hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Bangladesh)
Atomic Energy Research Establishment is a government nuclear research station in Bangladesh and is located in Savar Upazila, Bangladesh. It was built to develop skilled manpower trained in the uses of nuclear resources. It is under the control of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission and it is the largest institute under the commission.

Savar Upazila
Savar (Bengali: সাভার) is an upazila of Dhaka District in the division of Dhaka, Bangladesh and is located at a distance of about 24 kilometers (15 mi) to the northwest of Dhaka city. Savar is mostly famous for the National Martyrs' Memorial, the national monument for the martyrs of the Liberation War of Bangladesh.
Chroma subsampling
Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chroma information than for luma information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance.

It is used in many video and still image encoding schemes – both analog and digital – including in JPEG encoding.

Luma (video)
In video, luma () represents the brightness in an image (the "black-and-white" or achromatic portion of the image). Luma is typically paired with chrominance. Luma represents the achromatic image, while the chroma components represent the color information. Converting R′G′B′ sources (such as the output of a three-CCD camera) into luma and chroma allows for chroma subsampling: because human vision has finer spatial sensitivity to luminance ("black and white") differences than chromatic differences, video systems can store and transmit chromatic information at lower resolution, optimizing perceived detail at a particular bandwidth.
Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia
Stephen II (Serbo-Croatian: Стефан II / Stjepan II; 14th century – September 1353) was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353. He was the son of Bosnian Ban Stephen I Kotromanić and Elizabeth, sister of King Stefan Vladislav II. Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from Sava to the Adriatic and from Cetina to Drina. He was a member of the Kotromanić dynasty. He was buried in his Franciscan church in Mile, near Visoko, Bosnia.

Stefan Vladislav II
Stefan Vladislav II (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Владислав II; c. 1270–after 1326) was a King-pretender to the royal throne of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1316 and again in 1321, and Lord of Syrmia from 1316 to c. 1325. He was the eldest son of Serbian King Stefan Dragutin (ruled 1276–1282) and Catherine of Hungary. In 1282, Dragutin became ill and abdicated in favor of his younger brother Stefan Milutin, under the condition that Milutin would be succeeded by Dragutin's son Vladislav. Dragutin continued to rule the royal domain of Syrmia, which was later inherited by Vladislav (1316), who tried to secure Serbian royal crown, but failed, and later tried again after Milutin died in 1321, but also failed. He continued to rule in Syrmia until c. 1325.
U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts
The U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts — designed circa 1827 by celebrated architect Charles Bulfinch — originally stood on the grounds of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Two of the gatehouses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places in their new locations.

One gatehouse and three of the gateposts now stand at 15th Street and Constitution Avenue within the President's Park South (PPS) historic district north of the National Mall. The other gatehouse is at 17th and Constitution, also within the PPS. Four other gateposts have been relocated to the main entrance of the National Arboretum at New York Avenue NE and Springhouse Road NE.

The Ellipse
The Ellipse, sometimes referred to as President's Park South, is a 52-acre (21 ha) park south of the White House fence and north of Constitution Avenue and the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. The Ellipse is also the name of the five-furlong (1.0 km) circumference street within the park. The entire park, which features monuments, is open to the public and is part of President's Park. The Ellipse is the location for many annual events.

From a mathematical point of view, the Ellipse is truly an ellipse. Its dimensions are 1,058 feet (322 m) for its major axis (east-west) and 903 feet (275 m) for its minor axis (north-south). Its foci are 552 feet (168 m) apart, each 276 feet (84 m) from the center of the ellipse (east and west). Its eccentricity is thus ⁠552/1058⁠ = 0.52.
Michigan's 2nd congressional district
Michigan's 2nd congressional district is a United States congressional district in Western Michigan. The current 2nd district includes all of Barry, Clare, Gladwin, Gratiot, Ionia, Isabella, Lake, Manistee, Mason, Mecosta, Montcalm, Newaygo, Oceana, and Osceola counties, as well as portions of Eaton, Kent, Midland, Muskegon, Ottawa and Wexford counties. Redistricting removed the more built-up portions of Kent and Muskegon counties, and all but the northeast corner of Ottawa County. Republican John Moolenaar, who had previously represented the old 4th district, was re-elected to represent the new 2nd in 2022 after the 2nd absorbed much of the dismantled 4th's northern portion.

