খারাপ আবহাওয়া
খারাপ আবহাওয়া বলতে বোঝায় বিপদজনক আবহাওয়া ঘটনা সেই সাথে সম্ভাব্য ক্ষতিকর, ভয়ানক সামাজিক অবকাঠামো ধ্বংস,এবং মানুষের জীবননাশ. আবাহাওয়ার তিব্রতা ঘটনা ভেদে ভিন্ন হতে পারে, নির্ভর করে অক্ষাংশ, উচ্চতা, ভুসংস্থান, এবং বায়ুমণ্ডল এর অবস্থাভেদে. তীব্র বাতাস, শিলাবৃষ্টি, অতিরিক্ত বৃষ্টিপাত ,এবং দাবানল কঠিন আবাহাওয়াতে রূপ নেয়, যেমন বজ্রপাত, ডাউন বারস্টস, টর্নেডো, জলোচ্ছ্বাসs, গ্রীষ্মকালীন সাইক্লোন, এবং অতিরিক্ত গ্রীষ্মপ্রধান অঞ্চলের সাইক্লোন. এলাকাগত এবং মৌসুমি তীব্র খারাপ আবহাওয়া ঘটিত হয় সংশ্লিষ্ট তুষার ঝড়s, তুষারপাতs, বরফ পাত, এবং ধূলিঝড়.
আবহাওয়াবিদ মুলত ব্যাখ্যা দিয়েছেন খারাপ আবহাওয়াযা যে কোন আবহাওয়াই হোক জীবনের ঝুকি বহন করে, সম্পত্তি অথবা প্রশাসন এর কার্যে বাধা সৃষ্টি করে.খারাপ আবহাওয়া সম্পর্কে একটি সংকীর্ন সংজ্ঞা হচ্ছে, খারাপ আবহাওয়া বলতে তুষার ঝড় , বজ্রপাত সম্পর্কিত কোন ঘটনাকেই বুঝায় । 
বিশ্ব আবহাওয়া সংস্থা (ডাব্লিউ এম ও) মত অনুযায়ী, খারাপ আবহাওয়াকে দুইটি শ্রেণীতে ভাগ করা যায় : সাধারন গুরুতর আবহাওয়া এবং স্থানীয় গুরুতর আবহাওয়া. নর ইস্টারস, ইউরোপীয় ঝড়বৃষ্টি, এবং যে ঘটনাগুলি তাদের বিস্তৃত এলাকার উপর দিয়ে প্রবাহিত হয় . এই ঘটনা শ্রেণীবদ্ধ করা হয় "সাধারন গুরুতর আবহাওয়া". ডাউনবার্টস এবং টর্নেডো হচ্ছে স্থানীয় প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ তবে ভৌগলিক পরিবেশের উপর কম প্রভাব ফেলে . এটি স্থানীয় প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ হিসেবে শ্রেনিবদ্ধ করা হয়েছে সাধারণত খারাপ আবহাওয়া বলতে প্রাকৃতিক মহা দুর্যোগকেই বুঝায় না ।চরম আবহাওয়া একটি নির্দিষ্ট এলাকার জন্য ঐতিহাসিক বন্টন চূড়ান্ত এ অস্বাভাবিক আবহাওয়া ঘটনা বর্ণনা করে।
সংঘটিত খারাপ আবহাওয়া ঘটতে পারে একই অবস্থা থেকে যেটা সাধারন বজ্রবিদ্যুতঃ বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় আর্দ্রতা এবং বায়ুমন্ডল এর অস্থিতিশিলতা তৈরি করে Organized severe weather occurs from the same conditions that generate ordinary thunderstorms: atmospheric moisture, lift (often from thermals), and instability. বিভিন্ন ধরনের অবস্থা খারাপ আবহাওয়ার জন্য দ্বায়ী । Several factorsকিছু উপাদান বজ্রপাত কে খারাপ আবহাওয়াতে রুপান্তর করতে পারে . বন্যা, হারিকেনস, টর্নেডো এবং বজ্রধ্বনিত আবহাওয়ার সবচেয়ে বেশি ধ্বংসাত্মক আবহাওয়া বলে মনে করা হয় ।
গুরুতর ঝড় তিনটি উপায়ে ভাগ করা যেতে পারে. এগুলি হল "গুরুতর নিকটবর্তি", "গুরুতর",এবং "আলোচিতভাবে নিকটবর্তি".
