hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Householder's method
In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis, Householder's methods are a class of root-finding algorithms that are used for functions of one real variable with continuous derivatives up to some order d + 1. Each of these methods is characterized by the number d, which is known as the order of the method. The algorithm is iterative and has an order of convergence of d + 1.

These methods are named after the American mathematician Alston Scott Householder. The case of d = 1 corresponds to Newton's method; the case of d = 2 corresponds to Halley's method.

Halley's method
In numerical analysis, Halley's method is a root-finding algorithm used for functions of one real variable with a continuous second derivative. Edmond Halley was an English mathematician and astronomer who introduced the method now called by his name.

The algorithm is second in the class of Householder's methods, after Newton's method. Like the latter, it iteratively produces a sequence of approximations to the root; their rate of convergence to the root is cubic. Multivariate versions of this method exist.

Halley's method exactly finds the roots of a linear-over-linear Padé approximation to the function, in contrast to Newton's method or the Secant method which approximate the function linearly, or Muller's method which approximates the function quadratically.

There is also Halley's irrational method, described below.
Minaret
A minaret is a type of tower typically built into or adjacent to mosques. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim call to prayer (adhan) from a muezzin, but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence. They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires.

Muezzin
The muezzin (/m(j)uˈɛzɪn/; Arabic: مُؤَذِّن, romanized: Muʾaḏḏin), also spelled mu'azzin, is the person who proclaims the call to the daily prayer (ṣalāt) five times a day (Fajr prayer, Zuhr prayer, Asr prayer, Maghrib prayer and Isha prayer) at a mosque from the minaret. The muezzin plays an important role in ensuring an accurate prayer schedule for the Muslim community.
Achille Varzi
Achille Varzi (8 August 1904 – 1 July 1948) was an Italian racing driver. He is remembered as the winner of the 1933 Monaco Grand Prix, as well as the winner of the first Formula One Grand Prix at the 1946 Turin Grand Prix, and as the chief rival of Tazio Nuvolari.

1946 Turin Grand Prix
The 1946 Turin Grand Prix (formally known as the III Gran Premio del Valentino) was a Grand Prix motor race held on 1 September 1946 on a temporary street circuit at Valentino Park in Turin, Italy. It was the first time the event had been held since the end of the Second World War and is also popularly considered to be the first ever Formula One Grand Prix, as the race regulations anticipated the official introduction of the new International Grand Prix Formula on 1 January 1947, which was to be renamed Formula A and later Formula 1.

The race was attended by 120,000–200,000 spectators.
Frankfort, New York
Frankfort is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The town is named after one of its earliest settlers, Lawrence (Lewis) Frank. The town of Frankfort includes a village, also called Frankfort. Frankfort is located east of Utica, and the Erie Canal passes along its northern border. At the time of the 2020 census, the population was 7,011, down from 7,636 in 2010.

Frankfort (village), New York
Frankfort is a village in the town of Frankfort, Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 2,598 at the 2010 census, out of 7,636 people in the entire town. Like the town, the village is named after an early settler, Lawrence (Lewis) Frank.

Frankfort is on the south side of the Erie Canal and east of Utica, New York.
William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam
William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam PC (30 May 1748 – 8 February 1833), styled Viscount Milton until 1756, was a British Whig statesman of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1782 he inherited the estates of his uncle Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, making him one of the richest people in Britain. He played a leading part in Whig politics until the 1820s.

Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (13 May 1730 – 1 July 1782), styled The Honourable Charles Watson-Wentworth before 1739, Viscount Higham between 1739 and 1746, Earl of Malton between 1746 and 1750, and the Marquess of Rockingham from 1750, was a British Whig statesman and magnate, most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He became the patron of many Whigs, known as the Rockingham Whigs, and served as a leading Whig grandee. He served in only two high offices during his lifetime (prime minister and leader of the House of Lords) but was nonetheless very influential during his one and a half years of service.
Aire Range Dinosaur Tracks Natural Monument
The Aire Range Dinosaur Tracks Natural Monument, also known as Ourém - Torres Novas Dinosaur Tracks Natural Monument, is a natural monument in the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park, Portugal, known for its long and well-preserved sauropod trackways. When discovered, it had the single longest known sauropod trackway in the world at 147 m (482 ft) long.

