hotchpotch/wikipedia-multilingual-ir-pairs huggingface dataset:
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 声明
马华吉打州宣传局主任卢新治抨击CUEPACS主席安南末呼吁公务员勿出席含酒精饮品活动的言论，形容这是狭隘、极端、无知且不尊重多元社会的倒退思维。卢新治指出，团结政府执政三年来，社会上屡次出现对非穆不友善的现象，包括禁止啤酒公司进入华校筹款、活动不准获得酒精产品公司赞助等，反映包容精神逐渐被侵蚀。他批评，行动党及公正党的非穆斯林部长长期保持沉默，毫无作为，甚至被质疑默许类似事件一再重演，形同出卖华社委托。他促请40名行动党国会议员及多名华裔部长立即站出来发声，捍卫基本权益，勿再辜负选民信任。卢新治也批评，房屋及地方部长倪可敏在霹雳行动党活动上高喊“团结政府以多元、包容、公平治国”，但现实却完全背离言辞，完全打脸自己。
民主行动党前雪兰莪州行政议员邓章钦针对首相安华告诫旅游部长张庆信的新闻作出反应，表示联邦宪法阐明伊斯兰是联邦的宗教，但是联邦宪法并没有阐明马来西亚是伊斯兰国，因此实施任何只按照伊斯兰价值观为依据的条规是违反联邦宪法及国家原则的。此外，他在另一则贴文讽刺首相署宗教事务部长莫哈末纳因莫达强调应该尊重联邦宪法遵循伊斯兰原则，并体恤穆斯林的感受的声明，质问「你不能喝酒，我就不能喝酒，那也伤害了我的感受，那该怎么办」。
沙巴州民主行动党主席冯晋哲针对CUEPACS主席安南末的声明作出反应，认为该声明严重忽视马来西亚多元社会的现实，甚至侵犯非穆斯林基本自由，并指这种「一刀切」做法将为沙巴多元族群并存地区带来不必要矛盾与误解。冯晋哲指出，虽然在履行公职时，公务员须秉持专业、廉洁与中立，但在非正式、或私人场合，只要没违法，公务员与普通公民一样理应享自由与选择空间。他进一步表示，政府早已制定明文规定，禁止在任何官方活动或政府宴会上供应酒精饮品，但将这种限制延伸到私人或非正式场合层面，就显然是矫枉过正。冯晋哲亦对陷入供酒风波的旅游部长张庆信表示声援，并呼吁CUEPACS收回相关言论。
沙巴州民主行动党署理席兼亚庇国会议员陈泓缣对CUEPACS主席安南末的声明作出反应，提醒公务员体系中同样有大量非穆斯林公务员，而只要公务员保持负责任的态度，例如避免酒驾或任何违法行为，他们在私人时间的饮酒习惯都不应受到限制或谴责。他补充，CUEPACS应将注意力放在为公务员争取更合理的福利与待遇，而不是在这种模糊地带提出不切实际的禁令。
沙巴进步党副主席张碧华发文表示，对于官方场合禁酒的呼吁，可能会影响应该已获得沙巴政府批准的活动，这将直接侵犯沙巴主权，违背《1963年马来西亚协议》的精神。他指出，沙巴州有许多文化庆典都以传统敬酒仪式为特色，如果官方活动全面禁酒，将被迫接受扭曲节庆，从而损害文化认同。张碧华谴责西马半岛政党试图将宗教或政治议程强加于沙巴的企图，强调沙巴有权利在不受外界干涉的情况下，自主决定文化、行政和政策。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 倡议
马来西亚公共账目委员会主席玛丝艾米雅蒂呼吁公共服务部对马来西亚旅游局及其相关机构官员的任命程序进行审计，要求董事或首席执行官等职位必须由具备适当和经验的候选人担任，而非基于政治关系或个人利益。玛丝艾米雅蒂也对旅游部在活动的透明度提出质疑，要求场地业主双威酒店（Sunway Hotel）公开说明究竟是旅游局或3个旅游业协会承办该活动，并敦促马来西亚反贪污委员会和国家审计署，对马来西亚旅游局的拨款和支出，以及此次活动是否动用政府资金购买酒精饮料进行彻底的调查。雪兰莪州伊斯兰党青年团署理团长奥比杜拉·法希姆（Obidallah Fahim）率领非政府组织代表团在马来西亚旅游部办公室前的集会中，他敦促马来西亚反贪污委员会对此次活动的组织、资金和实际支出进行详细调查。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 倡议
