hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Polarizer
A polarizer or polariser is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. It can filter a beam of light of undefined or mixed polarization into a beam of well-defined polarization, known as polarized light. Polarizers are used in many optical techniques and instruments. Polarizers find applications in photography and LCD technology. In photography, a polarizing filter can be used to filter out reflections.

The common types of polarizers are linear polarizers and circular polarizers. Polarizers can also be made for other types of electromagnetic waves besides visible light, such as radio waves, microwaves, and X-rays.

Polarizing filter (photography)
A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is a filter that is often placed in front of a camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea. Since reflections (and sky-light) tend to be at least partially linearly-polarized, a linear polarizer can be used to change the balance of the light in the photograph. The rotational orientation of the filter is adjusted for the preferred artistic effect.

For modern cameras, a circular polarizer (CPL) is typically used, which has a linear polarizer that performs the artistic function just described, followed by a quarter-wave plate, which further transforms the linearly polarized light into circularly-polarized light. The circular polarization avoids problems with autofocus and the light-metering sensors in some cameras, which otherwise may not function reliably with only a linear polarizer.
Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III)
Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III) is a coordination complex of molybdenum(III).  It is one of the homoleptic alkoxides of molybdenum.  An orange, air-sensitive solid, the complex has attracted academic attention as the precursor to many organomolybdenum derivatives.  It an example of a charge-neutral complex featuring a molybdenum to molybdenum triple bond (Mo≡Mo), arising from the coupling of a pair of d3 metal centers. It can be prepared by a salt metathesis reaction from the THF complex of molybdenum trichloride and lithium tert-butoxide:

2 MoCl3(thf)3  +  6 LiOBu-t  →  Mo2(OBu-t)6  +  6 LiCl  +  6 thf

The complex and its ditungsten (W2) analogue adopt an ethane-like geometry. The metal to metal bond distance is 222 pm in the related complex Mo2(OCH2CMe3)6.

Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)
Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) is a coordination complex of tungsten(III).  It is one of the homoleptic alkoxides of tungsten.  A red, air-sensitive solid, the complex has attracted academic attention as the precursor to many organotungsten derivatives.  It an example of a charge-neutral complex featuring a W≡W bond, arising from the coupling of a pair of d3 metal centers.
Maruts
In Hinduism, the Maruts (/məˈrʊts/; Sanskrit: मरुत, IPA: [mɐrut̪ɐ]), also known as the Marutagana and sometimes identified with Rudras, are storm deities and sons of Rudra and Prisni. The number of Maruts varies from 27 to sixty (three times sixty in RV 8.96.8). They are very violent and aggressive, described as armed with golden weapons i.e. lightning and thunderbolts, as having iron teeth and roaring like lions, as residing in the northwest, as riding in golden chariots drawn by ruddy horses.

In the Vedic mythology, the Maruts act as Indra's companions as a troop of young warriors. According to French comparative mythologist Georges Dumézil, they are cognate to the Einherjar and the Wild hunt.

Rudra
Rudra (Sanskrit: रुद्र, IPA: [rud̪rɐ]) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt. One translation of the name is 'the roarer'. In the Rigveda, Rudra is praised as the "mightiest of the mighty". Rudra means "who eradicates problems from their roots". Depending upon the period, the name Rudra can be interpreted as 'the most severe roarer/howler' or 'the most frightening one'. This name appears in the Shiva Sahasranama, and R. K. Sharma notes that it is often used as a name of Shiva in later languages. The "Shri Rudram" hymn from the Yajurveda is dedicated to Rudra and is important in the Shaivite sect. In the Prathama Anuvaka of Namakam (Taittiriya Samhita 4.5), Rudra is revered as Sadasiva (meaning 'mighty Shiva') and Mahadeva. Sadashiva is the Supreme Being, Paramashiva, in the Siddhanta sect of Shaivism.
Oudorp
Oudorp (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈʌudɔr(ə)p]) is a neighbourhood of Alkmaar and former village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is located  about 2 km (1 mi) east of the city centre. The village merged with Alkmaar in 1972.

Alkmaar
Alkmaar (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɑl(ə)kmaːr] ⓘ) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland. Alkmaar is well known for its traditional cheese market. For tourists, it is a popular cultural destination. The municipality has a population of 111,766 as of 2023.
USS Chatterer (AMS-40)
USS Chatterer (AMS-40/YMS-415) was a YMS-1-class minesweeper of the YMS-135 subclass acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of removing mines that had been placed in the water to prevent ships from passing.