The natural monument consists of approximately twenty different trackways on a broad limestone stratum exposure, part of the Calcários Micríticos da Serra de Aire formation, and 175 millions of years in age.
Unusually well preserved, many footprints display claw and digit impressions, as seen in the gallery photos below, which allows for some level of determination of the paw anatomy of the animals.

Aire and Candeeiros Ranges Natural Park
The Aire and Candeeiros Ranges Natural Park (in Portuguese, Parque Natural das Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, or PNSAC) is a natural park in the Central-West region of Portugal. It occupies an area of 383.9 km2 (148.2 sq mi) and is the most important limestone deposit in Portugal, with a variety of geological formations and climate associated with karst geomorphology and topography, such as underground caves and sinkholes. It was designated a protected area in 1979 with the intent to preserve its natural aspects, and the architectonic and cultural heritage linked to the local human populations.
Harold G. Hoffman
Harold Giles Hoffman (February 7, 1896 – June 4, 1954) was an American businessman and Republican Party politician who served as the 41st Governor of New Jersey from 1935 to 1938. His time in office was marked by controversy over his support for a sales tax and interference in the Lindbergh kidnapping case. He died while subject to an investigation for embezzlement from his bank and the state government, which he  confessed to his daughter before his death.

Hoffman also served two terms representing Middlesex, Monmouth, and Ocean counties (as New Jersey's 3rd congressional district) in the United States House of Representatives from 1927 to 1931, represented Middlesex in the New Jersey General Assembly, and served as mayor of South Amboy.

South Amboy, New Jersey
South Amboy is a city in Middlesex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, located on Raritan Bay. As of the 2020 United States census, the city's population was 9,411, an increase of 780 (+9.0%) from the 2010 census count of 8,631, which in turn reflected an increase of 718 (+9.1%) from the 7,913 counted in the 2000 census.

South Amboy and Perth Amboy, across the Raritan River, are collectively referred to as The Amboys. Signage for exit 11 on the New Jersey Turnpike refers to "The Amboys" as a destination.
Dene–Yeniseian languages
Dene–Yeniseian (/dɪˈneɪ ˌjɛnɪˈseɪ.ən/, dih-NAY YEN-ih-SAY-ən) is a proposed language family consisting of the Yeniseian languages of central Siberia and the Na-Dene languages of northwestern North America.

Reception among experts has been somewhat favorable; thus, Dene–Yeniseian has been called "the first demonstration of a genealogical link between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional comparative-historical linguistics". Other linguistic scholars have deemed Dene–Yeniseian only as "plausible". In 2025, a team of geneticists provided evidence that the ancient Paleo-Siberian genetic contribution to Athabaskan populations in Alaska stemmed from a population that lived to the west of Lake Baikal in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age, and that this population also contributed genetically to modern Yeniseian populations . The authors of the study interpret this as 'providing the first genetic data in support of the "Dene-Yeniseian' hypothesis."

Paleo-Siberian languages
The Paleo-Siberian languages are a group of four language isolates and small language families spoken in parts of Siberia. They are not known to have any genetic relationship to each other; their only widely accepted link is that they are held to have antedated the more dominant languages, particularly Tungusic and latterly Turkic languages, that have largely displaced them. Even more recently, Turkic (at least in Siberia) and especially Tungusic have been displaced in their turn by Russian.
Elisabeth Juliana Francisca of Hesse-Homburg
Landgravine Elisabeth Juliana Francisca of Hesse-Homburg (6 January 1681 – 12 November 1707), German: Elisabeth Juliana Franziska Landgräfin von Hessen-Homburg, official titles: Landgräfin zu Hessen, Fürstin zu Hersfeld, Gräfin zu Katzenelnbogen, Diez, Ziegenhain, Nidda, Schaumburg, Isenburg und Büdingen, was a landgravine from the House of Hesse-Homburg and through marriage Fürstin of Nassau-Siegen.

