hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which of the following best described the origin of the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The external carotid artery does not contribute to the circle of Willis and the arterial supply of the brain.
name: External carotid artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The vertebral arteries are the source of the 'posterior' circulation of the brain. They give off the meningeal branches, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, before converging to form the basilar artery.
name: Vertebral artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The anterior cerebral arteries are connected via the anterior communicating artery in the circle of Willis, and supply the frontomedial portions of the cerebrum.
name: Internal carotid artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The basilar artery is formed by the union of the the vertebral arteries, and supplies the pons and cerebellum. It also gives rise to the terminal posterior cerebral arteries, contributing to the 'posterior' circulation of the brain, supplying the posterior cerebrum.
name: Basilar artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the anterior cerebral artery, which is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, the source of the 'anterior' circulation of the brain. The middle cerebral arteries are continuations of the internal carotid arteries after the anterior and posterior communicating arteries have been given off, and supply the lateral parts of the cerebrum.
name: Middle cerebral artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The central canal drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the fourth ventricle into the spinal cord canal.
name: Central canal
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The fourth ventricle is located in the hindbrain, at the junction between the pons and medulla. It communicates with the spinal cord canal via the central canal, and the subarachnoid cisterns via the midline foramen of Magendie and lateral foramina of Luschka.
name: Fourth ventricle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The third ventricle is located in the midline within the diencephalon, between the right and left thalamus. It communicates with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct.
name: Third ventricle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The lateral ventricles are buried below the cortex of each cerebral hemispheres under the septum pellucidum. They each have horns which project into the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. They communicate with the third ventricle via the inter-ventricular foramen of Munro.
name: Lateral ventricle
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The cerebral aqueduct drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle into the fourth ventricle.
name: Cerebral aqueduct
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the most superficial structure overlying the brain in the following image.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater between the cerebral hemispheres, extending from the crista galli of the ethmoid to the occipital bone. In this diagram, the dura mater, and therefore the falx cerebri, has been removed.
name: Falx cerebri
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arachnoid mater is a thin, non-vascular layer of the meninges between the dura and pia mater. It is connected to the cranial pia mater by several fibrous strands that cross the subarachnoid space, which is filled will cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In this diagram, the arachnoid mater is still present and visible as the most superficial structure overlying the brain
name: Arachnoid mater
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The dura mater is a dense connective tissue layer of the meninges that forms the outermost meningeal layer with a shiny appearance. In the head, the dura has an outer endosteal layer that is continuous with the pericranium, and an inner meningeal layer. Dural venous sinuses are the collection of venous blood between these two dural layers. In this diagram, the dura mater has been removed.
name: Dura mater
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The tentorium cerebelli is a fold of dura mater between the cerebellum and posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres. In this diagram, the dura mater, and therefore the tentorium cerebelli, has been removed.
name: Tentorium cerebelli
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The pia mater is a highly vascular layer of the meninges that forms the innermost meningeal layer and directly covers the brain and spinal cord, traversing down the sulci of the brain. In this diagram, the arachnoid mater is still present overlying the pia mater.
name: Pia mater
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following structures is a superior relation of the labelled structure

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The dorsum sellae refers to the posterior wall of the sella turcica, and is therefore a posterior relation of the pituitary gland.
name: Dorsum sellae
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The cavernous sinuses lie either side of the sphenoid body within the dura, and are therefore lateral relations of the pituitary gland.
name: Cavernous sinus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the pituitary gland. The diaphragma sellae is a small horizontal shelf of dura covering the pituitary fossa superiorly in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
name: Diaphragma sellae
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The anterior and posterior intercavernous sinuses are continuous with the cavernous sinuses on each side of the sphenoid body, and are therefore anterior and posterior relations of the pituitary gland, respectively.
name: Intercavernous sinuses
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pituitary gland, sitting within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. The sphenoid sinuses are found within the sphenoid body, either side of a midline septum, and are therefore anteroinferior relations of the pituitary gland.
name: Sphenoid sinus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following structures encloses the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The investing fascia is attached posteriorly to the ligamentum nuchae and encloses the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and the parotid and submandibular glands.