YMS-1-class minesweeper
The YMS-1 class of auxiliary motor minesweepers was established with the laying down of YMS-1 on 4 March 1941. Some were later transferred to the United Kingdom as part of the World War II Lend-Lease pact between the two nations. One ship eventually made its way into the Royal Canadian Navy postwar.
Tsilhqotʼin National Government
The Tŝilhqot’in National Government (TNG), is a First Nations tribal council representing the Tsilhqotʼin communities of Tl’etinqox, ʔEsdilagh, Yuneŝit’in, Tŝideldel, Tl’esqox and Xeni Gwet’in. Their office is located in Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Tlʼesqox also belongs to the Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council, as does Ulkatcho - a community with both Dakelh (Carrier) & Tsilhqotʼin heritage. TNG was established in 1989.

Yunesit'in Government
Yunesitʼin Government, formerly known as the Stone First Nation, is a band government of the Yunesit'in subgroup of the Tsilhqot'in people, whose territory is the Chilcotin District in the western Central Interior region of the Canadian province of British Columbia.  It is a member of the Tsilhqot'in Tribal Council.   The people of the Yunesitʼin Government are known as the Yunesit'in in the Chilcotin language.

The Yunesitʼin Government's offices are located at the town of Hanceville, about 90 km west of Williams Lake. 51°55′10″N 123°02′30″W﻿ / ﻿51.91944°N 123.04167°W﻿ / 51.91944; -123.04167﻿ (Hanceville)
Zeik-Bye
Smin E Bya-Ye Zeik-Bye (Mon: သ္ငီ အဲာပြရဲာ ဇိပ်ဗြဲာ; Burmese: သမိန် အဲပြရဲ ဇိပ်ဗြဲ, Burmese pronunciation: [θəmèiɴ ʔɛ́ bə jɛ́ zeiʔ bjɛ́]; also spelled Zeip Bye) was chief minister of Hanthawaddy in the 1380s in the service of kings Binnya U and Razadarit. He was a key figure responsible for Razadarit's ascent to power. Though he lost the chief ministership to Byat Za and Dein Mani-Yut in 1388, Zeik-Bye continued to serve as a senior minister at least until 1408.

Dein Mani-Yut
Dein Mani-Yut or Dane Mani-yut, anglicised as Din Mnirot (Mon: ဒိန်မၞိက်ရတ်; Burmese: ဒိန်မဏိရွတ်, Burmese pronunciation: [dèiɴ mənḭ jʊ̯ʔ]), commonly known as Amat Dane (အမတ်ဒိန်, "Minister Dane") or  Amat Tane (အမတ်တိန်, "Minister Tane"), was co-chief minister of Hanthawaddy during the reign of King Razadarit (1384–1421). He was also a senior general, and held key governorship posts at Syriam (1370s–1408), Bassein (1408–1415) and Sittaung (1415–1420s). Along with his colleague Byat Za, Dein was instrumental in Razadarit's reunification campaigns of the Mon-speaking kingdom in the late 1380s, as well as the Forty Years' War against the Burmese-speaking Ava Kingdom.
Thames Branch
The Thames Branch railway line connected Thames, New Zealand, with Hamilton and was originally part of the East Coast Main Trunk railway. Part of the line between Morrinsville and Waitoa remains open and is in use as the Waitoa Branch line, connecting to the Fonterra Dairy Factory at Waitoa.

East Coast Main Trunk
The East Coast Main Trunk (ECMT) is a railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, originally running between Hamilton and Taneatua via Tauranga, connecting the Waikato with the Bay of Plenty. The ECMT now runs between Hamilton and Kawerau, with a branch line to Taneatua from the junction at Hawkens. The line is built to narrow gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), the uniform gauge in New Zealand. It was known as the East Coast Main Trunk Railway until 2011, when the word "Railway" was dropped.
Krisztina Regőczy
Krisztina Regőczy (born 19 April 1955) is a former ice dancer from Hungary. Competing with András Sallay, she won the gold medal at the 1980 World Figure Skating Championships and the silver at that year's Winter Olympics. Regőczy coached in the United States for a number of years before returning to Budapest. She is the figure skating sports director for the International Skating Union.

