hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Jasper County, Mississippi
Jasper County is located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. At the 2020 census, the population was 16,367. In 1906, the state legislature established two county courts, one at the first county seat of Paulding in the eastern part of the county and also one at Bay Springs in the west, where the railroad had been constructed. Jasper County is part of the Laurel, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Bay Springs' growth soon surpassed that of Paulding. No roadway connected the two parts of the county until one was built in 1935–1936. The still largely rural county is the major producer in the state of gas and oil, located in the southeast, and of timber, cattle, and poultry.

Paulding, Mississippi
Paulding is an unincorporated community in and one of the two county seats of Jasper County, Mississippi. It is the only unincorporated county seat in Mississippi. Settled in 1833, it was named by United States settlers in honor of Revolutionary War hero John Paulding. After its citizens refused to contribute to a new railroad, the community was bypassed in favor of Bay Springs, Mississippi, which was designated a railroad stop to the west and the second county seat. It attracted more development and industry.

As of the 2010 census, Paulding had a population of 838. Bay Springs' population was more than twice that, at 1,768.
Ba space
In mathematics, the ba space  of an algebra of sets  is the Banach space consisting of all bounded and finitely additive signed measures on . The norm is defined as the variation, that is

If Σ is a sigma-algebra, then the space  is defined as the subset of  consisting of countably additive measures. The notation ba is a mnemonic for bounded additive and ca is short for countably additive.

If X is a topological space, and Σ is the sigma-algebra of Borel sets in X, then  is the subspace of  consisting of all regular Borel measures on X.

Banach space
In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a Banach space (/ˈbɑː.nʌx/, Polish pronunciation: [ˈba.nax]) is a complete normed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with a metric that allows the computation of vector length and distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that a Cauchy sequence of vectors always converges to a well-defined limit that is within the space.

Banach spaces are named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, who introduced this concept and studied it systematically in 1920–1922 along with Hans Hahn and Eduard Helly.
Maurice René Fréchet was the first to use the term "Banach space" and Banach in turn then coined the term "Fréchet space".
Banach spaces originally grew out of the study of function spaces by Hilbert, Fréchet, and Riesz earlier in the century. Banach spaces play a central role in functional analysis. In other areas of analysis, the spaces under study are often Banach spaces.
Héctor Buitrago
Héctor Buitrago is the co-member of the multiple Grammy winning Colombian Latin alternative band Aterciopelados.  Buitrago came from a hardcore rock background, heading a group called La Pestilencia, while co-member Andrea Echeverri had been drawn into the fledgling scene through art school friends. Buitrago and Echeverri went on to open one of Bogota's only rock clubs, and their relationship is one Latin rock's most successful artistic partnerships.

Andrea Echeverri
Andrea Echeverri Arias (born September 13, 1965) is a Colombian rock/pop singer and guitarist. She holds a degree in Fine Arts from University of Los Andes and was a ceramist before becoming a musician. She is the lead singer in Aterciopelados where she also plays the acoustic guitar. In March 2005 her debut solo album Andrea Echeverri was released by Nacional Records, a label focused on promoting the best in Latin alternative music.  According to NPR's Felix Contreras "It's possible to chart the development of Latin Alternative music by following the career of Andrea Echeverri."
Utility maximization problem
In microeconomic theory, the utility maximization problem formalizes how a consumer allocates limited resources across different goods and services. The consumer is assumed to have well-defined preferences over all feasible bundles of goods and to be able to rank these bundles according to the level of utility they provide. Given a budget constraint determined by income and prices, the consumer chooses the most preferred bundle that is affordable. The utility maximization problem yields a systematic analysis of consumer demand and how it changes in response to changes in income or prices.

Utility
In economics, utility is a measure of a certain person's satisfaction from a certain state of the world. Over time, the term has been used with at least two meanings.

In a normative context, utility refers to a goal or objective that we wish to maximize, i.e., an objective function. This kind of utility bears a closer resemblance to the original utilitarian concept, developed by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

In a descriptive context, the term refers to an apparent objective function; such a function is revealed by a person's behavior, and specifically by their preferences over lotteries, which can be any quantified choice.

