusive clade Maniraptoriformes. Maniraptorans first appear in the fossil record during the Jurassic Period (see Eshanosaurus), and survive today as living birds.
Alex Kidd in Shinobi World
Alex Kidd in Shinobi World is a side-scrolling action game from Sega for the Master System in 1990. Developed in Japan, it was released for the overseas market (North America, Europe and Brazil). The game stars Alex Kidd in a parody version of Sega's ninja-themed action game Shinobi, where Alex Kidd fights against caricatures of many of the enemies from Shinobi. It was re-released for the Wii Virtual Console on December 11, 2009 in Europe, and on February 1, 2010 in North America.

Shinobi (1987 video game)
Shinobi (忍) is a 1987 hack and slash video game developed and published by Sega for arcades on the Sega System 16 board. The player controls ninja Joe Musashi, who must stop the Zeed terrorist organization from kidnapping students of his clan.

Shinobi was a commercial success in arcades. It topped the monthly Japanese table arcade charts in December 1987, and became a blockbuster hit in the United States, where it was the highest-grossing conversion kit of 1988 and one of the top five conversion kits of 1989. It was adapted by Sega to its Master System game console, followed by conversions to the Nintendo Entertainment System, PC Engine, and home computers. It was re-released as downloadable emulated versions of the original arcade game for the Wii and Xbox 360. The arcade game was released for the Nintendo Switch in January 2020 through the Sega Ages series. Shinobi's success inspired various sequels and spin-offs of the Shinobi series.
VBulletin
vBulletin is a proprietary Internet forum software package sold by MH Sub I, LLC doing business as vBulletin (formerly Jelsoft Enterprises and vBulletin Solutions). It is written in PHP and uses a MariaDB or MySQL database server. Similar products include XenForo, WordPress, Joomla, Drupal, MyBB, and phpBB.

XenForo
XenForo is an Internet forum software package written in the PHP programming language.  The software is developed by former vBulletin lead developers Kier Darby and Mike Sullivan. The first public beta release of XenForo was released in October 2010, the stable version on March 8, 2011.  The program includes several search engine optimization (SEO) features.

On November 12, 2014, Chris Deeming joined the development team. One of his products, Xen Media Gallery, now XenForo Media Gallery, joined the XenForo family of products.
Glauchau–Gößnitz railway
The Glauchau–Gößnitz railway is a single-track electrified main line railway in the German states of Saxony and Thuringia. It was originally built and operated with the support of the Saxon government and eventually became part of the Royal Saxon State Railways. It opened in 1858 and it is one of the oldest railways in Germany.

The route is an important part of the long-distance connection between the industrial district of west Saxony and western Germany (the Mid-Germany Connection). It runs from a branch on the Dresden–Werdau in Glauchau-Schönbörnchen via Meerane to a branch on the Leipzig–Hof line near Gößnitz.

Meerane station
Meerane station is a railway station on the Glauchau–Gößnitz railway. Meerane station  is the only station in the town of Meerane in the German state of Saxony. The station is now served by Regionalbahn and Regional-Express services on the Mid-Germany Connection (Mitte-Deutschland-Verbindung). Freight transport facilities no longer exist.
Naresuan University Hospital
Naresuan University Hospital (Thai: โรงพยาบาลมหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร) is a primary teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Naresuan University, located on the campus of Naresuan University in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. The hospital is designed as the super tertiary care medical center in the lower northern region of Thailand.

Naresuan University
Naresuan University (NU; Thai: มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร, RTGS: Mahawitthayalai Naresuan, pronounced [mā.hǎː.wít.tʰā.jāː.lāj nā.rēː.sǔa̯n]) is a public university in Phitsanulok Province, northern Thailand. It was established as a separate university on 29 July 1990, the 400th anniversary of the start of the reign of Phitsanulok-born King Naresuan the Great. A courtyard with a statue of King Naresuan is on the campus grounds and students regularly pay their respects before it. The university has about 20,000 full-time students.
SPH Media
SPH Media Trust (SMT), trading as SPH Media, is a mass media company in Singapore. It was incorporated on 19 July 2021 as a company limited by guarantee, having been spun off from Singapore Press Holdings as part of a restructuring. It owns several major newspapers in the country, including the English-language The Straits Times and The Business Times, Chinese-language Lianhe Zaobao and Shin Min Daily News, Malay-language Berita Harian, and the Tamil Murasu. The company also publishes magazines and operates five radio stations.

