hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the spleen with the blood vessels in situ. The arrow is pointing to the splenic hilum, which is where the splenic artery and splenic vein are located. The tail of the pancreas is found medial to the spleen.
name: Hilum of the spleen
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the spleen with the blood vessels in situ. The vessels enter and exit the spleen at the region called the hilum, which the arrow is pointing at. The lesser curvature of the stomach is located on the medial side of the stomach and between the cardia and the pyloric sphincter. However, the organ identified in the image is not the stomach.
name: Lesser curvature of the stomach
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the spleen with the blood vessels in situ. The vessels enter and exit the spleen at the region called the hilum, which the arrow is pointing at. The hilum of the left lung is the area where the blood vessels coming to and from the lungs are located, as well as where the bronchi and the hilar lymph nodes are found. However, the organ identified in the image is not the left lung.
name: Hilum of the left lung
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the spleen with the blood vessels in situ. The vessels enter and exit the spleen at the region called the hilum, which the arrow is pointing at. The inferior surface of the heart is found in contact with the diaphragm. However, the organ identified in the image is not the heart.
name: Inferior surface of the heart
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the spleen with the blood vessels in situ. The vessels enter and exit the spleen at the region called the hilum, which the arrow is pointing at. The hilum of the kidney is the region where the renal artery enters and the renal vein and the renal pelvis exit the kidney, but the organ identified in the image is not the left kidney.
name: Hilum of the left kidney
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the kidneys with the aorta and the inferior vena cava in situ. The structure indicated by the blue arrow is the left adrenal gland, whose function is to produce hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses.
name: Production of hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the kidneys with the aorta and the inferior vena cava in situ. The gallbladder is responsible for the storage of bile. However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is the left adrenal gland, whose function is to produce hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses.
name: Storage of bile
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the kidneys with the aorta and the inferior vena cava in situ. The peri-renal adipose tissue is responsible for protection of kidneys and renal blood vessels from external damage. However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is the left adrenal gland, whose function is to produce hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses.
name: Protection of kidneys and renal blood supply from external damage
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the kidneys with the aorta and the inferior vena cava in situ. The pancreas is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon. However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is the left adrenal gland, whose function is to produce hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses.
name: Production of digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the kidneys with the aorta and the inferior vena cava in situ. The spleen is responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged red blood cells from the circulation.  However, the structure indicated by the blue arrow is the left adrenal gland, whose function is to produce hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses.
name: Removes damaged red blood cells from the circulation
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the abdomen. The stomach is responsible for the storage and digestion of food before its onward passage into the small intestine. However, the arrow indicates the left kidney, whose function is to filter blood and remove waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine.
name: Storage and digestion of food before its passage into the small intestine
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the abdomen. The arrow indicates the left kidney, which filters and removes waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine.
name: Filtration of blood and removal of waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the abdomen. The peri-renal adipose tissue is responsible for protection of kidneys and renal blood supply from external damage. However, the arrow indicates the left kidney, which filters and removes waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine.
name: Protection of kidneys and renal blood supply from external damage
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the abdomen. The control of level of blood cells by removal of damaged ones is the function of the spleen. However, the arrow indicates the left kidney, which filters and removes waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine.
name: Control of level of blood cells by removal of damaged ones
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the abdomen. The production of hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses are all functions of the adrenal glands. However, the arrow indicates the left kidney, whose function is to filter blood and remove waste products of metabolism from the blood in the form of urine.
name: Production of hormones regulating metabolism, immune function, blood pressure and stress responses
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected abdominal cavity. The arrow indicates the mesentery, a double-layered peritoneal structure which surrounds the small intestine and large intestine and attaches them to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
name: Mesentery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected abdominal cavity. The lesser omentum is a double-layer of tissue extending between the inferior surface of the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach. However, the arrow indicates the mesentery, a double-layered peritoneal structure which surrounds the small intestine and large intestine and attaches them to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
name: Lesser omentum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected abdominal cavity with the liver removed and parts of the bowel partially removed. The mesorectum is a double-layered tissue formed by the peritoneal membrane which surrounds the rectum and allows its attachment to the wall of the abdominal cavity. The rectum is not well visualised in this specimen and would be found much more inferior to the highlighted structure.
name: Mesorectum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected abdominal cavity. The greater omentum is a fibrous-fatty double-layer of tissue covering the contents of the abdominal cavity anteriorly and extending from the greater curvature of the stomach down into the pelvis and back to attach to the transverse colon. However, the arrow indicates the mesentery, a double-layered peritoneal structure which surrounds the small intestine and large intestine and attaches them to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
name: Greater omentum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The gastrocolic ligament forms part of the greater omentum and attaches the stomach to the transverse colon. The arrow in this photograph indicates the mesentery, which surrounds both the small and large intestine and attaches them to the posterior abdominal wall.
name: Gastrocolic ligament
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected section of the small intestine with its mesentery and associated blood supply in situ. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery which supplies blood to the small intestine. The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the GI tract from the hepatic flexure of the large intestine to the distal third of the rectum and would therefore supply the descending colon. However, this image specifically shows a portion of the small bowel, which can be recognised by its vasa recta, arcades and mesentery.
name: Supplies blood to the descending colon
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected section of the small intestine with its mesentery and associated blood supply in situ. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery which supplies blood to the small intestine. The SMA supplies the foregut (i.e. from the ampullary region of the second part of the duodenum to the hepatic flexure of the large intestine).
name: Supplies blood to the small intestine
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected section of the small intestine with its mesentery and associated blood supply in situ. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery which supplies blood to the small intestine and the large intestine as far as the hepatic flexure. The blood supply to the liver is derived from the coeliac trunk, which is not pictured here.
name: Supplies blood to the liver
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected section of the small intestine with its mesentery and associated blood supply in situ. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery which supplies blood to the small intestine. The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the small intestine but can be distinguished by its darker venous appearance.
name: Drains blood from the small intestine
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected section of the small intestine with its mesentery and associated blood supply in situ. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery which supplies blood to the small intestine and the large intestine as far as the hepatic flexure. The blood supply to the spleen and stomach arises from the coeliac trunk. However, this image specifically shows a portion of the small bowel with its blood supply.
name: Supplies blood to the spleen and the stomach
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below?
[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the contents of the abdominal cavity, with the greater omentum removed to allow visualisation of the small and large bowel. The absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material is a function of the ascending colon. However, the arrow points to the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine, whose function is to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids from the food bolus.
name: Absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the contents of the abdominal cavity, with the greater omentum removed to allow visualisation of the small and large bowel. The absorption of vitamin B12 and bile acids is a function of the ileum. However, the arrow points to the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine, whose function is to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids from the food bolus.
name: Absorption of vitamin B12 and bile acids
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the contents of the abdominal cavity, with the greater omentum removed to allow visualisation of the small and large bowel. The storage of faeces before their passage into the rectum is the function of the descending and the sigmoid colon. However, the arrow points to the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine, whose function is to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids from the food bolus.
name: Storage of faeces before their passage into the rectum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the contents of the abdominal cavity, with the greater omentum removed to allow visualisation of the small and large bowel. The arrow points to the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine, whose function is to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids from the food bolus.
name: Absorption of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the contents of the abdominal cavity, with the greater omentum removed to allow visualisation of the small and large bowel. The second part of the duodenum is responsible for the mixture of partially digested food bolus with the pancreatic enzymes and bile. However, the arrow points to the jejunum, the second part of the small intestine, whose function is to absorb sugars, amino acids and fatty acids from the food bolus.
name: Mixture of the partially digested food bolus with the pancreatic enzymes and bile
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Dietary Interventions are one of the most common interventions to help tackle patients at an increased risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and prevent disease progression.

