hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Advanced Attack Helicopter
The Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) was a United States Army program to develop an advanced ground attack helicopter beginning in 1972. The Advanced Attack Helicopter program followed cancellation of the Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne. After evaluating industry proposals, the AAH competition was reduced to offerings from Bell and Hughes. Following a flight test evaluation of prototypes, Hughes' YAH-64 was selected in December 1976.

Hughes Helicopters
Hughes Helicopters was a major manufacturer of military and civilian helicopters from the 1950s to the 1980s.

The company began in 1947, as a unit of Hughes Aircraft, then was part of the Hughes Tool Company after 1955. It became the Hughes Helicopter Division, Summa Corporation in 1972, and was reformed as Hughes Helicopters, Inc. in 1981. However, throughout its history, the company was informally known as "Hughes Helicopters". It was sold to McDonnell Douglas in 1984 and made a subsidiary under the name McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems, which was later renamed MD Helicopters when McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing.
Costa Rican nationality law
Costa Rican nationality law is regulated by the Options and Naturalizations Act (Spanish: Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones), which was originally named the Immigration and Naturalization Act and established under the 1949 Constitution. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a citizen of Costa Rica. The legal means to acquire nationality and formal membership in a nation differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Costa Rican nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli, i.e. by birth in Costa Rica; or under the rules of jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth abroad to at least one parent with Costa Rican nationality. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in Costa Rica for a given period of time through naturalization.

Constitution of Costa Rica
The Constitution of Costa Rica is the supreme law of Costa Rica.  At the end of the 1948 Costa Rican Civil War, José Figueres Ferrer oversaw the Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly, which drafted the document.  It was approved on 1949 November 7.  Several older constitutions had been in effect starting from 1812, with the most recent former constitution ratified in 1871.  The Costa Rican Constitution is remarkable in that in its Article 12 abolished the Costa Rican military, making it the second nation after Japan to do so by law.  Another notable clause is an amendment asserting the right to live in a healthy natural environment.
Tammy Beaumont
Tamsin Tilley Beaumont MBE (born 11 March 1991) is an English cricketer who currently plays as an opening batter and occasional wicket-keeper for the national team. She is second on list of most international centuries and third on ODI centuries. In domestic cricket, she plays for The Blaze. During The Hundred, she represents and captains the Welsh Fire. From 2025–26 season onwards, she will represent her former WBBL team Adelaide Strikers.

Beaumont was part of England's winning 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup team and was the leading run-scorer in the tournament. She was subsequently named player of the tournament and awarded MBE in recognition of her achievements. In 2019, she was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year. She became the 2nd woman in history to score a century in all three international formats and holds the record for the highest individual score by an English woman in Test cricket (208).

Nat Sciver-Brunt
Natalie Ruth Sciver-Brunt (née Sciver; /ˈsɪvər/ SIV-ər; born 20 August 1992) is an English cricketer who represents England in all formats. She was the first cricketer for England to take a hat-trick in a Women's Twenty20 International match. The "Natmeg" shot is named after Sciver-Brunt, from when she has hit a cricket ball through her legs during a game.

On 7 March 2021, Sciver-Brunt captained the England team for the first time in international cricket, for the third WT20I match against New Zealand, after Heather Knight was ruled out of the fixture due to an injury.

On 6 September 2022, Sciver-Brunt was named as England's captain for their home WT20I series against India in the absence of Heather Knight. Two days later, however, Sciver-Brunt announced that she had decided to withdraw from the series "to focus on her mental health and well being".
Bulgarians
Bulgarians (Bulgarian: българи, romanized: bŭlgari, IPA: [ˈbɤɫɡɐri]) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common culture, history and language. They form the majority of the population in Bulgaria, while in North Macedonia, Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia, Albania, Romania, Hungary and Greece they exist as historical communities.