The relationship between these two kinds of utility functions has been a source of controversy among both economists and ethicists, with most maintaining that the two are distinct but generally related.
Vamar Shipwreck Site
The Vamar is a shipwreck (which sank on March 21, 1942) near Mexico Beach, Florida, United States. It is located 3.7 miles offshore from Mexico Beach. It became the ninth Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve when it was dedicated in 2004. On April 10, 2006, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.

Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserve
The Florida Underwater Archaeological Preserves are a system of underwater parks in the state of Florida, US. They consist of shipwrecks of historic interest, both off the coast and inland, and are open all year round, free of charge. Similar programs have been created in California, Maryland, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont.

There are twelve preserves in the Florida system:

Urca de Lima

San Pedro

City of Hawkinsville

USS Massachusetts (BB-2)

SS Copenhagen

SS Tarpon

Half Moon

Lofthus

Vamar

Regina

Georges Valentine

USS Narcissus
Penobscot Building (1905)
The Penobscot Building is the original 13-story building of the Penobscot Block complex in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It is the first Penobscot Building, and one of three buildings of the same name in the later-constructed complex. It is located at 131 West Fort Street, within the Detroit Financial District.

Penobscot Block
The Penobscot Block is a complex of office towers in downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States.

The block includes four major buildings. The original 13-story Penobscot Building, the 28-story Penobscot Building Annex, and the prominent 45-story Greater Penobscot Building are connected; the unrelated Ford Building stands adjacent to the three at the southeast corner of the block.

The block is also bordered to the west (along Shelby Street) by the Savoyard Centre, previously known as the Peoples Savings Bank Building and 151 West Fort.
Van Gogh's family in his art
Van Gogh's family in his art refers to works that Vincent van Gogh made for or about Van Gogh family members. In 1881, Vincent drew a portrait of his grandfather, also named Vincent van Gogh, and his sister Wil. While living in Nuenen, Vincent memorialized his father in Still Life with Bible following his death in 1885.  There he also made many paintings and drawings in 1884 and 1885 of his parents' vicarage, its garden and the church. At the height of his career in Arles he made Portrait of the Artist's Mother, Memory of the Garden at Etten of his mother and sister and Novel Reader, which is thought to be of his sister, Wil.

While van Gogh was at the Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Remy, he made several paintings as gifts for his mother and sister, and the painting Almond Blossoms for his brother Theo and his wife Johanna to celebrate the birth of their son, whom they named Vincent.

Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
Theodorus "Theo" van Gogh (Dutch: [teːjoːˈdoːrʏs ˈteːjoː vɑŋ ˈɣɔx]; 1 May 1857 – 25 January 1891) was a Dutch art dealer and a younger brother of Vincent van Gogh. His support of his older brother's artistic ambitions and well-being allowed Vincent to devote himself entirely to painting. As an art dealer, Van Gogh played a crucial role in introducing contemporary French art to the public.

Van Gogh died at the age of 33, six months after his brother's death at age 37. Van Gogh owned almost all of his brother's artwork. His widow, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, worked to promote the work of Vincent and keep the memory of her husband alive. In 1914, Van Gogh's remains were buried next to those of his brother Vincent.
Spencer Gulf
The Spencer Gulf is the westernmost and larger of two large inlets (the other being Gulf St Vincent) on the southern coast of Australia, in the state of South Australia, facing the Great Australian Bight. It spans from the Cape Catastrophe and Eyre Peninsula in the west to Cape Spencer and Yorke Peninsula in the east.

The largest towns on the gulf are Port Lincoln, Whyalla, Port Pirie, and Port Augusta. Smaller towns on the gulf include Tumby Bay, Port Neill, Arno Bay, Cowell, Port Germein, Port Broughton, Wallaroo, Port Hughes, Port Victoria, Port Rickaby, Point Turton, and Corny Point.

Port Augusta
Port Augusta (Goordnada in the revived indigenous Barngarla language) is a coastal city in South Australia about 310 kilometres (190 mi) by road from the state capital, Adelaide. Most of the city is on the eastern shores of Spencer Gulf, immediately south of the gulf's head, comprising the city's centre and surrounding suburbs, Stirling North, and seaside homes at Commissariat Point, Blanche Harbor and Miranda. The suburb of Port Augusta West is on the western side of the gulf on the Eyre Peninsula. Together, these localities had a population of 13,515 in the 2021 census.

