hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Valence and conduction bands
In solid-state physics, the valence band and conduction band are the bands closest to the Fermi level, and thus determine the electrical conductivity of the solid. In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while the conduction band is the lowest range of vacant electronic states. On a graph of the electronic band structure of a semiconducting material, the valence band is located below the Fermi level, while the conduction band is located above it.

The distinction between the valence and conduction bands is meaningless in metals, because conduction occurs in one or more partially filled bands that take on the properties of both the valence and conduction bands.

Electronic band structure
In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of energy that they may not have (called band gaps or forbidden bands).

Band theory derives these bands and band gaps by examining the allowed quantum mechanical wave functions for an electron in a large, periodic lattice of atoms or molecules. Band theory has been successfully used to explain many physical properties of solids, such as electrical resistivity and optical absorption, and forms the foundation of the understanding of all solid-state devices (transistors, solar cells, etc.).
MIL-PRF-38535
MIL-PRF-38535 is a United States military specification that establishes the general performance and verification requirements of single die integrated circuit device type electronics. It is a performance-based specification document defining the general requirements, as well as the quality assurance and reliability requirements, for the manufacture of microelectronic or integrated circuits used in military applications and high-reliability microcircuit application programs.

United States Military Standard
A United States defense standard, often called a military standard, "MIL-STD", "MIL-SPEC", or (informally) "MilSpecs", is used to help achieve standardization objectives by the United States Department of Defense.

Standardization is beneficial in achieving interoperability, ensuring products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, total cost of ownership, compatibility with logistics systems, and similar defense-related objectives.

Defense standards are also used by other non-defense government organizations, technical organizations, and industry. This article discusses definitions, history, and usage of defense standards. Related documents, such as defense handbooks and defense specifications, are also addressed.
Broadcasting (networking)
In computer networking, telecommunication and information theory, broadcasting is a method of transferring a message to all recipients simultaneously.  Broadcasting can be performed as a high-level operation in a program, for example, broadcasting in Message Passing Interface, or it may be a low-level networking operation, for example broadcasting on Ethernet.

All-to-all communication is a computer communication method in which each sender transmits messages to all receivers within a group. In networking this can be accomplished using broadcast or multicast. This is in contrast with the point-to-point method in which each sender communicates with one receiver.

Message Passing Interface
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a portable message-passing standard designed to function on parallel computing architectures.  The MPI standard defines the syntax and semantics of library routines that are useful to a wide range of users writing portable message-passing programs in C, C++, and Fortran. There are several open-source MPI implementations, which fostered the development of a parallel software industry, and encouraged development of portable and scalable large-scale parallel applications.
Percy Folio
The Percy Folio is a folio book of English ballads used by Thomas Percy to compile his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. Although the manuscript itself was compiled in the 17th century, some of its material goes back well into the 12th century. It was the most important of the source documents used by Francis James Child for his 1883 collection The English and Scottish Popular Ballads.

Reliques of Ancient English Poetry
The Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (sometimes known as Reliques of Ancient Poetry or simply Percy's Reliques) is a collection of ballads and popular songs collected by Bishop Thomas Percy and published in 1765.
Thomas Thomson (advocate)
Thomas Thomson FRSE FSA Scot (10 November 1768 – 2 October 1852) was a Scottish advocate, antiquarian and archivist who served as Principal Clerk of Session (1828–1852) and as secretary of the literary section of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1812–20).

Cosmo Innes
Cosmo Nelson Innes FRSE (9 September 1798 – 31 July 1874) was a Scottish advocate, judge, historian and antiquary. He served as Advocate-Depute, Sheriff of Elginshire, and Principal Clerk of Session.

He was a skilled decipherer of ancient Scottish records and helped to compile, edit and index Acts of the Scottish Parliament 1124–1707. He was said to be tall, handsome but shy. He was accused of being a Catholic sympathiser whilst it remained illegal, and joined the Scottish Episcopal Church, closer in some practices to the Catholic Church. Dean Ramsay, head of the Episcopal Church, was one of his friends.
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL–OFC play-off)
The 2006 FIFA World Cup CONMEBOL–OFC qualification play-off was a two-legged home-and-away tie between the winners of the Oceania qualifying tournament, Australia, and the fifth-placed team from the South American qualifying tournament, Uruguay.

After winning the series, Australia qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup held in Germany.

2002 FIFA World Cup qualification (OFC–CONMEBOL play-off)
The 2002 FIFA World Cup OFC–CONMEBOL qualification play-off was a two-legged home-and-away tie between the winners of the Oceania qualifying tournament, Australia, and the fifth-placed team from the South American qualifying tournament, Uruguay. The games were played on 20 November and 25 November 2001 in Melbourne and Montevideo respectively. Australia was hoping to play in the FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1974 and Uruguay since 1990.

