hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Galenic formulation
Galenic formulation deals with the principles of preparing and compounding medicines in order to optimize their absorption. Galenic formulation is named after Claudius Galen, a 2nd Century AD Greek physician, who codified the preparation of drugs using multiple ingredients. Today, galenic formulation is part of pharmaceutical formulation. The pharmaceutical formulation of a medicine affects the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety profile of a drug.

Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which the active drug or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is combined with different chemical substances to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form.
Borensberg
Borensberg (Swedish pronunciation: [bʊrɛnsˈbærj] ⓘ) is a locality situated in Motala Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 2,886 inhabitants in 2010. It is located 15 km east of Motala next to the Göta kanal and lake Boren, and has some factories including the plastic sheet manufacturer Arla Plast.

Göta Canal
58°29′54″N 16°10′24″E﻿ / ﻿58.49827°N 16.17332°E﻿ / 58.49827; 16.17332

The Göta Canal (Swedish: Göta kanal) is a Swedish canal constructed in the early 19th century. 
The canal is 190 km (120 mi) long, of which 87 km (54 mi) were dug or blasted, with a width varying between 7–14 m (23–46 ft) and a maximum depth of about 3 m (9.8 ft). The speed is limited to 5 knots in the canal.

The Göta Canal is a part of a waterway 390 km (240 mi) long, linking a number of lakes and rivers to provide a route from Gothenburg (Göteborg) on the west coast to Söderköping on the Baltic Sea via the Trollhätte kanal and Göta älv river, through the large lakes Vänern and Vättern.
This waterway was dubbed as Sweden's Blue Ribbon (Swedish: Sveriges blå band).
Contrary to the popular belief it is not correct to consider this waterway as a sort of greater Göta Canal: the Trollhätte Canal and the Göta Canal are completely separate entities.
Colonia (Roman)
A Roman colonia (pl.: coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it. Eventually, however, the term came to denote the highest status of a Roman city. It is also the origin of the modern term "colony".

Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (Latin: civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance. Citizenship in ancient Rome was complex and based upon many different laws, traditions, and cultural practices. There existed several different types of citizenship, determined by one's gender, class, and political affiliations, and the exact duties or expectations of a citizen varied throughout the history of the Roman Empire.
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt
Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt (14 November 1668 – 16 November 1745) was an Austrian baroque architect and military engineer who designed stately buildings and churches and whose work had a profound influence on the architecture of the Habsburg Empire in the eighteenth century. After studying in Rome under Carlo Fontana, he constructed fortresses for Prince Eugene of Savoy during his Italian campaigns, becoming his favorite architect. In 1700 he became court engineer in Vienna, and in 1711 was named head of the court department of building. He became court architect in 1723. His designs for palaces, estates, gardens, churches, chapels, and villas were widely imitated, and his architectural principles spread throughout central and southeast Europe. Among his more important works are Palais Schwarzenberg, St. Peter's Church, and Belvedere in Vienna, Savoy Castle in Ráckeve, Schönborn Palace in Göllersdorf, and Schloss Hof.

Savoy Castle, Ráckeve
Savoy Castle, also known as Savoy Mansion (Hungarian: Savoyai Kastély), is an 18th-century Baroque style château located in Ráckeve, Hungary. This property is currently being used as a hotel and restaurant, and its reception halls can also be rented for special events.
Bure Valley Railway
The Bure Valley Railway is a 15 in (381 mm) minimum gauge visitors' attraction in Norfolk, England. It was created on the original disused trackbed of a standard gauge railway to incorporate a new, adjacent pedestrian footpath.

The railway runs from Wroxham to Aylsham (9 miles or 14.5 kilometres) and is Norfolk's second longest heritage railway. It uses both steam and diesel locomotives but has recently purchased a Battery Electric Locomotive to join the fleet.  There are intermediate halts at Brampton, Buxton and Coltishall.  There are 17 bridges, including a 105-foot (32 m)-long girder bridge over the River Bure in Buxton with Lammas, and the Aylsham Bypass Tunnel under the A140 at Aylsham.

