hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mantura
The mandoura or mantoura (Greek: μαντούρα, pronounced [maˈnduɾa]), is a Greek wind musical instrument made of reed, it is typically played in Crete and other Greek islands. It has 4 to 6 holes for the fingers and produces sound with the help of the reed (created by a split in the top end of the sidewall that vibrates creating the sound). It is also most likely a descendant of the ancient Greek aulos, though it differs in that it is a single-reed pipe, as opposed to the double-reed configuration of the aulos. The mandoura is much smaller in size compared to the aulos, typically around 20 cm to 25 cm in length. The reed is cut from the bottom of the plant, where there is no hole. It is then shaped, and a slit is made to form the tongue that creates the sound at the top end of the pipe.

Greek musical instruments
Greek musical instruments were grouped under the general term "all developments from the original construction of a tortoise shell with two branching horns, having also a cross piece to which the stringser from an original three to ten or even more in the later period, like the Byzantine era". Greek musical instruments can be classified into the following categories:
Statue of Jan Kiliński
The statue of Jan Kiliński (Polish: Pomnik Jana Kilińskiego) is a monument in Warsaw, Poland, located on Podwale Street, next to the intersection with Piekarska Street, in the Old Town neighbourhood of the Downtown district. The 8-metre-tall monument consists of a 4-metre-tall bronze statue of Jan Kiliński, a 19th-century artisan, politician, and rebel, who was a colonel in the insurgents forces during the Kościuszko Uprising, placed on a granite pedestal. It was designed by Stanisław Jackowski, and unveiled on 19 April 1936 at the Krasiński Square. It was removed from there in 1942, during the German occupation, and reinstalled in 1946. The monument was moved to its current location in 1959.

Old Town, Warsaw
Warsaw Old Town, also known as Old Town, and historically known as Old Warsaw, is a neighbourhood, and an area of the City Information System, in the city of Warsaw, Poland, located within the district of Śródmieście. It is the oldest portion of the city, and contains numerous historic buildings, mostly from 17th and 18th centuries, such as the Royal Castle, city walls, St. John's Cathedral, and the Barbican, the Old Town Market Square and the Warsaw Mermaid Statue. The settlement itself dates back to between the 13th and 14th centuries, and was granted town privileges c. 1300.

During World War II, the Old Town was nearly totally destroyed, and subsequently reconstructed. The project was the world's first attempt to resurrect an entire historic city core and was included on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1980. The reconstruction efforts were again recognized in 2011 when all its documents and records were added by UNESCO to its Memory of the World international register.
Penibaetic System
The Penibaetic System (Spanish: Sistema Penibético or Cordillera Penibética) is the southernmost of the three systems of mountain ranges of the Baetic System in the southern Iberian Peninsula. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.

Baetic System
The Baetic System or Betic System (Spanish: Sistema Bético) is one of the main systems of mountain ranges in Spain. Located in the southern and eastern Iberian Peninsula, it is also known as the Cordilleras Béticas (Baetic Mountain Ranges) or Baetic Mountains. The name of the mountain system derives from the ancient Roman region of Baetica, one of the Imperial Roman provinces of ancient Hispania.
First Mongol invasion of Poland
The Mongol invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the Battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia and High Duke of Poland. The first invasion's intention was to secure the flank of the main Mongolian army attacking the Kingdom of Hungary. The Mongols neutralized any potential help to King Béla IV being provided by the Poles or any military orders.

Battle of Legnica
The Battle of Legnica (Polish: bitwa pod Legnicą), also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (German: Schlacht von Liegnitz) or Battle of Wahlstatt (German: Schlacht bei Wahlstatt), was fought between the Mongol Empire and combined European forces at the village of Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt), approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the city of Legnica in the Duchy of Silesia on 9 April 1241.: 97–99

A combined force of Poles and Moravians under the command of Duke Henry II the Pious of Silesia, supported by feudal nobility and a few knights from military orders sent by Pope Gregory IX, attempted to halt the Mongol invasion of Poland.  The battle took place two days before the Mongol victory over the Hungarians at the much larger Battle of Mohi.
Nkupo II
Nkupo II (also spelt Nkupho) was an 18th-century king of the Tembe people who briefly ruled the Tembe Kingdom in 1764 following the death of his father King Mangobe Tembe.  He was King Mabudu Tembe's elder brother.

