hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Dogra–Tibetan war
The Dogra–Tibetan war, also called the Sino–Sikh war, was fought from May 1841 to August 1842 between the Dogra-led Kingdom of Jammu, a federal subject of the Sikh Empire, and Tibet, a protectorate of the Qing dynasty. The Dogra king Gulab Singh's commander was the able general Zorawar Singh Kahluria, who, after the conquest of Ladakh, attempted to extend its boundaries in order to control the trade routes into Ladakh. Zorawar Singh's campaign, suffering from the effects of inclement weather, suffered a defeat at Taklakot (Purang) and Singh was killed. The Tibetans then advanced on Ladakh. Gulab Singh sent reinforcements under the command of his nephew Jawahir Singh. A subsequent battle near Chushul in 1842 led to a Tibetan defeat. A treaty was signed in 1842 maintaining the status quo ante bellum.

Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)
Zorawar Singh (1784–12 December 1841) was a military general of the Dogra Rajput ruler, Gulab Singh, who served as the Raja of Jammu under the Sikh Empire. He was born in the Chandel Rajput family in the  princely state of Kahlur (Bilaspur, state of Chandels), in present-day Himachal Pradesh, hence known as Kahluria. He served as the governor (wazir-e-wazarat) of Kishtwar and extended the territories of the kingdom by conquering Ladakh and Baltistan. He also attempted to conquer the Western Tibet (Ngari Khorsum) but was killed in battle of To-yo during the Dogra-Tibetan war. Due to his role in the conquests in the Himalaya Mountains Zorawar Singh has been referred to as the "Conqueror of Ladakh".
Lago Vista, Starr County, Texas
Lago Vista is a census-designated place (CDP) in Starr County, Texas, United States. It is a new CDP, formed from part of the Falcon Heights CDP prior to the 2010 census. The CDP had a population of 133 in the 2020 census, up from 115 in the 2010 census.

Falcon Heights, Texas
Falcon Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Starr County, Texas, United States.  The population was 18 at the 2020 census, down from 53 at the 2010 census.

The Lake Falcon Dam International Crossing connects Falcon Heights with Nueva Ciudad Guerrero, Tamaulipas.
Mayonnaise
Mayonnaise (/ˌmeɪəˈneɪz/), colloquially referred to as "mayo" (/ˈmeɪoʊ/), is a thick, creamy sauce with a rich and tangy taste that is commonly used on sandwiches, hamburgers, bound salads, and French fries. It also forms the base for various other sauces, such as tartar sauce, fry sauce, remoulade, salsa golf, ranch dressing, and rouille.

Mayonnaise is an emulsion of oil, egg yolk, and an acid, either vinegar or lemon juice; there are many variants using additional flavorings. The color varies from near-white to pale yellow, and its texture from a light cream to a thick gel.

Commercial eggless versions are made for those who avoid chicken eggs because of egg allergies, to limit dietary cholesterol, or because they adhere to a vegetarian or vegan diet.

Remoulade
Rémoulade (English:  /reɪməˈlɑːd/; French: [ʁemulad]; Occitan: salsa remolada) is a cold sauce. Although similar to tartar sauce, it is often more yellowish, sometimes flavored with curry, and often contains chopped pickles or piccalilli. It can also contain horseradish, paprika, anchovies, capers and a host of other items.

It is often used as a condiment or dipping sauce, primarily for sole, plaice, and seafood cakes (such as crab or salmon cakes) but also served with meats.
Santes Creus
The Monastery of Santa Maria de Santes Creus, (Catalan: Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Santes Creus) is a former Cistercian monastery in the municipality of Aiguamúrcia, Catalonia, Spain.  
The abbey was erected  in the 12th century, in today's municipality of Aiguamúrcia, in the village of Santes Creus, in the province of Tarragona (Catalonia). However, it was in the thirteenth century when Peter III of Aragon expressed his desire to be buried in the monastery and a royal crypt was built for himself and his son, King James II that many of the local nobility established the custom to choose this place for burial. This led the monastery to increase in splendor and greatness thanks to the numerous donations received.

Santes Creus along with Vallbona de les Monges and Poblet Monastery are known as the Cistercian triangle, that helped consolidate power in Catalonia in the 12th century.

