hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-related-lead-pairs huggingface dataset:
Praetor's Edict
The Praetor's Edict (Edictum praetoris) in ancient Roman law was an annual declaration of principles made by the new praetor urbanus – the elected magistrate charged with administering justice within the city of Rome. During the early Empire the Praetor's Edict was revised to become the Edictum perpetuum.

Praetor
Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties. The functions of the magistracy, the praetura (praetorship), are described by the adjective itself: the praetoria potestas (praetorian power), the praetorium imperium (praetorian authority), and the praetorium ius (praetorian law), the legal precedents established by the praetores (praetors). Praetorium, as a substantive, denoted the location from which the praetor exercised his authority, either the headquarters of his castra, the courthouse (tribunal) of his judiciary, or the city hall of his provincial governorship. The minimum age for holding the praetorship was 39 during the Roman Republic, but it was later changed to 30 in the early Empire.
Alvin Lustig
Alvin Lustig (February 8, 1915 – December 5, 1955) was an American book designer, graphic designer and typeface designer. Lustig has been honored by the American Institute of Graphic Arts and the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame for his significant contributions to American design.

Art Directors Club Hall of Fame
The Art Directors Club Hall of Fame was established in 1971, by the Art Directors Club of New York, a professional organization in the design and creative industries. The Art Directors Club selects its honorees from those "who have made significant contributions to art direction and visual communications, and whose lifetime achievements represent the highest standards of creative excellence."

In addition to designers usually notable within the communities of design and advertising, the honorees include more popular artists who have affected the broader field of visual culture, including, for example, Issey Miyake, Jim Henson and Andy Warhol.

On its website, the Art Directors Club maintains a biography of each of the Hall of Fame honorees.

In a video shown at the 2010 Hall of Fame gala, George Lois speaks a little bit about the award and its history. In the video, Lois calls the Hall of Fame honors "the Oscars of the advertising business."
Musl
musl is a C standard library intended for operating systems based on the Linux kernel, released under the MIT License. It was developed by Rich Felker  to write a clean, efficient, and standards-conformant libc implementation.

C standard library
The C standard library, sometimes referred to as libc, is the standard library for the C programming language, as specified in the ISO C standard. Starting from the original ANSI C standard, it was developed at the same time as the C POSIX library, which is a superset of it. Since ANSI C was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the C standard library is also called the ISO C library.

The C standard library provides macros, type definitions and functions for tasks such as string manipulation, mathematical computation, input/output processing, memory management, and input/output.
ZJ theorem
In mathematics, George Glauberman's ZJ theorem states that if a finite group G is p-constrained and p-stable and has a normal p-subgroup for some odd prime p, then Op′(G)Z(J(S)) is a normal subgroup of G, for any Sylow p-subgroup S.

George Glauberman
George Isaac Glauberman (born 1941) is a mathematician at the University of Chicago who works on finite simple groups. He proved the ZJ theorem and the Z* theorem.

Born in New York City on March 3, 1941, Glauberman did his undergraduate studies at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, graduating in 1961, and earned a master's degree from Harvard University in 1962. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1965, under the supervision of Richard Bruck. He has had 22 PhD students, including Ahmed Chalabi and Peter Landrock.  He has co-authored with J. L. Alperin, Simon P. Norton, Zvi Arad, and Justin Lynd.

In 1970 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Nice. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Honoris Crux Silver
The Honoris Crux Silver (Silver Cross of Honour), post-nominal letters HCS, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted by the Republic of South Africa on 1 July 1975. It was awarded to members of the South African Defence Force for exceptional acts of bravery while in great danger. The Honoris Crux Silver was the third most senior in a set of four classes of Honoris Crux decorations, which together replaced the discontinued Honoris Crux of 1952.

