hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Tokugawa Ienobu
Tokugawa Ienobu (徳川 家宣) (11 June 1662 – 12 November 1712) was a Japanese samurai, daimyo and the sixth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Tsunashige, thus making him the nephew of Tokugawa Ietsuna and Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the grandson of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the great-grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu. All of Ienobu's children died young.

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川 綱吉; 23 February 1646 – 19 February 1709) was a Japanese samurai, daimyo and the fifth shōgun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan. He was the younger brother of Tokugawa Ietsuna, the son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Tsunayoshi is known for instituting animal welfare laws, particularly for dogs. This earned him the nickname of "the dog Shogun" (Inu-Kubō 犬公方: Inu=Dog, Kubō=formal title of Shogun).
NGC 470
NGC 470 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. Located approximately 91 million lightyears from Earth, it was discovered by Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in 1784. The galaxy also weakly interacts with NGC 474.

NGC 474
NGC 474 is an elliptical galaxy about 100 million light years distant in the constellation Pisces. This large galaxy is known to possess tidal shells and tidal tails, although their origins remain unclear. One possible explanation is that NGC 474 interacted with a galaxy several billion years ago.
Golden Age of Television
The first Golden Age of Television is an era of television in the United States marked by its large number of live productions. The period is generally recognized as beginning in 1947 with the first episode of the drama anthology Kraft Television Theater and ending in 1960 with the final episode of Playhouse 90, although a few Golden Age shows and stars continued into the 1960s. The Golden Age was followed by the network era, wherein television audiences and programming had shifted to less critically acclaimed fare, almost all of it taped or filmed.

Network era
In television broadcasting, the network era, also known as the Silver Age of television, refers to the period in American television history from the end of the first Golden Age of Television in the late 1950s to the beginning of the multi-channel transition in the mid-1980s. During this era, the Big Three television networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC—dominated American television. This determination is established by institutional aspects that regularized television for the majority of the country, including color television, made standard by the late 1960s. As the arrival of new technologies emerged, it offered television viewers more choice and control. This eventually ended the network era and forced viewers to move into the multi-channel transition, leading to the post-network era and second Golden Age of Television.
Maine State Route 148
State Route 148 (SR 148) is a 19-mile-long (31 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Maine. Running through portions of Franklin and Somerset counties, it connects SR 43 in the town of Industry with Madison at U.S. Route 201 (US 201).

U.S. Route 201
U.S. Route 201 (US 201) is part of the nationwide system of United States Numbered Highways.  It runs for 157.46 miles (253.41 km)  entirely within the state of Maine and is a spur route of U.S. Route 1. Its southern terminus is in Brunswick at US 1 and Maine State Route 24 Business.  Its northern terminus is at the Canada–US border near Jackman (a terminus it shares with Maine State Route 6), where it connects to Quebec Route 173.

Between Solon and its northern terminus, US 201 is known as the Old Canada Road National Scenic Byway.
FEMS Microbiology Letters
FEMS Microbiology Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of microbiology, including virology. The journal was established in 1977 and is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. The Editor-in-Chief was Dr Rich Boden of the University of Plymouth 2014-2024 and the current Editor-in-Chief is Dr Clare Taylor of Edinburgh Napier University the end of 2024.

The journal gave rise to separate titles over the years but retained the subject areas of ecology and medical microbiology and indeed review articles as part of its scope nonetheless:

FEMS Microbiology Immunology (1988), which was retitled FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology (1993) and is now Pathogens and Disease (2013).

FEMS Microbiology Reviews (1985)

FEMS Microbiology Ecology (1985)

Pathogens and Disease
Pathogens and Disease  is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on all pathogens (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses, including zoonotic pathogens).  It was originally established in 1988 as FEMS Microbiology Immunology when it split from FEMS Microbiology Letters. It was renamed FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology in 1993, and obtained its current name in 2013.