গুরুতর নিকটবর্তি মধ্যে শিলাবৃষ্টি হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয় 1 / 2 1 ইঞ্চি (13 25 মিমি) এর ব্যাস এবং ৫৮ এম পি এইচ . (৫০ knots, ৮০-৯৩ km/h). মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, যেমন ঝড় সাধারণতগুরুতর আবহাওয়া সতর্কতা হিসেবে গন্য করা হয়.
গুরুতর কে সাধারণত তুষার ঝড় কে বোজানো হয় এটি ১ ইঞ্চি (২ মিমি) ব্যাস বা বৃহত্তর, ৫৮ মি। পি। (৯৩ কিমি / ঘণ্টা) বাতাসে রূপায়িত হয় অথবা টর্নেডোতে রূপ নেয় .
অতি গুরুতর কে তুষারপাত কে বোজানো হয় ব্যাস বা বৃহত্তর, বাতাস এর বেগ ৭৫ এমপিএইচ (৬৫ নট, ১২০ কিলোমিটার / ঘণ্টা) বা শক্তিশালী, অথবা শক্তি ইএফ ২ বা শক্তিশালি একটি টর্নেডো হিসাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয় টর্নেডো.
উভয় গুরুতর এবং উল্লেখযোগ্য গুরুতর ঘটনা যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের জাতীয় আবহাওয়া পরিষেবা (ফ্ল্যাশ হঠ্যাত বন্যা বাদে), কানাডা আবহাওয়া দপ্তর, অস্ট্রেলিয়ার ব্যুরো আবহাওয়া বিজ্ঞান বা নিউ জিল্যান্ডের আবহাওয়া পরিষেবা থেকে তীব্র সতর্কতা উভয়ই জারি করে যদি এইসব দেশে ঘটে থাকে। যদি একটি টর্নেডো হয় (একটি টর্নেডো দাগ দ্বারা দেখা হয়েছে ) বা আসন্ন ( ডপ্লার আবহাওয়া রাডার একটি একটি ঝড় টর্নেডো নির্দেশক , শক্তিশালী ঘূর্ণন দ্বারা পর্যবেক্ষণ করেছে ), তীব্র বজ্রধ্বনি সতর্কবার্তা একটি টর্নেডো সতর্কবার্তা দ্বারা সরানো হবেমার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র এবং কানাডা মধ্যে।
একটি গুরুতর আবহাওয়া প্রাদুর্ভাব সাধারণত দশ বা ততোধিক টর্নেডো বলে মনে করা হয়, যার মধ্যে বেশিরভাগই দীর্ঘস্থায়ী এবং সহিংস, এবং অনেক বড় শিলাবৃষ্টি বা বাতাসের রিপোর্টগুলি এক বা একাধিক দিনের মধ্যে ঘটবে। তীব্রতাও ভৌগোলিক এলাকার আকারের ওপর নির্ভরশীল, এটি শত শত বা হাজার বর্গ কিলোমিটার জুড়ে রয়েছে ।
উচ্চ বাতাস তাদের শক্তি অনুযায়ী,বিভিন্ন ক্ষতির কারণ হিসেবে পরিচিত হয়।
২৩ নট (৪৩ কিলোমিটার / ঘণ্টা) বায়ু গতির কারণে বিদ্যুতের অপচয় ঘটতে পারে যখন গাছের শাখাগুলি বিদ্যুৎ লাইনে ভেঙ্গে পরে এবং বিদ্যুৎ প্রবাহে ব্যাহত করে।. উদ্ভিদের কিছু প্রজাতি বাতাসের জন্য আরো অধিক ঝুকিময়। অগভীর শিকড়ের গাছ আরো উপড়ে ফেলা প্রবণ হয় ,এবং ভঙ্গুর গাছ ইউক্যালিপ্টাস, সামুদ্রিক গোলাপ ফুল অথবা জবা, এবং আভাকাডো শাখা আরো ক্ষতি প্রবণ
Wind gusts may cause poorly designed suspension bridges to sway. When wind gusts harmonize with the frequency of the swaying bridge, the bridge may fail as occurred with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940.
Hurricane-force winds, caused by individual thunderstorms, thunderstorm complexes, derechos, tornadoes, extratropical cyclones, or tropical cyclones can destroy mobile homes and structurally damage buildings with foundations. Winds of this strength due to downslope winds off terrain have been known to shatter windows and sandblast paint from cars.
