hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Cosford Hundred
Cosford was a hundred of Suffolk, consisting of 30,712 acres (124.29 km2).

The hundred consisted of Hadleigh, the only town of any size, and seventeen other parishes in western Suffolk. The area is undulating and agriculturally-fertile with clay soil, watered by the River Brett and its tributary streams. It is about twelve miles (19 km) in length from north to south and around five wide, and is bounded by the Hundreds of Samford, Babergh, Thedwestry, Stow and Bosmere and Claydon.

Cosford was in Coxford Union in the Liberty of St Edmund and in the Deanery and Archdeaconry of Sudbury. The area was until the nineteenth century part of the diocese of Norwich until it was moved to that of Ely. Hadleigh itself however is a peculiar of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Listed as Cursforde in the Domesday Book and subsequently known for a period as Corsford or Corsforth, the name Cosford means "ford of the river Cors or Corsa".

Babergh Hundred
Babergh was a hundred of Suffolk, consisting of 71,882 acres (290.90 km2). Its name survives in that of Babergh District, the local government district of southern Suffolk that includes the former hundred as well as those of Cosford and Samford.

It consisted of the land to the north, east and south-east of Sudbury, the hundred's largest town, and its southern boundary forms the border with Essex. The majority of the land is rural.

It was listed as Baberga in the Domesday Book of 1086, and the name is believed to mean "Mound of a man called Babba".

The name derives from Babergh Heath, an area of land around the villages of Great and Little Waldingfield. The village of Great Waldingfield is home to Babergh Hall, the ancient meeting place of the hundred.
Doodlebug tractor
Doodlebug tractor is the colloquial American English name for a tractor home-made in the United States during World War II, when production tractors were in short supply.  The doodlebug of the 1940s was usually based on a 1920s or 1930s era Ford automobile which was then modified either by the complete removal or alteration of some of the vehicle body. The preservation of examples of the doodlebug tractor has become popular in New England and upstate New York where there are several clubs  holding monthly meet-ups in the summer months to put their contraptions to the test by pulling large stone boats in a tractor pull.

Tractor
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as that used in agriculture, mining or construction.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and now many more. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Charter Oak Unified School District
Charter Oak Unified School District (COUSD) is a unified school district with administrative offices in Covina, California, serving nearly 5,000 students in the unincorporated community of Charter Oak and portions of the cities of Covina, Glendora and San Dimas, and the unincorporated community of West San Dimas. The superintendent is Jeffrey Jordan.

Covina, California
Covina (/koviːnə/) is a city in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County, California, United States, about 22 miles (35 km) east of downtown Los Angeles.
The population was 51,268 according to the 2020 census, up from 47,796 at the 2010 census. The city's slogan, "One Mile Square and All There", was coined when the incorporated area of the city was only one square mile (2.6 km2).

Covina is bordered by West Covina, to its south and west side. Irwindale lies to the west, as well as the unincorporated area of Vincent, and the city of Baldwin Park. Azusa and Glendora are to the north, the unincorporated community of Charter Oak to the northeast, San Dimas to the east, the unincorporated area of Ramona and city of Pomona to the southeast.
Quartermaster General of the United States Army
The Quartermaster General of the United States Army is a general officer who is responsible for the Quartermaster Corps, the Quartermaster branch of the U.S. Army.  The Quartermaster General does not command Quartermaster units, but is primarily focused on training, doctrine and professional development of Quartermaster soldiers. The Quartermaster General also serves as the Commanding General, U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School, Fort Gregg-Adams, Virginia, and the traditional Quartermaster Corps.

United States Army Quartermaster Corps
The United States Army Quartermaster Corps, formerly the Quartermaster Department, is a sustainment and former combat service support (CSS) branch of the United States Army. It is also one of three U.S. Army logistics branches, the others being the Transportation Corps and the Ordnance Corps.

