hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Darwin–Fowler method
In statistical mechanics, the Darwin–Fowler method is used for deriving distribution functions with mean probability. It was developed by Charles Galton Darwin and Ralph H. Fowler in 1922–1923.

Distribution functions are used in statistical physics to estimate the mean number of particles occupying an energy level (hence also called occupation numbers). These distributions are mostly derived as those numbers for which the system under consideration is in its state of maximum probability. But one really requires average numbers. These average numbers can be obtained by the Darwin–Fowler method. Of course, for systems in the thermodynamic limit (large number of particles), as in statistical mechanics, the results are the same as with maximization.

Charles Galton Darwin
Sir Charles Galton Darwin KBE MC FRS (19 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist who served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War. He was a son of the mathematician George Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin.
Surgical Neurology International
Surgical Neurology International is a weekly, peer-reviewed, open access medical journal that was established in 2010 and is published by Scientific Scholar. It publishes original articles, review articles, case reports, technical notes, and editorials regarding developments in the field of neurosurgery and related clinical and basic neurosciences. The editor-in-chief is Nancy Epstein, MD (State University of NY at Stony Brook). In 2018, Epstein was suspended by the American Association of Neurological Surgeons for violating the association's code of ethics.

The journal has been criticized for publishing misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, including claiming without evidence that the pandemic was caused by a conspiracy of governments and medical societies and that mRNA vaccines were responsible for thousands of deaths. Several of the journal's editors have been linked to right-wing media, including Miguel Faria, Russell Blaylock, and James Ausman.

James I. Ausman
James Ivan Ausman (born December 10, 1937) is an American neurosurgeon, clinical professor of neurosurgery, and founding editor-in-chief of the medical journal Surgical Neurology International. Ausman is a Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and is the Emeritus Editor-in-Chief of the Surgical Neurology International medical journal.

Ausman is also a supporter of the Tea Party movement, and has publicly expressed opposition to socialized medicine and the Affordable Care Act. As the co-author of the book The China Virus: What is the Truth?, he argued that the COVID-19 pandemic may have been the result of the Chinese Communist Party's actions, either accidental or intentional.
Sanjna
Sanjna (Sanskrit: संज्ञा, IAST: Saṃjñā, also spelled as Samjna and Sangya), also known as Saranyu (Sanskrit: सरण्यू, IAST: Saraṇyū), is a Hindu goddess associated with clouds and the chief consort of Surya, the Sun god. She is mentioned in the Rigveda, the Harivamsa and the Puranas.

In Hindu mythology, Sanjna is the daughter of the craftsman god Tvashtr, often equated with Vishvakarma. Renowned for her beauty, virtue, and ascetic powers, Sanjna married Vivasvant (Surya); however, she could not endure his intense form and energy. To escape, she substituted herself with her shadow or maid, Chhaya, and ran away by transforming into a mare. Upon discovering her absence, Surya had his radiance diminished and brought her back. Sanjna is recognized as the mother of several notable deities, including Yama, the god of death; Yamuna, the river goddess; Vaivasvata Manu, the current patriarch of humans; the twin divine physicians known as the Ashvins; and the god Revanta.

Vaivasvata Manu
Vaivasvata Manu (Sanskrit: वैवस्वत मनु), also referred to as Shraddhadeva and Satyavrata, is the current Manu—the progenitor of the human race. He is the seventh of the 14 Manus of the current kalpa (aeon) of Hindu cosmology. In the Jain religion he is also known as Nabhiraja, the father of Rishabhanatha and the last Kulakara.

He is the son of Vivasvan (also known as Surya), the Sun god, and his wife Saranyu.  Forewarned about the divine flood by the Matsya avatara of Vishnu, Manu saved mankind by building a boat that carried his family and the Saptarishi (the Seven Sages) to safety. He was one of the wielders of Asi the primordial sword.
Ferdinand van den Eynde, 1st Marquess of Castelnuovo
Ferdinand van den Eynde, 1st Marquess of Castelnuovo (mid-17th century – 1674) was an Italian nobleman and magnate of Flemish descent. He was the son of Jan van den Eynde, and the father of Elisabeth van den Eynde, Princess of Belvedere and Baroness of Gallicchio and Missanello and Jane (Giovanna) van den Eynde, Princess of Galatro and Sonnino. He should not be confused with his namesake and uncle Ferdinand van den Eynde.