希望联盟人民公正党旺沙玛珠国会议员扎希尔·哈山与浮罗山背国会议员莫哈末峇迪亚在一次联合访问中，建议推出更严厉和明确的通令。扎希尔·哈山表示，他敦促政府发布新通令，以明确规定政府官方活动（即使政府机构并非活动主办方）禁酒规定符合道德规范。他表示，此举可以避免任何混淆，并确保每项政府官方活动都尊重以伊斯兰教为联邦宗教的多元社会的价值观和敏感性。扎希尔·哈山提醒，WP5.1号（官方娱乐条例）已规范官方组织必须符合社会规范，不得引起宗教敏感性。莫哈末峇迪亚提醒，表示联邦宪法第3(1) 条规定了伊斯兰教为马来西亚联邦政府的国教，因此任何官方政府的活动都必须体现这一原则。
砂拉越旅游、创意产业及表演艺术部长阿都卡林·姆拉曼韩沙（Abdul Karim Rahman Hamzah）认为，官方活动的组织者应尊重礼仪，避免提供酒精饮料，但也提出了一些替代方案，例如在活动场地外设立单独的柜台，供活动前后希望饮酒的宾客使用。
马来西亚心民党主席陈思源发文表示，他促请内阁基于尊重兴都教徒和佛教徒的宗教禁忌，训令各级官方宴会一律准不款待牛肉，以展示一个真正宗教互相尊重与平等的马来西亚。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
2025年10月7日，首相兼财政部长安华·依布拉欣在吉隆坡国际机场的送别仪式结束后，就围绕着旅游部提供酒精饮料的争议向媒体做出回应。他表示已向旅游、艺术及文化部长张庆信及相关部门发出严厉警告，要求其确保在官方政府活动中提供酒精饮料的错误不再发生，并警告所有政府领导人和机构不要轻视此类问题。安华亦指出，他将与张庆信商讨是否公开道歉的问题。安华随后在其Facebook上发帖强调，政府的政策明确而坚定，即在任何官方活动中，都不允许提供酒类，政府机构必须确保不再犯同样的错误。
旅游部的解释是在官方活动结束后提供酒精饮料，但这是在同一场地与活动。我们已经严厉警告部长（张庆信）和旅游部，不要再犯同样的错误，尽管他们的解释是指在活动结束过后才提供酒精饮料，但这样的行为依然完全不恰当的。我想提醒所有内阁成员和整个政府机构，在这个问题上不容疏忽。——安华·依布拉欣
稍后，旅游、艺术及文化部发表一项声明，表示以负责和谦卑的态度接受首相的批评，并对可能给民众带来不适的混乱或误解表示歉意。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
旅游部接受首相针对近期外界热议的一场晚宴活动提出的批评。旅游部怀著高度的责任感和敬意，对任何引发民众不安的混淆或误解，深表歉意。旅游部还将确保其监督下实施的每一项计划都符合既定的准则和道德规范。旅游部也对首相提出的建设性批评以及对旅游部加强国家旅游、艺术和文化产业的努力和持续支持表示最崇高的敬意和感激。对于由此造成的不便，我们深感抱歉。旅游部将继续加强沟通，并确保在履行对人民和国家的责任方面，持续做出改进。——馬來西亞旅遊、藝術及文化部文告
张庆信随后也在出席双威金字塔会展中心的2025年东盟社会文化共同体（ASCC）高层论坛开幕上，被媒体询问马来西亚旅游局举办的官方政府活动中提供酒精饮料而受到各方严厉批评的事件。张庆信提及记者采访时仅回答称：「我已经回答过了……够了」。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
土著团结党马日丹那区国会议员玛丝艾米雅蒂在国会举行的新闻发布会上，以国民联盟的立场，呼吁首相安华罢免旅游部长张庆信，并敦促张庆信向马来西亚人民公开道歉。她指出，「全球旅游交流」（Global Travel Meet）并非闭门活动，而是由政府部门主办，活动所有宣传旗帜和其他材料上，没有任何协会、行业参与者或私人组织的标志，旅游部长张庆信必须为这起尴尬的事件承担责任。玛丝艾米雅蒂补充称，她在提出此事时，被指控蓄意破坏旅游部长的职务，反驳称未能保持宗教敏感性才是一种不容忽视的领导失职。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
民主行动党怡保东区国会议员李存孝向《当今大马》撰写文稿，內容大意是呼唤马来西亚人民切勿因一次活动中提供酒精饮料的问题而扼杀旅游业的成功。他表示，虽然他也不同意在政府资助的活动中提供酒精饮料，但该立场是出于财政责任和职业道德的考量，认为旅游部长允许私营行业合作伙伴承担主办费用，是一项正确的决定。李存孝指出，虽然伊斯兰教是马来西亚的国教，但宪法保障所有人的宗教和文化自由，认为个人信仰不能成为控制他人生活方式的权利。最后，他呼吁马来西亚人成熟，不应轻易让虚假信息或民粹主义削弱人们对马来西亚旅游业领导地位的信心，并认为旅游部长在旅游业上作出了贡献。