Midland County, Michigan
Midland County is one of 83 counties located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 83,494 making it the 24th largest by population in the state. It is the sixth smallest county by area. The county seat is Midland. The name of the county is due to its proximity to the geographical center of the Lower Peninsula. It was founded in 1831; however, it was not until 1855 that the county was effectively organized.

Midland County comprises the Midland, Michigan, metropolitan statistical area and is included in the Saginaw–Midland–Bay City combined statistical area in the Mid/Central Michigan region.
Zichenau (region)
Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was a Regierungsbezirk, or administrative region, of the Nazi German Province of East Prussia in 1939–45, established in German-occupied Polish territory during World War II. The regional capital was Zichenau (Ciechanów). It was also referred to under the designation of South East Prussia (German: Südostpreußen) which, however, was later sometimes also applied to Bialystok District, although the latter was not incorporated into, but merely attached to East Prussia.

Ciechanów
Ciechanów (Polish pronunciation: [t͡ɕeˈxanuf] ⓘ) is a city in north-central Poland, seat of the Ciechanów County in the Masovian Voivodeship. As of December 2021, it has a population of 43,495.

A city with almost a thousand years of history, recorded in 1065, Ciechanów is one of the oldest and largest cities of northern Mazovia, particularly known for its medieval castle, brewery, founded in the 18th century, and the science park with the unique hyperboloid water tower. The city has experienced several foreign invasions and was the site of the publication of Poland's pioneering honey harvesting law in 1559. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Ciechanów Voivodeship.
1920 Carinthian plebiscite
The Carinthian plebiscite (German: Kärntner Volksabstimmung, Slovene: Koroški plebiscit) was held on 10 October 1920 in the area in southern Carinthia predominantly settled by Carinthian Slovenes. It determined the final border between the Republic of Austria and the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) after World War I. The predominantly Slovene-speaking plebiscite area voted to remain part of Austria with a 59% majority.

Carinthia
Carinthia (German: Kärnten [ˈkɛʁntn̩] ⓘ; Slovene: Koroška [kɔˈɾóːʃka] ⓘ or avstrijska Koroška; Italian: Carinzia [kaˈrintsja]) is the southernmost and least densely populated Austrian state, in the Eastern Alps, and is noted for its mountains and lakes. The Lake Wolayer is a mountain lake on the Carinthian side of the Carnic Main Ridge, near the Plöcken Pass. The main language is Austrian German, with its non-standard dialects belonging to the Southern Bavarian group; Carinthian Slovene dialects, forms of a South Slavic language that predominated in the southeastern part of the region up to the first half of the 20th century, are now spoken by a small minority in the area.

Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry, and agriculture.
Ben Shephard
Benjamin Peter Sherrington Shephard (born 11 December 1974) is an English television presenter and journalist. Since 2024, he has co-presented ITV's This Morning alongside Cat Deeley.

Shephard was a main presenter on the now defunct breakfast programme GMTV and co-hosted the ITV breakfast show Good Morning Britain alongside Susanna Reid and Kate Garraway from 2014 until 2024. He has also hosted shows such as The Krypton Factor (2009–2010), Tipping Point (2012–present) and Ninja Warrior UK (2015–2019, 2022).

In 2012, along with Helen Skelton, Shepard welcomed the athletes of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games to Trafalgar Square as part of their homecoming parade.

Cat Deeley
Catherine Elizabeth Deeley (born 23 October 1976) is an English television presenter. Since 2024, she has co-presented ITV's This Morning, alongside Ben Shephard.