The railway is listed as exempt from the UK Railways (Interoperability) Regulations 2000.

Aylsham
Aylsham is a historic market town and civil parish on the River Bure in north Norfolk, England, nearly 9 mi (14 km) north of Norwich. The town is close to Blickling, Felbrigg, Mannington and Wolterton, which are important tourist attractions.

The civil parish has an area of 4,329 acres (17.52 km2) and in the 2001 census had a population of 5,504 increasing to a population of 6,016 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Broadland.
Florent Amodio
Florent Amodio (born 12 May 1990) is a French figure skating coach and former competitor. He is the 2011 European champion, a four-time French national champion (2010, 2013-2015), and the 2008 JGP Final champion. He has represented France at two Winter Olympics.

2011 European Figure Skating Championships
The 2011 European Figure Skating Championships was an international figure skating competition in the 2010–11 season. Skaters competed in the categories of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

The 2011 competition was held from 24 to 30 January 2011 at the PostFinance Arena in Bern, Switzerland.
Cole Custer
Cole Matthew Custer (born January 23, 1998) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 41 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Haas Factory Team and part-time in the NASCAR O'Reilly Auto Parts Series, driving the No. 0 Chevrolet Camaro SS for SS-Green Light Racing with BRK Racing. He is the son of Joe Custer, the team president of HFT. He is the 2023 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion.

2023 NASCAR Xfinity Series
The 2023 NASCAR Xfinity Series was the 42nd season of the NASCAR Xfinity Series, a stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. The season started with the Beef. It's What's for Dinner. 300 on February 18 at Daytona International Speedway and ended with the NASCAR Xfinity Series Championship Race on November 4 at Phoenix Raceway. In addition, this was the penultimate season of Fox and NBC's TV contract for the Xfinity Series.

Ty Gibbs won the championship in 2022, but did not compete for a second consecutive title as he moved up to the Cup Series in 2023, driving full-time for Joe Gibbs Racing, replacing Kyle Busch. Following the 2023 Kansas Lottery 300 at Kansas Speedway, Austin Hill of Richard Childress Racing won the regular season championship. At season's end, Cole Custer of Stewart–Haas Racing became the 2023 Xfinity Series champion.
Clyde River (Vermont)
The Clyde River is a tributary of Lake Memphremagog, over 33.5 miles (54 km) long, in northern Vermont in the United States. It is the easternmost of the four major rivers in Orleans County. It is the most powerful of the four within Orleans County, powering several turbines at damsites. It is part of the Northern Forest Canoe Trail.

It was named by one of the early surveyors from his partiality to a river of the same name in Scotland.

The Route 105/114 junction to Clyde Road section of Clyde River in Vermont is 21 miles (34 km) long and is rated by American Whitewater as a class I-III section.

Island Pond, Vermont
Island Pond is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Brighton in Essex County, Vermont, United States. The population was 750 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH–VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Evangeline Parish School Board
The Evangeline Parish School Board (EPSB) or Evangeline Parish School District is an entity responsible for the operation of public schools in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is headquartered in the city of Ville Platte. The current Superintendent is Rev. Darwin Lazard, minister at Ninth Baptist Church in Ville Platte.

Ville Platte, Louisiana
Ville Platte is the largest city in, and the parish seat of, Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 6,303 at the 2020 census, down from 8,145 in 2000. The city's name is of French origin, roughly translating to "flat town", in reference to its relatively flat topography in contrast to the more hilly terrain north of the area.
Discontinuity (geotechnical engineering)
In geotechnical engineering, a  discontinuity (often referred to as a joint) is a plane or surface that marks a change in physical or chemical characteristics in a soil or rock mass. A discontinuity can be, for example, a bedding, schistosity, foliation, joint, cleavage, fracture, fissure, crack, or fault plane. A division is made between mechanical and integral discontinuities. Discontinuities may occur multiple times with broadly the same mechanical characteristics in a discontinuity set, or may be a single discontinuity. A discontinuity makes a soil or rock mass anisotropic.