The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps mission is to support the development, production, acquisition, and sustainment of general supply, Mortuary Affairs, subsistence, petroleum and water, and material and distribution management during peace and war to provide combat power to the U.S. Army. The officer in charge of the branch for doctrine, training, and professional development purposes is the Quartermaster General. The current Quartermaster General is Colonel Kevin W. Agness.
Banovina of Croatia
The Banovina of Croatia or Banate of Croatia (Serbo-Croatian: Banovina Hrvatska, Бановина Хрватска) was an administrative subdivision (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1939 and 1941. It was formed by a merger of Sava and Littoral banovinas into a single autonomous entity, with small parts of the Drina, Zeta, Vrbas and Danube banovinas also included. Its capital was Zagreb and it included most of present-day Croatia along with portions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Its sole Ban during this period was Ivan Šubašić.

Ban of Croatia
Ban of Croatia (Croatian: Hrvatski ban) was the title of local rulers or office holders and after 1102, viceroys of Croatia. From the earliest periods of the Croatian state, some provinces were ruled by bans as a ruler's representative (viceroy) and supreme military commander. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually became the chief government officials in Croatia.

They were at the head of the Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The institution of ban persisted until the first half of the 20th century, when it was officially superseded in function by that of a parliamentary prime minister.
Alluvium (peercasting)
Alluvium is open source peercasting software developed by the Foundation for Decentralization Research, first released in 2003.  It comprises three components, Core, Media Player, and Server. Alluvium allows video and audio programming to be broadcast over the Internet using swarming technology. It is powered by Onion Networks' Swarmcast, and is notable for its incorporation of server-side time-based playlists, and client software which examines those playlists and begins streaming content from the server(and available peers) per that schedule, simplifying the creation of continuous-broadcast video and audio.

Peercasting
Peercasting is a method of multicasting streams, usually audio and/or video, to the Internet via peer-to-peer technology. It can be used for commercial, independent, and amateur multicasts. Unlike traditional IP multicast, peercasting can facilitate on-demand content delivery.
Sawley, Lancashire
Sawley is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Ribble Valley in Lancashire, England. The population of the civil parish was 305 at the 2001 Census, rising to 345 at the 2011 census. It is situated north-east of Clitheroe, on the River Ribble. It was historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire.

The parish adjoins the Ribble Valley parishes of Bolton-by-Bowland, Paythorne, Gisburn, Rimington, Downham, Chatburn and Grindleton.

Grindleton
Grindleton is a village and civil parish in the Ribble Valley district of the English county of Lancashire, traditionally in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Its 3,700 acres sit within the Forest of Bowland. The population of the civil ward taken at the 2011 census was 772.
Taedong kongbo
Taedong kongbo (Korean: 대동공보; Hanja: 大東共報; RR: Daedong gongbo; Russian: Тэдонг конгбо) was a Korean-language newspaper published in Vladivostok, Russian Empire from 1908 to 1910. It briefly changed its name to Taedong sinbo (대동신보; 大東新報) before its closure. It is not to be confused with a Korean-American newspaper of a similar name (same romanized and Hangul name, but different Hanja: 大同公報). It was one of a series of Korean-language newspapers published in Vladivostok. It followed the 1908 Haejo sinmun, and was succeeded by the 1911 Taeyangbo and the 1912–1914 Kwŏnŏp sinmun.

Taeyangbo
Taeyangbo (Korean: 대양보; Hanja: 大洋報; RR: Daeyangbo; lit. Ocean Gazette; Russian: Дэянгбо) was a Korean-language newspaper published in Sinhanch'on, Vladivostok, Russian Empire in 1911. It was written entirely in the native Korean script Hangul.

It was one of a series of newspapers that was founded by Koreans in Vladivostok, and was preceded by the 1908 Haejo sinmun and 1908–1910 Taedong kongbo. It was followed by the 1912–1914 Kwŏnŏp sinmun.

