hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Life and Labour of the People in London
Life and Labour of the People in London was a multi-volume book by Charles Booth which provided a survey of the lives and occupations of the working class of late 19th-century London. The first edition was published in two volumes as Life and Labour of the People, Vol. I (1889) and Labour and Life of the People, Vol. II (1891). The second edition was entitled Life and Labour of the People in London, and was produced in nine volumes 1892–97. A third edition, running to a grand total of 17 volumes, appeared 1902–03.

A noteworthy feature of the study was the production of maps describing poverty (see illustration on the right). Levels of wealth and poverty found by the research's investigators were mapped out on a street-by-street basis.

The notebooks used to carry out this investigation are held at the Archives Division of the British Library of Political and Economic Science (London School of Economics and Political Science).

19th-century London
During the 19th century, London grew enormously to become a global city of immense importance. It was the largest city in the world from about 1825, the world's largest port, and the heart of international finance and trade. Railways connecting London to the rest of Britain, as well as the London Underground, were built, as were roads, a modern sewer system and many famous sites.
Louis Schmidt (politician)
Louis Schmidt was born on December 4, 1844, at Old Fort, near Fort Chipewyan and was baptised at Portage La Loche by Father Jean-Baptiste Thibault in July 1845. He died in Saint Louis, Saskatchewan, near Batoche November 6, 1935.
In 1869 he was secretary to the first Provisional Government organized in the Red River Colony.
Schmidt sat as an elected member of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly for Saint Boniface West in 1870–1874 and again in 1878–1879.
He was the grandson of Alexis Bonami and a classmate of Louis Riel.

St. Louis, Saskatchewan
St. Louis (2016 population: 415) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of St. Louis No. 431 and Census Division No. 15. It is south of the city of Prince Albert and northeast of Batoche.

It was founded by Métis settlers in the late 19th century, and is the northernmost Southbranch Settlement, a series of communities which range from Fish Creek in the south along the South Saskatchewan River through Batoche and St. Laurent to St. Louis.

The village is known also for the St. Louis light, a supposed paranormal anomaly.
Novruz Mammadov
Novruz Ismayil oglu Mammadov (Azerbaijani: Novruz İsmayıl oğlu Məmmədov; born 15 March 1947) is an Azerbaijani politician and translator who served as Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from April 2018 to October 2019. He previously held the title as assistant to the President for Foreign Policy Issues and Head of Department of Foreign Policy.

Prime Minister of Azerbaijan
The prime minister of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Baş naziri) is the head of government of Azerbaijan.  The current prime minister is Ali Asadov on 8 October 2019 following the removal of Novruz Mammadov.

Due to the central role of the president in the political system, the activities of the executive branch (including the prime minister) are significantly influenced by the head of state (for example, it is the president who appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and other members of the Government; the president may chair the meetings of the cabinet and give obligatory orders to the prime minister and other members of the Government, the president may also revoke any act of the Government).
Deja Foxx
Deja Cherise Operana-Foxx (/ˈdeɪʒə/ DAY-zhə; born April 18, 2000) is an American political organizer and former model who was a candidate in the Democratic Party's primary election for Arizona's 7th congressional district in the 2025 special election, losing to Adelita Grijalva. She previously campaigned for Kamala Harris in her 2020 and 2024 presidential campaigns, having first come to national prominence as a supporter of Planned Parenthood.

2025 Arizona's 7th congressional district special election
A special election was held on September 23, 2025, to fill Arizona's 7th congressional district for the remainder of the 119th United States Congress. The result was certified by the Arizona Secretary of State, Adrian Fontes, on October 14.

This followed the July 15, 2025, primary election which results were certified by Fontes 16 days later on July 31.

The seat became vacant following the death of incumbent Democrat Raúl Grijalva on March 13, 2025. It is considered a safely Democratic district.

The election was won by former Pima County supervisor Adelita Grijalva, Raúl Grijalva's daughter. The younger Grijalva won by 40%, a significant overperformance from Kamala Harris's 22% victory in the district in the 2024 presidential election.
29th Battalion (New Zealand)
The 29th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the New Zealand 3rd Division, raised for service during the Second World War. Serving in the Pacific, the battalion mainly undertook garrison duties and labouring tasks in Fiji and New Caledonia, but saw brief combat against the Japanese in the Treasury Islands in late 1943. In late 1944, the battalion returned to New Zealand and was broken up to provide reinforcements for the New Zealand 2nd Division in Italy. It was eventually disbanded in January 1945.

Battle of the Treasury Islands
The Battle of the Treasury Islands was a Second World War battle that took place between 27 October and 12 November 1943 on the Treasury Islands group, part of the Solomon Islands. The battle formed part of the wider Pacific War and involved New Zealand and US forces fighting against Japanese troops. The majority of the ground forces were provided by the New Zealand 3rd Division.

