hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Fish and chips
Fish and chips is a hot dish consisting of battered and fried fish, served with chips. Often considered the national dish of the United Kingdom, fish and chips originated in England in the 19th century. Today, the dish is a common takeaway food in numerous other countries, particularly English-speaking and Commonwealth nations.

Fish-and-chip shops first appeared in the UK in the 1860s, and by 1910 there were over 25,000 of them across the UK. This increased to over 35,000 by the 1930s, but eventually decreased to approximately 10,000 by 2009. The British government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the First World War and again in the Second World War. It was one of the few foods in the UK not subject to rationing during the wars, which further contributed to its popularity.

Fish-and-chip shop
A fish-and-chip shop, sometimes referred to as a chip shop or chippy, is a business which specialises in selling fish and chips. Usually, fish-and-chip shops provide takeaway service, although some have seating facilities. Fish-and-chip shops may also sell other foods, including variations on their core offering such as battered sausage and burgers, to regional cuisine such as Indian food.
Frank J. Massey
Frank J. Massey Jr. (November 22, 1919 – November 18, 1995) was an American mathematician and statistician. He is known for developing the biostatistics program at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health and for a classic text: Introduction to Statistical Analysis, co-authored with Wilfrid Dixon.

UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
The UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health is the graduate school of public health at UCLA, and is located within the Center for Health Sciences building on UCLA's campus in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Fielding School of Public Health has 690 students representing 25 countries, more than 11,000 alumni and 247 faculty, 70 of whom are full-time.

Founded in 1961.
Shire of Rosalie
The Shire of Rosalie was a local government area in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, immediately northwest of the regional city of Toowoomba. The shire, administered from the town of Goombungee, covered an area of 2,200.7 square kilometres (849.7 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1879 until 2008.  In 2008, it amalgamated with several other councils in the Toowoomba area to form the Toowoomba Region.

Shire of Jondaryan
The Shire of Jondaryan was a local government area located in the Darling Downs region of Queensland, Australia, immediately west of the regional city of Toowoomba. The shire, administered from the town of Oakey, covered an area of 1,910.0 square kilometres (737.5 sq mi), and existed as a local government entity from 1890 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the Toowoomba area to form the Toowoomba Region. Its growth in later years has been fuelled by the expansion of Toowoomba and suburbs such as Glenvale and Westbrook.
Yumeshima Station
Yumeshima Station (夢洲駅, Yumeshima-eki) is a metro station on the Osaka Metro Chūō Line in Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan. It is the westernmost station of the Osaka Metro system. The station was opened as the new terminus of the Osaka Metro Chūō Line, when the line was extended for the Expo 2025 on January 19, 2025.

Chūō Line (Osaka)
The Chūō Line (中央線, Chūō-sen) is a rapid transit system in Osaka, Japan, operated by Osaka Metro. The line runs east-westerly under Chūō Avenue (中央大通, Chūō Ōdōri). Its official name is Rapid Electric Tramway Line No. 4 (高速電気軌道第4号線), and in MLIT publications, it is written as Line No. 4 (Chūō Line) (4号線（中央線）). Station numbers are indicated by the letter C.

Together with the through operation to the Keihanna Line, the three lines have a unified nickname "Yumehanna" (ゆめはんな).

On 1 July 2005, Osaka City bought the Technoport Line (テクノポート線) from Cosmosquare to Osakakō of its subsidiary Osaka Port Transport System Co., Ltd. (大阪港トランスポートシステム), reducing fare to increase traffic. The section operationally became a part of the Chūō Line, but is however still owned by OTS.

The Chūō Line is the only line to connect to all other subway lines operated by the Osaka Metro, including the Nankō Port Town Line.
Sibylla of Cyprus
Sibylla of Cyprus (French: Sibyl; 1198 – 1230 to 1252) was the queen of Armenia from 1210 until 1219 as the second wife of King Leo I. A member of the House of Lusignan, she was the daughter of Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem and King Aimery of Cyprus. Her half-brother, King Hugh I of Cyprus, married her off to the 60-year-old King Leo when she was 12. She had one child, Isabella, who succeeded Leo as queen when he died in 1219. She had a strong claim to the throne of Jerusalem, but her Armenian marriage made it difficult to enforce.

