hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
What is a function of the structure labelled in the radiological image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The right atrium is labelled here on the chest x-ray. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary veins and pumps this through to the right ventricle.
name: Receives oxygenated blood from the superior, inferior vena cava and coronary veins
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The right atrium is labelled here on the chest x-ray. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary veins and pumps this through to the right ventricle. Being able to identify the right atrium on a chest x-ray is clinically relevant in the context of central line insertion. When a central line is correctly inserted, the tip of the line should be visible at the cavoatrial junction.
name: Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The right atrium is labelled here on the chest x-ray. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and coronary veins.
name: Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior, inferior vena cava and coronary veins
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The right atrium is labelled here on the chest x-ray. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary veins and pumps this through to the right ventricle.
name: Receives oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava and coronary veins
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The right atrium is labelled here on the chest x-ray. It receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary veins and pumps this through to the right ventricle.
name: Receives oxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of these is a direct branch of the arrowed structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The brachiocephalic veins (also termed the innominate veins) are paired vessels, which drain the head, neck, upper limbs and part of the thorax and mediastinum. They are formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The right brachiocephalic vein becomes the superior vena cava as it is joined by the left brachiocephalic vein. The SVC then drains the deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.
name: Brachiocephalic vein
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The aortic arch is labelled on the chest x-ray. It has three direct branches: the brachiocephalic trunk which bifurcates into the right common carotid and right subclavian artery, the left subclavian artery and the left common carotid artery.
name: Left subclavian artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The internal jugular vein provides the main venous drainage of the brain, upper face and neck. The brachiocephalic veins (also termed the innominate veins) are paired vessels, which drain the head, neck, upper limbs and part of the thorax and mediastinum. They are formed by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
name: Internal jugular vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The aortic arch is labelled on the chest x-ray. It has three direct branches: the brachiocephalic trunk which bifurcates into the right common carotid and right subclavian artery, the left subclavian artery and the left common carotid artery.
name: Right common carotid artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The aortic arch is labelled on the chest x-ray. It has three direct branches: the brachiocephalic trunk which bifurcates into the right common carotid and right subclavian artery, the left subclavian artery and the left common carotid artery.
name: Right subclavian artery
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is a function of the labelled structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The external intercostal muscles originate at the lower border of the rib and inserts onto the superior border of the rib below it. The external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cage by elevating and extending the sternum.
name: Attachment for external intercostal muscle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Serratus anterior is a fan shaped muscle. It originates from the superolateral aspects of the first to eighth ribs and inserts onto the medial border of the scapula. Serratus anterior allows for the scapula to be pulled forward, and around the thorax. It also works with trapezius to permit rotation and abduction of the arm. Damage to the long thoracic nerve or accessory nerves can result in winging of the scapula.
name: Attachment for serratus anterior muscle
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The pectoralis minor originates from ribs 3-5 and inserts onto the coracoid process of the scapula. Pectoralis minor moves the scapula forward and downward thereby stabilising the scapula.
name: Attachment for pectoralis minor muscle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The transversus thoracis attaches at the posterior surface of the sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages of ribs 2-6. The transversus thoracis is an accessory muscle of respiration and aids during forced expiration.
name: Attachment for transversus thoracis muscle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The serratus posterior muscles are two paired muscles, located in the back. They extend obliquely from the ligamentum nuchae of cervical and thoracic vertebral column to ribs 2-5. They elevate and depress the ribs thereby aiding forced respiration.
name: Attachment for serratus posterior superior muscles
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the bony feature that is labelled by the arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The tubercle is labelled here. It articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of the same level.
name: Tubercle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The scalene tubercle is a specific feature of the first rib which is not seen here. The scalene tubercle is the site of insertion for the anterior scalene muscle.
name: Scalene tubercle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The body of the rib is the major flat and curved part of the rib and contains the costal groove at the inferior aspect.
name: Body
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The head of the rib sits close to the vertebrae and has two articular facets for articulation with the vertebra of the same level, and the vertebra above.
name: Head
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The costal groove is found at the inferior aspect of the body of the rib. The intercostal bundle, comprising the intercostal nerve, artery and vein, lies within this groove. This is important to consider when inserting a chest drain, or performing an intercostal nerve block.
name: Costal groove
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
How long does the labelled structure delay electrical cardiac impulses for? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The atrioventricular (AV) node is labelled here. The AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It then delays the impulses by approximately 120 ms to ensure atrial contraction and full ejection of blood into the ventricles.
name: 80 ms
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The atrioventricular (AV) node is labelled here. The AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It then delays the impulses by approximately 120 ms to ensure atrial contraction and full ejection of blood into the ventricles.
name: 200 ms
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The atrioventricular (AV) node is labelled here. The AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It then delays the impulses by approximately 120 ms to ensure atrial contraction and full ejection of blood into the ventricles.
