hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Constantine VIII
Constantine VIII (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος, romanized: Kōnstantīnos; 960 – 11/12 November 1028) was de jure Byzantine emperor from 962 until his death. He was the younger son of Emperor Romanos II and Empress Theophano. He was nominal co-emperor from 962, successively with his father; stepfather, Nikephoros II Phokas; uncle, John I Tzimiskes; and brother, Basil II. Basil's death in 1025 left Constantine as the sole emperor. He occupied the throne for 66 years in total, making him de jure the longest-reigning amongst all Roman emperors since Augustus.

Constantine displayed a lifelong lack of interest in politics, statecraft and the military, and during his brief sole reign the government of the Byzantine Empire suffered from mismanagement and neglect. He had no sons and was instead succeeded by Romanos Argyros, husband of his daughter Zoe.

Nikephoros II Phokas
Nikephoros II Phokas (Greek: Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς, romanized: Nikēphóros Phōkâs; c. 912 – 11 December 969), Latinized Nicephorus II Phocas, was Byzantine emperor from 963 to 969. His career, not uniformly successful in matters of statecraft or of war, nonetheless greatly contributed to the resurgence of the Byzantine Empire during the 10th century. In the east, Nikephoros completed the conquest of Cilicia and retook the islands of Crete and Cyprus, opening the path for subsequent Byzantine incursions reaching as far as Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant; these campaigns earned him the sobriquet "pale death of the Saracens."
Louis I of Etruria
Louis I (Italian: Ludovico I; 5 July 1773 – 27 May 1803) was the first of the two kings of Etruria. Louis was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, and Maria Amalia of Austria. He was born in 1773, when his great-grandfather, King Louis XV of France, was still alive.

Kingdom of Etruria
The Kingdom of Etruria (/ɪˈtrʊəriə/ ih-TROOR-ee-ə; Italian: Regno di Etruria) was an Italian kingdom between 1801 and 1807 that made up a large part of modern Tuscany.  It took its name from Etruria, the old Roman name for the land of the Etruscans.
No One Would Tell (2018 film)
No One Would Tell is a 2018 made-for-tv movie that aired on Lifetime. It is a remake of the 1996 film of the same name. It features Matreya Scarrwener, Shannen Doherty, Callan Potter, Chanelle Peloso, Louriza Tronco, Trezzo Mahoro, Ricky He, Sarah Grey, Ona Grauer, Avery Konrad, and Mira Sorvino.

The plot like the original film, is based on the true story of Jamie Fuller, a 16-year-old high school student who murdered his 14-year-old ex girlfriend, Amy Carnevale, on August 23, 1991, in Beverly, Massachusetts.

No One Would Tell (1996 film)
No One Would Tell is a 1996 American teen crime drama television film directed by Noel Nosseck from an original script by Steven Loring. It premiered on NBC on May 6, 1996. It is based on the true story of 14-year-old Amy Carnevale, who was physically abused and murdered by her 16-year-old boyfriend, Jamie Fuller, on August 23, 1991, in Beverly, Massachusetts. A remake debuted on Lifetime on September 16, 2018.
Imperial Airways
Imperial Airways was an early British commercial long-range airline, operating from 1924 to 1939 and principally serving the British Empire routes to South Africa, India, Australia and the Far East, including Malaya and Hong Kong. Passengers were typically businessmen or colonial administrators, and most flights carried about 20 passengers or fewer. Accidents were frequent: in the first six years, 32 people died in seven incidents. Imperial Airways never achieved the levels of technological innovation of its competitors and was merged into the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) in 1939. BOAC in turn merged with the British European Airways (BEA) in 1974 to form British Airways.

British Overseas Airways Corporation
British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) was the British state-owned national airline created in 1939 by the merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. It continued operating overseas services throughout World War II.

After the passing of the Civil Aviation Act 1946, European and South American services passed to two further state-owned airlines, British European Airways (BEA) and British South American Airways (BSAA). BOAC absorbed BSAA in 1949, but BEA continued to operate British domestic and European routes for the next quarter century. The Civil Aviation Act 1971 merged BOAC and BEA, effective 31 March 1974, forming today's British Airways.
Ginseng
Ginseng (/ˈdʒɪnsɛŋ/) is the root of plants in the genus Panax, such as South China ginseng (P. notoginseng), Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin.

Ginseng has been used in the traditional medicine of Korea and China for centuries, although there is no clinical evidence that it has any therapeutic effects. There is no substantial evidence that ginseng is effective for treating any medical condition and it has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat or prevent a disease or to provide a health benefit. Although ginseng is sold as a dietary supplement, inconsistent manufacturing practices for supplements have led to analyses of some ginseng products contaminated with unrelated filler compounds, and its excessive use may have adverse effects or untoward interactions with prescription drugs.

