hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Downtown (Washington, D.C.)
Downtown is the central business district of Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. It is the third largest central business district in the United States. The "Traditional Downtown" has been defined as an area roughly between Union Station in the east and 16th Street NW in the west, and between the National Mall on the south and  Massachusetts Avenue on the north, including Penn Quarter. However, nowadays, Downtown D.C. can often refer to a larger area, as the DC Office of Planning states:

…most residents, workers, and visitors think of Downtown in a broader sense — including areas as far north as Dupont Circle, as far west as Foggy Bottom, and as far east as Capitol Hill. Only about half of the central city workforce is located within the city’s traditional Downtown.

A small portion of this area is known as the Downtown Historic District and was listed on the NRHP in 2001.

Foggy Bottom
Foggy Bottom is a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States, located in the city's northwest quadrant. It stretches west of the White House towards the Potomac River, north of the National Mall, east of Georgetown, south of the West End neighborhood and west of Downtown D.C.

The neighborhood is best known for hosting the headquarters of the U.S. Department of State, for which the name "Foggy Bottom" is commonly used as a metonym. It is also home to federal agencies and international institutions, including the Federal Reserve, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund; the core of the neighborhood is occupied by George Washington University.

Within greater Foggy Bottom, there is a four block Historic District with modest row houses and alleys dating from as early as the 1870s and which housed working class Irish, German and African Americans during the historic period of 1860-1915.
Polar climate
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters. Every month a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F). Regions with a polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator and near the poles, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long. They could last for the entirety of each season or longer.

A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters, or, in the case of ice cap climates, no real summer at all, which results in treeless tundras, glaciers, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice. It is identified with the letter E in the Köppen climate classification.

Tundra
In physical geography, a tundra (/ˈtʌndrə, ˈtʊn-/) is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic, Alpine, and Antarctic.

Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges, grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The tundra soil is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. The soil also contains large amounts of biomass and decomposed biomass that has been stored as methane and carbon dioxide in the permafrost, making the tundra soil a carbon sink. As global warming heats the ecosystem and causes soil thawing, the permafrost carbon cycle accelerates and releases much of these soil-contained greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, creating a feedback cycle that contributes to climate change.
Hunt–Szymanski algorithm
In computer science, the Hunt–Szymanski algorithm, also known as Hunt–McIlroy algorithm, is a solution to the longest common subsequence problem. It was one of the first non-heuristic algorithms used in diff, which compares a pair of files, each represented as a sequence of lines. To this day, variations of this algorithm are found in incremental version control systems, wiki engines, and molecular phylogenetics research software.

The worst-case complexity for this algorithm is O(n2 log n), but in practice O(n log n) is rather expected.

Longest common subsequence
A longest common subsequence (LCS) is the longest subsequence common to all sequences in a set of sequences (often just two sequences). It differs from the longest common substring: unlike substrings, subsequences are not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences. The problem of computing longest common subsequences is a classic computer science problem. Because it is polynomial and has an efficient algorithm to solve it, it is employed to compare data and merge changes to files in programs such as the diff utility and revision control systems such as Git. It has similar applications in computational linguistics and bioinformatics.

For example, consider the sequences (ABCD) and (ACBAD). They have five length-2 common subsequences: (AB), (AC), (AD), (BD), and (CD); two length-3 common subsequences: (ABD) and (ACD); and no longer common subsequences. So (ABD) and (ACD) are their longest common subsequences.
Bettie Bendolph Seltzer
Bettie Bendolph Seltzer (1939–2017) was an American artist. She was associated with the Gee's Bend quilting collective, along with her mother, Annie Bendolph, and her mother-in-law, Sue Willie Seltzer. She worked at the Freedom Quilting Bee.

Annie Bendolph
Annie Pettway Lewis Bendolph (1900–1981) was an American artist associated with the Gee's Bend group of quilters. Her work is included in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, to which it was donated by the Souls Grown Deep Foundation.
Olivia Jade
Olivia Jade Giannulli (born September 28, 1999) is an American YouTuber, and daughter of fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli and actress Lori Loughlin. While in high school, Olivia began a social media career on YouTube and Instagram. As of 2024, both accounts have amassed more than one million followers.

Mossimo Giannulli
Mossimo Giannulli (born Massimo Giannulli; June 4, 1963) is an American fashion designer who founded Mossimo, a mid-range clothing company, in 1986; Giannulli sold this company to Iconix Brand Group in 2006, exactly twenty years after it was founded.
Hypenodinae
The Hypenodinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae.  Adult moths of most species of this subfamily lack small, simple eyes near the large, compound eyes and have quadrifine (four-veined) hindwing cells.  The micronoctuid moths are an exception because they possess simple eyes and bifine (two-veined) hindwing cells.