András Sallay
András Sallay (born 15 December 1953) is a former ice dancer from Hungary. Competing with Krisztina Regőczy, he won a gold medal at the 1980 World Figure Skating Championships and a silver at that year's Winter Olympics. Sallay is the vice president and managing director of IMG Hungary. He has two daughters, Nóra and Laura.
Helocarpon
Helocarpon is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ectolechiaceae. It contains a small number of crustose species that occur mainly in cool, northern and montane environments, where they grow on soil or rock. The genus is closely related to Micarea, but differs in a suite of morphological traits and is treated as a distinct lineage in modern multilocus classifications. Species in the genus are associated with cool climates and are found mainly in arctic, subarctic, and alpine regions, where they grow on soil or rock. The genus was proposed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1860, and a major molecular study published in 2026 confirmed it as a distinct lineage separate from Micarea.

Micarea
Micarea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ectolechiaceae. The widely distributed genus contains 156 species and new species are described actively. Species in the genus are crustose lichens and their photobiont (the non-fungal organism) is a single-celled green alga. The genus was established by the Swedish mycologist Elias Fries in 1825. Micarea lichens are typically small and often overlooked, producing minute fruiting bodies that are usually whitish, grey, or bluish in colour. Many species reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through specialised structures, and they are found on substrates ranging from tree bark and dead wood to rocks and even moss. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species recorded from Europe, Australasia, the Americas, Africa, and oceanic islands. Several species are of interest to researchers studying how shifts between different substrates and reproductive strategies drive the formation of new species.
2024 Imola Formula 2 round
The 2024 Imola FIA Formula 2 round was a motor racing event held between 16 and 19 May 2024 at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari. It was the fourth round of the 2024 FIA Formula 2 Championship and was held in support of the 2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix.

2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix
The 2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 MSC Cruises Gran Premio del Made in Italy e dell'Emilia-Romagna 2024) was a Formula One motor race held on 19 May 2024 at the Autodromo Internazionale Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. It was the seventh round of the 2024 Formula One World Championship. Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing took pole position and won the race over Lando Norris of McLaren and Charles Leclerc of Ferrari. Verstappen crossed the finish line 0.725 seconds ahead of Norris, who had closed the gap between them during the final laps of the race.
Baltic Shipyard
The OJSC Baltic Shipyard (Baltiysky Zavod, formerly Shipyard 189 named after Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze) (Russian: Балтийский завод имени С. Орджоникидзе) is one of the oldest shipyards in Russia and is part of United Shipbuilding Corporation today.

It is located in Saint Petersburg in the south-western part of Vasilievsky Island. It is one of the three shipyards active in Saint Petersburg. Together with the Admiralty Shipyard it has been responsible for building many Imperial Russian battleships as well as Soviet nuclear-powered icebreakers. Currently it specializes in merchant ships while the Admiralty yard specializes in diesel-electric submarines. In addition, it is responsible for construction of Russian floating nuclear power stations.

Admiralty Shipyards
The JSC Admiralty Shipyards (Russian: Адмиралтейские верфи) (formerly Soviet Shipyard No. 194) is one of the oldest and largest shipyards in Russia, located in Saint Petersburg. The shipyard's building ways can accommodate ships of up to 70,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT), 250 metres (820 ft) in length and 35 metres (115 ft) in width. Military products include naval warships such as nuclear and diesel-powered submarines and large auxiliaries.
Bai Bureh
Bai Bureh (February 15, 1840 – August 24, 1908) was a Sierra Leonean ruler, military strategist, and Muslim cleric, who led the Temne and Loko uprising against British rule in 1898 in Northern Sierra Leone.

Hut Tax War of 1898
The Hut Tax War of 1898 was a resistance in the newly annexed Protectorate of Sierra Leone to a new tax imposed by the colonial governor. The British had established the Protectorate in 1896 to demonstrate their dominion over the territory to other European powers following the Berlin Conference. The tax constituted a major burden on residents of the Protectorate; 24 indigenous chiefs had signed a petition against it, explaining its adverse effects on their societies, to no avail. The immediate catalyst for hostilities was an attempt by British colonial officials to arrest the Temne chief Bai Bureh, a general and war strategist, on the basis of rumours. Although often depicted as the chief who initiated an armed resistance in the North in 1898, late 20th-century sources suggest he was unfairly identified by the colonial government as a primary instigator, with the government's hostile actions provoking the war. Later that year, resistance arose in the south by the leading Mende.
Kazakh Business (franchise)
Kazakh Business (Russian: Бизнес по-казахски, Kazakh: Қазақша бизнес) is a Kazakh media franchise. Centered around the fictional character Jomart Baltabayev's hotel business, it started with the eponymous 2016 comedy movie Kazakh Business.

