hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jodrell Chair of Physiology
The Jodrell Chair of Physiology is a chair at University College London, endowed (shortly before the Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy) by Thomas Jodrell Phillips Jodrell in 1873. The chairs succeeded the previous chair in Anatomy and Physiology.

The endowment was for the sum of £7500 (equivalent to £1,047,091 in 2023), with a further £500 for equipment. This endowment was acknowledged in the final report of the Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction in 1875.

The first holder was John Burdon-Sanderson after the post received the Jodrell endowment.

Two Jodrell Professors, Archibald Hill and Andrew Huxley, have gone onto win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

John Burdon-Sanderson
Sir John Scott Burdon-Sanderson, 1st Baronet, FRS, HFRSE D.Sc. (21 December 1828 – 23 November 1905) was an English physiologist born near Newcastle upon Tyne, and a member of a well known Northumbrian family.
St Mary's Church, Warrington
St Mary's Church, or St Mary's Priory, is in the town centre of Warrington, Cheshire, England.  It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is an active Catholic church. The parish was established and served by Benedictine monks from Ampleforth Abbey, but following the withdrawal of Ampleforth Abbey from the parish in 2012, it was served by the priest from St Benedict's Church, Warrington. From November 2015, the church has been owned and served by priests from the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP) as a shrine church dedicated to the celebration of the sacraments of the pre-Vatican II form of the Roman Rite. It is well known for the beauty and reverence of its liturgy.

Since summer 2017, Sunday Sung Mass and daily Low Mass are streamed live and on-demand from St Mary's at LiveMass.net and via the iMass app.

St Benedict's Church, Warrington
St Benedict's Church is an active Roman Catholic church in the Orford suburb of Warrington, Cheshire, England. The parish was founded by Benedictine monks from Ampleforth Abbey. It is now served by clergy from the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool.
Chiricahua Mountains
The Chiricahua Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern Arizona and part of the Basin and Range province of the western and southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The range lies primarily within the Coronado National Forest. Chiricahua Peak, the highest point in the range, rises 9,759 feet (2,975 m) above sea level, about 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surrounding valleys. The mountains are named for the Chiricahua Apache, who historically lived in the region.

Coronado National Forest
The Coronado National Forest is a United States National Forest that includes an area of about 1.78 million acres (7,200 km2) spread throughout mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.

It is located in parts of Cochise, Graham, Santa Cruz, Pima, and Pinal Counties in Arizona, and Hidalgo County in New Mexico.
Dartmouth and Torbay Railway
The Dartmouth and Torbay Railway was a broad gauge railway linking the  South Devon Railway branch at Torquay with Kingswear in Devon, England. It was operated from the outset by the South Devon Railway.

Most of the line is now operated as the heritage Dartmouth Steam Railway but the section north of Paignton is part of Great Western Railway's Riviera Line from Exeter St Davids.

Dartmouth Steam Railway
The Dartmouth Steam Railway, formerly known as the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway, is a 6.7-mile (10.8 km) heritage railway on the former Great Western Railway branch line between Paignton and Kingswear in Devon, England. Much of the railway's business is from summer tourists from the resorts of Torbay, who travel to Kingswear, where the Dartmouth Passenger Ferry takes them across the River Dart to Dartmouth.

The line is owned and operated by Dart Valley Railway Limited. This company also owns Dart Pleasure Craft Limited, which operates the Dartmouth Passenger Ferry as well as river and coastal cruises. The railway and connecting boat and bus services are jointly promoted as the Dartmouth Steam Railway and River Boat Company.

Unusually amongst heritage railways, it is a commercial operation which does not rely on volunteer labour or charitable donations, although a few volunteers help at Churston railway station.
Merlin Publishing
Merlin Publishing Limited, commonly known as Merlin and sometimes branded as Merlin Collections was a British publishing firm who released a variety of sticker collections during the late 1980s and 1990s, they also designed trading cards, card games and pogs. Although most notably releasing football stickers in particularly for the Premier League and Serie A, they also designed collections around television shows and other points of interest.

