hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Longest path problem
In graph theory and theoretical computer science, the longest path problem is the problem of finding a simple path of maximum length in a given graph. A path is called simple if it does not have any repeated vertices; the length of a path may either be measured by its number of edges, or (in weighted graphs) by the sum of the weights of its edges. In contrast to the shortest path problem, which can be solved in polynomial time in graphs without negative-weight cycles, the longest path problem is NP-hard and the decision version of the problem, which asks whether a path exists of at least some given length, is NP-complete.  This means that the decision problem cannot be solved in polynomial time for arbitrary graphs unless P = NP. Stronger hardness results are also known showing that it is difficult to approximate. However, it has a linear time solution for directed acyclic graphs, which has important applications in finding the critical path in scheduling problems.

Directed acyclic graph
In mathematics, particularly graph theory, and computer science, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a directed graph with no directed cycles. That is, it consists of vertices and edges (also called arcs), with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that following those directions will never form a closed loop. A directed graph is a DAG if and only if it can be topologically ordered, by arranging the vertices as a linear ordering that is consistent with all edge directions. DAGs have numerous scientific and computational applications, ranging from biology (evolution, family trees, epidemiology) to information science (citation networks) to computation (scheduling).

Directed acyclic graphs are also called acyclic directed graphs or acyclic digraphs.
Property rights (economics)
Property rights are constructs in economics for determining how a resource or economic good is used and owned, which have developed over ancient and modern history, from Abrahamic law to Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Resources can be owned by (and hence be the property of) individuals, associations, collectives, or governments.

Property rights can be viewed as an attribute of an economic good. This attribute has three broad components, and is often referred to as a bundle of rights in the United States:

the right to use the good

the right to earn income from the good

the right to transfer the good to others, alter it, abandon it, or destroy it (the right to ownership cessation)

Economists such as Adam Smith stress that the expectation of profit from "improving one's stock of capital" rests on the concept of private property rights.

Private property
Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities. Private property is distinguishable from public property, which is owned by a state entity, and from collective or cooperative property, which is owned by one or more non-governmental entities. Private property is foundational to capitalism, an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. As a legal concept, private property is defined and enforced by a country's political system.
Rajan Madhav
Rajan Babu (born Chennai, India, 31 May 1975) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, working predominantly in Tamil cinema based in Chennai. Having born into a family that appreciates all forms of cinema, he has imbibed the quality to breathe in the nuances of the cinema. This can be clearly seen in his debut film Muran. His dad Raveendran strongly inspired him to take up cinema as his career. While his brothers took it to music, Rajan Madhav made it to direction.

Raveendran
Madhavan Raveendran (born Kulathupuzha, Kollam, 9 November 1943 – died Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 3 March 2005), also known as Raveendran Master, was a South Indian music composer and playback singer from Kerala. He composed songs for more than 150 films primarily for the Malayalam and Tamil film industries.  He also composed a few albums, including Vasantha Geethangal, Ponnonatharangini and Rithugeethangal. Raveendran composed melodies based on Hindustani Ragas also.
Myriopteris clevelandii
Myriopteris clevelandii or Cleveland's lip fern is a small to medium-sized fern native to southern California and Baja California in Mexico. The leaf is divided into small, bead-like segments densely covered with scales beneath. In M. clevelandii, some of these scales are reduced to hairlike structures, which help distinguish it from the closely related Coville's lip fern (M. covillei). One of the cheilanthoid lip ferns, it was usually classified in the genus Cheilanthes as Cheilanthes clevelandii until 2013, when the genus Myriopteris was again recognized as separate from Cheilanthes. It is usually found growing on exposed rock, particularly igneous rock. The species is named in honor of Daniel Cleveland, who collected the type specimen.