name: 160 ms
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The atrioventricular (AV) node is labelled here. The AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It then delays the impulses by approximately 120 ms to ensure atrial contraction and full ejection of blood into the ventricles.
name: 120 ms
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The atrioventricular (AV) node is labelled here. The AV node receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node. It then delays the impulses by approximately 120 ms to ensure atrial contraction and full ejection of blood into the ventricles.
name: 60 ms
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the correct function of the structure that is labelled by the arrow. [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The left bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His is labelled. This bundle has two main branches, left and right which pass electrical impulses down the interventricular septum to the left and right ventricles respectively.
name: Transmits electrical impulses to the Purkinje fibres of the right ventricle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The left bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His is labelled. This bundle has two main branches, left and right which pass electrical impulses down the interventricular septum to the left and right ventricles respectively.
name: Transmits electrical impulses to the Purkinje fibres of the left ventricle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The left bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His is labelled. This bundle has two main branches, left and right which pass electrical impulses down the interventricular septum to the left and right ventricles respectively.
name: Transmits electrical impulses to the Purkinje fibres of the right atrium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His is labelled. This bundle has two main branches, left and right which pass electrical impulses down the interventricular septum to the left and right ventricles respectively. The atrioventricular node acts to delay electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node. This is to ensure the atria have sufficient time to fully empty into the ventricles before ventricular systole occurs.
name: Acts to delay the electrical cardiac impulses from the sinoatrial node
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The left bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle of His is labelled. This bundle has two main branches, left and right which pass electrical impulses down the interventricular septum to the left and right ventricles respectively.
name: Transmits electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node of the left atrium
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the structure that is labelled by the arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The adipose tissue of the breast sits around the breast to create the superficial layer of the breast. Underneath the adipose tissue lies the lactiferous ducts and lobules.
name: Adipose tissue
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The lobules are deeper within the breast. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: Lobule
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The lactiferous tubules (also termed the lactiferous ducts) drain lobules of alveoli in each breast. These converge at the nipple to secrete milk to the infant.
name: Lactiferous tubule
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lactiferous tubules are labelled which converge at the nipple. Around the nipple lies the areola which is an area of pigmented skin seen on the body surface. The areola contains sebaceous glands, which secrete oily substances during pregnancy to protect the skin from irritation during breast feeding.
name: Sebaceous glands
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The lactiferous tubules (also termed the lactiferous ducts) drain lobules of alveoli in each breast. These converge at the nipple to secrete milk to the infant.
name: Nipple
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Approximately how many of the labelled structure lie within each breast? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The labelled structure is the breast lobule. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: 10-15
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The labelled structure is the breast lobule. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: 30-35
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The labelled structure is the breast lobule. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: 25-30
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The labelled structure is the breast lobule. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: 15-20
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The labelled structure is the breast lobule. There are roughly 15-20 lobules within each breast. The breast lobules are drained by the lactiferous tubules, which converge to form the lactiferous sinuses, which in turn open into the nipple.
name: 5-10
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure that is labelled by the arrow [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The xiphoid process is the most inferior part of the sternum and is also the smallest. It articulates with the body of the sternum superiorly. The xiphoid process is a cartilaginous structure, until it ossifies around the age of 40.
name: Xiphoid process
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The body is the middle and largest portion of the sternum. It articulates with the manubrium superiorly and the xiphoid process inferiorly. It also has a number of articular facets, which articulate with the costal cartilages of ribs 3-6.
name: Body
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The manubrium is the most superior portion of the sternum. It articulates with the clavicles, the first rib and the body of the sternum. The manubrium is the thickest and strongest part of the sternum and protects the thorax.
name: Manubrium
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The jugular notch is the most superior part of the manubrium, located between the right and left clavicular notches. The indentation of the jugular notch is the palpable depression at the root of the neck.
name: Jugular notch
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The sternoclavicular joint is formed by the articulation between the sternum and clavicle. It is saddle shaped synovial joint which joins the axial skeleton with the upper limb.
name: Sternoclavicular joint
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the vertebral level of the labelled structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The xiphoid process of the sternum is labelled. It is the most distal portion of the sternum and sits at vertebral level T10.
name: T8
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The xiphoid process of the sternum is labelled. It is the most distal portion of the sternum and sits at vertebral level T10.
name: T10
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The xiphoid process of the sternum is labelled. It is the most distal portion of the sternum and sits at vertebral level T10.
name: T7
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The xiphoid process of the sternum is labelled. It is the most distal portion of the sternum and sits at vertebral level T10.
name: T9
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The xiphoid process of the sternum is labelled. It is the most distal portion of the sternum and sits at vertebral level T10.
name: T11
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the specific area of the mediastinum, which is labelled. [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The inferior mediastinum contains the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The anterior mediastinum is labelled here.
name: Inferior mediastinum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The middle mediastinum contains the origins of the major heart vessels including the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. It also contains the superior vena cava and pulmonary veins. The phrenic and vagus nerves also pass through the middle mediastinum.
