hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the word to which it is affixed.

Prefixes, like other affixes, can be either inflectional, creating a new form of a word with the same basic meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes, like all affixes, are usually bound morphemes.

English has no inflectional prefixes, using only suffixes for that purpose. Adding a prefix to the beginning of an English word changes it to a different word. For example, when the prefix un- is added to the word happy, it creates the word unhappy.

The word prefix is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning "attach", in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning "before"), both of which are derived from Latin roots.

Bound and free morphemes
In linguistics, a bound morpheme is a morpheme (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while a free morpheme (or unbound morpheme) is one that can stand alone. A bound morpheme is a type of bound form, and a free morpheme is a type of free form.
Rock Region Metro
Rock Region Metropolitan Transit Authority (also known as Rock Region Metro, stylized as Rock Region METRO), is the largest transit agency in Arkansas. It was formerly known as the Central Arkansas Transit Authority. Rock Region Metro provides public transportation services within Pulaski County, Arkansas, seven days a week.

The system has 25 bus routes, including four express commuter routes. A demand response ADA paratransit service, known as LINKS, operates alongside the fixed route hours and coverage area. A heritage streetcar system, known as the Metro Streetcar, operates 3.4 miles (5.5 km) of track throughout the downtown areas of Little Rock and North Little Rock. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 2,030,300, or about 6,900 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2025.

Pulaski County, Arkansas
Pulaski County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. With a population of 399,125 as of the 2020 United States census, it is the most populous county in Arkansas. The county is included in the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Conway metropolitan area. Its county seat is Little Rock, which is also Arkansas's capital and largest city.

Pulaski County is Arkansas's fifth county, formed on December 15, 1818, alongside Clark and Hempstead Counties. Pulaski County is named for Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, a Polish-born Continental Army officer who was killed in action at the Siege of Savannah during the Revolutionary War. The county was the site of the Battle of Bayou Fourche on September 10, 1863. The Union army took control the same day and occupied Pulaski County until the end of the Civil War. The county was home to Willow Springs Water Park, one of the oldest water parks in the nation, which opened in 1928 and closed in 2013.
Kazimierz Vetulani
Kazimierz Franciszek Vetulani (3 January 1889 – 4 July 1941) was a Polish civil engineer, professor at the Lviv Polytechnic, member of the Polish Mathematical Society, author of several dozen papers in the fields of technology and mathematics, as well as in the field of musical scale theory.

A participant of World War I in the rank of lieutenant of the Austro-Hungarian Army reserve, he was a sapper and a military engineer. He was promoted to the rank of captain in the Polish Army reserve and participated in the Polish–Ukrainian War. In 1935 he obtained Ph.D. at the Lviv Polytechnic. In 1938 he was appointed a deputy professor of general mechanics, and in 1940 he was appointed full professor.

Shortly after the Germans seized Lviv during World War II, on the night of 4 July 1941, he was arrested by Gestapo, the German secret police, and murdered among a group of Lviv professors.

Massacre of Lwów professors
In July 1941, 25 Polish academics from the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) along with 25 of their family members were killed by Nazi German occupation forces and Ukrainian auxiliaries. By targeting prominent citizens and intellectuals for elimination, the Nazis hoped to prevent anti-Nazi activity and to weaken the resolve of the Polish resistance movement. According to an eyewitness the executions were carried out by an Einsatzgruppe unit (German: Einsatzkommando zur besonderen Verwendung) under the command of Karl Eberhard Schöngarth with the participation of Ukrainian translators in German uniforms.
A Boy in a Tree
"A Boy in a Tree" is the third episode of the first season of the television series Bones. Originally aired on September 27, 2005 on Fox network, the episode is written by Hart Hanson and directed by Patrick Norris. The plot features FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth and Dr. Temperance Brennan's investigation of a teenage boy's remains found inside an exclusive private school.