name: Investing fascia of the neck
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The buccopharyngeal fascia is the posterior aspect of the pretracheal fascia, anterior to the retropharyngeal space. It encloses the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
name: Buccopharyngeal fascia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The prevertebral fascia is anterior to the prevertebral muscles and posterior to the oesophagus and pharynx. It encloses the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus, scalene muscles, cervical plexus, third part of the subclavian artery and phrenic nerves.
name: Prevertebral fascia
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The pretracheal fascia is attached superiorly to the hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and tracheal rings 2-4, and blends with the pericardium inferiorly. In addition to the thyroid gland, it encloses the parathyroid glands.
name: Pretracheal fascia
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the right lobe of the thyroid gland. The carotid sheath is a compartment that extends from the carotid foramen superiorly to the root of the neck inferiorly. It encloses the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve.
name: Carotid sheath
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The dorsal column refers to the ascending white matter tract, medial to the dorsal horn, that transmits sensory tactile, vibration and proprioception information to the brain.
name: Dorsal column
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. Clarke's nucleus is a region of grey matter found in the thoracic spinal cord medial to the dorsal horn. It contains relay neurones for proprioception from the lower limbs.
name: Clarke's nucleus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The lateral horn is a region of the grey matter that contains neurones that provide sympathetic innervation to visceral organs.
name: Lateral horn
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The dorsal horn refers to the posterior grey matter horn of the spinal cord. It contains sensory neurones that receive somatosensory information from the body.
name: Dorsal horn
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The ventral horn refers to the anterior grey matter horn of the spinal cord. It contains motor neurones that leave the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscles.
name: Ventral horn
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The dural sac is the outermost meningeal layer that covers the spinal cord in the vertebral canal, terminating at S2. Spinal nerves pierce the dura mater layer as they exit the vertebral canal, transiently passing through the epidural space.
name: Dural sac
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The filum terminale is a distal stalk of pia mater that attaches the tapered end of the spinal cord, the conus medullaris, to the dural sac inferiorly, anchoring the spinal cord within the vertebral column.
name: Filum terminale
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The conus medullaris is the tapered distal part of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement, corresponding to the termination of the spinal cord, which then becomes the cauda equina.
name: Conus medullaris
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The denticulate ligaments are double layers of pia mater that extends from the spinal cord to the dural sac laterally, restricting movement of the spinal cord within the vertebral canal.
name: Denticulate ligament
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the conus medullaris at L1/2. The cauda equina consists of a bundle of spinal nerve roots from L2-L5 and the coccygeal nerve, resembling a horse's tail. It arises from the conus medullaris and the roots pass caudally to exit the vertebral column at their respective intervertebral foramina.
name: Cauda Equina
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The dentate nucleus is the largest of the deep cerebellar nuclei within the cerebellar hemispheres. It receives input from the premotor cortex and supplementary motor area and outputs via the superior cerebellar peduncle.
name: Dentate nucleus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The superior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain, outputting from the deep nuclei of the cerebellum to the red nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (which projects to the primary motor cortex), and ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus (which projects to the premotor and supplementary motor areas). The superior cerebellar peduncles decussate at the level of the inferior colliculi.
name: Left superior cerebellar peduncle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The middle cerebellar peduncles are the largest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the pons. It consists of ponto-cerebellar mossy fibres carrying inputs to the cerebellum, arising from the pontine nucleus.
name: Left middle cerebellar peduncle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The inferior colliculi are nuclei on the dorsal surface of the midbrain, forming the lower prominences of the tectum. They are the principle nuclei of the midbrain involved in the auditory pathway.
name: Left inferior colliculus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The inferior cerebellar peduncles are the smallest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the medulla. It consists of fibres carrying inputs to the cerebellum, arising from the inferior olive, as well as fibres from the dorsal spinocerebellar tract.
name: Left inferior cerebellar peduncle
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Correct. The pons is the largest region of the brainstem between the midbrain superiorly and the medulla inferiorly. It is also located anterior to the cerebellum, separated by the fourth ventricle. The midline groove houses the basilar artery which ascends along the ventral surface of the pons.
name: Pons
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The tectum consists of the four dorsal colliculi of the midbrain (known as the corpora quadrigemina), two superior and two inferior, located superior to the pons and posterior to the cerebral aqueduct.
name: Tectum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The cerebral peduncles are ventrolateral regions of the midbrain, extending from the cerebral hemispheres and located superior to the pons. They are separated ventrally by the midline interpeduncular fossa.