The Allied invasion of the Japanese-held island group intended to secure Mono and Stirling Islands so that a radar station could be constructed on the former and the latter be used as a staging area for an assault on Bougainville. The attack on the Treasury Islands would serve the long term Allied strategy of isolating Bougainville and Rabaul and the elimination of the Japanese garrison in the area.
Nepal Railway Company Limited
The Nepal Railway Company Ltd. (in short Nepal Railway), reporting mark: NRW / ने. रे)   is a state-owned company under the Department of Railways (DORW) which operates passenger train  services in Nepal. It is the only train service provider in the country. Currently it operates passenger transport service on the Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line, a 52 kilometres (32 mi) line from Jainagar, India to Bhangaha, Nepal.

Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line
The Jaynagar–Janakpur–Bardibas railway line (Hindi/ Nepali: जयनगर–जनकपुर–बर्दिबास रेलवे) is a cross-border railway line between India and Nepal. The railway links Bijalpura with Jaynagar, crossing the India–Nepal border near Inarwa. An extension to Bardibas is being constructed. The line began as a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) freight railway in 1937, and subsequently became a passenger railway. It closed in 2014 to allow it to be converted to 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge, and reopened in 2022. At that time it was the only operational passenger railway line in Nepal.
C. I. Lewis
Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964) was an American academic philosopher. He is considered the progenitor of modern modal logic and the founder of conceptual pragmatism. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics.  The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value." He coined the term "Qualia" as used in philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive sciences.

Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

Pragmatism began in the United States in the 1870s. Its origins are often attributed to philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. In 1878, Peirce described it in his pragmatic maxim: "Consider the practical effects of the objects of your conception. Then, your conception of those effects is the whole of your conception of the object."
New York State Route 134
New York State Route 134 (NY 134) is a 6.35-mile (10.22 km) state highway in the western part of Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It begins at an intersection with NY 133 in the village of Ossining and heads northeast to the hamlet of Kitchawan, located adjacent to the New Croton Reservoir in the town of Yorktown. From here, the route turns southeast to reach its east end at a junction with NY 100. The highway passes the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, one of the main research headquarters for IBM, just east of an interchange with the Taconic State Parkway.

Taken over by the state of New York between 1908 and 1926, NY 134 was assigned to its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. In 1960, in conjunction with construction of the Watson Research Center, an interchange was added to NY 134 for the Taconic.

Ossining (village), New York
Ossining (/ˈɒsɪnɪŋ/ OSS-in-ing) is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population at the 2020 United States census was 27,551,  an increase from 25,060 at the 2010 census. As a village, it is located in the town of Ossining.
2010 A Championship Cup
The 2010 A Championship Cup was a one-off cup competition featuring teams that played in the 2010 A Championship. It was also referred to as the Newstalk Cup for sponsorship reasons.  It was won by Sporting Fingal A, who defeated Bohemians A in the final.

2010 A Championship
The 2010 A Championship was the third season of the A Championship in Ireland. The season was sponsored by Newstalk. The league featured 18 teams. UCD A were the champions, winning the title for a second time while Bohemians A finished as runners up.
1953 Achingmori incident
The Achingmori incident refers to an event in 1953 when a group of Daphla tribals of the Tagin people led by secessionist, Tako Mra, killed 47 members of an Indian government party including personnel of the Assam Rifles and tribal porters during an administrative tour in Achingmori in present-day Arunachal Pradesh. The indigenous communities, particularly the Tagin people, viewed Indian administrative expansion as a direct threat to their cultural and territorial sovereignty. As Indian authorities sought to establish greater control over the frontier regions, tensions grew between the local tribes and the government.

Daphla Hills
Daphla (or Dafla) Hills is a tract of hilly country on the border of western Arunachal and Assam occupied by an independent tribe called Daphla. It lies to the north of the Tezpur and North Lakhimpur subdivisions, and is bounded on the west by the Aka Hills and on the east by the Abor Range. In 1872 a party of independent Daphlas suddenly attacked a colony of their own tribesmen, who had settled at Amtola in British territory, and carried away 44 captives to the hills. This led to the Daphla expedition of 1874, when a force of 1,000 troops secured the release of the prisoners and reduced the tribe to submission.
Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996
Cyprus was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 1996 with the song "Mono gia mas" (Μόνο για μας), composed by Andreas Giorgallis, with lyrics by Rodoula Papalambrianou, and performed by Constantinos. The Cypriot participating broadcaster, the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC), selected its entry through a national final.

