hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Šidák correction
In statistics, the Šidák correction, or Dunn–Šidák correction, is a method used to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. It is a simple method to control the family-wise error rate.  When all null hypotheses are true, the method provides familywise error control that is exact for tests that are stochastically independent, conservative for tests that are positively dependent, and liberal for tests that are negatively dependent.  It is credited to a 1967 paper  by the statistician and probabilist Zbyněk Šidák. The Šidák method can be used to adjust alpha levels, p-values, or confidence intervals.

Multiple comparisons problem
Multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when many statistical tests are performed on the same dataset. Each test has its own chance of a Type I error (false positive), so the overall probability of making at least one false positive increases as the number of tests grows. In statistics, this occurs when one simultaneously considers a set of statistical inferences or estimates a subset of selected parameters based on observed values.

The probability of false positives is measured through the family-wise error rate (FWER). The larger the number of inferences made in a series of tests, the more likely erroneous inferences become.  Several statistical techniques have been developed to compensate for the number of inferences being made—for example, by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons.
Bromley-by-Bow gasholders
The Bromley-by-Bow gasholders are a group of seven cast iron Victorian gasholders in Twelvetrees Crescent, West Ham, in the London Borough of Newham. They are named after nearby Bromley-by-Bow in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

Built between 1872 and 1878 to store gas from the nearby Bromley gasworks, the site stopped storing gas in 2010, and is currently a brownfield site. They are thought to be the largest group of Victorian gasholders in Britain, with the Victorian Society calling them "a true symbol of the Industrial Revolution".

Gas Light and Coke Company
The Gas Light and Coke Company (also known as the Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, and the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company), was a company that made and supplied coal gas and coke. The headquarters of the company were located on Horseferry Road in Westminster, Middlesex. It is identified as the original company from which British Gas plc is descended.
Parakeelya balonensis
Parakeelya balonensis (synonym Calandrinia balonensis) is a species of succulent plant native to arid and semi-arid regions of Australia. Common names for the plant include parakeelya, broad-leaf parakeelya, broad-leaved parakeelya and Balonne parakeelya. Parakeelya derives from one of the many Aboriginal Australian names for the plant. The scientific name for the species comes from the Balonne River in Queensland, where the first specimen was found. Calandrinia, its former genus, is named for Jean Louis Calandrini, a 19th-century Genevan professor and botanical author, P. balonensis is marketed as a garden plant under the name Calandrinia ‘Mystique’.

Parakeelya
Parakeelya is a genus of plants in the family Montiaceae with species native to Australia and New Guinea. These species were formerly classed in genus Calandrinia, which was discovered to be paraphyletic.
Sirin bint Shamun
Sīrīn bint Shamʿūn (Arabic: سيرين بنت شمعون) was an Egyptian Coptic Christian concubine, sent with her sister Maria al-Qibtiyya as gifts to the Islamic prophet Muhammad by the Egyptian official Muqawqis in 628.

According to the historian Ibn Saad, both sisters converted to Islam while on their way to Arabia with the encouragement of Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah, who had been sent as a messenger to a governor of Egypt.

Sirin was married to the poet Hassan ibn Thabit, and bore him a son, Abdurahman ibn Hassan.

Al-Muqawqis
Al-Muqawqis (Arabic: المقوقس, Coptic: ⲡⲭⲁⲩⲕⲓⲁⲛⲟⲥ, ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲩⲕⲟⲥ, romanized: p-khaukianos, pi-kaukos, lit. 'man of the Caucasus') is mentioned in Muslim history as a ruler of Egypt who corresponded with Muhammad. He is widely identified with the last prefect of Egypt, Cyrus of Alexandria, who was the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria of the second era of Byzantine Egypt (628-642).

An alternative view identifies al-Muqawqis with the governor of Sasanian Egypt, said to be a Greek man named "Kirolos, leader of the Copts", although the Sassanian governor at the time was the military leader named Shahrbaraz.