Leo I, King of Armenia
Leo I (Armenian: Լեւոն Ա Մեծագործ, romanized: Levon I. Metsagorts; 1150 – 2 May 1219) was the tenth lord of Armenian Cilicia, ruling from 1187 to 1219,:   and the first king to be crowned, in 1198/9 (sometimes known as Levon I the Magnificent).:   Leo eagerly led his kingdom alongside the armies of the Third Crusade and provided the crusaders with provisions, guides, pack animals and all manner of aid.

He was consecrated as king in January 1198: , [90]  or 1199.
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 is an English tort law case that lays down the typical rule for assessing the appropriate standard of reasonable care in negligence cases involving skilled professionals such as doctors. This rule is known as the Bolam test, and states that if a doctor reaches the standard of a responsible body of medical opinion, they are not negligent. Bolam was rejected in the 2015 Supreme Court decision of Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board in matters of informed consent.

Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11 is a Scottish delict, medical negligence and English tort law case on doctors and pharmacists that outlines the rule on the disclosure of risks to satisfy the criteria of an informed consent. The Supreme Court departed and overruled the earlier House of Lords case in Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital, in reconsidering the duty of care of a doctor towards a patient on medical treatment. The case changed the Bolam test to a greater test in medical negligence by introducing the general duty to attempt the disclosure of risks.
Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited
Swan Defence and Heavy Industries Limited formerly known as Reliance Naval and Engineering Limited, Reliance Defence & Engineering Limited and prior to that as Pipavav Shipyard Limited (PSL) and Pipavav Defence & Offshore Engineering Company Limited is an Indian shipbuilding and heavy industry company. The shipyard is located near the village of Pipavav in Gujarat, at a distance of 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km South West of Bhavnagar. The company was the first private sector company in India to obtain a license and contract to build warships and owns the largest shipyard in India.

Port Pipavav
Port Pipavav is a multi-user, multi-commodity, all weather port on the west coast of India in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, 90 km South of Amreli, 15 km South of Rajula and 140 km Southwest of Bhavnagar.

The port has cargo operations for containers, bulk, liquid and roll-on/roll-off cargo and an adjoining shipyard that builds naval vessels.
The English Hymnal
The English Hymnal is a hymn book which was published in 1906 for the Church of England by Oxford University Press. It was edited by the clergyman and writer Percy Dearmer and the composer and music historian Ralph Vaughan Williams, and was a significant publication in the history of Anglican church music.

Hymns Ancient and Modern
Hymns Ancient and Modern is a hymnal in common use within the Church of England, a result of the efforts of the Oxford Movement. The hymnal was first published in 1861.

The organization publishing it has now been formed into a charitable trust, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, and as of 2022 it publishes a wide range of hymnals as well as other theological and religious books and magazines, under imprints including the acquired publishers Canterbury Press and SCM Press.
Happy Mania
Happy Mania (Japanese: ハッピー・マニア, Hepburn: Happī Mania) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Moyoco Anno. It was serialized in Shodensha's josei manga magazine Feel Young from 1995 to 2001, with its chapters collected in eleven tankōbon volumes. It was licensed in North America by Tokyopop, with the volumes published from 2003 to 2004.

A 12-episode television drama adaptation was broadcast in 1998. A second manga series, titled Go Happy Mania, was serialized in Feel Young from 2019 to 2025.

Moyoco Anno
Moyoco Anno (安野 モヨコ, Anno Moyoko; born March 26, 1971), formerly known simply by the mononym Moyoco (モヨコ, Moyoko), is a Japanese manga artist and fashion writer, with numerous books published in both categories. Her work Sugar Sugar Rune won the Kodansha manga award for children in 2005. Anno is married to director Hideaki Anno of Neon Genesis Evangelion fame. Anno has aspired to being a manga artist since her third year at elementary school.
Orange Unified School District
Orange Unified School District (OUSD) is a public school district headquartered in Orange, California.

Orange USD serves the cities of Orange and Villa Park, the unincorporated land of Silverado, and parts of Anaheim, Garden Grove, Santa Ana, and Yorba Linda. Its student enrollment during the 2004–2005 school year was approximately around the number 31,600.