Bed (geology)
In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". 
A bedding surface or bedding plane is respectively a curved surface or plane that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology) from the preceding or following bed. In cross sections, bedding surfaces or planes are often called bedding contacts. Within conformable successions, each bedding surface acted as the depositional surface for the accumulation of younger sediment.
TECO (text editor)
TECO (/ˈtiːkoʊ/), short for Text Editor & Corrector,

 is both a character-oriented text editor and a programming language, that was developed in 1962 for use on Digital Equipment Corporation computers, and has since become available on PCs and Unix. Dan Murphy developed TECO while a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

According to Murphy, the initial acronym was Tape Editor and Corrector because "punched paper tape was the only medium for the storage of program source on our PDP-1. There was no hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape (magtape), or network." By the time TECO was made available for general use, the name had become "Text Editor and Corrector", since even the PDP-1 version
by then supported other media. It was subsequently modified by many other people and is a direct ancestor of Emacs, which was originally implemented in TECO macros.

Daniel Murphy (computer scientist)
Daniel L. Murphy is an American computer scientist notable for his involvement in the development of TECO (an early text editor and programming language), the operating systems TENEX and TOPS-20, and email.
Poliʻahu
In Hawaiian mythology, Poliʻahu (Cloaked bosom or temple bosom) is one of the four goddesses of snow, all enemies of Pele. She was thought to reside on Mauna Kea, which if measured from the seafloor is the world's tallest mountain.

Pele (deity)
In Hawaiian religion, Pele (pronounced [ˈpɛlɛ]) is the goddess of volcanoes and fire and the creator of the Hawaiian Islands. Often referred to as "Madame Pele" or "Tūtū Pele" as a sign of respect, she is a well-known deity within Hawaiian mythology and is notable for her contemporary presence and cultural influence as an enduring figure from ancient Hawaii. Epithets of the goddess include Pele-honua-mea ('Pele of the sacred land') and Ka wahine ʻai honua ('The earth-eating woman').

In different stories talking about the goddess Pele, she was born from the female spirit named Haumea, a descendant of Papa, or Earth Mother, and Wakea, Sky Father, both descendants of the supreme beings. Pele is also known as "She who shapes the sacred land," known to be said in ancient Hawaiian chants. The first published stories about Pele were written down by William Ellis.: 5
Crouton (computing)
Crouton (ChromiumOS Universal Chroot Environment) is a set of scripts which allows Ubuntu, Debian, and Kali Linux systems to run parallel to a ChromeOS system. Crouton works by using a chroot instead of dual-booting to allow a user to run desktop environments at the same time: ChromeOS and another environment of the user's choice.

In Google I/O 2019, Google announced all Chromebooks shipped that year onward will be Linux compatible out of the box.

ChromeOS
ChromeOS (sometimes styled as chromeOS and formerly styled as Chrome OS) is a proprietary operating system designed and developed by Google. It is derived from the open-source ChromiumOS operating system (which itself is derived from Gentoo Linux), and uses the Google Chrome web browser as its principal user interface.

Google announced the project in July 2009, initially describing it as an operating system where applications and user data would reside in the cloud. ChromeOS was used primarily to run web applications. The operating system first shipped with Chromebooks in 2011. It is also offered since 2020 as an installable Linux distribution as ChromeOS Flex.

ChromeOS supports progressive web applications, Android apps from Google Play and Linux applications.

In 2025, Google announced that ChromeOS will be merged into Android as part of a project called AluminiumOS, with the new project using the Android kernel rather than the older "vanilla" Linux kernel based on Gentoo.
New Bridge Landing
New Bridge was a prosperous mill hamlet, centered upon a bridge strategically placed at the narrows of the Hackensack River. In the American Revolution, New Bridge Landing was the site of a strategic bridge crossing the Hackensack River, where General George Washington led his troops in retreat from British forces November 20, 1776. Eleven engagements took place here throughout the war. The current Draw Bridge at New Bridge was installed in 1889 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1989. The area is now a New Jersey historic site in portions of New Milford, River Edge, Hackensack and Teaneck in Bergen County, New Jersey.