Constantinos Christoforou
Constantinos Christophorou (Κωνσταντίνος Χριστοφόρου, born in Limassol, Cyprus on 25 April 1977) is a Cypriot singer. He represented Cyprus in Eurovision Song Contest as a solo singer with "Mono Yia Mas" (1996) and "Ela Ela (Come Baby)" (2005) and as part of the boy band formation One with "Gimme" (2002).
B.A.P (South Korean band)
B.A.P (Korean: 비에이피; an acronym for Best Absolute Perfect), was a South Korean boy band that was created by TS Entertainment. The group, originally consisting of Yongguk, Himchan, Daehyun, Youngjae, Jong-up, and Zelo, debuted with the song "Warrior" in 2012.

B.A.P quietly disbanded on February 18, 2019, following the group's contract expiration with TS Entertainment. In 2024, the group officially reunited under the name Bang & Jung & Yoo & Moon (Korean: 방용국&정대현&유영재&문종업) to release their next album, Curtain Call in August. Members Zelo and Himchan did not take part in the comeback as a result of Zelo's military service and Himchan's sexual assault convictions.

Jung Dae-hyun
Jung Dae-hyun (Korean: 정대현; born June 28, 1993), also known mononymously as Daehyun, is a South Korean singer and actor. He debuted as an idol in the six-member group B.A.P under TS Entertainment, where he served as the main vocalist from 2012 to its dissolution in 2019. Following his departure from TS Entertainment, he released his debut mini-album Chapter2 "27" in April 2019. Jung has ventured into musical theater since being cast for Napoleon in 2017.
Anonas station
Anonas station is an elevated Light Rail Transit (LRT) station located on the LRT Line 2 (LRT-2) system in Cubao, Quezon City. It is named because of its location near Anonas Street.

The station is the ninth station for trains headed to Antipolo and the fifth station for trains headed to Recto.

Aurora Boulevard
Aurora Boulevard is a four-to-ten-lane major thoroughfare in Quezon City and San Juan in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is named after Doña Aurora Quezon, the consort of Commonwealth President Manuel Luis Quezon. It is one of the major roads in the commercial district of Araneta City in Cubao. LRT Line 2 follows the alignment of the boulevard.
Socialist Patriotic Youth League
The Socialist Patriotic Youth League is the main North Korean youth organization. Directly under the party Central Committee, it is the only mass organization expressly mentioned in the charter of the Workers' Party of Korea.

The organization, modeled after the Komsomol in the former Soviet Union, includes all North Koreans without party membership between the ages of 15 and 30, although married women who opt to become housewives are transferred to the Socialist Women's Union. Youth under 15 may join the Korean Children's Union, itself a part of the larger Korean Children's Union. Officially, the guiding ideology of the organization is Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism.

Korean Children's Union
The Korean Children's Union (KCU; Korean: 조선소년단) is a North Korean organization to which all North Korean children aged seven to fourteen belong. A pioneer movement, it is a political organization linked to the Workers' Party of Korea. Its uniformed branch, which admits children ages 9 through fifteen, is known as the Young Pioneer Corps.
Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle
Sir Thomas Arundell of Wardour Castle in Wiltshire (c. 1502 – 26 February 1552) was a Cornish administrator and alleged conspirator.

Arundell was connected by birth and marriage to the crown and to several of the most important families in England, and by the time of the death of King Henry VIII was one of the most experienced government officers in England. Those in power had concerns about his influence and his family's devotion to the old religion. Vague and unproven allegations of complicity in the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549 were made against him. In late 1551 he temporarily aligned himself with the Protector Somerset, thereby putting himself in conflict with John Dudley, Earl of Warwick. He was arrested and charged with conspiring to overthrow the government and murder the Earl. He was convicted, and beheaded on Tower Hill on 26 February 1552. His property was confiscated, but in June 1552 the Crown began restoring it to his widow and, from 1553, to his son.

Wardour Castle
Wardour Castle or Old Wardour Castle is a ruined 14th-century castle at Wardour, on the boundaries of the civil parishes of Tisbury and Donhead St Andrew in the English county of Wiltshire, about 15 miles (24 km) west of Salisbury. The castle was built in the 1390s, came into the ownership of the Arundells in the 16th century, and was rendered uninhabitable in 1643 and 1644 during the Civil War. A Grade I listed building, it is managed by English Heritage and open to the public.
Gisela of Friuli
Gisela of Friuli (also Gisla) (c. 876 – after 23 January 913) was a medieval Italian noblewoman. She was the daughter of Berengar I of Italy and Bertila of Spoleto. Through her marriage to Adalbert I of Ivrea, Gisela was countess of Ivrea, and mother of Berengar II of Italy.

Berengar I of Italy
Berengar I (Latin: Berengarius, Perngarius; Italian: Berengario; c. 845 – 7 April 924) was the king of Italy from 887 and emperor between 915 and his death in 924. He is usually known as Berengar of Friuli, since he ruled the March of Friuli from 874 until at least 890, but he had lost control of the region by 896.