In 2017, the original movie's sequel, Kazakh Business in America was made. Several sequels set in various locations followed: Kazakh Business in Africa (2018), Kazakh Business in Korea (2019), Kazakh Business in Turkey (2021), Kazakh Business in India (2022), Kazakh Business in Brazil (2023). In March 2022, a movie based on the misadventures of main character Erkoş was made, titled I go to school.

Kazakh Business is the highest-grossing film franchise in Kazakhstan.

Kazakh Business in India
Kazakh Business in India (Kazakh: Қазақша бизнес Үндістанда, Russian: Бизнес по-казахски в Индии) is a 2022 Kazakh comedy film. A sequel to Kazakh Business in Turkey (2021), it is the sixth movie of the Kazakh Business franchise.
Al Nasr SCSC (Salalah)
Al-Nasr Sports, Cultural and Social Club (Arabic: نادي النصر الرياضي و الثقافي و الاجتماعي; also known locally as Al-Malik, or "The King", or just plainly as Al-Nasr) is an Omani sports club based in Salalah, in southern Oman. The club currently plays in the Oman Professional League, top division of Oman Football Association. Their home ground is Al-Saada Stadium, but they also recognize the older Salalah Sports Complex as their home ground. Both stadiums are government owned, but Al-Nasr S.C.S.C. also own their own personal stadium, sports equipment, and training facilities. Also Al-Nasr is famous for producing some of the most successful Omani footballers, such as Ali Al-Habsi, Hashim Saleh and Fawzi Bashir.

Oman Professional League
The Oman Professional League (Arabic: دوري المحترفين عمان; known as the Omantel Professional League for sponsorship reasons), previously known as the Omantel Elite League, is the top division of the Oman Football Association, and was officially created in 1976. Currently, the most successful team in the league is Dhofar with 12 titles to their name.
Tri-County Athletic Association
The Tri-County Athletic Association (TCAA) is a high school athletic conference in California affiliated with the CIF Southern Section. Established in 2006, the association is an amalgamation of the Tri-Valley League and the Frontier League. The TCAA uses a system of promotion and relegation to place each school's teams, by sport and gender, into either league for a two-year period based on performance. As of the 2018–19 school year, the association is composed primarily of private schools located in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties.

In 2018, five public-school members of the TCAA left to form the Citrus Coast League. Santa Clara High School, a private Catholic school, also joined that league for football only.

Citrus Coast League
The Citrus Coast League (CCL) is a high school athletic conference in California that is affiliated with the CIF Southern Section. Established in 2018, the league consists primarily of small public high schools in Ventura County, with one member each in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara counties. Most CCL schools competed previously as members of the Tri-County Athletic Association, with Hueneme High School joining from the Pacific View League.

In 2019, Malibu and Santa Clara high schools switched their 11-man football programs to an eight-man format, citing a lack of players. As a result, both schools no longer compete in the Citrus Coast League in that sport.
Bobby Previte
Bobby Previte (born July 16, 1951 in Niagara Falls, New York) is a drummer, composer, and bandleader. He  earned a degree in economics from the University at Buffalo, where he also studied percussion. He moved to New York City in 1979 and began professional relationships with John Zorn, Wayne Horvitz, and Elliott Sharp.

Wayne Horvitz
Wayne Horvitz (born September 1, 1955) is an American composer, keyboardist and record producer. He came to prominence in the Downtown scene of 1980s and '90s New York City, where he met his future wife, the singer, songwriter and pianist Robin Holcomb. He is noted for working with John Zorn's Naked City among others. Horvitz has since relocated to the Seattle, Washington area where he has several ongoing groups and has worked as an adjunct professor of composition at Cornish College of the Arts.
Brian Orser
Brian Ernest Orser OC OLY (born 18 December 1961) is a Canadian former competitive and professional figure skater and coach to Olympic champions. He is the 1984 and 1988 Olympic silver medallist, 1987 World champion and eight-time (1981–88) Canadian national champion. At the 1988 Winter Olympics, the rivalry between Orser and American figure skater Brian Boitano, who were the two favorites to win the gold medal, captured media attention and was described as the "Battle of the Brians".