Poblet Abbey
Poblet Abbey, otherwise the Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet (Catalan: Reial Monestir de Santa Maria de Poblet), is a Cistercian monastery, founded in 1151, located at the foot of the Prades Mountains, in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded by Cistercian monks from France. The main architect was Arnau Bargués.

This monastery was the first of three sister monasteries, known as the Cistercian triangle, that helped consolidate power in Catalonia in the 12th century. (The other two are Vallbona de les Monges and Santes Creus.)
Genomic Health
Genomic Health, Inc. is a company focusing on genetic research specifically in cancer detection, based out of Redwood City, California. The company was acquired by and merged with Exact Sciences Corporation in 2019.

Exact Sciences Corporation
Exact Sciences Corporation is an American molecular diagnostics company based in Madison, Wisconsin, specializing in the detection of early-stage cancers. The company provides products for the detection and prevention of colorectal cancer, including Cologuard, the first stool DNA test for colorectal cancer, along with additional screening and precision oncological tests for other types of cancer.

In November 2025, Abbott Laboratories agreed to acquire Exact Sciences in a deal worth roughly $21 billion.
1980 New York City transit strike
A 1980 transit strike in New York City halted service on the New York City Transit Authority (a subsidiary of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority) for the first time since 1966. Around 33,000 members of Transport Workers Union (TWU) Local 100 walked off their jobs on April 1, 1980, in a strike with the goal of increasing the wage for contracted workers. All subway and bus lines in the five boroughs of New York City were brought to a complete standstill for twelve days.  The strike was resolved on April 11.

1966 New York City transit strike
In 1966, the Transport Workers Union of America (TWU) and Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) called a strike action in New York City after the expiration of their contract with the New York City Transit Authority (TA). It was the first strike against the TA; pre-TWU transit strikes in 1905, 1910, 1916, and 1919 against the then-private transit companies had all failed. There had also been some partial TWU strikes in the 1930s but no citywide actions. The strike led to the passage of the Taylor Law, which redefined the rights and limitations of unions for public employees in New York.

The strikers were led initially led by Mike Quill, the TWU's founder, who had been the union's president since its founding. The strike effectively ended all service on the subway and buses in the city, affecting millions of commuters. It was an ominous beginning for the mayoralty of John V. Lindsay, but is perhaps better remembered for the jailing of Quill and for his death only weeks afterwards.
February 2013 Quetta bombing
On 16 February 2013, at least 91 people were killed and 190 injured after a bomb hidden in a water tank exploded at a market in Hazara Town on the outskirts of Quetta, the capital city of Balochistan, Pakistan. Most of the victims were members of the predominantly Twelver Shia Hazara community, and authorities expected the death toll to rise due to the large number of serious injuries. The Lashkar-e-Jhangvi group claimed responsibility for the blast, the second major attack against the Shia Hazaras in a month.

On 19 February, one of the masterminds of the attack was arrested and taken into custody along with 170 suspects, and four high-profile militants accused of killing Shia civilians were killed during an operation by the security forces. Weapons, ammunition and bomb-making materials were seized during the operation.

January 2013 Pakistan bombings
On 10 January 2013, several bombings took place in the southwestern Pakistani city of Quetta, the capital of Balochistan, killing a total of 130 people and injuring at least 270. The Quetta bombings led to protests by the city's Shia Muslim Hazara community; Prime Minister of Pakistan Raja Pervez Ashraf responded by dismissing the Chief Minister of Balochistan, Aslam Raisani, and replacing him with Zulfikar Ali Magsi. On the same day, a bomb exploded in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, killing 22 people and injuring 60 others.
Morpho (genus)
The morpho butterflies comprise many species of Neotropical butterfly under the genus Morpho. This genus includes more than 29 accepted species and 147 accepted subspecies, found mostly in South America, Mexico, and Central America. Morpho wingspans range from 7.5 cm (3.0 in) for M. rhodopteron to 20 cm (7.9 in) for M. hecuba, the imposing sunset morpho. The name morpho, meaning "changed" or "modified", is also an epithet.
Blue morphos are severely threatened by the deforestation of tropical forests and habitat fragmentation. Humans provide a direct threat to this genus because their beauty attracts artists and collectors from all over the globe who wish to capture and display them. Aside from humans, birds like the jacamar and flycatcher are the adult butterfly’s natural predators.