伊斯兰党巴东勿刹国会议员鲁斯丹·鲁斯米就旅游部为提供酒精饮料发表的声明表示失望，并指该问题应该由旅游部长张庆信来亲自解答。他认为，政府部门的官方职能被涉及提供酒精饮料的事件不仅仅是一个误会，更是公共机构治理丧失敏感性和道德指导的表现。鲁斯丹·鲁斯米批评，旅游部门直到首相安作出谴责后才采取行动，仿佛该部门的原则只有在受到谴责时才有效，而不是时刻遵守。他亦表示，张庆信不能仅仅用“旅游部正在吸取教训”这句话来掩饰，而是应该为此负责。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
柔佛国阵前人民代议士理事会主席阿都拉阿里（Abdullah Ali）发文呼吁首相安华革除张庆信的旅游部长职务，以证明诚信、专业和文化敏感原则不是空洞的口号。他指出，在官方活动中提供酒精饮料的行为，违反政府长期以来所执行的指导方针和通令，并引发坚守公务员道德、宗教和伦理价值观的民众不满。阿都拉表示，旅游部仅发表声明是不足够的，部长张庆信尚未正式道歉或作出个人解释，显示其傲慢和不负责任，并拒绝为疏忽承担全部责任，是对公共行政问责制和廉政原则的侮辱。他亦指出，政府公务中禁酒并非新规定，该政策自已故首相敦阿都拉萨时代已实施至今，各级政府都有明确的通告，因此这种违规行为并没有任何合理的借口。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 结果
2025年10月9日国会下议院部长问答环节上，张庆信在回答伊斯兰党龙运国会议员旺哈山·拉里提问关于旅游部如何确保官方活动（包括私营部门或行业赞助的活动）遵守3/2003公共服务通令的问题中，为「全球旅遊交流」活动晚宴上引起的酒精饮品风波承认错误。张庆信在该提问再次重申私营企业接办的情况，并指当晚宴由私营人企业接办该活动时，它就不再是官方活动，因此不适用有关通令。然而，他承认没有在晚宴前宣布活动的组织工作委托给私营企业，导致公众误以为是马来西亚旅游局主办此次活动，他对任何可能给公众带来不适的“混淆或误解”表示遗憾。张庆信亦表示，他的部门从未在旅游相关活动中违反过该通令，促请公众不要把这件事变成政治问题或认为是对穆斯林的侮辱。张庆信随后透过旅游部办公发文澄清，他在国会上为活动晚宴引起的误会表达遗憾，却被马来西亚所有主要中文媒体错误报道为就此风波「道歉」。
土著团结党马日丹那区国会议员玛丝艾米雅蒂在国会下议院问答环节结束后，敦促张庆信为官方活动中提供酒精饮料的行为公开道歉，并要求说明哪些领域成为国际游客的焦点。
雪兰莪州伊斯兰党青年团署理主奥比杜拉·法希姆（Obidallah Fahim）率领的非政府组织代表团在马来西亚旅游部办公室前发起集会，要求张庆信辞退旅游部长的职务，并向马来西亚人民公开道歉。
前首相马哈迪·莫哈末表示，政府长期以来的政策禁止在任何官方场合提供酒精饮料，此事已广为人知，他无法理解为何在官方活动中提供酒精饮料，并认为此举违反政府现行政策的行为可能是蓄意为之，以测试穆斯林的反应。马哈迪表示，他很难接受当事人不知道自己做错了什么的借口，并指张庆信明知故犯，或许是为了激起穆斯林社区的反应。马哈迪亦强调，张庆信与倪可敏为官方活动提供酒精饮料的解释没有考虑到马来西亚社会的价值体系和的敏感性。
2025年马来西亚旅游局官方活动提供酒精饮料事件 影响
马来西亚入境旅游协会（MITA）会长梁伟虹发出文告，呼吁所有成员及业者，不要参与任何要求部长辞职的示威活动。梁伟虹指出，此举目的旨在力挺旅游部长张庆信，同时避免政治纷争损害马来西亚旅游业的形象。
2025年10月10日，雪兰莪州伊斯兰党青年团署理团长奥比杜拉·法希姆（Obidallah Fahim）率领的非政府组织代表团向马来西亚旅游递交一份备忘录，以抗议2025年全球旅游活动晚宴上提供酒精饮料的问题。
价值增值