Macedonian Bulgarians
Macedonians (Bulgarian: македонци), or Macedonian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians, are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. This is how the majority of Slavic-speaking population of Macedonia had been referred to by most of the national conscious minority among them and by outside observers, from the 10th until the early 20th century in a sense of a demonym at first, and later as an social class synonym mainly, and as an ethnonym. Since 1913, the Macedonian Bulgarian population is largely concentrated in Pirin Macedonia but much is spread across the whole of Bulgaria and the diaspora.
Charlie Kerins
Charlie Kerins (Irish: Cathal Ó Céirín; 23 January 1918 – 1 December 1944) was a physical force Irish Republican, and Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Kerins was one of six IRA men who were executed by the Irish State between September 1940 and December 1944.  After spending two years on the run he was captured by the police (the Gardaí) in 1944. Following his subsequent trial and conviction for the 1942 murder of Garda Detective Sergeant Denis O'Brien, Kerins was hanged at Mountjoy Prison in Dublin.

Denis O'Brien (police officer)
Detective Sergeant Denis O'Brien (17 June 1899 – 9 September 1942), sometimes called "Dinny O'Brien", was a veteran of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. He joined the Garda Síochána in 1933 and was killed by the Anti-Treaty IRA in 1942.
The Cartel (record distributor)
The Cartel was a co-operative record distribution organisation in the United Kingdom, set up by a number of small independent record labels to handle their distribution to record shops. Pooling their resources in this way allowed them to compete with the larger distribution operations of the major record labels, and also to gain access to the larger shop chains.

The association of regional distributors included some of the most notable labels of the 1980s UK post-punk and indie scene: Rough Trade, Backs, Fast Forward, Nine Mile, Probe, Revolver and Red Rhino.

Recreational Records
Recreational Records was a British record label set up in 1981 by the Bristol record shop and distributor Revolver Records. Originally formed as an independent record label with its own distribution as part of the Cartel.
Lake Massawippi
Lake Massawippi is a freshwater lake in Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region of Quebec, Canada. The Tomifobia River is the source of the lake at its southern tip, near the village of Ayer's Cliff, Quebec. In early records, the lake was also called "Lake Tomifobi". The current of the lake flows north, funneling into the Massawippi River at the village of North Hatley, Quebec on Massawippi's northern shore.

It is bordered by five municipalities: North Hatley, Hatley Township, the municipality of Hatley, Ayer's Cliff and Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley.

Massawippi is an Abenaki word that translates to "the big deep lake" in English.

Tomifobia River
The Tomifobia River is a flowing body of fresh water in Memphremagog Regional County Municipality, in the Eastern Townships, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. The river forms a part of an international border between Canada and the United States near the village of Beebe Plain, Vermont.
Chander Pahar
Chander Pahar (transl. Mountain of the Moon) is a Bengali adventure novel written by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay and published in 1937. The novel follows the adventures of a young Bengali man in the forests of Africa. The novel is one of the most-loved adventure novels in the Bengali literature and is one of Bibhutibhushan's most popular works. It spawned a media franchise.

Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay
Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay (listenⓘ; 12 September 1894 – 1 November 1950) was an Indian novelist and short story writer in the Bengali language. His best known works are the autobiographical novel Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road), Aparajito (Undefeated), Chander Pahar (Mountain of the Moon) and Aranyak (of the forest).
America's Most Wanted (professional wrestling)
America's Most Wanted (shortened to AMW) is a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Chris Harris and James Storm, who competed in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). They were managed in the later stage of their pairing by Gail Kim.

The team became one of the greatest tag teams in TNA's history, legitimately credited with putting the TNA tag team division on the map, and engaging in many feuds with such teams as The Disciples of the New Church, The Naturals, Team Canada, 3Live Kru, Triple X, and Team 3D. Harris and Storm are six times NWA World Tag Team Champions together, a record for those championships as a team.

Triple X (professional wrestling)
Triple X was a wrestling stable in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. The team consisted of Christopher Daniels, Elix Skipper and Low Ki (later known as Senshi). The team was originally formed in late 2002 as part of Vince Russo's Sports Entertainment Xtreme superstable. Daniels, the leader of this group, was a part of it during all of its runs until November 11, 2007.
Cestrum tomentosum
Cestrum tomentosum is a plant in the genus Cestrum that ranges throughout central and South America. It process high fragrant pink flowers followed by pink colored berries. All parts are poisonous if eaten.

