hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Max Liedtke
Max Liedtke (German: [maks ˈliːtkə] ⓘ; 25 December 1894 – 13 January 1955) was a German journalist and army officer. He was honoured as Righteous Among the Nations for his resistance against the "liquidation" of the entire Jewish population (including slave labor) of the ghetto in Przemyśl in eastern Poland.

Liedtke was born in Preussisch Holland, East Prussia (today Pasłęk, Poland) to a Lutheran Vicar. He passed his Abitur in Gumbinnen (today Gusev, Russia) and started to study Lutheran theology at the University of Königsberg, but volunteered for the German Imperial Army at the outbreak of World War I. After the war, he worked as a journalist and became the chief editor of a local newspaper in Greifswald. He was dismissed as editor in 1935 because of his critical attitude towards the Nazis. Liedtke was conscripted into the Wehrmacht in 1939. He was deployed in Poland, Belgium and Piraeus (Greece).

Przemyśl
Przemyśl (Polish: [ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] ⓘ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 56,466 inhabitants, as of December 2023. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. It was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.

Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transport, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemyśl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Since the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Przemyśl has been a point of refuge for many Ukrainians, as it is located near the Poland–Ukraine border and serves as the end point of the Lviv–Przemyśl railway junction.
Sarah Orne Jewett House
The Sarah Orne Jewett House is a historic house museum at 5 Portland Street in South Berwick, Maine, United States. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its lifelong association with the American author Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909), whose influential work exemplified regional writing of the late 19th century. The house, built in 1774, is a high-quality example of late Georgian architecture. It is now owned by Historic New England, and is open for tours every weekend between June and October, and two Saturdays per month the rest of the year.

Historic New England
Historic New England, previously known as the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), is a charitable, non-profit, historic preservation organization headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Historic New England owns and operates historic site museums and study properties throughout all of the New England states except Vermont, and serves more than 198,000 visitors and program participants each year. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage.

Historic New England is a museum of cultural history that collects and preserves buildings, landscapes, and objects dating from the seventeenth century to the present and uses them to keep history alive and to help people develop a deeper understanding and enjoyment of New England life and appreciation for its preservation.
Xonotic
Xonotic (/zoʊˈnɒtɪk, ksoʊ-/) is a free and open-source first-person shooter video game. It was developed as a fork of Nexuiz, following controversy surrounding the game's development. The game runs on a heavily modified version of the Quake engine known as the DarkPlaces engine. Its gameplay is similar to the Quake 3 Arena series of games,  but with various unique elements.

Quake engine
The Quake engine (part of id Tech 2) is the game engine developed by id Software to power their 1996 video game Quake. It featured true 3D real-time rendering. Since 1999, it has been licensed under the terms of GNU General Public License v2.0 or later.

After release, the Quake engine was immediately forked. Much of the engine remained in Quake II and Quake III Arena. The Quake engine, like the Doom engine, used binary space partitioning (BSP) to optimise the world rendering. The Quake engine also used Gouraud shading for moving objects, and a static lightmap for non-moving objects.

Historically, the Quake engine has been treated as a separate engine from its successor, the Quake II engine. Although the codebases for Quake and Quake II were separate GPL releases, both engines are now considered variants of id Tech 2.
Neumann boundary condition
In mathematics, the Neumann (or second-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition, named after Carl Neumann.
When imposed on an ordinary or a  partial differential equation, the condition specifies the values of  the derivative applied at the boundary of the domain.

It is possible to describe the problem using other boundary conditions: a Dirichlet boundary condition specifies the values of the solution itself (as opposed to its derivative) on the boundary, whereas the Cauchy boundary condition, mixed boundary condition and Robin boundary condition are all different types of combinations of the Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions.

Dirichlet boundary condition
In mathematics, the Dirichlet boundary condition is imposed on an ordinary or partial differential equation, such that the values that the solution takes along the boundary of the domain are fixed. The question of finding solutions to such equations is known as the Dirichlet problem. In the sciences and engineering, a Dirichlet boundary condition may also be referred to as a fixed boundary condition or boundary condition of the first type. It is named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805–1859).

In finite-element analysis, the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition is defined by weighted-integral form of a differential equation. The dependent unknown u in the same form as the weight function w appearing in the boundary expression is termed a primary variable, and its specification constitutes the essential or Dirichlet boundary condition.
Boland women's cricket team
The Boland women's cricket team is the women's representative cricket team for the South African region of Boland. They compete in the CSA Women's One-Day Cup and the CSA Women's T20 Challenge. They have won two one-day titles and one T20 title.

CSA Women's T20 Challenge
The CSA Women's T20 Challenge, previously known as the CSA Women's Provincial T20 Competition, is a women's domestic Twenty20 cricket competition organised by Cricket South Africa. The tournament began in the 2012–13 season, and currently sees sixteen teams competing.