Orser turned professional in 1988 and skated with Stars on Ice for almost 20 years. As a coach, he has led both Yuna Kim (2010) and Yuzuru Hanyu (2014, 2018) to Olympic titles. He also coached Javier Fernández to Olympic bronze (2018) and the 2015 and 2016 World titles. He is a Skating Consultant at the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club.

Brian Boitano
Brian Anthony Boitano (born October 22, 1963) is an American figure skater from Sunnyvale, California. He is the 1988 Olympic champion, the 1986 and 1988 World Champion, and the 1985–1988 U.S. National Champion.

Boitano turned professional following the 1988 season. Under new rules by the ISU, he returned to competition in 1993 and competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics, where he placed sixth. In 1996, he was inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame and the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame.
Montrealer (train)
The Montrealer was an overnight passenger train between Washington, D.C., United States, and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The train was operated from 1924 to 1966, and again under Amtrak from 1972 to 1995, excepting two years in the 1980s. The train was discontinued in 1995 and replaced by the Vermonter, which provides daytime service as far north as St. Albans, Vermont. Current Amtrak service to Montreal is provided by the daytime  Adirondack from New York City via Albany.

Adirondack (train)
The Adirondack is a daily intercity passenger train operated by Amtrak between New York City and Montreal. The scenic route follows the Empire Corridor through the Hudson Valley with major stops in Yonkers, Poughkeepsie, Albany–Rensselaer, and Schenectady. North of Saratoga Springs the route runs between the Adirondack Mountains and Lake Champlain until crossing the Canada–United States border at Rouses Point. Trains take approximately 11 hours to travel the 381-mile (613 km) route.

Canadian track maintenance issues led to the suspension of the Adirondack from June to September in 2023 and 2024.

Operation of the Adirondack is supported by the New York State Department of Transportation and Via Rail. Amtrak reported that Adirondack served 83,938 passengers in fiscal year 2025, down from a pre-COVID-19 pandemic ridership peak of 117,490 in FY2019.
Chico O'Farrill
Arturo "Chico" O'Farrill (October 28, 1921 – June 27, 2001) was a Cuban composer, arranger, and conductor, best known for his work in the Latin idiom, specifically Afro-Cuban jazz or "Cubop", although he also composed traditional jazz pieces and even symphonic works.

Born to an aristocratic Cuban family, he played the trumpet early in his career. He composed works for Machito (Afro-Cuban suite with Charlie Parker, 1950) and Benny Goodman's Bebop Orchestra ("Undercurrent Blues"), and arranged for Dizzy Gillespie and Stan Kenton, among others.

In the 1990s, O'Farrill led a big band that took up residence at New York's Birdland nightclub. Chico's son, pianist Arturo O'Farrill, eventually took over the band.

Arturo O'Farrill
Arturo O'Farrill (born June 22, 1960) is a jazz musician, the son of Latin jazz musician, arranger and bandleader Chico O'Farrill, and pianist, composer, and director for the Afro Latin Jazz Orchestra. He is best known for his contributions to contemporary Latin jazz (more specifically Afro-Cuban jazz), having received Grammy Awards and nominations, though he has trained in other forms such as free jazz and experimented briefly with hip hop.
Phage group
The phage group (sometimes called the American Phage Group) was an informal network of biologists centered on Max Delbrück that contributed heavily to bacterial genetics and the origins of molecular biology in the mid-20th century. The phage group takes its name from bacteriophages, the bacteria-infecting viruses that the group used as experimental model organisms. In addition to Delbrück, important scientists associated with the phage group include: Niels Jerne, Salvador Luria, Alfred Hershey, Seymour Benzer, Charles Steinberg, Gunther Stent, James D. Watson, Frank Stahl, and Renato Dulbecco.

Franklin Stahl
Franklin William Stahl (October 8, 1929 – April 2, 2025) was an American molecular biologist and geneticist. With Matthew Meselson, Stahl conducted the famous Meselson-Stahl experiment showing that DNA is replicated by a semiconservative mechanism, meaning that each strand of the DNA serves as a template for production of a new strand.

Stahl was a professor of biology at the University of Oregon's Institute of Molecular Biology in Eugene, Oregon.