When being presented with the letter of invitation to Islam by Muhammad, he said he couldn’t risk his kingdom, therefore not accepting Islam. He sent the messenger back with several gifts, including two women, and told his servants not to say anything.
John Pople
Sir John Anthony Pople KBE FRS (31 October 1925 – 15 March 2004) was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

Computational chemistry
Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids.  The importance of this subject stems from the fact that, with the exception of some relatively recent findings related to the hydrogen molecular ion (dihydrogen cation), achieving an accurate quantum mechanical depiction of chemical systems analytically, or in a closed form, is not feasible. The complexity inherent in the many-body problem exacerbates the challenge of providing detailed descriptions of quantum mechanical systems. While computational results normally complement information obtained by chemical experiments, it can occasionally predict unobserved chemical phenomena.
Waimea Plains Railway
The Waimea Plains Railway was a secondary railway line (not a branch line) that linked the towns of Lumsden and Gore in northern Southland, New Zealand. It skirted the Hokonui Hills, and operated as a through route between 31 July 1880 and 1 April 1971, with the short section from Lumsden to Balfour continuing as the Balfour Branch until 15 January 1978.

Gore, New Zealand
Gore (Māori: Maruawai) is a town and district in the Southland region of the South Island of New Zealand. It has a resident population of 8,310 as of June 2025. Gore is known for its country music scene and hosts an annual country music festival. The town is also surrounded by farmland and is an important centre for agriculture in the region.
Upsilon3 Eridani
Upsilon3 Eridani (υ3 Eridani, abbreviated Upsilon3 Eri, υ3 Eri), officially named Beemim /ˈbiːməm/, is a star in the constellation of Eridanus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.96 The distance to this star, based upon an annual parallax shift of 11.01 mas, is around 296 light-years.

This is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K4 III. It has about 54 times the radius of the Sun and radiates 426 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 3,990 K.

Upsilon2 Eridani
Upsilon2 Eridani (υ² Eridani, abbreviated Upsilon2 Eri, υ2 Eri), officially named Theemin /ˈθiːmən/, is a star in the constellation of Eridanus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.8. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Gaia mission, it is approximately 211 light-years distant.

It is an evolved red clump giant star with a stellar classification of G8+ III. The star has 3.15 times the Sun's mass and 14.09 times the Sun's radius. It radiates 114 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,023 K.
Ababda people
The Ababda (Arabic: العبابدة, romanized: al-ʿabābdah or Arabic: عبّادي, romanized: ʿabbādī) are an arabized Beja tribe in eastern Egypt and Sudan. Historically, most were nomads living in the area between the Nile and the Red Sea, from Qena to Berber on the Nile. On the Red Sea from Halayeb to Hurghada. Numerous traveler accounts from the nineteenth century report that the Ababda at that time still spoke Beja or a language of their own, the Ababda are considered to be a Beja subtribe. Most Ababda now speak Arabic and claim Kawahla descent. The Ababda have a total population of over 250,000 people.

Bishari tribe
The Bishari (Arabic: البشارية, romanized: al-Bishāriyyah, or البشاريين, romanized: al-Bishāriyyīn; Beja: Oobshaari) are a Cushitic ethnic group who live in parts of Northeast Africa. They are one of the major divisions of the Beja people. Apart from local dialects of Arabic, the Bishari speak the Beja language, which belongs to the Afroasiatic family of the Cushitic branch.
Ministry of Crimean Affairs
The Ministry of Crimean Affairs (Russian: Министерство Российской Федерации по делам Крыма (Минкрым России), romanized: Ministerstvo Rossiyskoy Federatsii po delam Kryma (Minkrym Rossii)) was a federal ministry in Dmitry Medvedev's government which was established on March 31, 2014; and dissolved on July 15, 2015.

The ministry was responsible for the integration of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into Russia's economic, financial, credit and legal systems, and as well as the economic and social development of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol City. The ministry was formed by Presidential decree of Vladimir Putin, who appointed the economist Oleg Savelyev as the federal minister with responsibility for the economic and social development of the region.

