hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the structure labelled by the blue arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: This nerve travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa, before dividing into deep and superficial branches.
name: Radial nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This nerve does not pass through the cubital fossa, it is located posterior to the medial epicondyle.
name: Ulnar nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The median cubital vein, is formed by the joining of the cephalic vein (lateral) and basilic vein (medial). It passes obliquely through the antecubital fossa, and is a common site for venepuncture/ peripheral cannulation.
name: Median cubital vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the cubital fossa of the right arm and the median nerve is located medially. The median nerve first lies lateral to the brachial artery, before passing anteriorly to lie medially. It passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle to leave the fossa.
name: Median Nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The brachial artery bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa and it is located lateral to the median nerve.
name: Brachial artery
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the accessory function of the annotated structure?

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Options:
explanation: The biceps brachii muscle is the annotated structure and this is a powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint, supinator of the forearm and it also acts as an accessory flexor at the glenohumeral joint.
name: Flexion at the glenohumeral joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The triceps brachii extends the forearm at the elbow joint however the biceps produces flexion at the elbow joint
name: Extension of the forearm at the elbow joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The biceps brachii does not cross the wrist joint and has no role in the movement of this joint.
name: Extension at the wrist joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The triceps brachii is involved in the extension of the arm at the shoulder joint, however the biceps brachii is involved in flexion.
name: Extension of the arm at the shoulder joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The biceps does not cross the wrist joint and has no role in the movement of this joint.
name: Flexion at the wrist joint
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: Flexor carpi ulanaris is found at the medial aspect side of the anterior compartment of the forearm, however this image depicts the posterior compartment.
name: Flexor carpi ulnaris
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Extensor carpi radialis brevis is located at the lateral aspect of the posterior compartment of the forearm.
name: Extensor carpi radialis brevis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Extensor carpi radialis longus is located at the lateral aspect of the posterior compartment of the forearm.
name: Extensor carpi radialis longus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Flexor digitorum superficialis is found in the anterior compartment of the forearm, however this image depicts the posterior compartment.
name: Flexor digitorum superficialis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to a muscle, situated medially, in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. The most medial muscle at this level is the extensor carpi ulnaris, which is supplied by the ulnar nerve.
name: Extensor carpi ulnaris
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What structure is indicated by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: Palmar aponeurosis is continuous with the flexor retinaculum and the tendon of the palmaris longus tendon. Extending distally it splits into 4 slips to attach to the 2<sup>nd</sup> to 5<sup>th</sup> fingers. It is an inverted triangle shape which expands over the palm and thins as it reaches across the thenar and hypothenar eminence.
name: Palmar aponeurosis
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Hypothenar muscles are located medial and distal to the arrow. These muscles are located on the base of the little finger and consist of the opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis and abductor digiti minimi.
name: Hypothenar muscles
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The synovial sheath is located deep to the flexor retinaculum. The tendons that lie deep to the flexor retinaculum, run in three synovial sheaths.
name: Synovial sheath
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The flexor retinaculum is a fibrous connective tissue band that is located on the roof of the carpal tunnel. It extends between the hook of hamate and pisiform medially to the scaphoid and trapezium laterally.
name: Flexor retinaculum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Thenar muscles are located lateral and distal to the arrow, these muscles are located on the base of the thumb and consist of the opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis brevis.
name: Thenar muscles
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The acromion is a bony projection on the anterolateral surface of the scapula. This arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle.
name: Acromion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The coracoid process is a hook-like structure that projects anterolaterally from the anterior surface of the scapula. It is located inferiorly to the lateral part of the clavicle. The short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis originate from the coracoid process.
name: Coracoid process
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The supraglenoid tubercle is a bony structure located superior to the glenoid fossa. This is where the long head of the biceps brachii attaches.
name: Supraglenoid tubercle
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the posterior surface of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the spine, a prominent feature on the posterior surface of the scapula which divides the surface into the small supraspinous fossa and the larger infraspinous fossa.
name: Spine
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The transverse process is a bony landmark found on vertebrae and not the scapula. These are bony projections from the lateral surface of the vertebrae which allow attachment of muscles and ligaments.
name: Transverse process
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the blue arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: The axillary artery becomes the brachial artery more proximally at the inferior border of the teres major.
name: Axillary artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The median nerve is located medial to the brachial artery at this level and it passes between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle to leave the cubital fossa.
name: Median nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The profunda brachii artery is the first and largest branch of the brachial. It runs on the posterior surface of the humerus with the radial nerve and passes between the medial and long heads of the triceps brachii muscle. It then travels in the spiral groove of the humerus. The image is showing the cubital fossa, which is located at the anterior aspect of the elbow joint, between the arm and forearm. This fossa does not contain the profunda brachii artery.
name: Profunda brachii artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the cubital fossa of the right arm and the brachial artery is located lateral to the median nerve at this level. It bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa. The structures lateral to medial in the cubital fossa can be remembered with the mnemonic "TAN" - **t**endon (biceps tendon), **a**rtery (brachial artery) and **n**erve (median nerve).