价值增值（value added），是经济学中用于计算产品或服务的市场价值与其构成要素总价值之间差额的术语。它通常通过特定销售单位的供求曲线来相对表示。附加价值不同于会计学术语“附加价值”（added value），后者仅衡量针对市场上可售特定商品的转化过程所获得的财务利润。
在企业中，总价值增值通过对每一销售单位的单位价值增值求和计算。单位价值增值通过将单位利润（销售价格与生产成本、单位折舊成本和单位直接人工成本之差）来衡量。因此，总价值增值等于收入减去中间消费。对一体化程度高的公司（例如制造企业）而言，价值增值占收入的比例较高；对一体化程度较低的公司（例如零售企业）而言，占比较低。总价值增值大致等于劳动补偿（作为对劳动的回报）加上折旧后息稅前利潤（作为对资本的回报）。
价值增值 定义
在微观经济学中，价值增值可定义为某一转化过程的总产出市场价值，减去该转化过程的总投入（或总投入品）的市场价值。可以借助Ulbo de Sitter的生产协同设计理论来描述价值增值。他将转化过程分为两类：部分与方面。部分可比作时间线上的阶段，例如先准备菜肴、然后清洗、再擦干。方面等同于区域专业化，例如有人负责由玻璃组成的柜台部分，另一人负责盘子部分，第三人负责餐具部分。因此，理解价值增值的重要环节在于研究其边界划定。
在宏观经济学中，该术语指生产要素（即资本和劳动）提高产品价值并增加拥有这些要素者收入的贡献。因此，全民族的价值增值在资本与劳动之间分配。
在商业与经济学之外，价值增值指公司在向消费者提供产品或服务之前对其进行的经济性提升。这解释了公司为何能以高于生产成本的价格销售产品。该提升也有助于将公司产品与竞争对手产品区分开来。
价值增值 国民经济
生产要素提供“服务”，使产品（X）的单位价格相对于生产X时消耗的中间品的单位成本上升。
在国民经济中，例如联合国国民经济核算体系或美国国民收入与产品账户（NIPA），通过从总产出中扣除中间消费得到总价值增值。因此，总价值增值等于净产出。再从总价值增值中扣除固定资本消耗（或折旧费用）即可得净价值增值。净价值增值因此等于总工资、扣除折旧后的税前利润，以及間接稅减补贴。
价值增值 增值税
增值税（value-added tax，VAT）是一种销售稅。它在产品或服务生产的每个阶段按增量征收，旨在对该生产阶段所增加的价值征税，如上文按单位价值增值所述。
何得萱
何得萱（1905年11月9日—），字「樹之」，湖南寧鄉人，兵工學校（今中正理工學院）造兵1期、德國柏林工業大學機械工程博士，參訓中央軍校軍官高等教育班二期、中央防空學校專長訓練班，先後任職軍政部兵工署工程師、陸軍第十九師軍械處長、台灣機械公司（中鋼機械公司前身之一）總工程師兼第六廠廠長（自德返台後），兵工學校教育長、校長，退伍後轉任台灣省政府地下水工程處處長、台灣省水利局副局長。曾任教淡江大學機械與機電工程學系，也曾任何鍵的保安營長。
维德萨尔普隧道
维德萨尔普隧道（法語：）是瑞士纳沙泰尔州的一座单洞半高速公路隧道，承载瑞士A20高速公路，穿过维德萨尔普山口，连接纳沙泰尔与拉紹德封，全长3250米，1994年工程结束，1995年通车。
雙斑副雙邊魚
雙斑副雙邊魚（學名：），為輻鰭魚綱䲁形目雙邊魚科的其中一個種，分布於亞洲印度布拉馬普特拉河流域的蘭加河和烏姆特勞河流域，本魚體呈橢圓形且側扁，背部和腹部輪廓凸起，自枕骨至第一背鰭基部急劇上升，然後向後緩緩傾斜，至尾柄處幾乎水平，眼大，眶前緣有銳棘，臀鰭起點兩側有兩個明顯的黑點，尾柄的背面和腹面各有一條黑色縱向條紋；肱骨處有一個模糊、微弱、垂直細長的斑點，背鰭硬棘8枚、背鰭軟條11-12枚、臀鰭硬棘3枚、臀鰭軟條11-12枚，體長可達4.1公分，屬肉食性，棲息在溪流底中層水域，生活習性不明。
达飞货运航空
达飞货运航空是达飞集团旗下的货运航空部门，主要运营巴黎戴高乐机场和芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场的货运航班。
达飞货运航空 历史
达飞货运航空公司成立于 2021 年，最初运营时拥有四架空客 A330-200F 飞机，由总部位于列日的比利时航空运营。  2022 年 6 月，这些飞机重新在法国注册，并与新交付的两架波音 777F一起以巴黎戴高乐机场为基地运营。2021 年 11 月和 2022 年 6 月，达飞货运航空订购了四架空客 A350F飞机和两架波音 777F飞机。