Cestrum
Cestrum is a genus of — depending on authority — 150-250 species of flowering plants in the family Solanaceae. They are native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Americas, from the southernmost United States (Florida, Texas: day-blooming cestrum, C. diurnum) south to the Bío-Bío Region in central Chile (green cestrum, C. parqui). They are colloquially known as cestrums or jessamines (probably from the word "jasmine", due to their fragrant flowers).
Grant Kirkhope
Grant Kirkhope (born 10 July 1962) is a Scottish composer and voice actor for video games and film. Some of his notable works include GoldenEye 007, Banjo-Kazooie, Donkey Kong 64, and Perfect Dark, among many others. He has won an Ivor Novello Award for Mario + Rabbids Sparks of Hope and a World Soundtrack Award for The King's Daughter, as well as being nominated for BAFTA, ASCAP, and IFMCA awards. He has also provided the voice for the character Donkey Kong in many of his game appearances.

World Soundtrack Awards
The World Soundtrack Awards, launched in 2001, are the annual awards for best film music, presented during the Film Fest Gent. The World Soundtrack Academy supports the art of film music through cultural, educational and professional activities. The event takes place yearly in Ghent, Belgium with the ceremony usually at the Capitole Concert Hall.
Pavel Shatev
Pavel Potsev Shatev (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Павел Поцев Шатев, romanized: Pavel Pocev Šatev; July 15, 1882 – January 30, 1951) was an anarchist, socialist, revolutionary, lawyer, and member of the left-wing of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) from Macedonia. As a member of the anarchist group Boatmen of Thessaloniki, he participated in the Thessaloniki bombings in 1903. Following World War I, Shatev worked as an agent of the Soviet Union and the Communist International. In 1945 he became Minister of Justice in the government of Democratic Federal Macedonia. After the Tito–Stalin split, he was persecuted by the Yugoslav authorities. His persona was considered a taboo in Yugoslav Macedonia but it was rehabilitated after the country gained its independence.

Panko Brashnarov
Panko Brashnarov (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Панко Брашнаров, romanized: Panko Brašnarov; 9 August 1883 – 13 July 1951) was a revolutionary, member of the left-wing of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) and IMRO (United). As with many other IMARO members of the time, historians from North Macedonia consider him an ethnic Macedonian, whereas historians in Bulgaria consider him a Bulgarian. The name of Brashnarov was a taboo in Yugoslav Macedonia, but he was rehabilitated during the 1990s, after the country gained its independence.
Dani Siciliano
Dani Siciliano is an American singer. She has worked with Matthew Herbert on several of his projects including the albums Around the House, Bodily Functions and Scale. She has also released three solo albums, Likes..., Slappers and Dani Siciliano.

Matthew Herbert
Matthew Herbert (born in 1972), also known as Herbert, Doctor Rockit, Radio Boy, Mr. Vertigo, Transformer, Wishmountain, and DJ Empty, is a British electronic musician.  He often takes sounds from everyday items to produce electronic music.
Freedom of religion in Bhutan
The Bhutanese Constitution of 2008 and previous law provide for freedom of religion in Bhutan; however, the government has limited non-Buddhist missionary activity, barring non-Buddhist missionaries from entering the country, limiting construction of non-Buddhist religious buildings, and restricting the celebration of some non-Buddhist religious festivals.

Constitution of Bhutan
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་གི་རྩ་ཁྲིམས་ཆེན་མོ་; Wylie: 'Druk-gi tsa-thrims-chen-mo) was enacted 18 July 2008 by the Royal Government of Bhutan. The Constitution was thoroughly planned by several government officers and agencies over a period of almost seven years amid increasing democratic reforms in Bhutan. The current Constitution is based on Buddhist philosophy, international Conventions on Human Rights, comparative analysis of 20 other modern constitutions, public opinion, and existing laws, authorities, and precedents. According to Princess Sonam Wangchuck, the constitutional committee was particularly influenced by the Constitution of South Africa because of its strong protection of human rights.
Yaakov Amidror
Yaakov Amidror (Hebrew: יעקב עמידרור; born 15 May 1948) is a former major general and National Security Advisor of Israel and was also the head of the Research Department of Israeli military intelligence. Today, he is the Anne and Greg Rosshandler Senior Fellow at the Jerusalem Institute for Strategic Studies, a conservative security think tank.