*[N.B. the median nerve originally travels lateral to the brachial artery, before crossing anteriorly, to lie medial to the brachial artery]*
name: Brachial artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The brachial artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries at the inferior aspect of the cubital fossa, at the level of the radial head. The radial artery then travels along the radial aspect of the anterior compartment of the forearm. It lies beneath the brachioradialis.
name: Radial artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following muscles attach to the bony landmark indicated by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The subscapularis is a rotator cuff muscle that attaches to the lesser tubercle of the scapula. Subscapularis is found anterior to the scapula.
name: Subscapularis
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The long head of the biceps brachii attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
name: Long head of the biceps brachii
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The long head of the triceps brachii attaches to the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
name: Long head of the triceps brachii
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the greater tubercle, a bony projection on the proximal end of the humerus located posterolateral to the lesser tubercle. Three rotator cuff muscles attach to this region: supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor.
name: Supraspinatus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The short head of the biceps brachii attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula, along with coracobrachialis.
name: Short head of the biceps brachii
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The radial tuberosity is a bony landmark on the radius. It provides an insertion site for the biceps brachii muscle.
name: Radial tuberosity
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The trochlear notch is an articular surface that is formed by the olecrannon and coronoid process. It articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the elbow joint. It is also known as the semilunar notch due to its crescent shape.
name: Trochlear notch
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The coracoid process is a hook-like structure that projects anterolaterally from the anterior surface of the scapula. It is the site of origin for the short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis.
name: Corocoid process
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The olecrannon process is a larger superior projection on the proximal end of the shaft of the ulna. It ends proximally to form part of the trochlear notch.
name: Olecrannon process
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is labelling the coronoid process of the ulna. This is a bony projection on the proximal end of the ulna just inferior to the olecrannon process.
name: Coronoid process
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The capitulum is a rounded projection at the distal end of the humerus which articulates with the head of the radius, to help form the elbow joint.
name: Capitulum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the proximal aspect of the radius where the head of radius is located. The head is a disc shaped structure that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus at the elbow joint.
name: Head of radius
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The radial tuberosity is a bony projection found just inferior to the neck of the radius. It is located at the anteromedial aspect of the radius and provides an insertion site for the biceps brachii muscle.
name: Radial tuberosity
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The styloid process is formed as the lateral surface of the radius extends distally. It is found at the most distal aspect of the radius.
name: Styloid process
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The olecranon process is the large superior projection located at the proximal end of the radius. It ends proximally to form part of the trochlear notch. It also provides the site of attachment for the triceps muscle.
name: Olecrannon process
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the carpal bone indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The scaphoid is a boat-shaped bone on the proximal row of carpal bones. The scaphoid is important clinically because it has a retrograde blood supply. This means that a scaphoid fracture may not heal correctly, or at all, resulting in either malunion or non-union respectively. The scaphoid bone, along with the trapezium forms the floor of the anatomical snuffbox.
name: Scaphoid
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The capitate is the largest carpal bone with a rounded head. It is located in the distal row.
name: Capitate
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The trapezium is an irregular four-sided carpal bone in the distal row lateral to the trapezoid. It is the most lateral carpal bone of the distal row.
name: Trapezium
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The hamate has a hook and it is a wedge shaped carpal bone in the distal row medial to the capitate. It has a characteristic “hook”.
name: Hamate
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The trapezoid is a four-sided carpal bone in the distal row lateral to the capitate.
name: Trapezoid
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the options below is the action of the clavicular head of the labelled muscle?

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Options:
explanation: The pectoralis major muscle has no role in the movements of the neck.
name: Flexion of the neck
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pectoralis minor muscle depresses the tip of the shoulder and protracts the scapula.
name: Depression of the tip of the shoulder
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the pectoralis major muscle. The clavicular head is involved in the flexion of the humerus. Pectoralis major is also involved in adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder joint.
name: Flexion of the humerus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The clavicular head is involved in the flexion of the humerus.
name: Extension of the arm
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The subclavius muscle pulls the clavicle medially to stabilise the sternoclavicular joint and depresses the tip of the shoulder
name: Stabilises the sternoclavicular joint by pulling the clavicle medially
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which option best describes the action of the labelled muscle?

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Options:
explanation: The infraspinatus and teres minor are involved in the lateral rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint. These muscles are two of the four rotator cuff muscles.
name: Lateral rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The deltoid muscle abducts the arm beyond the initial 15<sup>o</sup> performed by the supraspinatus muscle. The clavicular fibres are involved in the flexion of the humerus and the posterior fibres assist in the extension of the arm.
name: Abduction of the arm beyond the initial 15<sup>o</sup>
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Supraspinatus is responsible for the initiation of abduction of the arm for the initial 15<sup>o</sup>
name: Initiation of abduction of the arm for the initial 15<sup>o</sup>
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and rhomboid major are involved in the elevation of the scapula.
name: Elevates the scapula
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The rhomboid minor and rhomboid major are involved in the retraction of the scapula.
name: Retracts the scapula
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled with the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: This image shows the posterior compartment of the arm. The short head of biceps brachii is located in the anterior compartment. It arises from the coracoid process of the scapula.
name: Short head of the biceps
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the posterior compartment of the arm. The long head of biceps brachii is located in the anterior compartment. It arises from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
name: Long head of the biceps
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the triceps brachii muscle and specifically, the long head of triceps brachii. This originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
name: Long head of the triceps
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The medial head of triceps brachii is located deep to the lateral head and it arises from the medial aspect of the spiral groove of the humerus.
name: Medial head of the triceps
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The lateral head of triceps brachii arises from the lateral lip of the spiral groove of the humerus.
name: Lateral head of the triceps
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the muscle indicated by the arrow inserts in the hand.

