hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Mandinka language
The Mandinka language (Mandinka kaŋo; Ajami: مَانْدِينْكَا كَانْجَوْ; Glottocode: mand1436; ISO 639-3: mnk), also known as the Gambian or Mandingo, is a Mande language spoken by the Mandinka people of northern Guinea-Bissau, the Casamance region of Senegal, and The Gambia, where it is one of the principal languages.: 153

Mandinka belongs to the Manding branch of Mande and is similar to Kassonke but with only 5 instead of 7 vowels, due to lacking the ATR distinction.  
The varieties spoken in the West Northern bank region in the Gambia borders on a pitch accent due to its proximity with non-tonal neighboring languages like Wolof.

Manding languages
The Manding languages (sometimes spelt Manden, and archaically Mandingo) are a dialect continuum within the Niger-Congo family spoken in West Africa. Varieties of Manding are generally considered (among native speakers) to be mutually intelligible – dependent on exposure or familiarity with dialects between speakers – and spoken by around 37 million people in the countries Burkina Faso, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ivory Coast and The Gambia. Their best-known members are Mandinka or Mandingo, the principal language of The Gambia; Bambara, the most widely spoken language in Mali; Maninka or Malinké, a major language of Guinea and Mali; and Jula, a trade language of Ivory Coast and western Burkina Faso. Manding is part of the larger Mandé family of languages.
Mike Morgan (musician)
Michael Robert Morgan (born November 30, 1959, in Dallas, Texas) is an American Texas and electric blues musician. He has released 14 albums to date, on various record labels including Rounder, Black Top and Severn Records. The majority of his releases have featured his long-standing backing band, The Crawl. Morgan has played alongside Darrell Nulisch, Lee McBee, Gary Primich, and Randy McAllister.

Darrell Nulisch
Darrell Nulisch (born September 14, 1952, Dallas, Texas) is an American electric blues singer and harmonica player. Prior to his solo career, he was a member of Anson Funderburgh and the Rockets and The Broadcasters. Nulisch's repertoire incorporates soul combined with R&B and Chicago blues, redesigned to complement his distinctive vocals.
Canal Nostalgia
Canal Nostalgia was a Spanish television channel owned and operated by Televisión Española (TVE), the television division of state-owned public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). It was available via pay television satellite platforms first and cable platforms later. It was known for broadcasting classic programmes from Televisión Española historical audiovisual archive.

It was launched in 1997 and discontinued in 2005, when it was closed to launch months later TVE 50 Años.

TVE 50 Años
TVE 50 Años was a Spanish free-to-air television channel owned and operated by Televisión Española (TVE), the television division of state-owned public broadcaster Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE). It was created to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Televisión Española and was known for broadcasting classic programmes from its historical audiovisual archive.

It was launched on 30 November 2005 time-sharing schedule with Clan. They replaced Canal Nostalgia that was discontinued several months before. TVE 50 Años was discontinued on 1 January 2007 and Clan expanded broadcast to a 24-hour schedule.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), previously known as the Hindustan Republican Army and Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), was a left-wing Indian revolutionary organization, founded by Sachindranath Sanyal. After changes in Bhagat Singh's ideology and the influence of the Russian Revolution, they held meetings in Feroz Shah Kotla Maidan and added the word socialist to their name. Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, Sachindranath Sanyal and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee were the leaders of the group at the time. HSRA's manifesto titled The Revolutionary and written constitution were produced as evidence in the Kakori conspiracy case of 1925.

Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
The Revolutionary movement for Indian Independence was part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of violent underground revolutionary factions. Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category, as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mahatma Gandhi.

The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar, the United Provinces and Punjab. More groups were scattered across India.
George Roop
George H. Roop (born November 10, 1981) is a retired mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of Spike TV's The Ultimate Fighter: Team Nogueira vs. Team Mir, winning his preliminary and first round fights. He fought as a bantamweight in the UFC and most recently fought under the Road FC banner. He holds notable victories over former WEC Bantamweight champion Brian Bowles and UFC featherweight contender Chan Sung Jung.