Panax notoginseng
Panax notoginseng is a species of the genus Panax, and it is commonly referred to in English as Chinese ginseng or notoginseng. In Chinese it is called tiánqī (田七), tienchi ginseng, sānqī (三七) or sanchi, three-seven root, and mountain plant. P. notoginseng belongs to the same scientific genus as Panax ginseng. In Latin, the word panax means "cure-all", and the family of ginseng plants is one of the best-known herbs.

P. notoginseng grows naturally in China. The herb is a perennial with dark green leaves branching from a stem with a red cluster of berries in the middle. It is both cultivated and gathered from wild forests, with wild plants being the most valuable. The Chinese refer to it as three-seven root because the plant has three petioles with seven leaflets each. It is also said that the root should be harvested between three and seven years after planting it.
Arkansas Highway 33
Arkansas Highway 33 (AR 33) is a designation for four state highways in east Arkansas. One segment of 21.76 miles (35.02 km)  runs from Highway 130 east of Almyra north to U.S. Route 79 (US 79) in Roe. A second segment of 13.03 miles (20.97 km) runs from US 79 north of Roe north to US 70 in DeValls Bluff. A third segment of 33.79 miles (54.38 km) runs from US 70 in Biscoe north to US 64 east of Augusta. A fourth segment of 17.34 miles (27.91 km) runs from US 64 in Augusta north to Highway 37 east of Tupelo.

Arkansas Highway 130
Highway 130 (AR 130, Ark. 130, and Hwy. 130) is an east–west state highway in Arkansas County, Arkansas. Mostly a low-volume, two-lane road, Highway 130 connects the two county seats of Arkansas County, Stuttgart and DeWitt. The highway began as State Road 30, one of the original state highways in 1926 between North Little Rock and DeWitt. It was renumbered to 130 to prevent confusion with Interstate 30 in 1958, and the segment between North Little Rock and Stuttgart was replaced by an extension of US 165 in 1981, producing the current alignment. Highway 130 has one spur route in Almyra, and a former alternate route in DeWitt that was designated but never built. The routes are maintained by the Arkansas Department of Transportation (ArDOT).
Noise shaping
Noise shaping is a technique typically used in digital audio, image, and video processing, usually in combination with dithering, as part of the process of quantization or bit-depth reduction of a signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal-to-noise ratio of the resultant signal. It does this by altering the spectral shape of the error that is introduced by dithering and quantization, such that the noise power is at a lower level in frequency bands at which noise is considered to be less desirable and at a correspondingly higher level in bands where it is considered to be more desirable. A popular noise shaping algorithm used in image processing is known as ‘Floyd Steinberg dithering’; and many noise shaping algorithms used in audio processing are based on an ‘Absolute threshold of hearing’ model.

Dither
Dither or dithering is an intentionally applied form of noise used to randomize quantization error, preventing large-scale patterns such as color banding in images. Dither is routinely used in processing of both digital audio and video data, and is often one of the last stages of mastering audio to a CD.

A common use of dither is converting a grayscale image to black and white, so that the density of black dots in the new image approximates the average gray level in the original.
Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles
The Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles (Latin: Archidioecesis Angelorum) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church. It is the oldest Catholic diocese in Mexico. It was established on October 13, 1525 as the "Diocese of Tlaxcala" and retained that name until it was elevated to an archdiocese in 1903. In 1959 a new Diocese of Tlaxcala was created and is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles.

A separate diocese seated in Mexico City was created in 1530 and replaced the Archdiocese of Seville in Spain as Tlaxcala's metropolitan see in 1546. While its place as Mexico's most important Catholic see was short-lived, the Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles is one of the largest archdioceses in Mexico today. Now a metropolitan see itself, within the ecclesiastical province of Puebla de los Ángeles contains three suffragan dioceses: Huajuapan de León, Tehuacán, and Tlaxcala.

Diocese of Tlaxcala
The Diocese of Tlaxcala (Latin: Dioecesis Tlaxcalensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Mexico. It is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Puebla de los Ángeles, which was itself officially named the "Diocese of Tlaxcala" until 1903 (founded in 1519 and so named in 1525, the oldest diocese in Mexico).  The present Diocese of Tlaxcala was erected on 23 May 1959 from territory of that archdiocese and the adjacent Archdiocese of Mexico. Its cathedra is found within the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption in the episcopal see of Tlaxcala.
Guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine diphosphate, abbreviated GDP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine. GDP consists of a pyrophosphate group, a pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase guanine.

GDP is the product of GTP dephosphorylation by GTPases, e.g., the G-proteins that are involved in signal transduction.

GDP is converted into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate.

Guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) is a purine nucleoside triphosphate.  It is one of the building blocks needed for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanosine nucleoside, the only difference being that nucleotides like GTP have phosphates on their ribose sugar. GTP has the guanine nucleobase attached to the 1' carbon of the ribose and it has the triphosphate moiety attached to ribose's 5' carbon.

It also has roles as a source of energy and as an activator of substrates in metabolic reactions, similar to the roles of ATP, but it is more specific. It is used as a source of energy for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis.

GTP is essential to signal transduction, in particular with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) through the action of GTPases.
Chrysler SOHC V6 engine
The single overhead cam V6 engine introduced in 1993. It was derived from Chrysler's first homegrown front-wheel drive V6, the Chrysler 3.3 engine. The SOHC V6 has been replaced by the Chrysler Pentastar engine.

There are three major variants of this basic design: the 3.5 L, 3.2 L, and 4.0 L. Additionally, a 2.7 L DOHC version was developed.

Chrysler LH engine
The Chrysler LH engine is a V6 engine developed by the Chrysler Corporation for its LH platform cars. It is a 60-degree V6 designed for front-wheel drive applications, later adapted to rear-wheel drive ones. The 2.7 liter LH engine is based on the SOHC 3.5 L engine, though bore spacing, cylinder bore, stroke, and assembly site are different.
Southern Thule
Southern Thule is a group of the three southernmost islands in the South Sandwich Islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean: Bellingshausen, Cook, and Thule (Morrell). It is a largely submerged volcano of which only the three islands emerge above sea level. Between Cook and Thule, and south of Bellingshausen, lie two submerged calderas; a third caldera is located on Thule. Cook Island is inactive and largely glaciated, while Bellingshausen and Thule feature active craters with fumarolic activity, and evidence of eruptions in the 20th century.

Around the fumaroles, vegetation consisting of mosses and lichens has grown. The islands are populated by penguins and seabirds which breed there. The islands were discovered in 1775 and are uninhabited. They are part of a marine protected area that is part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands
Cook Island is the central and largest island of the Southern Thule island group, part of the South Sandwich Islands in the far south Atlantic Ocean. Southern Thule was discovered by a British expedition under Captain James Cook in 1775. Cook Island was named for Cook by a Russian expedition under Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, which explored the South Sandwich islands in 1819–1820.

The island was surveyed in 1930 by Discovery Investigations (DI) personnel on Discovery II, who charted and named many of its features. Other names were later applied by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC).
Mercantile Movements Division (Royal Navy)
The Mercantile Movements Division  originally known as the Convoy Section  was a former Directorate of the  British Admiralty, Naval Staff that coordinated, organised and plotted all Merchant Navy convoys, routing and schedules from 1917 until 1920.

Admiralty Naval Staff
The Admiralty Naval Staff was the former senior command, operational planning, policy and strategy department within the British Admiralty. It was established in 1917 and existed until 1964 when the department of the Admiralty was abolished. It was replaced by the Ministry of Defence (Naval Staff) as part of the Ministry of Defence Navy Department.
Korean Broadcasting System
The Korean Broadcasting System (KBS; Korean: 한국방송공사) is the national broadcaster of South Korea. Founded in 1927, it is one of the leading South Korean television and radio broadcasters under the government of South Korea.

The KBS operates seven radio networks, ten television channels and multiple Internet-exclusive services. Its flagship terrestrial television station, KBS1, broadcasts on channel 9 while KBS2, an entertainment-oriented network, broadcasts on channel 7. KBS also operates the international service KBS World, which provides television, radio and online services in 12 languages.

KBS1
KBS 1TV (Korean: KBS 제1텔레비전) is a South Korean free-to-air television channel that launched on 31 December 1961 and is owned by Korean Broadcasting System. The channel offers more serious programming than its sister channel KBS2, and airs with no commercials.
Diocese of Kumbakonam
The Diocese of Kumbakonam (Latin: Kumbakonamen(sis)) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in India. Its episcopal see is Kumbakonam. The Diocese of Kumbakonam is a suffragan in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore.

Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore
The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore (Latin: Archidioecesis Pondicheriensis et Cuddalorensis) is a Latin metropolitan see of the Catholic Church of Pondicherry and Cuddalore in India.
February 1951 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Wednesday, February 21, 1951, with an umbral magnitude of −1.0600. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 6.5 days after apogee (on February 15, 1951, at 9:35 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was smaller.

This eclipse was the first of four penumbral lunar eclipses in 1951, with the others occurring on March 23, August 17, and September 15.

September 1951 lunar eclipse
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s ascending node of orbit on Saturday, September 15, 1951, with an umbral magnitude of −0.1927. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 3.6 days after perigee (on September 11, 1951, at 21:30 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.