Honoris Crux (1975)
The Honoris Crux (Cross of Honour) of 1975, post-nominal letters HC, is a military decoration for bravery which was instituted by the Republic of South Africa on 1 July 1975. The decoration was awarded to members of the South African Defence Force for bravery in dangerous circumstances. It was the junior in a set of four Honoris Crux decorations in four classes, which together replaced the discontinued Honoris Crux of 1952.
Kaddisfly
Kaddisfly is an American rock band based in Portland, Oregon, formed in 2001. The band was signed to Hopeless Records\Sub City Records from 2005 to 2008 and issued three releases on the label family. The group took a hiatus from 2008 to 2013, and after reuniting released music under the label intheclouds Records.

Sub City Records
Sub City Records is a record label which was created by Louis Posen and Hopeless Records to raise funding and awareness for non-profit organizations. Sub City has been active since 1999, and has now over 30 releases.

The label has donated over $2 million to more than 50 nonprofit organizations. Proceeds are generated by Sub City's releases and the label's annual Take Action Tour.
Udaipur City–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Rajasthan Humsafar Express
The 22985/22986 Udaipur City - Delhi Sarai Rohilla Rajasthan Humsafar Express is an express train operated by Indian Railways connecting Udaipur city railway station in Rajasthan and Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station in Delhi. It is operated with 22985/22986 train numbers on a weekly basis.

The line was inaugurated on 24 February 2018

Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station
Delhi Sarai Rohilla (station code: DEE) is a railway station on the Indian Railways network, located 4 kilometres east of the Delhi Junction railway station. Managed by the Delhi Division of the Northern Railway, it serves as a stop for trains connecting Delhi to Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Over 20 trains, including the Duronto Express and AC trains, originate from this station.
Virginia State Route 70
State Route 70 (SR 70) is a primary state highway in Lee County, Virginia, running from the Tennessee state line to U.S. Route 58 in Jonesville. Its continuation in Tennessee, also numbered State Route 70, continues south to the North Carolina state line at North Carolina Highway 208.

Lee County, Virginia
Lee County is the westernmost county in the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,173. The 2024 population estimate for Lee County, Virginia, is 21,745. This is a decrease of 1.8% since the 2020 Census. The median age in the county is 45.4. Its county seat is Jonesville.

Lee County's westernmost tip is closer to 9 state capitals than it is to Richmond.
Tanya Byron
Tanya Byron (née Sichel; born 6 April 1967) is a British psychologist, writer, and media personality, best known for her work as a child therapist on television shows Little Angels and The House of Tiny Tearaways. She also co-created the BBC Two sitcom The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle with Jennifer Saunders, and still contributes articles to various newspapers.

In 2008, she became Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at Edge Hill University and was the first Chancellor of the same institution.

Jennifer Saunders
Jennifer Jane Saunders (born 6 July 1958) is an English comedian, actress, singer, impressionist, satirist and screenwriter. Saunders originally found attention in the 1980s, when she became a member of The Comic Strip after graduating from the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama with her best friend and comedy partner, Dawn French. With French, Saunders co-wrote and starred in their eponymous sketch show, French and Saunders and later received acclaim in the 1990s for writing and playing her character Edina Monsoon in her sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. She received a BAFTA Fellowship in 2009 with French.
Schur–Weyl duality
Schur–Weyl duality is a mathematical theorem in representation theory that relates irreducible finite-dimensional representations of the general linear and symmetric groups. Schur–Weyl duality forms an archetypical situation in representation theory involving two kinds of symmetry that determine each other. It is named after two pioneers of representation theory of Lie groups, Issai Schur, who discovered the phenomenon, and Hermann Weyl, who popularized it in his books on quantum mechanics and classical groups as a way of classifying representations of unitary and general linear groups.

Schur–Weyl duality can be proven using the double centralizer theorem.

Issai Schur
Issai Schur (10 January 1875 – 10 January 1941) was a Russian mathematician who worked in Germany for most of his life. He studied at the University of Berlin. He obtained his doctorate in 1901, became lecturer in 1903 and, after a stay at the University of Bonn, professor in 1919.

