Tofaa
Tofaa (pia: tufaha; kutoka kar. تفاح "tofah") ni tunda la mtofaa. Ni kati ya matunda yanayovunwa sana duniani. Maua nyeupe hutoa tunda lenye umbo mviringo na kipenyo cha sentimita 5 - 9.
Asili ya mimea iko Asia. Leo kuna takriban aina 7,500 za matofaa. Mavuno ya kila mwaka hufikia tani milioni 55.
Nchi zinazovuna matofaa hasa ni China, Marekani, Uturuki, Ufaransa, Italia na Uajemi.
Tufaa ni tunda la mtufaa ("Malus pumila"), mti wa familia Rosaceae. Ni miongoni ya miti inayokuzwa kwa wingi sana. Mti ni mdogo na wenye kupukutisha majani yake, wenye kufikia urefu wa mita 3 mpaka 12 za kimo, na kushona kwa majani mengi kwelikweli. majani yake yamejipanga kwa namna tofauti tofauti, yakiwa na urefu wa sm 5 – 12 na upana wa sm 3 – 6 kwa upana. Maua mengi huchanua majira ya kuchipua sambamba na kufunguka kwa vichipukizi. Maua ni meupe na alama kidogo za rangi ya waridi ambayo hufifia taratibu. Mfaua hayo huwa na petali tano, na yana upana wa sm 2.5 mpaka 3.5. kwa kipenyo. Matunda hukomaa msimu wa kuchipua, na huwa yamefikia kipenyo cha sm 5 – 9. Katikati mwa tunda huwa na kapeli tano zilizojipanga muundo kama wa nyota tano, huku kila kapeli moja ikiwa na mbegu moja mpaka tatu hivi.
Mti huu asili yake ni Asia ya Kati, ambako miti pori ya kale ya tufaa bado inapatikana mpaka leo. Sasa hivi kuna zaidi ya aina ya miti ya tufaa 7,500 inayofahamika inayopelekea kuwa na kila aina ya tabia ya miti ianyotakiwa kwa eneo husika. Aina hizo zinatofautiana kwa mazao yao na ukubwa wa miti yenyewe, hata kama yakipandwa katika shina moja.
Zaidi ya tani milioni 55 za matufaa zilizalishwa duniani kote ndani ya mwaka 2005, kwa thamani ya takribani dola za kimarekani bilioni 10. China pekee ilizalisha karibu 35% ya jumla hii./ [4] marekani ni ya pili kwa uzalishajji, kwa zaidi ya 7.5% uzalishaji duniani. Uturuki, ufaransa, Italia na Irani pia wazalishaji wazuri wa tufaa.Tufaa pori aina ya Malus sieversii.
Aina inayoongoza ni ile ya pori ya "Malus sieverii", inayopatikana huko kati mwa Asia, kusini mwa Kazakstani, Krygyzstani, Tajikistani na Xinjiang, China, na awkati mwingine Malus sylvestris.
Mwanzo wa kuchipua kwa jenasi ya Malus ni huko Uturuki Mashariki. Mtufaa pengine ndio ukawa mti wa kwanza kuanza kulimwa na binadamu, na matunda yake yamekuwa yakiboreshwa kwa uchaguzi maalumu kwa miaka maelfu. Mfalme, "Alexander the Great", huonwa ndiye mgunduzi wa miti mifupi ya tufaa huko Asia Ndogo mnamo 300 KK, ambayo baadae ilipelekwa Macedonia. Tufaa za kipupwe, ambazo huchumwa mwishoni mwa msimu wa kuchipua na kuhifadhiwa katika baridi kali, kimekuwa chakula mihimu kwa Asia na Ulaya kwa miaka mingi , hali kadhalika na kwa Marekani na hata huko Argentina. tufaa zilipelekwa Amerika ya kaskazini na wakoloni miaka ya 1600, na mti wa tufaa wa kwanaza huko Amerika ya Akskazini wasemekana kuwa huko Boston, mwaka 1625.mwaka 1900, miradi ya kilimo cha umwagiliaji ilianza kuruhusu kilimo cha matunda kilichogharimu mabilioni, huku tufaa zikiwa ndiyo spishi zinazoongoza.
