hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which muscle inserts onto the bony prominence shown in the x-ray? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The gluteus medius attaches to the greater trochanter not lesser trochanter.
name: Gluteus medius
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis inserts onto the greater trochanter not lesser trochanter.
name: Piriformis
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the lesser trochanter of the femur, a small, protruding bony prominence on the femur's medial side. The psoas major and iliacus muscles, collectively known as the iliopsoas, merge to form a single muscle belly. This muscle plays a crucial role in hip flexion and stability. The tendon of the iliopsoas inserts onto the lesser trochanter, allowing for powerful movements such as lifting the thigh during walking, running, and climbing.
name: Iliopsoas
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The obturator internus attaches to the greater trochanter not lesser trochanter.
name: Obturator internus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The inferior gemelli attaches to the greater trochanter not lesser trochanter.
name: Inferior gemelli
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure in the x-ray indicated by the blue arrow.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The head of the femur is the structure that articulates with the acetabulum (indicated by the arrow). The socket is the acetabulum.
name: Head of the femur
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The x-ray shows the hip joint not the shoulder joint where the humerus will be found.
name: Head of the humerus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The x-ray shows the hip joint not the elbow joint where the coronoid fossa of the humerus will be found.
name: Coronoid fossa
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an x-ray of the hip joint. The arrow is pointing to the acetabulum of the hip bone. This cup-like socket provides a surface for the articulation for the head of the femur.
name: Acetabulum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The x-ray shows an image of the hip joint not the shoulder joint. So, the socket indicates the acetabulum.
name: Glenoid fossa
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which statement below is true regarding the nerve in the illustration above?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the sciatic nerve which enters the gluteal region via the **greater** sciatic foramen not lesser sciatic foramen.
name: This nerve leaves the pelvis and enters the gluteal region via the lesser sciatic foramen
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The sciatic nerve does not pass through the adductor hiatus.
name: This nerve passes through the adductor hiatus.
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The sciatic nerve does pass through the greater sciatic foramen but it is inferior to the piriformis. The structures superior to the piriformis are the superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve.
name: This nerve leaves the pelvis and enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis muscle.
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Although the sciatic nerve passes through the gluteal region, it does not innervate the muscles here.
name: This nerve innervates the muscles of the gluteal region
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body. It enters the gluteal region through the greater sciatic foramen, emerging inferior to the piriformis muscle, passing through the infrapiriform foramen. The sciatic nerve travels down the posterior thigh, supplying motor and sensory innervation to much of the lower limb. It bifurcates near the popliteal fossa into the tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves, which innervate the lower leg and foot. Its course through the gluteal region makes it vulnerable to compression, leading to conditions like piriformis syndrome or sciatica.
name: This nerve leaves the pelvis and enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis muscle.
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
The blue arrow is pointing to a muscle. Name this muscle.
[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The gemelli muscles are located inferior to the piriformis. The superior and inferior gemelli are triangular muscles.
name: Gemelli
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pisiform is one of the carpal bones in the wrist.
name: Pisiform
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The obturator internus is also one of the deep muscles of the gluteal region but this is located inferior to the piriformis muscle.
name: Obturator internus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Quadratus femoris is the most inferior of all the muscles in the deep gluteal region. Therefore, it is located inferior to the piriformis. This muscle has a square and flattened shape.
name: Quadratus femoris
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. The piriformis muscle is one of the deep gluteal muscles and is the most superior of this group. It originates from the anterior surface of the sacrum and passes through the greater sciatic foramen to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. The piriformis acts to laterally rotate and abduct the thigh when the hip is flexed. It also plays a role in stabilising the hip joint. Its anatomical position makes it important clinically, as the sciatic nerve passes below it, potentially leading to piriformis syndrome when the nerve becomes compressed.
name: Piriformis
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What part of the muscle is the blue arrow pointing at?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The triceps brachii is a muscle located on the posterior aspect of the arm and is responsible for extension of the elbow joint. It has three distinct heads: the long head, medial head, and lateral head. The long head, indicated by the arrow, originates from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, playing a role in both elbow and shoulder extension. The lateral head originates from the posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial groove, while the medial head arises from the posterior humerus, inferior to the radial groove. All three heads insert via a common tendon onto the olecranon process of the ulna.