Frederick William II, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
Prince Frederick William II of Nassau-Siegen (11 November 1706 – 2 March 1734), German: Friedrich Wilhelm II. Fürst von Nassau-Siegen, official titles: Fürst zu Nassau, Graf zu Katzenelnbogen, Vianden, Diez, Limburg und Bronkhorst, Herr zu Beilstein, Stirum, Wisch, Borculo, Lichtenvoorde und Wildenborch, Erbbannerherr des Herzogtums Geldern und der Grafschaft Zutphen, was since 1722 Fürst of Nassau-Siegen, a part of the County of Nassau. He descended from the House of Nassau-Siegen, a cadet branch of the Ottonian Line of the House of Nassau. He was the last male representative of his lineage, with him the Protestant line of the House of Nassau-Siegen became extinct.
Thomas Wilson Spence
Thomas Wilson Spence (September 2, 1846 – February 23, 1912) was an Irish American immigrant, lawyer, and politician.  He was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the city of Fond du Lac during the 1877 and 1879 sessions.  As a young man, he was one of the "Ohio Five", who were among the early students of Cornell University.  Spence rose to legal prominence in Milwaukee, and died of a heart attack in the chambers of the Wisconsin Supreme Court while making oral arguments. "He died with his tie on."

Fond du Lac, Wisconsin
Fond du Lac (/ˈfɒndəlæk/ ⓘ) is a city in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. It is at the southern end of Lake Winnebago and had a population of 44,678 at the 2020 census. The city forms the core of the Fond du Lac metropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Fond du Lac County and had 104,154 residents in 2020.
Margate
Margate is a seaside town in the Thanet District of Kent, England. It is located on the north coast of Kent and covers an area of 2 miles (3 kilometres) long, 16 miles (26 kilometres) north-east of Canterbury and includes Cliftonville, Garlinge, Palm Bay and Westbrook. In 2011 it had a population of 61,223.

The town has been a significant maritime port since the Middle Ages, and was associated with Dover as part of the Cinque Ports in the 15th century. It became a popular place for holidaymakers in the 18th century, owing to easy access via the Thames, and later with the arrival of the railways. Popular landmarks include the sandy beaches and the Dreamland amusement park. During the late 20th century, the town went into decline along with other British seaside resorts, but attempts are being made to revitalise the economy.

Thanet District
Thanet /ˈθænɪt/ is a local government district in Kent, England. The council is based in Margate and the district also contains the towns of Broadstairs, Ramsgate and Westgate-on-Sea, along with several villages. It takes its name from the Isle of Thanet, a former island which gradually became connected to the mainland between the 12th and 16th centuries.

The district lies on the north-eastern tip of Kent, bordering the City of Canterbury to the west and Dover District to the south. It is predominantly coastal, with north, east and southeast-facing coastlines.
Julius Petschek
Julius Petschek (14 March 1856 – 22 January 1932) was an industrialist of Jewish origin in Austria-Hungary and later in Czechoslovakia. Together with his brother Ignaz, he was one of the wealthiest persons of interwar Czechoslovakia.

Isidor Petschek
Isidor Petschek (15 March 1854 – 18 June 1919) was a German Bohemian lawyer and entrepreneur. Together with his brother Julius Petschek, he founded the Prague branch of the Petschek business dynasty, which was one of the richest Jewish families in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Maxim Kovtun
Maxim Pavlovich Kovtun (Russian: Максим Павлович Ковтун; born 18 June 1995) is a retired Russian figure skater. He is a three-time European medalist (silver in 2015 and 2017, bronze in 2016) and four-time (2014, 2015, 2016, 2019) Russian national champion. On the junior level, he is the 2012 JGP Final champion. Kovtun has successfully landed two quad jumps in a short program, and three quads in a free program.

On 23 April 2019, Kovtun announced his retirement from competition.

2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final
The 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final was an international figure skating competition in the 2012–13 season, held together with the ISU Junior Grand Prix Final. The combined event was the culmination of two international series — the 2012–13 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating for senior-level skaters and the 2012–13 ISU Junior Grand Prix for juniors.

The event was held at the Iceberg Skating Palace in Sochi, Russia from 6–9 December 2012. It was a test event in anticipation of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior and junior levels.
Tang official headwear
The Tang official headwear or Chuijiao Putou (垂腳襆頭), lit. "head cover" or "head wrap", was the headwear of Tang dynasty officials. It consisted of a black hat with two wing-like flaps. However, contrary to the similar Song official headwear in the Song dynasty, the flaps drooped down.