In 1993 the company became known as Merlin Publishing International PLC before being bought out by Topps in 1995. They were absorbed into the company, being renamed Topps Europe Limited, although the name Merlin would continue as a brand under the Topps name initially until 2008. In 2014 the Merlin brand returned to the Premier League sticker collections until Panini was awarded the contract in 2019. Today the Merlin brand is used by Topps as a retro range designed around its UEFA Champions League trading cards.

Sticker album
A sticker album is a book or binder to collect stickers, often arranged into designated sections. Commercial sticker albums have been released for sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, English Premier League and for specific TV shows, Movies, Animals or Music. Prominent vendors include Panini, Merlin Publishing, Topps and many others.
Orbital module
The orbital module is a compartment of some space capsules used only in orbit. It is separated from the crewed reentry capsule before reentry.  The orbital module provides 'habitat' space to use in orbit, while the reentry capsule tends to be focused on the machinery needed to get seated passengers back safely, with heavy structural margins.  These have been developed for the Soyuz spacecraft.

Reentry capsule
A reentry capsule is the portion of a space capsule which returns to Earth following a spaceflight. The shape is determined partly by aerodynamics; a capsule is aerodynamically stable falling blunt end first, which allows only the blunt end to require a heat shield for atmospheric entry. A crewed capsule contains the spacecraft's instrument panel, limited storage space, and seats for crew members.  Because a capsule shape has little aerodynamic lift, the final descent is via parachute, either coming to rest on land, at sea, or by active capture by an aircraft. In contrast, the development of spaceplane reentry vehicles attempts to provide a more flexible reentry profile.
Retro Bowl
Retro Bowl is a 8-bit styled American football video game developed by New Star Games for the iOS, Android, and Nintendo Switch operating systems. A browser version is also officially available on the websites Poki and Kongregate. The game was released in January 2020, and due to many YouTube creators such as JefeZhai, HostileBeast, and RetroSportRadio, it saw a significant rise in popularity later that year. A version for the Nintendo Switch was released on February 10, 2022.

Retro Bowl was heavily influenced by the Tecmo Bowl series. The game was the number-one-downloaded-app on Apple's App Store in late 2021. After the success of Retro Bowl, the developers released the soccer game Retro Goal in June 2021. Retro Bowl uses simple mechanics which have been praised by players and critics alike.

Retro Goal
Retro Goal is a 2021 sports video game developed by New Star Games for mobile phones and later ported to the Nintendo Switch. It is a successor to New Star's American football game, Retro Bowl (2020). Retro Goal is free to play on Android and iOS, and available via purchase for Nintendo Switch.
Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai
The Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom (英国驻上海总领事馆) building located in Shanghai, China, is one of the oldest buildings on the Bund.

It is housed in a compound that housed a number of buildings used by the British Consulate-General.  The building served as the home of the Consulate-General and British Supreme Court for China until 8 December 1941 when the Japanese occupied the Shanghai International Settlement at the beginning of the Pacific War.  The British Supreme Court for China was abolished under the British–Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China.   After the war, the Consulate-General returned to the site and remained until 1949 when Britain withdrew its consular staff with the communist occupation of Shanghai.  The consulate re-opened in 1954 and was closed again in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution.

British Supreme Court for China
The British Supreme Court for China (originally the British Supreme Court for China and Japan) was a court established in the Shanghai International Settlement to try cases against British subjects in China, Japan and Korea under the principles of extraterritoriality.

The court also heard appeals from consular courts in China, Japan and Korea and from the British Court for Japan which was established in 1879.
Ormonde (horse)
Ormonde (18 March 1883–21 May 1904) was an undefeated English Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1886 English Triple Crown and was labelled the 'horse of the century' at the time. He also won the St. James's Palace Stakes, Champion Stakes and the Hardwicke Stakes twice. Ormonde was trained at Kingsclere by John Porter for the 1st Duke of Westminster. His regular jockeys were Fred Archer and Tom Cannon. After retiring from racing he suffered fertility problems, but still sired Orme, who won the Eclipse Stakes twice.