Myriopteris
Myriopteris, commonly known as the lip ferns, is a genus of cheilanthoid ferns. Like other cheilanthoids, they are ferns of dry habitats, reproducing both sexually and apogamously. Many species have leaves divided into a large number of small, bead-like segments, the probable inspiration for the generic name. Hairs and/or scales are often present on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, and their presence and appearance are useful in distinguishing between species. The genus is most diverse in Mexico, but species are found from southwestern Canada south to southern Chile, and one species is endemic to southern Africa.
Tim Collins (politician)
Timothy William George Collins, CBE (born 7 May 1964) is a British politician, once a prominent member of the Conservative Party.  Collins was active in the 1990s and was later the Member of Parliament (MP) for Westmorland and Lonsdale in north-west England from 1997 until his defeat at the 2005 general election by Tim Farron, later leader of the Liberal Democrats.

Tim Farron
Timothy James Farron (born 27 May 1970) is a British politician who served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats from 2015 to 2017. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Westmorland and Lonsdale since 2005 and is the Liberal Democrat spokesperson for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Before entering politics, he worked in higher education.

Farron was the president of the Liberal Democrats from 2011 to 2014. He was the Liberal Democrats' shadow foreign secretary in 2015 under Nick Clegg's leadership and Spokesperson for Housing, Communities and Local Government from 2019 to 2022, with responsibility for the Northern Powerhouse from 2019 to 2020. He served as Spokesperson for Work and Pensions under Jo Swinson from 2019 to 2020.
Northport Power Station
The Northport Power Station, known as “The Stacks” by locals, is the largest power generation facility on Long Island.  It is a natural gas and conventional oil electric power generating station located on the North Shore of Long Island in Fort Salonga, New York.  The facility was built by the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) in stages between 1967 and 1977, and since August 2007 it has been owned and operated by National Grid USA.  The plant's electric output is distributed by Long Island Power Authority (LIPA).

In 2010, National Grid filed a lawsuit against the Town of Huntington to challenge the station's property tax levy, which at $80 million made it the most taxed building in the United States. In September 2020, a settlement for a tax reduction on the facility was reached.

Long Island Lighting Company
The Long Island Lighting Company, or LILCO ("lil-co"), was an electrical power company and natural gas utility for Long Island, New York, serving 2.7 million people in Nassau, Suffolk and Queens counties, from 1911 until 1998.
Hale and Pace
Hale and Pace were an English comedy double-act that performed in clubs and on radio and television in the United Kingdom in the 1980s and 1990s. The duo was made up of Gareth Hale and Norman Pace, with the Hale and Pace television show running for ten years and 66 episodes, from 1988 to 1998.

Norman Pace
Norman John Pace (born 17 February 1953) is an English actor and comedian, best known as one half of the comedy duo Hale and Pace with his friend and comic partner Gareth Hale. Both former teachers, they fronted several television programmes jointly, most notably Hale and Pace, Pushing Up Daisies, h&p@bbc and Jobs for the Boys.
Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment
The Organic Moderated Reactor Experiment (OMRE) was a 16 MWt experimental organic nuclear reactor that operated at the National Reactor Testing Station from 1957 to 1963 to explore the use of hydrocarbons as coolant, moderator, and reflector materials in power reactor conditions. Such organic fluids are non-corrosive, do not become highly activated under irradiation, and can operate at low pressure and moderate temperature. These characteristics were considered promising towards the goal of achieving economical commercial nuclear power.

The information provided by OMRE established the credibility of the Organic nuclear reactor concept and led to the commercial demonstration at the Piqua Nuclear Generating Station. More recently, OMRE has been cited as providing key input and motivation for modern designs of such systems, aiming to help improve performance of new and advanced nuclear power plants towards the goals of climate change mitigation.

Piqua Nuclear Generating Station
The Piqua Nuclear Power Facility was an organic cooled and moderated nuclear reactor which operated just outside the southern city limits of Piqua, Ohio in the United States.  The plant contained a 45.5-megawatt (thermal) organically cooled and moderated nuclear reactor (terphenyl, a biphenyl like oil).  The Piqua facility was built and operated between 1963 and 1966 as a demonstration project by the Atomic Energy Commission.  The facility ceased operation in 1966.  It was dismantled between 1967 and 1969, and the radioactive coolant and most other radioactive materials were removed. The remaining radioactive structural components of the reactor were entombed in the reactor vessel under sand and concrete.
Bevan French
Bevan French  (born 4 January 1996) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who plays primarily as a stand-off, but also as a fullback or winger   for the Wigan Warriors in the Super League.