Seeley Booth
Seeley Joseph Booth is a fictional character in the American television series Bones (2005–2017), portrayed by David Boreanaz. Agent Booth is the male protagonist of the series. The character made an appearance in the Sleepy Hollow episode "Dead Men Tell No Tales" as part of a two-part Halloween cross-over with Bones.
Stanfield Wells
Stanfield McNeill Wells (July 25, 1889 – August 17, 1967) was an All-American football player for the University of Michigan Wolverines football team from 1909–1911.  He was the first in a long line of All-Americans to come out of Massillon Washington High School, and was one of the pioneers of the forward pass.  Though known principally as an end, Wells was Michigan's first forward passer of note.  He threw two passes to help Michigan win the Western Conference championship against Minnesota in 1910.  He played professional football after college and wrote a chapter of a book on playing the end position.  He later became the manager of an insurance company in Nashville, Tennessee.

Massillon Washington High School
Washington High School (also referred to as Massillon High School or Massillon Washington High School) is a public high school located in Massillon, Ohio. It is the only high school in the Massillon City School District. Athletic teams are known as the Tigers, and they compete as a member of the Ohio High School Athletic Association.
PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit
PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit is a re-recorded studio album by American country artist Trisha Yearwood, released on November 17, 2014, via Gwendolyn Records and RCA Records Nashville. The album marked Yearwood's first release of new material since 2007's Heaven, Heartache and the Power of Love. PrizeFighter contained six new songs as well as ten re-recorded versions of her hits. Two singles were released to radio, including the title track, which became a charting single on the Billboard country chart. The album received mixed reviews from critics upon its release.

PrizeFighter (song)
"PrizeFighter" is a song by American singer Trisha Yearwood and the titular song from her studio album, PrizeFighter: Hit After Hit (2014). Written by Jessi Alexander, Sarah Buxton, and Ross Copperman, it features background vocals from American singer Kelly Clarkson. An uplifting country ballad, "PrizeFighter" was released on September 15, 2014 by RCA Records Nashville and Gwendolyn Records as the lead single from the album.
Wallace Civic Center
The George R. Wallace Jr. Civic Center, more commonly known as the Civic Center, is a 1,000-seat multi-purpose arena in Fitchburg, Massachusetts and has an end-stage concert capacity of 3,200. It hosts various local concerts and sporting events for the area. First opened in 1970, the Wallace Civic Center consists of the Gaetz Arena, the Landry Arena, a planetarium, and several multi-use banquet rooms.

Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Fitchburg is a city in northern Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. The third-largest city in the county, its population was 41,946 at the 2020 census. Fitchburg State University is located here.
Two nations theory (Ireland)
In Ireland, the two nations theory holds that Ulster Protestants form a distinct Irish nation. Advocated mainly by Unionists and loyalists (but also notably supported by one Communist party), who used it as a basis for opposing Home Rule and, later, to justify the partition of Ireland, it has been strongly criticised by Irish nationalists such as John Redmond (who stated that "'the two nation theory' is to us an abomination and a blasphemy"), Éamon de Valera, Seán Lemass and Douglas Gageby.

British and Irish Communist Organisation
The British and Irish Communist Organisation (B&ICO) was a small group based in London, Belfast, Cork, and Dublin.  Its leader was Brendan Clifford.  The group produced a number of pamphlets and regular publications, including The Irish Communist and Workers Weekly in Belfast. Τhe group currently expresses itself through  Athol Books with its premier publication being the Irish Political Review. The group also continues to publish Church & State, Irish Foreign Affairs, Labour Affairs and Problems.
Hakkō ichiu
Hakkō ichiu (八紘一宇, "eight crown cords, one roof", i.e. "all the world under one roof") or hakkō iu (Shinjitai: 八紘為宇, 八紘爲宇) was a Japanese political slogan meaning the divine right of the Empire of Japan to "unify the eight corners of the world." The slogan formed the basis of the empire's ideology. It was popularized in a speech by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on January 8, 1940 and weaponized to justify Japanese imperialism throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