Tembe Kingdom
The Tembe Kingdom was a precolonial chiefly domain centred on Delagoa Bay (now Maputo Bay) on the southeast African coast, occupying coastal areas of southern Mozambique and parts of northeastern KwaZulu Natal in South Africa, particularly within the region today known as Maputaland, and lying to the east of the inland territory of present-day Eswatini.

Its territory included the Kosi Bay and Manguzi areas and also extended inland towards the lower reaches of the Lubombo Mountains. The Maputaland-Lubombo region formed part of a broader landscape of interacting Nguni-speaking chiefdoms before colonial boundary formation. The legacy of the Tembe Kingdom persists today through the Tembe Tribal Authority, which represents the continuation of the kingdom’s chiefly lineage within South Africa’s modern traditional leadership system. The history of the Tembe shows that they existed from the 16th century, with Tembe serving as the founding leader.
Rivière à l'Ours (rivière des Aulnaies)
The Rivière à l'Ours (English: Bear River) is a tributary of the rivière des Aulnaies, flowing on the northwest bank of the Saint Lawrence River, successively in the municipalities of Bégin and Saint-Ambroise, in the Fjord-du-Saguenay, in the region administrative Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the Province of Quebec, in Canada.

The Rivière à l'Ours watershed is served by rue Simard (in the village of Saint-Ambroise), chemin du rang des Chutes, chemin du 9th rang and chemin de la Bleuetière. Secondary forest roads serve the upper part of this slope.

Forestry and agriculture are the main economic activities in the watershed.

The Bear River surface is usually frozen from late November to early April, however safe circulation on the ice is generally from mid-December to late March.

Rivière des Aulnaies (Saguenay River)
The rivière des Aulnaies is a tributary of the Saguenay River, flowing on the northwest shore of the Saint Lawrence River, successively in the municipalities of Bégin and Saint-Ambroise, in the Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in the Province of Quebec, in Canada.

The watershed of the Aulnaies River is served by:

west side: via chemin Saint-Léonard, chemin du rang Ouest, chemin du 7th rang, chemin du 5th rang, chemin du 8th rang and 2nd West range for the upper part;

east side: via the rang des Aulnaies road which separates from the double range road and which becomes north the main road, the 4th range road, the 5th road range.

Forestry and agriculture are the main economic activities in the watershed.

The surface of the rivière des Aulnaies is usually frozen from the end of November to the beginning of April, but the safe circulation on the ice is generally done from mid-December to the end of March.
American League Central
The American League Central is one of Major League Baseball's six divisions. This division was formed in the realignment of 1994 by moving three teams from the American League West and two teams from the American League East. Its teams are all located in the Midwestern United States. Along with the National League East, the AL Central is one of two divisions in the Major Leagues in which all of its members have won a World Series title. In fact, each team has captured at least two World Series championships. The Kansas City Royals were the most recent team from the division to win the World Series.

American League West
The American League West is one of Major League Baseball's six divisions. The division has five teams as of the 2013 season, but had four teams from 1994 to 2012, and had as many as seven teams before the 1994 realignment. Although its teams currently only reside along the West Coast and in Texas, historically the division has had teams as far east as Chicago and Minnesota. From 1998 (when the NL West expanded to five teams) to 2012, the AL West was the only MLB division with four teams.
Lorena González (Seattle politician)
Maria Lorena González (born February 20, 1977) is an American lawyer and former politician who was a member of the Seattle City Council from position 9. She was the first Latina elected to the council. She was a candidate for mayor of Seattle in 2021 but was defeated by Bruce Harrell 59 percent to 41 percent.

