hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Civil War Institute at Gettysburg College
The Civil War Institute (CWI) at Gettysburg College is a non-profit organization (due to being a part of Gettysburg College and is not a separate legal entity) created to promote the study of the American Civil War Era. The CWI was founded in 1982 by historian and Gettysburg College professor Gabor Boritt, an Abraham Lincoln and American Civil War scholar. The current director is Peter S. Carmichael. The Institute helps coordinate a number of Civil War-related events for the public, including the Robert Fortenbaugh Memorial Lecture, an annual program designed to commemorate Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, as well as a week-long summer conference that hosts 400 participants annually. The CWI also supports student learning at Gettysburg College, offering several programs throughout the year to help students hone their skills as young historians.

Gettysburg College
Gettysburg College is a private liberal arts college in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Founded in 1832, the 225-acre (91 ha) campus is adjacent to the Gettysburg Battlefield. In fall 2025, the college enrolled 2,086 students.

The school hosts 24 NCAA Division III men's and women's teams, known as the Bullets, and many club, intramural, and recreational sports programs.
Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem
In algebraic number theory, the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem states that a central simple algebra over an algebraic number field K which splits over every completion Kv is a matrix algebra over K. The theorem is an example of a local-global principle in algebraic number theory and 
leads to a complete description of finite-dimensional division algebras over algebraic number fields in terms of their local invariants. It was proved independently by Richard Brauer, Helmut Hasse, and Emmy Noether and by Abraham Adrian Albert.

A. A. Albert
Abraham Adrian Albert (November 9, 1905 – June 6, 1972) was an American mathematician. In 1939, he received the American Mathematical Society's Cole Prize in Algebra for his work on Riemann matrices.  He is best known for his work on the Albert–Brauer–Hasse–Noether theorem on finite-dimensional division algebras over number fields and as the developer of Albert algebras, which are also known as exceptional Jordan algebras.
As-Salih Ayyub
Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (Arabic: الصالح نجم الدين أيوب; 5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), Kunya: Abu al-Futuh (Arabic: أبو الفتوح), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.

Al-Adil II
Al-Malik al-ʿĀdil Sayf ad-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Nāṣir ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Arabic: سيف الدين الملك العادل أبو بكر بن ناصر الدين محمد, better known as al-Adil II) (c. 1221 – 9 February 1248) was the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt from 1238 to 1240.

When his father al-Kamil, nephew of Saladin, died in 1238, al-Adil II followed him somewhat unprepared. When the country plunged into anarchy, his exiled half-brother, as-Salih Ayyub, seized the opportunity and deposed him. Al-Adil died in prison eight years later.

Contemporary Muslim historians wrote disapprovingly about al-Adil II's "boisterous living and loose morals".: 308  This is seemingly corroborated by an inlaid brass basin made for him by the master craftsman Ahmad al-Dhaki al-Mawsili which contains a "somewhat risqué" depiction of total nudity, the only known example from medieval Islamic metalwork.: 308

Basin made by Ahmad al-Dhaki al-Mawsili for al-Adil II, 1238-1240. Louvre Museum.

Incense burner of Sultan al-Adil II.
Miroslav Sládek
Miroslav Sládek (24 October 1950 in Hradec Králové) is a Czech politician, and the founder and chairman of the right-wing populist Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia (SPR-RSČ). Founded in 1990, the party was disbanded in 2001, and re-established in 2016.

Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia
The Rally for the Republic – Republican Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech: Sdružení pro republiku - Republikánská strana Československa, abbreviated to Republikáni or SPR–RSČ) was a minor political party in the Czech Republic, strongly opposed to the EU, NATO and immigration. The party and its leader Miroslav Sládek are particularly known for their radical attitudes towards Roma people (antiziganism) and Germans.
R24 (South Africa)
The R24 is a major East-West provincial route in the Gauteng and North West provinces that links OR Tambo International Airport with Rustenburg via Johannesburg, Krugersdorp and Magaliesburg. The section of the route from OR Tambo International westwards up to a point in Roodepoort has been named Albertina Sisulu Road since 2013, named after anti-apartheid stalwart Albertina Sisulu.

Ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Johannesburg City Parks did works on the Albertina Sisulu Freeway section before handing responsibility for the freeway back to the Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport.

O. R. Tambo International Airport
O. R. Tambo International Airport (IATA: JNB, ICAO: FAOR) is an international airport serving the twin cities of Johannesburg and the main capital of South Africa, Pretoria. It is situated in Kempton Park, Gauteng. It serves as the primary airport for domestic and international travel for South Africa and since 2020, it is Africa's second busiest airport, with a capacity to handle up to 28 million passengers annually. The airport serves as the hub for South African Airways. The airport handled over 21 million passengers in 2017.