The Korean Zombie
Jung Chan-sung (Korean: 정찬성; born March 17, 1987), anglicized as Chan Sung Jung and better known professionally as The Korean Zombie, is a South Korean former professional mixed martial artist best known for competing in the Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

A professional competitor since 2007, Jung had also competed for World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC), Pancrase, World Victory Road, and DEEP. His nickname, "The Korean Zombie", comes from his perceived zombie-like ability to continue to move forward and fight aggressively, even after taking heavy blows.
Aberdeen High School (Maryland)
Aberdeen High School is a public high school in Aberdeen, Maryland, United States. It is a part of the Harford County Public Schools. As of 2025, according to the U.S. News & World Report, it ranks as the third best high school in Harford County Public Schools and the 108th in Maryland.

Aberdeen, Maryland
Aberdeen is a city located in Harford County, Maryland, United States, 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Baltimore. The population was 16,254 at the 2020 United States census. Aberdeen is the largest municipality in Harford County.

Aberdeen is part of the Baltimore-Towson Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which is the 20th-largest United States metropolitan area. The nearest city to Aberdeen is Havre de Grace, 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the northeast.
Examination for the Certificate of Competency in English
The Examination for the Certificate in Competency in English (ECCE) is a high-intermediate level English language qualification that focuses on Level B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).

It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge. The exam has been in use since 1994,  but is regularly updated to ensure it reflects current research in language teaching and assessment.

The ECCE is taken by school-aged and adult learners living in countries where the common language is not English. It is used as official documentary evidence of English language competency and it is ranked at B2  level and is accepted by universities, governments and employers all over the world.

The exam has four test sections, which test the four key language skills: listening, reading, writing and speaking.

Michigan Language Assessment
Michigan Language Assessment (MLA), also known as the Cambridge–Michigan Language Assessment (CaMLA) and previously the "English Language Institute Testing and Certification Division at the University of Michigan", has been providing English language assessments, learning resources, teacher development, consultancy and research since 1941.

Their range of assessments, which include what are often referred to as the Michigan Tests, are used for university admissions, IEP programs, K-12 ELL programs, professional licensing, and employment.

Michigan Language Assessment is a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan and the University of Cambridge – two institutions with a long history of research and development in the field of language assessment, teaching and learning.
Athina Onassis
Athina Hélène Onassis (Greek: Αθηνά Ωνάση; born Athina Hélène Roussel (Greek: Αθηνά Ρουσσέλ), 29 January 1985) is a French-Greek heiress and equestrian, the only surviving descendant of Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his first wife Athina, via their daughter Christina Onassis and Thierry Roussel.

She makes rare public appearances.

Christina Onassis
Christina Onassis (Greek: Χριστίνα Ωνάση; 11 December 1950 – 19 November 1988) was a Greek-Argentine businesswoman, socialite and heiress to the Onassis fortune. She was the only daughter of Aristotle Onassis and Athina Mary "Tina" Livanos.
Assonet River
The Assonet River is located in Bristol County, Massachusetts. It flows 7.4 miles (11.9 km) in a westerly direction through Freetown and joins the Taunton River near Assonet Neck in Berkley, Massachusetts.

Taunton River
The Taunton River, historically also called the Taunton Great River, is a river in southeastern Massachusetts in the United States. It arises from the confluence of the Town River and Matfield River, in the town of Bridgewater. From there it meanders through the towns of Halifax, Middleborough and Raynham, through the city of Taunton for which it is named, the towns of Berkley, Dighton, Somerset, and the Assonet section of Freetown, to Fall River where it joins Mount Hope Bay, an arm of Narragansett Bay.
Margo Howard
Margo Howard (née Lederer; born March 15, 1940) is an American writer and former advice columnist. She is the only child of businessman/innovator Jules Lederer and Eppie Lederer (better known as Ann Landers after her long-time advice column Ask Ann Landers), the niece of Pauline Phillips, and the cousin of Jeanne Phillips (the latter two both better known as Abigail Van Buren and authors of the advice column Dear Abby).