Which of the following dietary interventions is the best approach recommended to patients?

Options:
explanation: Red meat should be discouraged in patients at risk of CHD due to the fact they should decrease the amount of processed as a whole, as it can increase the risk of CHD
name: Aim to increase red meat intake
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Mediterranean-style diets are encouraged as a dietary intervention due to oily fish being rich in monounsaturated fat and lower in saturated fat, which is ideal for preventing CHD and limiting disease progression. Oily fish are also thought to reduce the likelihood of thrombosis.
name: Encourage a Mediterranean-style diet
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Salt intake should be limited to less than 6g per day, thus lowering the possibility of the patient having high blood pressure, which can limit the progression of CHD.
name: Increase dietary salt intake levels to >6g/day
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Dietary interventions include a reduction in saturated fats and an increase in unsaturated fats as they can improve blood cholesterol levels.
name: Attempt to incorporate a diet with high saturated fats
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Dietary interventions surrounding fibre intake suggest a diet of 30g per day. This is beneficial due to the various mechanisms that fibre plays in reducing the risk of CHD, such as improving blood lipid profiles, lowering blood pressure and improving insulin sensitivity.
name: Decrease fibre intake to less than 15g per day
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
During digestion, the salivary glands play a pivotal role in the 1st stage of digestion – Mastication.

