L 20/2
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
31.1.2022
through food, water or the environment.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a clear example of the need to reinforce the application of the One Health approach in the Union to achieve better public health outcomes, since, as stated in Regulation (EU) 2021/522 of the European Parliament and of the Council (4), ‘human health is connected to animal health and to the environment and ... actions to tackle threats to health must take into account those three dimensions’.
(3)
The unprecedented experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has also highlighted the difficulties of the Union and the Member States in addressing such a public health emergency.
In that regard, it has demonstrated the need to strengthen the Union’s role in order to be more effective in managing the availability of medicinal products and the availability of medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices and their respective accessories (collectively ‘medical devices’) and in developing medical countermeasures to address the threats posed to public health at an early stage in a harmonised way that ensures cooperation and coordination between Union, national and regional competent authorities, medicinal products and medical devices industry and other actors in the supply chains for medicinal products and medical devices, including healthcare professionals.
While the Union needs to give a higher priority to health, its ability to ensure the continued provision of high quality healthcare services and to be prepared to address pandemics and other health threats has been severely impeded by the absence of a clearly defined legal framework for managing its response to pandemics and by the limited mandates and resources of its health agencies, as well as by the limited degree of Union and Member States preparedness for public health emergencies that impact a majority of the Member States.
(4)
Shortages of medicinal products and medical devices have different and complex root causes which need to be further mapped, understood and analysed together with the different stakeholders in order to be comprehensively addressed.
A better understanding of those shortages should include identification of vulnerabilities in the supply chain.
In the specific case of the COVID-19 pandemic, the shortage of treatments for the disease had a variety of causes, ranging from production difficulties in third countries to logistical or production difficulties within the Union, where the shortage of vaccines was due to inadequate manufacturing capacity.
(5)
Disruptions to the often complex supply chains for medicinal products and medical devices, national export restrictions and bans, border closures impeding the free movement of such goods, uncertainty related to the supply for and demand of such goods in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the lack of production in the Union of certain medicinal products or active substances, have led to significant impediments to the smooth functioning of the internal market and to addressing the serious threats to public health across the Union, with serious consequences for the Union’s citizens.
(6)
Addressing the issue of shortages of medicinal products has been a long-standing priority for the Member States and European Parliament as illustrated by several reports from the European Parliament such as the European Parliament resolution of 17 September 2020 on the shortage of medicines – how to address an emerging problem (5), as well as by discussions within the Council of the European Union.
However, that issue has remained, to date, unaddressed.
(7)
Shortages of medicinal products represent a growing threat to public health, with a serious impact on healthcare systems and on the right of patients to access appropriate medical treatment.
Increased global demand for medicinal products, which was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to further shortages of medicinal products, weakening the healthcare systems in Member States and posing significant risks to patients’ health and to the care of patients, particularly in terms of disease progression and worsening of symptoms, longer delays or interruptions in care or therapy, longer periods of hospitalisation, increased risk of exposure to falsified medicinal products, medication errors, adverse effects resulting from the substitution of unavailable medicinal products with alternative ones, significant psychological distress for patients and increased costs for healthcare systems.
(4) Regulation (EU) 2021/522 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 March 2021 establishing a Programme for the Union’s action in the field of health (‘EU4Health Programme’) for the period 2021-2027, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 282/2014 (OJ L 107, 26.3.2021, p. 1).
(5) OJ C 385, 22.9.2021, p. 83.