The airport was originally known as Jan Smuts International Airport, after the former South African Prime Minister. It was renamed Johannesburg International Airport in 1994, and  subsequently on 27 October 2006 the airport was renamed after anti-apartheid politician Oliver Tambo (1917–1993). Its ICAO code was changed from FAJS to FAOR on 10 January 2013.
Orange County, New York
Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 401,310. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.

Orange County is part of the Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh metropolitan statistical area, which belongs to the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.

As of the 2020 census the center of population of the state of New York was located in Orange County, in the hamlet of Cuddebackville.

Dutchess County, New York
Dutchess County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 295,911. The county seat is the city of Poughkeepsie. The county was created in 1683, one of New York's first twelve counties, and later organized in 1713. Dutchess County is part of the Kiryas Joel–Poughkeepsie–Newburgh metropolitan area, which belongs to the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.
Creekway Park
Creekway Park is a small daylighting habitat located in the Hastings-Sunrise area of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The park, which is located at 2957 Bridgeway Street just southeast of New Brighton Park between McGill Street and the railway tracks, was completed in September 2013 as the first stage of the Vancouver City Council's plan to eventually connect New Brighton Park with Hastings Park.

This would provide a passage for water from the sanctuary at Hastings Park to the Burrard Inlet. Although the connection is not fully complete, Creekway Park still has a running stream with pedestrian and bicycle paths that connect to the Trans Canada Trail. Once the project has been fully completed, there will be a pathway between Hastings Park, Creekway Park, and New Brighton Park. This will also promote an urban habitat that supports all kinds of wildlife such as birds, fish, butterflies, and amphibians, as well as many native plant species.

Hastings Park
Hastings Park is a municipal park located in the northeast sector of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in the Hastings-Sunrise neighbourhood. The 62 hectares (150 acres) park features several sports and recreation facilities, including Hastings Racecourse and Playland amusement park. The southern portions of the park are also used as the fairgrounds for the Pacific National Exhibition.

The park was granted in trust by the government of British Columbia to the City of Vancouver. Horse racing first took place at the park in 1892, with the PNE holding its first exhibition in 1910. An amusement park was opened at Hastings Park in 1926.

In 2025, a soccer-specific stadium, which will serve as the home of Vancouver Whitecaps FC, an MLS club, has been provisionally approved for construction at the site. The agreement will still need to be approved by the Vancouver City Council.
Melbourne Glaciers
The Melbourne Glaciers are an Australian junior ice hockey team based in Melbourne, Victoria playing in the Australian Junior Ice Hockey League. They represent one of the two junior ice hockey teams from Victoria currently playing in the AJIHL, which is the most elite level for ice hockey at a national level for ages between 16 and 20 years old.

Perth Sharks
The Perth Sharks are an Australian junior ice hockey team based in Perth, Western Australia playing in the Australian Junior Ice Hockey League. They represent one of the two junior ice hockey teams from Western Australia currently playing in the AJIHL, which is the most elite level for ice hockey at a national level for ages between 16–20 years old.
Benson, North Carolina
Benson is a town in Johnston County, North Carolina, United States, near the intersection of Interstates 95 and 40. Benson celebrates Mule Days on the fourth Saturday of September, a festival that attracts over 60,000 people each year. At the 2020 census, the population was 3,967.

Interstate 95 in North Carolina
Interstate 95 (I-95) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, to the Canada–United States border at Houlton, Maine. The total interstate runs for 1,924 miles (3,096 km). In the state of North Carolina, the route runs for 181.36 miles (291.87 km) from the South Carolina border near Rowland to the Virginia border near Pleasant Hill. The highway serves the cities of Lumberton, Fayetteville, Wilson, Rocky Mount, and Roanoke Rapids. The route goes through a mostly rural area of the state, avoiding most of the major metro areas of North Carolina. It forms the informal border between the Piedmont and Atlantic Plain regions of the state.
Hunting Park, Philadelphia
Hunting Park is a neighborhood in the North Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

In 2024, the 19140 ZIP code, which roughly consists of Hunting Park and Nicetown–Tioga, has a median home sale price of $113,900.

The Clara Barton School, Alexander K. McClure School, and Bayard Taylor School are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Nicetown–Tioga, Philadelphia
Nicetown–Tioga is a neighborhood in the North Philadelphia section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. It comprises two smaller, older neighborhoods, Nicetown and Tioga, although the distinction between the two is rarely emphasized today. The name "Nicetown" is often simply used to refer to any part of Nicetown–Tioga.
Lemonade and Brownies
Lemonade and Brownies is the debut studio album by the American rock band Sugar Ray, released on April 4, 1995, by Atlantic Records. It was far less successful than the band's later releases on Atlantic. The debut album and the band's next album Floored also featured less of a pop-influenced sound than their later work.