2022年5月，达飞集团（母公司）与法航荷航集团签署战略合作伙伴关系，旨在共同发展其航空货运能力。然而，这项于2023年4月启动的合作伙伴关系已于2024年1月经双方协议终止，达飞集团收购的法荷航集团9%股份保持不变。
达飞货运航空 历史
2024年8月，达飞货运航空接收了第三架波音777货机，并与阿特拉斯航空合作开通了往返美国和亚洲的新航线。该飞机委托阿特拉斯航空公司运营。 2024年第二季度末，机队中仅剩的三架空客A330-200货机，有两架退役。
2025年4月，第四架波音777货机交付，继续由阿特拉斯航空委托运营。同月，达飞货运航空收购比利时航空的货运业务，并将其一架空客 A330 200F 和两架波音 747-8F 飞机纳入机队。 但同时，达飞集团宣布，比利时航空仍将以自己的品牌进行独立运营。
2025年7月，达飞货运航空接收了第五架波音 777 飞机。
达飞货运航空 航点
达飞货运航空现有航点如下（此表根据公司网站和Flightradar24 等跟踪网站上检索到信息整理）：
达飞货运航空 机队
截至2025年8月 (2025-08)，达飞货运航空运营机队如下:
弄曼区
弄曼区，是缅甸联邦第一特区木邦县下辖的一个区。
弄曼区 区划沿革
2025年6月，木邦县对联合区进行了拆分调整，原联合区下辖的弄曼、云乃、美航、象海、捷燕5个乡独立设立弄曼区
Bolt Food
Bolt Food是Bolt于2019年率先在愛沙尼亞推出的网上订餐和配送平台。2021年，Bolt Food在爱沙尼亚塔林推出推出了快速杂货配送服务Bolt Market，之後又在拉脱维亚、立陶宛、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、波兰、斯洛伐克、克罗地亚和捷克推出，并于2022年1月推廣到瑞典。 截至2023年，Bolt Food已覆盖19个国家/地区的80多个城市。不過2023年12月业务撤出南非和尼日利亚。
黑脸走唱秀
黑脸走唱秀是19世纪初在美国发展形成的一种戏剧形式。这类表演主要由白人演员涂黑面部进行演出。当时虽也存在少数非裔表演者及全黑人表演团体的巡回演出，但黑脸走唱秀始终将黑人塑造为愚钝、懒惰、滑稽、怯懦、迷信且无忧无虑的形象。每场演出包含喜剧短剧、杂耍、舞蹈和音乐表演，皆刻意丑化非洲裔群体。此类演出企图通过强化“黑人未开化所以不应享平等权利”的种族主义观念，其核心笑料往往围绕黑人角色试图争取公民身份时屡屡失败的可笑窘境展开。
磨齒獸屬
磨齿兽属（學名：）是磨齿兽科（Mylodontidae）下的一属已灭绝地懒，分布于南美洲南部。其体长可达3至4米，体重1至2吨，是磨齿兽科中体型较大的物种之一（尽管其体型不及同科的掠齿懒兽）。
最古老的磨齿兽属标本可能可以追溯到更新世早期；然而，大多数磨齿兽属化石只能追溯到更新世晚期。磨齿兽属的分布范围从玻利维亚南部和潘帕斯草原向南延伸到巴塔哥尼亚最南端（约在南纬52-53度，磨齿兽属也是所有更新世地懒中分布最南的）。该物种的一些最著名的遗骸来自智利南部的磨齿兽洞穴（Cueva del milodon），该地除了骨骼遗骸外，还保存有完好的皮肤和毛发。保存完好的粪便亚化石表明磨齿兽是食草动物，主要以草和莎草为食。
磨齒獸屬
Mylodon has generally only a single recognised species, Mylodon darwini, which was described by Richard Owen in 1840 based on remains collected in the Pampas by Charles Darwin (for whom the species is named) during the Voyage of the Beagle. Some recent authors suggest that there were two species, with M. darwini restricted to the Pampas, with the Patagonian remains belonging to the separate species Mylodon listai.
