కోట్టయం జిల్లా
కేరళ రాష్ట్రంలోని 14 జిల్లాలలో కొల్లం జిల్లా ఒకటి. 
Kottayam is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town, located at 9.36° N and 76.17° E. According to the 1991 census, it is the first district to achieve 100% literacy rate in the whole of India. On 27 September 2008, Kottayam district also became the first tobacco free districts in India.
Bordered by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west, Kottayam has many unique characteristics. Panoramic backwater stretches, lush paddy fields, highlands, hills and hillocks, rubber plantations and places associated with many legends given Kottayam District the enviable title: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. The district is 15.35% urbanised.
కొట్టాయం (కొట్ట - అకం ) అంటే కోట లోపలి భాగం అని అర్ధం. కొట్టాయం పట్టణం సమీపంలో ఉన్న తళతంగడి వద్ద ముంజనాథ్ మరియు తెక్కుంకూర్ రాజులు తమ ప్రధానకేంద్రంగా మార్చుకున్నారు. . త్రివెంకూర్ రాజు మార్తాండ వర్మ తెక్కుంకూర్ మీద దండయాత్ర చేసి ఈ ప్రాంతాన్ని మరియు తలియాలి కోటను ధ్వంసం చేసాడు. 
ఇప్పటికీ ఆ అవశేషాలు ఉన్నాయి. 
ఆధునిక కాలంలో పలు రాజకీయ ఉధ్యమాలలో కొట్టాయం పాత్రవహించింది. మలయాళీ మెమోరియల్ ఆందోళన ఇక్కడే ఆరంభం అయిందని భావిస్తున్నారు. 
1924-25 లో ప్రఖ్యాత వైకోం సత్యాగ్రహం జరిగింది. అస్పృశ్యతా నివారణ కొరకు సాగిన ఉద్యమం ఇది. ఒకప్పుడు షెడ్యూల్డ్ జాతులు మరియు ఇతర వెనుకబడిన ప్రజలను ఆలయాలలో ప్రవేశించడం మరియు ఆలయం ఉన్న వీధులలో సంచరించే అవకాశం నిరాకరించబడేది. వైకోం లోని ప్రఖ్యాత శివాలయం కేంద్రంగా ఈ ఉద్యమం మొదలైంది. ఈ ఉద్యమంలో మహాత్మగాంధి, సి.రాజగోపాలాచారి, వినోభాభావే మరియు పెరియార్ వంటి జాతీయకవులు పాల్గొన్నారు. వెనుకబడిన జాతుల హిందువులు, క్రైస్తవులు మరియు ముస్లిములు అసెంబ్లీలో ప్రాతినిధ్యం కొరకు సాగించిన ఆందోళ " నివర్తన ". రాష్ట్ర కాంగ్రెస్ నాయకత్వంలో సాగిన ఈ ఆందోళన సాగింది. ఈ ఆందోళన విజయవంతంగా ముగిసింది. ట్రావంకోర్ కేంద్రగా సాగిన ఈ ఆందోళనలో ట్రావంకోర్ దివాన్ మరియు సర్ సి.పి రామస్వామి కీలకపాత్ర పోషించారు.
ప్రస్తుత కోట్టాయం జిల్లా ఒకప్పటి ట్రావంకోర్ రాజసంస్థానంలో భగంగా ఉండేది. ముందుగా ట్రావంకోర్ సంస్థానం దక్షిణ మరియు ఉత్తర ట్రావంకోర్ రెవెన్యూ విభాగాలుగా విభజించబడింది. 
ఈ విభాగాలకు దివాన్ పేష్కర్ అధికారిగా ఉండేవాడు. 1868లో సంస్థానంలో మరొక రెండు విభాగాలు (కొల్లంమరియు కోట్టయం ) చేరాయి. తరువాత కొంతకాలంపాటు దేవికుళం విభాగం చేర్చబడింది. తరువాత 1949లో ట్రావంకోర్ మరియు కొచ్చిన్ సంస్థానాలు భారత్‌లో వీలీనం ప్రక్రియ మొదలైంది. అప్పుడీ రెవెన్యూ విభాగాలు జిల్లాలుగా మార్చబడ్డాయి. దివాల్ అధికారం జిల్లా కలెక్టరుకు ఇవ్వబడింది. 1949 కొట్టాయం జిల్లా ఆవిర్భవించింది. కోట్టయం, మూవత్తుపుళా (ప్రస్తుత కోతమంగళంతో చేర్చినది), తుడుపుళా, చంగనచేరి, వైకోం, మీనాక్షి, దేవీకుళం మరియు పీర్మేడ్ ఈ జిల్లాలో అంతర్భాగం అయ్యాయి. .