Western Province are the most successful side in the history of the competition, with seven title wins. Central Gauteng are the current holders, winning the 2022–23 tournament.
Memphis Red Sox
The Memphis Red Sox were an American Negro league baseball team that was active from 1920 to 1959. Originally named the Barber College Baseball Club, the team was initially owned and operated by Arthur P. Martin, a local Memphis barber. In the late 1920s the Martin brothers, all three Memphis doctors and businessmen, purchased the Red Sox. J. B. Martin, W. S. Martin, and B. B. Martin, would retain control of the club till its dissolution in 1959. The Red Sox played as members, at various times, of the Negro Southern League, Negro National League, and Negro American League. The team was never a titan of the Negro leagues like wealthier teams in northern cities of the United States, but sound management led to a continuous thirty-nine years of operation, a span that was exceeded by very few other teams. Following integration the team had five players that would eventually make the rosters of Major League Baseball teams and two players that were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Negro National League (1920–1931)
The first Negro National League (NNL I) was one of the several Negro leagues that were established during the period in the United States when organized baseball was segregated. The league was formed in 1920 with former player Rube Foster as its president.
Battle of Isly
The Battle of Isly (Arabic: معركة إيسلي) was fought on August 14, 1844, between France and Morocco, near the Isly River. French forces under Marshal Thomas Robert Bugeaud routed a much larger, but poorly organized, Moroccan force, mainly fighters from the tribes of Beni Znassen, but also from the Beni Angad and Beni Oukil; under Muhammad, son of the Sultan of Morocco, Abd al-Rahman. Bugeaud, attempting to complete the French conquest of Algeria, instigated the battle without a declaration of war in order to force negotiations concerning Moroccan support for the Algerian resistance leader Abd el-Kader to conclude on terms favorable to the French who demanded the Sultan of Morocco to withdraw support for Abd el-Kader.

Bugeaud, who recovered the Moroccan commander's tent and umbrella (equivalent to capturing a military standard in European warfare), was made Duke of Isly for his victory.

The day following the battle, the Bombardment of Mogador started.

Bombardment of Tangier
The Bombardment of Tangier took place on 6 August 1844, when French Navy forces under the command of François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville attacked the Moroccan city of Tangier. The campaign was part of the First Franco-Moroccan War.

The bombardment was a consequence of Morocco's alliance with Algeria's Abd-El-Kader against France following several incidents at the border between Algeria and Morocco, and the refusal of Morocco to abandon its support for Algeria.

The Bombardment of Tangier was followed up by the Battle of Isly on 14 August 1844, and the Bombardment of Mogador by the same fleet on 15 August 1844.
Orujo
Orujo is a pomace brandy (a liquor obtained from the distillation of marc, the solid remains left after pressing of the grape) from northern Spain. It is a transparent spirit with an alcohol content over 50% (100°US ; 87.6ºBritain and Commonwealth proof). Its name comes from the expression "aguardiente de orujo" (pomace spirit).

It is popular in northern Spain, particularly in Galicia, but also in Asturias, Castile and León and Cantabria (principally in the valley of Liébana). It is also called augardente or aguardiente ("firewater"), and caña. Orujo has become an artisanal craft for some families who after making wine for themselves distill the pomace in a little pot still. Many high-quality distilled spirits have appeared in the last twenty years, including some origin appellations (in Spanish, D.O.). These are obtained from quality grapes and produced according to the highest standards and are replacing the traditional homemade liquor, nowadays only available in small villages.

Aguardiente
Aguardiente (Spanish pronunciation: [ˌaɣwaɾˈðjente]; lit. 'ardent water'), known in Portuguese as aguardente (pronounced [ˌaɡwaɾˈdẽtɨ] or [ˌaɡwaʁ̞ˈdẽt͡ʃi]), is a type of distilled alcoholic spirit that contains between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume (ABV). It is a somewhat generic term that can refer to liquors made from various foods. It originates from and is typically consumed on the Iberian Peninsula and in Ibero-America.
311 BC
Year 311 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Barbula (or, less frequently, year 443 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 311 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Quintus Aemilius Barbula
Quintus Aemilius Barbula (fl. 317–311 BC) was consul in 317 BC, in which year a treaty was made with the Apulian Teates, Nerulum was taken by Barbula, and Apulia entirely subdued. (Liv. ix. 20, 21; Diod. xix. 17.) Barbula was consul again in 311, and had the conduct of the war against the Etruscans, with whom he fought an indecisive battle according to Livy. (ix. 30—32; Diod. xx. 3.) The Fasti, however, assign him a triumph over the Etruscans, but Niebuhr (Rom. Hist. iii. p. 278) thinks this to have been an invention of the family, more especially as the next campaign against the Etruscans was not opened as if the Romans had been previously conquerors.