磨齒獸屬
Mylodon went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene-beginning of the Holocene, around 12-10,000 years ago, as part of the end-Pleistocene extinction event, along with other ground sloths and most large animals across the Americas. Mylodon chronologically overlapped with Paleoindians, the first humans to inhabit the Americas, evidence from several sites suggest that they may have hunted Mylodon. The extinction of Mylodon may be the result of climatic change, hunting by Paleoindians, or a combination of both factors.
磨齒獸屬 发现
磨齿兽是由理查德·欧文根据一个几乎完整的下颌骨和牙齿命名的，这个下颌骨是由查尔斯·达尔文在英国皇家海军小猎犬号考察探险期间在布兰卡港的一个固结砾石悬崖上发现的。在几个地点，发现了保存完好的兽皮和粪便，其保存状态如此之好，以至于最初发现它们的人认为它们属于一种活着的动物，而不是一种已经灭绝的物种。20世纪初，发现了一些看起来很新鲜的皮肤和粪便样本，引发了一小波探险热潮，人们开始寻找这种动物的活体。后来发现这些样本已有大约1万年的历史。由于发现它们的洞穴中极端寒冷和稳定的条件，使得它们看起来很新鲜。
磨齒獸屬 发现
Well preserved samples of Mylodon remains have been discovered in the Cueva del Milodón site in Patagonia, Chile along the southern flank of Cerro Benítez in the year 1896. Associated with bones of other early Patagonian animals, these remains of Mylodon date from an era earlier than 10,000 BC. The American Museum of Natural History has exhibited a sample of Mylodon dung from Argentina with a note that reads "deposited by Theodore Roosevelt".
磨齒獸屬 描述
Mylodon was a large representative of the Mylodontidae. Its total length was estimated to be around 3 to 4 m. Based on the size of the skull, a weight between 1 and 2 tonnes is assumed, with an approximate estimate of 1.65 tonnes. Thus, Mylodon had about the size of related forms such as Glossotherium or Paramylodon, but was significantly smaller than the giant Lestodon. In terms of physique, it largely corresponded with the other large ground-living sloths.
磨齒獸屬 描述
Especially in the construction of the skull, Mylodon differed significantly from other related forms. Its length varied between 59 and 71.5 cm, which is significantly longer than Glossotherium or Lestodon. At the skull it was between 16.5 and 22.5 cm wide, in the front nasal area between 11.3 and 15.5 cm. The height of the posterior skull was 14.0 to 19.0 cm and the anterior 15.0 to 23.5 cm. The skull was thereby elongated and narrow, unlike Glossotherium and Lestodon that had a short and very broad skull. The extraordinary length of the skull of Mylodon was mainly due to elongations in the rostrum. Seen from above, the rostrum narrowed towards the front. This is where the most important difference to most of the other representatives of the Mylodontidae can be found: The nasal bone was long and narrow and curved downwards in the front area. At the front end, it connected to the middle jawbone, which was lengthened by an appendage, and which in turn fused with the upper jaw. This resulted in a completely closed nasal arch in adult individuals, which is largely unknown in other sloths. In comparison, the skulls of Glossotherium and Lestodon, but also of Paramylodon, showed a nasal area, seen from above, which was rather short and looked clearly cut off when viewed from the side; the roof of the skull was largely straight in Mylodon, only a slight indentation could occur above the orbit. On parietal, significant temporal lines were present, but no head crest formed. The zygomatic arch was slim, the anterior attachment began above the third and fourth molars. It did not form a solid end with the rear arch attachment. As is usual with sloths, the front arch base consisted of three appendages: one ascending, one horizontal, and one descending, the former of which was the longest. The rear arch formed a triangular plate. The occiput bent at an angle of 120° from the roof of the skull. The underside of the occiput was at about the level of the occlusal plane. When viewed from behind, the occiput appeared almost circular and not as depressed as in Glossotherium and Lestodon. The palate was narrow and was more or less triangularly oriented towards the front of the skull. Numerous small bone openings were characteristic here. The glenoid pit, in which the joint of the lower jaw engages, corresponding to that of other mylodonts with its weak form, but this provided free rotation overall.