French began his career playing for amateur club Tingha Tigers, playing first team rugby at age 15. In 2013, he signed for Parramatta Eels in the NRL making his first team debut the year after. In 2019, he left Parramatta for Wentworthville Magpies in the NSW Cup where he played for six months before joining Wigan. Internationally, he has represented the Indigenous All Stars.

With Wigan, French has won two Super League Grand Finals in 2023, and 2024, two Challenge Cup finals in 2022 and 2024, in addition to the World Club Challenge in 2024. The 2024 campaign saw him become the first player in British rugby league history to win Man of the Match in all three finals.

2024 Challenge Cup final
The 2024 Challenge Cup Final was the 123rd final of the Rugby Football League's Challenge Cup knock-out competition. The final was contested by Wigan Warriors and Warrington Wolves. This was the first time since 1990 that the teams had met in the final.
Louis Brisson
Louis Brisson, OSFS (23 June 1817 – 2 February 1908) was a French Roman Catholic priest and the founder of both the Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales and the Oblates of St. Francis de Sales. He founded the female branch alongside Léonie Aviat and the male branch alongside the Servant of God Thérèse Chappuis. Brisson's founding of the congregations stemmed from his desire to improve the working conditions of middle-class girls and to ensure their protection and the promotion of their faith.

His beatification received approval from Pope Benedict XVI and it was celebrated in France on 22 September 2012.

Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales
The Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales (Latin: Oblati Sancti Francisci Salesii, O.S.F.S.) are a congregation of Roman Catholic Religious Sisters who base their spirituality on the teachings of St. Francis de Sales and St. Jane de Chantal. (The Oblate Sisters of St. Francis de Sales are affiliated with the Oblate Priests and Brothers of St. Francis de Sales)
Reeth
Reeth is a village 11 miles (18 km) west of Richmond in North Yorkshire, England, in the civil parish of Reeth, Fremington and Healaugh. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, it is the principal settlement of upper Swaledale.

Swaledale
Swaledale is a valley in North Yorkshire, England. It is one of the Yorkshire Dales, which are part of the Pennines, and within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the River Swale, which runs through it. Swaledale is the most northerly of the major dales.
The Most Beautiful Villages in Japan
The Association of the Most Beautiful Villages in Japan (「日本で最も美しい村」連合, Nihon de mottomo utsukushii mura rengō) is a Japanese nonprofit organization of listing some of the most beautiful villages and towns in Japan. The association is active on enhancement and protection of Japanese rural heritage, cultural fairs, and branding and promotion of regional, national, and international cooperation of its member villages and towns. It is affiliated to the international association The Most Beautiful Villages in the World. Despite the title which may suggest that it is a systematic ranking, affiliation is not mandatory and many villages which could claim to meet the admission criteria are not candidates.

The Most Beautiful Villages in the World
The Most Beautiful Villages in the World is a non-profit private international organization that brings together various territorial associations promoting small inhabited centers of particular historical and landscape interest.
Wakatipu Wild
The Wakatipu Wild is a New Zealand amateur ice hockey team from Queenstown, Otago, New Zealand. Founded in 2020, the Wild are a member of the New Zealand Women's Ice Hockey League (NZWIHL). The Wild are based at Queenstown Ice Arena, located at Queenstown Gardens. Wakatipu are one time NZWIHL champions and premiers.

New Zealand Women's Ice Hockey League
The New Zealand Women's Ice Hockey League (NZWIHL) is New Zealand's top-tier women's ice hockey league. Established in 2014 as New Zealand's first women's national league, the NZWIHL has amateur status and is sanctioned by the New Zealand Ice Hockey Federation (a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation). The NZWIHL is currently contested by four teams from both the North and South Islands. The league champion is awarded the Championship Trophy and gold medals and the league premier is awarded the Premiership Trophy. The most successful team in NZWIHL history is Auckland Steel, who have claimed four championship titles. The current champion, from 2022, is the Wakatipu Wild, who claimed their first title.
Goan literature
Goan literature is the literature pertaining to the state of Goa, India.