Sugar Ray
Sugar Ray is an American rock band formed in Newport Beach, California, in 1992. Originally playing heavier nu metal and funk metal style music, the band achieved mainstream popularity in 1997 with their more pop-influenced single "Fly". The song's success led the band to shift its style dramatically to the more radio-friendly pop sound with their subsequent releases. Their best-selling album, 14:59, was released in 1999, and featured popular singles "Every Morning", "Someday", followed by a self-titled album in 2001 featuring the single "When It's Over". The band would release two further albums, In the Pursuit of Leisure (2003) and Music for Cougars (2009), though the albums and respective singles generally sold far less. The band continued to tour into the 2010s.

In 2019, ten years after the band's last album, they announced their seventh studio album, Little Yachty, in June 2019. The lead single, "Make It Easy", was released the same month.
Park River, North Dakota
Park River is a city in Walsh County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,424 at the 2020 census. Park River was founded in 1884. Park River was named after the river Park River.

The controversial and often peripatetic father of John D. Rockefeller, William Avery Rockefeller, lived for a time on a 160-acre ranch in Park River that his son had purchased for him. The senior Rockefeller lived in the town through the 1890s, even after the original property was sold by his son in 1889.

In 1903, a Park River blacksmith named Samuel Holland built a motor car called the Holland Special. He built at least five more cars between 1903 and 1908.

William Rockefeller Sr.
William Avery "Devil Bill" Rockefeller Sr. (November 13, 1810 – May 11, 1906) was an American businessman, lumberman, herbalist, salesman, and con artist who went by the alias of Dr. William Levingston. He worked as a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a "botanic physician" and sold elixirs. He was known to buy and sell horses, and was also known at one point to have bought a barge-load of salt in Syracuse. Land speculation was another type of his business, and the selling of elixirs served to keep him with cash and aided in his scouting of land deals. He loaned money to farmers at twelve percent, but tried to lend to farmers who could not pay so as to foreclose and take the farms. Two of his sons were Standard Oil co-founders John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and William Avery Rockefeller Jr.
Kaone Boko
Kaone Tumalano Boko is a Motswana lawyer and the current First Lady of Botswana since November 2024. She became nationally recognized following the election and inauguration of her husband, President Duma Gideon Boko, in November 2024. As First Lady, she has participated in official state engagements and has been involved in initiatives related to women’s and children’s welfare.s

First Lady of Botswana
The first lady of the Republic of Botswana is the wife of the president of Botswana. The current first lady is Kaone Boko, the wife of President Duma Boko.

The role is largely ceremonial and has no salary. President Neo Masisi has said that his wife does not have the remit to influence government policies.
Peace (Demon Hunter album)
Peace is the tenth studio album by American Christian metal band Demon Hunter. The album, together with War, was released by Solid State Records on March 1, 2019. The album has a softer style compared to War, being more melodic and rock-influenced. The band released multiple singles before the album was released, including "Recuse Myself". Loudwire named both albums together as one of the 50 best metal albums of 2019.

Demon Hunter (band)
Demon Hunter is an American Christian metal band from Seattle, Washington, formed by brothers Don Clark and Ryan Clark in 2000. Ryan is the band's only remaining original member, as Don left in 2009. As of the 2010s, the band has sold over 600,000 albums.
Wang Daheng
Wang Daheng (Chinese: 王大珩; 26 February 1915 – 21 July 2011) was a Chinese optical physicist, engineer, and inventor widely considered the "father of optical engineering" in China. He was a founding academician of both the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was the founder of the Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, and the Chinese Optical Society.

Changchun University of Science and Technology
Changchun University of Science and Technology is a public university in Changchun, Jilin, China, previously known as Changchun Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (Chinese: 长春光学精密机械学院). It was founded by Wang Daheng in 1958.
Delsea Regional School District
The Delsea Regional School District is a regional public school district serving students in seventh through twelfth grades from Elk Township and Franklin Township, two constituent communities in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Students from Newfield attend the district's schools as part of a sending/receiving relationship begun in September 2010 after Newfield ended its prior relationship with the Buena Regional School District.

As of the 2023–24 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 1,632 students and 126.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.9:1.

The district participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program, which allows non-resident students to attend school in the district at no cost to their parents, with tuition covered by the resident district. Available slots are announced annually by grade.