As a student of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, he worked on group representations (the subject with which he is most closely associated), but also in combinatorics and number theory and even theoretical physics. He is perhaps best known today for his result on the existence of the Schur decomposition and for his work on group representations (Schur's lemma).

Schur published under the name of both I. Schur, and J. Schur, the latter especially in Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik. This has led to some confusion.
Plainsong and Medieval Music Society
The Plainsong and Medieval Music Society (PMMS), also spelled as the Plainsong and Mediæval Music Society, is an English music society. Founded in 1888, the PMMS primarily researches, promotes and produces publications on medieval music, particularly the liturgical chant from that time to the present. A registered charity since 1987, it has been particularly influential in encouraging the revival of Anglican chant. Musicologists associated with the PMMS include H. B. Briggs, Anselm Hughes, G. H. Palmer, and George Ratcliffe Woodward, and more recently Gustave Reese, D. H. Turner, John Stevens, Christopher Page and Margaret Bent.

The society is best known for its publications, which number over a hundred; most of them are either essays on, or editions of, plainchant. Through Cambridge University Press, it publishes the journal Plainsong and Medieval Music twice a year, previously known as the Journal of the Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society.

George Ratcliffe Woodward
George Ratcliffe Woodward (27 December 1848 – 3 March 1934) was an English Anglican priest who wrote mostly religious verse, both original and translated from ancient authors. The best-known of these were written to fit traditional melodies, mainly of the Renaissance. He sometimes harmonised these melodies himself, but usually left this to his frequent collaborator, composer Charles Wood.
Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
A source-code-hosting facility (also known as forge software) is a file archive and web hosting facility for source code of software, documentation, web pages, and other works, accessible either publicly or privately. They are often used by open-source software projects and other multi-developer projects to maintain revision and version history, or version control. Many repositories provide a bug tracking system, and offer release management, mailing lists, and wiki-based project documentation. Software authors generally retain their copyright when software is posted to a code hosting facilities.

Forge (software)
In free and open-source software (FOSS) development communities, a forge is a web-based collaborative software platform for both developing and sharing computer applications.

For software developers it is an online service to host the tools they need to work and communicate with their coworkers. It provides a workflow to propose modifications and engage in discussions. The goal is to reach an agreement that will allow these modifications to be merged into the software repository.

The source code itself is stored in a revision control system and linked to a wide range of services such as a code review, bug database, continuous integration, etc. When a development community forks, it duplicates the content of the forge and is then able to modify it without asking permission. A community may rely on services scattered on multiple forges: they are not necessarily hosted under the same domain.
Great Seal of Ireland
The Great Seal of Ireland was the seal used until 1922 by the Dublin Castle administration to authenticate important state documents in Ireland, in the same manner as the Great Seal of the Realm in England. The Great Seal of Ireland was used from at least the 1220s in the Lordship of Ireland and the ensuing Kingdom of Ireland, and remained in use when the island became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), just as the Great Seal of Scotland remained in use after the Act of Union 1707. After 1922, the single Great Seal of Ireland was superseded by the separate Great Seal of the Irish Free State and Great Seal of Northern Ireland for the respective jurisdictions created by the partition of Ireland.

Great Seal of the Irish Free State
The Great Seal of the Irish Free State (Irish: Séala Mór do Shaorstát Éireann) is either of two seals affixed to certain classes of official documents of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann):

the "internal" Great Seal, used from 1925 for "internal" documents (of domestic law) signed by the Governor-General

the "external" Great Seal, used from 1932 for diplomatic documents signed by the British king.

A new seal, for documents signed by the President of Ireland, replaced the internal seal in 1937, when the Constitution of Ireland came into force; it replaced the external seal in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force.
The Torture Garden
The Torture Garden (French: Le Jardin des supplices) is a novel written by the French journalist, novelist and playwright Octave Mirbeau, and was first published in 1899 during the Dreyfus affair. The novel is dedicated: "To the priests, the soldiers, the judges, to those people who educate, instruct and govern men, I dedicate these pages of Murder and Blood."