Berengar rose to become one of the most influential laymen in the empire of Charles the Fat, and he was elected to replace Charles in Italy after the latter's deposition in November 887. His long reign of 36 years saw him opposed by no fewer than seven other claimants to the Italian throne. His reign is usually characterised as troubled because of the many competitors for the crown and because of the arrival of Magyar raiders in Western Europe. His death was followed by an imperial interregnum that lasted 38 years until Otto I was crowned emperor in 962.
Manitoba Provincial Road 452
Provincial Road 452 (PR 452) is a 36.4-kilometre-long (22.6 mi) north–south highway in the Westman Region of Manitoba. It connects the towns of Waskada and Napinka with both the Boundary Commission Trail (PTH 3) and PTH 83.

Manitoba Highway 3
Provincial Trunk Highway 3 (PTH 3) is a major provincial highway located in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It runs from the Saskatchewan boundary (where it meets Highway 18) to the southwest city limits of Winnipeg, where it continues as Winnipeg Route 155 (McGillivray Boulevard). Prior before to the implementation of Winnipeg's City Route System, it extended to Pembina Highway.

West of its junction of PTH 14, PTH 3 is designated as the Boundary Commission Trail, commemorating the historic red river cart trail which connected western communities to the North-Western Territory and to British Columbia.
Alcest
Alcest (/ɑːlˈsɛst/) is a French post-black metal band from Bagnols-sur-Cèze, founded and led by Neige (Stéphane Paut). It began in 2000 as a black metal solo project by Neige, then became a trio, but members Aegnor and Argoth left the band following the 2001 release of their first demo, leaving Neige as the sole member. Neige began incorporating elements of shoegaze and post-metal into the project's sound from 2005 onwards. In 2009, drummer Winterhalter from Les Discrets joined Alcest, after eight years with Neige as its sole full-time member.

Since its creation, Alcest has released seven studio albums and three EPs. Their fourth album, 2014's Shelter, marked a shift towards a distinctly shoegaze sound, while their subsequent album Kodama (2016) returned to their earlier blackgaze sound. Alcest is widely credited with pioneering the blackgaze/post-black metal genre, particularly with their 2005 EP Le secret.

Neige (musician)
Stéphane Hugues Norbert Paut, known professionally as Neige (French: "Snow") (born 16 April 1985), is a French songwriter, singer, multi-instrumentalist musician, and record producer from Bagnols-sur-Cèze, now relocated to Paris. He is the primary songwriter, guitarist, lead vocalist, and the only continuous member of the post-black metal band Alcest and is the former guitarist, bass guitarist, and drummer of the post-punk/post-black metal band Amesoeurs.
Scooby Snacks (song)
"Scooby Snacks" is a song by American band Fun Lovin' Criminals from their debut album, Come Find Yourself (1996). The song was written by the band and contains several sampled quotes from Quentin Tarantino films, so Tarantino is also credited as a writer. Most of the song is rapped, with the exception of the chorus, which is sung. The "Scooby Snacks" in the song is a reference to diazepam, also known as Valium.

"Scooby Snacks" is the band's biggest hit single to date, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, the song originally peaked at number 22 in August 1996, but after being reissued with a cover of the 10cc song "I'm Not in Love", it reached a new peak of number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1997. In 1996, it was voted number 14 on the list of the Hottest 100 songs of that year by listeners of Australia's Triple J radio station.

Fun Lovin' Criminals
Fun Lovin' Criminals are an American rap rock band from New York City. They are best known for their hit "Scooby Snacks", which features samples from films by Quentin Tarantino, and the song "Love Unlimited", named after Barry White's backing vocal group. Their songs often focus on life in New York City, as well as urban life in general. Their lyrics can be gritty or existentialist in nature, touching on topics such as organized crime and urban violence, but they are just as often humorous or satirical. The band gained a large following internationally, particularly in Northwest Europe, around the release of their first two albums in the late 1990s.
Gross income
For households and individuals, gross income is the sum of all wages, salaries, profits, interest payments, rents, and other forms of earnings, before any deductions or taxes. It is opposed to net income, defined as the gross income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g., mandatory pension contributions).

For a business, gross income (also gross profit, sales profit, or credit sales) is the difference between revenue and the cost of making a product or providing a service, before deducting overheads, payroll, taxation, and interest payments. This is different from operating profit (earnings before interest and taxes). Gross margin is often used interchangeably with gross profit, but the terms are different. When speaking about a monetary amount, it is technically correct to use the term "gross profit", but when referring to a percentage or ratio, it is correct to use "gross margin".

Earnings before interest and taxes
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) is a measure of a firm's profit that includes all incomes and expenses (operating and non-operating) except interest expenses and income tax expenses.

Operating income and operating profit are sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT when a firm does not have non-operating income and non-operating expenses.