Orme (horse)
Orme (1889 – 17 September 1915) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. He was trained at Kingsclere by John Porter for the 1st Duke of Westminster. As a two-year-old he won the Middle Park and Dewhurst Stakes. As a three-year-old he was not well enough to take part in the 2000 Guineas and Epsom Derby, but came back to win the Eclipse Stakes. Orme stayed in training as a four-year-old and won another Eclipse Stakes, becoming the first horse to win the race twice, a feat that has only been repeated four times since. After he had retired from racing, he became a successful sire and was Champion sire of Great Britain in 1899. His son Flying Fox won the Triple Crown and the Eclipse Stakes. Orme also sired Epsom Derby winner Orby and 1000 Guineas winner Witch Elm. His regular jockeys were George Barrett and Morny Cannon.
Eastern New England League
The Eastern New England League was a minor league baseball league that played in the 1885 season. League teams were based in Maine and Massachusetts. The league evolved into the New England League in 1886.

New England League
The New England League was a mid-level league in American minor league baseball that played intermittently in five of the six New England states (Vermont excepted) between 1886 and 1949. After 1901, it existed in the shadow of two Major League Baseball clubs in Boston and alongside stronger, higher-classification leagues.

In 1946, the NEL, the International League and the Canadian–American League – which all included farm teams of the Brooklyn Dodgers – were the first 20th century leagues (other than the Negro leagues) to permit African Americans to play. The following season, Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby would integrate the major leagues.
Toronto and Mimico Electric Railway and Light Company
The Toronto and Mimico Electric Railway and Light Company was incorporated in 1890, and operated the Mimico radial line in the Toronto area. The line started operation in 1892 as a short suburban line that later was extended to Port Credit. In 1904, the railway was acquired by the Toronto and York Radial Railway (T&YRR) and became the T&YRR Mimico Division. In 1922, the City of Toronto acquired the T&YRR and contracted Ontario Hydro to manage the four T&YRR lines including the Mimico line. In 1927, the TTC took over the operation of the Mimico line and extended its service eastward to Roncesvalles Avenue. In 1928, the TTC double-tracked the line from Humber to Long Branch and made that portion part of the Lake Shore streetcar line. The portion beyond Long Branch to Port Credit became the Port Credit line, and continued operation as a single-track radial line until its closure on February 9, 1935.

Toronto and York Radial Railway
The Toronto and York Radial Railway was a transit operator providing services to the suburbs of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was a subsidiary of the Toronto Railway Company. The company was created by merging four Toronto-area interurban operations. The company was part of the empire of railway entrepreneurs Sir William Mackenzie and Donald Mann which included the Canadian Northern Railway and the parent Toronto Railway Company. The line was abandoned by the TTC in 1948.
Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam
Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam (Arabic: كتائب روح الله عيسى بن مريم; lit. The Battalion of the Spirit of God Jesus Son of Mary) is an Assyrian militia and subgroup of the Imam Ali Brigades, an Iraqi Shiite paramilitary group. It was first formed and organized during the War in Iraq (2013-17) to fight against ISIL.

Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
Kata'ib al-Imam Ali (Arabic: كتائب الإمام علي, romanized: Kataʾib al-ʾImām ʿAlī, lit. 'Imam Ali Battalion'), also known as  the Imam Ali Brigades, are an Iraqi Shiite paramilitary organization and the armed wing of the Islamic Movement of Iraq (Harakat al-Iraq al-Islamiyah), and serves as part of the umbrella organization, Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF). Kata'ib al-Imam Ali rose to prominence during the War in Iraq (2013–2017), when it fought against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) alongside Iraqi government forces.
Blackmer RMS detector
The Blackmer RMS detector is an electronic true RMS converter invented by David E. Blackmer in 1971. The Blackmer detector, coupled with the Blackmer gain cell, forms the core of the dbx noise reduction system and various professional audio signal processors developed by dbx, Inc.