Sunset morpho
Morpho hecuba, the sunset morpho, is a Neotropical butterfly and the largest species in the genus Morpho. Its wingspan can reach 20 centimetres (7.9 in), but is usually from 13–15 centimetres (5.1–5.9 in). "M. hecuba is the largest known Morpho and one may also call it the most interesting, on account of its habits, its susceptibility to climatic influences and its tendency to develop polychromatic forms in both sexes."
Memphis Area Transit Authority
The Memphis Area Transit Authority (MATA) is the public transportation provider for Memphis, Tennessee. It is one of the largest transit providers in the state of Tennessee; MATA transports customers in the City of Memphis and parts of Shelby County on fixed-route buses, paratransit vehicles, demand-responsive service, and the MATA Trolley system. The system is managed by a seven-member policy board appointed by the mayor and approved by the Memphis City Council. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 2,821,900.

MATA Trolley
The MATA Trolley is a heritage streetcar system operating in Memphis, Tennessee. The first line opened in 1993 and consisted of three lines by 2004. These lines are the Main Street Line, the Riverfront Loop, and the Madison Avenue Line. The system is operated by Memphis Area Transit Authority. Service on the last two lines was suspended in June 2014, following fires on two cars and remains indefinitely suspended as of May 2024. The Main Street Line was reopened in 2018, but all service was suspended again in August 2024 after the Tennessee Department of Transportation began investigating braking issues with the trolley cars. In 2024, the system had a ridership of 233,400.

The last line of Memphis’ original streetcar network closed on June 15, 1947.

In the 2011–12 fiscal year, 1.34 million trips were made on the system, a 23.1% year-on-year growth –  the highest of any light rail system in the contiguous United States.
MS Gabriella
MS Gabriella is a cruiseferry sailing on a route connecting Helsinki, Finland and Stockholm, Sweden for Viking Line. She was built in 1992 in Brodosplit, Croatia as Frans Suell for service with Euroway. Between 1994 and 1997 she sailed as Silja Scandinavia for Silja Line.
Gabriella has sister ships Mega Victoria operated by Corsica Ferries, Isabelle operated by Tallink, and a third one, Crown Seaways, operated by DFDS Seaways.

MS Mega Victoria
MS Mega Victoria is a cruiseferry owned by Corsica Ferries. She was formerly owned by Viking Line as MS Amorella and operated on the route Turku–Mariehamn–Stockholm and from 2022 Helsinki–Mariehamn–Stockholm. She was built in 1988 by Brodosplit in Croatia, then Yugoslavia.

Mega Victoria has three sister ships: Isabelle X operated by Bridgemans, Gabriella operated by Viking Line and Nordic Crown, operated by Go Nordic Cruise Line.
Eurasia Canal
The Eurasia Canal (Канал "Евразия", Kanal "Evraziya") is a proposed 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) canal connecting the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression. Currently, a chain of lakes and reservoirs and the shallow irrigation Kuma–Manych Canal are found along this route. If completed the canal would also link several landlocked countries in Asia with the open seas through the Bosphorus. If completed, the Eurasian Canal will become the second longest canal in the world after the Grand Canal in China (1776 km long).

The canal is intended to provide a shorter route for shipping than the existing Volga–Don Canal system of waterways; it would also require fewer locks (or lower-rise locks) than the Volga-Don route.

Manych Ship Canal is the existing canal system that would be the likely route for the Eurasian Canal.

Manych Ship Canal
The Manych Ship Canal is a canal between the Black Sea lagoon the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea.

As of 2008, proposals were being considered to turn it into a larger canal known as the Eurasia Canal.  If built, this would be a multipurpose water-resources system and a limb of international transport.  A proposed design would deepen the canal to 6.5 m (21 ft) and widen it to 80 m (260 ft). This would afford a traffic capacity of more than 75 million tons of cargo per year, and vessels could have a freight-carrying capacity of up to 10,000 tons.
Vodafone Iceland
Vodafone Iceland was an Icelandic telecommunications brand owned by the Icelandic company Sýn. Previously known as Fjarskipti hf., Vodafone á Íslandi and Og Vodafone ehf. The Vodafone Group franchised the brand and associated advertising styles, however had no controlling interest in the company. It was the first official partner network to hold the Vodafone brand.