磨齒獸屬 描述
The lower jaw of Mylodon varied in length between 42 and 48 cm. It was elongated, more noticeable than in Glossotherium and Lestodon, since in Mylodon the area in front of the teeth, in particular, is strongly elongated. The horizontal bone body increased continuously in height towards the rear, below the last molar it was about 10.5 to 12.7 cm. The symphysis at the front end for the jointing of the two halves of the lower jaw was about 12.4 cm long. Here the lower edge of the body of the lower jaw rose at an angle so that the anterior end of the symphysis was above the occlusal plane of the teeth. As with other sloths, the symphysis extended forward, it ended slightly rounded. According to the rostrum of the skull, Mylodon's symphysis was narrow and not as wide as in Glossotherium and Lestodon. The mandible foramen opened shortly behind the symphysis. The ascending branch started behind the last molar and formed an angle of 140° to the occlusal plane. The crown process rose up to 20 cm. In contrast, the articular process was lower, roughly at the level of the occlusal plane, resulting in a low cranial-mandibular connection. The angular process at the rear end of the lower jaw was clearly visible. Sometimes it tipped down and was below the lower edge of the horizontal bone body. The upper side of the angular process does not reach the occlusal plane.
磨齒獸屬 描述
The dentition of Mylodon differs greatly from that of the other placental mammals and usually consists of five teeth at the top and four teeth at the bottom per jaw arch, meaning a total of 18 teeth. In the mylodonts, the first tooth was often caniniform while the rear teeth were more molariform. Within the sloth, this structure of the teeth can be called original. A special feature of Mylodon was that the upper canine-like tooth of each row was completely regressed and only the molar-like four rear teeth were found here. In the lower row of teeth, the anterior caniniform tooth was transformed into a molariform. The dentition thus consisted of a total of 16 teeth. This is somewhat reminiscent of Paramylodon, in which the upper canine-shaped teeth were also missing, but the lower ones had retained their strikingly pointed shape. In contrast to this, Glossotherium and Lestodon had the original decayed teeth. The flat, flap-like and largely indented structure of the  molariform  teeth can be emphasized as a characteristic of the mylodonts, which clearly differs from that of the Megatheriidae and Megalonychidae with their two transverse raised ridges per tooth. The shapes of the teeth present in Mylodon were simpler. In the upper jaw row, they had a rather round to oval outline, in the lower jaw row a more diamond-shaped outline. The typically more complex bilobed design of the molar-like teeth of Glossotherium and Lestodon, caused by a central constriction, only occurred on the lower rearmost tooth in Mylodon. In general, the rows of teeth diverged to the front, and the teeth were very high crowned (hypsodont). The upper row of teeth ranges in length from 10.9 to 13.3 cm, the lower row was between 12.0 and 15.0 cm in length.
磨齒獸屬 描述
Postcranial skeletons are far rarer in Mylodon than in the other large mylodontid sloths. As a result, the skeleton is less well documented. Only individual elements of the spine, such as the atlas and various thoracic vertebrae, have been described. The humerus was massive and extremely long at 46 to 48 cm. The joint head, the diameter of which was over 10 cm, stood out due to its hemispherical, but laterally somewhat flattened shape. A distinct deltopectoral ridge ran down the shaft, which acted as an anchor point for the shoulder muscles. As with many ground sloths, the lower end of the joint extended far and brought it here to a width of almost 26 cm. In part, this was caused by a massive internal epicondyle. The articular surfaces (capitulum and trochlea) were almost perpendicular to each other and did not form such an obtuse angle as in Glossotherium. The cubit was built gracefully. Their length was around 37 cm. The olecranon, i.e. the upper articular process, took up about 8.1 cm of it, which corresponds to about 22% of the total length and is significantly less than in comparison with Glossotherium and Lestodon. It was laterally narrowed, which is also found in Paramylodon. The spoke largely resembled that of Glossotherium and was compact and straight built with a length of about 30 cm. The head was oval in shape with a prominent lip. The pelvis was extremely expansive and 114 cm wide between the two iliac bones. The thigh bone measured between 55 and 59 cm in length. It was typical of ground sloths, being flat in shape. Its width decreased significantly on the shaft, the lowest value was reached just below the midpoint. Here the width was about 18 cm, the thickness about 7.5 cm. The joint ends, on the other hand, were markedly wider, around 30 cm at the knee end and around 26 cm at the foot end. The thighbone reached the shin with only about half of its length, a characteristic of mylodonts. This bone, too, was clearly flat with a thickness that was only half the value of the width at the shaft. The fibula is so far only fragmented. It was drawn in on the shaft and widened at the joint ends, with the upper joint end showing more pronounced curves than in Glossotherium.