According to a 2016 article, no original copies are known to exist. There are, however, Japanese-language translations of some issues that have been retranslated into Korean. Issues No. 3 to 13 (July 6, 1911 to September 11, 1911), excluding No. 9, are attested to.
Bobby Bradford
Bobby Lee Bradford (born July 19, 1934) is an American jazz trumpeter, cornetist, bandleader, and composer. In addition to his solo work, Bradford is noted for his work with John Carter, Vinny Golia and Ornette Coleman. In October 2009, Bradford became the second recipient of the Festival of New Trumpet Music's Award of Recognition. He taught at Pomona College for 44 years.

Vinny Golia
Vinny Golia (born March 1, 1946) is an American composer and multi-instrumentalist specializing in woodwind instruments. He performs in the genres of contemporary music, jazz, free jazz, and free improvisation.
Mansur ibn al-Mahdi
Mansur ibn al-Mahdi (Arabic: منصور بن المهدي) was an Abbasid prince, son of Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi, brother of caliph al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid. Mansur was governor of Syria during his nephew caliph al-Amin's reign.

Al-Hadi
Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī (Arabic: أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي; 26 April 764 CE  – 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab al-Hādī (الهادي‎) was the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 CE) until his death in 170 AH (786 CE). His short reign ended with internal chaos and power struggles with his mother.
Hori Naotora
Hori Naotora (堀直虎, September 26, 1836 – February 10, 1868) was the 13th daimyō of Suzaka Domain (12,000 koku) in northern Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Prefecture), Honshū, Japan under the Bakumatsu period Tokugawa shogunate. His courtesy title was Nagato-no-kami (later Kura-no-kami), and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.

Suzaka Domain
Suzaka Domain (須坂藩, Suzaka-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It was located in Shinano Province (modern-day Nagano Prefecture) in central Honshū. The domain was centered at Suzaka Jin’ya, located in what is now part of the town of Suzaka.
Academia Quintana
Academia Quintana F.C. is a Puerto Rican association football club from San Juan. The team was founded in 1969, making them one of the oldest clubs still in existence in Puerto Rico. They were one of the founding members of the Puerto Rico Soccer League. The reserve team plays in the Liga Nacional. The club plays their home games at the Hiram Bithorn Stadium, sharing the facility with Atléticos de San Juan. The team currently plays in the Liga Puerto Rico Pro. The team has won a record 18 territory-wide titles.

Atlético de San Juan FC
Atlético de San Juan FC are an association football club from San Juan, Puerto Rico. A newly formed club, they will play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League, the island's first unified football competition. They will play their home matches at the 18,000 capacity Hiram Bithorn Stadium, which has been traditionally used for baseball.
Epsom Downs Racecourse
Epsom Downs is a Grade 1 racecourse in a hilly area near Epsom in Surrey, England which is used for thoroughbred horse racing. The "Downs" referred to in the name are part of the North Downs.

The course has a crowd capacity of 130,000 including people watching from the Epsom Downs, an area freely open to the public. The course is best known for hosting the Derby Stakes, which has come to be widely referred to as The Derby or as the Cazoo Derby for sponsorship reasons, the United Kingdom's premier thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old colts and fillies, over a mile and a half (2400 m). It also hosts the Oaks Stakes (also widely referred to as The Oaks) for three-year-old fillies, and the Coronation Cup for horses aged four years and upwards. All three races are Group 1 races and run over the same course and distance.

The Chairman of the course since 2022 is Brian Finch.  The course is operated by the Jockey Club.  Queen Elizabeth II attended the Derby in most years of her reign.

Epsom Oaks
The Oaks Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs over a distance of 1 mile, 4 furlongs and 6 yards (2,420 metres), about 1½ miles, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late May or early June. It is the second-oldest of the five Classic races, after the St Leger. Officially the Betfred Oaks, it is also popularly known as simply The Oaks. It has increasingly come to be referred to as the Epsom Oaks in both the UK and overseas countries, although 'Epsom' is not part of the official title of the race.

It is the third of Britain's five Classic races to be held during the season, and the second of two restricted to fillies. It can also serve as the middle leg of the Fillies Triple Crown, preceded by the 1000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted.
Tony Award for Best Author
The Tony Award for Best Author is a now retired category once presented to playwrights, authors and librettists of theatrical plays and musicals. Only nine awards were presented from 1947 to 1965, and it is often grouped with the category Best Book of a Musical.

Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical
The Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical is awarded to librettists of the spoken, non-sung dialogue, and storyline of a musical play. Eligibility is restricted to works with original narrative framework; plotless revues and revivals are ineligible. This award was originally called the Tony Award for Best Author, until musicals were split off from dramas.
Battle of Autas
The Battle of Autas or Awtas (Arabic: غَزْوَة أَوْطَاس, romanized: Ġazwat Awṭās) took place in 630 C.E. between the forces of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribal coalition centered around Taif. It was an immediate follow-up engagement following the victory at the Battle of Hunayn.

Battle of Hunayn
The Battle of Hunayn (Arabic: غَزْوَة حُنَيْن, romanized: Ġazwat Ḥunayn) was a conflict between the Muslims of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tribe of Qays in the aftermath of the conquest of Mecca. The battle took place in 8 AH (c. 630) in the Hunayn valley on the route from Mecca to Taif. The battle ultimately ended in a decisive victory for the Muslims, and it is one of the few battles mentioned by name in the Quran, where it appears in Surat at-Tawbah.
Ana Elisa Villanueva
Ana Elisa Aurora Villanueva Callot (July 28, 1930 – April 5, 1998) was a Dominican politician and children's advocate. She served as First Lady of the Dominican Republic from July 4, 1982, to August 16, 1982, during the brief 43-day presidency of her husband, Jacobo Majluta. Villanueva was also the vice president of the Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Jacobo Majluta
Jacobo Majluta Azar (9 October 1934 – 2 March 1996) was 47th president of the Dominican Republic for a month in 1982. He was previously the 32nd vice president under President Antonio Guzmán Fernández from 1978 until his accession to the presidency. Following Fernández's death in July 1982, Majluta completed his term and handed over power to Salvador Jorge Blanco the following month.

Majulta was one of the generations of politicians in the Dominican Republic whose ambition was continually thwarted by the country's labyrinthine power struggles and sectarianism.
King Edward Park Air Raid Shelter
King Edward Park Air Raid Shelter is a heritage-listed former air raid shelter at 224 Turbot Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Frank Gibson Costello and built c. 1942 by Brisbane City Council. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 April 2005.

Turbot Street
Turbot Street runs parallel to Ann Street and is on the northern side of the Brisbane CBD in Queensland, Australia. It is a major thoroughfare, linking as a three-to-five lane one-way street with the Riverside Expressway in the southwest to the suburb of Fortitude Valley in the northeast; address numbers run the same direction.  It is a one-way pair with Ann Street.
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Peru)
The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Spanish: Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos, MINJUSDH) of Peru is the government ministry charged with advising the President of Peru in judicial matters. The ministry is responsible of the national prison system as well as the state's relationship with the Roman Catholic Church in Peru.

The minister of justice is Juan Alcántara Medrano since May 2025.

National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)
The National Penitentiary Institute of Peru (Spanish: Instituto Nacional Penitenciario, INPE) is the government agency charged with incarcerating convicts and suspects charged with crimes. It is part of the Peruvian government's Ministry of Justice.
Ichabod Wiswall
Reverend Ichabod Wiswall (1637–1700) was the third pastor of the church in Duxbury, Plymouth Colony, British America.  Though he is thought to have given the first known funeral sermon in British America at the burial of Capt. Jonathan Alden in 1697, American funeral sermons do predate this event, by several decades.

Jonathan Alden Sr.
Capt. Jonathan Alden Sr. (c. 1632 – February 14, 1697), the son of Mayflower immigrants, was a military officer and farm owner in Plymouth Colony. The home he built in the late 1600s is now a National Historic Landmark in Duxbury, Massachusetts.
Housham Tye
Housham Tye is a hamlet in the civil parish of Matching, and the Epping Forest district  of  Essex, England.