Goa has a population of around 1.4 million and an area of 3,700 sq. kilometres (1,430 sq. miles). For a small region, it has a significant amount of publication activity, possibly in part because its people write in a number of languages—perhaps as many as 13—and also because of the large expatriate and diaspora population of Goans settled across the globe.

Among its most noted writers are Laxmanrao Sardessai (1904–1986) and R. V. Pandit (1917–1990), both of whom wrote poetry and prose in Marathi, Konkani, and Portuguese; Shenoi Goembab (1877–1946), whose Konkani writing helped to establish Konkani as a modern literary language; Ravindra Kelekar (1925–2010), who wrote some of the twentieth century's foremost Konkani literature; and Pundalik Naik (born 1952), whose 1977 novel Acchev was the first Konkani novel to be translated into English.

Goans
Goans (Romi Konkani: Goenkar, Portuguese: Goeses) is the demonym used to describe the people native to Goa, India, formerly part of Portuguese India (Estado Português da Índia). They form an ethno-linguistic group resulting from the assimilation of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Indo-Portuguese, Austro-Asiatic ethnic and/or linguistic ancestries. They speak different dialects of the Konkani language, collectively known as Goan Konkani. "Goanese", although sometimes used, is an incorrect term for Goans.
Palacio de Torre Tagle
The Palacio de Torre Tagle is a residential mansion built during the colonial era of Peru that currently houses offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. It is located in the Jirón Ucayali in the historic centre of Lima, two blocks southeast of the Plaza Mayor.

It comprises a built area of 1,699 m2 (18,290 sq ft). The materials used in the construction of the Palacio de Torre Tagle were brought from Spain, Panama and other Central American countries.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru (Spanish: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, MRE) is the government ministry in charge of foreign policy and international relations and cooperation of Peru. It works in coordination with the country's diplomatic network, accredited to different countries and international organizations. In the same way, it also works with the diplomatic body in the country accredited to the Peruvian State.

As of 14 October 2025, the minister is Hugo de Zela.
Alumni Hall (University of Notre Dame)
Alumni Hall is one of the 33 Residence Halls on the campus of the University of Notre Dame and one of the 17 male dorms. It is located on South Quad adjacent to "Main Circle", across from the law school building, and it hosts 234 undergraduates.

It was built in 1931 by the architectural firm Maginnis & Walsh in collegiate gothic style, and it is one of the oldest and largest of residences halls at the university. During World War II, it hosted officers for the V-12 Navy College Training Program. Alumni residents are known for their strong rivalry with Dillon Hall and for their many traditions, including the Alumni Hall Wake. Together with other historic structures of the university, it is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Maginnis & Walsh
Maginnis & Walsh was a Boston-based architecture firm started by Charles Donagh Maginnis and Timothy Francis Walsh in 1905. It was known for its innovative design of churches in Boston in the first half of the 20th century.
Futuremark
Futuremark Oy was a Finnish software development company that produced computer benchmark applications for home, business, and press use. Futuremark was acquired by UL on 31 October 2014, and was formally merged into the company on 23 April 2018.

Benchmark (computing)
In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, normally by running a number of standard tests and trials against it.

The term benchmark is also commonly utilized for the purposes of elaborately designed benchmarking programs themselves.

Benchmarking is usually associated with assessing performance characteristics of computer hardware, for example, the floating point operation performance of a CPU, but there are circumstances when the technique is also applicable to software. Software benchmarks are, for example, run against compilers or database management systems (DBMS).

Benchmarks provide a method of comparing the performance of various subsystems across different chip/system architectures. Benchmarking as a part of continuous integration is called Continuous Benchmarking.
1968 Tour de France
The 1968 Tour de France was the 55th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between 27 June and 21 July, with 22 stages covering a distance of 4,492 km (2,791 mi). Eleven national teams of 10 riders competed, with three French teams, two Belgian teams and one from Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, and a combined Swiss/Luxembourgian team.