The journal is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies. The current editors-in-chief are Wilhelmina Huston, Alfredo Garzino-Demo, and Jörn Coers.
Zhao Chou
Zhao Chou (Chinese: 趙犨; 824–889) was a warlord late in the Chinese Tang dynasty, whose power base was at Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan).  He was a reliable ally of Zhu Quanzhong the military governor (jiedushi) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), and his son Zhao Yan became a son-in-law of Zhu's and an official of Later Liang after Zhu established the new dynasty.

Zhao Yan (Later Liang)
Zhao Yan (趙巖) (died 923), né Zhao Lin (趙霖), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Later Liang state. As a son-in-law of its founding emperor Zhu Wen and as someone instrumental in the succession of its last emperor Zhu Zhen (Zhu Youzhen), he was influential during Zhu Zhen's reign and was traditionally blamed for corruption and misleading the emperor into making critical mistakes that caused Later Liang's fall at the hands of its rival Later Tang.
Pennsylvania Route 780
Pennsylvania Route 780 (PA 780) is an 8.49-mile-long (13.66 km) state highway located in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.  The western terminus is at PA 56/PA 366 in New Kensington.  The eastern terminus is at PA 380 in Washington Township.

Unusually, PA 780 was used for two separate state highways for more than three decades, with a different route of the same number existing in Clinton County. That route was decommissioned in 1967.

Pennsylvania Route 366
Pennsylvania Route 366 (PA 366) is a 14.8-mile-long (23.8 km) state highway located in Allegheny and Westmoreland counties in Pennsylvania.  The western terminus is at PA 28 in Tarentum.  The eastern terminus is at PA 66 in Murrysville. The last 1/2 mile of the Red Belt route of the Allegheny County belt system runs along PA 366 in Tarentum from its eastbound beginning at the PA 28 interchange to the intersection of Freeport Rd. and Ross St. where the Red Belt terminates.
Princess Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau
Princess Frederica of Prussia (30 September 1796 – 1 January 1850) was a daughter of Prince Louis Charles of Prussia and Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. She was a member of the House of Hohenzollern. By her marriage to Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau, she would become Duchess consort of Anhalt-Dessau.

Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (German: Friederike Luise Caroline Sophie Alexandrine; 3 March 1778 – 29 June 1841) was Queen of Hanover from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1841 as the wife of King Ernest Augustus. She was a German princess who married successively Prince Louis Charles of Prussia, Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels, and her first cousin Ernest Augustus. Through her 1815 marriage to Ernest, then Duke of Cumberland, Frederica became a British princess and Duchess of Cumberland. Ernest was the fifth son and eighth child of Queen Charlotte and King George III of the United Kingdom, Frederica's paternal aunt and her husband.

Frederica was born in the Altes Palais of Hanover as the fifth daughter of Charles II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her father assumed the title of Grand Duke of Mecklenburg on 18 June 1815.
Nirjhari Sinha
Nirjhari Sinha is an Indian human rights activist who, with her husband Mukul Sinha, founded Jan Sangharsh Manch (JSM). She is also director of Pravda Media Foundation, the parent organization of the fact-checking website AltNews run by her son Pratik Sinha and Mohammed Zubair.

Mukul Sinha
Mukul Sinha (10 February 1951 – 12 May 2014) was an Indian human rights activist and a lawyer at the Gujarat High Court in Ahemdabad. He was an active trade union leader and a trained physicist. He legally represented the families of the individuals who were killed in Gujarat following the 2002 riots and in Manipur, in which he secured convictions of the politicians and police officers involved. Along with his wife Nirjhari Sinha, he founded and served as the president of Jan Sangharsh Manch (trans. People's Struggle Forum), an independent civil rights organization with the aim of addressing issues of labour and workers rights. He was also a vocal critic of erstwhile Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi.
Sotiates
The Sotiates were an Aquitani tribe dwelling in the region surrounding the modern town of Sos (Lot-et-Garonne) during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

They were subjugated in 56 BC by the Roman forces of Caesar's legatus P. Licinius Crassus.

Aquitani
The Aquitani were a tribe that lived in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Garonne, in present-day southwestern France in the 1st century BC. The  Romans dubbed this region Gallia Aquitania. Classical authors such as Julius Caesar and Strabo clearly distinguish the Aquitani from the other peoples of Gaul, and note their similarity to others in the Iberian Peninsula.

Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was a precursor of the Basque language and the substrate for the Gascon language (one of the Romance languages) spoken in Gascony. Between the 1st century and the 13th century, the Aquitani gradually adopted the Gascon language while part of the Roman Empire, then the Duchy of Gascony and the Duchy of Aquitaine.
Will Evankovich
William Eric Evankovich (born April 6, 1972) is an American singer/songwriter, guitarist and producer, best known for his performances with Styx, The Guess Who, and rock duo Shaw Blades (with Tommy Shaw from Styx and Jack Blades from Night Ranger), his co-production of Shaw's 2011 debut bluegrass album, The Great Divide, and for producing and co-writing Styx's sixteenth studio album, The Mission, and seventeenth studio album, Crash of the Crown. Evankovic played with TGW beginning in 2014, continuing to produce Styx material with Shaw, and eventually was asked to join Styx, touring as a seventh member in 2021. He produced and played on the 2018 The Guess Who album, The Future Is What It Used To Be, with Derek Sharp, when they were both in TGW.

Tommy Shaw
Tommy Roland Shaw (born September 11, 1953) is an American musician best known for his tenure in the rock band Styx as co-lead vocalist. In between his stints with Styx, he has played with other groups including Damn Yankees and Shaw Blades as well as releasing several solo albums.
Fifth encirclement campaign against the Eyuwan Soviet
The fifth encirclement campaign against the Eyuwan Soviet was an encirclement campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government against the Eyuwan Soviet, a Communist base in the Hubei–Henan–Anhui border region. It was met by the 25th Red Army's fifth counter-encirclement campaign. As with the fourth campaign, this campaign ended in a Nationalist victory. The 25th Red Army decided in mid-November 1934 to abandon the soviet area and head westwards, joining the Long March.

Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)
The encirclement campaigns of the Chinese Civil War were Republic of China (ROC) offensives against Chinese Communist Party (CCP) revolutionary base areas in China from the late 1920s to 1934 during the Chinese Civil War.

The climax were the five "encirclement and suppression", or "extermination", campaigns against the Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) from 1930 to 1934. The final campaign, developed with German advisors, destroyed the CSR's Jiangxi Soviet and precipitated the CCP's strategic retreat in the Long March.
Bill Dunlop
Bill Dunlop (born November 19, 1963, in Montreal, Quebec) is a retired boxer from Canada, who competed for his native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There he was defeated in the first round of the men's flyweight (– 51 kg) division by Turkey's eventual bronze medalist Eyüp Can. He also represented Canada at the 1983 Pan American Games.

Eyüp Can (boxer)
Eyüp Can (born August 3, 1964, in Pınarbaşı, Cihanbeyli, Konya, Turkey) is a retired Turkish boxer.  He won a Flyweight Bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, losing in the semi-final to eventual gold medalist Steve McCrory. Two years later, he won the bronze medal at the 1986 World Amateur Boxing Championships in Reno, United States.
Ludwig von Flüe
Ludwig von Flüe (10 March 1752 – 1 April 1817) was a Swiss mercenary in French service. He was the commanding officer of the Swiss Guards in the defense of the Bastille in July 1789. Because of his role in the Storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution, he was later also known as Ludwig von Flüe le Bastillien.

Ludwig von Flüe wrote a critical report of his experiences during the siege and the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, entitled: Bericht von der Eroberung der Bastille. His criticism focuses primarily on the behaviour of the Governor of the Bastille, Bernard-René Jourdan, Marquis de Launay, who ultimately paid for it with his life. The report was published in 1790–1791. It was read with interest, especially by the kings and ruling princes of Europe.

Swiss mercenaries
The Swiss mercenaries were a powerful infantry force of professional soldiers originating from the cantons of the Old Swiss Confederacy. They were notable for their service in foreign armies, especially among the military forces of the kings of France, throughout the early modern period of European history, from the Late Middle Ages into the 19th century.