Formerly a seaport, the city supports regional agriculture and services many mines in the South Australian interior to its north. A significant industry was electricity generation until 2019, when its coal-burning power stations were shut down. A solar farm opened in 2020.
Supamas Sangchan
Supamas Sangchan (Thai: สุภมาส แสงจันทร์; born 2 April 1996) is a Thai professional golfer playing on the China LPGA Tour. As an amateur, she won a gold medal at the 2014 Asian Games in the women's team event with Budsabakorn Sukapan and Benyapa Niphatsophon and another bronze medal in the women's individual event. In 2016, Sangchan captured her first Ladies European Tour title at the Sanya Ladies Open in China.

Benyapa Niphatsophon
Benyapa Niphatsophon (Thai: เบญญาภา นิภัทร์โสภณ; born 26 June 1997) is a Thai professional golfer playing on the Ladies European Tour. As an amateur, she won a gold medal at the 2014 Asian Games in the women's team event with Budsabakorn Sukapan and Supamas Sangchan.
Gloucester Citizen
The Gloucester Citizen is a local British weekly newspaper covering the areas of Gloucester, Stroud and the Forest of Dean. It was a six-day-a-week newspaper until it went weekly in October 2017. The Gloucester Citizen is headquartered at Gloucester Quays along with its sister newspaper the Gloucestershire Echo. The editor from 2017 to 2020 was Rachael Sugden.

Gloucestershire Live
Gloucestershire Echo is a local weekly newspaper, formerly with offices in Cheltenham and Gloucester, England . Published every Thursday, it covers the areas of Bishops Cleeve, Cheltenham, Moreton-in-Marsh, Northleach, Stow-on-the-Wold and Tewkesbury. The newspaper is headquartered at Gloucester Quays.

Its digital counterpart is called 'Gloucestershire Live'.
Yitzchok Lichtenstein
Yitzchok (Yitzchak) Abba Lichtenstein (Hebrew: יצחק אבא ליכטנשטיין; born December 1962) is an Israeli-American Orthodox rabbi who is a co-rosh yeshiva of Yeshiva Torah Vodaas located in Brooklyn, New York and the former Mara d'asra of Kehillas Bais Avrohom in Monsey. He is a major editor for the writings of Rabbis Chaim Soloveitchik, Moshe Soloveichik and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. He is the second son of Rav Aharon Lichtenstein and Dr. Tovah Soloveitchik.

Joseph B. Soloveitchik
Joseph Ber Soloveitchik (Hebrew: יוסף דב הלוי סולובייצ׳יק Yosef Dov ha-Levi Soloveychik; February 27, 1903 – April 9, 1993) was a major American Orthodox rabbi, Talmudist, and modern Jewish philosopher. He was a scion of the Lithuanian Jewish Soloveitchik rabbinic dynasty.

As a rosh yeshiva of Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS) at Yeshiva University in New York City, The Rav, as he was known, ordained close to 2,000 rabbis over the course of almost half a century. Some Rabbinic literature, such as sefer Shiurei Ha-Grid, refers to him as Ha-Grid (הגרי״ד), an acronym for "The Gaon Rabbi Yosef Dov".

He is regarded as a seminal figure by Modern Orthodox Judaism and served as a guide and role-model for tens of thousands of Jews, both as a Talmudic scholar and as a religious leader.
Jewar Assembly constituency
Jewar  Assembly constituency is one of the 403 constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. Jewar is a part of the Gautam Budh Nagar district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1961)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1961. After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 63.

From the 3rd to 15th Vidhan Sabha, this constituency was reserved for candidates from  scheduled caste community.

Gautam Buddha Nagar district
Gautam Buddha Nagar district is a district of Uttar Pradesh, named after Gautama Buddha. It is a part of Delhi National Capital Region and is divided into 3 sub-divisions (Tehsils) of Noida, Dadri and Jewar. Greater Noida is the administrative headquarters of Gautam Buddha Nagar district. Noida, Greater Noida, Dadri, Jewar, YEIDA City and Dankaur fall under this district.
Zhanjiang Wuchuan International Airport
Zhanjiang Wuchuan International Airport (IATA: ZHA, ICAO: ZGZJ) is an international airport serving Zhanjiang in South China's Guangdong province.  It is a civil airport located in Tangdu Town, Wuchuan City, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province. It is approximately 35 kilometers from downtown Zhanjiang. The airport is classified as a class 4E facility and is the largest and highest-grade airport in the western Guangdong region. The airport opened on 24 March 2022, replacing the Zhanjiang Airport in Xiashan. On 20 February 2024, Zhanjiang Wuchuan Airport was renamed to "Zhanjiang Wuchuan International Airport".