Micronoctuini
The Micronoctuini are a tribe of moths in the family Erebidae that includes about 400 described species. Typical species in the tribe have bifine hindwing venation (unlike most of the related subfamily Hypenodinae) and are smaller than those in other noctuoid moths. Micronoctua karsholti is the smallest of all species in the superfamily Noctuoidea.

An extensive, four-part revision of the Micronoctuidae was published by Michael Fibiger from 2007 to 2011 (see References section), describing dozens of species for their first time and classifying them into subfamilies and tribes. A subsequent series of studies of the higher-level classification of the superfamily Noctuoidea showed that the phylogenetic placement of Micronoctuidae is as a clade within the subfamily Hypenodinae of the family Erebidae. This reclassification moved Micronoctuidae to the tribe Micronoctuini, its subfamilies to subtribes, and presumably its original tribes to infratribes.
Army Group South
Army Group South (German: Heeresgruppe Süd) was the name of one of three German Army Groups during World War II.

It was first used in the 1939 September Campaign, along with Army Group North to invade Poland. In the invasion of Poland, Army Group South was led by Gerd von Rundstedt and his chief of staff Erich von Manstein.

Two years later, Army Group South became one of three army groups into which Germany organised their forces for Operation Barbarossa. Army Group South's principal objective was to capture Soviet Ukraine and its capital Kiev.

In September 1944, Army Group South Ukraine was renamed Army Group South in Eastern Hungary. It fought in Western Hungary until March 1945 and retired to Austria at the end of the Second World War, where it was renamed Army Group Ostmark on 2 April 1945.

Army Group North
Army Group North (German: Heeresgruppe Nord) was the name of three separate army groups of the Wehrmacht during World War II. Its rear area operations were organized by the Army Group North Rear Area.

The first Army Group North was deployed during the invasion of Poland and subsequently renamed Army Group B. The second Army Group North was created on 22 June 1941 from the former Army Group C and used in the northern sector of the Eastern Front from 1941 to January 1945. By then, this second Army Group North had gotten trapped in the Courland Pocket and was accordingly redesignated Army Group Courland. On the same day, the former Army Group Center, which was now defending the northernmost sector of the contiguous Eastern Front, was renamed Army Group North, assuming the status of the third and final iteration of the army group.
Piscogavialis
Piscogavialis is an extinct genus of gryposuchine gavialid crocodylian. Two species have been described, the type species P. jugaliperforatus and P. laberintoensis. Fossils of Piscogavialis have been found from the Mio-Pliocene Pisco Formation of the Sacaco Basin in southern Peru in 1998, where it coexisted with the much smaller gavialid Sacacosuchus.

Piscogavialis represents some of the best preserved gavialid material known from South America. The holotype skull is preserved in three dimensions and is nearly complete. A mandible and some postcranial material have also been found in association with the skull. Several important features of the occipital region of the skull support a referral to the family Gavialidae, which also includes the extant gharial and false gharial.

Gavialidae
Gavialidae is a family of large semiaquatic crocodilians with elongated, narrow snouts. Gavialidae consists of two living species, the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), both occurring in Asia. Many extinct members are known from a broader range, including the recently extinct Hanyusuchus. Gavialids are generally regarded as lacking the jaw strength to capture the large mammalian prey favoured by crocodiles and alligators of similar size so their thin snout is best used to catch fish, however the false gharial has been found to have a generalist diet with mature adults preying upon larger vertebrates, such as ungulates.
DeMarini
DeMarini Sports, Inc. is an American manufacturer of sports equipment headquartered in Hillsboro, Oregon, United States. The company is known for producing baseball and softball bats and batting gloves. They are known for bats such as the “CF” and the “Voodoo One”.

DeMarini is a subsidiary of Wilson Sporting Goods Co.

Wilson Sporting Goods
The Wilson Sporting Goods Company is an American sports equipment manufacturer based in Chicago, Illinois. Wilson makes equipment for many sports, among them baseball, badminton, American football, basketball, fastpitch softball, golf, racquetball, soccer, squash, tennis, pickleball, and volleyball.

The company has been an independent subsidiary of multinational retailer Amer Sports since 1989.
American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
The American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics (AOBP) is an organization that provides board certification to qualified Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of medical diseases in infants, children, and adolescents (pediatricians). The board is one 18 medical specialty certifying boards of the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists approved by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), and was established in 1940.  Certification in pediatrics has grown to over 1,000 diplomates over the last decade. It was reported in 2011, 477 osteopathic pediatricians held active certification with the AOBP.  With single accreditation in place both osteopathic and allopathic residency training candidates are eligible to examine for certification with the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics.