Unlike earlier RMS detectors that time-averaged algebraic square of input signal, the Blackmer detector performs time-averaging on the logarithm of the input, being the first successful, commercialized instance of log-domain filter. The circuit, created by trial and error, computes root mean squared of various waveforms with high precision, although exact nature of its operation was not known to the inventor. First mathematical analysis of log-domain filtering and mathematical proof of Blackmer's invention were proposed by Robert Adams in 1979; general log-domain filter synthesis theory was developed by Douglas Frey in 1993.

True RMS converter
For the measurement of an alternating current the signal is often converted into a direct current of equivalent value, the root mean square (RMS). Simple instrumentation and signal converters carry out this conversion by filtering the signal into an average rectified value and applying a correction factor. The value of the correction factor applied is only correct if the input signal is sinusoidal.

True RMS provides a more correct value that is proportional to the square root of the average of the square of the curve, and not to the average of the absolute value. For any given waveform, the ratio of these two averages is constant and, as most measurements are made on what are (nominally) sine waves, the correction factor assumes this waveform; but any distortion or offsets will lead to errors. To achieve this, a true RMS converter requires a more complex circuit.
Macy, Nebraska
Macy is a census-designated place (CDP) in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,045 at the 2020 census. It is within the Omaha Reservation, and includes Omaha Nation Public Schools.

Umoⁿhoⁿ Nation Public Schools
Umonhon Nation (Omaha Nation) Public Schools (UNSPS), also known as Omaha Nation Public Schools, is a school district headquartered in Macy, Nebraska. The district covers Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 12.

Macy is the center of tribal government for the Omaha.

The district is in Thurston County, including sections of Blackbird Township and Anderson Township.
Umeå Institute of Technology
The Umeå Institute of Technology or Tekniska högskolan i Umeå is part of the Faculty of Science and Technology at Umeå University. The Institute offers a wide range of study programmes, some of them not to be found in any other part of Sweden. Research in engineering is gradually being expanded. The faculty's traditionally strong position in natural sciences form a base on which new technology research is built.

Umeå Institute of Technology three main areas in research are Information and Interaction Technologies, Life Sciences, and Sustainable Society.

Umeå University
Umeå University (Swedish: Umeå universitet; Ume Sami: Ubmejen universitiähta; Meänkieli: Uumaja ynivärsiteetti); is a public research university located in Umeå, in the mid-northern region of Sweden. The university was founded in 1965 and is the fifth oldest within Sweden's present borders.

As of 2015, Umeå University has over 36,000 registered students (approximately 16,000 full-time students), including those at the postgraduate and doctoral level. It has more than 4,000 employees, half of which are teachers/researchers, including 310 professors.

Internationally, the university is known for research relating to the genome of the poplar tree and the Norway Spruce, and its highly ranked Institute of (industrial) Design.
Pengkalan Hulu
Pengkalan Hulu, formerly known as Kroh or Keroh, is a town and a mukim in Hulu Perak District, Perak, Malaysia, bordering Thailand and Kedah. The nearest town on the Thailand side is Betong in Yala province.

Although described as a border town, Pengkalan Hulu is 6 km from the actual Malaysia-Thailand border which is located at Bukit Berapit, where the Malaysian customs, immigration and quarantine station is located. The town is served by both Federal Route 76, which connects it to Gerik and Kuala Kangsar to the south and Baling in Kedah to the north, and Federal Route 77 which goes in a northeasterly direction to Bukit Berapit and onward to Betong.

It is located on a plateau at the height of 380 m above sea level.

Gerik
Gerik (alternate spelling: Grik) is a mukim and the district capital of Hulu Perak District, Perak, Malaysia. The town is also known as Rest Town due to its strategic location next to East-West Highway Federal Route 4, the main route linking Kedah, Penang and Kelantan.
Margot Walle
Margot Sofie Walle (11 November 1921 – 26 February 1990) was a Norwegian pair skater. She competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics, where she placed 10th with partner Allan Fjeldheim. She was Norwegian pairs champion in 1946, 1947, 1948 and 1949.