Orange, California
Orange is a city located in northern Orange County, California, United States. It is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the county seat, Santa Ana. Orange is unusual in this region because many of the homes in its Old Town District were built before 1920. While many other cities in the region demolished such houses in the 1960s, Orange decided to preserve them. The small city of Villa Park is surrounded by the city of Orange. The population of Orange was 139,911 as of 2020.
Eubule Thelwall (landowner)
Eubule Thelwall (1622 – 4 February 1694) was a landowner and solicitor who held legal offices in North Wales and Cheshire, and the third son of John Thelwall of Bathafarn Park, Ruthin. In 1646 he served in the siege of Denbigh Castle and was sent by William Salesbury, the castle's governor, to Charles I to seek his permission to surrender. Thelwall married Marry Parry, the heiress of Nantclwyd estate in 1653 and instigated a complete rebuild of the building and of a second, smaller building in the nearby town of Ruthin: Nantclwyd y Dre, which is Wales's oldest dated timbered town house.

Sir Eubule Thelwall (c. 1557 – 8 October 1630), Principal of Jesus College, Oxford was his great-uncle.

Nantclwyd Hall
Nantclwyd Hall is a 17th-century Grade II* listed mansion near the village of Llanelidan, Denbighshire, Wales, built by the Parry family, and rebuilt by Eubule Thelwall (c. 1622–95) and his wife Mary Parry, the heiress of the estate.
Second Yanukovych government
The Second Yanukovych Government was a governing coalition of the Party of Regions, the Communist Party and the Socialist Party in Ukraine after the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election and the 2006 Ukrainian political crisis. Until 24 March 2007, it was known as the Anti-Crisis Alliance (Ukrainian: Антикризова коаліція).

Party of Regions
The Party of Regions (Ukrainian: Партія регіонів, romanized: Partiia rehioniv, pronounced [ˈpɑrt⁽ʲ⁾ijɐ reɦiˈɔn⁽ʲ⁾iu̯]; Russian: Партия регионов, romanized: Partiya regionov) was a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine formed in late 1997 that used to be the largest party in Ukraine between 2006 and 2014.

Since the Revolution of Dignity, the party has not competed in elections and members have slowly dispersed; the last election in which the party participated was the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election. The best-known former party members are former prime minister Mykola Azarov and former president of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych; both fled to Russia in February 2014 after Euromaidan.

The Ukrainian Eighth Administrative Court of Appeal banned the party on 21 February 2023.
D. R. Kaprekar
Dattatreya Ramchandra Kaprekar (Marathi: दत्तात्रेय रामचंद्र कापरेकर; 17 January 1905 – 4 July 1986) was an Indian recreational mathematician who  described several classes of natural numbers including the Kaprekar, harshad and self numbers and discovered Kaprekar's constant, named after him. Despite having no formal postgraduate training and working as a schoolteacher, he published extensively and became well known in recreational mathematics circles.

Harshad number
In recreational mathematics, a Harshad number (or Niven number) in a given number base is an integer that is divisible by the sum of its digits when written in that base. Harshad numbers in base n are also known as n-harshad (or n-Niven) numbers. Because being a Harshad number is determined according to the base the number is expressed in, a number can be a Harshad number many times over. So-called Trans-Harshad numbers are Harshad numbers in every base.

Harshad numbers were defined by D. R. Kaprekar, a mathematician from India. The word "harshad" comes from the Sanskrit harṣa (joy) + da (give), meaning joy-giver. The term "Niven number" arose from a paper delivered by Ivan M. Niven at a conference on number theory in 1977.
Sam Trautman
Colonel Samuel Richard Trautman is a fictional character in the Rambo novel and film series, and other media in the franchise. His first appearance was in David Morrell's novel First Blood. His character was expanded on in the film series where he was played by Richard Crenna.