In June 2025, the Vodafone Iceland brand was discontinued and replaced by Sýn.

Sýn (media corporation)
Sýn (Icelandic pronunciation: [siːn], lit. 'Vision') is a telecommunications and mass media company in Iceland. The company operates a telecommunications division including 4G/5G services, the online newspaper Vísir.is, and several television stations including Sýn (TV channel) and radio stations Bylgjan and FM 957. It also rebroadcasts foreign television channels over its digital TV systems, over IPTV and DVB-T2. In 2022, it was the largest mass media company in Iceland. Sýn is listed on the Icelandic stock exchange.

Sýn previously operated the Stöð 2 and Vodafone Iceland brands in Iceland.
Viktoria Helgesson
Viktoria Helgesson (born 13 September 1988) is a retired Swedish figure skater. She is the 2011 Skate America bronze medalist, a five-time (2008–11, 2013) Nordic champion, and an eight-time (2007–12, 2014–15) Swedish national champion. She placed fifth at three European Championships. Her bronze medal at 2011 Skate America is the first Grand Prix medal by a Swedish skater.

She and her sister Joshi are the only siblings to finish together in the top 5 of a major championship as single skaters, a feat achieved during the 2015 European Championships.

Joshi Nero
Joshi Nero, (née Helgesson; born 7 June 1993) is a Swedish retired figure skater. She is the 2014 Bavarian Open champion, 2011 Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medalist, and three-time Swedish national champion.

She and her sister Viktoria are the only siblings to finish together in the top 5 of a major championship as single skaters, a feat achieved during the 2015 European Championships.
North Slope Borough, Alaska
The North Slope Borough is the northernmost borough in the US state of Alaska and, thus, the northernmost county or equivalent of the United States as a whole. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,031. The borough seat and largest city, comprising nearly half of the borough’s population, is Utqiaġvik (known as Barrow from 1901 to 2016), the northernmost settlement in the United States.

Utqiagvik, Alaska
Utqiaġvik, formerly known and still sometimes referred to as Barrow, is the borough seat and largest city of the North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located north of the Arctic Circle, it is one of the northernmost cities and towns in the world and the northernmost in the United States, with nearby Point Barrow as the country's northernmost point.

Utqiaġvik's population was 4,927 at the 2020 census, an increase from 4,212 in 2010. It is the 12th-most populated city in Alaska.
Jeshm Afet Hanim
Jeshm Afet Hanim (Arabic: جشم آفت هانم; Turkish: Çeşmiafet Hanım; died 11 November 1907) was the third wife of Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt. She was the adoptive mother of the future Sultana of Egypt, Melek Tourhan.

Melek Tourhan
Melek Hassan Tourhan (Arabic: ملك حسن طوران) (27 October 1869 – 4 February 1956) was the second wife of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt. After her husband ascended the throne in 1914, she became known as Sultana Melek (Arabic: السلطانة ملك).
Rajasuya
Rajasuya (Sanskrit: राजसूय, romanized: Rājasūya, lit. 'king's sacrifice') is a śrauta ritual of the Vedic religion. It is ceremony that marks a consecration of a king. According to the Puranas, it refers to a great sacrifice performed by a Chakravarti – universal monarch, in which the tributary princes may also take part, at the time of his coronation, as a mark of his undisputed sovereignty.

Śrauta
Śrauta (Sanskrit: श्रौत) is a Sanskrit word that means "belonging to śruti", that is, anything based on the Vedas of Hinduism. It is an adjective and prefix for texts, ceremonies or person associated with śruti. The term, for example, refers to Brahmins who specialise in the śruti corpus of texts, and Śrauta Brahmin traditions in modern times can be seen in Kerala and Coastal Andhra.
Naval operations of the First Italian War of Independence
The naval operations of the First Italian War of Independence took place between April 1848 and August 1849 and involved the Austrian Empire and the forces opposing it from the Republic of San Marco, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Papal States and the Roman Republic. The conflict took place in the northern Adriatic Sea, mostly off the ports of Venice and Trieste. No major naval battles were fought, and much of the war was an ongoing stalemate between fleets lacking the superiority over each other to strike a decisive blow against the enemy.