Octave Mirbeau
Octave Henri Marie Mirbeau (French: [ɔktav miʁbo]; 16 February 1848 – 16 February 1917) was a French novelist, art critic, travel writer, pamphleteer, journalist and playwright, who achieved celebrity in Europe and great success among the public, whilst still appealing to the literary and artistic avant-garde with highly transgressive novels that explored violence, abuse and psychological detachment. His work has been translated into 30 languages.
R526 road (Ireland)
The R526 is a regional road in County Limerick, Ireland which follows the former route of the N20 that is now classified as the M20 Motorway, from Junction 5 of the M20 to a junction with the R445 in Limerick city centre.

N20 road (Ireland)
The N20 road is a national primary road in Ireland, connecting the cities of Cork and Limerick. Buttevant, Croom, Charleville, Mallow and Blarney are major towns along the route. A short section of the route (from Limerick to Patrickswell) is motorway standard and is designated as the M20 Motorway.
Carlos Ardila Lülle
Carlos Ardila Lülle (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾlos aɾˈðila ˈlule]; June 4, 1930 – August 13, 2021) was a Colombian entrepreneur and the founder and head of the Organización Ardila Lülle, a major Colombian conglomerate which controls companies such as RCN TV, the Postobon soft drink, and the Atlético Nacional football team. His estate's net worth is estimated at over $1.8 billion U.S. dollars.

RCN Televisión
RCN Televisión, branded as Canal RCN (Radio Cadena Nacional) is a Colombian free-to-air television network owned by Organización Ardila Lülle. It was founded as a television production company on March 23, 1967, and officially launched as an independent channel on July 10, 1998. Its main shareholder is Carlos Ardila Lülle. It produced Yo soy Betty, la fea, one of the most successful Colombian telenovelas.
Myers v. United States
Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), was a United States Supreme Court decision ruling that the President's exclusive power to remove executive branch officials is vested in the Office of the Presidency by Article Two of the United States Constitution, and the Take Care Clause generally limits Congress from restricting this power.

Myers was the first Supreme Court case to invalidate a federal law for violating the separation of powers by allowing Congress to "participate in the exercise of [the removal power]". The Taft Court's broad view of the President's "constitutional duty of seeing that the laws be faithfully executed" was limited in subsequent decisions to "purely executive" offices.

In Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2020), the Supreme Court interpreted Humphrey's as recognizing an exception for independent multimember agencies, and reaffirming the core holding of Myers that the President generally has an unencumbered removal power.

Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 561 U.S. 477 (2010), United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that laws enabling inferior officers of the United States to be insulated from the Presidential removal authority with two levels of "for cause" removal violated Article Two of the United States Constitution.

Under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, officers of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board could be removed only "for good cause shown" by officers of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Officers of the SEC could only be removed by the President for "inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office." Thus, although the President could remove high-ranking members of the SEC, he could not govern and execute power to the board, thus providing a "dual layer" of protection. The Court found this "dual layer" of protection "contrary to Article II's vesting of the executive power in the President."
Zgorzelec
Zgorzelec ([zɡɔˈʐɛlɛt͡s] ⓘ, German: Görlitz, Upper Sorbian: Zhorjelc [ˈzhɔʁʲɛlts] ⓘ, Czech: Zhořelec, Lower Sorbian: Zgórjelc) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland, with 30,374 inhabitants (2019). It is the seat of Zgorzelec County and of Gmina Zgorzelec (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urban gmina in its own right).

Zgorzelec is located on the Lusatian Neisse river, on the Polish-German border adjoining the German town of Görlitz, of which it constituted the eastern part up to 1945. Through its history it has been at various times under German, Polish, Czech and Hungarian rule. In recent history, it became known as the location of a major German-operated prisoner-of-war camp for Allied soldiers of various nationalities during World War II, the place of signing of the Treaty of Zgorzelec, and the home of the successful Turów Zgorzelec basketball team, which played in the Euroleague and EuroCup.