Kottayam has a tropical climate like that of the rest of Kerala, hence there are no distinct seasons in the area. Humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the rainy season. Kottayam gets rain from two monsoon seasons, the south-west monsoon and the north-east monsoon. The average rainfall is around 3600 mm per year. The south-west monsoon starts in June and ends in September. The north-east monsoon season is from October to November. Pre-monsoon rains during March to May is accompanied by thunder and lightning ; the highest rainfall during this period in Kerala is received in Kottayam. December, January and February are cooler, while March, April and May are warmer. The highest temperature recorded here was 38.5 °C (6 April 1998) and the lowest was 15 °C (13 December 2000). Kottayam district experienced the most intense red rainfall, heavy downpours occurred in 2001 during which the rain was colored red, Yellow, green, and black.
Kottayam has a vast network of rivers, backwaters, ancient religious places, and hillstations. Some of the noted tourist places here are:
Vembanad Lake has a great expanse of water which is a part of the interconnected Kerala Backwaters that run virtually the length one third of the state. Vembanad Lake is 52 miles (84 km) in length and 9 miles (14 km) in width. Traditional cargo boats called Kettuvallams are modified into luxurious cruise boats and house boats. These boats gracefully move around the back waters, providing facilities to tourist to enjoy the beauty of the Vembanad Lake in a relaxed pace.
Pathiramanal (the midnight sands) is located in the Vembanad Lake is a small beautiful island. This island is accessible only by boat.
Kumarakom, located on the coast of Vembanad Lake, is a beautiful village stocked with divine mangroves and coconut groves, lush green paddy fields, gushing waters snaking through the dense forests. Kumarakom bird sanctuary, is home to migratory birds like the Siberian stork, egret, darter, heron and teal. Local birds like the water fowl, cuckoo, owl and water hen and other common varieties like the woodpecker, sky lark, crane and parrot can also be spotted here. Ninety-one species of local and 50 species of migratory birds are found here. The best time to watch local birds is June–August and the best time for migratory birds is November–February. House Boats and motorboats are available on hire for bird watching cruises in the Lake. Vagamon is a hill station in the Kottayam-Idukki district.
During the months of August and September, the rivers in and near Kottayam are turned into festival centres. The serene backwaters come alive during Onam with a spectacular water regatta -the snake boat races. Oarsmen, at least a hundred in each boat, slice their way through the waters to the fast rhythm of their own full-throated singing. Thazhathangadi boat race in Kummanam is over a century old. Boat races are conducted at Kavanar and Kottathodu rivers in Kumarakom. These vallam kali have about 50 boats participating, including Chundan, Churulan, Iruttukuthi (ody) Veppu, and canoes.
Other nearby tourist destinations:Kottayam has a mountainous terrain as well as low lying areas very close to sea level. Depending on the location different varieties of food crops as well as cash crops are cultivated. Rice is the principal crop extensively cultivated in low lying regions like Vaikom and Upper Kuttanad. The district occupies the third position in the production of rice behind Palakkad and Alappuzha. Though its the staple food of the people, unfortunately the area under cultivation is dwindling due to more lucrative cash crops like rubber plantations for which Kottayam significantly contributes to the overall rubber production in India. Kottayam occupies the first position in the production of rubber in India. Rubber trees provide a stable income for the farmers and climate is ideal for rubber plantations. Though highlands are more suitable, the cultivation has spread to almost every where. Apart from these, other crops cultivated are tapioca, coconut, pepper, vegetables etc. In order to enhance the rubber productivity, government of India has set up Rubber board and Rubber research institute in Kottayam.