Jeanne Phillips
Jeanne Phillips (/ˈdʒiːni/ JEE-nee; born 1942), also known as Abigail Van Buren, is an American advice columnist who has written for the advice column Dear Abby since 2000. She was born in Minneapolis to  Pauline Esther Phillips, who founded Dear Abby in 1956.

Jeanne Phillips' Dear Abby column is syndicated in about 1,400 newspapers in the U.S. with a combined circulation of more than 110 million. Dear Abby's website receives about 10,000 letters per week, seeking advice on a large variety of personal matters.
U.S. Route 95 in California
U.S. Route 95 (US 95) is a United States Numbered Highway, stretching from the Mexican border in San Luis, Arizona to the Canadian border near Eastport, Idaho. The California portion of US 95 traverses through the far eastern edges of both Riverside and San Bernardino counties.  US 95 serves Blythe and Needles and junctions with SR 62 at Vidal Junction. US-95 is the only US highway in California that does not terminate within the state.

The route overlaps with two Interstate highways, specifically I-10 near Blythe and I-40 near Needles.

California State Route 62
State Route 62 (SR 62) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that cuts across the Little San Bernardino Mountains in Riverside and San Bernardino counties. Its western terminus is at Interstate 10 in unincorporated Riverside County outside the borders of Whitewater and Palm Springs. Its eastern terminus is at the Arizona state line just east of Parker, Arizona. The highway passes through the city of Twentynine Palms and along the northern boundary of the Joshua Tree National Park.
Moonbeam Films
Moonbeam Films is a family-oriented brand sub-brand of Charles Band's Full Moon Features that is the revived successor to the former Moonbeam Entertainment and Pulsepounders. It distributes family-oriented sci-fi and fantasy films from the past originally released by Moonbeam Entertainment onto DVDs, with some carrying alternative release titles. Some films put out by this distributor were originally released by different companies associated with Paramount Pictures from 1990 until 2015.

Full Moon Features
Full Moon Features is an American independent motion picture production and distribution company headed by B-movie veteran Charles Band. It is known for the direct-to-video series Puppet Master, Trancers, and Subspecies, as well as the film Castle Freak and the VideoZone featurette through 1989 to 2013.
Explicit substitution
In computer science, lambda calculi are said to have explicit substitutions if they pay special attention to the formalization of the process of substitution. This is in contrast to the standard lambda calculus where substitutions are performed by beta reductions in an implicit manner which is not expressed within the calculus; the "freshness" conditions in such implicit calculi are a notorious source of errors. The concept has appeared in a large number of published papers in quite different fields, such as in abstract machines, predicate logic, and symbolic computation.

Lambda calculus
In mathematical logic, the lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. Untyped lambda calculus, the topic of this article, is a universal machine, i.e. a model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine (and vice versa). It was introduced by the mathematician Alonzo Church in the 1930s as part of his research into the foundations of mathematics. In 1936, Church found a formulation which was logically consistent, and documented it in 1940.
A String of Pearls Twined with Golden Flowers
A String of Pearls Twined with Golden Flowers, The Golden Twins or Pearls, Thread Yourselves (Romanian: Înşiră-te mărgăritari) is a Romanian fairy tale collected by Petre Ispirescu in Legende sau basmele românilor.

The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children", albeit following a specific narrative that is found in Romania, Moldova, and Hungary, as well as in other Eastern European and Balkanic countries. These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother.

The Three Golden Children (folklore)
The Three Golden Children refers to a series of folktales related to the motif of the calumniated wife, numbered K2110.1 in the Motif-Index of Folk-Literature. The name refers to a cycle of tales wherein a woman gives birth to children of wondrous aspect, but her children are taken from her by jealous relatives or by her mother-in-law, and her husband punishes her in some harsh way. Only years later, the family is reunited and the jealous relatives are punished. According to folklorist Stith Thompson, the tale is "one of the eight or ten best known plots in the world".