Bruce Harrell
Bruce Allen Harrell (born October 10, 1958) is an American politician and attorney who was the 54th and 57th mayor of Seattle. He was a member of the Seattle City Council from 2008 to 2020. From 2016 to 2020, he was president of the city council. He was acting mayor of Seattle from September 13 to 18, 2017 following the resignation of Ed Murray. He was elected mayor in his own right in 2021, becoming the city's second African-American mayor and its first Asian-American mayor. In the 2025 Seattle mayoral election, he was defeated by progressive challenger Katie Wilson in his bid for reelection to a second term.
Piazza Navona
Piazza Navona (pronounced [ˈpjattsa naˈvoːna]) is a public open space in Rome, Italy. It is built on the site of the 1st century AD Stadium of Domitian and follows the form of the open space of the stadium in an elongated oval. The ancient Romans went there to watch the agones ("games"), and hence it was known as "Circus Agonalis" ("competition arena").

In the 17th century it became a showcase for Baroque design, with work by Bernini and Borromini among others. The Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi stands in front of the Church of Sant'Agnese in Agone.

Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of the Four Rivers) is a fountain in the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy. It was designed in 1651 by Gian Lorenzo Bernini for Pope Innocent X whose family palace, the Palazzo Pamphili, faced onto the piazza as did the church of Sant'Agnese in Agone of which Innocent was the sponsor.
Henry Peterson (author)
Henry Peterson (December 7, 1818 –  October 10, 1891) was an American editor, novelist, poet, and playwright. He was editor of The Saturday Evening Post for thirty years and owner of H. Peterson & Company publishing firm. He was a member of the Peterson family of publishers including his brother Robert Evans Peterson and his cousin Charles Jacobs Peterson.

Robert Evans Peterson
Robert Evans Peterson (November 12, 1812 – October 30, 1894) was an American book publisher and author. Along with George William Childs, he founded the publishing house of Childs & Peterson. He was a member of the Peterson family of publishers including his brother Henry Peterson and his cousin Charles Jacobs Peterson.
Sony Xperia X
The Sony Xperia X is an Android smartphone produced by Sony. Part of the Sony Xperia X series, the device was unveiled along with the Sony Xperia XA and Sony Xperia X Performance at MWC 2016 on February 22, 2016. The Sony Xperia X series will replace the former Sony Xperia Z series, as confirmed by Sony Mobile's senior product marketing manager Jun Makino in February 2016.

At the 2017 Investor Day event, Sony announced it would be dropping its "premium standard" phones (one step below the flagship premium models), including the Xperia X and X Compact.  The flagship X Performance and XZ phones will continue, as well as the XA1, XA1 Ultra, and the upcoming XZ1 and XZ1 Compact.

Sony Xperia X Performance
The Sony Xperia X Performance is an Android smartphone produced by Sony. Part of the Sony Xperia X series, the device was unveiled along with the Sony Xperia XA and Sony Xperia X at MWC 2016 on February 22, 2016. It was Sony's flagship smartphone for the first half of 2016.
Muhajir Cultural Day
Muhajir Cultural Day is a  Muhajir cultural festival. It is celebrated to highlight the modern Muhajirs.The day is celebrated all over Karachi and amongst the Muhajir diaspora worldwide. Muhajirs celebrate this day to demonstrate their identity and culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their heritage.

On this day, people gather in Karachi at press clubs and other places to arrange various activities. Literary (poetic) gatherings, musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies are also held.

Political, social and religious organizations of Karachi organize a variety of events to mark this annual festivity. Muhajir culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.

Muhajir (Pakistan)
The Muhajir people (also spelled Mohajir and Mahajir) (Urdu: مہاجر) are a multi-origin ethnic group of Pakistan. They are the Muslim immigrants, of various ethnic groups and regional origins, who migrated from various regions of India after the 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan, and their descendants.
Muhajirs come from various ethnic and regional backgrounds, with a significant portion of the community residing in Karachi and other major urban centers of Pakistan.