The character has been variously described as a father figure to the main character,: 224  and as a symbol for the military or the American government and its relationship with soldiers. In the original novel of First Blood, Trautman serves as an allegory for "Uncle Sam", i.e., the United States Government which created Rambo to serve their military needs.: 188  In both First Blood and Rambo: First Blood Part II Trautman primarily exists as a background figure engaging in arguments with other figures who are pursuing or using Rambo for their own purposes, while in Rambo III, Trautman becomes a more central figure in the physical action of the film.

First Blood (novel)
First Blood is a 1972 American action-thriller novel by David Morrell about a troubled homeless Vietnam War veteran, known only by his last name of Rambo, who wages a brutal one-man war against local and state police in Kentucky. It was adapted into the 1982 film First Blood starring Sylvester Stallone, which ended up spawning an entire media franchise around Rambo.
Carmen Babiano Méndez-Núñez
Carmen Babiano Méndez-Núñez (1852–1914) was a Spanish painter and a pioneer in feminine art.

She was born in Santiago de Compostela, the daughter of José Babiano Rodríguez, an army colonel, and of María del Carmen Clara Méndez Núñez, the sister of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez.

At the Santiago Exhibition, 1875, she exhibited two oil paintings and two landscapes in crayon; at Corufia, 1878, a portrait in oil of her uncle, the Marquis de Méndez Núñez; at Pontevedra, 1880, several pen and water-color studies, three life-size portraits in crayon, and a work in oil, "A Girl Feeding Chickens." She died in Pontevedra.

Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela, alternatively abbreviated to Santiago or Compostela, is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It is located in the province of A Coruña, in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Santiago de Compostela has a very mild climate for its latitude with heavy winter rainfall courtesy of its relative proximity to the prevailing winds from Atlantic low-pressure systems.
Goral ethnolect
Goral, less frequently called Highlander or Highland Polish, is an ethnolect of the Lechitic group, more specifically of the Lesser Poland dialect group spoken by the Gorals. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by many languages like Slovak, Rusyn, Hungarian, Romanian and German, being common vocabulary of the Carpathian region. Some consider Goral to be a microlanguage, alongside Silesian and to a lesser extent Masurian.

The term Goral derives from the Slavic word for mountain (góra, hora) and the noun-forming suffix denoting people -al.

The Goral ethnolect is often equated to the Podhale dialect; however, this is only one of the many Goral dialects. The term itself refers not to one dialect but to several unique dialects with similar vocabulary (mostly related to pastoralism) or common isoglosses like the aoristic -k.

Podhale dialect
The Podhale dialect (Polish: gwara podhalańska) belongs to the Lesser Poland dialect group and is located in the part of Poland. It is in part one of the dialects that belongs to the Goral ethnolect. It borders the Orawa dialect to the west, the Kliszczak dialect to the north, and the Spisz dialect and Zagórze dialect to the east.
Chang Lih Kang
Chang Lih Kang (simplified Chinese: 郑立慷; traditional Chinese: 鄭立慷; pinyin: Zhèng Lìkāng, born 23 October 1980) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Unity Government administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim since December 2022 and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tanjong Malim since May 2018. He served as Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Teja from March 2008 to May 2018. He is a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party of the PH coalition and has served as a Vice President of PKR since December 2018.

Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia)
The Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation has been Chang Lih Kang since 3 December 2022. He is deputised by Deputy Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation, Yusof Apdal since 12 December 2023. The minister administers the portfolio through the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation.
Cilgerran
Cilgerran (previously Kilgerran or Cil-Garon) is both a village, a parish, and also a community, situated on the south bank of the River Teifi in Pembrokeshire, Wales. It was formerly an incorporated market town.

Among Cilgerran's attractions are Cilgerran Castle and annual coracle races. Kilgerran Halt was a stop on the former Whitland and Cardigan Railway. There are 49 listed buildings in the community, including the parish church.

Nearby are the hamlets of Llwyncelyn, Rhoshill, Cnwce, Pen-y-bryn, Carreg-wen and Pontrhydyceirt, and the villages of Llechryd and Boncath.

Cilgerran Hundred derives its title from the former town, which was once the headquarters of the commote of Emlyn is Cuch (Emlyn below the River Cych).

Slate quarrying was an important activity in the 19th century.