Aside from two public sector companies, Hindustan Newsprint at Velloor and Travancore Cements at Nattakom, industries in the district consist mostly of small and medium scale units. The main activity are in publishing (newspapers and books) and processing of rubber (latex) and manufacturing of rubber based products. Rubber based industries in the district include a unit of MRF Ltd. (Madras Rubber Factory) in Vadavathoor,St.Mary's Rubbers (P)Ltd Koovapplly, Kanjirappally the No.1 centrifuged Latex, Skim rubber Block and Skim crepe rubber exporter in India, (www.stmarysrubbers.com).St.Mary's Rubbers (P) Ltd newly launched their new product gloves under the brand name of "Medismart" on 30 June 2013. (www.medismartglove.com/) . Midas Rubber Ltd. at Ettumanoor, Intermix factory (Neezhoor) and Rubco at Pampady.
Confined more or less to the Vaikom area of the district, is a thriving coir processing industry, processing coir and making coir products. Consisting of more than twenty co-operatives, it employs around 20,000 people. In the hand loom sector, eight co-operative societies provide employment to 2100 persons. The district has a rich forest wealth with good availability of softwood and other varieties of timber providing raw material for a number of small enterprises in the production of plywood, packing cases, splints, veneers and furniture.
The first printing press in Kerala (C.M.S Press) was established here in 1821 by Rev. Benjamin Baily, a British missionary. Maiden printed Malayalam-English and English-Malayalam dictionaries were published from Kottayam in 1846 and 1847 respectively. The only cooperative society of writers, authors and publishers (SPCS), for publishing books and periodicals was set up here in 1945. Kottayam is the hometown of a vast number of books and periodicals and is the centre of publishing business in the state. Popular publishing houses like Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi publications, Labour India Publications Ltd, Mangalam Publications, Deepika, D. C. Books, V Publishers, Vidhyamitram, Kerala Kaumudi daily and kerala kaumudi flash are also publishes from here. Kottayam city hosts a number of book exhibitions every year.
According to the 2011 census Kottayam district has a population of 1,979,384, roughly equal to the nation of Slovenia or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 234th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 1.32%. Kottayam has a sex ratio of 1040 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 96.4%.
As per 2001 Indian Census, population in Kottayam includes Hindus (49.32%), Christians (44.60%) and Muslims (5.97%). Syro-Malabar Catholic Church has the highest population among different Christian denominations with over 500,000. Jacobite Church with its nearly 200,000 population including Jacobite Knanaya population and Malankara Orthodox Church with about 120,000 are also major Christian churches in the district.
The Old Seminary of the Malankara Orthodox Church at Chungam, Kottayam is the first institution to start English education in South India. C.M.S High School (which later became Church Missionary Society College High School) was founded by the British missionary Rev. Benjamin Bailey. The first college in the state (C.M.S College) was started at Kottayam in 1840. It is also the second college in India established by the British empire. CMS college was previously known as "grammar school". Kottayam is a major centre of education. Mahatma Gandhi University, one of the six universities in Kerala is located here. Other prominent educational institutions located in Kottayam include C.M.S College, Baselius College, B.C.M College, Government College Nattakom and K.E College (Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam ). Medical College, Kottayam one of the government medical colleges, is located at Gandhinagar close to Kottayam. Government Dental College, Kottayam, the third and the latest Dental College is also located in Gandhinagar. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, the government engineering college named after former prime minister of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi is situated in Pampady. There are also a number of other engineering colleges situated in the district. Theophilus college of Nursing, Kangazha is the first Self-financing Nursing College to be started in the private sector. The Mar Thoma Seminary Higher Secondary School situated on Zion Hill of Kottayam. This school was awarded the best school of the Kerala state in 1976. Kottayam has a Technical Higher Secondary School and College of Applied Science managed by IHRD located at Puthuppally.
కేరళ * Thiruvanchoor రాధాకృష్ణన్, రవాణా మంత్రి. 
భారతదేశం యొక్క * Accamma చెరియన్, ఒక ప్రముఖ స్వాతంత్ర్య సమరయోధుడు. 
కేరళ * Bheeman రఘు, ఒక ప్రముఖ నటుడు. 
మలయాళ సాహిత్య * Kottarathil Sankunni, ఒక ప్రసిద్ధ రచయిత. 
అతని అనేక మలయాళ చిత్రాలు ప్రసిద్ధి * లిస్టిన్ స్టీఫెన్, ఒక భారతీయ చలన చిత్ర నిర్మాత. 