Japanese militarism
Japanese militarism (日本軍国主義, Nihon gunkoku shugi) was the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocated the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. It was most prominent from the start of conscription after the Meiji Restoration until the Japanese defeat in World War II, roughly 1873 to 1945. Since then, pacifism has been enshrined in the postwar Constitution of Japan as one of its key tenets.
Talking / Once Again
"Talking" (stylized in uppercase, single version initially titled "Talking / Once Again") is a song by the American hip-hop supergroup ¥$, composed of rapper Kanye West and singer Ty Dolla Sign. Featuring the former's daughter, North West, the song was first released as a promotional track on February 7, 2024, exclusively on Instagram, YouTube, and X. The song was later released on streaming services on February 8 as the second single from the duo's collaborative album, Vultures 1 (2024). The song was written by West and his daughter North, along with Ty Dolla Sign, Chicagoland musician Mamii, Quentin Miller, and Ant Clemons. It was produced by both West and Ty Dolla Sign, alongside Camper, Dom Maker, Edsclusive, James Blake, and Swizz Beatz.

North West (musician)
North West (born June 15, 2013) is an American singer, rapper and actress. She is the eldest child of rapper Kanye West and media personality Kim Kardashian. West appeared in the music video for her father's 2014 single "Only One", and made several appearances on Keeping Up with the Kardashians along with her mother.

As a child actress, West made her film debut as the voice of Mini in Paw Patrol: The Mighty Movie in 2023. In 2024, she performed "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" at the Hollywood Bowl's The Lion King 30th Anniversary – A Live-to-Film Concert Event. In February of that year, she made her recording debut on ¥$'s single "Talking / Once Again", which peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100. She also appeared on the duo's 2024 song "Bomb" alongside her sister Chicago, as well as FKA Twigs's "Childlike Things", where she performed in Japanese on both songs.
Chah Dadkhoda District
Chah Dadkhoda District (Persian: بخش چاه دادخدا) is in Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Chah Dadkhoda.

The district is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) southeast of the county center and most of its people are farmers. Cereals, sesame and dates are the major crops grown in this area. The main source of irrigation is underground water, with some seasonal rivers that flow and end in Jaz-e Moryan.

Chah Dadkhoda, Kerman
Chah Dadkhoda (Persian: چاه دادخدا) is a city in, and the capital of, Chah Dadkhoda District of Qaleh Ganj County, Kerman province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Chah Dadkhoda Rural District.
Don Keith
Don Keith (born December 12, 1947, in Springville, Alabama) is an American writer, best known for his books series Hunter Killer (2003–2023) co-authored with George Wallace, of which the novel Firing Point (2011) was adapted into the film Hunter Killer (2018). He has also authored several biographies, young adult novels, and military history books.

Hunter Killer (film)
Hunter Killer is a 2018 American action thriller film starring Gerard Butler and Gary Oldman. Based on the 2012 novel Firing Point by Don Keith and George Wallace, the film follows a submarine crew and a group of United States Navy SEALs who rescue the captured Russian President from a coup. Directed by Donovan Marsh and written by Arne Schmidt and Jamie Moss, it features Michael Nyqvist (in his penultimate film role), Common, Linda Cardellini and Toby Stephens in supporting roles.

Hunter Killer was released in the United States on October 26, 2018, by Summit Premiere. The film bombed at the box-office and received mixed reviews from critics, who saw it as "an undemanding, by-the-numbers actioner".
3rd Arkansas Field Battery
The 3rd Arkansas Field Battery  (1860–1865) was a Confederate Army artillery battery from Pulaski County, Arkansas, during the American Civil War. The battery is also known as the Totten Light Artillery, Pulaski Light Artillery, the Weaver Light Artillery, Woodruff's Battery, and Marshall's Battery.  The battery originated as a pre-war Militia company, initially enrolled in state service.  After the Battle of Wilson's Creek, the battery was released from state service and eventually reorganized for Confederate Service. The battery provided the initial training for the leaders of numerous other Arkansas artillery batteries during the Civil War.  The battery spent its entire service in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi.