This eclipse was the last of four penumbral lunar eclipses in 1951, with the others occurring on February 21, March 23, and August 17.
Cooper Manning
Cooper Archibald Manning (born March 6, 1974) is an American entrepreneur and television personality who is the host of the television show The Manning Hour for Fox Sports as well as principal and senior managing director of investor relations for AJ Capital Partners. He is the eldest son of former professional football quarterback Archie Manning, the older brother of former professional football quarterbacks Peyton Manning and Eli Manning, and the father of Texas Longhorns quarterback Arch Manning.

Archie Manning
Elisha  Archibald Manning III (born May 19, 1949) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons, primarily with the New Orleans Saints. The patriarch of the Manning football dynasty, he is the father of quarterbacks Peyton and Eli Manning.

Manning played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels, winning SEC Player of the Year and the Walter Camp Memorial Trophy in 1969. He was selected second overall in the 1971 NFL draft by the Saints, where he spent his first 12 seasons and received two Pro Bowl selections. During his final two seasons, he was a member of the Houston Oilers and the Minnesota Vikings. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989. Manning was also an inaugural inductee of the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame in 1988 and the New Orleans Saints Ring of Honor in 2013.
Funskool
Funskool (India) Ltd. is an Indian toy manufacturing company, founded in 1987 with headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Apart from its own brands and its American counterpart Playskool, the company also manufactures and distributes products in the Indian market under license from foreign toy brands including Hasbro, Disney, Warner Bros., Takara Tomy, and Ravensburger.

Initially a joint-venture between Hasbro and MRF, the former backed out of the venture in 2014, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of MRF in the process.

MRF (company)
MRF, or MRF Tyres, is an Indian multinational tyre manufacturing company and the largest manufacturer of tyres in India. It is headquartered in Chennai. The abbreviation MRF comes from the company's initial days when it was called the  Madras Rubber Factory. The company manufactures rubber products including tyres, treads, tubes and conveyor belts, paints and toys.  MRF was named the world's second-strongest tyre brand by Brand Finance, with a AAA− brand grade.

MRF is also active in cricket and motorsports endorsements; it runs the MRF Pace Foundation and MRF Institute of Driver Development (MIDD) in Chennai.
60th Grey Cup
The 60th Grey Cup was played on December 3, 1972, before 33,993 fans at the Ivor Wynne Stadium at Hamilton. It was the last Grey Cup to be played in December until 2021, which, coincidentally, was also held in Hamilton. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats defeated the Saskatchewan Roughriders 13–10.

108th Grey Cup
The 108th Grey Cup decided the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2021 season. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 season was cancelled and the start of the 2021 season was delayed, pushing the game to December 12, 2021. The 108th Grey Cup was a rematch of the 107th Grey Cup in 2019 between the defending Grey Cup and West Division champion Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the East Division champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats, at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario. The Blue Bombers defeated the Tiger-Cats 33–25 in overtime for their second straight title, making them the first team in 11 years to win two straight Grey Cups. This game was also the fourth Grey Cup to go into overtime, with the other three instances coming in 1961, 2005 and 2016.
StarPeace Project
The StarPeace Project was a global special project first organised in conjunction with the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. StarPeace project participants held public star parties near a border of their country with a neighboring country. The intention was to show that there are no borders in the real Earth, borders are man-made and science has no borders.

International Year of Astronomy
The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) was a year-long celebration of astronomy that took place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova in the 17th century. The Year was declared by the 62nd General Assembly of the United Nations. A global scheme, laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), was also endorsed by UNESCO, the UN body responsible for educational, scientific, and cultural matters.

The IAU coordinated the International Year of Astronomy in 2009. This initiative was an opportunity for the citizens of Earth to gain a deeper insight into astronomy's role in enriching all human cultures. Moreover, served as a platform for informing the public about the latest astronomical discoveries while emphasizing the essential role of astronomy in science education. IYA2009 was sponsored by Celestron and Thales Alenia Space.
Emilio Díaz Seminario
Manuel Emilio Díaz Seminario (1828 – 9 October 1906) was a Peruvian naval captain of the 19th century. He was the maternal brother of Peruvian admiral and war hero Miguel Grau Seminario and would be a major figure within the Peruvian Navy during the War of the Pacific.

Miguel Grau
Miguel María Grau Seminario (27 July 1834 – 8 October 1879) was a Peruvian Navy officer and politician renowned for his role in the War of the Pacific. He earned the nickname "Gentleman of the Seas" for his kind and chivalrous treatment of defeated enemies and remains highly respected by both Peruvians and Chileans. Grau is an iconic figure for the Peruvian navy, and one of the most famous naval officers from the Americas. He commanded the Peruvian ironclad Huascar during the War of the Pacific. Known for his skillful naval tactics, Grau repeatedly evaded Chilean pursuers and harassed the Chilean coast.