name: Long head of triceps
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lateral head of the triceps originates from the posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial groove. The arrow is pointing to a part of the muscle that is more medial than the lateral head.
name: Lateral head of the triceps
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The biceps brachii is found in the anterior compartment of the arm. This image shows the posterior compartment. The short head of biceps brachii originates from the coracoid process, whilst the long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle. Both heads insert onto the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis.
name: Long head of the biceps
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The biceps brachii is found in the anterior compartment of the arm. This image shows the posterior compartment. The short head of biceps brachii originates from the coracoid process, whilst the long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle. Both heads insert onto the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis.
name: Short head of the biceps
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The medial head of the triceps originates from the posterior surface of the humerus, inferior to the radial groove. This head is deep to the lateral and long head, so it is not visible in this image.
name: Medial head of the triceps
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the action of the blue indicated by the blue arrow?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This describes the action of the deltoid muscle. Supraspinatus initiates, and is responsible for the first 15 degrees of abduction. The arrow is pointing at the supraspinatus muscle.
name: Abduction of the shoulder after the first 15 degrees
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is the action of infraspinatus and teres minor; these are two of the rotator cuff muscles. Infraspinatus originates from the infraspinous fossa and teres minor originates from the posterior surface of the scapula.
name: Laterally rotates the arm
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the supraspinatus muscle. This is one of the rotator cuff muscles that originates in the supraspinous fossa. It acts to initiate abduction for the first 15 degrees.
name: Initiates abduction of the shoulder. It is responsible for the first 15 degrees of abduction.
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This action is produced by the levator scapulae. However, it is not visible in this image and it is located in the posterior triangle of the neck. It arises from the transverse processes of the vertebrae C1-C4 and attaches to the medial border of the scapula.
name: Elevation of the scapula
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The subscapularis medially rotates the arm. This muscle originates from the subscapular fossa.
name: Medially rotates the arm
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in this x-ray.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This is an x-ray of a normal knee joint. The fibula is located inferior to where the arrow is pointing.
name: Fracture of the fibula
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image shows a normal x-ray of the knee joint. Knee replacements are metal so it would appear radiopaque on an x-ray.
name: Total knee replacement
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of a normal knee joint. The tibia is located inferior to where the arrow is pointing.
name: Fracture of the tibia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The triangular outline that the arrow is pointing to is the patella. There are no fractures on this image of the knee joint.
name: Fracture of the femur
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This X-ray shows the knee joint, and the arrow is pointing to the patella, a triangular sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps tendon. The patella articulates with the femur at the patellofemoral joint, aiding in knee extension by increasing the leverage of the quadriceps muscle. It also helps protect the anterior surface of the knee joint from external trauma. The posterior surface of the patella is covered with cartilage to facilitate smooth movement across the femoral condyles.
name: Patella
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
This image shows an x-ray. Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This x-ray shows the knee joint. The lateral malleolus is more inferior and located at the ankle. It is a structure at the distal end of the fibula. The arrow points to the proximal fibula.
name: Lateral malleolus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the lateral bone in the knee joint. This is the fibula not the tibia. The tibia is the larger bone that is located on the medial side of the fibula.
name: Medial condyle of the tibia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This x-ray shows the knee joint. The arrow is pointing to the bone at the lateral aspect of the knee and this is the fibula. The neck of the fibula is located more inferior to the head. The arrow is pointing to the most superior portion of the fibula, which is the head.
name: Neck of the fibula
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This X-ray shows the knee joint, and the arrow is pointing to the fibula, the thinner bone on the lateral aspect of the leg. The proximal end of the fibula, known as the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia at the proximal tibiofibular joint. While the fibula does not directly contribute to the knee joint itself, it provides attachment points for ligaments and muscles such as the biceps femoris and fibular collateral ligament, playing a crucial role in stabilizing the lower leg and supporting ankle movement.
name: Head of the fibula
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the lateral bone in the knee joint. This is the fibula not the tibia. The tibia is the larger bone that is located on the medial side of the fibula.
name: Lateral condyle of the tibia
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark in this diagram.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The pubic tubercle is located on the body of the pubic bone. It is located lateral to the pubic crest. These are structures located at the anterior aspect of the hip bone.