Giovanna van den Eynde, Princess of Sonnino
Princess Giovanna van den Eynde (also spelled Vandeneinden, Vandeneynden, Van den Eynden, and Van den Einden) (c. 1672 – 1716) was a member of the Van den Eynde family, Marchioness of Castelnuovo by birth, and the Princess consort of Galatro and Sonnino. She was the daughter of Ferdinand van den Eynde, 1st Marquess of Castelnuovo, son of the magnate Jan van den Eynde, and Olimpia Piccolomini, of the House of Piccolomini. Through her marriage to Giuliano Colonna, Giovanna became a member of the House of Colonna, and the first Princess of Sonnino. Through his marriage to her, Giovanna's husband acquired the title of Marquess of Castelnuovo.
Chao (surname)
Chao is a surname in various cultures. It is the Pinyin spelling of two Chinese surnames (晁 and 巢), the Wade–Giles spelling of two others (趙 or the much rarer 兆, both spelled in Pinyin as Zhào), and a regional or other spelling of two additional Chinese surnames (曹 Cáo and 周 Zhōu). It is also a Galician and Portuguese surname.

Zhao (surname)
Zhao (/dʒaʊ/; traditional Chinese: 趙; simplified Chinese: 赵; pinyin: Zhào; Wade–Giles: Chao⁴) is a Chinese-language surname. The name is first in the Hundred Family Surnames – the traditional list of all Chinese surnames – because it was the emperor's surname of the Song dynasty (960–1279) when the list was compiled. The first line of the poem is 趙錢孫李 (Zhao, Qian, Sun, Li).

Zhao may be romanized as "Chiu" from the Cantonese pronunciation, and is romanized in Taiwan and Hong Kong as "Chao" in the Wade–Giles system. It is romanized as Vietnamese family name "Triệu" among the Chinese diaspora in Vietnam. Zhao is cognate to Korean family name "Cho" (조) in Korea.

The romanization is shared with the much rarer family name Zhào (兆).
Margaret Magennis, Viscountess Iveagh
Margaret Magennis, Viscountess Iveagh (/ˈaɪveɪ/ EYE-vay; née Burke; 1673–1744), also known as Margaret Butler, was the mother of John Butler, the de jure 15th Earl of Ormond. She is remembered by the song A Lament for Kilcash.

John Butler, 15th Earl of Ormonde
John Butler (died 1766), known as John Butler of Kilcash, a member of the Irish landed gentry, was de jure 15th Earl of Ormond and 8th Earl of Ossory. He did not assume these titles as he thought them forfeit by the attainder of the 2nd Duke of Ormond. He did, however, inherit the Ormond estate from the 1st Earl of Arran through Arran's sister Amelia. In 1791, the title of Earl of Ormond would be successfully claimed by his cousin, the 17th Earl.
Picatic
Picatic was an online ticketing company. Picatic's crowd-funding platform for event ticket sales allowed promoters to create event pages to generate funding before events are booked.  Picatic is known for creating ticketing and registration solutions specifically within the events industry.

Jayesh Parmar founded Picatic in 2008. The company has offices in Toronto, Saskatoon, San Francisco, and New York City. In August 2018, Picatic was acquired by Eventbrite, a global ticketing and event technology company based in San Francisco.

Eventbrite
Eventbrite is an American live events marketplace and website. The service allows users to browse, create, and promote local events. It is free to publish unlimited events of any size on Eventbrite.

Launched in 2006 and headquartered in San Francisco, Eventbrite opened their first international office in the United Kingdom in 2012. The company has local offices in Nashville, London, Cork, Amsterdam, Dublin, Berlin, Melbourne, Mendoza, Madrid, and São Paulo.

The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange on September 20, 2018 under the ticker symbol EB.
WGXA
WGXA (channel 24) is a television station in Macon, Georgia, United States, affiliated with Fox and ABC. Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, the station maintains studios on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (GA 11/GA 22/GA 49/US 80/US 129) in downtown Macon, and its transmitter is located southeast of Macon on GA 87/US 23/US 129 ALT (Golden Isles Highway).