Which of the following statements related to mastication is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is correct. The Submandibular glands are located within the posterior portion of the submandibular triangle.
name: The Submandibular glands produce 70% of the total flow and mainly produce a serous secretion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The Parotid glands produce 20% of the total flow which are serous secretions in nature. The Parotid gland is located within a region called the Parotid region. This area is bounded via the Zygomatic arch superiorly, the inferior border of the mandible inferiorly, the Masseter muscle anteriorly and the External ear and Sternocleidomastoid posteriorly.
name: The paired Parotid glands produce 80% of the total flow of secretions and are mainly a serous secretion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Both the Sublingual and Submandibular are paired salivary glands and the Sublingual glands produce 5% of flow and Submandibular produces 70% of flow.
name: There is only one sublingual and one submandibular gland, working together to produce 20% of the total flow
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The Submandibular glands **DO** produce 70% of the total flow; however, it is serous in nature. The Submandibular glands are located within the posterior portion of the submandibular triangle.
name: The Submandibular glands produce 70% of the total flow and mainly produce a mucous secretion
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The Sublingual glands only produce 5% of the total flow. The Sublingual glands are found on the floor of the oral cavity. They are bordered laterally by the Mandible and medially by the Genioglossus muscle of the tongue.
name: the Sublingual glands only produce 15% of the total flow
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is a component of saliva?

In regards to the components of saliva, which two options are correct?

Options:
explanation: Secretin is a critical component in the process acidification of the duodenal lumen, as when this happens Secretin is released by S-Cells, inhibiting gastrin secretion
name: Secretin
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Intrinsic factor is also produced by parietal cells within the neck of the epithelial cells
name: Intrinsic Factor
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Amylase is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates and is found in the saliva, as well as further along the gastrointestinal tract to aid digestion. It is produced for the saliva by acinar glands.

Mucus is also present within the saliva, which acts as a facilitator and protective mechanism for swallowing
name: Amylase
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Histamine is a paracrine secretion which is not a component of saliva but will stimulate acid production within the stomach.
name: Histamine
label: f
answer: no
explanation: Hydrochloric acid is found within the stomach and forms a part of the exocrine secretions. It is produced by parietal cells.
name: Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is correct with respect to Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)?

Options:
explanation: PPIs usually have an enteric coating to prevent activation in the mouth and in the stomach. PPIs are activated within the highly acidic pH of the stomach and enter the parietal cells
name: Their ability to dissolve readily within the mouth during the first process of digestion to allow immediate action upon reaching the stomach
label: b
answer: no
explanation: PPIs are effective on their own. The use of NSAIDs is usually advised against when there is a need for taking a PPI
name: PPIs are most effective when taken with NSAIDs to help combat a peptic ulcer
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. Ranitidine is a H2-antagonist which can be used to treat symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD).
name: Ranitidine is an example of a PPI
label: e
answer: no
explanation: PPIs are activated within the acidic environment of the stomach.
name: PPIs are activated within the alkaline environment of the duodenum; this allows them to enter the bloodstream and work
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct answer
name: PPIs block gastric acid secretion by irreversibly binding to and inhibiting the proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase)
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
A woman was on her lunch break from work one day. She buys lunch from a street stall and becomes unwell within 12 hours.

What is the likely cause?

Options:
explanation: The norovirus incubation period is usually 1-2 days.
name: Norovirus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: *Clostridium perfringens* is enterotoxin induced, and its’ incubation period is usually within hours. This is classically found in reheated meat dishes or cooked meats.
name: *Clostridium perfringens*
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: *Shigella dysenteriae* incubation period is 1-3 days, so this would not be possible here.
name: *Shigella dysenteriae*
label: c
answer: no
explanation: *Salmonella typhi* is a bacterial infection that causes gastroenteritis. However, it is usually caused by eating a seafood water source infected by faeces/urine or eating raw vegetables fertilised with human waste, neither of which is indicated in this question.
name: *Salmonella typhi*
label: b
answer: no
explanation: *Clostridium difficile* is an anaerobic spore former and not transmitted through food.  It can also colonise without causing disease.
name: *Clostridium difficile*
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is correct in relation to hepatic physiology?

Options:
explanation: Serum albumin is a measure of the synthetic activity of the liver, which is often **reduced** in patients with liver disease due to the change in the volume of distribution of albumin as well as the reduction in synthesis.
name: Increased serum albumin level is found in liver disease
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Venous drainage of the liver is by the hepatic **veins** into the IVC
name: Venous drainage of the liver is by the hepatic arteries in the IVC
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Bilirubin is produced as a product of the breakdown of RBCs, not the creation
name: Bilirubin is produced due to the creation of red blood cells
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct answer
name: Cholecystokinin stimulates vagal afferents, causing Sphincter of Oddi relaxation and rhythmic gallbladder contraction, which expels stored bile
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect. The liver is required to store and synthesise **glycogen**, which is utilised to help prevent **hypoglycaemia**
name: The liver is required to store and synthesise glucose; this is a protective mechanism to prevent hyperglycaemia
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a