Franklin Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey
Franklin Township is a township in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 16,380, a decrease of 440 (−2.6%) from the 2010 census count of 16,820, which in turn reflected an increase of 1,354 (+8.8%) from the 15,466 counted in the 2000 census.

Franklin Township was formed as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 27, 1820, from portions of Greenwich Township and Woolwich Township. Parts of the township have been taken to form Clayton Township (February 5, 1858) and Newfield (March 8, 1924). The township was named for Benjamin Franklin.
Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart
Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart is a 2021 third-person shooter platform video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 5. The ninth main installment in the Ratchet & Clank series, it serves as the sequel to Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus (2013). A port for Windows, developed by Nixxes Software, was released on July 26, 2023, marking the series' first release outside of a PlayStation console. The game received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise given to its visuals, combat, and technical advancements. It had sold over 3.97 million units by June 2023.

Ratchet & Clank (2016 video game)
Ratchet & Clank is a 2016 third-person shooter platform video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. It is a tie-in to the 2016 film of the same name, as well as a reimagining of the first game in the series. The game was originally planned to be released in 2015, but was delayed, along with the film, to April 2016 in order to give the film a better marketing campaign and the game additional polish time.

In contrast to the film, Ratchet & Clank received positive reviews upon release, with critics particularly praising the overall gameplay, controls, visuals, weapons, and world design. The game was followed by Ratchet & Clank: Rift Apart, a proper sequel to 2013's Into the Nexus, which was released for the PlayStation 5 in June 2021.

The game was offered for free as a part of Sony's Play at Home initiative in March 2021.
Legends of Wrestling (series)
Legends of Wrestling is a series of professional wrestling video games  developed and published by Acclaim. The first title in the series was released in 2001 for the PlayStation 2, then in 2002 for the GameCube and Xbox. In 2006, Canadian game publisher Throwback Entertainment acquired the license and publishing rights to Legends of Wrestling.

Acclaim Entertainment
Acclaim Entertainment, Inc. was an American video game publisher based in Glen Cove, New York. Originally founded by Greg Fischbach, Robert Holmes, and Jim Scoroposki from a storefront in Oyster Bay in 1987, the company built a global development team through a series of acquisitions during the late 1990s and early 2000s.

Following disappointing financial results in their 2003 fiscal year, Acclaim filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on September 1, 2004. The properties owned by Acclaim were subsequently auctioned off to various parties, most notably Howard Marks, a former Activision CEO, launched Acclaim Games which continued to exist until 2010 when Playdom acquired and closed the company. A group of investors launched a new company using the Acclaim trademark in 2025.
Richard Montague
Richard Merritt Montague (September 20, 1930 – March 7, 1971) was an American mathematician and philosopher who made contributions to mathematical logic and the philosophy of language. He is known for proposing Montague grammar to formalize the semantics of natural language. As a student of Alfred Tarski, he also contributed early developments to axiomatic set theory (ZFC). For the latter half of his life, he was a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles until his early death, believed to be a homicide, at age 40.

Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language is the philosophical study of the nature of language. It investigates the relationship between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.

Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were pivotal figures in analytic philosophy's "linguistic turn". These writers were followed by Ludwig Wittgenstein (Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus), the Vienna Circle, logical positivists, and Willard Van Orman Quine.
Yuri Nesterenko (mathematician)
Yuri Valentinovich Nesterenko (Russian: Ю́рий Валенти́нович Нестере́нко; born 5 December 1946 in Kharkov, USSR, now Ukraine) is a Soviet and Russian mathematician who has written papers in algebraic independence theory and transcendental number theory.

In 1997, he was awarded the Ostrowski Prize for his proof that the numbers  and  are algebraically independent. In fact, he proved the stronger result:

the numbers , and  are algebraically independent over

the numbers , and  are algebraically independent over

for all positive integers n, the numbers  and  are algebraically independent over

Nesterenko is a professor at Moscow State University, where he completed the mechanical-mathematical program in 1969, then the doctorate program (Soviet habilitation) in 1973, and became a professor of the Number Theory Department in 1992.

He studied under Andrei Borisovich Shidlovskii. Nesterenko's students have included Wadim Zudilin.

Algebraic independence
In abstract algebra, a subset  of a field  is algebraically independent over a subfield  if the elements of  do not satisfy any non-trivial polynomial equation with coefficients in .

In particular, a one element set  is algebraically independent over  if and only if  is transcendental over . In general, all the elements of an algebraically independent set  over  are by necessity transcendental over , and over all of the field extensions over  generated by the remaining elements of .