hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Turks in Algeria
The Turks in Algeria, also commonly referred to as Algerian Turks, Algerian-Turkish Algero-Turkish and Turkish-Algerians were the ethnic Turkish and renegades who emigrated to Algeria during the Ottoman period. A significant number of Turks intermarried with the native population, and the male offspring of these marriages were referred to as Kouloughlis (Turkish: kuloğlu) due to their mixed Turkish and central Maghrebi heritage. However, in general, intermarriage was discouraged, in order to preserve the "Turkishness" of the community. Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" have traditionally been used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry.

Kouloughlis
Kouloughlis, also spelled Koulouglis, Cologhlis and Qulaughlis was a term used during the period of Ottoman influence in North Africa that usually designated the mixed offspring of Ottoman officials and janissaries and local women.
Italia Marittima
Italia Marittima S.p.A., founded as Österreichischer Lloyd in 1833 and named Lloyd Triestino  from 1919 until 2006 , is a shipping company with its head office in Trieste, Italy, and run by Evergreen Marine Corporation.

Evergreen Marine Corporation
Evergreen Marine Corporation (Taiwan) Ltd. (Chinese: 長榮海運; pinyin: Chángróng Hǎiyùn; Tâi-lô: Tióng-îng Hái-ūn) is a Taiwanese container transportation and shipping company that is headquartered in Luzhu District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. With over 150 container ships, it is part of the Evergreen Group conglomerate of transportation firms and associated companies.
S&P Global Ratings
S&P Global Ratings (previously Standard & Poor's and informally known as S&P) is an American credit rating agency (CRA) and a division of S&P Global that publishes financial research and analysis on stocks, bonds, and commodities. S&P is considered the largest of the Big Three credit-rating agencies, which also include Moody's Ratings and Fitch Ratings. Its head office is located on 55 Water Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

Fitch Ratings
Fitch Ratings, Inc. is an American - British credit rating agency. It is one of the three nationally recognized statistical rating organizations (NRSRO) designated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is considered as being one of the "Big Three credit rating agencies", along with Moody's and S&P Global Ratings.
Willie Pearse
William James Pearse (Irish: Uilliam Seamus Mac Piarais; 15 November 1881 – 4 May 1916) was an Irish republican executed for his part in the Easter Rising. He was a younger brother of Patrick Pearse, a leader of the rising.

Patrick Pearse
Patrick Henry Pearse (also known as Pádraig or Pádraic Pearse; Irish: Pádraig Anraí Mac Piarais; 10 November 1879 – 3 May 1916) was an Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, nationalist, republican political activist and revolutionary who was one of the leaders of the Easter Rising in 1916. Following his execution along with fifteen others, Pearse came to be seen by many as the embodiment of the rebellion.
Malden Island
Malden Island, sometimes called Independence Island in the 19th century, is a low, arid, uninhabited atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, about 39 km2 (15 sq mi) in area. It is one of the Line Islands belonging to the Republic of Kiribati. The lagoon is entirely enclosed by land, though it is connected to the sea by underground channels, and is quite salty.

The island is chiefly notable for its ancient stone architecture, its once-extensive deposits of phosphatic guano (exploited by Australian interests from c. 1860–1927), its former use as the site of the first British H-bomb tests (Operation Grapple, 1957), and its current importance as a protected area for breeding seabirds.

The island is designated as the Malden Island Wildlife Sanctuary. In 2014 the Kiribati government established a 12-nautical-mile (14 mi; 22 km) fishing exclusion zone around each of the southern Line Islands (Caroline (commonly called Millennium), Flint, Vostok, Malden, and Starbuck).