Quintus was the first consul in the Barbula branch of the ancient patrician gens Aemilia, said to have come to Rome in the reign of Numa Pompilius. His son Lucius and grandson Marcus also became consuls.
Tetranychus urticae
Tetranychus urticae (common names include red spider mite and two-spotted spider mite) is a species of plant-feeding mite generally considered to be a pest. It is the most widely known member of the family Tetranychidae or spider mites. Its genome was fully sequenced in 2011, and was the first genome sequence from any chelicerate.

Spider mite
Spider mites are members of the family Tetranychidae, which includes about 1,200 species. They are part of the subclass Acari (mites). Spider mites generally live on the undersides of leaves of plants, where they may spin protective silk webs, and can cause damage by puncturing the plant cells to feed. Spider mites are known to feed on several hundred species of plants.
Monti Sicani
The Monti Sicani  are a mountain chain in central-southern Sicily, southern Italy, divided between the provinces of Agrigento and Palermo. The name also indicates a series of municipalities or comuni in the area.

The territory is hilly, with clay and sandstone being the predominant rock, and is used for pasture. It also includes a proper mountain area reaching altitudes above 900 m, with Mesozoic limestone rocks. Peaks over 1,000 m include the  Rocca Busambra (1,613 m), Monte delle Rose (1,436 m), Monte Barraù (also called Monte Barracù) (1,420 m) and the Monte Cammarata (1578 m).

Monte delle Rose
Monte delle Rose is a mountain in the Monti Sicani, in Sicily, southern Italy. It has an elevation of 1,426 metres (4,678 ft).

The most likely hypothesis is that the mountain's name derives from the flower, and more precisely from the thornless peony roses (Paeonia mascula), which bloom in February and grow mainly on this mountain. It is said that the roses grew there when Saint Rosalia, daughter of the noble Sinibaldo, lord of Quisquina and Monte delle Rose, passed by.
Paul Orndorff
Paul Parlette Orndorff Jr. (October 29, 1949 – July 12, 2021), nicknamed "Mr. Wonderful", was an American professional wrestler and football player, best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW).

After seven years working around the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), Orndorff became a star in the 1980s WWF wrestling boom, and featured with manager Bobby Heenan and champion Hulk Hogan extensively, including in the main events of the first WrestleMania and Survivor Series. He left the WWF for WCW in early 1990, where he won the WCW World Television Championship and the WCW World Tag Team Championship with Paul Roma (as a team called Pretty Wonderful).

Arm atrophy from a nagging injury led him to retire in 2000. After retiring, he trained aspiring wrestlers. Orndorff was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2005 and the National Wrestling Alliance Hall of Fame in 2009.

Junkyard Dog
Sylvester Ritter (December 13, 1952 – June 1, 1998) was an American professional wrestler and college football player, best known for his time in Mid-South Wrestling, where he would serve as a world heavyweight champion, and the World Wrestling Federation as the Junkyard Dog (or JYD). He was known for entering the ring with his trademark chain attached to a dog collar, headlining cards that drew large crowds and regularly sold out the Louisiana Superdome and other major venues. WWE author Brian Shields called him one of the most electrifying and charismatic wrestlers in the country, particularly during his peak in the early 1980s. JYD was also known for his upper body strength, which saw him regularly bodyslam large wrestlers. The word "thump," which referred to JYD's powerslam, was prominently displayed on his wrestling trunks. He was posthumously inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2004.
Dmitry Gudkov
Dmitry Gennadyevich Gudkov (Russian: Дмитрий Геннадьевич Гудков; born 19 January 1980) is a Russian politician and opposition leader. He was elected as a member of the State Duma in 2011–2016. His father, Gennady Gudkov, was also a Duma deputy in 2001–2012. Both father and son were members of the party Fair Russia. Gudkov was expelled from the party on 13 March 2013 after it accused him of "calling on the American authorities to interfere in Russia’s internal affairs". While Gudkov ran as candidate of Yabloko party and worked with the non-systemic opposition, he lost in the 18 September 2016 election for the Russian Parliament. In 2018, he and Ksenia Sobchak decided to align together, which lead to the creation of an opposition political party which is called the Party of Changes.

