hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tameness theorem
In mathematics, the tameness theorem states that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group is topologically tame, in other words homeomorphic to the interior of a compact 3-manifold.

The tameness theorem was conjectured by Marden (1974). It was proved by Agol (2004) and, independently, by Danny Calegari and David Gabai. It is one of the fundamental properties of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds, together with the density theorem for Kleinian groups and the ending lamination theorem.
It also implies the Ahlfors measure conjecture.

Danny Calegari
Danny Matthew Cornelius Calegari  is a mathematician and, as of 2023, a professor of mathematics at the University of Chicago. His research interests include geometry, dynamical systems, low-dimensional topology, and geometric group theory.
Luzhniki disaster
55°42′57″N 37°33′13″E﻿ / ﻿55.71583°N 37.55361°E﻿ / 55.71583; 37.55361

The Luzhniki disaster was a deadly crowd crush that took place at the Grand Sports Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium (Russian: Большая спортивная арена Центрального стадиона им. В. И. Ленина, now known as Luzhniki Stadium) in Moscow during the 1982–83 UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem on 20 October 1982.  According to the official enquiry, 66 FC Spartak Moscow fans, mostly adolescents, died in the crush, which made it Russia's worst sporting disaster.  The number of fatalities in this crush was not officially revealed until seven years later, in 1989. Until then, this figure varied in press reports from 3 to 340 fatalities. The circumstances of this disaster are similar to those of the second Ibrox disaster in Scotland.

1971 Ibrox disaster
The 1971 Ibrox disaster, also known as the Second Ibrox Disaster, was a crush among the crowd at an Old Firm football game (Rangers v Celtic), which led to 66 deaths and more than 200 injuries. It happened on 2 January 1971 on an exit stairway at Ibrox Park (now Ibrox Stadium) in Glasgow, Scotland. It was the worst football disaster in Britain until the Hillsborough disaster in Sheffield, England, in 1989.

The stadium's owner, Rangers FC, was later ruled to be at fault in a sheriff's judgement on one of the deaths. Rangers did not dispute this ruling and was sued for damages in 60 other cases brought by relatives of the dead.
Coarctation of the aorta
Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a congenital condition whereby the aorta is narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. The word coarctation means "pressing or drawing together; narrowing". Coarctations are most common in the aortic arch. The arch may be small in babies with coarctations. Other heart defects may also occur when coarctation is present, typically occurring on the left side of the heart. When a patient has a coarctation, the left ventricle has to work harder. Since the aorta is narrowed, the left ventricle must generate a much higher pressure than normal in order to force enough blood through the aorta to deliver blood to the lower part of the body. If the narrowing is severe enough, the left ventricle may not be strong enough to push blood through the coarctation, thus resulting in a lack of blood to the lower half of the body. Physiologically its complete form is manifested as interrupted aortic arch.

Aorta
The aorta (/eɪˈɔːrtə/ ay-OR-tə; pl.: aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation.
Sulejman Aga Batusha
Sulejman Aga Batusha or Sulejman Aga Botusha was a prominent Albanian resistance fighter and revolutionary leader from the Highlands of Gjakova and the wider Gjakova region who participated in the Albanian National Awakening. Born sometime in the 19th century, Sulejman Aga would repeatedly lead Albanian forces against the Ottomans throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, ultimately contributing to the Albanian Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire. He was also a chief of the Gashi tribe and was their head in the Gjakova region.

Highlands of Gjakova
The Highlands of Gjakova or Gjakova Highlands (Albanian: Malësia e Gjakovës), known colloquially as Tropoja, refers to the mountainous ethnographic region in the eastern Albanian Alps that sits between north-eastern Albania and western Kosovo, serving as the historical centres of the Albanian Gashi, Krasniqi, Bytyçi, Morina, Nikaj and Mërturi tribes. Traditionally, parts of the Gjakova Highlands that are now located in southern Montenegro were used as pasturelands by the local Albanian tribes.
Pareto distribution
The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian polymath Vilfredo Pareto, is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend that a large portion of wealth is held by a small fraction of the population.

The Pareto principle or "80:20 rule" stating that 80% of outcomes are due to 20% of causes was named in honour of Pareto, but the concepts are distinct, and only Pareto distributions with shape value (α) of   log 4 5 ≈ 1.16 precisely reflect it. Empirical observation has shown that this 80:20 distribution fits a wide range of cases, including natural phenomena and human activities.

Distribution of wealth
The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society. It shows one aspect of economic inequality or economic heterogeneity.

The distribution of wealth differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the economic distribution of ownership of the assets in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society. According to the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, "the world distribution of wealth is much more unequal than that of income."