Allan Fjeldheim
Allan Normann Fjeldheim (31 July 1918 – 29 March 1995) was a Norwegian pair skater. He competed at the 1948 Winter Olympics, where he placed 10th with partner Margot Walle. He was the Norwegian pairs champion in 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948 and 1949.
Murder of Khor Gek Hong
On 24 October 1983, 24-year-old Singaporean housewife Khor Gek Hong (许玉凤 Xǔ Yùfèng) was attacked and stabbed to death by her lover along Kim Seng Road, Singapore. Khor's lover, 31-year-old welder Wong Foot Ling (黄福麟 Huáng Fúlín), surrendered himself two days after the fatal stabbing, and he was charged with murder. During Wong's trial, it was revealed that Wong was angered at Khor choosing to return to her husband rather than continuing their relationship with one another, and it caused Wong to commit the murder. Although Wong raised the defences of having killed Khor in a fight and killing Khor under a loss of self-control via sudden and grave provocation, the High Court judged that Wong had intentionally stabbed Khor, which in turn caused Khor to die from her wounds and hence, Wong was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by hanging in August 1984. Wong's appeal was dismissed and he was hanged on 19 September 1986.

Capital punishment in Singapore
Executions in Singapore are carried out by long drop hanging, and usually take place at dawn. Thirty-three offences—including murder, drug trafficking, terrorism, use of firearms and kidnapping—warrant the death penalty under Singaporean law.

In 2012, Singapore amended its laws to exempt some offences from the mandatory death sentence. In a 2005 survey by The Straits Times, 95% of Singaporeans were of the view that their country should retain the death penalty. The support steadily fell throughout the years due to the increasing liberal opinions of society. Despite the decline, a large majority of the public remains supportive of the use of the death penalty, with more than 80% of Singaporeans believing that their country should retain the death penalty in 2021.

The most recent execution conducted in Singapore took place on 13 February 2026, when a 62-year-old Singaporean was hanged for trafficking not less than 29.06g of diamorphine in his possession.
Alstom Crespin
Alstom Crespin, formerly Bombardier Transport France and ANF Industrie, is a French rolling stock manufacturer based at Crespin, in Hauts-de-France region, France. The company was acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 1989, then by Alstom in 2021.

Bombardier Transportation
Bombardier Transportation was a Canadian rolling stock and rail transport manufacturer, with headquarters in Toronto and Berlin. It was one of the world's largest companies in the rail vehicle and equipment manufacturing and servicing industry, prior to being acquired by Alstom in 2021. Bombardier Transportation had many regional offices, production and development facilities worldwide. It produced a wide range of products including passenger rail vehicles, locomotives, bogies, propulsion and controls. In February 2020, the company had 36,000 employees, and 63 manufacturing and engineering locations around the world. Formerly a division of Bombardier Inc., the company was acquired by French manufacturer Alstom on 29 January 2021.
Vice President of the Mongolian People's Republic
The vice president of the Mongolian People's Republic (Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улсын Дэд ерөнхийлөгч, romanized: Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Ulsyn Ded yurönkhiilögch) was the second-highest executive position in the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) from September 1990 to July 1992. The vice president was the first in the Mongolian presidential line of succession, becoming the new President upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. Furthermore, according to the constitution, the vice president was the presiding officer of the State Little Khural, the standing legislative body, from 1990 to 1992.

The position was filled by a vote in the State Little Khural at the same time as the President of the Mongolian People's Republic. Radnaasümbereliin Gonchigdorj was the only person to occupy this office. Along with the Little Khural, the position was abolished after the ratification of the 1992 Constitution of Mongolia.

Little Khural
The Little Khural or State Little Khural was the presidium of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1924 until 1951 and then the standing legislature from 1990 to 1992. After the adoption of a new constitution and elections for the unicameral State Great Khural, the Little Khural was dissolved in July 1992.