Once winds exceed within strong tropical cyclones and tornadoes, homes completely collapse, and significant damage is done to larger buildings. Total destruction to man-made structures occurs when winds reach . The Saffir–Simpson scale for cyclones and Enhanced Fujita scale (TORRO scale in Europe) for tornados were developed to help estimate wind speed from the damage they cause.
A dangerous rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and the base of a cumulonimbus cloud (thundercloud) or a cumulus cloud, in rare cases. Tornadoes come in many sizes but typically form a visible condensation funnel whose narrowest end reaches the earth and surrounded by a cloud of debris and dust.
Tornadoes' wind speeds generally average between and . They are approximately across and travel a few miles (kilometers) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds in excess of , may stretch more than two miles (3.2 km) across, and maintain contact with the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).
Tornadoes, despite being one of the most destructive weather phenomena, are generally short-lived. A long-lived tornado generally lasts no more than an hour, but some have been known to last for 2 hours or longer (for example, the Tri-State Tornado). Due to their relatively short duration, less information is known about the development and formation of tornadoes.
Downbursts are created within thunderstorms by significantly rain-cooled air, which, upon reaching ground level, spreads out in all directions and produce strong winds. Unlike winds in a tornado, winds in a downburst are not rotational but are directed outwards from the point where they strike land or water. "Dry downbursts" are associated with thunderstorms with very little precipitation, while wet downbursts are generated by thunderstorms with large amounts of rainfall. Microbursts are very small downbursts with winds that extend up to 2.5 miles (4 km) from their source, while macrobursts are large-scale downbursts with winds that extend in excess of 2.5 miles (4 km). The heat burst is created by vertical currents on the backside of old outflow boundaries and squall lines where rainfall is lacking. Heat bursts generate significantly higher temperatures due to the lack of rain-cooled air in their formation. Derechos are longer, usually stronger, forms of downburst winds characterized by straight-lined windstorms.
Downbursts create vertical wind shear or microbursts, which are dangerous to aviation. These convective downbursts can produce damaging winds, lasting 5 to 30 minutes, with wind speeds as high as , and cause tornado-like damage on the ground. Downbursts also occur much more frequently than tornadoes, with ten downburst damage reports for every one tornado.
A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold front. The squall line typically contains heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight line winds, and possibly tornadoes or waterspouts. Severe weather in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line forms a bow echo, in the farthest portion of the bow. Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern (LEWP) where mesoscale low-pressure areas are present. Intense bow echoes responsible for widespread, extensive wind damage are called derechos, and move quickly over large territories. A wake low or a mesoscale low-pressure area forms behind the rain shield (a high pressure system under the rain canopy) of a mature squall line and is sometimes associated with a heat burst.
Squall lines often cause severe straight-line wind damage, and most non-tornadic wind damage is caused from squall lines. Although the primary danger from squall lines is straight-line winds, some squall lines also contain weak tornadoes.
Very high winds can be caused by mature tropical cyclones (called "hurricanes" in the United States and Canada and "typhoons" in eastern Asia). A tropical cyclone's heavy surf created by such winds may cause harm to marine life either close to or upon the surface of the water, such as coral reefs. Coastal regions may receive significant damage from a tropical cyclone while inland regions are relatively safe from the strong winds, due to their rapid dissipation over land. However, severe flooding can occur even far inland because of high amounts of rain from tropical cyclones and their remnants.
Waterspouts are generally defined as tornadoes or non-supercell tornadoes that develop over bodies of water.
Waterspouts are not known for inflicting much damage because they are not commonly exposed to land, but they are capable of traveling over land. Some waterspouts are known to produce hurricane-strength winds and are capable of producing equivalent damage. Vegetation, weakly constructed buildings, and other infrastructure may be destroyed by waterspouts. Automobiles may be lifted by advancing waterspouts. Heavy precipitation may be noted, developed from the water raised by the wind currents. Waterspouts do not generally last long over terrestrial environments as the friction produced easily dissipates the winds. Strong horizontal winds cause waterspouts to dissipate, destroying the concentration of the updrafts. While not generally as dangerous as "classic" tornadoes, waterspouts can overturn boats, and they can cause severe damage to larger ships.
Severe local windstorms in Europe that develop from winds off the North Atlantic. These windstorms are commonly associated with the destructive extratropical cyclones and their low pressure frontal systems. European windstorms occur mainly in the seasons of autumn and winter.
A synoptic-scale extratropical storm along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada is called a Nor'easter. They are so named because their winds come from the northeast, especially in the coastal areas of the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. More specifically, it describes a low-pressure area whose center of rotation is just off the East Coast and whose leading winds in the left forward quadrant rotate onto land from the northeast. Nor'easters may cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion, and hurricane-force winds.