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Options:
explanation: The extensor carpi radialis brevis attaches to the dorsal surface of the base of metacarpal II and III.
name: Dorsal surface of the base of metacarpal II and III
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Pronator quadratus attaches to the distal anterior surface of the radius. As indicated by its name, this muscle is responsible for pronation of the forearm and the distal radioulnar joint.
name: Distal anterior surface of the radius
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris inserts at the pisiform bone which is a carpal bone, located on the ulnar side of the hand.
name: Pisiform bone
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The muscle indicated by the arrow is the flexor carpi radialis as it is located in the anterior compartment of the forearm, lateral to palmaris longus. This muscle arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and inserts onto the base of metacarpals II and III.
name: Base of metacarpals II and III
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The extensor carpi radialis longus attaches to the dorsal surface of the base of metacarpal II
name: Dorsal surface of the base of metacarpal II
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the muscle that is indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: Extension and adduction of the wrist joint is mediated by the extensor carpi ulnaris rather than flexor carpi ulnaris.
name: Extends and adducts the wrist joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Extension and abduction of the wrist joint is mediated by the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis.
name: Extends and abducts the wrist joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Flexor carpi ulnaris does not have a role in pronation. Muscles that are involved in this movement are the pronator teres and pronator quadratus.
name: Pronation
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris is responsible for flexion and adduction, rather than abduction, which is in keeping with its location at the ulnar side of the wrist.
name: Flexes and abducts the wrist joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is highlighting the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle which is the most medial muscle in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is involved in the flexion and adduction of the wrist joint.
name: Flexes and adducts the wrist joint
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the function of the muscle that is indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: Muscle that are involved in pronation of the forearm are the pronator teres and pronator quadratus. The extensor digitorum is not involved in this function.
name: Pronation
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Extensor digitorum can extend the wrist, however it plays no role in adduction of the wrist. This is mediated by extensor carpi ulnaris.
name: Extends and adducts the wrist
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Flexion of the fingers at the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints is mediated by the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus.
name: Flexion of the fingers at the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the extensor digitorum muscle which arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts onto the extensor hood of each of the fingers. It plays a role in the extension of the fingers at the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
name: Extension of the fingers at the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Extensor digitorum can extend the wrist, however it plays no role in abduction of the wrist. This is mediated by the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis.
name: Extends and abducts the wrist
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which option best describes the main the action of the muscle that is labelled by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: This is the action of flexor pollicis brevis another muscle of the thenar eminence. It is located deep to the abductor pollicis brevis.
name: Flexes the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is highlighting one of the muscles of the thenar eminence. It is pointing to the abductor pollicis brevis which lies superficial to the opponens pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis. The main function of this muscle is to abduct the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint.
name: Abducts the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is the action of abductor pollicis longus which is a muscle located in the deep layer of muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm.
name: Abducts the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Adductor pollicis is involved in adduction of the thumb. It is a flat, triangular fan-shaped muscle that is located deep to the thenar muscles. It can be recognised by its characteristic two heads.
name: Adducts the thumb
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is the action of opponens pollicis muscle which is another muscles of the thenar eminence. It is the largest of the three thenar muscles and lies deep to the other two.
name: Medially rotates the thumb
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the part of the brachial plexus indicated by the blue arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The cords of the brachial plexus are named according to their relation to the second part of the axillary artery, which in turn is located deep to pectoralis minor. The lateral cord of the brachial plexus is located lateral to the axillary artery.  The lateral cord is formed from the union of the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks.
name: Lateral cord
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Each trunk divides into two divisions (anterior and posterior) within the posterior triangle of the neck. The trunks can be visualised between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The arrow is not located in this region.
name: Inferior trunk
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The posterior cord is located posterior to the second part of the axillary artery. It is formed by the union of all three posterior divisions.
name: Posterior cord
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The medial cord is located medial to the second part of the axillary artery. It is a continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk.
name: Medial cord
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Each trunk divides into two divisions (anterior and posterior) within the posterior triangle of the neck. The trunks can be visualised between the anterior and middle scalene muscles. The arrow is not located in this region.
name: Middle trunk
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which nerve innervates the muscle highlighted by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The radial nerve innervates the triceps brachii muscle in the upper arm, and a variety of muscles in the forearm.
name: Radial nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The long thoracic nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle. Damage to the long thoracic nerve can result in winging of the scapular.
name: Long thoracic nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the deltoid muscle, a triangular muscle located on the shoulder. The deltoid is innervated by the axillary nerve.
name: Axillary nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The medial pectoral nerve innervates pectoralis minor and pectoralis major.
name: Medial pectoral nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The suprascapular nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
name: Suprascapular nerve
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a