Starbuck Island
Starbuck Island (or Volunteer Island) is an uninhabited coral island in the central Pacific, and is part of the Central Line Islands of Kiribati. Its former names include "Barren Island", "Coral Queen Island", "Hero Island", "Low Island", and "Starve Island".
Skirmish near Fort Thorn, New Mexico Territory
The Skirmish near Fort Thorn, New Mexico Territory, also known as the Fight at E Company Grove, was a skirmish of the American Civil War on the morning of September 26, 1861.  It followed the Battle of Canada Alamosa one of several small battles that occurred near the border between Confederate Arizona and Union New Mexico Territory.  This one being an attempt by detachments of three companies of the Union Regiment of Mounted Rifles to pursue the Confederate cavalry force of Captain Bethel Coopwood's San Elizario Spy Company, and detachments of Company B and E, Second Texas Mounted Rifles, that was retiring from their victory at Canada Alamosa toward their base at Camp Robledo, 12 mi (19 km) north of Doña Ana, New Mexico.

Battle of Canada Alamosa
The Battle of Canada Alamosa as it was known to the Union Army, or Alamosa as it was known to the Confederates, was a skirmish of the American Civil War on the late evening of September 24 and the morning of September 25, 1861.  It was one of several small battles that occurred in Confederate Arizona near the border with Union held New Mexico Territory, this one being the largest.
Coastal sage scrub
Coastal sage scrub (CSS), also called coastal scrub or soft chaparral, is a low scrubland plant community of the California coastal sage and chaparral subecoregion, found in coastal California and northwestern coastal Baja California. It is within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome.

California coastal sage and chaparral
The California coastal sage and chaparral is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion, defined by the World Wildlife Fund, located in southwestern California (United States) and northwestern Baja California (Mexico). It is part of the larger California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. The ecoregion corresponds to the USDA Southern California ecoregion section 261B, and to the EPA Southern California/Northern Baja Coast ecoregion 85.
August Mentz
August Mentz (5 December 1867 – 5 November 1944) was a Danish botanist, peat extraction and moor reclamation expert and a pioneer in nature conservation.

Mentz studied botany at the University of Copenhagen under professor Eugen Warming. He was employed by the Danish Moor Reclamation Society ("Det danske Hedeselskab") from 1899 to 1923. In 1912 he defended his doctoral thesis on the “Current Vegetation of Danish Bogs and Swamps” (Mentz 1912). From 1923 to 1938, he was professor of botany at Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University. He edited two voluminous colour plate floras – ”Billeder af Nordens Flora” and “Vilde Planter i Norden”.

Mentz was chairman of the state advisory board on conservation (”Naturfredningsrådet”) 1925–1944. However, with his background in moor reclamation, he had a foot in both camps – utilitarianism and conservationism.

Eugenius Warming
Johannes Eugenius Bülow Warming (3 November 1841 – 2 April 1924), known as Eugen Warming, was a Danish botanist and a pioneering figure in the development of ecology. In 1895 Warming published Plantesamfund, often regarded as the first textbook (1895) on plant ecology, and he taught an early university course in ecology. The ecologist Robert J. Goodland wrote in 1975: "If one individual can be singled out to be honoured as the founder of ecology, Warming should gain precedence."

Warming wrote a number of textbooks on botany, plant geography and ecology, which were widely read and translated into several languages. Notable works include Plantesamfund and Haandbog i den systematiske Botanik.
Tasmanian Government Railways
The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR) was the former operator of the mainline railways in Tasmania, Australia. Formed in 1872, the railway company was managed by the Government of Tasmania, and existed until absorption into the Australian National Railways Commission in 1978.

Rail transport in Tasmania
Rail transport in Tasmania consists of a network of narrow gauge track of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) reaching virtually all cities and major towns in the island state of Tasmania, Australia. Today, rail services are focused primarily on bulk freight, with no passenger services operated. The mainline railways of Tasmania are currently operated by TasRail, a Government of Tasmania owned corporation, who owns and maintains both rolling stock, locomotives and track infrastructure.
BMW 5 Series (E12)
The BMW E12 is the first generation of 5 Series executive cars, which was produced from 1972 to 1981 and replaced the saloon models of the BMW New Class range.