Alternate names for the tale type are The Three Golden Sons, The Bird of Truth, Portuguese: Os meninos com uma estrelinha na testa, lit. 'The boys with little stars on their foreheads', Russian: Чудесные дети, romanized: Chudesnyye deti, lit. 'The Wonderful or Miraculous Children', or Hungarian: Az aranyhajú ikrek, lit. 'The Golden-Haired Twins'.
Arbroath F.C.
Arbroath Football Club is a semi-professional Scottish football club based in the town of Arbroath, Angus. They currently play in the Scottish Championship. The club was founded in 1878 and plays home matches at Gayfield Park. They play in maroon strips and are nicknamed "The Red Lichties" due to the red light that used to guide fishing boats back from the North Sea to the Burgh's harbour. The Red Lichties share a long-standing and fierce rivalry with local neighbours Montrose, as well as with fellow local sides Forfar Athletic and Brechin City.

Brechin City F.C.
Brechin City Football Club is a Scottish football club based in the town of Brechin in Angus. The club was founded in 1906 by players and officials of two local clubs, Brechin Harp and Brechin Hearts. The club currently competes in the Highland League after suffering three relegations in four seasons: from the Championship in 2018, League One in 2019, and League Two in 2021 following a 3–1 aggregate play-off defeat by Kelty Hearts.

The club's highest achievements include winning the third tier of Scottish football three times, most recently in 2004–05 as champions of the Second Division. The club has also reached the final of the Scottish Challenge Cup on one occasion, losing 2–0 to Queen of the South in 2002. Brechin's home ground is Glebe Park which can seat around 1,500 spectators in its capacity of 4,123. The ground opened in 1919.
New York Monuments Commission
The New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg, Chattanooga and Antietam was a commission set up by New York State in 1886 to honor the dead from Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of Chattanooga and Battle of Antietam. General Daniel Edgar Sickles served as chairman until forced out over accusations of embezzling $27,000 from the commission. Lewis R. Stegman replaced him as chairman in 1912.

Daniel Sickles
Daniel Edgar Sickles (October 20, 1819 – May 3, 1914) was an American politician,  Civil War veteran, and diplomat. He served in the  U.S. House of Representatives both before and after the war.

Sickles was involved in a number of scandals, most notably the 1859 homicide of his wife's lover, U.S. Attorney Philip Barton Key II. He was acquitted after using temporary insanity as a legal defense for the first time in United States history.
Mule Skinner Blues
"Blue Yodel no. 8, Mule Skinner Blues" (a.k.a. "Muleskinner Blues", and "Muleskinner's Blues") is a classic country song written by Jimmie Rodgers. The song was first recorded by Rodgers in 1930 and has been recorded by many artists since then, acquiring the de facto title "Mule Skinner Blues" after Rodgers named it "Blue Yodel #8" (one of his Blue Yodels).

"George Vaughn", a pseudonym for songwriter George Vaughn Horton, is sometimes listed as co-author. Horton wrote the lyrics for "New Mule Skinner Blues", Bill Monroe's second recorded version of the song.

The song was discussed in the Ken Burns 2019 documentary miniseries Country Music and Jimmie Rodgers' rendition was on the soundtrack album for the series.

Blue yodel
The blue yodel songs are a series of thirteen songs written and recorded by Jimmie Rodgers during the period from 1927 to his death in May 1933. The songs were based on the 12-bar blues format and featured Rodgers’ trademark yodel refrains.  The lyrics often had a risqué quality with "a macho, slightly dangerous undertone." The original 78 issue of "Blue Yodel No. 1 (T for Texas)" sold more than a half million copies, a phenomenal number at the time.  The term "blue yodel" is also sometimes used to differentiate the earlier Austrian yodeling from the American form of yodeling introduced by Rodgers.
King Creosote
Kenny Anderson (born January 1967), known primarily by his stage name King Creosote, is an independent singer-songwriter from Fife, Scotland. To date, Anderson has released over forty albums, with his latest full length, I DES, released in 2023. Anderson is also a member of Scottish-Canadian band The Burns Unit. In 2011, Anderson's collaborative album with Jon Hopkins, Diamond Mine, was nominated for the Mercury Prize and the Scottish Album of the Year Award. Astronaut Meets Appleman was also longlisted for the Scottish Album of the Year Award.