Bridell
Bridell (Welsh: Y Bridell) is a small settlement and parish in north Pembrokeshire, Wales. The parish includes the village of Pen-y-bryn. Together with the parishes of Cilgerran and Llantood, it is in the community of Cilgerran.
FC Merani Tbilisi
FC Merani Tbilisi was a Georgian football club based in Tbilisi. They play in the Liga 3, the third division in Georgian football. They play their home games at Sinatle Stadium.

The club is named after a hotel in Tbilisi. The club colours are all-red for home matches, and all-white for away.

Liga 3 (Georgia)
Liga 3 (Georgian: ლიგა 3), organized by the Georgian Football Federation, is the third division of professional football in Georgia. Introduced for the 2017 season with the launch of the Erovnuli Liga, it is a rebrand of the former Meore Liga (the Second League).

The current holders are Shturmi.
Patagonia peregrina
Patagonia is an extinct genus of non-placental mammal from the Miocene of Argentina. Traditionally considered a metatherian incertae sedis, one analysis suggested it to be a gondwanathere. However, this has been rejected by other authors.

Gondwanatheria
Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammaliaforms that lived in parts of Gondwana, including Madagascar, India, South America, Africa, and Antarctica during the Upper Cretaceous through the Miocene (and possibly much earlier, if Allostaffia is a member of this group). Until recently, they were known only from fragmentary remains. They are generally considered to be closely related to the multituberculates and likely the euharamiyidians, well known from the Northern Hemisphere, with which they form the clade Allotheria.
Ashley Cooper (tennis)
Ashley John Cooper AO (15 September 1936 – 22 May 2020) was an Australian tennis player who played between 1953 and 1968. He was ranked as the world's No. 1 amateur player during the years of 1957 and 1958. Cooper won four singles and four doubles titles at Grand Slam tournaments. He won three of the four Grand Slam events in 1958. He turned professional in 1959. Cooper won the Slazenger Professional Championships tournament in 1959. He won the Grand Prix de Europe professional tour of Europe in 1960. Cooper won the European Cup professional tour of Europe in 1962. He retired from tennis play at the end of 1962 due to injury.

Mal Anderson
Malcolm James Anderson MBE (born 3 March 1935) is an Australian former tennis player who was active from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. He won the singles title at the 1957 U.S. National Championships and achieved his highest amateur ranking of No. 2 in 1957. He became a professional after the 1958 season and won the Wembley World Professional Tennis Championships in the 1959 season. In the Open Era, he was runner-up at the 1972 Australian Open.
Wentworth Memorial Church
Wentworth Memorial Church is a heritage-listed former Anglican church building located at 32B Fitzwilliam Road, Vaucluse, Sydney, Australia. It was designed by Clarke Gazzard and Partners and built by Monteith Constructions, with Miller Milston and Ferris as engineers. The property is privately owned; and was formerly owned by the Anglican Diocese of Sydney. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 September 2012.

Wentworth Mausoleum
Wentworth Mausoleum is a heritage-listed mausoleum located at 5 Chapel Road, Vaucluse in the Municipality of Woollahra local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1872 to 1874 by Mansfield Brothers, architects. It is also known as Wentworth Mausoleum and site. The property is owned by Anglican Church Property Trust and is managed by Sydney Living Museums as part of Vaucluse House. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

Within the mausoleum is buried Australian statesman William Charles Wentworth and children Isabella, Sarah Eleanor and William Charles. Sarah Wentworth played a key role in its construction, commissioning the chapel in which the vault is situated.
L. Wolfe Gilbert
Louis Wolfe Gilbert (August 31, 1886 – July 12, 1970) was a Russian-born American songwriter of Tin Pan Alley. He is best remembered as the lyricist for "Ramona" (1928), the first movie theme song ever written.

Anatole Friedland
Anatole Friedland, also spelled as Anatol Friedland and Anato Friedland, (March 21, 1881 – July 24, 1938) was a composer, songwriter,  vaudeville performer, and Broadway producer during the 1900s. He is most-known for composing songs with lyricist L. Wolfe Gilbert. Their most popular songs include, "My Sweet Adair" (1915), "Are You From Heaven?" (1917), and "My Own Iona" (1916).