Initial models were powered by inline-four engines, using either a carburettor or fuel-injection. A year after launch, the first model powered by a straight-six engine was introduced. By the final years of E12 production, most models used a straight-six engine.

There was no M5 model for the E12, however the E12 M535i is considered to be the predecessor to the M5. The E24 6 Series coupés were built on the E12 platform up until 1982. The E12 was replaced by the E28 5 Series in 1981, although the tools were sent to South Africa where E12 assembly continued (with E28 interiors) until 1984.

BMW New Class
The BMW New Class (German: Neue Klasse) is a line of sedans and coupes produced by West German automaker BMW between 1962 and 1972. These models ensured BMW's solvency after the company's financial crisis of the 1950s and again established the identity of BMW automobiles as luxury sports sedans.

The first New Class vehicle was the 1500, a 4-door compact executive car with the new M10 (at the time called M115) OHC 4-cylinder engine. In 1965, the 2000 C and 2000 CS luxury coupés were added to the range.

Replacement of the New Class models began with the 6-cylinder E9 2800 CS in 1969 replacing the 2000 C and 2000 CS coupés. In 1972 the 4-door sedans were replaced by the larger E12 5 Series.

The New Class coupes introduced the Hofmeister kink, which has been used on most BMW cars since. Another legacy of the New Class is the iconic 02 Series, which are a shortened version of the New Class sedans.
Annika Penickova
Annika Penickova (Czech: Pěničková; born September 11, 2009) is an American tennis player. She has a career-high ITF junior combined ranking of No. 16, achieved on March 3, 2025. She and her identical twin sister, Kristina Penickova, won the girls' doubles title at the 2025 Australian Open.

Kristina Penickova
Kristina Penickova (Czech: Kristína Pěničková; born September 11, 2009) is an American tennis player. She has a career-high ITF junior combined ranking of No. 3, achieved on January 27, 2025. She won the girls' doubles titles at the 2025 Australian Open and the 2025 Wimbledon Championships.
Henan Provincial People's Government
The Henan Provincial People's Government is the local administrative agency of Henan. It is officially elected by the Henan Provincial People's Congress and is formally responsible to the Henan Provincial People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Under the country's one-party system, the governor is subordinate to the secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The Provincial government is headed by a governor, currently Wang Kai.

Governor of Henan
The governor of Henan, officially the Governor of the Henan Provincial People's Government, is the head of Henan Province and leader of  the Henan Provincial People's Government.

The governor is elected by the Henan Provincial People's Congress, and responsible to it and its Standing Committee. The governor is a provincial level official and is responsible for the overall decision-making of the provincial government. The governor is assisted by an executive vice governor as well as several vice governors. The governor generally serves as the deputy secretary of the Henan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and as a member of the CCP Central Committee. The governor is the second highest-ranking official in the province after the secretary of the CCP Henan Committee. The current governor is Wang Kai, who took office on 2 April 2021.
2024 ASEAN Championship knockout stage
The 2024 ASEAN Championship knockout stage (previously AFF Championship) was played from 26 December 2024 to 5 January 2025. A total of 4 teams competed in the knockout stage to decide the champions of the 2024 ASEAN Championship.

Vietnam won 5–3 on aggregate against Thailand in the final to win their third title.

2024 ASEAN Championship
The 2024 ASEAN Championship (officially the ASEAN Mitsubishi Electric Cup 2024 due to sponsorship reasons) was the 15th edition of the ASEAN Championship (formerly the AFF Championship) football tournament of nations affiliated to the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) and was the last edition under the name ASEAN Mitsubishi Electric Cup.

The final tournament was originally scheduled to run from 23 November to 21 December. However, the AFF decided to change the schedule from 8 December 2024 to 5 January 2025 to avoid conflicts with continental club competitions.

Vietnam secured their third title after defeating the two-time defending champions Thailand by a 5–3 aggregate score in the two-legged final.
Resident Evil Outbreak
Resident Evil Outbreak is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom for the PlayStation 2. It was released on December 11, 2003 in Japan, on March 30, 2004 in North America, and on September 17, 2004 in PAL regions. It was the first entry in the Resident Evil video game series to feature cooperative gameplay and online multiplayer support, although online support was not available for the PAL versions of the game.