Established in 1982, WGXA was the third television station in Macon but emerged immediately as a more credible competitor than the longer-established WCWB-TV (channel 41) to locally dominant station WMAZ-TV (channel 13). Originally an affiliate of ABC, it was sold in 1995 to GOCOM Media and changed affiliations from ABC to Fox, with which it felt it could increase its local programming presence. An ABC subchannel was added in 2010 after the existing ABC affiliate balked at the network's programming. Local newscasts for the Fox and ABC subchannels are produced from WGXA's Macon newsroom.

WMAZ-TV
WMAZ-TV (channel 13) is a television station in Macon, Georgia, United States, affiliated with CBS and The CW Plus. The station is owned by Tegna Inc., and maintains studios on Gray Highway on the northeast side of Macon; its transmitter is located on GA 87/US 23/129 ALT (Golden Isles Highway) along the Twiggs–Bibb county line.
Stjepan Radić
Stjepan Radić (11 June 1871 – 8 August 1928) was a Croat politician and the co-founder of the Croatian People's Peasant Party (HPSS), active in Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

He is credited with galvanizing Croatian peasantry into a viable political force. Throughout his entire career, Radić was opposed to the union and later Serb hegemony in Yugoslavia and became an important political figure in that country. He was shot in parliament by the Serbian People's Radical Party politician Puniša Račić. Radić died several weeks later from the serious stomach wound at the age of 57. This assassination further alienated the Croats and the Serbs and initiated the breakdown of the parliamentary system, culminating in the 6 January Dictatorship of 1929.

Puniša Račić
Puniša Račić (Serbian Cyrillic: Пуниша Рачић; 12 July 1886 – 16 October 1944) was a Serb leader and People's Radical Party (NRS) politician. He assassinated Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) representatives Pavle Radić and Đuro Basariček and mortally wounded HSS leader Stjepan Radić in a shooting which took place on the floor of the Yugoslav parliament on 20 June 1928. He was tried and handed a 60-year sentence, which was immediately reduced to twenty years. He served most of his sentence under house arrest and was killed by the Yugoslav Partisans in October 1944.
Cynfarwy
Cynfarwy was a Christian in the 7th century about whom little is known.  He was venerated by the early church in Wales as a saint, although he was never formally canonised.  St Cynfarwy's Church in Anglesey is dedicated to him, and his name is also preserved in the name of the settlement around the church, Llechgynfarwy (or sometimes "Llechcynfarwy"). His feast day is in November, although the date varies between sources.

St Cynfarwy's Church, Llechgynfarwy
St Cynfarwy's Church is a medieval parish church in Llechgynfarwy, Anglesey, north Wales. The first church in the vicinity was established by St Cynfarwy (a 7th-century saint about whom little is known) in about 630, but no structure from that time survives. The present building contains a 12th-century baptismal font, indicating the presence of a church at that time, although extensive rebuilding in 1867 removed the datable features of the previous edifice.

It is a Grade II listed building, a national designation given to "buildings of special interest, which warrant every effort being made to preserve them", in particular because it is "a simple, rural church of Medieval origins". The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales, one of nine in a combined parish, although there has not been an incumbent priest since September 2009.
Polysulfane
A polysulfane is a chemical compound of formula H2Sn, where n > 1 (although disulfane (H2S2) is sometimes excluded). Compounds containing 2 – 8 sulfur atoms have been isolated, longer chain compounds have been detected, but only in solution. H2S2 is colourless, higher members are yellow with the colour increasing with the sulfur content. In the chemical literature the term polysulfanes is sometimes used for compounds containing −(S)n−, e.g. organic polysulfanes R1−(S)n−R2.

Hydrogen disulfide
Hydrogen disulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula H2S2. This hydrogen chalcogenide is a pale yellow volatile liquid with a camphor-like odor. It decomposes readily to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and elemental sulfur.
Amaranth
Amaranthus is a genus of plants commonly known as amaranths. Some species are known by variants of the common name "pigweed". Some members are annual and others are perennial. The plant can grow from 1 to 2.5 metres (3 to 8 feet) tall with a succulent, hollow stem. Parts of the plant vary from green to reddish. Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in the summer or fall.