4th Arkansas Field Battery
The 4th Arkansas Field Battery (1862–1865) was a Confederate States Army artillery battery during the American Civil War. The battery spent its entire existence in the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, including time in the Indian Territory. Late in the war the battery supported operations in Louisiana. It was also known as the Desha County Artillery and West's Battery.
John Harlow (director)
John Harlow (19 August 1896 – 1977) was an English film director, active from the 1930s to the 1950s.  Harlow worked for smaller studios, mainly in crime/thriller genre potboilers, with his better known films including Candles at Nine (1944), the Sexton Blake thrillers Meet Sexton Blake and The Echo Murders (both 1945), Appointment with Crime (1946) and the 1947 reincarnation drama While I Live.  He also directed two late entries in the popular, if critically unappreciated, Old Mother Riley series.

Meet Sexton Blake!
Meet Sexton Blake! is a 1945 British second feature ('B') drama film directed by John Harlow and starring David Farrar, Manning Whiley, Dennis Arundell, and John Varley. It was written by Harlow based on the 1940 novel The Mystery of the Free Frenchmen by Anthony Parsons. It was one of two films directed by Harlow in which Farrar played Sexton Blake, the other being The Echo Murders (1945).
Blind football
Football 5-a-side, more commonly known as blind football or blind soccer, is a variation of association football designed for players who are blind or visually impaired. It is currently a Paralympic sport, and the International Blind Sports Association (IBSA) also organizes a World Blind Football Championships.

International Blind Sports Federation
The International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) is a non-profit organisation founded 1981 in Paris, France.  It was formerly known as the International Blind Sports Association. IBSA's mission is to promote the full integration of blind and partially-sighted people in society through sport and to encourage people with a visual impairment to take up and practise sports. IBSA is a full and founding member of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

In March 2022, in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from its events.
Michael II Komnenos Doukas
Michael II Komnenos Doukas, Latinized as Comnenus Ducas (Greek: Μιχαήλ Β΄ Κομνηνός Δούκας, Mikhaēl II Komnēnos Doukas), often called Michael Angelos in narrative sources, was from 1230 until his death in 1266/68 the ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, which included Epirus in northwestern Greece, the western part of Greek Macedonia and Thessaly, and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos.

Theodora of Arta
Theodora Petraliphaina (Greek: Θεοδώρα Πετραλίφαινα), canonized as Saint Theodora of Arta (Greek: Αγία Θεοδώρα της Άρτας; ca. 1225 – after 1270), was a consort of Epirus and an Orthodox Christian saint.
Nabi Daniel Mosque
The Nabi Daniel Mosque (Arabic: مسجد النبي دانيال), is a mosque and mausoleum, located in Alexandria, on the north coast of Egypt. The mosque was named in honour of  Muhammad Daniyal al-Mawsili, a Kurdish Muslim scholar of the Shafi'i school who was buried in the mosque.

The mosque is one of the places speculated to once have been the Tomb of Alexander the Great, while the actual tomb in the crypt of the mosque is erroneously attributed to the biblical prophet Daniel.

Tomb of Alexander the Great
The tomb of Alexander the Great is attested in several historical accounts, but its location remains an enduring mystery. Following Alexander's death in Babylon, his body was initially buried in Memphis by one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, before being transferred to Alexandria, Egypt, where it was reburied.

The Roman general, Julius Caesar, Queen Cleopatra and Emperor Augustus, among others, are noted as having visited Alexander's tomb in Alexandria in antiquity. Its later fate is unknown, and it had possibly been destroyed by the 4th or 5th centuries; since the 19th century, over one hundred official attempts have been made to try to identify the site of Alexander's tomb in Alexandria.
George W. Snedecor
George Waddel Snedecor (October 20, 1881 – February 15, 1974) was an American mathematician and statistician. He contributed to the development of analysis of variance, data analysis, experimental design, and statistical methodology. Snedecor's F-distribution and the George W. Snedecor Award of the American Statistical Association are named for him.