In the first leg, Australia beat Uruguay 1–0 in Melbourne while Uruguay took revenge in the second leg, easily defeating Australia 3–0 in Montevideo. Uruguay won the series 3–1 on aggregate, therefore qualifying for the World Cup held in Korea and Japan.

Australian players were spited, punched and abused by a mob of Uruguayan fans on arrival at Montevideo's international airport for the second leg.
University of Priština (North Mitrovica)
The University of Priština (Serbian: Универзитет у Приштини, romanized: Univerzitet u Prištini) is a public university in Kosovo which is based in North Mitrovica.

It is the post-secondary institution that emerged after the disestablishment of the Serbian-language University of Pristina as a result of the Kosovo War. Despite its official name, it is also referred to as the University of Kosovska Mitrovica after its relocation to North Mitrovica in 2001.

North Mitrovica
North Mitrovica or North Kosovska Mitrovica, is a town and municipality located in district of Mitrovica in Kosovo. As of 2015, it has a population of 29,460 inhabitants. It covers an area of 11 km2 (4 sq mi).

North Mitrovica is a part of North Kosovo, a region with an ethnic Serb majority. The municipality was established in 2013 after North Kosovo crisis, previously being the settlement of the city of Mitrovica, divided by the Ibar river.

Following the 2013 Brussels Agreement, the municipality is planned to be the administrative center of the Community of Serb Municipalities.
Matt Cutts
Matthew Cutts (born 1972 or 1973) is an American software engineer. Cutts is the former Administrator of the United States Digital Service. He was first appointed as acting administrator, to later be confirmed as full administrator in October 2018. Cutts previously worked with Google as part of the search quality team on search engine optimization issues. He is the former head of the web spam team at Google.

United States Digital Service
The United States Digital Service (USDS) is a technology unit housed within the Executive Office of the President of the United States and established by Congressional appropriations. In 2025, it was "publicly renamed" and reorganized as the United States DOGE Service, which included the self-styled Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), according to Executive Order 14158; in November 2025, USOPM stated that DOGE didn't exist with 8 months left on its charter.
Yanantin
Yanantin is one of the defining characteristics of native Andean thought and exemplifies Andean adherence to a philosophical model based in what is often referred to as a "dualism of complementary terms" or, simply, a “complementary dualism". Much like in Chinese Taoism, Andean philosophy views the opposites of existence (such as male/female, dark/light, inner/outer) as interdependent and essential parts of a harmonious whole. Because existence itself is believed to be dependent upon the tension and balanced interchange between the polarities, there is a very definite ideological and practical commitment within indigenous Andean life to bringing the seemingly conflicting opposites into harmony with one another without destroying or altering either one. Among the indigenous people of Peru and Bolivia, the union of opposing yet interdependent energies is called yanantin or "complementary opposites."

Pacha (Inca mythology)
The pacha (Quechua pronunciation: [pætʃæ]) is an Andean cosmological concept associating the physical world and space with time, and corresponding with the concept of space-time.

The literal meaning of the word in Quechua is "place". Pacha can have various meanings in different contexts, and has been associated with the different stages and levels in the progressive development of the cosmos towards discontinuity and differentiation of forms, and attributed as encoding an Inca concept for dividing the different spheres of the cosmos akin to 'realm' or 'reality'. This latter interpretation, disputed by some scholars since such realm names may have been the product of missionaries' lexical innovation (and, thus, of Christian influence), is considered to refer to "real, concrete places, and not ethereal otherworlds".
Susan Sullivan
Susan Sullivan (born November 18, 1942) is an American actress known for her roles as Lenore Curtin Delaney on the NBC daytime soap opera Another World (1971–76), as Lois Adams on the ABC sitcom It's a Living (1980–81), as Maggie Gioberti Channing on the CBS primetime soap opera Falcon Crest (1981–90), as Kitty Montgomery on the ABC sitcom Dharma & Greg (1997–2002), and as Martha Rodgers on Castle (2009–2016). She earned an Emmy nomination for Lead Actress for the role of Julie Farr in the 1978 series Julie Farr, M.D. and a Golden Globe nomination for Supporting Actress for her role in Dharma & Greg.

