రిబా
రిబా ( "", ) అనగా వడ్డీ. ఇస్లామీయ ఆర్థిక న్యాయశాస్త్రం, ఫికహ్ ప్రకారం ఇది నిషేధింపబడింది. దీనిని అనైతికం గానూ, అధర్మంగానూ, పెద్ద నేరం గానూ పరిగణించారు. వ్యవహారాలలో, వ్యాపారాలలో దీనిని క్షుద్రంగానూ, నీతిబాహ్యమైన చర్యగానూ, అమానవీయంగానూ భావించారు.
ఇస్లామీయ న్యాయకోవిదుల ప్రకారం రిబా రెండు రకాలు : ఇచ్చిన అసలులో ఎటువంటి సేవ లేకుండా పెరుగుదల లేదా అభివృద్ధి, ఇది ఖురాన్ ప్రకారం నిషేధితం. రెండవది, వస్తురూపేణా ఇచ్చుకోలు ఇది కూడా ఖురాన్ ప్రకారం నిషేధం.
రిబా అనునది ఒక అరబ్బీ భాష పదజాలం, అర్థం "వడ్డీ" "కూడిక" లేదా "పెరుగుదల".
రిబా, ముహమ్మద్ యొక్క మదీనా సమాజంలో నిషేధింపబడినది, క్రైస్తవ ప్రపంచంలో కూడా మధ్యయుగంలో నిషేధింపబడింది. చారిత్రకంగా, ముస్లిం న్యాయవాదుల సామూహిక న్యాయసూత్ర ప్రకారం, అప్పు పైన అధికంగా చెల్లించబడే రొక్కం, ఇది నిషేధింపదగ్గది, ఈ సూత్రం ఆధారంగానే ఇస్లామీయ సమాజంలో, ఇస్లామీయ రాజ్యాలలో దీన్ని నిషేధించారు. ఐరోపా లోని జ్ఞానోదయకాలం "పునరుజ్జీవనకాలం" లోనూ ఈ వడ్డే నిషేధింపబడింది.
ఖురాన్ లో చర్చించబడిన పదజాలం. అప్పుపైకంపై ఇవ్వబడే వడ్డీ లేదా పెరుగుదల. The Quranic term is not limited to money but as well includes all loan transactions in which the debtor returns a sum of goods in excess or above the original loan, be it money, eatable or any other item or goods; anything in excess of original is considered riba if items exchanged are of the same kind (such as gold for gold). Riba is any increment on a loan or debt, either preconditioned or in rescheduling.
Riba is considered amongst the Seven heinous sins (Al-Saba al-Mubiqat - ), namely:The Qur'an states:
3:130 O you who have believed, do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied, but fear Allah that you may be successful.
2:275 Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest
Muhammad said in his farewell sermon: "God has forbidden you to take Riba, therefore all riba obligation shall henceforth be waived. Your capital, however, is yours to keep. You will neither inflict nor suffer inequity. God has judged that there shall be no riba and that all the riba due to `Abbas ibn `Abd al Muttalib shall henceforth be waived.".
The Qur'an explicitly prohibits riba, and since the Qur'an is an undisputed source of guidance for Muslims, all Muslim authorities unanimously agree on prohibition of riba. There is no difference of opinion between any school of thought on the prohibition of riba in Islamic shariah.
The Qur'an mentions that the person who deals with riba () will stand (on judgement day) as one who is beaten by Satan into insanity. Here, Qur'an makes it clear that "trade" and "riba" are not the same and that God forbade "riba" and allowed "trade". It further states that whoever accepts the guidance of God must immediately stop dealing in riba, and those who return to riba after God's guidance has reached are dwellers in fire because God destroys "riba" and will reward those who give to charity.
Muhammad cursed the one who deals with riba. From Jabir: Muhammad cursed the receiver and the payer of riba, the one who records it and the two witnesses to the transaction and said: "They are all alike [in guilt]."
Islamic shariah considers riba as a tool of oppression and a means to unjustly take the money of others by exploiting their needs and circumstances. Hence, it forbids a riba-based system altogether and promotes charity as an alternative. Therefore, Muhammad said: "God has judged that there shall be no riba"
The crimes of dealing in riba are so serious that God has declared war against those who deal in it. Muhammad has cursed anyone who deals with riba, the one who takes it, the one who pays it and the one who records it, as their sins are considered equal under the Quran.
Riba is considered to be a greater sin, for Muslims, than that of eating pork or drinking alcohol. Muhammad declared the practice of riba worse than adultery, worse than "to a man committing adultery with his own mother".
The word was linguistically used by the Arabs prior to Islam to refer to an increase. In commercial practice, it referred to the increase on loans, namely, interest.
The definition of "riba" in classical Islamic jurisprudence was "surplus value without counterpart." When currencies of base metal were first introduced in the Islamic world, paying a debt in a higher number of units of this "fiat" money was not considered "riba"; jurists were concerned with the real value of money (determined by weight only) rather than its numerical value. For example, it was acceptable for a loan of 1000 gold dinars to be paid back as 1050 dinars of equal aggregate weight of gold (the value in terms of weight had to be same because all makes of coins did not carry exactly similar weight), therefore having the same real value.
ఖురాన్ లో రిబా గురించి 12 ఆయత్ ల యందు వర్ణించబడింది. రిబా అనే పదం ఎనిమిది చోట్ల వచ్చింది. 2:275 యందు మూడు సార్లు, ఒక్కొక్క మారు 2:276, 2:278, 3:130, 4:161 మరియు 30:39 లో వచ్చింది.
The Mekkan verse in Surah al-Rum was the first to be revealed on the topic:
And whatever Riba you give so that it may increase in the wealth of the people, it does not increase with Allah (Quran 30:39)
The other Medinan verses:
And because of their charging Riba while they were prohibited from it (Quran 4:161)
Those who believe do not eat up Riba doubled and redoubled (Quran 3:129-130)
Culminating with the verses in Surah Baqarah:
Those who benefit from interest shall be raised like those who have been driven to madness by the touch of the Devil; this is because they say: "Trade is like interest" while God has permitted trade and forbidden interest…God deprives interest of all blessings but blesses charity... O believers, fear God, and give up the interest that remains outstanding if you are believers. If you do not do so, then be sure of being at war with God and His messenger. But, if you repent, you can have your principal... (Quran 2:275-280)
Jurists do not consider the first two verses as clear prohibitive verses on the matter, whereas the latter two have been understood to prohibit Muslims from riba.
Tabari quotes a number of Tabi'een, who state the verse from Surah al-Rum refers to a gift whereas al-Jawzi quotes Hasan al-Basri as stating it refers to riba. Either way, there is insufficient indication from this verse that riba is prohibited, if it does indeed refer to riba.
ఖురాన్ రిబా గురించి ఈవిధంగా సెలవిస్తుంది:
Riba is mentioned in a number of hadith:
Additional ahadith exist regarding usury.భారత్ లో ఇస్లామిక్ బ్యాంకింగ్ విధానం ప్రవేశపెట్టాలనే ఆలోచన గత 20 సం. లుగా ఉంది. 2008 లో ప్రభుత్వపరంగా రిజర్వు బ్యాంకులో పలు ప్రపోజల్స్ ప్రవేశ పెట్టబడ్డాయి. ఇపుడు ఆర్.బి.ఐ. గవర్నర్ రఘురాం రాజన్, మైనారిటీ శాఖా మంత్రి రెహమాన్ ఆసక్తి వలన ఈ విధానం అమలులో జాప్యాలు తొలగిపోయాయి.