磨齒獸屬 描述
The hand comprised a total of five digits (I to V), whereby the metacarpal bone was fused with the large polygonal bone on the first digit. This created the so-called Metacrapal Carpal Complex (MCC for short), which is typical for many ground sloths. As a special feature of the wrist, the pea bone was clearly flat, its shape resembled that of Glossotherium, but differed from the corresponding bone of other Mylodonts with spherical, walnut-like or a pyramidal shape. The fourth digit had formed the longest metacarpal bone, while that of the fifth was only slightly shorter. The respective bones measured there around 12.5 and 10.7 cm in length. As with Glossotherium and Paramylodon, only the three inner digits were probably clawed, but only of the second digit have all bone elements been documented. The metacarpal bone was 7.8 cm long and was built very gracefully. The first phalanx was extremely short and only about 2.5 cm long, the second was about 4.2 cm long and the third at least 11.5 cm. It was tubular and went forward into an extension on which the claw rested. The first phalanges of the two outer digits were significantly reduced in length. Only individual root bones of the foot, such as the talus, are present.
磨齒獸屬 描述
Mylodon is one of the few extinct mammals that has mummified skin remains. The most important location for such finds is the Cueva del Milodón in the Chilean province of Última Esperanza, where the first skin parts were brought to light at the end of the 19th century. Individual pieces have lengths of up to 150 cm, but have shrunk through drying processes. Its thickness is up to 1.5 cm in some places, but it is usually around 1 cm. The skin is densely covered with stiff, slightly wavy hair, with only the top hair being developed, while the undercoat is missing. This feature is similar to the two-toed sloths but less so than the three-toed sloths, which possess an undercoat. The length of the individual hairs vary between 5 and sometimes over 20 cm with the shortest in the area of the back of the head, medium-length hair on the back and very long hair on the limbs. Their known color ranges from yellowish to reddish-brown. The hair shafts are uniformly tubular, at the upper end they form blunt tips. As with today's sloths, the hair did not have a pith (medulla). In contrast to the hair of the two-toed sloth, they lack their characteristic longitudinal ribbing.
磨齒獸屬 描述
The mylodonts are the only representatives of the sloths to have bony plates embedded in their skin. Such structures, called osteoderms, are known today to a greater extent only in armadillos. In contrast to the outer armor of the armadillos, the bone platelets of the mylodonts were rather loosely scattered. Hermann Burmeister published the first finds of individual osteoderms of Mylodon as early as the 1860s. The remains of skin found in the caves of Última Esperanza give an impression of how they were embedded in the skin and distributed over the body. The bone platelets are all located in the lower section of the skin, while the hairs originate in the upper sections. The distribution turned out to be very inconsistent. Some areas with a dense array of osteoderms contain between 83 and 95 platelets per 10 cm2. For others, however, the number is very thin. However, even with a close arrangement, the osteoderms never unite to form a closed shell, but are always separated from one another by individual skin folds. In accordance with the armadillos' shells, the bone platelets form a single layer and do not appear stacked. Since all skin residues were found isolated from the body skeletons, it is sometimes difficult to assign the skin areas with a dense and thin arrangement of bone platelets to a specific part of the body. However, it can be assumed that the back was largely armored and the stomach was free. In the sections with dense osteoderm formation, these were larger than in the clear areas. The bone platelets of Mylodon were mostly of irregular oval shape with dimensions of 0.5 to 2.5 cm in length, 0.3 to 1.8 cm in width and 0.2 to 1.1 cm in thickness, with weights of a maximum of 2 g. On the surface, they showed individual dimples. In cross-section, they consisted of numerous bundles of fibers mixed with hard bone blades (osteoma). This made their structure much simpler than that of the armadillos, and they probably lacked the keratin layer known from the armadillos. In principle, the osteoderms of Mylodon were similar to those of other large mylodonts.
磨齒獸屬 分布和重要的化石发现
Mylodon was mainly distributed in the southern part of South America. Fossil finds are known from Argentina, Chile, southern Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay and southern Brazil. Thus, the colonized regions include very far southern sites on the island of Tierra del Fuego as well as most of Patagonia northward to the Pampas region. Its northern limit was around 19.6° S, while its southern limit reached the range at about 53° south. The Tres Arroyos site on Tierra del Fuego and the region around Cueva del Milodón in southwestern Patagonia are among the southernmost known records of a sloth representative in the Pleistocene. In the Pampa region, the northern limit was found approximately at the Chuí River in the southeastern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul around 30 degrees south latitude. Even more northerly points of discovery, such as Ñuapua in Bolivia, are tangent to the 20th parallel south. Finds reported from Paraguay, however, are considered rather uncertain.