Zhanjiao Futou
Zhanjiao Futou (展角幞頭, lit. "spread-horn head cover"), was the headwear of officials in medieval Chinese dynasties dated from Song to Ming. It consisted of a black hat with two wing-like flaps. The thin flaps were stiff and straight, and could extend up to almost a meter each.

It is rumoured that the founder of the Song dynasty, Emperor Taizu of Song, designed this hat so that during assemblies his officials would be kept apart by the flaps and would not whisper to each other.

The style was also later adapted (with modifications) by the Ming dynasty, authorized for court wear.
Nje
Nje (Њ њ; italics: Њ њ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It is a ligature of the Cyrillic letters En ⟨н⟩ and Soft Sign ⟨ь⟩. It was invented by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić for use in his 1818 dictionary, replacing the earlier digraph ⟨нь⟩. It corresponds to the digraph ⟨nj⟩ in Gaj's Latin alphabet for Serbo-Croatian.

It is today used in Macedonian, variants of Serbo-Croatian when written in Cyrillic (Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian), Itelmen and Udege, where it represents a palatal nasal /ɲ/, similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in "canyon" (cf. Polish ⟨ń⟩, Czech and Slovak ⟨ň⟩, Latvian ⟨ņ⟩, Galician and Spanish ⟨ñ⟩, Occitan, Portuguese and Vietnamese ⟨nh⟩, Catalan and Hungarian ⟨ny⟩, and Italian and French ⟨gn⟩).

Nje is commonly transliterated as nj but it is also transliterated ń, ň, ñ, or ņ.

En (Cyrillic)
En (Н н; italics: Н н or Н н; italics: Н н) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

It commonly represents the dental nasal consonant /n/, like the pronunciation of ⟨n⟩ in "neat". 
And it can be palatalized /nʲ/ like in the pair of hard and soft consonants for the word: жена́ [ʐɨˈna]ⓘ 'wife' and же́нин [ˈʐenʲɪn]ⓘ 'wife's'.
Kaigara Bushi
Kaigara Bushi (Japanese: 貝殻節, literally Shell tune), also spelled Kaigarabushi or Kaigara-bushi, is a Japanese folk song that originated in Hamamura Onsen, Ketaka Town, Tottori City, Tottori Prefecture. It is a work song of the fishermen who worked on the Japan Sea coast.

Tottori (city)
Tottori (鳥取市, Tottori-shi; Japanese pronunciation: [tot.to.ɾʲi, tot.to.ɾʲiꜜ.ɕi]) is the capital and the largest city of Tottori Prefecture in the Chūgoku region of Japan. As of 30 November 2022, the city had an estimated population of 183,383 in 81,732 households and a population density of 240 persons per km2. The total area of the city is 765.31 square kilometres (295.49 sq mi). Most of the city is within the San'in Kaigan Geopark.
Valentin Uritescu
Valentin Uritescu (Romanian pronunciation: [valenˈtin uriˈtesku]; 4 June 1941 – 17 June 2022) was a Romanian film, television, and theatre actor. He is best known for his parts in The Conjugal Bed and The Last Assault.

In 2011, Uritescu was chosen by Sony Pictures Animation to dub Grandsanta in Romanian in the animated film Arthur Christmas, King in the Cinderella movie from Disney, and many animated characters.

The Conjugal Bed (1993 film)
The Conjugal Bed (Romanian: Patul conjugal) is a 1993 Romanian comedy film directed by Mircea Daneliuc. It was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. The film was selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Mayfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Mayfield Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,786 at the 2020 census, an increase from 1,550 at the 2010 census.

There is community named Mayfield in Grand Traverse County, located several miles northeast of the township in adjacent Paradise Township.

Grand Traverse County, Michigan
Grand Traverse County (/ˈtrævərs/ TRAV-ərss) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 95,238, making it the most populous county in Northern Michigan. Its county seat is Traverse City. The county is part of the Traverse City metropolitan area, which also includes neighboring Benzie, Kalkaska, and Leelanau counties.