The 1968 Tour marked the first time the race would end at the Vélodrome de Vincennes, replacing the now-defunct Parc des Princes Velodrome which served as the final stop from 1904 to 1967. The general classification was won by Jan Janssen, who overtook Herman Van Springel in the final time trial.

Herman Vanspringel
Herman Vanspringel (14 August 1943 – 25 August 2022), also spelled Herman Van Springel, was a Belgian road racing cyclist, from Grobbendonk, in the Flemish Campine or Kempen region. He achieved podium finishes in all three of the grand tours with second place in the  1968 Tour de France and 1971 Giro d'Italia, and third place in the 1970 Vuelta a España. He wore the maillot jaune during four stages of the 1968 Tour de France and for three stages in 1973.
Deanston
Deanston (Scottish Gaelic: Baile an Deadhain) is a village in the Stirling council area, Scotland, on the south bank of the River Teith east of Doune, in south-west Perthshire. It is a part of the parish of Kilmadock.

River Teith
The River Teith is a river in Scotland, which is formed from the confluence of two smaller rivers, the Garbh Uisge (River Leny) and Eas Gobhain at Callander, Stirlingshire. It flows into the River Forth near Drip north-west of Stirling.
Semi-Detached (album)
Semi-Detached is the fourth major label album by the rock band Therapy? Released on 30 March 1998 on A&M Records, it turned out to be their final album on the label. The album was recorded at various stages throughout 1997, including sessions at Chipping Norton Studios in Oxford, Homestead Studio in Randalstown, Moles Studio in Bath and Metropolis Studios in London. It was also the first Therapy? album recorded with Graham Hopkins and Martin McCarrick as full-time members. The album was not released in USA, but charted at number 21 in the UK Albums Chart.

The album was originally released on CD and Cassette, and as a limited edition box set of six 7" singles.

A remastered CD version of the album by Harvey Birrell was included in The Gemil Box, released on 18 November 2013.

The cover artwork is a reference to Happy Days, a play by Samuel Beckett, whose writings are often referenced in Therapy?'s music.

Therapy?
Therapy? are  a Northern Irish rock band from Larne, formed in 1989 by guitarist-vocalist Andy Cairns and drummer-vocalist Fyfe Ewing. Therapy? recorded their first demo with Cairns filling in on bass guitar. To complete the lineup, the band recruited Larne bassist Michael McKeegan. The band signed with major label A&M Records in 1992, for which they released four albums, most notably Troublegum in 1994 and Infernal Love in 1995. Ewing's departure in early 1996 preceded the arrivals of his replacement Graham Hopkins, as well as Martin McCarrick on guitar and cello. Neil Cooper replaced Hopkins in 2002. McCarrick departed in 2004, and the band have remained a three-piece ever since.

Therapy? are currently signed to UK independent label Marshall Records. The band have released 14 studio albums and sold over two million albums worldwide.
Giovanni Scanu
Giovanni Scanu  (born 3 May 1975) is an Italian football manager who last served as the head coach for Indian club Thrissur Magic in the Super League Kerala.

Born in Nuoro, Italy, Scanu was assistant manager of various clubs in the Serie D and Lega Pro Seconda Divisione from 2006 to 2011, when he started his head coaching career at hometown club Nuorese Calcio in the Eccellenza. From 2012 onwards, Scanu coached in various countries abroad, namely FK Tauras Tauragė and FK Nevezis in Lithuania, Kaduna United in Nigeria, Coritiba de Sergipe in Brazil, FC Tatabánya in Hungary, Brothers Union in Bangladesh, FC Zimbru Chisinau in Moldova, and Kilimani City in Tanzania.

Thrissur Magic FC
Thrissur Magic Football Club is an Indian professional football club based in Thrissur, Kerala, that competes in the Super League Kerala. The club was established in 2024 during the league's inaugural season. Giovanni Scanu was announced as the first head coach.