Deeley began her television career as a co-presenter of the ITV children's show SMTV Live (1998–2002), for which she won a BAFTA Children's Award, and its spin-off chart show CD:UK (1998–2005). In 2003, she co-presented the talent show Fame Academy on BBC One and became the presenter of the ITV talent show Stars in Their Eyes. Following the final series of Stars in Their Eyes in 2006, Deeley began hosting the reality competition show So You Think You Can Dance in the United States, for which she has been nominated five times for a Primetime Emmy.

Since 2003, Deeley has been a patron of London's Great Ormond Street Hospital for sick children. In December 2009, she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador.
Cold Gin
"Cold Gin" is a song by American rock band Kiss, written by the band's lead guitarist Ace Frehley and released in 1974 on their eponymous debut album. The song has appeared on many Kiss live and compilation albums. Live versions of the song were often extended for about two minutes due to Frehley's soloing.

Guitar World listed "Cold Gin" as No. 7 on their list of greatest drinking songs. The track is No. 14 on Liquor.com's list of top 15 drinking songs and ranked No. 32 of the 50 best drinking songs on TimeOut.com.

Kiss (Kiss album)
Kiss is the debut studio album by American rock band Kiss, released on February 8, 1974, by Casablanca Records. Much of the material on the album was written by Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley, as members of their pre-Kiss band Wicked Lester. Simmons estimated that the entire process of recording and mixing took three weeks, while co-producer Richie Wise has stated it took just 13 days.
David Jolly
David Wilson Jolly (born October 31, 1972) is an American attorney, politician, and lobbyist who served as the U.S. representative for Florida's 13th congressional district from 2014 to 2017 as a Republican. After leaving office, Jolly became a prominent Republican critic of President Donald Trump and a political pundit. In September 2018, Jolly left the Republican Party.

In April 2025, Jolly switched his party registration to run in the 2026 Florida gubernatorial race as a Democrat.

2026 Florida gubernatorial election
The 2026 Florida gubernatorial election will take place on November 3, 2026, to elect the next governor of Florida, alongside other state and local elections. The primary elections will take place on August 18, 2026. Incumbent Republican Governor Ron DeSantis is term-limited and cannot seek election to a third consecutive term.

Democrats have not won a gubernatorial election in Florida since Lawton Chiles was re-elected in 1994.
Japan National Route 42
National Route 42 (国道42号, Kokudō yonjūni-gō), also called Kumano Kaidō or Tropical Route is a national highway connecting Hamamatsu, Shizuoka and Wakayama, Wakayama in Japan.  Part of the route requires crossing Ise Bay on the Ise-wan Ferry. It is the 8th longest national highway in Japan.

Hamamatsu
Hamamatsu (浜松市, Hamamatsu-shi) is a city located in western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. In September 2023, the city had an estimated population of 780,128 in 340,591 households, making it the prefecture's largest city, with a population density of 500/km2 (1,300/sq mi) over the total urban area of 1,558.06 km2 (601.57 sq mi). The city ranked first in the happiness index of Japan's government-designated cities, published by the Japan Research Institute, in both 2018 and 2022.
Ken Spears
Charles Kenneth Spears (March 12, 1938 – November 6, 2020) was an American animator, writer, television producer and sound editor. He was best known as a co-creator of the Scooby-Doo franchise, together with Joe Ruby. In 1977, they co-founded the television animation production company Ruby-Spears Productions. Spears and Ruby created many other shows such as Jabberjaw, Dynomutt, Dog Wonder, and Fangface. Spears also worked on the shows Sectaurs, Mister T and Alvin and the Chipmunks.

Spears career began in 1959 when he started to work for Hanna-Barbera as a sound editor. Spears met Ruby when Life magazine was interviewing members at the studio and they worked together on animated projects. Spears worked for several other companies before Ruby-Spears such as DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and Sid and Marty Krofft.

Spears died on November 6, 2020, from Lewy body dementia. He was 82 years old.