American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists
Established in 1939, the American Osteopathic Association's (AOA) Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (BOS) is the supervisory body for the AOA's 16 Specialty Certifying Boards in the United States. The BOS establishes and enforces policy for board certification through the AOA  Specialty Certifying Boards and maintains high standards for certification through the development and implementation of educational and professional standards used to evaluate and certify osteopathic and non-osteopathic (MD and equivalent) physician.

AOA Board Certification is recognized by key healthcare accreditation organizations. The AOA is also recognized as the primary verification source for physician osteopathic board certification data on medical specialists for credentialing purposes.
Aluminium gallium nitride
Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material. It is an alloy of aluminium nitride and gallium nitride.

The bandgap of AlxGa1-xN can be tailored to range from 3.4 eV (bandgap of GaN) to 6.2 eV (bandgap of AlN) depending on the AlN mole fraction,

AlGaN is used to manufacture light-emitting diodes operating in the blue to ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Emission wavelengths in the far-UV region (around 250 nm) have been achieved, with some research teams reporting emission with wavelengths as short as 222 nm and 210 nm.

AlGaN is also used in blue semiconductor lasers, detectors of ultraviolet radiation, and AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors.

AlGaN is often used together with gallium nitride or aluminium nitride to form heterojunctions.

AlGaN layers are commonly grown on Gallium nitride, on sapphire or (111) Si substrates, and almost always with additional GaN layers.

Aluminium nitride
Aluminium nitride (AlN) is a solid nitride of aluminium, which was first synthesized in 1862 by F. Briegleb and A. Geuther.

AlN is a wide-bandgap semiconductor composed of aluminium and nitrogen. It crystallizes predominantly in the wurtzite structure and exhibits a direct band gap of approximately 6 eV at room temperature The exceptionally wide bandgap enables applications in deep-ultraviolet optoelectronics, while the material's thermal conductivity 321 W/(m·K), and strong polarization effects make it an important buffer and template material for III-nitride quantum heterostructures used in high-power and high-frequency electronic devices.
Arkansas Highway 193
Arkansas Highway 193 (AR 193, Hwy. 193) is a north–south state highway in northeast Arkansas. The route of 17.77 miles (28.60 km) runs from Highway 306 near Caldwell north across US Route 64 (US 64) through rural Cross County to Highway 42 near Hickory Ridge. The route has an officially designated exception of 0.49 miles (0.79 km) over Highway 284.

Arkansas Highway 306
Highway 306 (AR 306, Ark. 306, and Hwy. 306) is a designation for three east–west state highways in the Arkansas Delta. One segment of 6.65 miles (10.70 km) runs from Highway 38 in Cotton Plant north to Woodruff County Road 680 (CR 680) at Becton. A second segment of 24.27 miles (39.06 km) runs northeast from US Route 49 (US 49) in Hunter to Highway 284. The third segment runs 5.98 miles (9.62 km) east from Cross CR 825 at the St. Francis River to Highway 75 at Gieseck.
2024–25 CAF Champions League group stage
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League group stage began on 26 November 2024 and ended on 19 January 2025. 16 teams competed in the group stage to decide the eight places in the knockout stage of the 2024–25 CAF Champions League.

2024–25 CAF Champions League knockout stage
The 2024–25 CAF Champions League knockout stage started on 1 April with the quarter-finals and ended on 1 June 2025 with the second leg of the final to decide the champions of the 2024–25 CAF Champions League. 8 teams competed in the knockout stage.

Times are local.
Shannon number
The Shannon number, named after the American mathematician Claude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess of 10120, based on an average of about 103 possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by a move for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs of moves.

Game complexity
Combinatorial game theory measures game complexity in several ways:

State-space complexity (the number of legal game positions from the initial position)

Game tree size (total number of possible games)

Decision complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest decision tree for initial position)

Game-tree complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest full-width decision tree for initial position)

Computational complexity (asymptotic difficulty of a game as it grows arbitrarily large)

These measures involve understanding the game positions, possible outcomes, and computational complexity of various game scenarios.
Saidnaya
Saidnaya (Arabic: صيدنايا, romanized: Ṣaydnāyā), also transliterated as Saydnaya, Seidnaya or Sednaya, is a city located in the mountains, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level, 27 km (17 mi) north of the city of Damascus in Syria. It is the home of a Greek Orthodox monastery traditionally held to have been founded by Byzantine emperor Justinian I, and where a renowned icon of the Virgin Mary is revered by Christians to this day. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Saidnaya had a population of 5,194 in the 2004 census.