Republic of Crimea (Russia)
The Republic of Crimea is a republic of Russia, comprising most of the Crimean Peninsula, but excluding Sevastopol. Its territory corresponds to the pre-2023 territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, a de jure subdivision of Ukraine. Russia occupied and annexed the peninsula in 2014, although the annexation remains internationally unrecognized.

The capital and largest city located within its borders is Simferopol, which is the second-largest city on the Crimean Peninsula. As of the 2021 Russian census, the Republic of Crimea had a population of 1,934,630.
Jungle Girl (serial)
Jungle Girl is a 1941 15-chapter Republic serial starring Frances Gifford. It was directed by William Witney and John English based on the novel Jungle Girl (1932) by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It was the 22nd of the 66 serials produced by Republic.

Jungle Girl (novel)
Jungle Girl is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, set in a forgotten kingdom in the jungles of Cambodia.

Burroughs started the novel in 1929 (2 October) under the working title The Dancing Girl of the Leper King. It was first run serially in five installments from May to September 1931 by Blue Book Magazine under the title The Land of Hidden Men. The book version was first published by Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc., on 15 April 1932. Ace Paperback has republished the book in paperback several times, again under the title The Land of Hidden Men.
Duchy of Głogów
The Duchy of Głogów (Polish: Księstwo głogowskie, Czech: Hlohovské knížectví) or Duchy of Glogau (German: Herzogtum Glogau) was one of the Duchies of Silesia, formed in course of the medieval fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies. Its capital was Głogów in Lower Silesia. It existed in 1177–1185 and 1251–1506 and was ruled by the Silesian Piasts, followed by John Corvinus and the Jagiellonian dynasty.

John Corvinus
John Corvinus (Hungarian: Corvin János, Croatian: Ivaniš Korvin, Romanian: Ioan Corvin; 2 April 1473 – 12 October 1504) was the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, and his mistress, Barbara Edelpöck.
Hugh Mahon
Hugh Mahon (6 January 1857 – 28 August 1931) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and held ministerial office in the party's earliest governments. He served terms as Postmaster-General (1904), Minister for Home Affairs (1908–1909), and Minister for External Affairs (1914–1916). However, Mahon is chiefly known as the only person to be expelled from the Parliament of Australia, for making "seditious and disloyal utterances" about the British Empire. He failed to win his seat back at the by-election.

1920 Kalgoorlie by-election
A by-election was held for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Kalgoorlie on 18 December 1920. It was triggered by the expulsion from the House of Labor Party MP Hugh Mahon.

The subsequent by-election was won by Nationalist Party candidate George Foley. It was the only federal by-election at which the government had won a seat from the opposition until the 2023 Aston by-election over 102 years later. Voting was not compulsory in 1920.
Ashe (singer)
Ashlyn Rae "Ashe" Willson (born 1993) is an American singer-songwriter. She is known for her 2019 single "Moral of the Story", which was featured in the Netflix film To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You (2020) and was produced by Noah Conrad with additional production from Finneas O'Connell.

Ashe also co-wrote Demi Lovato's 2017 single "You Don't Do It for Me Anymore" and has toured with Louis the Child, Lauv and Whethan. She was nominated for a Juno Award for her gold-certified single "Let You Get Away" with Shaun Frank. Her debut studio album Ashlyn was released on May 7, 2021. Her second album, Rae, was released on October 14, 2022. Her third album, Willson, was released on September 6, 2024.

Lauv
Ari Staprans Leff (born August 8, 1994), known professionally as Lauv (/laʊv/), is an American singer best known for his breakout hit "I Like Me Better"; included on his compilation album I Met You When I Was 18 (The Playlist), which was released in 2018. His debut album, How I'm Feeling, was released on March 6, 2020, and debuted at number 16 on the US Billboard 200. Lauv has also written songs for other artists such as "Boys" by Charli XCX and "No Promises" by Cheat Codes and Demi Lovato.
Geo (automobile)
Geo was a brand of small cars marketed by General Motors (GM) as a subdivision of its Chevrolet division from 1989 to 1997.