Ruby-Spears
Ruby-Spears Enterprises (also known as Ruby-Spears Productions) was an American entertainment production company founded by veteran writers and the creators of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, in 1977, before closing in 1996. Specialized in animation, it was headquartered in Burbank, California, with another branch in Rome, Italy.
ND Mura 05
Nogometno društvo Mura 05, commonly referred to as ND Mura 05 or simply Mura 05, was a Slovenian football club from the town of Murska Sobota. The club was established on 16 June 2005. The club's home ground was Fazanerija City Stadium. During the summer of 2013, Mura 05 were declared bankrupt and dissolved months after the 2012–13 season, after they had spent two successive seasons in the top division.

2012–13 Slovenian PrvaLiga
The 2012–13 Slovenian PrvaLiga was the 22nd edition of the Slovenian PrvaLiga since its establishment in 1991. Also known by the abbreviation 1. SNL, PrvaLiga was contested by the top ten clubs in Slovenia, for the title of national champions. The fixture schedule was released on 26 June 2012. The season began on 14 July 2012 and ended on 26 May 2013.

Maribor were the defending champions, having won their 10th league title the previous season. The season featured nine teams from the 2011–12 Slovenian PrvaLiga and one team from the 2011–12 Slovenian Second League, Aluminij, who was promoted directly as the winners of the second division, replacing Nafta. This was the first season for Aluminij in the top division.
Åke Sundborg
Åke Sundborg (15 October 1921 – 23 May 2007) was a Swedish geographer and geomorphologist known for his contributions to the hydrology and geomorphological dynamics of rivers. He was active at Uppsala University where he studied under the supervision of Filip Hjulström eventually succeeding him on the chair of physical geography. Besides his studies of rivers Sundborg made contributions on the climate of cities, the distribution of loess and the sedimentation of reservoirs and lakes. He studied rivers in Sweden as well as various large rivers in Africa and Asia.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek  γῆ (gê) 'earth'  μορφή (morphḗ) 'form' and  λόγος (lógos) 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform and terrain history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology, climatology, and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.
Vigra Municipality
Vigra is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) municipality existed from 1890 until its dissolution in 1964. The area is now part of Giske Municipality in the traditional district of Sunnmøre. The administrative centre was the village of Roald and Vigra Church was the main church for the municipality.

Prior to its dissolution in 1964, the 20.1-square-kilometre (7.8 sq mi) municipality was the 627th largest by area out of the 689 municipalities in Norway. Vigra Municipality was the 528th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of about 1,571. The municipality's population density was 78.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (203/sq mi) and its population had increased by 15.5% over the previous 10-year period.

Roald
Roald is a village in Giske Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the northern part of the island Vigra. Roald is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the city centre of Ålesund. It is connected to the mainland via two undersea tunnels which opened in 1987 (and was extensively upgraded in 2008). Ålesund Airport, Vigra is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the village of Roald. Vigra Church is also located a short distance south of Roald.

The 0.76-square-kilometre (190-acre) village has a population (2024) of 1,071 and a population density of 1,409 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,650/sq mi).
Avon Lovell
Avon Lovell is a Western Australian investigative journalist and writer who wrote books about the Perth Mint Swindle, including The Mickelberg Stitch.

He was born in 1945 and is a graduate in history from the University of Tasmania.

His works were at times difficult to access due to his battles with authority.

His work Litany of lies culminates in the full array of stories collected from the aftermath of the Mickleberg Stitch era.  His long term concern about the careers of Don Hancock and Anthony Lewandowski also was developed further.

His work is also corroborated by other writers.

Perth Mint Swindle
The Perth Mint Swindle was a robbery of 49 gold bars weighing 69 kilograms (152 pounds; 2,200 troy ounces) from the Perth Mint in Western Australia on 22 June 1982. The bullion was valued at A$653,000 at that time (equivalent to $2,587,607 in 2022). As of November 2024, the value of 68 kilograms (150 lb) of gold would be in excess of A$8.4 million. According to police at the time, three brothers—Ray, Peter, and Brian Mickelberg—orchestrated the robbery. The three went to trial and were found guilty of the conspiracy and sentenced in 1983 to twenty, sixteen and twelve years in jail, respectively.