Republic of San Marco
The Republic of San Marco (Italian: Repubblica di San Marco) or the Venetian Republic (Venetian: Repùblega Vèneta) was an Italian revolutionary state which existed for 17 months in 1848–1849. Based on the Venetian Lagoon, it extended into most of Venetia, or the Terraferma territory of the former Republic of Venice, suppressed 51 years earlier in the French Revolutionary Wars. After declaring independence from the Habsburg Austrian Empire, the republic later joined the Kingdom of Sardinia in an attempt, led by the latter, to unite northern Italy against foreign (mainly Austrian but also French) domination. The subsequent First Italian War of Independence ended in the defeat of Sardinia, and Austrian forces reconquered the Republic of San Marco on 28 August 1849 following a long siege.
Conservatory of Flowers
The Conservatory of Flowers is a greenhouse and botanical garden that houses a collection of rare and exotic plants in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. With construction having been completed in 1879, it is the oldest building in the park. It was one of the first municipal conservatories constructed in the United States and is the oldest remaining municipal wooden conservatory in the country. For these distinctions and for its associated historical, architectural, and engineering merits, the Conservatory of Flowers is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the California Register of Historical Places. It is a California Historical Landmark and a San Francisco Designated Landmark.

The Conservatory of Flowers is now one of the three locations of the Gardens of Golden Gate Park, along with the Japanese Tea Garden and the San Francisco Botanical Garden.

San Francisco Botanical Garden
The San Francisco Botanical Garden at Strybing Arboretum (formerly Strybing Arboretum) is located in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Its 55 acres (22.3 ha) represents nearly 9,000 different kinds of plants from around the world, with particular focus on Magnolia species, high elevation palms, conifers, and cloud forest species from Central America, South America and Southeast Asia.

San Francisco's County Fair Building is located near the main entrance to the Garden.

The San Francisco Botanical Garden is now one of the three locations of the Gardens of Golden Gate Park, along with the Japanese Tea Garden and the Conservatory of Flowers.
North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party
The North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party (abbreviated Democratic-NPL or simply D-NPL) is the North Dakota affiliate of the national Democratic Party. It was formed by the 1956 merger of the state Democratic Party with the Nonpartisan League; the state previously had a three-party political system. The D-NPL is one of only two state Democratic Party affiliates to have a different name from the central party, the other being the neighboring Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party.

The party holds 5 seats in the North Dakota Senate, and 11 seats in the North Dakota House of Representatives.

Nonpartisan League
The Nonpartisan League (NPL) was a left-wing political party founded in 1915 in North Dakota by Arthur C. Townley, a former organizer for the Socialist Party of America. On behalf of small farmers and merchants, the Nonpartisan League advocated state control of mills, grain elevators, banks, and other farm-related industries in order to reduce the power of corporate and political interests from Minneapolis and Chicago.

The League adopted the goat as a mascot; it was known as "The Goat that Can't be Got".
Pavel Cherenkov
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (Russian: Па́вел Алексе́евич Черенко́в [ˈpavʲɪl ɐlʲɪkˈsʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɕɪrʲɪnˈkof];  28 July 1904 – 6 January 1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect".

Ilya Frank
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank (Russian: Илья Михайлович Франк; 23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet physicist who received the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. He received the award for his work in explaining the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation. He received the Stalin prize in 1946 and 1953 and the USSR state prize in 1971.
Kallikratis executions
The Kallikratis executions (Greek: εκτελέσεις στον Καλλικράτη) refer to the mass execution, by German Army and Greek collaborationist paramilitary forces, of some 30 mostly male civilians of Kallikratis, in southwest Crete, on 8 October 1943. Kallikratis was declared a martyred village in October 2018.

Friedrich Schubert
Friedrich "Fritz" Schubert (Greek: Φριτς Σούμπερτ; 21 February 1897, Dortmund – 22 October 1947, Heptapyrgion) was a Greek-speaking German NCO Oberfeldwebel (Sergeant) of the Nazi Wehrmacht. As head of the Jagdkommando Schubert, a semi-independent paramilitary force he terrorized the civilian population during the Nazi occupation of Greece in World War II and he committed numerous atrocities in Crete and Macedonia.

Tried by a special court for war criminals in Athens, he was found guilty over the killing of over 250 civilians, sentenced 27 times to death and executed.