Turów Zgorzelec
Turów Zgorzelec (officially PGE GiEK Turów Zgorzelec for sponsorship reasons) is a Polish a basketball team based in Zgorzelec.

The club played in the Polish League (PLK) and won the Polish championship once, in the 2013–14 season. The club was sponsored by the PGE Group, and they are also the club's name sponsor as well but in 2018, the club withdrew after the PGE Group pulled back their sponsoring. The club continues to play in the lower leagues.

The club's home court for domestic Polish League games is the Turów Arena.
Propylhexedrine
Propylhexedrine, sold under the brand name Benzedrex among others, is an alkylamine primarily utilized as a topical decongestant. Its main indications are relief of congestion due to colds, allergies, and allergic rhinitis. Propylhexedrine was first used medically in 1949, with the release of Benzedrex by Smith, Kline & French,  and it has been used, mainly within the United States, since then.

Topical decongestant
Topical decongestants are decongestants applied directly to the nasal cavity. Their effectiveness by themselves in the common cold appears to have a small benefit in adults.

Topical decongestants should only be used by patients for a maximum of 5–7 days in a row, because rebound congestion may occur in the form of rhinitis medicamentosa. When used in adults for a short period of time side effects appear to be few.
Takaaki Kajita
Takaaki Kajita (梶田 隆章, Kajita Takaaki; Japanese pronunciation: [kadʑita takaːki]; born 9 March 1959) is a Japanese physicist, known for neutrino experiments at the Kamioka Observatory – Kamiokande and its successor, Super-Kamiokande. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Canadian physicist Arthur B. McDonald. On 1 October 2020, he became the president of the Science Council of Japan.

Kamioka Observatory
The Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo (神岡宇宙素粒子研究施設, Kamioka Uchū Soryūshi Kenkyū Shisetsu; Japanese pronunciation: [kamioka ɯtɕɯː soɾʲɯꜜːɕi keŋkʲɯː ɕiꜜsetsɯ]) is a neutrino and gravitational waves laboratory located underground in the Mozumi mine of the Kamioka Mining and Smelting Co. near the Kamioka section of the city of Hida in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Multiple neutrino experiments have taken place at the observatory over two decades. The experiments have contributed to the advancement of particle physics, in particular to the study of neutrino astronomy and neutrino oscillation.
Rovello Porro
Rovello Porro (Comasco: Rovell [ruˈʋɛl]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Milan and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 5,797 and an area of 5.6 square kilometres (2.2 sq mi).

Rovello Porro borders the following municipalities: Cogliate, Gerenzano, Lomazzo, Misinto, Rovellasca, Saronno, Turate.

Lomazzo
Lomazzo (Western Lombard: Lomazz [luˈmats]) is a town and comune in the province of Como, in the Italian region of Lombardy. It is situated halfway between Como and Milan. The ancient historical center of the town was founded on the top of a hill situated in the valley on the right bank of Lura. The municipal territory contains a large portion of the Lura Park. Lomazzo received the title of Città (City) with a presidential decree on July 11, 2006.
Lomazzo borders the following municipalities: Bregnano, Cadorago, Cirimido, Guanzate, Rovellasca, Rovello Porro, Turate.
New York State Route 411
New York State Route 411 (NY 411) is an east–west state highway in Jefferson County, New York, in the United States. The western terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 180 in the community of La Fargeville in the town of Orleans. Its eastern terminus is at a junction with NY 37 in the adjacent town of Theresa just west of the village of Theresa.

Orleans, New York
Orleans is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States. The population was 2,789 at the 2010 census, up from 2,463 in  2000. The town is located in the northern part of the county and is north of Watertown. Orleans is named after the commune of Orléans in France.