Kwa kawaida huko msituni tufaa huzaliana kwa mbegu. Hata hivyo, kama yalivyo matunda mengi yanayokua zaidi ya mwaka mmoja, huweza kupanda kwa vichipukizi. Hii ni kwasababu matunda mengi yanayokuzwa kwa mbegu, huweza kuzalisha mmea wenye tabia tofauti kabisa baina yamimea – wazazi, na zinaweza kuwa zenye hasara kubwa. spishi nyingi imara huzalishwa kwa kuchanaganya vizalia vya mimea mbalimbali.
tree flower.jpg
mtufaa na maua yake.Canadanyuki anina ya Orchard mason, akiwa kwenye ua la tufaa.
Tufaa lazima zipate uchavushaji kila mwaka ili kuzalisha matunda. Kila msimu wa maua, wakulima wa tufaa lazima waandae wachavushaji kwaajili ya kubeba poleni. Nyuki wa asali hutumika kwa kazi hii, hasa wale wa aina ya Orchard mason bee, na hutumika kwma msaada wa uchavushaji kwenye mashmba ya biashara. Pia wakati mwingine nyuki aina ya "Bumble bee queens" huwepo mashambani kwa kazi hiyo hiyo.
Aina mbalimbali za tufaa hutofautiana kwa mazao na ukubwa wa miti, hata kama yakikuzwa kwenye shina moja. Kama baadhi ya miti isipopunguzwa hukua na kuwa miti mikubwa kwelikweli, lakini hufanya uvunaji uwe mgumu. Miti ya kawaida iliyokomaa huzalisha kg 40 – 200 za tufaa kila mwaka, japo uzalishaji unaweza kukarubia hata sifuri kwene misimu mibaya. Tufaa huvunwa kwa ngazi tatu zinazofungwa kwenye miti. Miti midogo hutoa karibu kg 10 – 80 za tufa kwa mwaka.
Kibiashara, tufaa huhifadhiwa kwa miezi kadhaa kwenye joto maalumu ili kuratibu kiwango cha kuiva kwa nyakati maalumu kwa kutumia kemikali maalumu. Hutunzwa kwenye chemba zenye kiwango kikubwa cha gesi ya ukaa (kaboni daioksaidi) na hewa iliyochujwa vizuri. Hii huzuia ili kemikali maalumu, ethylene, inayotumika kuivisha matunda isiongezeke na hivyo kuivisha matunda hovyo. Yakiwa nyumbani kwajili ya matamizi, tufaa huweza kuhifadhiwa kwenye jokofu za kawaida kwa majuma mawili hivi, kwenye sehemu zenye baridi hasa chini ya 5 °C.
Ule msemo “tufaa moja kwa siku, humweka dokta mbali,”huonesha faida za tufaa tangu karne ya 19. Tafiti zinaonesha tufaa hupunguza uwezekano wa mtu kupata kansa ya utumbo mkubwa, tezi ya uzazi (prostate) na hata kansa ya mapafu. ukilinganisha na matunda mengine, tufaa zina kiwangio kidigo cha vitamin C, lakini zina kiwango kikubwa cha kampaundi za antioxidant.Kiwango cha makapi, ambacho ni kidogo kuliko kwenye matunda mw=engine husaidia kuratibu mizunguko ya tumbo na hivyo kupunguza uwezakano wa kansa ya utumbo mkubwa. Husaidia pia kupunguza magonjwa ya moyo, kupunguza uzito, na kiwango cha mafuta kwenye mishipa ya damu na moyo, kwa kuwa na kiasi kikubwa cha kalori kama ilivyo kwa matunda mengi na mbogamboga.
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