[| ఎల్డిఎఫ్] [డెమోక్రాటిక్ ఫ్రంట్ ఎడమ (కేరళ)] శాఖ * Monce జోసెఫ్, ఒక MLA మరియు ఒక న్యాయవాది, అతను కేరళ యొక్క గత చిన్న మంత్రి. 
Jayavijaya సోదరులు, ఒక ప్రసిద్ధ సంగీత కళాకారులు
మరియు డెంటల్ కళాశాల | * కాకుండా పైన నుండి, కొట్టాయం ఒక ప్రభుత్వం [వైద్య కళాశాల] [కొట్టాయం వైద్య కళాశాల] ఉంది
KR నారాయణన్, కొట్టాయం జిల్లా నుండి మాధ్య మాజీ [భారతదేశం] యొక్క [అధ్యక్షుడు]. ప్రస్తుతం కొట్టాయం లోక్సభ జోస్ K మణి యొక్క ద్వారా కేరళ కాంగ్రెస్ (మణి)లో సూచించబడుతుంది.
" 'కేరళ రాష్ట్ర శాసనసభ"లో కొట్టాయంలో నియోజకవర్గాలు ప్రాతినిధ్యం సభ్యులు'Like the rest of Kerala, Hindus, Christians and Muslims form a significant part of the population.In 2001 Indian Census Muslim Population is 5.97%, Hindu 49.32%, Christian 44.60%.
Kottayam, Thiruvalla and Chengannur are the railway stations for pilgrims heading to the Hindu holy site of Sabarimala. During December and January of each year pilgrims from all over India head to Kottayam and its vicinities to start their final journey to the Sabarimala Temple. The temple is located around 110 km from Kottayam, in the district of Pathanamthitta. Panachikad Temple, one of the famous Saraswathy temples in Kerala is located nearly 12 km away from Kottayam. The Siva temple at Thirunakkara is in the heart of Kottayam town. Three festivals are celebrated here in Thulam (October–November), Mithunam (June–July) and Meenam (March–April) of which the last one is the most important. The Aaraattu, conducted on the last day of the festival, is the festival of Kottayam, irrespective of caste and creeds. Ettumanoor Mahadeva Temple is another important temple located near Kottayam town. Thirunakkara Srikrishna temple, and Pallipurathukavu Devi Temple are other important temples located in the town. Kodungoor Devi temple, Kavinpuram Devi Temple (Ezhacherry), Chirakadavu Mahadevar temple, Ponkunnam Devi temple, Cherubally Devi temple, Kidangoor Subramanyaswamy Temple and Vaikom Mahadevar temple are other famous Hindu temples near Kottayam.
Thekkumthala Devi Temple is in another famous temple. It is located in Pallikkathode in Kottayam.
Kottayam is a major center for Syrian Christians in Kerala. Syrian Christians include Syro-Malabar Catholic, Jacobite Syrian Christian Church (Jacobite), Knanaya, Syro-Malankara Catholic, Malankara Orthodox, Marthoma, and a few members of Madhya Kerala Diocese of the Church of South India.Catholic Church had the highest population among different Christian Denominations with over 500,000. Jacobite Church with its nearly 200,000 population including Jacobite Knanaya population and Malankara Orthodox Church with about 120,000 are also major Christian churches in the district.A number of old and sacred Christian churches are also located in Kottayam.
The most famous Christian church in the district of Kottayam is St Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church in Manarcad. It is known for its celebration of the ancient practice of the 8 Day Lent and the Feast of Virgin Mary's Birth between September 1 and 8 every year. During the days of the lent, millions of people from the far corners of the world reach Manarcad to seek the blessings of Virgin Mary. Manarcad cathedral is one of the most important churches among the ancient churches of Malankara. It has stone inscriptions which were found to be memorial stones from tombs set up in 910 A.D. and 920 A.D. and this indicates that the church is more than a 1,000 years old.
St. Alphonsa, the first woman saint of India was born on 19 August 1910 in Kudamaloor and died on 28 July 1946 in Bharananganam. St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Kudamaloor where she was baptized and the St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Bharananganam where she is buried are pilgrim centers of large interest among Christians.
[ Puthupally St George Patriarchal Church] is also a prominent Church in the Region and attracts thousands of pilgrims.This Church is known for the intercession of its patron saint St.George. It is believed that the saint (called Geevargheese Sahada in Malayalam) protects believers against serpents, ailments, and any kind of danger in general.