The hamlet is 1 mile (1.6 km) south-west from Matching village and the  parish church of St Mary, and 650 yards (600 m) south-west from the village of Matching Tye, separated by the woodland of  Matching Park. Conjoined to Housham Tye is the hamlet of Carter's Green. The M11 motorway is one mile to the west, over which is the town of Harlow. Junction 7 of the M11 is 3 miles (5 km) south-west, through which runs the A414 road to the county town of Chelmsford 15 miles (20 km) to the east.

Matching, Essex
Matching is a village and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of Essex, England. It lies 3 miles (5 km) east of Harlow's modern town centre and 2 miles (3 km) from Old Harlow. As well as the small village of Matching itself, the parish includes numerous other settlements, including Matching Green and Matching Tye. At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 959.
Coromandel Volcanic Zone
The Coromandel Volcanic Zone (CVZ) is an extinct intraplate volcanic arc stretching from Great Barrier Island in the north, through the Coromandel Peninsula, to the Kaimai Range in the south. The area of transition between it and the newer and still active Taupō Volcanic Zone is now usually separated and is called the Tauranga Volcanic Centre. Its volcanic activity was associated with the formation and most active period of the Hauraki Rift.

Coromandel Peninsula
36°50′S 175°35′E﻿ / ﻿36.833°S 175.583°E﻿ / -36.833; 175.583

The Coromandel Peninsula (Māori: Te Tara-o-te-Ika-a-Māui) on the North Island of New Zealand extends 85 kilometres (53 mi) north from the western end of the Bay of Plenty, forming a natural barrier protecting the Hauraki Gulf and the Firth of Thames in the west from the Pacific Ocean to the east. It is 40 kilometres (25 mi) wide at its broadest point. Almost its entire population lives on the narrow coastal strips fronting the Hauraki Gulf and the Bay of Plenty. In clear weather the peninsula is clearly visible from Auckland, the country's biggest city, which lies on the far shore of the Hauraki Gulf, 55 kilometres (34 mi) to the west. The peninsula is part of the Thames-Coromandel District and the Waikato Region.
Uncontrolled airspace
In aviation, uncontrolled airspace is airspace in which an air traffic control (ATC) service is not deemed necessary or cannot be provided for practical reasons. It is the opposite of controlled airspace. It is that portion of the airspace that has not been designated as Control Area, Control Zone, Terminal Control Area or Transition Area.

According to the airspace classes set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the uncontrolled classes of airspace are class F and G. Uncontrolled airspace does not require a clearance to enter.

ATC does not exercise any executive authority in uncontrolled airspace, but may provide basic information services to aircraft in radio contact. Aircraft entering controlled airspace from uncontrolled airspace will need a clearance from the relevant ATC unit in order to do so. Aircraft in uncontrolled airspace will not receive separation from other flights but may receive an information service, if available and practical.

Airspace
Airspace is the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory and territorial waters that fall under the country's sovereignty and regulatory control.

Internationally, allocation and management of airspace is coordinated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which was established through the Chicago Convention in 1947 to unify air traffic. ICAO organizes airspace into Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and provides classification guidelines. National authorities, such as the FAA, CAA, or EASA implement rules and regulations for air traffic control, special-use airspace, and enforcement within their own FIRs.

Airspace can be used for both civilian flight and for defense or military operations, and countries are responsible for protecting their own airspace using measures such as air policing. Legal and technical challenges include the vertical boundary between airspace and outer space and temporary restrictions such as NOTAMs or TFRs.
C-Group culture
The C-Group culture is an archaeological culture found in Lower Nubia, which dates from c. 2400 BCE to c. 1550 BCE. It was named by George A. Reisner. With no central site and no written evidence about what these people called themselves, Reisner assigned the culture a letter. The C-Group arose after Reisner's A-Group and B-Group cultures, and around the time the Old Kingdom was ending in Ancient Egypt.

A-Group culture
The A-Group was the first powerful society in Nubia, located in modern northern Sudan and southern Egypt and  flourished between the First and Second Cataracts of the Nile in Lower Nubia. It lasted from the 4th millennium BC, reached its climax at c. 3100 BC, and fell 200 years later c. 2900 BC.