The total population of Muhajrs worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. Though the official controversial 2017 census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties.
Ministry of the Navy (Japan)
The Ministry of the Navy (海軍省, Kaigun-shō) was a cabinet-level ministry in the Empire of Japan charged with the administrative affairs of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). It existed from 1872 to 1945.

In the IJN and the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), the ministries were in charge of Gunsei (軍政, military administration), and Navy General Staff and Army General Staff Office were in charge of Gunrei (軍令, military command). The two were distinguished.

Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
The Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff (軍令部, Gunreibu) was the highest organ within the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). In charge of planning and operations, it was headed by an Admiral headquartered in Tokyo.
History of Western typography
Modern typographers view typography as a craft with a very long history tracing its origins back to the first punches and dies used to make seals and coinage currency in ancient times. The basic elements of typography are at least as old as civilization and the earliest writing systems—a series of key developments that were eventually drawn together into one systematic craft. While woodblock printing and movable type had precedents in East Asia, typography in the Western world developed after the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century. The initial spread of printing throughout Germany and Italy led to the enduring legacy and continued use of blackletter, roman, and italic types.

Roman type
In Latin script typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Sometimes called normal or regular, it is distinct from these two for its upright style (relative to the calligraphy-inspired italic) and its simplicity (relative to blackletter).

During the early Renaissance, roman (in the form of Antiqua) and italic type were used separately. Today, roman and italic type are mixed, and most typefaces are composed of both an upright roman style and an associated italic or oblique style.
William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
William Ernest (Wilhelm Ernst Karl Alexander Friedrich Heinrich Bernhard Albert Georg Hermann, English: William Ernest Charles Alexander Frederick Henry Bernard Albert George Herman; 10 June 1876 – 24 April 1923) was the last grand duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (German: Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) was a German state, created as a duchy in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach, which had been in personal union since 1741. It was raised to a grand duchy in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna. In 1903, it officially changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Saxony (German: Großherzogtum Sachsen), but this name was rarely used. The grand duchy came to an end in the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the other monarchies of the German Empire. It was succeeded by the Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, which was merged into the new State of Thuringia two years later.

The full grand ducal style was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meissen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach branch has been the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin since 1672.
Foster graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Foster graph is a bipartite 3-regular graph with 90 vertices and 135 edges.

The Foster graph is Hamiltonian and has chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3, radius 8, diameter 8 and girth 10. It is also a 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected graph. It has queue number 2 and the upper bound on the book thickness is 4.

All the cubic distance-regular graphs are known. The Foster graph is one of the 13 such graphs. It is the unique distance-transitive graph with intersection array {3,2,2,2,2,1,1,1;1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3}. It can be constructed as the incidence graph of the partial linear space which is the unique triple cover with no 8-gons of the generalized quadrangle GQ(2,2). It is named after R. M. Foster, whose Foster census of cubic symmetric graphs included this graph.

The bipartite half of the Foster graph is a distance-regular graph and a locally linear graph. It is one of a finite number of such graphs with degree six.

Distance-regular graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a distance-regular graph is a regular graph such that for any two vertices v and w, the number of vertices at distance j from v and at distance k from w depends only upon j, k, and the distance between v and w.

Some authors exclude the complete graphs and disconnected graphs from this definition.

Every distance-transitive graph is distance regular.  Indeed, distance-regular graphs were introduced as a combinatorial generalization of distance-transitive graphs, having the numerical regularity properties of the latter without necessarily having a large automorphism group.
Amaidhipadai
Amaidhipadai (transl. Peacekeeping Force) is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language political satire film, written and directed by Manivannan. The film stars Sathyaraj (in a dual role), Ranjitha, Kasthuri and Sujatha. It revolves around a politician who builds his career through unethical means, while his son, an honest law enforcer, seeks to take him down.

Amaidhipadai was released on 13 January 1994. It had a 25-week plus theatrical run and was a silver jubilee hit. The film has since developed a strong cult following. It was remade in Telugu as M. Dharmaraju M.A. (1994), and in Hindi as Jallaad (1995). A spiritual successor, Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA was released in 2013, with Sathyaraj returning.

Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA
Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA (credited as Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA: Amaidhipadai – 2) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language political satire film written and directed by Manivannan. A sequel to Amaidhipadai (1994), it stars Sathyaraj in his 200th film, reprising his role as Nagaraja Cholan from the original, alongside an ensemble cast including Seeman, Manivannan, his son Raghuvannan, Mrudula Murali, Komal Sharma and Varsha Ashwathi. The film, featuring music composed by James Vasanthan, was produced by Ravichandran and K. Suresh under the banner of V House Production

Unlike the original, Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA was unsuccessful. It was Manivannan's 50th and last film as a director and actor, as he died a month after the film's release.
South African Council for Educators Act, 2000
The South African Council for Educators (SACE) Act 31 of 2000, is a legislation enacted in South Africa to regulate the teaching profession and ensure professional conduct among educators in the country. The act was signed into law by President Thabo Mbeki in October 2000.

The primary objectives of the South Africa Council of Education (SACE) section 31 Act of 2000 is to:

To establish the South African Council for Educators as a professional body for educators in South Africa.

To promote professional development and growth of educators.

To set professional standards for educators.

To establish a code of conduct for educators that promotes ethical practices and professionalism.

To regulate the registration, professional conduct, and discipline of educators.

South African Council for Educators
South African Council for Educators (acronym SACE) professional body for teaching. SACE was established in 1995 in terms of the SACE Act no. 31 of 2000, with an aim to "enhance the status of the teaching profession through appropriate Registration, management of Professional Development and inculcation of a Code of Ethics for all educators."
BMD-1
The BMD-1 is a Soviet airborne amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), which was introduced in 1969 and first seen by the West in 1970. BMD stands for Boyevaya Mashina Desanta (Боевая Машина Десанта, which literally translates to "Airborne Combat Vehicle"). It can be dropped by parachute and although it is of similar shape to the BMP-1 it is smaller, at just over half the weight. The BMD-1 was used as an IFV by the Soviet Airborne Forces (VDV). An improved variant of the BMD-1 was developed, the BMD-2. The BMD-1 also provided a basis for the BTR-D airborne multi-purpose tracked APC.

BTR-D
The BTR-D is a Soviet airborne multi-purpose tracked armoured personnel carrier. It was introduced in 1974 and first seen by the West in 1979 during the Soviet–Afghan War. BTR-D stands for Bronetransportyor Desanta (БТР-Д, Бронетранспортер Десанта, literally "Armored personnel carrier of the Airborne Forces"). It is based on the BMD-1 airborne IFV. NATO gave it the designation BMD M1979.
Tolo Calafat
Bartolomé "Tolo" Calafat Marcus (17 September 1970 Palma de Mallorca — 29 April 2010, Annapurna) was a Spanish climber. In his career, Calafat reached the summit of five eight-thousanders, Cho Oyu, Mount Everest, Broad Peak, Shishapangma and Annapurna. In 2010, Calafat died while descending Annapurna on an expedition led by Juanito Oiarzabal.

Juanito Oiarzabal
Juan Eusebio Oiarzabal Urteaga (born 30 March 1956), commonly known as Juanito Oiarzabal, is a noted Spanish Basque mountaineer. He has written four books on the subject. He was the 6th man to reach all 14 eight-thousander summits, and the third to do so without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb the top three summits twice (Everest + K2 + Kangchenjunga) and the oldest climber to summit Kangchenjunga, at almost 53, until Carlos Fontan did so in 2014, at 75 years old. 
In 2004, he lost all his toes to frostbite after summiting K2.

In 2009, he announced wanting to become the first person in history to reach a "double 14", summiting each 8000er twice. In April 2010 he reached 24 eight-thousanders, after climbing Annapurna, a world record. In 2011 he climbed Lhotse for a second time, which was his 25th eight-thousander. He is second all-time for 8000er ascents behind Nepali climber Phurba Tashi Sherpa, who has 30.