There are 75 recognized species in the genus, some monoecious and some dioecious. The name amaranth was originally applied to the closely related genus Celosia. Amaranthus is cosmopolitan in tropical regions. Some species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals (with amaranth grain being collected), and ornamental plants.

Amaranthus cruentus
Amaranthus cruentus is a flowering plant species that is native from Central Mexico to Nicaragua.  It yields a nutritious staple amaranth grain, being one of three Amaranthus species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus caudatus. It has several common names, including blood amaranth, red amaranth, purple amaranth, prince's feather, and Mexican grain amaranth.
Ernest Malinowski Memorial
The Ernest Malinowski Monument is a sculpture located at the highest point of the Ticlio, a mountain pass in the Department of Lima, Peru, within the Chicla District. It is dedicated to Ernest Malinowski, an engineer who designed the Ferrocarril Central Andino railway in Peru. The monument was designed by sculptor Gustaw Zemła, and unveiled on 2 March 1999, on the hundredth anniversary of Malinowski's death.  It is placed at 4,818 m (15,807 ft) above mean sea level, which makes it one of the highest-placed monument in the world.

Ticlio
Ticlio (or Anticona) is a mountain pass and the highest point (4,818 m or 15,807 ft) of the Central Highway of Peru (km 120), located in the Andes Mountains in the Chicla District, Huarochirí Province, Department of Lima. It used to be a railway crossing loop on the Ferrocarril Central Andino (FCCA) in Peru, whose main claim to fame was being the highest railway junction in the world.  The railway now crosses the pass through the nearby Galera Summit Tunnel at a lower elevation of 4,783 m (15,692 ft) and enters a different valley than the highway on the eastern side of the pass.
Green Square railway station
Green Square railway station is located on the Airport line in the locality of Green Square. The station is situated at a five-way intersection which is the meeting point of the four Sydney suburbs, Alexandria, Zetland, Waterloo and Beaconsfield. It is served by Sydney Trains' T8 Airport & South Line services.

Airport Link, Sydney
The Airport Link (also known as the Airport Line or New Southern Railway) is Sydney's inner-southern railway line connecting Sydney Airport to the central business district and the south-western suburbs of Sydney. With the exception of Wolli Creek, the Airport Line stations are operated by a private company, the Airport Link Company, as part of a public private partnership. The contract, which expires in 2030, allows the company to charge a surcharge on top of the normal fare.: 21  The line is served by Sydney Trains T8 Airport & South line services.
Bank of Canada
The Bank of Canada (BoC; French: Banque du Canada) is a Crown corporation and Canada's central bank. Chartered in 1934 under the Bank of Canada Act, it is responsible for formulating Canada's monetary policy, and for the promotion of a safe and sound financial system within Canada. The Bank of Canada is the sole issuing authority of Canadian banknotes, provides banking services and money management for the government, and loans money to Canadian financial institutions. The contract to produce the banknotes has been held by the Canadian Bank Note Company since 1935.

The Bank of Canada headquarters are located at the Bank of Canada Building, 234 Wellington Street in Ottawa, Ontario. The building also used to house the Bank of Canada Museum, which opened in December 1980 and temporarily closed in 2013. As of July 2017, the museum is now located at 30 Bank Street, Ottawa, Ontario, but is connected to the main buildings through the Bank of Canada's underground meeting rooms.

Bank of Canada Act
The Bank of Canada Act (French: Loi sur la Banque du Canada) is a statute that sets out the governance structure and powers of the Bank of Canada, which was created in 1934 as Canada's central bank. It was created as the result of the 1933 Royal Commission on Banking and Currency.
Easy Radio South Coast
Easy Radio South Coast is an Independent Local Radio station based in Southampton, England, owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting. It broadcasts to the South Coast of England. The station has been part of the Easy Radio network since September 2022 when the Hits Radio licensing name agreement ended.

As of September 2024, the station has a weekly audience of 38,000 listeners according to RAJAR.