It forms part of a duopoly of the country's mass media, alongside the state-owned enterprise Mediacorp. SPH Media has over 2,500 employees, including a team of approximately 1,000 journalists, including correspondents operating around the world.

The Straits Times
The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust. Established on 15 July 1845, it is the most-widely circulated newspaper in the country and has a significant regional audience. The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online, the latter of which was launched in 1994. It is regarded as the newspaper of record for Singapore.

The newspaper has been generally perceived as having a close relationship with the government and toeing the party line of the governing People's Action Party (PAP).
Jagdgeschwader 132
Jagdgeschwader 132 (JG 132) was a fighter wing of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe during the interwar period. Formed in 1934 under the cover of Reklamestaffel Mitteldeutschland des DLV. In 1938, the wing was renamed Jagdgeschwader 131 and in May 1939 became Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen". The second formation of JG 132 in November 1938 was initiated by renaming Jagdgeschwader 234 to JG 132 which then became Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" in May 1939. I. Gruppe of JG 132 was given the honorary name "Richthofen", named after Manfred von Richthofen, in March 1935. With the reformation of JG 132 in November 1938, the Geschwader carried the honorary name "Schlageter", named after Albert Leo Schlageter.

Jagdgeschwader 131
Jagdgeschwader 131 was a fighter wing of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe during the interwar period. It was formed in early 1937 without a wing staff and only a single group, I./JG 131 from a cadre provided by II./JG 132. I./JG 131 was redesignated as I./JG 130 on 1 November 1938.
Althaea (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Althaea (/ælˈθiːə/; Ancient Greek: Ἀλθαία, romanized: Althaía, lit. 'healer' from ἀλθαίνω althaino, "to cure", also "a kind of mallow"), also rendered Althea or Althaia, was queen of Calydon through her marriage to King Oeneus. Althaea appears in myths surrounding the fabled Calydonian boar hunt, and is infamous for murdering her son Meleager.

Meleager
Meleager (/ˌmɛliˈeɪɡər/, Ancient Greek: Μελέαγρος, romanized: Meléagros) was a hero in Greek mythology, venerated in his temenos at Calydon in Aetolia. He was famed as the host of the Calydonian boar hunt in the epic tradition that was reworked by Homer, and was also mentioned as one of the Argonauts.
Lower Sioux Agency
The Lower Sioux Agency, or Redwood Agency, was the federal administrative center for the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation in what became Redwood County, Minnesota, United States.  It was the site of the Battle of Lower Sioux Agency on August 18, 1862, the first organized battle of the Dakota War of 1862.

Today it is a historic site managed by the Lower Sioux Community in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society. In February 2021, ownership of half of the site was transferred from the historical society to the Lower Sioux Community. The site contains an interpretive center, self-guided trails, and a restored 1861 stone warehouse that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Lower Sioux Indian Reservation
The Lower Sioux Indian Community, (Dakota: Caŋṡa'yapi; Lakota: Čhaŋšáyapi) also known as the Mdewakanton Tribal Reservation, is an Indian reservation located along the southern bank of the Minnesota River in Paxton and Sherman townships in Redwood County, Minnesota. Its administrative headquarters is two miles south of Morton. The reservation is located southeast of Redwood Falls, the county seat.