Zhanjiang Airport
Zhanjiang Airport (Chinese: 湛江机场) (IATA: ZHA, ICAO: ZGZJ) was an airport in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.

It was also called Zhanjiang Xiting International Airport (Chinese: 湛江西厅国际机场), Zhanjiang Potou International Airport (Chinese: 湛江坡头国际机场), or Zhanjiang Xiashan International Airport (Chinese: 湛江霞山国际机场). It began operations in 1952 and closed on 24 March 2022, when the new Zhanjiang Wuchuan Airport opened.
Elaine Luria
Elaine Goodman Luria (/ˈlʊriə/; LUUR-ee-ə; born August 15, 1975) is an American politician and US Navy veteran who served as the U.S. representative from Virginia's 2nd congressional district from 2019 to 2023. Luria's congressional district included most of Hampton Roads, including all of Virginia Beach, Williamsburg, and Poquoson and parts of Norfolk and Hampton. Before running for Congress, she served as a naval officer for 20 years. Luria rose to the rank of commander and spent most of her career aboard ship. She narrowly defeated Republican incumbent Scott Taylor in 2018 and defeated him again in 2020, before losing her bid for a third term to Republican Jen Kiggans in 2022.

Jen Kiggans
Jennifer Ann Kiggans (née Moore; born June 18, 1971) is an American politician, former United States Navy helicopter pilot, and geriatric nurse practitioner serving as the U.S. representative for Virginia's 2nd congressional district since 2023. A member of the Republican Party, she previously served in the Virginia Senate from 2020 to 2022. Kiggans defeated Democratic incumbent Elaine Luria in the 2022 election and was re-elected in 2024.
Mark Geyer
Mark Bradley Geyer OAM (/ɡaɪər/) (born 7 December 1967) is an Australian radio host and former 
professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000. An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative second-rower, he is a rugby league media identity. Geyer's club career was played primarily with Penrith, with whom he won a premiership in 1991, as well as the Balmain Tigers and the Western Reds. He is the brother of fellow former professional rugby league footballer Matt Geyer and the father of current Penrith Panthers player Mavrik Geyer.

Geyer was part of the Triple M on-air team for the Sydney breakfast show called The Grill Team from 2009 to 2017 before moving to an evening slot—The Rush Hour—on the same station.

Matt Geyer
Matt Geyer (/ɡaɪər/) (born 5 September 1975) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. A New South Wales State of Origin representative wing, he played his club football primarily with the Melbourne Storm of the National Rugby League competition, winning the 1999 premiership with them. He also represented City Origin and played for the Western Reds.
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
The Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica ('National Gallery of Ancient Art') is an art museum in Rome, Italy. It is the principal national collection of older paintings in Rome – mostly from before 1800; it does not hold any antiquities. It has two sites: the Palazzo Barberini and the Palazzo Corsini.

The gallery's collection includes works by Bernini, Caravaggio, van Dyck, Holbein, Fra Angelico, Filippo Lippi, Lotto, Preti, Poussin, El Greco, Raphael, Tiepolo, Tintoretto, Rubens, Murillo, Ribera and Titian.

Palazzo Corsini, Rome
The Palazzo Corsini is a prominent late-baroque palace in Rome, erected for the Corsini family between 1730 and 1740 as an elaboration of the prior building on the site, a 15th-century villa of the Riario family, based on designs of Ferdinando Fuga. It is located in the Trastevere section of the city, and stands beside the Villa Farnesina.
Cojedes (state)
Cojedes State (Spanish: Estado Cojedes, IPA: [esˈtaðo koˈxeðes]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Located in the Central Region of Venezuela, its capital is San Carlos.

Cojedes State covers a total surface area of 14,800 km2 (5,700 sq mi) and, in 2011, had a census population of 323,165.

States of Venezuela
The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela is a federation made up of twenty-three states (Spanish: estados), a Capital District (Spanish: Distrito Capital) and the Federal Dependencies (Spanish: Dependencias Federales), which consist of many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Venezuela claims the disputed Essequibo territory as one of its states, which it calls Guayana Esequiba, but the territory is controlled by Guyana as part of six of its regions.