Julie Farr, M.D.
Julie Farr, M.D. (initial episodes aired as Having Babies) is an American medical drama limited-run series that was cancelled after airing six of its nine episodes on ABC, from March 7 to April 18, 1978; the three remaining episodes were burned off 14 months later, in June 1979. It followed three television movies called Having Babies which aired from 1976 to 1978, and was not renewed after its initial run of episodes aired in March–April 1978.  The series began airing as Having Babies but was renamed Julie Farr, M.D. during its short run after its lead character, played by Susan Sullivan.
Isabu
Isabu (Korean: 이사부; Hanja: 異斯夫) was a military general and politician of Silla during the 6th century. According to Samguk sagi, he is the fourth generation descendant of Naemul of Silla.  He was also known as Taejong. He is best remembered today for his role in subjugating the island nation of Usan-guk. Usan-guk is the modern-day Ulleungdo, an island located in Sea of Japan (East Sea). There is a dispute regarding his surname, as his family name is written as Kim in the Samguk sagi. He was the 4th generation descendant of King Naemul, which also provides direct proof that his family name was Kim. In Samguk yusa, his name was instead recorded as Pak I-jong (박이종; 朴伊宗).

Usan
Usan-guk or the State of Usan (Korean: 우산국; Hanja: 于山國) was a statelet that occupied the island Ulleungdo and several adjacent islands in Korea during the Three Kingdoms period. According to the Samguk sagi, it was conquered by the Silla general Kim Isabu in 512. He is said to have used wooden lions or tigers to intimidate the residents into surrendering. It has been written that the alias of Usan-guk is Ulleung-do. Usan-guk rarely entered into historical records, but appears to have continued a largely autonomous existence until its loss of independence to Goryeo in 930.
Dance-punk
Dance-punk is a subgenre of post-punk that emerged in the late 1970s, and is closely associated with the disco, post-disco and new wave movements. The genre, which began originally as disco-punk or punk funk, is characterized by the incorporation of the angularity and syncopation of funk and the upbeat, danceable rhythms of disco into post-punk, art punk and more general punk rock. Its development is closely related to avant-funk, originally known as mutant disco. It was most prominent in punk in New York City, overlapping into the no wave movement.

Punk funk
Punk funk (also hyphenated as punk-funk) is a music fusion genre that typically combine punk rock and funk influences. It gave way to and is closely associated with dance-punk, avant-funk, and funk metal, all of which are also alternatively described as punk funk. The term punk funk has been used to describe Cansei de Ser Sexy by CSS, Minutemen, whose nimble punk funk was compared to Gang of Four by music critic Simon Reynolds, and "Precious" by the Jam, described by Uncut as "hypnotically, itchy, punk funk".
James Lawless
James Lawless (born 19 August 1976) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science since January 2025. He served as a Minister of State from 2024 to 2025. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for  Kildare North since the 2016 general election.

Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science
The Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (Irish: An  tAire  Breisoideachais agus Ardoideachais, Taighde, Nuálaíochta agus Eolaíochta) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science.

The Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science is James Lawless, TD.

He is assisted by Marian Harkin, TD, Minister of State for further education, apprenticeships, construction and climate skills.
The Superman Family
The Superman Family is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from 1974 to 1982 featuring supporting characters in the Superman comics. The term "Superman Family" is often used to refer to the extended cast of characters of comics books associated with Superman. A similarly titled series, Superman Family Adventures, was published in 2012.

Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen
Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen is an American comic book series published by DC Comics from September–October 1954 until March 1974, spanning a total of 163 issues. Featuring the adventures of Superman supporting character Jimmy Olsen, it contains stories often of a humorous nature.
Canadian Grenadier Guards
The Canadian Grenadier Guards (CGG) is a reserve infantry regiment in the 34 Canadian Brigade Group, 2nd Canadian Division, of the Canadian Army. The regiment is the oldest and second-most-senior infantry regiment in the Primary Reserve of the Canadian Army. Located in Montreal, its main role is the provision of combat-ready light infantry troops in support of Canadian regular infantry. It is a Household Foot Guard regiment and also provides soldiers for public ceremonial duties (Ceremonial Guard), performing similar ceremonial duties as the Guards regiments of the British Army. This primarily entails mounting the guard at Government House (Rideau Hall), the King's and Governor General's residence, and performing the "Changing the Guard" ceremony on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, a task it shares with Canada's senior Household Foot Guard regiment, the Governor General's Foot Guards of Ottawa. The Canadian Grenadier Guards is an allied regiment to the British Grenadier Guards.

Household Division
The Household Division forms a part of the British Army's London District and is made up of five regiments of foot guards and two Household Cavalry regiments. The division is responsible for performing public duties and state ceremonies in London and Windsor. Such functions include the State Opening of Parliament, Trooping the Colour, and mounting the King's Guard.
Ginger Minj
Joshua Allen Eads, better known by the stage name Ginger Minj (born September 11, 1984), is an American drag queen, actor, singer-songwriter, and reality television personality. After achieving recognition for placing as the runner-up on the seventh season of the reality television competition series RuPaul's Drag Race, Minj returned to compete on the second, sixth, and tenth seasons of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars, winning the latter on July 18, 2025. Minj has acted in three Netflix productions (the comedy feature film Dumplin' (2018), the animated series Super Drags, and RuPaul's fictional series AJ and the Queen), and has acted in numerous theatrical productions. Minj appeared in the 2022 film Hocus Pocus 2, the sequel to Hocus Pocus. Minj has released three studio albums—Sweet T (2016), Gummy Bear (2021), and Double Wide Diva (2021).

RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars season 10
The tenth season of the American reality competition series RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars premiered May 9, 2025 on the Paramount+ streaming service. The tenth installment of the series adopts a bracket tournament format for the first time, with eighteen contestants in a Tournament of All Stars.

The season was won by Ginger Minj, marking the first time that a contestant has won any iteration of the franchise on their fourth attempt. Jorgeous, who was the first contestant to compete on back-to-back seasons of All Stars, placed as the runner-up. Kerri Colby won the random lottery to come back to the competition to compete in the LaLaPaRUza Lipsync Smackdown for the Crown, ultimately losing in the first round to eventual winner, Minj.
Ruby pistol
The Ruby pistol was a semi-automatic pistol of .32 ACP calibre made by Gabilondo y Urresti and other Spanish companies. It saw use in both World Wars as the service weapon of the French Army under the name Pistolet Automatique de 7 millim.65 genre "Ruby".

The pistol was closely modeled after John Browning's 1903 Pocket Hammerless design produced by Colt. The French Army decommissioned it in 1958.

.32 ACP
.32 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol, also known as the .32 Auto, .32 Automatic, 7.65mm Browning, or 7.65×17mmSR) is a centerfire pistol cartridge. It is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning, initially for use in the FN M1900 semi-automatic pistol. It was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale.
Leather Boyz with Electric Toyz
Leather Boyz with Electric Toyz is the debut album by the American band Pretty Boy Floyd. It reached No. 130 on the United States Billboard chart in 1989. It was released on MCA Records and was produced by Howard Benson.

The band produced videos for the songs "Rock and Roll (Is Gonna Set the Night on Fire)" and "I Wanna Be with You”.

Pretty Boy Floyd (American band)
Pretty Boy Floyd is a glam metal band from Hollywood, California, formed in 1987.  They are most famous for their 1989 debut album Leather Boyz with Electric Toyz and the two singles from it; "Rock and Roll (Is Gonna Set the Night on Fire)" and "I Wanna Be with You". The band broke up in 1994 but reformed in 1995, releasing several new records since that time, and continue to the present.
T'Chaka
T'Chaka is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the father of T'Challa and Shuri. He was the king of Wakanda and Black Panther before T'Challa; he inherited both titles following the death of his father, T'Chanda aka Azzuri the Wise.

John Kani portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Black Panther (2018) while Kani's son Atandwa portrayed a younger version of the character. Kani returned to voice alternate versions of the character in the animated Disney+ series What If...? (2021).

Man-Ape
Man-Ape (M'Baku) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Roy Thomas and John Buscema, the character first appeared in The Avengers #62 (March 1969). Man-Ape is depicted as a frequent adversary of the superhero Black Panther.

Man-Ape has made scattered appearances on animated television series and video games while Winston Duke portrays a variation of the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022).
Mohammed Bin Rashid Knowledge Award
The Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Award is an Emirati award dedicated to honoring contributions to the production and dissemination of knowledge. It was launched in 2015 by the ruler of Dubai, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and is supervised by the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation. The award takes place in December of each year, starting with its first session in 2016. The award focuses on the fields of knowledge, development and innovation, communication technology, paper and electronic publishing, and the development of educational institutions. Its value reaches one million dollars, and it is granted to institutions and individuals from inside and outside the UAE.

Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation
The Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation (MBRF) was founded on May 19, 2007, by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai. Sheikh Mohammed stated that the money is meant to bridge the knowledge gap between the Arab region and the developed world, improving the standard of education and research in the region, developing leadership programs for youth, and stimulating job creation.

Jamal bin Huwaireb is the CEO of the organization.
Projector (patent)
Projector is a 19th-century term in United States patent law meaning the original true inventor.  "True inventor" at the time meant the first inventor to reduce an invention to practice.

As a synonym for promoter, e.g. in the phrase "railway projectors", the term was used in a derogatory fashion in a 1790 document. In that discussion of needed changes in the patent act, 'projector' described someone who overzealously promotes an invention.

Corporate promoter
A corporate promoter is a firm or person who does the preliminary work related to the formation of a company, including its promotion, incorporation, and flotation, and solicits people to invest money in the company, usually when it is being formed. An investment banker, an underwriter, or a stock promoter may, wholly or in part, perform the role of a promoter. Promoters generally owe a duty of utmost good faith, so as to not mislead any potential investors, and disclose all material facts about the company's business. An earlier term for such a person is projector.