For rankings regarding wealth, see List of sovereign states by wealth inequality or list of countries by wealth per adult.
Arthur Leclerc
Arthur Leclerc (French pronunciation: [aʁtyʁ ləklɛʁ]; born 14 October 2000) is a Monégasque racing driver who last competed in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup for AF Corse. He is the younger brother of Scuderia Ferrari Formula One driver Charles Leclerc, and a former member of Ferrari Driver Academy.

Leclerc finished sixth in the 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship with Prema Racing, before stepping up to the FIA Formula 2 Championship in 2023 with DAMS. He was the runner-up during the 2020 Formula Regional European Championship and the 2022 Formula Regional Asian champion. He is also the champion of the 2024 Italian GT Endurance Championship together with Giancarlo Fisichella and Tommaso Mosca.

Leclerc currently serves as the development driver for Scuderia Ferrari.

2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship
The 2022 FIA Formula 3 Championship was a motor racing championship for Formula 3 cars that was sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The championship was the thirteenth season of Formula 3 racing and the fourth season run under the FIA Formula 3 Championship moniker. It was an open-wheel racing category that served as the third tier of formula racing in the FIA Global Pathway. The category was run in support of selected rounds of the 2022 FIA Formula One World Championship.

Trident entered the championship as the reigning teams' champion, having secured their title at the last race of the 2021 season. In 2022 however, they were bested by Prema Racing, who won their third teams' championship.

Victor Martins, driving for ART Grand Prix, won the drivers' championship, ahead of Zane Maloney (Trident) and Oliver Bearman (Prema).
Daimler Manufacturing Company
The Daimler Manufacturing Company (DMFG), was a boutique American automaker company from 1898 to 1907. From 1888 to 1898, the company was known as the Daimler Motor Company (DMC), formed under a partnership between Gottlieb Daimler of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG; predecessor to Mercedes-Benz) and William Steinway of piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons. Headquartered in Long Island City, Queens, New York City near Steinway's Astoria headquarters, the company sold Daimler motors for yachts and launches, and goods vehicles including buses and trucks. It built and sold a single automobile model, the original American Mercedes.

American Mercedes (1904 automobile)
The American Mercedes was made by Daimler Manufacturing Company of Long Island City, New York, United States from 1904 to 1907. They were licensed copies of German Mercedes models. Some commercial vehicles, such as ambulances, were also made. The company was in direct competition with Mercedes Import Co. of New York, which handled the imported Mercedes for the entirety of the United States, at least in 1906.
Centre (department)
Centre (French, pronounced [sɑ̃tʁ] ⓘ) or Sant (Haitian Creole; both meaning "Center") is a landlocked department (French: départements; Haitian Creole: depatman) of Haiti, located in the center of the country along the border with the Dominican Republic. As of 2015, its estimated population was 746,236. Its capital is Hinche.

Hinche
Hinche (French pronunciation: [ɛ̃ʃ]; Haitian Creole: Ench; Spanish: Hincha) is a commune in the Centre department of Haiti. It has a population of about 50,000. It is the capital of the Centre department. Hinche is the hometown of Charlemagne Péralte, the Haitian nationalist leader who resisted the United States occupation of Haiti that lasted between 1915–1934.
C Force
"C" Force was the Canadian military contingent involved in the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941. Members of this force were the first Canadian soldiers to see action against Japan in World War II. The major Canadian units involved in the defence of Hong Kong were the Winnipeg Grenadiers and the Royal Rifles of Canada. In addition to this the Canadians provided a Brigade HQ.

Royal Rifles of Canada
The Royal Rifles of Canada was a rifle regiment in the Canadian Army and fought alongside The Winnipeg Grenadiers in the Battle of Hong Kong during World War II. In November 1966, it was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle. In February 2019, the dormant regiment was amalgamated with the Voltigeurs de Québec.
Yuin
The Yuin nation, also spelt Djuwin, is a group of Australian Aboriginal peoples from the South Coast of New South Wales. All Yuin people share ancestors who spoke, as their first language, one or more of the Yuin language dialects. Sub-groupings of the Yuin people are made on the basis of language and other cultural features; groups include the Brinja or Bugelli-manji, Wandandian, Jerrinja, Budawang, Yuin-Monaro, Djiringanj, Walbunja, and more. They have a close linguistic and cultural association with the Thaua  and Dharawal people.

Djiringanj
The Djiringanj, also spelt Dyirringañ, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the southern coast of New South Wales. They are one of a larger group, known as the Yuin people, who all speak or spoke dialects of the Yuin–Kuric group of languages.
New Hong Kong Alliance
The New Hong Kong Alliance (NHKA; Chinese: 新香港聯盟, abbreviated 新港盟) was a pro-Beijing conservative political organisation in Hong Kong in the 1990s mostly composed of businessmen and professionals. It was considered the more conservative wing of the Group of 89 formed by established elites in the debate of drafting the Hong Kong Basic Law and democratisation. It proposed the ultra-conservative Bicameral Model for the future political structure. The alliance's key person was secretary Lo Tak-shing who had an eye on the Chief Executive post after 1997, the alliance became less active as Lo's chance of contesting the post got slimmer and it ceased to exist in 1999.