Geo was a joint venture between GM and Japanese automakers to compete with the growing small import market in the United States during the mid-1980s. Subcompact cars and SUVs, either badge engineered or based on Japanese models, were produced by GM at its facilities in North America or imported from Japan. Geo was discontinued after the 1997 model year and merged into Chevrolet. The Geo Metro, Prizm, and Tracker were sold as Chevrolets from the 1998 model year until their discontinuances in 2001, 2002, and 2004, respectively. In this sense, Geo existed until 2004, even with the Geo nameplate being dropped in mid-1997.

Asüna, a counterpart marque to Geo in Canada, was introduced by GM in 1992 to provide Pontiac-Buick-GMC dealers access to a similar range of import vehicles.

Geo Prizm
The Geo Prizm, later called the Chevrolet Prizm, were compact cars that were rebadged versions of the Toyota Sprinter, a vehicle that the Japanese automaker Toyota never directly sold in the North American market. The Sprinter itself was derived from the Toyota Corolla. The Prizm was marketed under the Geo nameplate until it was discontinued after the 1997 model year. After that, the vehicle was marketed under the Chevrolet nameplate. General Motors (GM) referred to this and other Toyota Corolla-derived vehicles as the GM S platform. The cars were produced from 1988 to 2001 (the last ones being sold for model year 2002) alongside the Corolla at NUMMI, an assembly plant operated as a joint venture of GM and Toyota. The Prizm was sold exclusively in the United States and succeeded the 1985–1988 Chevrolet Nova, which was also derived from the Sprinter and produced at NUMMI.
Lin, Korçë
Lin (Albanian definite form: Lini, Macedonian: Лин) is a village in the former Udënisht Municipality in Korçë County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Pogradec.

Pogradec
Pogradec (Albanian pronunciation: [pɔɡɾaˈdɛt͡s],) is the eleventh most populous city in Albania and the capital of the eponymous municipality. It is located on a narrow plain between two mountain chains along the southwestern banks of the Lake of Ohrid. Its climate is profoundly influenced by a seasonal Mediterranean and continental climate. The total municipal population is 46,070, of which 17,371 is in the municipal unit as of the 2023 census.

Pogradec and its surroundings were listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site as part of the natural and cultural heritage of the region of Ohrid. Nevertheless, the Illyrian Royal Tombs in the adjacent unit of Proptisht are on the Albanian tentative list for becoming a World Heritage Site.
Irimi
In Japanese martial arts, Irimi (入り身) is the act of entering straight into a technique, as opposed to the more indirect entrance into technique called tenkan. In basic training, irimi usually looks like a step forward, straight or at an angle but usually ending with the body facing the attacker, rather than in the direction of the step. To enter with irimi, the defender needs to move in the very moment of the attack or even himself initiate it.

Tenkan
Tenkan (転換, lit. convert or divert) is the Japanese name of a movement practiced in several martial arts. It is a 180 degree pivot to the rear, on the lead foot.  That is, if the left foot is forward, the pivot is clockwise, and if the right foot is forward, the pivot is counter-clockwise.
John Amagoalik
John Amagoalik OC ONu (born November 26, 1947) is an Inuk politician from Nunavik (Québec). He campaigned for Inuit rights and made a significant contribution to the founding of the Canadian territory of Nunavut. He was Chairman of the Nunavut Implementation Commission and is widely regarded as the "Father of Nunavut".

Order of Nunavut
The Order of Nunavut is a civilian honour for merit in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. Instituted in 2010 it is the highest honour which can be bestowed by the Government of Nunavut. It is intended to honour current and former residents of the territory (or the territory which became Nunavut).
The Last Ship (musical)
The Last Ship is an original musical with music and lyrics by Sting and a book by Lorne Campbell.

Inspired by Sting's own childhood experiences and the shipbuilding industry in Wallsend, Tyne and Wear,  the musical with book by John Logan and Brian Yorkey played at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago, before moving to the Neil Simon Theatre on Broadway in 2014. The musical received two Tony Award nominations in 2015, for Best Original Score and Best Orchestrations.