Jon Hopkins
Jonathan Julian Hopkins (born 15 August 1979) is an English electronic musician and producer. He began his career playing keyboards for Imogen Heap, and he has produced and contributed to albums by Brian Eno, Coldplay, and David Holmes, among others.

Hopkins composed the soundtrack to the 2010 film Monsters, which was nominated for an Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Score. His third studio album, Insides, reached No. 15 on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart in 2009. His collaborations on Small Craft on a Milk Sea with Brian Eno and Leo Abrahams and Diamond Mine with King Creosote both reached No. 82 on the UK Albums Chart. His albums Diamond Mine (2011) and Immunity (2013) were both nominated for the Mercury Prize. His fifth studio record, Singularity, received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance/Electronic Album in December 2018. Hopkins's sixth studio album, Music for Psychedelic Therapy, was released on 12 November 2021.
Adrienne Maloof
Adrienne Maloof (born September 4, 1961) is an American businesswoman, television personality, shoe designer, and co-owner of the various business holdings of Maloof Companies, which include a stake in the Vegas Golden Knights (NHL), The Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, Nevada; Maloof Productions, Maloof Music and the retired Maloof Money Cup skateboarding event.

Maloof family
The Maloof family is a prominent American family based in Las Vegas, Nevada, who are owners of numerous business properties in the Western United States. The original spelling of the family name is Maalouf. The family is of Lebanese descent.

Originally from New Mexico, the family's success began with the distribution rights for Coors Brewing Company in the Southwest region of the US in 1937. The Maloofs were the owners of the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1998 until 2013 and are minority owners of the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). Notable family members include George J. Maloof Sr., Adrienne Maloof, George J. Maloof Jr., and Phillip Maloof.
Minister responsible for Official Languages (Canada)
The minister responsible for official languages (French: ministre responsable des langues officielles) is a minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet. The minister is supported by the Department of Canadian Heritage and is responsible for administering Official Languages Act.

The role has been held by Marc Miller since 2025. The minister is selected by the prime minister and appointed by the Crown. The position was first introduced in 2003 and the position has often been held in conjunction with another portfolio, such as minister responsible for La Francophonie or minister of Canadian heritage.

Minister of Canadian Identity and Culture
The minister of Canadian identity and culture (French: ministre de l'identité et de la culture canadiennes) is the minister of the Crown responsible for the Department of Canadian Heritage. The minister is a member of the King's Privy Council for Canada and the Canadian Cabinet.

Marc Miller has served as the current minister of Canadian identity and culture since 2025. The minister is selected by the prime minister and appointed by the Crown. The role was created in 1996 as the minister of Canadian heritage (French: ministre du patrimoine canadien) to lead the government's culture, media, sports, and arts initiatives. In March 2025, the role was renamed as the minister of Canadian culture and identity, Parks Canada and Quebec lieutenant, and the portfolio assumed responsibility for Parks Canada. The simplified title was adopted in May 2025.
Army Network Enterprise Technology Command
United States Army Network Enterprise Technology Command (NETCOM) is a US Military unit subordinate to United States Army Cyber Command. NETCOM's mission is to operate and defend the computer networks of the United States Army. The numerical command for NETCOM was 9th Army Signal Command, though this distinction was removed on 1 October 2011. Its heritage can be traced back to the creation of the 9th Service Company in 1918. The command headquarters is at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Major General Jacqueline D. McPhail assumed command of NETCOM in August 2024.

9th Army Signal Command (United States)
The 9th Army Signal Command is the operational executive agent for Army-wide network operations and security.  It is the single point of contact for Army network development and protection, providing C4 information management of common-user services in support of the combatant commanders and Army service component commanders.  It was the numbered command for the Network Enterprise Technology Command.