Group of 89
The Group of 89 or Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee was a conservative political pressure group formed by the conservative business and professional elites led by tycoon Vincent Lo in the Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee (BLCC) and Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) during the drafting period of the Hong Kong Basic Law in the late 1980s. Compared to the Group of 190 set up by the pro-democracy groups, it was on the conservative side of debates over the constitutional reform, the Hong Kong Basic Law and the future of Hong Kong.
John Moores Jr.
John Moores Jr., CBE, DL, (22 November 1928 – 22 May 2012) was a British businessman, farmer and philanthropist. He was the eldest son of businessman Sir John Moores CBE who founded the Littlewoods company. He became Executive Director and Deputy Chairman of the family firm in 1968. John Moores also served as 2nd Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 1994, after previously serving as the university's First Pro-Chancellor and chairman of the board of Governors from 1992.

Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University
The Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University is the titular head of the university who is appointed on the approval of the board of governors. The duties of the chancellor include the conferring of degrees at graduation ceremonies and being an ambassador for the university both nationally and internationally. As chancellor they may also attend engagements at the university and outside promoting its work and research.
Kathi McDonald
Kathryn Marie "Kathi" McDonald (September 25, 1948 – October 3, 2012) was an American blues and rock singer and songwriter. As a teenager she sang with different bands around the Pacific Northwest before she was discovered by Ike Turner. She sang as an Ikette with Ike & Tina Turner and eventually replaced Janis Joplin as the front woman of Big Brother and Holding Company. McDonald became a background vocalist for various artists, including Leon Russell, Joe Cocker, The Rolling Stones, Freddie King, and Long John Baldry. She also recorded as a solo artist and fronted her own band Kathi McDonald & Friends.

Long John Baldry
John William "Long John" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English-Canadian musician and actor. In the 1960s, he was one of the first British vocalists to sing the blues in clubs and shared the stage with many British musicians including the Rolling Stones, the Animals and the Beatles. Before achieving stardom, Rod Stewart and Elton John were members of bands led by Baldry. He enjoyed pop success in 1967 when "Let the Heartaches Begin" reached No. 1 in the UK, and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald, "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'", reached No. 2 in 1980.

Baldry lived in Canada from the late-1970s onward, and continued to make records there. Beginning in the mid-1980s, he took up voiceover work, most notably as Doctor Ivo Robotnik in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog.
Dean O'Banion
Charles Dean O'Banion (July 8, 1892 – November 10, 1924) was an American mobster who was the main rival of Johnny Torrio and Al Capone during the brutal Chicago bootlegging wars of the 1920s. The newspapers of his day made him better known as Dion O'Banion, although he never went by that first name. He led the North Side Gang until 1924, when he was shot and killed, reportedly by Frankie Yale, John Scalise and Albert Anselmi.

Hymie Weiss
Earl J. "Hymie" Weiss (born Henryk Wojciechowski; January 25, 1898 – October 11, 1926), was a Polish-American mob boss who became a leader of the Prohibition-era North Side Gang and a bitter rival of Al Capone. He was known as "the only man Al Capone feared".
SGIO (Western Australia)
SGIO was an insurance company founded and based in Western Australia. Established in 1926 as the State Government Insurance Office by the Government of Western Australia, it provides business insurance. It is a subsidiary of Insurance Australia Group (IAG).

The company also previously offered personal insurance. In June 2022, IAG announced that SGIO will no longer offer personal insurance to customers, and will transfer new and existing customers to NRMA Insurance from December 2022.

Insurance Australia Group
Insurance Australia Group Limited (IAG) is a multinational insurance company. It is the largest general insurance company in Australia, and also the largest in New Zealand through its subsidiary IAG New Zealand. IAG had its origins in the National Roads and Motorists' Association NRMA. It is headquartered in Sydney, Australia.

The NRMA Insurance business demutualised in July 2000, separating from NRMA, with an issue of shares to NRMA members. NRMA Insurance Group Limited changed its name to Insurance Australia Group Limited on 15 January 2002, according to its website. IAG is an umbrella organization with numerous well known insurance brands it has acquired. The name IAG is not itself a customer-facing brand.

IAG is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and is a constituent of the S&P/ASX 50 index.
Ay Amor (Ana Gabriel song)
"¡Ay, amor!" (English: Oh Love) is a ballad written and performed by Mexican singer-songwriter Ana Gabriel and produced by Mariano Pérez Bautista. It was released as the first single from her third studio album, Pecado Original (1987). It won the 16th Mexican national selection for the OTI Festival, and thus represented Mexico at the OTI Festival 1987, where it placed third. This song became the second to spend 14 consecutive weeks at number one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart, after "De mí enamórate" by fellow Mexican singer Daniela Romo, being surpassed in the same year by "Qué te pasa" by Yuri when it achieved sixteen weeks at the top of the chart.