Some of the important Syrian Catholic churches in Kottayam include Christ the King Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral of Kottayam Knanaya Archdiocese and Lourde's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church. Important Latin Catholic churches are Good Shepherd Church and Vimalagiri Cathedral. Pope John Paul II visited Kottayam during his visit to India in 1986. In Kottayam he announced the beatification of Kuriakose Elias Chavara and Sister Alphonsa, who hail from Kottayam district.
St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Edacatt is also an ancient church, established in 1822. It belongs to the Knanaya Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Kottayam. This was the Syrian Catholic Cathedral of Kottayam from 1887 to 1896 and from 1911 to 1944. This church houses the mortal remains of the Servant of God Mar Mathew Makil and is a pilgrimage centre.
The Valia Pally, the oldest church in Kottayam,has Persian inscriptions and a stone cross and belongs to the Knanaya Jacobite Church. Old Syrian Seminary, a prominent religious institution belonging to the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church and a seminary for aspiring priests for Syrian Christians in Kerala, is also located in Chungam, Kottayam. The Cheria Pally, an ancient Church belonging to the Malankara Orthodox Church is a well preserved church with wall murals dating back to ancient times. These unique wall murals have been painted using vegetable dyes.
St.George Church , Puthupally, and the Vakathanam Palli are two renowned and ancient churches frequented by pilgrims. St. George Orthodox Church (Puthupally Pally), is a prominent church that belongs to the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. This church is situated beside the Puthuppally-Changancherry road about a kilometre from the Puthuppally junction, on the eastern bank of the Kodoorar rivulet.
Cherpunkal Church is a famous Church in the name of Infant Jesus. Lots of people visit the church every First Friday. The Syrian Christians of Kottayam are popularly known as Achayans, who are wealthy and forward thinking.
One of the oldest mosques in Kerala, Thazhathangady Mosque is situated in Thazhathangady at 3 kilometers from Kottayam town. This mosque is considered to be around 1500 years old and was built by early Arab travelers who landed in Kerala during the time of the Cheraman empire.
అంబికామార్కెట్, అమ్మయనూర్, అంపరనిరప్పెల్, అంచెరి, అర్పూకర, అతిరంపుళా, ఆయంకుడి, అయ్మానం, ఆయర్కున్నం, చెమ్మలమట్టం, చెంగలం, చెతువల్లి, చుంగం, చంగానస్సేరి, చెరుపుంకల్, చిన్గావనం, ఎత్తుమానూర్, ఎడకున్నం, ఎలిక్కుళం, ఎరుమెలి, ఎరాట్టుపెట్ట, కడప్లమొట్టం, కడప్పూర్, కడుథురుతి, కైపుళా, కాలికవె, కల్లర, కనక్కరి, కంజిరమొట్టం, కంజిరప్పల్లి, కంగఝ, కరికత్తూర్, కరుకచల్, కిడంగూర్, కొడంగూర్, కొట్టిచకల్, కూడలూర్, కోతల, కోతనల్లూర్, కుడమలూర్, కుమారకోం, కుమరనల్లూర్, కుమ్మనూర్,కురవిలంగాడు, కురువితానం, కురుపంతర, మల్లూసేరి, మనరకాడు, మణిమాల, మరంగట్టుపిల్లి, ముండకయ్యం, ముతోలి, ముత్తుచ్చేరి, నీందూర్, నీరికాడు, పడింజట్టింకర, పలకట్టుమల,పల్లికతోడ్, పలై, పాలయం, ప్రంపడి, పనచిక్కడ్, పనమట్టొం, పరంపుళా, పరతోడు, పెరూర్, పుంకున్నం, పూంజర్, పూవరని, పుతుప్పల్లి, పుతువెలి, వైకోమ్, కిడంగూర్ (కొట్టాయం),థాలయోలాపరంబు, తెక్కుంతల, తిరువాంకోర్, ఉళవూర్, వడవతోర్, వైకోమ్, ఒకతనం, వెచూర్, విల్లూని.
ఇంజినీరింగ్, Kidangoor యొక్క * కాలేజ్ 
ఇంజినీరింగ్, కంజీరపల్లి యొక్క * అమల్ జ్యోతి కాలేజ్ 
ఇంజినీరింగ్, ఎత్తుమానూర్ యొక్క * మంగళం కాలేజ్