New Milford, New Jersey
New Milford is a borough in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 16,923, an increase of 582 (+3.6%) from the 2010 census count of 16,341, which in turn reflected a decline of 59 (−0.4%) from the 16,400 counted in the 2000 census.

New Milford was authorized to be incorporated as a borough on March 11, 1922, from what remained of Palisades Township, subject to approval in a referendum (which took place on April 18, 1922). With the creation of New Milford, Palisades Township (which had been created in 1871) was dissolved. The borough is believed to have been named for Milford, Pennsylvania.
Eddleston
Eddleston (Scottish Gaelic: Baile Ghille Mhoire) is a small village and civil parish in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. It lies 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Peebles and 9 miles (14 km) south of Penicuik on the A703, which passes through the centre of the village. Nearby is the Great Polish Map of Scotland, a large terrain map. The Eddleston Water runs through the village.

According to the 2001 census, there were 129 households, with a population of 335 people, 47% male and 53% female. Eddleston contains a few farms outside of the village centre. Barony Castle (also known by its earlier name of Black Barony), in the village, dates back to the 16th century, and was the property of the Murray Baronets, as was nearby Cringletie, which is now a hotel.

Black Barony
Barony Castle, also known as Black Barony, and formerly as Darnhall, is a historic house at Eddleston in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. The house is currently operated as a hotel, under the name of Barony Castle Hotel, and is protected as a Category B listed building. Situated within the grounds lies the Great Polish Map of Scotland, a large relief model of Scotland, the largest of such in Europe.
Hamline University
Hamline University (/ˈhæmlɪn/ HAM-lin) is a private university in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1854, Hamline is the second oldest university in Minnesota, the first coeducational university in the state, and is one of five Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities. The university is named after Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline of the United Methodist Church. As of 2017, Hamline had 2,117 undergraduate students and 1,668 graduate students.

In 2022, the university attracted widespread criticism after firing an adjunct professor for showing paintings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in a class on the history of Islamic art.

Leonidas Lent Hamline
Leonidas Lent Hamline (pronounced "Hamlin"; 1797–1865) was an American Methodist Episcopal bishop and a lawyer.  He is the eponym of Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota, and of Hamline Avenue and Hamline United Methodist Church, also in St. Paul.
Monadic Boolean algebra
In abstract algebra, a monadic Boolean algebra is an algebraic structure A with signature

⟨·, +, ', 0, 1, ∃⟩   of type ⟨2,2,1,0,0,1⟩,

where ⟨A, ·, +, ', 0, 1⟩ is a Boolean algebra.

The monadic/unary operator ∃ denotes the existential quantifier, which satisfies the identities (using the received prefix notation for ∃):

∃0 = 0

∃x ≥ x

∃(x + y) = ∃x + ∃y

∃x∃y = ∃(x∃y).

∃x is the existential closure of x. Dual to ∃ is the unary operator ∀, the universal quantifier, defined as ∀x := (∃x′)′.

A monadic Boolean algebra has a dual definition and notation that take ∀ as primitive and ∃ as defined, so that ∃x := (∀x′)′. (Compare this with the definition of the dual Boolean algebra.) Hence, with this notation, an algebra A has signature ⟨·, +, ', 0, 1, ∀⟩, with ⟨A, ·, +, ', 0, 1⟩ a Boolean algebra, as before. Moreover, ∀ satisfies the following  dualized version of the above identities:

∀1 = 1

∀x ≤ x

∀(xy) = ∀x∀y

∀x + ∀y = ∀(x + ∀y).

∀x is the universal closure of x.

Interior algebra
In abstract algebra, an interior algebra is a certain type of algebraic structure that encodes the idea of the topological interior of a set.  Interior algebras are to topology and the modal logic S4 what Boolean algebras are to set theory and ordinary propositional logic. Interior algebras form a variety of modal algebras.
Roper (company)
Roper, formerly the Newark Stove Company, was an American stove manufacturer that was founded in 1883, location in Newark, Ohio. The company, once the largest stove producer in the world was purchased by Sears and was later known for its lawn mowers sold by Sears for many years.