The states and territories of Venezuela are usually organized into regions (Spanish: regiones), although these regions are mostly geographical entities rather than administrative entities.
Jagtial district
Jagtial district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. Its administrative headquarters is the city of Jagtial. The district shares boundaries with Nirmal, Mancherial, Karimnagar, Peddapalli, Sircilla and Nizamabad districts.

Peddapalli district
Pedapalli district is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. Its administrative headquarters is at Peddapalli and Commissionerate is at Ramagundam. The district shares boundaries with Mancherial, Karimnagar, Jagtial and Jayashankar Bhupalpally districts. This district covers Ramagundam city which is situated in the Godavari valley coalfields and has one of the India's largest thermal power stations in south region under NTPC. Mostly industries are connected with Godavarikhani - NTPC - Ramagundam.
Toyama Domain
Toyama Domain (富山藩, Toyama han) was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Etchū Province (modern-day Toyama Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Toyama Castle in what is now the city of Toyama. Throughout its history, it was ruled by a cadet branch of the Maeda clan. The daimyō of Toyama Domain was subject to sankin-kōtai, and was received in the Ōhiroma of Edo Castle.

Etchū Province
Etchū Province (越中国, Etchū no Kuni; Japanese pronunciation: [eꜜt.tɕɯː (no kɯ.ɲi), et.tɕɯꜜː-]) was a province of Japan in the area that is today Toyama Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan.   Etchū bordered on Noto and Kaga Provinces to the west, Shinano and Hida Provinces to the south, Echigo Province to the east and  the Sea of Japan to the north. Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州).
G-mik!
G-mik! is a Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Laurenti Dyogi, starring Camille Prats, Stefano Mori, John Prats, Angelica Panganiban, Carlo Aquino, Miko Samson, Heart Evangelista, Danilo Barrios, Janus del Prado, Angelene Aguilar, Abigail Cruz, and Alyson Lualhati. It aired on the network's Saturday afternoon line up from February 13, 1999 to June 15, 2002, replacing Gimik and was replaced by K2BU.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.

Gimik
Gimik is a Philippine television drama series broadcast by ABS-CBN. Directed by Laurenti Dyogi, starring Judy Ann Santos, Rico Yan, Diether Ocampo, G. Toengi, Mylene Dizon, Jolina Magdangal, Marvin Agustin, Bojo Molina, Patrick Garcia, Kaye Abad, Kristopher Peralta, Diego Castro III, Andrea Blaesi, Dominic Ochoa, Kristine Hermosa, Paula Peralejo, John Lloyd Cruz, Cheska Garcia, Carlos Agassi, Baron Geisler, Laura James and Desiree del Valle. It aired on the network's Saturday afternoon line up from June 15, 1996 to February 6, 1999, replacing Game na Game Na! and was replaced by G-mik.

The series is streaming online on YouTube.
Calvin Johnson (musician)
Calvin Johnson (born November 1, 1962) is an American guitarist, vocalist, songwriter, music producer, and disc jockey. Johnson was a founding member of the bands Cool Rays, Beat Happening, Dub Narcotic Sound System, The Go Team, and The Halo Benders.

Calvin Johnson is also the founder and owner of the influential indie label K Records and has been cited as a major player in the beginning of the modern independent music movement.

Beat Happening
Beat Happening was an American indie pop band formed in Olympia, Washington in 1982. Calvin Johnson, Heather Lewis, and Bret Lunsford were the band's continual members. Beat Happening were early leaders in the American indie pop and slacker rock movements as well as pioneers of twee pop, noted for their playful disregard for the technical aspects of musicianship that contributed to lo-fi music, and songwriting with carefree and coy themes.
Trinidad Province
The Province of Trinidad (1525–1802) was a province of the Spanish Empire which was created in 1525.

From 1591 to 1731 it was merged with Guayana Province, as Trinidad-Guayana Province. It was lost to the British in 1797, a loss recognised by the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.

Guayana Province
Guayana Province (1585−1864) was a province of Spanish Colonial Venezuela and independent Venezuela, located in the Guyana region of northeastern South America.

The province was part of the Spanish colonial New Andalusia Province and Captaincy General of Venezuela from 1585 to 1821, and of independent Venezuela from 1821 to 1864.