Long a part of territory under the Council of Three Fires (comprising the Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi), Grand Traverse County's first European settlement was established in 1839. It was originally created in 1840 as Omeena County; however, it was reorganized in 1851 as Grand Traverse County. The county itself and Traverse City are named after Grand Traverse Bay, a bay of Lake Michigan.

Interlochen Center for the Arts, a prestigious boarding school, is located within the county.
10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles
The 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles (abbreviated to 10 GR) was originally a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment was formed in 1890, taking its lineage from a police unit and over the course of its existence it had a number of changes in designation and composition. It took part in a number of campaigns on the Indian frontiers during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before fighting in the First World War, the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the Second World War. Following India's independence in 1947, the regiment was one of four Gurkha regiments to be transferred to the British Army. In the 1960s it was active in the Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation. It was amalgamated with the other three British Gurkha regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles in 1994.

Gurkha
The Gurkhas or Gorkhas (/ˈɡɜːrkə, ˈɡʊər-/), with the endonym Gorkhali (Nepali: गोर्खाली [ɡoɾkʰaːliː]), are soldiers native to South Asia, chiefly residing within Nepal and some parts of North India.

The Gurkha units consist of Nepali and (in India) Indian Gorkha, Nepali-speaking Indian people. They are recruited for the Nepali Army (96,000), the Indian Army (42,000), the British Army (4,010), the Gurkha Contingent of the Singapore Police Force, the Gurkha Reserve Unit of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces, and UN peacekeeping forces in war zones around the world. Ordinary citizens of the two demographic groups become a Gurkha by applying for, and passing, the selection and training process.

Gurkhas are closely associated with the khukuri, a forward-curving knife, and have a reputation for fearless military prowess. Former Indian Army Chief of Staff Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw once stated that:

"If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gurkha."
Vai people
The Vai are Mandé peoples that live mostly in Liberia, with a small minority living in south-eastern Sierra Leone. The Vai are known for their indigenous writing system known as the Vai syllabary, developed in the 1820s by Momolu Duwalu Bukele and other Vai elders. Over the course of the 19th century, literacy in the writing system became widespread. Its use declined over the 20th century, but modern computer technology has enabled a revival.

The Vai people speak the Vai language, which is one of the Mande languages. The Sierra Leonean Vai are predominantly found in Pujehun District around the Liberian border. Many Sierra Leonean villages that border Liberia are populated by the Vai. In total, about 1200 Vai live in Sierra Leone.

Vai syllabary
The Vai syllabary is a syllabic writing system devised for the Vai language by Momolu Duwalu Bukele of Jondu, in what is now Grand Cape Mount County, Liberia. Bukele is regarded within the Vai community, as well as by most scholars, as the syllabary's inventor and chief promoter when it was first documented in the 1830s. It is one of the two most successful indigenous scripts in West Africa in terms of the number of current users and the availability of literature written in the script, the other being the N'Ko script.
Neekosam
Neekosam (transl. For You)  is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film produced by Ghanta Srinivasa Rao under the Kalpana Creations banner. This movie marks the debut of Srinu Vaitla as a director. The film features Ravi Teja and Maheswari in the lead roles. This is also the first collaboration between Ravi Teja and Srinu Vaitla. The music has been composed R. P. Patnaik. Despite the film being a box office failure, the film won several Nandi Awards.

Srinu Vaitla
Srinu Vaitla (born 24 September 1972) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in Telugu cinema, particularly in the action comedy genre. He has received several accolades, including five Nandi Awards—three for Best Screenplay Writer—and a Filmfare Award South for Best Director – Telugu.

Vaitla made his directorial debut with the romantic film Nee Kosam (1999) and gained recognition with Anandam (2001), also a romantic drama. He later shifted to comedy and action-comedy films, directing projects such as Sontham (2002), Venky (2004), Dhee (2007), Dubai Seenu (2007), Ready (2008), King (2008), Dookudu (2011), and Baadshah (2013). His films from Sontham onward are widely referenced in Telugu popular culture and have attained cult status for their comedy scenes and characters. Since Venky, he has frequently collaborated with writers Kona Venkat and Gopi Mohan.