An unusual form of windstorm that is characterized by the existence of large quantities of sand and dust particles carried by the wind. Dust storms frequently develop during periods of droughts, or over arid and semi-arid regions.
Dust storms have numerous hazards and are capable of causing deaths. Visibility may be reduced dramatically, so risks of vehicle and aircraft crashes are possible. Additionally, the particulates may reduce oxygen intake by the lungs, potentially resulting in suffocation. Damage can also be inflicted upon the eyes due to abrasion.
Dust storms can many issues for agricultural industries as well. Soil erosion is one of the most common hazards and decreases arable lands. Dust and sand particles can cause severe weathering of buildings and rock formations. Nearby bodies of water may be polluted by settling dust and sand, killing aquatic organisms. Decrease in exposure to sunlight can affect plant growth, as well as decrease in infrared radiation may cause decreased temperatures.
The most common cause of wildfires varies throughout the world. In the United States, Canada, and Northwest China, lightning is the major source of ignition. In other parts of the world, human involvement is a major contributor. For instance, in Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Fiji, and New Zealand, wildfires can be attributed to human activities such as animal husbandry, agriculture, and land-conversion burning. Human carelessness is a major cause of wildfires in China and in the Mediterranean Basin. In Australia, the source of wildfires can be traced to both lightning strikes and human activities such as machinery sparks and cast-away cigarette butts." Wildfires have a rapid "forward rate of spread" (FROS) when burning through dense, uninterrupted fuels. They can move as fast as in forests and in grasslands. Wildfires can advance tangential to the main front to form a "flanking" front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by "backing".
Wildfires may also spread by "jumping" or "spotting" as winds and vertical convection columns carry "firebrands" (hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as firebreaks. Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels that surround a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands. Spotting can create "spot fires" as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In Australian bushfires, spot fires are known to occur as far as from the fire front. Since the mid-1980s, earlier snowmelt and associated warming has also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season in the Western United States.
Any form of thunderstorm that produces precipitating hailstones is known as a hailstorm. Hailstorms are generally capable of developing in any geographic area where thunderclouds (cumulonimbus) are present, although they are most frequent in tropical and monsoon regions. The updrafts and downdrafts within cumulonimbus clouds cause water molecules to freeze and solidify, creating hailstones and other forms of solid precipitation. Due to their larger density, these hailstones become heavy enough to overcome the density of the cloud and fall towards the ground. The downdrafts in cumulonimbus clouds can also cause increases in the speed of the falling hailstones. The term "hailstorm" is usually used to describe the existence of significant quantities or size of hailstones.
Hailstones can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and crops. Rarely, massive hailstones have been known to cause concussions or fatal head trauma. Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 12th century in Wellesbourne, Britain. The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora, Nebraska, USA. The hailstone had a diameter of 7 inches (18 cm) and a circumference of 18.75 inches (47.6 cm).
Heavy rainfall can lead to a number of hazards, most of which are floods or hazards resulting from floods. Flooding is the inundation of areas that are not normally under water. It is typically divided into three classes: River flooding, which relates to rivers rising outside their normals banks; flash flooding, which is the process where a landscape, often in urban and arid environments, is subjected to rapid floods; and coastal flooding, which can be caused by strong winds from tropical or non-tropical cyclones. Meteorologically, excessive rains occur within a plume of air with high amounts of moisture (also known as an atmospheric river) which is directed around an upper level cold-core low or a tropical cyclone. Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and are usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in dense populated urban environments, where less plants and bodies of water are presented to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within experiencing areas can also be displaced. Soil erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of landslide phenomena. Like all forms of flooding phenomenon, flash flooding can also spread and produce waterborne and insect-borne diseases cause by microorganisms. Flash flooding can be caused by extensive rainfall released by tropical cyclones of any strength or the sudden thawing effect of ice dams.
Seasonal wind shifts lead to long-lasting wet seasons which produce the bulk of annual precipitation in areas such as Southeast Asia, Australia, Western Africa, eastern South America, Mexico, and the Philippines. Widespread flooding occurs if rainfall is excessive, which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas. Floods cause rivers to exceed their capacity with nearby buildings becoming submerged. Flooding may be exacerbated if there are fires during the previous dry season. This may cause soils which are sandy or composed of loam to become hydrophobic and repel water.