name: Pubic tubercle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The ischial tuberosity is located in the inferoposterior aspect of the ischium. The ischial spine is the bony prominence between the greater and lesser sciatic notches.
name: Ischial tuberosity
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The iliac crest is a bony structure on the ilium of the hip bones. It is located at the superior margin of the ilium. The bony landmark the arrow marks is on the ischium.
name: Iliac crest
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The pubic crest is located on the pubis on the upper border of its body. The pubis is found at the anterior and inferior part of the hip bone. The arrow is pointing to a structure t the posterior aspect of the hip joint.
name: Pubic crest
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the hip bone, and the bony prominence marked is the ischial spine, a projection on the ischium. It is located between the greater and lesser sciatic notches, serving as an attachment point for important ligaments like the sacrospinous ligament, which helps form the greater and lesser sciatic foramina. The ischial spine also provides a landmark for identifying the course of the pudendal nerve and is an important reference point in obstetrics
name: Ischial spine
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which option is true regarding the relationship between the region marked with the blue arrow and the sciatic nerve?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The structure labelled by the blue arrow is the greater sciatic foramen which is divided into the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina by the **piriformis** muscle not the superior gemellus. The sciatic nerve passes through the infrapiriform foramen.
name: The region labelled by the blue arrow is divided into two parts by the superior gemellus muscle and the sciatic nerve passes through the inferior portion of the division.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The structure labelled by the blue arrow is the greater sciatic foramen. The sciatic nerve **enters** the gluteal region via this region.
name: The sciatic nerve leaves the gluteal region through the structure labelled by the blue arrow.
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The structure labelled by the blue arrow is the greater sciatic foramen which is divided into the suprapiriform and infrapiriform foramina by the piriformis muscle. The sciatic nerve passes through the infrapiriform foramen.
name: The region labelled by the blue arrow is divided into two parts by the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve passes through the superior portion of the division.
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The structure labelled by the blue arrow is the greater sciatic foramen, an opening in the pelvic bone formed by the greater sciatic notch and closed off by the sacrospinous ligament. The sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body, passes through this foramen to enter the gluteal region. Specifically, it exits below the piriformis muscle through the infrapiriform foramen, which is a section of the greater sciatic foramen. This nerve supplies motor and sensory innervation to the posterior thigh, leg, and foot.
name: The sciatic nerve enters the gluteal region through the structure labelled by the blue arrow.
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The structure labelled by the blue arrow is the greater sciatic foramen. The sciatic nerve **leaves** the **pelvis** via this region to **enter** the **gluteal region**.
name: The sciatic nerve enters the pelvis through the structure labelled by the blue arrow.
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the part of the muscle labelled by the arrow.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm, the triceps is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm. The medial head of the triceps is located deep to the lateral and long heads, it originates from the inferior aspect of the radial groove located at the posterior surface of the humerus.
name: Medial head of the triceps
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm, the triceps is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm. The long head of the triceps arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
name: Long head of the triceps
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm. The main muscle shown here is the biceps. The short head of the biceps originates from the coracoid process of the scapula, this is the head that is located more medial to where the arrow is pointing.
name: Short head of the biceps
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm, the triceps is a muscle of the posterior compartment of the arm. The lateral head originates from the posterior surface of the humerus superior to the radial groove.
name: Lateral head of the triceps
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm. The main muscle shown here is the biceps. The arrow is pointing to the part of this muscle that arises from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, this is the long head. The long head of the biceps also courses through the intertubercular sulcus which can be seen clearly in this diagram.
name: Long head of the biceps
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Name the muscle in this diagram that is labelled by the blue arrow.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The long head of the biceps arises from the supraglenoid tubercle. The muscle indicated by the arrow is attached to the coracoid process.
name: Long head of the biceps
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This diagram shows the anterior aspect of the arm, and the arrow points to the coracobrachialis muscle. This muscle originates from the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on the medial surface of the mid-shaft of the humerus. The coracobrachialis assists in flexion and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve, which pierces the muscle, making it an important landmark. The coracobrachialis functions primarily to stabilise the humerus during arm movement.