name: Cerebral peduncle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The olives are ventrolateral swellings on the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, located inferior to the pons and lateral to the medullary pyramids.
name: Olive
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The medullary pyramids are ventromedial swellings on the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, located inferior to the pons and medial to the olives. They are separated by the anterior median fissure throughout, except for a region where the pyramids decussate.
name: Medullary pyramid
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the embryonic origin of the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The myelencephalon is derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and gives rise to the medulla oblongata.
name: Myelencephalon
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain.
name: Mesencephalon
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem, which is derived from the metencephalon of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain), along with the cerebellum.
name: Metencephalon
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The diencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus.
name: Diencephalon
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The telencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres.
name: Telencephalon
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following cranial nerves does **not** originate from the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) emerges from lateral surface of the mid-pons.
name: Trigeminal nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The facial nerve (CN VII) emerges from the pontomedullary junction laterally, at the cerebellopontine angle, medial to the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).
name: Facial nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) emerges from the pontomedullary junction laterally, at the cerebellopontine angle, lateral to the facial nerve (CN VII).
name: Vestibulocochlear nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerges from the posterior surface of the midbrain, inferior to the colliculi.
name: Trochlear nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the pons of the brainstem. The abducens nerve (CN VI) emerges from the pontomedullary junction medially.
name: Abducens nerve
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The pons is the largest region of the brainstem between the midbrain superiorly and the medulla inferiorly.
name: Pons
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. There cerebral peduncles are ventrolateral prominences of the midbrain, the most superior region of the brainstem above the pons.
name: Cerebral peduncle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The medulla oblongata is the most inferior region of the brainstem, and is continuous with the pons superiorly and the spinal cord inferiorly.
name: Medulla oblongata
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The middle cerebellar peduncles are the largest of all the cerebellar peduncles and connect the cerebellum to the pons.
name: Middle cerebellar peduncle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The spinal cord is the inferior continuation of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, passing through the foramen magnum and into the vertebral column.
name: Spinal cord
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the embryonic origin of the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, which is derived from the myelencephalon of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
name: Myelencephalon
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The metencephalon is derived from the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and gives rise to the pons and cerebellum.
name: Metencephalon
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The telencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres.
name: Telencephalon
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain.
name: Mesencephalon
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. The diencephalon is derived from the prosencephalon (forebrain) and gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus.
name: Diencephalon
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, which is a collection of white matter fibres, including corticospinal fibres which originate from the pyramidal neurones in layer V of the primary motor cortex. It separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus, becomes the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain, and emerges as the pyramids in the ventral medulla.
name: Internal capsule
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus laterally by the internal capsule.
name: Caudate nucleus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The lentiform nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia, comprising the globus pallidus (medially) and the putamen (laterally). It is found lateral to the internal capsule.
name: Lentiform nucleus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The external capsule is a collection of corticocortical association white matter fibres connecting one region of the cortex to another, located between the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum. It joins the internal capsule around the lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia.
name: External capsule
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The extreme capsule is a collection of association white matter fibres located between the subcortical claustrum and insular cortex. It joins the external capsule around the claustrum, which then joins the internal capsule.
name: Extreme capsule
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The labelled structure contains fibres that are immediately continuous with which of the following structures in the midbrain?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the midbrain, pons, and medulla, and do not consist of corticospinal fibres.
name: Cerebellar peduncle
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The medullary pyramids do consist of corticospinal fibres originating from the primary motor cortex, however it is an immediate continuation of the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain.
name: Pyramid
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The dorsal column is part of the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway in the spinal cord, transmitting sensory information via first order neurones to the medulla oblongata. Third order sensory neurones originating from the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus and are immediately continuous with the internal capsule to reach the primary somatosensory cortex.
name: Dorsal column
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, which is a collection of white matter fibres, including corticospinal fibres which originate from the pyramidal neurones in layer V of the primary motor cortex. The corticospinal fibres of the internal capsule are continuous with the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain and then emerge as the pyramids in the ventral medulla, consisting of corticospinal fibres only.
name: Cerebral peduncle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The medial lemniscus is part of the ascending dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway in the spinal cord, transmitting sensory information via second order neurones to the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. Third order sensory neurones originating from here and are immediately continuous with the internal capsule to reach the primary somatosensory cortex.
name: Medial lemniscus
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a