All three convictions were overturned in 2004. To date, the case remains unsolved and continues to be fought by the Mickelbergs who maintain their innocence and allege a conspiracy by the Western Australia Police to frame them.
Utah State Route 13
State Route 13 (SR-13) is a state highway in northern Utah, running 32.841 miles (52.852 km) parallel to I-15 in Box Elder County from Brigham City to Riverside. Most of SR-13 is a former routing of U.S. Route 191.

Utah State Route 30
State Route 30 (SR-30) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah. It is the only highway signed as a Utah state route (with the beehive shaped route marker) to traverse the entire width of the state. The legal definition of the highway has 3 separate segments. With implied connections via Interstate 84 and U.S. Route 89, the highway is drivable as a continuous route from Nevada to Wyoming. The western segment is a historic corridor paralleling the pre-Lucin Cutoff routing of the First transcontinental railroad. A portion of the eastern segment has been designated the Bear Lake Scenic Byway as part of the Utah Scenic Byways program. The route was created in 1966 by combining several state highways into a single designation.
South African Class NG G13 2-6-2+2-6-2
The South African Railways Class NG G13 2-6-2+2-6-2 of 1927 are a class of narrow gauge articulated steam locomotives.

Between 1927 and 1929, the South African Railways placed twelve Class NG G13 Garratt articulated steam locomotives with a 2-6-2+2-6-2 Double Prairie type wheel arrangement in service on the Langkloof and Alfred County Railway narrow gauge lines.

Alfred County Railway
Alfred County Railway is an abandoned 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge railway in South Africa, which runs from the southern transport hub of Port Shepstone on the Indian Ocean, via Izotsha and Paddock for 122 kilometres (76 mi) to Harding, KwaZulu-Natal.
Carbamate
In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula R2NC(O)OR and structure >N−C(=O)−O−, which are formally derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH).  The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by other organic functional groups; as well as salts with the carbamate anion H2NCOO− (e.g. ammonium carbamate).

Polymers whose repeat units are joined by carbamate like groups −NH−C(=O)−O− are an important family of plastics, the polyurethanes. See § Etymology for clarification.

Ethyl carbamate
Ethyl carbamate (also called urethane) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH2OC(O)NH2. It is an ester of carbamic acid and a white solid. Despite its name, it is not a component of polyurethanes. Because it is a carcinogen, it is rarely used, but naturally forms in low quantities in many types of fermented foods and drinks.
Ma Mingxin
Ma Mingxin (1719–1781) (simplified Chinese: 马明心、马明新; traditional Chinese: 馬明心、馬明新; pinyin: Mǎ Míngxīn; Wade–Giles: Ma Ming-hsin) was a Chinese Sufi master, the founder of the Jahriyya menhuan (Naqshbandi Sufi order).

Naqshbandi Order
Naqshbandi (Persian: نقشبندیه) is a major Sufi order within Sunni Islam, named after its 14th-century founder, Baha' al-Din Naqshband. Practitioners, known as Naqshbandis, trace their spiritual lineage (silsila) directly to the Prophet Muhammad through the first caliph, Abu Bakr, via Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Naqshbandi order is distinct for its strict adherence to Sharia (Islamic law) and silent dhikr practices adopted from earlier Central Asian masters.
Achilles Shield
Achilles shield is a large-scale air defense initiative launched by Greece in April 2025. The plan that was revealed by Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis aims to be a national defense force system facing Greece's aerial and maritime threats up to 2036–2037.The initial cost is estimated at €2.8 billion ($3 billion) rising up to €25 billion when including the military modernization program.

Centauros anti drone system
Centauros anti drone system or Centaur counter UAV system, developed by Hellenic Aerospace Industry (HAI), is a Greek anti drone system (counter-unmanned aerial system, C-UAS). This system is noted being the first combat proven system manufactured in Europe, distinguished record in countering unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) threats, particularly in naval operations in the Red Sea during 2024–2025. For Class 1 drones, the smaller IPERION system can be utilised.