National Security Council (Israel)
The National Security Council (NSC) (Hebrew: המטה לביטחון לאומי HaMateh leBitachon Leumi) is Israel's central body for coordination, integration, analysis and monitoring in the field of national security and is the staff forum on national security for the Israeli Prime Minister and Government. However, national security decisions typically made by national security councils in other countries are handled by the Security Cabinet. The council draws its authority from the government and operates according to guidelines from the Prime Minister.

The NSC was established in 1999 by the office of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu following Government Resolution 4889, in the framework of drawing lessons from the Yom Kippur War. Its responsibilities were anchored in law starting in July 2008, partly as a response to the Second Lebanon War.
Quarten
Quarten is a municipality in the Wahlkreis (constituency) of Sarganserland, in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, on Lake Walen. Besides the village of Quarten, the municipality also includes the settlements of Oberterzen, Unterterzen, Quinten, Mols, Murg, and parts of Tannenbodenalp.

Walensee
The Walensee (German pronunciation: [ˈvaːln̩ˌzeː] ⓘ), also known as Lake Walen and Lake Walenstadt (after Walenstadt), is one of the larger lakes in Switzerland. Located in the east of the country, about two thirds of its area are in the canton of St. Gallen and about one third in the canton of Glarus.
Dennis Greenhouse
Dennis Edward Greenhouse is an American politician who served as the Delaware Auditor of Accounts from 1983 to 1989, and again in 2022 to 2023. He has also served as the New Castle County Executive from 1989 to 1996. Greenhouse is a member of the Democratic Party.

Delaware Auditor of Accounts
The auditor of accounts of Delaware is a constitutional officer in the executive branch of the U.S. state of Delaware. The incumbent is Lydia York, a Democrat, who was elected to the position in the November 2022 general election and sworn in on January 3, 2023, at Delaware State University. Auditor York was preceded by Dennis Greenhouse, who was appointed to the position by Governor John Carney after former auditor of accounts Kathy McGuiness resigned on October 19, 2022.
4th Fighter Group
The 4th Fighter Group was an American element of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force during World War II. The group was known as the Debden Eagles because it was created from the three Eagle Squadrons of the Royal Air Force: No. 71, No. 121 Squadron RAF, and No. 133 Squadron RAF. These squadrons became the 334th, 335th, and 336th Fighter Squadrons of the 4th Fighter Group based at RAF Debden. The group was the first fighter group to fly combat missions over German airspace, the first to escort bombers over Berlin, and the first selected to escort bombers on shuttle bombing runs landing in Russia. The group was credited with shooting down 1,016 German planes.

RAF Debden
Royal Air Force Debden or more simply RAF Debden is a former Royal Air Force station located 3 miles (4.8 km) southeast of Saffron Walden and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the village of Debden in north Essex, England
Wapakoneta, Ohio
Wapakoneta (/ˌwɔːpəkəˈnɛtə/, locally /wɒpəkəˈnɛtə/, commonly shortened to “Wapak”) is a city in Auglaize County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. Located along the Auglaize River, the city is about 56 miles (90 km) north of Dayton and 83 miles (134 km) south of Toledo. The population was 9,957  at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of  the Wapakoneta micropolitan area, which is included in the Lima–Van Wert–Celina combined statistical area.

Neil Armstrong, the first man on the Moon, grew up in Wapakoneta, which is now the home of the Armstrong Air & Space Museum.

Auglaize County, Ohio
Auglaize County (/ˈɔːɡleɪz/) is a county in Northwestern Ohio, United States of America. As of the 2020 census, the population was 46,442. Its county seat and largest city is Wapakoneta.