F-distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the F-distribution or F-ratio, also known as Snedecor's F distribution or the Fisher–Snedecor distribution (after Ronald Fisher and George W. Snedecor), is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other F-tests.
Chen Xianqi
Chen Xianqi (Chinese: 陳仙奇) (died c.August 786) was a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty. He had served under Li Xilie, who had rebelled against Emperor Dezong and claimed the title of emperor of his own state of Chu. Li Xilie, however, by 786, had become repeatedly defeated by Tang forces. When Li Xilie grew ill, Chen had him poisoned and then submitted to Tang, but was himself in turn assassinated by Wu Shaocheng later in the year.

Wu Shaocheng
Wu Shaocheng (Chinese: 吳少誠) (750 – January 6, 810), formally the Prince of Puyang (濮陽王), was a Chinese military general and politician who served as the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan), ruled the circuit in a de facto independent manner from the imperial regime, at one point engaging a campaign against imperial forces.
Nigeria women's national basketball team
The Nigeria women's national basketball team, also known as the D'Tigress, represents Nigeria in international women's basketball competition, and are regulated by the Nigeria Basketball Federation, the governing body for basketball in Nigeria. Nigeria has one of the most successful women's national teams on the African continent, being the current African champions. They have won the Women's Afrobasket Championship a record five times in a row and seven times in total. They won in 2017 at Bamako, Mali, 2019 at Dakar, Senegal, 2021 at Yaounde, Cameroon, 2023 at Kigali, Rwanda, and 2025 at Abidjan, Ivory Coast. They are the only African team to reach the quarter finals of both the Fiba Women's World Cup and the Olympics.

2025 FIBA Women's AfroBasket
The 2025 FIBA Women's AfroBasket was the 27th edition of this biennial championship organized by FIBA Africa. The tournament was held in Abidjan, Ivory Coast from 26 July to 3 August 2025.

Nigeria were the four-time defending champions, and won the title again after a win over Mali in the final, 78–64. Nigeria's win means they have broken the record for the most championship titles consecutively with five, beating the previous record of held by Senegal who had four. The players in Nigeria's team have been offered $100,000 for their achievement.

South Sudan's third place finish marks the best result by a debutant since Cameroon's third place in 1983.

As a result of winning, Nigeria qualified for the 2026 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup, while Mali, South Sudan and Senegal qualified for the 2026 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup Qualifying Tournaments as a result of placing in the top four.
Hryhoriy Samardak
Hryhorii Viktorovych Samardak (Ukrainian: Григорій Вікторович Самардак; born 10 August 1971) is a Ukrainian politician who served as the Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast in 2015. He was the charmain of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast Council from 2015 to 2020.

Governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast
The governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is the head of state administration for the Zaporizhzhia Oblast.

The office of governor is an appointed position, with officeholders being appointed by the president of Ukraine, on recommendation from the prime minister of Ukraine, to serve a four-year term.

Due to the current Russo-Ukrainian war, since 24 February 2022, the governor of Zaporizhzhia Oblast is officially called Head of the Zaporizhzhia Regional Military Civil Administration. The official residence for the governor is located in Zaporizhzhia. As a result of the Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast and the subsequent disputed referendum, there are now competing Russian and Ukrainian governors.
Mountain Safety Research
Mountain Safety Research, or MSR, is a producer of camping, hiking and mountaineering equipment, such as portable stoves, water filters, snowshoes,  and tents. While specializing in lightweight and technical equipment, MSR's gear is designed for a wide range of outdoor enthusiasts from novice to expert mountaineers. It is located in Seattle, Washington, and owned by Cascade Designs.

Portable stove
A portable stove is a cooking stove specially designed to be portable and lightweight, used in camping, picnicking, backpacking, or other use in remote locations where an easily transportable means of cooking or heating is needed. Portable stoves can be used in diverse situations, such as for outdoor food service and catering and in field hospitals.

Since the invention of the portable stove in the 19th century, a wide variety of designs and models have seen use in a number of different applications. Portable stoves can be broken down into several broad categories based on the type of fuel used and stove design: unpressurized stoves that use solid or liquid fuel placed in the burner before ignition; stoves that use a volatile liquid fuel in a pressurized burner; bottled gas stoves; and gravity-fed "spirit" stoves.