Outbreak depicts a series of episodic storylines in a zombie-inhabited Raccoon City. Players control eight characters with unique abilities. It is set during the same general time period as Resident Evil 2 (1998) and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis (1999). Capcom released a standalone expansion, Resident Evil Outbreak: File #2, the following year. The game was praised for its graphics, fun factor and multiplayer, but criticized for lacking voice chat.

Resident Evil Outbreak: File 2
Resident Evil Outbreak: File #2 is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom with online playability for the PlayStation 2. It is the sequel to Resident Evil Outbreak, and the final installment of the spin-off series. It was released on September 9, 2004 in Japan, on April 26, 2005 in North America, and August 26, 2005 in PAL regions.

After the success of Outbreak in Japan, Capcom announced a sequel in Fall 2004. The game takes place in zombie-infested Raccoon City with the same eight characters that were featured in its predecessor, along with five new scenarios.

Upon release, File #2 featured online multiplayer servers, but in March 2007 all servers were shut down. On January 1, 2014, alternate fan servers restored online play, along with new additions to the servers, such as ban lists and leaderboards.
May 1985 lunar eclipse
A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Saturday, May 4, 1985, with an umbral magnitude of 1.2369. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring only about 13.5 hours after perigee (on May 4, 1985, at 6:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

This lunar eclipse was the first of a tetrad, with four total lunar eclipses in series, the others being on October 28, 1985; April 24, 1986; and October 17, 1986.

October 1985 lunar eclipse
A total lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Monday, October 28, 1985, with an umbral magnitude of 1.0736. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon's near side entirely passes into the Earth's umbral shadow. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly two hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Occurring about 1.2 days before apogee (on October 29, 1985, at 21:50 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

This lunar eclipse was the second of a tetrad, with four total lunar eclipses in series, the others being on May 4, 1985; April 24, 1986; and October 17, 1986.
Safeway (Australia)
Australian Safeway Pty Ltd (trading as Safeway Supermarkets) was a chain of supermarkets in Australia from 1963 to 2017. The supermarkets were initially part of Safeway Inc. but were absorbed by Woolworths Limited (now Woolworths Group) in 1985. On 22 August 2008, Woolworths Limited announced it would discontinue the Safeway name, and former Safeway stores were rebranded to Woolworths or closed. The final Safeway store to be rebranded was Wodonga, occurring on 6 June 2017.

Woolworths Supermarkets
Woolworths (colloquially known as "Woolies") is an Australian supermarket chain owned by Woolworths Group. Founded in 1924, Woolworths is currently Australia's largest supermarket chain with a market share of 32.5% as of 2023.

Woolworths specialises in groceries (vegetables, fruit, meat, packaged foods, etc.), but also sells magazines, DVDs, health and beauty products, household products, pet and baby supplies, and stationery. As of June 2023, there were 995 Woolworths supermarkets and 90 Woolworths Metro convenience stores. Woolworths Online (formerly HomeShop) is a click and collect, and home delivery service for Woolworths supermarkets.
Elvis operator
In certain computer programming languages, the Elvis operator, often written ?:, is a binary operator that evaluates its first operand and returns it if its value is logically true (according to a language-dependent convention, in other words, a truthy value), and otherwise evaluates and returns its second operand. The second operand is only evaluated if it is to be returned (short-circuit evaluation). The notation of the Elvis operator was inspired by the ternary conditional operator, ? :, since the Elvis operator expression A ?: B is approximately equivalent to the ternary conditional expression A ? A : B.

The name "Elvis operator" derives from the resemblance of the notation ?:, when viewed sideways, to an emoticon of Elvis Presley with his signature hairstyle.