Auglaize County comprises the Wapakoneta Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Lima-Van Wert-Celina Combined Statistical Area.
Conjugate transpose
In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an  complex matrix  is an  matrix obtained by transposing  and applying complex conjugation to each entry (the complex conjugate of  being , for real numbers  and ). There are several notations, such as  or , , or (often in physics) .

For real matrices, the conjugate transpose is just the transpose, .

Complex conjugate
In mathematics, the complex conjugate of a complex number is the number with an equal real part and an imaginary part equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. That is, if  and  are real numbers, then the complex conjugate of  is    The complex conjugate of  is often denoted as  or .

In polar form, if  and  are real numbers then the conjugate of  is  This can be shown using Euler's formula.

The product of a complex number and its conjugate is a real number:  (or  in polar coordinates).

If a root of a univariate polynomial with real coefficients is complex, then its complex conjugate is also a root.
Spite and malice
Spite and malice, also known as cat and mouse, is a relatively modern American card game for two or more players. It is a reworking of the late 19th-century Continental game crapette, also known as Russian bank, and is a form of competitive solitaire, with a number of variations that can be played with two or three regular decks of cards.

It had a "well-deserved following" during the 1970s when bridge expert Easley Blackwood saw it being played on a cruise ship and subsequently published its rules. According to David Parlett, the game is a reworking of an old 19th-century patience called crapette or Russian bank, but he also identifies three early English patiences by Mary Whitmore Jones – carbouche, obstruction, and dowager's patience – which bear a "remarkable similarity" to spite and malice.

A commercial variation sold by Hasbro is called Spite and Malice; a variation sold by Mattel is called Skip-Bo.

Russian bank (card game)
Russian bank, crapette or tunj, historically also called the wrangle, is a card game for two players from the patience family. It is played with two decks of 52 standard playing cards. The U.S. Playing Card Company, who first published its rules in 1898, called it "probably the best game for two players ever invented".

The goal of Russian bank, like many card games, is for the player to get rid of forty-eight cards before their opponent can rid themselves of theirs. At the same time, it is required to build "piles" of suits, ace through king, in the center of the board. If a rule regarding the placement of piles is broken, the opponent may call "Stop!" (or "Tunj!" or "Crapette!") to end one's turn.

Commercially produced versions of Russian bank include Skip-Bo and Spite and Malice.
Amity Lane
Amity Lane was an American alternative rock band from Montgomery, Alabama, formed in 2005. It featured two former members of the rock band Trust Company, vocalist Kevin Palmer and bassist Josh Moates. Amity Lane's debut album, The Sound of Regret, was released in October 2006. In 2007, Trust Company announced it was reuniting. It is unknown if Amity Lane will continue or disband.

Trust Company (band)
Trust Company (also typeset as TRUSTcompany and TRUST*CO) is an American rock band from Montgomery, Alabama. Formed in 1997 by guitarist/lead vocalist Kevin Palmer and drummer Jason Singleton, Trust Company has sold over 1 million albums worldwide. They are best known for their 2002 song "Downfall".
Manila, Utah
Manila is a small town located on the northern edge of Daggett County, Utah, United States, just south of the Wyoming border. The town is at the junction of State Route 43 and State Route 44, and is the county seat of Daggett County. Nearby sites include the Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area and the Flaming Gorge Reservoir just east of town, and to the south is Ashley National Forest, which includes Kings Peak (13,528 ft), the highest point in Utah.

The population of Manila was 308 at the 2020 census. The settlement was named in 1898, commemorating the American naval victory at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines.

Utah State Route 43
State Route 43 (SR-43) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. Running for 10.6 miles (17.1 km), the highway is a Utah connection between Wyoming Highways 414  and 530 (where the routes both end at their southern terminus). While running east–west from border-to-border, the route passes through Manila.

The road became a state highway in 1918, and was assigned a number in 1927. In 1960, due to the construction of the Flaming Gorge Reservoir, a portion was realigned.