The musical was later significantly revised. Following a UK national tour and subsequent six-week run at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, it embarked on a US national tour with the official opening at the Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles on 22 January 2020.

Wallsend
Wallsend (/ˌwɔːlzˈɛnd/) is a town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, England, at the eastern end of Hadrian's Wall. It has a population of 43,842 and lies four miles (6.5 kilometres) east of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Fractone
In biology, fractones are structures consisting primarily of laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) first discovered in the extracellular matrix niche of the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle (SVZa) in the mouse brain. Recent research has suggested its importance in adult neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and angiogenesis.

Fractones are found near or connected to stem cells, and are highly implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation and migration.

New work suggests that fractones are implicated in corticalization during embryogenesis, as well as in cancer and neurodegenerative disease.

Heparan sulfate
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues. It occurs in a proteoglycan (HSPG, i.e. Heparan Sulfate ProteoGlycan) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins. In this form, HS binds to a variety of protein ligands, including Wnt, and regulates a wide range of biological activities, including developmental processes, angiogenesis, blood coagulation, abolishing detachment activity by GrB (Granzyme B), and tumour metastasis. HS has also been shown to serve as cellular receptor for a number of viruses, including the respiratory syncytial virus. One study suggests that cellular heparan sulfate has a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly when the virus attaches with ACE2. The basic repeat unit synthesised by the EXT1/EXT2 heterocomplex is (GlcAβ1,4GlcNAcα1,4)n.
Syunik (historical province)
Syunik (Old Armenian: Սիւնիք, romanized: Siwnik') was a region of historical Armenia and the ninth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until 428 AD. From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under Arab control. In 821, it formed two Armenian principalities: Kingdom of Syunik and principality of Khachen, which around the year 1000 was proclaimed the Kingdom of Artsakh, becoming one of the last medieval eastern Armenian kingdoms and principalities to maintain its autonomy following the Turkic invasions of the 11th to 14th centuries.

Eastern Armenia
Eastern Armenia (Armenian: Արևելյան Հայաստան, Arevelyan Hayastan) is the eastern portion of the Armenian Highlands, historically inhabited by the Armenian people. Throughout history, Eastern Armenia has been contested and ruled by various foreign powers, including the Sasanian, Arab Caliphates, Safavid and Qajar Persia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union. Today, it forms the core of the independent Republic of Armenia and comprises about 10% of the Armenian homeland today.

The term gained more precise meaning after the 17th century, particularly following the Treaty of Zuhab (1639), which formalized the division of Armenian territories between the Ottoman Empire (Western Armenia) and Persia (Eastern Armenia). This distinction was reinforced in the 19th century with the Russian Empire’s annexation of Persian-controlled Eastern Armenian lands.
Stéphanie, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Stéphanie (born Countess Stéphanie de Lannoy on 18 February 1984) is Grand Duchess of Luxembourg as the wife of Grand Duke Guillaume V. She became engaged to the then Hereditary Grand Duke on 26 April 2012 and married him, in a civil ceremony, on 19 October 2012, followed by a religious service the next day. The couple have two sons, Prince Charles and Prince François.

Prince Charles of Luxembourg (born 2020)
Prince Charles of Luxembourg (Charles Jean Philippe Joseph Marie Guillaume; born 10 May 2020) is the heir apparent to the Luxembourgish throne as the elder child and son of Grand Duke Guillaume V and Grand Duchess Stéphanie. He was born at Grand Duchess Charlotte Maternity Hospital in Luxembourg City. His birth was celebrated by a 21-gun salute at Fort Thungen in Kirchberg.

On 19 September 2020, Prince Charles was baptised at the Abbey of St. Maurice and St. Maurus of Clervaux in Luxembourg. His godparents are his maternal aunt Countess Gaëlle de Lannoy and his paternal uncle Prince Louis of Luxembourg.

On 3 October 2025, Charles became heir apparent in line with his grandfather's abdication and the accession of his father as Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Although he is first in the line of succession, he is due to receive the title of Hereditary Grand Duke only upon reaching the age of 18 on 10 May 2038.