ポール・ミルグロム

ポール・ロバート・ミルグロム（Paul Robert Milgrom, 1948年4月20日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。スタンフォード大学教授。 1948年米国デトロイト生まれ。1970年に米国ミシガン大学を卒業後、数年間保険数理士の仕事に就いた後に、1978年に米国スタンフォード大学ビジネススクールでPh.Dの学位を取得し、米国ノースウェスタン大学の助教授（1979-81年）、准教授（1981-82年）、教授（1982-83年）、米国イェール大学の教授（1985-87年）を経て、1987年からスタンフォード大学経済学科教授。 2007年 トムソン・ロイター引用栄誉賞 2008年 アーウィン・プレイン・ネンマーズ経済学賞 2012年 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award 2014年 Golden Goose Award 2018年 ジョン・カーティー賞 2020年 ノーベル経済学賞 『オークション・デザイン──ものの値段はこう決める』（熊谷玲美訳）早川書房、2022年、ISBN 978-4152100511 『オークション理論とデザイン』（川又邦雄、奥野正寛監訳　計盛英一郎、馬場弓子訳）東洋経済新報社、2007年、ISBN 978-4492313855 ポール・ミルグロム、ジョン・ロバーツ『組織の経済学』（奥野正寛、伊藤秀史、今井晴雄、西村理、八木甫訳） NTT出版、1997年、ISBN 978-4871885362 Milgrom, Paul (1979a). The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding. New York: Garland Press  (Ph.D. Dissertation) Milgrom, Paul (1979b). “A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information”. Econometrica 47 (3): 679–88. doi:10.2307/1910414. JSTOR 1910414.  Milgrom, Paul (1981a). “An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge”. Econometrica 49 (1): 219–222. doi:10.2307/1911137. JSTOR 1911137.  Milgrom, Paul (1981b). “Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding”. Econometrica 49 (4): 921–943. doi:10.2307/1912511. JSTOR 1912511.  Milgrom, Paul (1981c). “Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications”. Bell Journal of Economics 12 (2): 380–91. doi:10.2307/3003562. JSTOR 3003562.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1982). “Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis”. Econometrica (Econometrica, Vol. 50, No. 2) 50 (2): 443–59. doi:10.2307/1912637. JSTOR 1912637.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1982). “Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence”. Journal of Economic Theory 27 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X.  Milgrom, Paul and Nancy Stokey (1982). “Information, Trade and Common Knowledge”. Journal of Economic Theory 26: 17–27. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1.  Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1982a). “The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction”. Journal of Mathematical Economics 10: 105–14. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8.  Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1982b). “A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding”. Econometrica (Econometrica, Vol. 50, No. 5) 50 (5): 1089–1122. doi:10.2307/1911865. JSTOR 1911865.  Kreps, David, Paul Milgrom, John Roberts, and Robert Wilson (1982). “Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners’ Dilemma”. Journal of Economic Theory 27 (2): 245‑252. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1.  Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R., Paul R. Milgrom and Robert J. Weber (1983). “Competitive bidding and proprietary information”. Journal of Mathematical Economics 11 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4.  Milgrom, Paul (1984). “Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation"”. The RAND Journal of Economics 15 (2): 305–309. doi:10.2307/2555683. JSTOR 2555683.  Milgrom, Paul and Robert Weber (1985). “Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information”. Mathematics of Operations Research 10 (4): 619–32. doi:10.1287/moor.10.4.619.  Glosten, Larry and Paul Milgrom (1985). “Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading”. Journal of Financial Economics 14 (1): 71‑100. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1986a). “Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality”. Journal of Political Economy 94 (4): 796–821. doi:10.1086/261408. JSTOR 1833203.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1986b). “Relying on the Information of Interested Parties”. The RAND Journal of Economics 17 (1): 18–32. JSTOR 2555625.  Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1987). “Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives”. Econometrica 55 (2): 303–328. doi:10.2307/1805448. JSTOR 1805448.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1987). “Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization”. The American Economic Review 77 (2): 184–193. JSTOR 1913238.  Milgrom, Paul and Sharon Oster (1987). “Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 102: 453–476. doi:10.2307/1884213. JSTOR 1884213.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1988). “An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses”. American Journal of Sociology 96: S154-S179.  Milgrom, Paul (1988). “Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design”. Journal of Political Economy 96 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1086/261523. JSTOR 1830709.  Milgrom,Paul and John Roberts (1988). “Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production”. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 90 (3): 275–289.. doi:10.2307/3440309.  Milgrom, Paul (1989). “Auctions and Bidding: A Primer”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.3. JSTOR 1942756.  Fudenberg, Drew, Bengt Holmstrom and Paul Milgrom (1990). “Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships”. Journal of Economic Theory 51 (1): 154–159. doi:10.2307/2006561.  Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1990a). “The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes”. The American Economic Review 80 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. JSTOR 2006561.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1990b). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization”. American Economic Review 80 (3): 511–28. JSTOR 2006681.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1990c). “Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities”. Econometrica 58 (6): 1255–1278. JSTOR 2938316.  Milgrom, Paul, Douglass C. North, and Barry R. Weingast (1990). “The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs”. Economics and Politics 2 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x.  Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1991). “Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design”. Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 7: 303–328. doi:10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24. JSTOR 764957.  Abreu, D., Paul Milgrom, and David Pearce (1991). “Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships”. Econometrica 59 (6): 1713–1733. JSTOR 2938286.  Milgrom, Paul, Yingi Qian and John Roberts. (1991). “Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing”. The American Economic Review 81 (2): 84–88. doi:10.2307/2006831. JSTOR 2006831.  Milgrom, Paul, and John Roberts (1991). “Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games”. Games and Economic Behavior 82 (100): 82–100. doi:10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1992). Economics, Organization and Management. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0132246503  Bresnahan, Timothy F., Paul Milgrom, and Jonathan Paul (1992). “The Real Output of the Stock Exchange”. Output Measurement in the Services Sectors: 195–216.  Meyer, Margaret, Paul Milgrom, and John Roberts (1992). “Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes”. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy 1 (1): 9–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x.  Milgrom, Paul (1994). “Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?”. Journal of Political Economy 102 (3): 607–615. doi:10.2307/2138625. JSTOR 2138625.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1994). “Comparing Equilibria”. The American Economic Review 84 (3): 441–459. doi:10.2307/2118061. JSTOR 2118061.  Milgrom, Paul and Chris Shannon (1994). “Monotone Comparative Statics”. Econometrica 62 (1): 157–180. JSTOR 2951479.  Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1994). “The Firm as an Incentive System”. Econometrica 84 (4): 972–991. JSTOR 2118041.  Greif, Avner, Paul Milgrom, and Barry R. Weingast (1994). “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild”. Journal of Political Economy 102 (4): 745–776. doi:10.1086/261953. JSTOR 2138763.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1994). “Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing”. Journal of Accounting and Economics 19 (2-3): 179–208. doi:10.1016/0165.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1995). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply”. The American Economic Review 85 (4): 997–999. doi:10.2307/2118249. JSTOR 2118249.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1996a). “The LeChatelier Principle”. The American Economic Review 86 (1): 113–128. doi:10.1006/game.1996.0096.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1996b). “Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities”. Games and Economic Behavior 17 (1): 173–179. doi:10.2307/2118261. JSTOR 2118261.  Milgrom, Paul (1998). “Game theory and the spectrum auctions”. European Economic Review 42 (3-5): 771–778. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3.  Milgrom, Paul (2000). “Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction”. Journal of Political Economy 108 (2): 245–272. doi:10.1086/262118. JSTOR 262118.  Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2002). “Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding”. The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics 1 (1).  Milgrom, Paul and Ilya Segal (2002). “Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets”. Econometrica 70 (2): 583–601. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00296. JSTOR 2692283.  Milgrom, Paul (2004). Putting Auction Theory to Work. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-53672-3  Hatfield, John W., and Paul Milgrom (2005). “Matching with Contracts”. The American Economic Review 95 (4): 913–935. doi:10.2307/4132699. JSTOR 4132699.  Ausubel, Lawrence M., Peter Cramton and Paul Milgrom (2006). “The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..  Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2006a). “The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..  Ausubel, Lawrence M. and Paul Milgrom (2006b). “Ascending Proxy Auctions”. in Combinatorial Auctions, edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R..  Milgrom, Paul (2007). “Package Auctions and Exchanges”. Econometrica 75 (4): 935–965. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x.  Milgrom, Paul (2008). “What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets”. Journal of Economic Perspectives 22 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.115.  Hall, Robert E. and Paul R. Milgrom (2008). “The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain”. The American Economic Review 98 (4): 1653–1674. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1653. JSTOR 29730140.  Day, R., and Paul Milgrom (2008). “Core-selecting package auctions”. International Journal of Game Theory 36 (3-4): 393–407. doi:10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7.  Milgrom, Paul (2009). “Assignment Messages and Exchanges”. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 1 (2): 95–113. doi:10.1257/mic.1.2.95.  Milgrom, Paul and Bruno Strulovici (2009). “Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium”. Journal of Economic Theory 144 (1): 212–247. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002.  Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis”. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 2 (3): 160–185. doi:10.1257/mic.2.3.160.  Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions”. Games and Economic Behavior 70 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003.  Levin, Jonathan and Paul Milgrom (2010). “Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design”. American Economic Review 100 (2): 603–607. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.603.  Milgrom, Paul (2011). “Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design”. Economic Inquiry 49 (2): 311–320. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x.  Budish, E., Che, Y.-K., Kojima, F., and Paul Milgrom (2013). “Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications”. American Economic Review 103 (2): 585–623. doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.585.