In 2024, he became a co-founder and expert at the "European Center for Analysis and Strategies" (CASE).[117]

Ksenia Sobchak
Ksenia Anatolyevna Sobchak (Russian: Ксения Анатольевна Собчак, IPA: ['ksʲenʲɪjə ɐnɐ'tolʲjɪvnə sɐpˈt͜ɕak]; born 5 November 1981) is a Russian journalist, media manager, television personality, and former politician. She is the younger daughter of Anatoly Sobchak, the first democratically elected mayor of Saint Petersburg and one of Vladimir Putin's mentors, and Senator Lyudmila Narusova. Sobchak became known to the wider public as the host of the TNT reality show Dom-2. She later became an anchor at the independent television channel TV Rain. Sobchak was the Civic Initiative's candidate for the 2018 Russian presidential election. As of January 2023, she hosts the television show Dok-Tok with Alexander Gordon.
Olmsted County, Minnesota
Olmsted County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population is 162,847, and was estimated to be 166,424 in 2024, making it the seventh-most populous county in Minnesota. The county seat and the largest city is Rochester.

Olmsted County is part of the Rochester metropolitan area.

Mower County, Minnesota
Mower County (/ˈmaʊ.ər/) is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,029. The county seat is Austin. Mower County comprises the Austin Micropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Rochester-Austin Combined Statistical Area. Lake Louise State Park is in southeastern Mower County, near Le Roy.
Kapunda Herald
The Kapunda Herald was a newspaper published in Kapunda, South Australia, from 29 October 1864 to 25 January 1951. From 1864 to 1878 the masthead was subtitled "and Northern Intelligencer". It was published weekly, except for the period February 1872 to September 1894 when it appeared bi-weekly. When closed, the newspaper was merged with the Barossa News to become the Barossa and Light Herald.

Barossa and Light Herald
The Herald (also styled as Barossa Herald, Barossa and Light Herald, or Barossa & Light Herald) was a weekly newspaper published in Tanunda, South Australia. With its earliest beginnings in 1860, it has been published under the Herald banner since 2005. It was later sold to Rural Press, previously owned by Fairfax Media, later an Australian media company trading as Australian Community Media. The Herald appeared to cease on 8 April 2020.
Oolenoy River
The Oolenoy River is a minor tributary of the Saluda River sourced near Sassafras Mountain in northern Pickens County, South Carolina. Approximately 37 miles in length, it empties into the South Fork Saluda River near Pumpkintown. It is part of the Santee River System.

Saluda River
The Saluda River is a principal tributary of the Congaree River, about 200 mi (320 km) long, in northern and western South Carolina in the United States.  Via the Congaree River, it is part of the watershed of the Santee River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean.
Pyriproxyfen
Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide which is found to be effective against a variety of insects. It was introduced to the US in 1996, to protect cotton crops against whitefly. It has also been found useful for protecting other crops. It is also used as a prevention for flea control on household pets, for killing indoor and outdoor ants and roaches. Methods of application include aerosols, bait, carpet powders, foggers, shampoos and pet collars.

Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog (IRAC group 7C) and an insect growth regulator.  It prevents larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to reproduce.

In the US, pyriproxyfen is often marketed under the trade name Nylar, and is one of two active ingredients in Advantage II. In Europe, pyriproxyfen is known under the brand names Cyclio (Virbac) and Exil Flea Free TwinSpot (Emax).

Insect growth regulator
An insect growth regulator (IGR) is a chemical insecticide that helps control insect populations by disrupting their life cycle, preventing immature stages from developing into reproductive adults. The term was initially proposed to describe the effects of juvenile hormone analogs. Although the term "insect growth disruptor" more accurately describes the actions of IGRs, it did not become widely used. IGRs encompass chemical classes with three modes of action (mechanisms of action): juvenile hormone analogs, chitin synthesis inhibitors, and ecdysone receptor agonists.
Beaujolais nouveau
Beaujolais nouveau (/ˌboʊʒəˈleɪ nuːˈvoʊ/ BOH-zhə-LAY noo-VOH, French: [boʒɔlɛ nuvo]) is a red wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France. It is a vin de primeur, fermented just a few weeks before being released for sale on the third Thursday of November. Distributors compete to get the first bottles to different global markets. In 2024, Beaujolais nouveau sold 14.3 million bottles worldwide, representing 22% of the total production of the Beaujolais vineyards.

Nouveau
A nouveau (English:  /nuːˈvoʊ/ French pronunciation: [nuvo]), or vin (de) primeur, is a wine which may be sold in the same year in which it was harvested.

The most widely exported nouveau wine is French wine Beaujolais nouveau which is released on the third Thursday of November, often only a few weeks after the grapes were harvested.

Nouveau wines are often light bodied and paler in color due to the very short (or nonexistent) maceration period followed by a similarly short fermentation. The wines will most likely not be exposed to any oak or extended aging prior to being released to the market. Nouveau wines are characteristically fruity and may have some residual sugar. They are at their peak drinkability within the first year. As of 2005, there were 55 AOCs in France permitted to make nouveau wines.

Vins de primeur should not be confused with the practice of buying and selling wines en primeur.

In Italy,  nouveau wine is called "Vino Novello".