Newark, Ohio
Newark (/ˈnjuːərk/ NEW-ərk) is a city in Licking County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. It is located 40 miles (64 km) east of Columbus at the junction of the forks of the Licking River. The population was 49,934 at the 2020 census, making it the 18th-largest city in Ohio. It is most known for having the world's largest basket, former headquarters of the now defunct Longaberger Company. The city is part of the Columbus metropolitan area.

It is the site of much of the Newark Earthworks, a major ancient complex built by the Hopewell culture. The Great Circle portion and additional burial mounds are located in the neighboring city of Heath, Ohio. This complex has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and is operated as a state park by the Ohio History Connection.
Organic peroxides
Organic peroxides are organic compounds containing the peroxide functional group (R−O−O−R′). If the R′ is hydrogen, the compounds are called hydroperoxides, which are discussed in that article. The O−O bond of peroxides easily breaks, producing free radicals of the form RO• (the dot represents an unpaired electron). Thus, organic peroxides are useful in organic chemistry as initiators for some types of polymerization, such as the acrylic, unsaturated polyester, and vinyl ester resins used in glass-reinforced plastics. MEKP and benzoyl peroxide are commonly used for this purpose. However, the same property also means that organic peroxides can explosively combust. Organic peroxides, like their inorganic counterparts, are often powerful bleaching agents.

Peroxide
Peroxides are a group of molecules with the structure R−O−O−R, where each R represents a radical (a portion of a complete molecule; not a free radical) and the O's are single oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms are joined to each other and to adjacent elements through single covalent bonds, denoted by dashes or lines. The O−O group in a peroxide is often called the peroxide group, though some nomenclature discrepancies exist. This linkage is recognized as a common polyatomic ion, and exists in many molecules.
Tagore (film)
Tagore is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language vigilante action film directed by V. V. Vinayak. The film stars Chiranjeevi, Shriya, and Jyothika, with Prakash Raj and Sayaji Shinde in pivotal supporting roles. The film features music by Mani Sharma and cinematography by Chota K. Naidu. Tagore is a remake of the 2002 Tamil film Ramanaa, with significant changes made to suit Chiranjeevi's stardom and the local context.

Tagore had a wide release, rivaling Bollywood's major films of the time. Upon release, it received positive reviews, particularly for its narration, Chiranjeevi's performance, and the impactful crowd scenes. The film became a significant commercial success, breaking several box-office records, and went on to become the second highest-grossing Telugu film of its time, surpassed only by Indra (2002), another Chiranjeevi starrer. The song "Nenu Saitham," written by Suddala Ashok Teja, won the National Film Award for Best Lyrics.

V. V. Vinayak
Gandrothu Veera Venkata Vinayaka Rao, better known as V. V. Vinayak (born 9 October 1974), is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work in Telugu cinema. He is recognised for directing action dramas and action comedies.

Vinayak made his directorial debut with Aadi (2002), which was a commercial blockbuster. His work on the film earned him the Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director. In 2003, he directed two successful films, Dil and Tagore. Tagore became a major box office success, setting records and emerging as the second highest-grossing Telugu film of its time.

He continued to deliver successful films, including Bunny (2005), Lakshmi (2006), Krishna (2008), Adhurs (2010), Naayak (2013), and Khaidi No. 150 (2017). In 2013, Vinayak also directed a short film to promote organ donation.
Carlo Maratta
Carlo Maratta or Maratti (18 May 1625 – 15 December 1713) was an Italian Baroque painter and draughtsman, active principally in Rome where he was the leading painter in the second half of the 17th century. He was a fresco and canvas painter who painted in a wide range of genres, including history and portrait painting. He is the leading representative of the classicizing style in the Italian Late Baroque.  He worked for prominent clients in Rome, including various popes.

Giovanni Battista Gaulli
Giovanni Battista Gaulli (8 May 1639 – 2 April 1709), also known as Baciccio or Baciccia (Genoese nicknames for Giovanni Battista), was an Italian Baroque painter working in the High Baroque and early Rococo periods. He is best known for his grand illusionistic vault frescos in the Church of the Gesù in Rome. His work was influenced by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.