The area was established as part of a reservation for the Mdewakanton and Wahpekute bands of the Lower Sioux under the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851 with the federal government. It originally extended about 70 miles (110 km) along the Minnesota River and was 20 miles (30 km) wide. It was greatly reduced following the Dakota War of 1862 and various other actions. As of the 2020 census, this lower reservation had a population of 534, and a land area of 2.69 square miles (7.0 km2).
Tactical role-playing game
Tactical role-playing game (abbreviated TRPG), also known as strategy role-playing game or simulation RPG (both abbreviated SRPG), is a video game genre that combines core elements of role-playing video games with those of tactical (turn-based or real-time) strategy video games. The formats of tactical RPGs are much like traditional tabletop role-playing games and strategy games in appearance, pacing, and rule structure. Likewise, early tabletop role-playing games are descended from skirmish wargames such as Chainmail, which were primarily concerned with combat.

Strategy video game
A strategy video game is a video game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning and decision-making, often involving the indirect control of multiple units and the management of limited resources, rather than the quick reflexes typical of action games.

Strategy video games are commonly divided into two main forms: turn-based strategy (TBS), in which players act in discrete turns, and real-time strategy (RTS), in which play proceeds continuously. Many also incorporate elements such as tactics, diplomacy, economics, or exploration.

Electronic strategy games developed in part from earlier non-digital board games and wargames, and scholars note that the definition of “strategy” in games is not entirely uniform across contexts.
Mahendradatta
Mahendradatta (961–1011 CE), also known as Gunapriya Dharmapatni, was the queen of Bali and wife of Udayana Warmadewa, also popularly known as King Udayana from Warmadewa dynasty. She was also the mother of Javanese hero-king Airlangga. Mahendradatta and Udayana co-ruled Bali, issuing inscriptions in both their names. Her other younger sons are Marakata (who later became king of Bali after the death of Udayana) and Anak Wungçu (who ascended to the Balinese throne after the death of Marakata).

Udayana Warmadewa
Udayana Warmadewa, also Udayana the Great or Dharmmodayana Warmadewa, was a king of the island of Bali in the 10th century. He belongs to the Warmadewa dynasty. He was married to the Javanese queen Mahendradatta, also known as Gunapriyadharmapatni. Their son was the famous Airlangga, who replaced the overthrown emperor of Java Dharmawangsa, and ruled in both Java and his original home of Bali. Mahendradatta and Udayana co-ruled Bali, issuing inscriptions in both their names.
Al-Wazeer Mosque
The Al-Wazeer Mosque (Arabic: جامع الوزير, romanized: Jami' al-Wazir) is a Sunni mosque, located in the Al-Rusafa district of Baghdad, in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq. The mosque was built by the Wazir of Baghdad Hassan Pasha in 1599 CE during the Ottoman era. The mosque was renovated and restored in the intervening years. The main characteristic of the mosque is its Ottoman style. The mosque is situated behind the Souk al-Sarai, near the riverbank of the Tigris.

The a mosque is located, adjacent to the al-Asifyah Mosque, in an area that is part of a tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mosque-Madrasa of al-Asifyah
The Mosque-Madrasa of al-Asifyah (Arabic: مدرسة الآصفية) is a Sufi mosque and madrasa complex, located near the riverbank of Tigris, in the city of Baghdad, in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq. The mosque and its associated complex includes a madrasa, old courts, and other former government buildings, and a palace are contained within a 7.57-hectare (18.7-acre) site alongside the banks of the Tigris that forms part of a tentative UNESCO World Heritage Site list, adjacent to the al-Wazeer Mosque.

The mosque complex also includes a small shrine, which is believed to entomb the remains of Islamic scholar al-Kulayni. It could also contain the tomb of Islamic Sufi Imam al-Muhasibi.
Ma Yin
Ma Yin (traditional Chinese: 馬殷; simplified Chinese: 马殷; pinyin: Mǎ Yīn; c. 853 – December 2, 930), courtesy name Batu (霸圖), also known by his posthumous name as the King Wumu of Chu (楚武穆王), was a Chinese military general and politician who became the founding ruler of the Chinese Ma Chu dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was the only monarch who carried the title of "king" in his dynasty. He initially took control of the Changsha region in 896 after the death of his predecessor Liu Jianfeng, and subsequently increased his territorial hold to roughly modern Hunan and northeastern Guangxi, which became the territory of Ma Chu.

Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)
Liu Jianfeng (Chinese: 劉建鋒; died May 17, 896), courtesy name Ruiduan (銳端), was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang dynasty. He controlled Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan) from 894 to his death in 896.
Uintan
The Uintan North American Stage is the North American faunal stage, typically set from 46,200,000 to 42,000,000 years before present lasting 4.2 million years. The Uintan Stage is a key part of the North American Land Mammal Age. In the Uinta Basin, a thriving subtropical ecosystem was formed at around 46.0 million years ago. It falls within the Eocene epoch, preceded by the Bridgerian and followed by the Duchesnean NALMA stages. The Uinta Formation is a key piece of this geologic stage. Mammalian sabretooths evolved and became dominant predators in the now-Western United States. These included Apataelurus, Diegoaelurus, and Machaeroides.

Duchesnean
The Duchesnean North American Stage on the geologic timescale is a North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA), with an age from 42,000,000 to 38,000,000 years before present BP, representing 4 million years. It cascade inside the Eocene era. The Duchesnean is preceded by the Uintan and followed by the Chadronian NALMA.

The Duchesnean cataract inside the Bartonian age of the geologic timescale.
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin
5,5-Dimethylhydantoin (DMH, systematic name 4,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidine) is a derivative of hydantoin having two methyl groups as substituents on the ring carbon. DMH can be used in silver electroplating baths as an alternative to cyanide. It is a degradation product of 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin that can be detected on foods that have not been properly washed. It can be easily produced by a Bucherer–Bergs reaction, warming a mixture of acetone cyanohydrin and ammonium carbonate.

Reaction of DMH with various halogens gives N,N′-dihalo derivatives, such as diido-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, bromochloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, and dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, which can be used as reagents to supply of electrophilic halogen atoms or hypohalous acids (or synthetic equivalents of them). Sodium 4,4-dimethyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-ide, the sodium salt of its conjugate base, has been commercialized as a stabilizer for active chlorine in the papermaking industry.

DBDMH
DBDMH (an abbrevation for 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin) is an organic compound derived from the heterocycle called dimethylhydantoin. This white crystalline compound with a slight bromine odor is widely used as a disinfectant used for drinking water purification, recreational water treatment, as a bleaching agent in pulp and paper mills, and for treating industrial/commercial water cooling systems. Its action does not involve the use of hypochlorous acid.
Transfer hydrogenation
In chemistry, transfer hydrogenation is a chemical reaction involving the addition of hydrogen to a compound from a source other than molecular H2. It is applied in laboratory and industrial organic synthesis to saturate organic compounds and reduce ketones to alcohols, and imines to amines. It avoids the need for high-pressure molecular H2 used in conventional hydrogenation. Transfer hydrogenation usually occurs at mild temperature and pressure conditions using organic or organometallic catalysts, many of which are chiral, allowing efficient asymmetric synthesis. It uses hydrogen donor compounds such as formic acid,  isopropanol or dihydroanthracene, dehydrogenating them to CO2, acetone, or anthracene respectively. Often, the donor molecules also function as solvents for the reaction. A large scale application of transfer hydrogenation is coal liquefaction using "donor solvents" such as tetralin.

Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces double and triple bonds in hydrocarbons.
Diligentia College
The Diligentia College is a constituent college of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen. The Diligentia College was established in 2016 with an endowment from the Genzon Public Welfare and Charity Foundation.

The Diligentia College is located on the upper campus of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen.

Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (abbreviated as CUHK–Shenzhen or CUHK–SZ) is a university in Longgang, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It was established under a partnership between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shenzhen University. The university was approved by the Ministry of Education of China on 21 March 2014.

According to the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), the relationship between its campus in Sha Tin, Hong Kong and CUHK–Shenzhen is "one brand, two campuses". Both campuses are supervised by the same Senate and share the same academic structure and curriculum design. Graduates from CUHK–Shenzhen are awarded degrees of CUHK, the same as those awarded to CUHK graduates (but denoting "Shenzhen" in the main text), as well as a graduation certificate conferred by CUHK–Shenzhen.

As of 2024, more than 10,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students are studying at CUHK-Shenzhen.