实化
在计算机科学中，实化（）或物件化是把抽象的想法（）转化为明确的数据模型或程序设计语言创建的其他对象的过程。通过实化，以前是隐式的、未表示的、可能是不可表示的被显式形成可概念（逻辑或计算）操作的。非正式地，实化也常被称作在特定系统范围内把某些东西变为“头等公民”。 实化是概念分析与知识表示中最常用的技术。
在程序设计语言中，把用户程序或者程序设计语言某一部分本来在编译期与运行期是隐式的，表示为语言自身，这一过程称为实化。这使得其对程序可当作普通数据来利用。在具有反射的程序设计语言中，实化的数据表示了相关的被实化的领域。实化的数据常被称作头等对象。 数据实化涉及在中找到抽象数据类型的更为具体的表示。 例如，抽象数据类型集合（set）可以用map或者array来实化。
中广泛使用了实化。实化一个关系（relationship）意味着把它视作一个实体。实化一个关系的目的是令其显式，必要时可以增加额外的信息。例如，关系"codice_4"表示某人是某委员会的成员。下图左侧用表的形式列出了人"P1"是委员会"C1"与"C2"的成员；人"P2"是委员会"C1"成员。 这一关系，也可看作实体。见图示的右侧。称作该实体实化了这个关系。这个实体类型为codice_5。现在，可以给这个关系实体增加新的信息，如某人属于某委员会是由谁来提名加入的，可表示为"codice_6"。
与其密切相关的用法见。
UML提供了关联类（association class）用于构建被实化的关系类型。关联类既是关联又是类。
In Semantic Web languages, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), a statement is a binary relation. It is used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. Applications sometimes need to describe other RDF statements, for instance, to record information like when statements were made, or who made them, which is sometimes called "provenance" information. As an example, we may want to represent properties of a relation, such as our certainty about it, severity or strength of a relation, relevance of a relation, and so on.
The example from the conceptual modeling section describes a particular person with codice_7, who is a member of the codice_8. The RDF triple from that description is
Consider to store two further facts: (i) to record who nominated this particular person to this committee (a statement about the membership itself), and (ii) to record who added the fact to the database (a statement about the statement).
The first case is a case of classical reification like above in UML: reify the membership and store its attributes and roles etc.: Additionally, RDF provides a built-in vocabulary intended for describing RDF statements. A description of a statement using this vocabulary is called a reification of the statement. The RDF reification vocabulary consists of the type codice_9, and the properties codice_10, codice_11, and codice_12.
Using the reification vocabulary, a reification of the statement about the person's membership would be given by assigning the statement a URIref such as codice_13 so that describing statements can be written as follows:
These statements say that the resource identified by the codice_14 is an RDF statement, that the subject of the statement refers to the resource identified by codice_15, the predicate of the statement refers to the resource identified by codice_16, and the object of the statement refers to the resource codice_8. Assuming that the original statement is actually identified by codice_13, it should be clear by comparing the original statement with the reification that the reification actually does describe it. The conventional use of the RDF reification vocabulary always involves describing a statement using four statements in this pattern. Therefore, they are sometimes referred to as the "reification quad".
Using reification according to this convention, we could record the fact that codice_19 added the statement to the database by
It is important to note that in the conventional use of reification, the subject of the reification triples is assumed to identify a particular instance of a triple in a particular RDF document, rather than some arbitrary triple having the same subject, predicate, and object. This particular convention is used because reification is intended for expressing properties such as dates of composition and source information, as in the examples given already, and these properties need to be applied to specific instances of triples.  Note that the described triple codice_20 itself is not implied by such a reification quad (and it is not necessary that it actually exists in the database). This allows also to use this mechanism to express which triples do "not" hold.
The power of the reification vocabulary in RDF is restricted by the lack of a built-in means for assigning URIrefs to statements, so in order to express "provenance" information of this kind in RDF, one has to use some mechanism (outside of RDF) to assign URIs to individual RDF statements, then make further statements about those individual statements, using their URIs to identify them.
In an XML Topic Map (XTM), only a topic can have a name or play a role in an association. One may use an association to make an assertion about a topic, but one cannot directly make assertions about that assertion. However, it is possible to create a topic that reifies a non-topic construct in a map, thus enabling the association to be named and treated as a topic itself.
In Semantic Web languages, such as RDF and OWL, a property is a binary relation used to link two individuals or an individual and a value. However, in some cases, the natural and convenient way to represent certain concepts is to use relations to link an individual to more than just one individual or value. These relations are called n-ary relations. Examples are representing relations among multiple individuals, such as a committee, a person who is a committee member and another person who has nominated the first person to become the committee member, or a buyer, a seller, and an object that was bought when describing a purchase of a book.
A more general approach to reification is to create an explicit new class and n new properties to represent an n-ary relation, making an instance of the relation linking the n individuals an instance of this class. This approach can also be used to represent provenance information and other properties for an individual relation instance.
It is also important to note that the reification described here is not the same as "quotation" found in other languages. Instead, the reification describes the relationship between a particular instance of a triple and the resources the triple refers to. The reification can be read intuitively as saying "this RDF triple talks about these things", rather than (as in quotation) "this RDF triple has this form." For instance, in the reification example used in this section, the triple:
describing the codice_10 of the original statement says that the subject of the statement is the resource (the person) identified by the URIref codice_15. It does not state that the subject of the statement is the URIref itself (i.e., a string beginning with certain characters), as quotation would.