Government organizations help their residents deal with wet-season floods though floodplain mapping and information on erosion control. Mapping is conducted to help determine areas that may be more prone to flooding. Erosion control instructions are provided through outreach over the telephone or the internet.
Flood waters that occur during monsoon seasons can often host numerous protozoa, bacterial, and viral microorganisms. Mosquitoes and flies will lay their eggs within the contaminated bodies of water. These disease agents may cause infections of foodborne and waterborne diseases. Diseases associated with exposure to flood waters include malaria, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis A, and the common cold. Possible trenchfoot infections may also occur when personnel are exposed for extended periods of time within flooded areas.
A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding rain. A tropical cyclone feeds on heat released when moist air rises, resulting in condensation of water vapor contained in the moist air. Tropical cyclones may produce torrential rain, high waves, and damaging storm surge. Heavy rains produce significant inland flooding. Storm surges may produce extensive coastal flooding up to from the coastline.
Although cyclones take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they are also important factors in the precipitation regimes of areas they affect. They bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions. Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage. Tropical cyclones can also relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat and energy away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes, which makes them an important part of the global atmospheric circulation mechanism. As a result, tropical cyclones help to maintain equilibrium in the Earth's troposphere.
When extratropical cyclones deposit heavy, wet snow with a snow-water equivalent (SWE) ratio of between 6:1 and 12:1 and a weight in excess of 10 pounds per square foot (~50 kg/m) piles onto trees or electricity lines, significant damage may occur on a scale usually associated with strong tropical cyclones. An avalanche can occur with a sudden thermal or mechanical impact on snow that has accumulated on a mountain, which causes the snow to rush downhill suddenly. Preceding an avalanche is a phenomenon known as an avalanche wind caused by the approaching avalanche itself, which adds to its destructive potential. Large amounts of snow which accumulate on top of man-made structures can lead to structural failure. During snowmelt, acidic precipitation which previously fell in the snow pack is released and harms marine life.
Lake-effect snow is produced in the winter in the shape of one or more elongated bands. This occurs when cold winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water, providing energy and picking up water vapor which freezes and is deposited on the lee shores. For more information on this effect see the main article.
Conditions within blizzards often include large quantities of blowing snow and strong winds which may significantly reduce visibility. Reduced viability of personnel on foot may result in extended exposure to the blizzard and increase the chance of becoming lost. The strong winds associated with blizzards create wind chill that can result in frostbites and hypothermia. The strong winds present in blizzards are capable of damaging plants and may cause power outages, frozen pipes, and cut off fuel lines.
The precipitation pattern of Nor'easters is similar to other mature extratropical storms. Nor'easters can cause heavy rain or snow, either within their comma-head precipitation pattern or along their trailing cold or stationary front. Nor'easters can occur at any time of the year but are mostly known for their presence in the winter season. Severe European windstorms are often characterized by heavy precipitation as well.
Ice storms are also known as a "Silver storm", referring to the color of the freezing precipitation. Ice storms are caused by liquid precipitation which freezes upon cold surfaces and leads to the gradual development of a thickening layer of ice.
The accumulations of ice during the storm can be extremely destructive. Trees and vegetation can be destroyed and in turn may bring down power lines, causing the loss of heat and communication lines. Roofs of buildings and automobiles may be severely damaged. Gas pipes can become frozen or even damaged causing gas leaks. Avalanches may develop due to the extra weight of the ice present. Visibility can be reduced dramatically. The aftermath of an ice storm may result in severe flooding due to sudden thawing, with large quantities of displaced water, especially near lakes, rivers, and bodies of water.
Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation). Although droughts do not develop or progress as quickly as other forms of severe weather, their effects can be just as deadly; in fact, droughts are classified and measured based upon these effects. Droughts have a variety of severe effects; they can cause crops to fail, and they can severely deplete water resources, sometimes interfering with human life. A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States. In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. In addition to the other severe effects, the dry conditions caused by droughts also significantly increase the risk of wildfires.
Although official definitions vary, a heat wave is generally defined as a prolonged period with excessive heat. Although heat waves do not cause as much economic damage as other types of severe weather, they are extremely dangerous to humans and animals: according to the United States National Weather Service, the average total number of heat-related fatalities each year is higher than the combined total fatalities for floods, tornadoes, lightning strikes, and hurricanes. In Australia, heat waves cause more fatalities than any other type of severe weather. As in droughts, plants can also be severely affected by heat waves (which are often accompanied by dry conditions) can cause plants to lose their moisture and die. Heat waves are often more severe when combined with high humidity.