A similar operator is the null coalescing operator, where the boolean truth(iness) check is replaced with a check for non-null instead. This is usually written ??, and can be seen in languages like C# or Dart.

Ternary conditional operator
In computer programming, the ternary conditional operator is a ternary operator that evaluates to one of two values based on a Boolean expression. The operator is also known as conditional operator, ternary if, immediate if, or inline if (iif). Although many ternary operators are theoretically possible, the conditional operator is commonly used and other ternary operators rare, so the conditional variant is commonly referred to as the ternary operator.

Typical syntax for an expression using the operator is like if a then b else c or a ? b : c. One can read it aloud as "if a then b otherwise c". The form a ? b : c is the most common, but alternative syntax exists. For example, Raku uses the syntax a ?? b !! c to avoid confusion with the infix operators ? and !, whereas in Visual Basic, it takes the form If(a, b, c).

The construct first appeared in CPL, in which equivalent syntax for a ? b : c is a → b, c.
Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania
The Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania (Hungarian: Erdélyi Magyar Szövetség, EMSZ; Romanian: Alianța Maghiară din Transilvania, AMT) is a political party representing the Hungarian minority in Romania. The party was founded on 1 November 2022, by merge between Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania and Hungarian Civic Party.

The party supports Székely autonomy according to the party website.

Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania
The Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (Hungarian: Erdélyi Magyar Néppárt, EMNP, [ˈɛrdeːji ˈmɒɟɒr ˈneːpːaːrt]; Romanian: Partidul Popular Maghiar din Transilvania, PPMT) was a political party representing the Hungarian minority in Romania. It was founded in 2011.

Party was dissolved after merge with Hungarian Civic Party to form Hungarian Alliance of Transylvania in November 2022.
Murder of Umesh Kolhe
The murder of Umesh Kolhe, a pharmacist from Amravati in the state of Maharashtra in India, was carried out by two men by stabbing on 21 June 2022. The police arrested several people, who according to them, admitted to killing Kolhe for what he posted about Nupur Sharma, who was involved in the 2022 Prophet remarks row.  The police released CCTV footage that showed the assailants following Kolhe around 10 p.m. on June 21. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) had take over the probe of the killing to assess any possible links to the Udaipur murder.

Murder of Kanhaiya Lal
On 28 June 2022, Kanhaiya Lal Teli, an Indian tailor, was murdered by two Muslim men in Udaipur, Rajasthan. The attackers filmed the act and circulated the video online.

The motive behind the killing was Lal's alleged sharing of a social media post in support of Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson Nupur Sharma, whose remarks had sparked the 2022 Muhammad remarks controversy.

According to reports, the assailants entered Lal's tailor shop pretending to be customers. They then murdered him, filmed the act, and uploaded it online.

In one of the circulated videos, two men—identifying themselves as Muhammad Riyaz Attari and Muhammad Ghaus—were seen holding butcher knives and claiming responsibility for the killing.

The incident triggered widespread outrage across India. Authorities imposed a curfew in parts of Udaipur and suspended internet services to curb the spread of violence and misinformation.
Nanticoke people
The Nanticoke people are a Native American Algonquian-speaking people, whose traditional homelands are in Chesapeake Bay area, including Delaware. Today their descendants continue to live in Oklahoma among the Delaware Nation and the Delaware Tribe of Indians, as well as on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve in Ontario, Canada, where some ancestors resettled with the Iroquois after the Revolutionary War. Other descendants live in the Northeastern United States, especially Delaware.

The Nanticoke people consisted of several tribes: The Nanticoke proper (the subject of this article), the Choptank, the Assateague, the Piscataway, and the Doeg.

Doeg people
The Doeg (also called Dogue, Taux, Tauxenent) were a Native American people who lived in Virginia. They spoke an Algonquian language and may have been a branch of the Nanticoke tribe, historically based on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.  The Nanticoke considered the Algonquian Lenape as "grandfathers".  The Doeg are known for a raid in July 1675 that contributed to colonists' uprising in Bacon's Rebellion.