"¡Ay, amor!" is also recognized as one of Gabriel's signature songs and has been performed by several singers, including Tino y su Banda Joven, Jannette Chao, Keyla Caballero, Myriam and Yuri.

Mexico in the OTI Festival 1987
Mexico was represented at the OTI Festival 1987 with the song "¡Ay, amor!", written and performed by Ana Gabriel. The Mexican participating broadcaster, Televisa, selected its entry through a national televised competition with several phases. The song, that was performed in position 19, placed third out of 24 competing entries, tying with the song from Spain.
Shenyang J-15
The Shenyang J-15 (Chinese: 歼-15; pinyin: Jiān-Shíwǔ), also known as Feisha (Chinese: 飞鲨; pinyin: fēi shā; lit. 'Flying Shark'; NATO reporting name: Flanker-X2, Flanker-K) is a Chinese all-weather, twin-engine, carrier-based 4.5 generation multirole fighter aircraft developed by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC) and the 601 Institute, specifically for the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF) to serve on People's Liberation Army Navy's (PLAN) aircraft carriers.

The aircraft entered active service with the PLAN in 2013. An improved variant, named J-15T, incorporating CATOBAR launch capability, modern fifth-generation avionics, entered active service in the South China Sea in October 2024.

Shenyang J-11
The Shenyang J-11 (Chinese: 歼-11; NATO reporting name: Flanker-B+/Flanker-L), also known as Yinglong (simplified Chinese: 应龙; traditional Chinese: 應龍; pinyin: yìnglóng; lit. 'Responsive Dragon') is a 4th generation twin-engine jet fighter of the People's Republic of China derived from the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27SK. It is manufactured by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC). The aircraft is operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).
Pedro Franqueza
Pedro Franqueza y Esteve (Igualada, June 29, 1547 - León, November 1614) was a Spanish bureaucrat who, with the favor of the Duke of Lerma, rose in the administration of Philip III until accumulating the secretaryships of the councils of Aragon, Castile, Inquisition, and State, as well as the treasury committees of Spain and Portugal. The way he used his positions for personal enrichment led to his disqualification and condemnation to life imprisonment for fraud, bribery, and forgery.

Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma
Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma, 5th Marquess of Denia, 1st Count of Ampudia (1552/1553 – 17 May 1625), was a favourite of Philip III of Spain, the first of the validos ('most worthy') through whom the later Habsburg monarchs ruled. His administration was marked by costly wars, including the Twelve Years' Truce with the Dutch Republic, financial mismanagement, and the controversial expulsion of the Moriscos. Eventually, he was deposed in 1618 under a palace intrigue orchestrated by his son and political rival, Cristóbal de Sandoval. Lerma retired as a cardinal and was succeeded by the Count-Duke of Olivares but faced financial penalties and died in 1625 at Valladolid.
Prix de Flore
The Prix de Flore is a French literary prize founded in 1994 by Frédéric Beigbeder. The aim of the prize is to reward youthful authors and it is judged by a panel of journalists. It is awarded yearly in November, at the Café de Flore in Paris. The prize only applies to French-language literature, even though the author does not have to be French. Bruce Benderson was the first non-French author to receive the prize, in 2004, for the novel Autobiographie érotique (released in English as The Romanian: Story of an Obsession).
The laureate of the Prix de Flore wins about 6,000 Euros and is entitled to drink a glass of Pouilly-Fumé, a white wine from the Loire region of France, at the Café de Flore every day for a year. The laureate's name is engraved on the glass.

The Romanian: Story of an Obsession
The Romanian: Story of an Obsession is a true-to-life memoir by Bruce Benderson. The autobiographical text describes Benderson's encounters and journeys with a male Romanian street hustler through Romania and Hungary, whom he meets while on a journalism assignment and falls in love with. The plot is intertwined with a travelogue of Romania and references to Romanian history and culture, such as the life of the artist Constantin Brâncuși, the writer Panait Istrati and the love affair between Romania's interbellum king, Carol II, and his mistress, Magda Lupescu.

The book was first published in French, in 2004, under the title Autobiographie érotique (Erotic autobiography). It won the prestigious Prix de Flore award in 2004, thus making Benderson the first US author to win the prize. In 2006, it was published in English, released in the United States and the United Kingdom.
Outline of software development
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software development:

Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), and encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Therefore, software development may include research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products.

Outline of software engineering
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to software engineering:

Software engineering – application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is the application of engineering to software.

The ACM Computing Classification system is a poly-hierarchical ontology that organizes the topics of the field and can be used in semantic web applications and as a de facto standard classification system for the field.   The major section "Software and its Engineering" provides an outline and ontology for software engineering.