Nation Radio South
Nation Radio South is an Independent Local Radio station broadcasting on 106 MHz & 106.6 MHz FM across the South Coast of England, and on DAB on the South Hampshire, Bournemouth, Sussex, Salisbury and Somerset multiplexes. The station operates as four separate sub-stations (Nation Radio Hampshire, Nation Radio Sussex, Nation Radio Dorset and Nation Radio Somerset) for news and advertising purposes but all four share common programming.

The station is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting, and was previously run under a brand licence agreement with rival operator Bauer Radio, where the frequencies were used to broadcast Bauer's Greatest Hits Radio. In September 2022, the agreement ended and the station was rebranded to its current name.

As of December 2025, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 160,000 (119,000 in Hampshire, 21,000 in Sussex, 17,000 in Dorset and 3,000 in Somerset), according to RAJAR.
James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam
James Walter Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam (26 September 1775 – 17 November 1845), styled Lord Dunboyne from 1775 until 1808 and known as the 4th Viscount Grimston from 1808 to 1815, was a British peer and politician.

James Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam
James Walter Grimston, 2nd Earl of Verulam (20 February 1809 – 27 July 1895), known as Viscount Grimston from 1815 to 1845, was a British peer and Conservative politician. He was the eldest son of James Walter Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam, and Lady Charlotte Jenkinson. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Verulam in November 1845.

In 1860, The Times noted that Grimston was one of only three to hold peerages in all three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.
National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research
The National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (Bengali: ন্যাশনাল ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেক্সটাইল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং এন্ড রিসার্চ), also known as NITER, is one of the largest undergraduate textile engineering campuses in Bangladesh. It is located in Savar, Dhaka District.

The institute is a partnership between the Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA) and the Ministry of Textiles and Jute, Government of Bangladesh. It is a public-private partnership education and research organization and a constituent institute of the University of Dhaka.

Bangladesh Textile Mills Association
The Bangladesh Textile Mills Association or BTMA is the national trade body for textile mills, manufacturers, and mills in Bangladesh and is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It carries out research on the textile industry in Bangladesh. Showkat Aziz Russell, the Managing Director of Amber Denim Mills Limited, a concern of Partex Group is the President of the trade association.
Ian Date
Ian Date (born c. 1960) is an Australian acoustic and electric guitarist most associated with the Gypsy jazz and bebop genres. He achieved success in the 1980s in the band Sweet Atmosphere co-led with Australian violinist George Washingmachine, playing repertoire of the 1930s and 1940s. He also plays banjo, trumpet. Jazz Ramble states, "(Ian) has played all over the world, has made numerous television, radio, festival and concert performances, and is regarded as one of Australia's great guitar players."

Ian Cooper (violinist)
Ian Cooper (born 14 August 1970) is an Australian violinist. He was commissioned to compose and perform the "Tin Symphony" for the opening ceremony of the Games of the XXVII Olympiad in Sydney. The event was televised worldwide with an estimated 2.85 billion viewers. He performs many musical styles including classical, gypsy, jazz, Irish and country music and has appeared with Tommy Emmanuel, James Morrison, Olivia Newton-John, Barry White, Simon Tedeschi, Deni Hines, and Silverchair.
Web2py
Web2py is an open-source web application framework written in the Python programming language. Web2py allows web developers to program dynamic web content using Python. Web2py is designed to help reduce tedious web development tasks, such as developing web forms from scratch, although a web developer may build a form from scratch if required.

Web2py was originally designed as a teaching tool with emphasis on ease of use and deployment. Therefore, it does not have any project-level configuration files. The design of web2py was inspired by the Ruby on Rails and Django frameworks. Like these frameworks, web2py focuses on rapid development, favors convention over configuration approach and follows a model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern.

Django (web framework)
Django (/ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ JANG-goh; sometimes stylized as django) is a free and open-source, Python-based web framework that runs on a web server. It follows the model–template–views (MTV) architectural pattern. It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established in the US as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.

Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself. Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.

Some well-known sites that use Django include Instagram, Mozilla, Disqus, Bitbucket, Nextdoor, and Clubhouse.