Their service as mercenaries was at its peak during the Renaissance, when their proven battlefield capabilities made them sought-after mercenary troops. There followed a period of decline, as technological and organizational advances counteracted the Swiss' advantages. Switzerland's military isolationism largely put an end to organized mercenary activity; the principal remnant of the practice is the Pontifical Swiss Guard at the Vatican.
Igor Moskvin
Igor Borisovich Moskvin (Russian: Игорь Борисович Москвин; 30 August 1929 – 10 November 2020) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor who represented the Soviet Union in pair skating with his partner Maya Belenkaya. He was an Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR and Honored Coach of the USSR.

Maya Belenkaya
Maya Petrovna Belenkaya (Russian: Майя Петровна Беленькая; born 1 May 1931) is a former Soviet figure skater. With her partner Igor Moskvin, she became a three-time Soviet national champion (1952–1954).
Hayato Okamura
Hayato Josef Okamura (Czech pronunciation: [ˈɦajato ˈokamura], born 28 November 1966) is a Czech–Japanese translator and politician. Since October 2021, he has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (MP) for the KDU-ČSL.

Okamura has two younger brothers; Tomio Okamura is a politician, and Osamu Okamura is an architect and university teacher.

Tomio Okamura
Tomio Okamura (岡村 富夫, Okamura Tomio; born 4 July 1972) is a Japanese-born Czech far-right politician and entrepreneur, serving as the president of the Chamber of Deputies since November 2025. Okamura was the founder of the political parties Dawn of Direct Democracy and Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD). He has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2013. Okamura served in the Senate representing Zlín from 2012 to 2013.
Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement
The Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement Oromo: Warraaqsa Federaalistii Uummata Oromoo, OFDM) was a political party in Ethiopia, created in 2005 by Bulcha Demeksa to further the interests of the Oromo people as an alternative to the armed Oromo Liberation Front. In the 15 May 2005 federal election, the party won 11 seats, all from the Oromia Region. In March 2006, the party Whip was Mesfin Nemera Deriesa from the West Wallaga Zone. The OFDM merged with the Oromo People's Congress (OPC), forming the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), in 2012.

Oromo Federalist Congress
The Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC) (Oromo: Koongiresii Federalawaa Oromoo, KFO; is a political party based in Ethiopia that was created in 2012 from the merger of the Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement and Oromo People's Congress.
Moshe Ya'alon
Moshe "Bogie" Ya'alon (Hebrew: משה יעלון; born Moshe Smilansky; 24 June 1950) is a retired Israeli politician and former Chief of the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces. He served as Israel's Defense Minister under Benjamin Netanyahu from 2013 to 2016.

He was elected in the April 2019 Israeli election as part of the Blue and White list, and served in the Knesset as a member of the faction until joining the Yesh Atid-Telem created following the 2020 election. Ya'alon retired from politics in the lead up to the 2021 election after testing the waters by splitting his Telem party from Yesh Atid.

Ministry of Defense (Israel)
The Ministry of Defense (Hebrew: משרד הביטחון, romanized: Misrad HaBitahon, lit. 'Ministry of Security', acronym: Hebrew: משהב"ט) of the government of Israel, is the governmental department responsible for defending the State of Israel from internal and external military threats. Its political head is the defense minister of Israel, and its offices are located in HaKirya, Tel Aviv.

The Ministry of Defense oversees most of the Israeli security forces, including the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), Israel Military Industries (IMI), and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

The ministry was established when the British Mandate of Palestine ended, and the British Army departed Palestine and the State of Israel was formed. This ended the rag-tag militia units during British rule and gave way to the formal defense of the Jewish state.
Myddelton baronets
The Myddelton Baronetcy, of Chirke in the County of Denbigh, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 4 July 1660 for Thomas Myddelton, Member of Parliament for Flint, Montgomery and Denbighshire. He was the son of the politician and Parliamentary general Sir Thomas Myddelton and the grandson of Sir Thomas Myddelton, Lord Mayor of London in 1613. The second and third Baronets represented Denbighshire in the House of Commons. The title became extinct on the death of the fourth Baronet in 1718.

Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet
Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet (2 November 1624 – 13 July 1663) was a Welsh politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1646 and 1663. He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War but later took part in the Cheshire Uprising (1659) in support of the Restoration.
German Christians movement
German Christians (German: Deutsche Christen) were a pressure group and a movement within the German Evangelical Church that existed between 1933 and 1945, aligned towards the antisemitic, racist, and Führerprinzip ideological principles of Nazism with the goal of aligning German Protestantism as a whole towards those principles. Their advocacy of these principles led to a schism within 23 of the initially 28 regional church bodies (Landeskirchen) in Germany and the attendant foundation of the opposing Confessing Church in 1934. Siegfried Leffler was a co-founder of the German Christians movement.

Confessing Church
The Confessing Church (German: Bekennende Kirche, pronounced [bəˈkɛnəndə ˈkɪʁçə] ⓘ) was a movement within German Protestantism in Nazi Germany that arose in opposition to government-sponsored efforts to unify all of the Protestant churches into a single pro-Nazi German Evangelical Church.
British League Knockout Cup
The British League Knockout Cup was a speedway Knockout Cup competition in the United Kingdom governed by the Speedway Control Board (SCB) in conjunction with the British Speedway Promoters' Association (BSPA), that was staged between 1965 and 1994. The teams from the top division of league racing, the British League, took part. A similar competition was held for clubs in leagues that succeeded the British League, including the Elite League Knockout Cup and the Premier League Knockout Cup.

Knockout Cup (speedway)
Knockout Cup (sometimes referred to as the KO Cup) is a type of British motorcycle speedway competition, examples of which have run annually since 1929.

Each tier of British Speedway has its own respective Knockout Cup. The current Knockout Cup competitions are the SGB Premiership Knockout Cup (tier one), the SGB Championship Knockout Cup (tier two) and the National League Knockout Cup (tier three).

The cups were run in the past under the associated name of the League at the time. For example Elite League Knockout Cup when tier one was the Elite League, a Premier League Knockout Cup when tier two was the Premier League and so on.
California's 1st congressional district
California's 1st congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in California. The district is currently vacant following the death of Doug LaMalfa, a Republican, who had represented the district since January 2013. There will be a special election to fill the seat on August 4, 2026, with a primary election on June 2. Currently, the district encompasses many northeastern parts of the state. Since the 2022 election, it includes the counties of Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Lassen, Modoc, Shasta, Siskiyou, Sutter, and Tehama, and most of Yuba County. The largest cities in the district are Chico, Redding, and Yuba City.

Prior to redistricting in 2021, it included the counties of Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, and Tehama, most of Nevada County, part of Glenn County, and part of Placer County. In the 2021 redistricting, it added the Yuba–Sutter area and removed most of its share of the Sierra Nevada.

Glenn County, California
Glenn County is a county located in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,917. The county seat is Willows. It is located in the Sacramento Valley, in the northern part of the California Central Valley. The reservation of the Grindstone Indian Rancheria of Wintun-Wailaki Indians is located in Glenn County.
Malak Jân Nemati
Malak Jân Nemati or Malek Jân Nemati (Persian: ملک‌جان نعمتی; 11 December 1906 – 15 July 1993), also known as Sheikh Jâni and Saint Jani, was a Kurdish-Iranian mystical writer and poet in both Kurdish and Persian.

She was the daughter of Hajj Nematollah and the sister of Ostad Elahi. There are few written sources about her life. Some elements can be found in the words of her brother Ostad Elahi whom she was very close to. A biography in French was published on the occasion of the centennial of her birth, including the translation of some of her poems and sayings.

Hajj Nematollah
Hajj Nematollah (Persian: حاجی نعمت‌الله 1871 – 28 February 1920) was an influential mystic and religious leader of the Qajar era. He was born in Jeyhounabad, Iran and is considered one of the greatest leaders and mystics in Kurdish and Ahl-e Haqq history. Two of his most famous works of poetry and history are Furqān al-Akhbar (aka "The Firkan") and Ḥaqq al-Ḥaqāyiq yā Shāhnāmah-ʾi Ḥaqīqat. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "The chief source of information about the Ahl-e Haqq is the Firqan al-Akhbar, written in... early 20th century by (Hajj Nemat)…"