Our Lady of Saidnaya Monastery
Our Lady of Saidnaya Patriarchal Monastery (Arabic: دير سيدة صيدنايا البطريركي) is a monastery of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch located in Saidnaya, Syria. It is one of the most ancient monasteries in the world and in the region of the Middle East and North Africa, traditionally held to have been founded by Byzantine emperor Justinian I in 547 AD. It is run by a religious order of nuns. It is an important pilgrimage site for Christians, who visit an icon of Saint Mary which is attributed to Saint Luke.
2022 North Carolina Senate election
An election was held on November 8, 2022, to elect all 50 members to North Carolina's Senate. The election coincided with the elections for other offices, including the U.S. Senate, U.S. House of Representatives, and state house. The filing period lasted from February 24, 2022, to March 4, 2022, with the primary election being held on May 17, 2022 (prior to the redistricting challenges it was scheduled to be held on March 8, 2022). The elections were originally to be held under new districts passed by the General Assembly in Senate Bill 739 to account for population changes following the 2020 census; however, following a ruling by the North Carolina Supreme Court, the General Assembly redrew the maps (Senate Bill 744) to comply with the court's ruling.

2022 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina
The 2022 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina were held on November 8, 2022, to elect U.S. representatives from the state of North Carolina, concurrent with nationwide elections to the House of Representatives and U.S. Senate (including in North Carolina), alongside legislative elections to the state house and senate. Primaries were held on May 17, 2022.
The Democrats (Italy)
The Democrats (Italian: I Democratici, Dem) was a centrist and social-liberal political party in Italy.

The party was launched in 1999 by Romano Prodi, a few months after his dismissal as Prime Minister and leader of The Olive Tree coalition. Three parties merged into The Democrats: the Democratic Union, Italy of Values and The Network. Also splinters from the Italian People's Party joined. In 2002 The Democrats were merged into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, which would be merged into the Democratic Party in 2007.

Italian People's Party (1994)
The Italian People's Party (Italian: Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI) was a Christian-democratic, centrist and Christian-leftist political party in Italy. The party was a member of the European People's Party (EPP).

The PPI was the formal successor of the Christian Democracy (DC), but was soon deprived of its conservative elements, which successively formed the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) in 1994 and the United Christian Democrats (CDU) in 1995. The PPI was finally merged into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) in 2002, and DL was later merged with the Democrats of the Left (DS) and minor centre-left parties into Democratic Party (PD) in 2007.
Kim Al-chi
Kim Al-chi (Korean: 김알지; Hanja: 金閼智; unknown–?), was a historical figure in Korean history. His descendants formed the Kim royal clan of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

His legendary birth is said to have occurred during the reign of Silla's fourth ruler, King Talhae of Silla. Though Kim Al-chi never ruled as the King of Silla, his descendants did. Today, 1.7 million South Koreans are in the Gyeongju Kim clan, who trace their genealogy to Kim Al-chi.

Talhae of Silla
Talhae (5 BC –80 AD, r. 57–80) was the fourth king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is commonly called Talhae Isageum, isageum being the royal title in early Silla. Also known by his personal name as Seok Talhae (昔脫解).
Talbot County, Maryland
Talbot County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 census, the population was 37,526. Its county seat is Easton. The county was named for Lady Grace Talbot, the wife of Sir Robert Talbot, an Anglo-Irish statesman, and the sister of Lord Baltimore. The county is part of the Mid-Eastern Shore region of the state.

Talbot County comprises the Easton, MD Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA Combined Statistical Area.

Talbot County is bordered by Queen Anne's County to the north, Caroline County to the east, Dorchester County to the south, and the Chesapeake Bay to the west.

Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Queen Anne's County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maryland. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 49,874. Its county seat and most populous municipality is Centreville. The census-designated place of Stevensville is the county's most populous place with a population of 7,442 as of 2020. The county is named for Queen Anne of Great Britain, who reigned when the county was established in 1706 during the colonial period. The county is part of the Mid-Eastern Shore region of the state.

Queen Anne's County is included in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area, and is the easternmost in both.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge connects Kent Island in Queen Anne's County across Chesapeake Bay to Anne Arundel County. The American Discovery Trail runs through the county.
Angola white-eye
The Angola white-eye (Zosterops kasaicus), is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family Zosteropidae. It is found from central Democratic Republic of the Congo to northern and central Angola. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the northern yellow white-eye.

Northern yellow white-eye
The northern yellow white-eye (Zosterops senegalensis), formerly the African yellow white-eye, is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is found across sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal in the west across to southern Sudan in the east and south to northern Angola. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Angola white-eye.