name: Coracobrachialis
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The short head of biceps also arises from the coracoid process, however the arrow is pointing to the muscle adjacent to the biceps. Biceps brachii has two heads, the short and long head. The arrow is not pointing to the muscle in the diagram with two heads.
name: Short head of the biceps
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Pectoralis minor is another muscle that has an attachment to the coracoid process of the scapula. However, this muscle arises from the third to the fifth ribs and extends laterally to insert onto the coracoid process of the scapula. The muscle in this question extends laterally from the coracoid process to the arm, so this is the coracobrachialis.
name: Pectoralis minor
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Brachialis has no attachments to the scapula. The muscle in this question arises from the coracoid process of the scapula. The brachialis arises from the anterior aspect of the distal humeral shaft and inserts onto the ulnar tuberosity.
name: Brachialis
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the venous structure indicated by the arrow.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The radial veins are part of the deep venous system, located beneath the deep fascia. These paired veins, called venae comitantes, accompany the radial artery and drain the lateral aspect of the forearm.
name: Radial veins
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The diagram shows the cubital fossa region, and the arrow is pointing to the basilic vein, which is situated on the medial aspect of the upper limb. The basilic vein originates from the dorsal venous network of the hand and ascends along the medial side of the forearm and arm. It becomes more superficial as it moves proximally. In the middle of the arm, the basilic vein penetrates deep fascia to join the brachial veins, eventually contributing to the formation of the axillary vein. This vein plays a key role in venous drainage of the upper limb.
name: Basilic vein
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The median cubital vein is located in the superficial fascia of the cubital fossa and serves as a connection between the basilic and cephalic veins. It is commonly used for venepuncture due to its accessibility.
name: Median cubital vein
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The ulnar veins are a part of the deep venous system and this is located under the deep fascia. These join the radial veins to form the brachial vein in the cubital fossa.
name: Ulnar vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The cephalic vein is located in the anterolateral aspect of the arm. The arrow points to a vein in the medial aspect.
name: Cephalic vein
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which statement below is true regarding the nerve indicated by the arrow?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The recurrent branch of this nerve (median nerve) supplies the **thenar** muscles.
name: The recurrent branch of this nerve supplies the hypothenar muscles.
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The median nerve only innervates the lateral two lumbricals. The medial two lumbricals are innervated by the ulnar nerve.
name: This nerve innervates all the lumbricals in the hand.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The median nerve provides sensory supply to the palmar surface of the lateral three and a half digits.
name: It provides sensory supply to the palmar surface of the lateral two and a half digits.
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The median nerve travels in a plane between the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus muscles. So, it lies superficial to the flexor digitorum profundus.
name: This nerve travels in a plane deep to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle.
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the median nerve, which arises from the brachial plexus. Initially, it runs lateral to the brachial artery in the proximal arm. As it descends, it crosses the artery around the mid-arm and becomes positioned medial to it. The median nerve continues into the forearm, passing through the cubital fossa and eventually enters the hand via the carpal tunnel, providing motor and sensory innervation to various structures of the forearm and hand.
name: This nerve initially lies laterally to the brachial artery in the arm.
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify this bone on the foot.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: All three of the cuneiforms articulate with the navicular posteriorly and the metatarsals anteriorly. The intermediate cuneiform is located between the medial and lateral cuneiforms.
name: Intermediate cuneiform
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The cuboid is a cuboidal shaped bone that is located next to the fourth and fifth metatarsals. It is found on the lateral aspect of the foot and it is in the distal row of tarsal bones.
name: Cuboid
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The navicular bone is located in the intermediate row. This articulates with the three cuneiforms anteriorly, the talus posteriorly and the cuboid laterally. It also has a boat-like shape.
name: Navicular
label: e
answer: no
explanation: All three of the cuneiforms articulate with the navicular posteriorly and the metatarsals anteriorly. The medial cuneiform is located at the most medial aspect in this row.
name: Medial cuneiform
label: c
answer: no
explanation: All three of the cuneiforms articulate with the navicular posteriorly and the metatarsals anteriorly. The lateral cuneiform is located between the cuboid (shown by the arrow in this image) and the intermediate cuneiform in the distal row of tarsal bones.
name: Lateral cuneiform
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a