name: Middle mediastinum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The superior mediastinum contains major vessels of the heart, trachea, oesophagus and thoracic duct. It also contains the left and right vagus and phrenic nerves. The superior mediastinum is bordered by the thoracic outlet superiorly, the sternal angle inferiorly, the pleural sacs laterally and the thoracic vertebral bodies of T1-T4 posteriorly.
name: Superior mediastinum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The posterior mediastinum contains the descending thoracic aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct and azygous veins. The vagus and splanchnic nerves and the sympathetic chain are also found within the posterior mediastinum.
name: Posterior mediastinum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The anterior mediastinum is labelled. It contains no major structures in adults, although it contains the thymus in children.
name: Anterior mediastinum
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What vertebral levels does the structure in the axial prosection lie between? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The thoracic aorta is labelled. It carries oxygenated blood around the body and spans from T4-T12. It becomes the abdominal aorta after passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12.
name: T2-T10
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The thoracic aorta is labelled. It carries oxygenated blood around the body and spans from T4-T12. It becomes the abdominal aorta after passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12.
name: T6-T12
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The thoracic aorta is labelled. It carries oxygenated blood around the body and spans from T4-T12. It becomes the abdominal aorta after passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12.
name: T8-L1
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The thoracic aorta is labelled. It carries oxygenated blood around the body and spans from T4-T12. It becomes the abdominal aorta after passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12.
name: T1-T7
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The thoracic aorta is labelled. It carries oxygenated blood around the body and spans from T4-T12. It becomes the abdominal aorta after passing through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at T12.
name: T4-T12
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the vertebral level of the structure that passes through the hiatus labelled? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The oesophagus passes through the oesophageal hiatus at T10 vertebral level. The oesophageal hiatus also transmits the vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries. “Oesophagus” has ten letters, the hiatus is at the level of T10, and the vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve.
name: T10
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The oesophagus passes through the oesophageal hiatus at T10 vertebral level. The oesophageal hiatus also transmits the vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries.
name: T9
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus passes through the oesophageal hiatus at T10 vertebral level. The oesophageal hiatus also transmits the vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries. “Oesophagus” has ten letters, the hiatus is at the level of T10, and the vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve. The aorta passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm at the level of T12. The thoracic duct also passes through the aortic hiatus.
name: T12
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus passes through the oesophageal hiatus at T10 vertebral level. The oesophageal hiatus also transmits the vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries.
name: T7
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus passes through the oesophageal hiatus at T10 vertebral level. The oesophageal hiatus also transmits the vagus nerves and small oesophageal arteries. “Oesophagus” has ten letters, the hiatus is at the level of T10, and the vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve. The inferior vena cava passes through the caval hiatus at the level T8. The phrenic nerve also passes through the caval hiatus.
name: T8
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What structure leaves an impression in the labelled image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This image shows the diaphragm. The arrow points to the impression left by the pericardium – ‘the cardiac impression’.
name: Pericardium
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The stomach is not part of the thorax.  It sits beneath the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity.
name: Stomach
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the diaphragm. The arrow points to the impression left by the pericardium – ‘the cardiac impression’. The myocardium is the muscular middle layer of the heart, found between the inner endocardium and outer pericardium.
name: Myocardium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the diaphragm. The arrow points to the impression left by the pericardium – ‘the cardiac impression’. The phrenic nerves (C3-C5) pierce and innervate the inferior surface of the diaphragm, but would not leave such an impression.
name: Phrenic nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the diaphragm. The arrow points to the impression left by the pericardium – ‘the cardiac impression’. The hemidiaphragms form distinct dome shaped contours against the adjacent lungs.
name: Lung
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure in the image below [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The left main bronchus is labelled here. It arises directly from the trachea and then branches into the upper and lower lobar bronchi. The left main bronchus is about twice as long as the right main bronchus, and runs more horizontally. This is why foreign bodies are more likely to be found in the right main bronchus.
name: Left main bronchus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The left main bronchus is labelled here. It arises directly from the trachea and then branches into the upper and lower lobar bronchi. The left main bronchus is about twice as long as the right main bronchus, and runs more horizontally. This is why foreign bodies are more likely to be found in the right main bronchus.
name: Right main bronchus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The left main bronchus is labelled here. It arises directly from the trachea and then branches into the upper and lower lobar bronchi. The middle lobe bronchus arises from the intermediate bronchus (from the *right* main bronchus).
name: Middle lobe bronchus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left main bronchus is labelled here. It arises directly from the trachea and then branches into the upper and lower lobar bronchi.
name: Trachea
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The left main bronchus is labelled here. It arises directly from the trachea and then branches into the upper and lower lobar bronchi. Bronchioles are the small terminal branches of the bronchi.
name: Bronchiole
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the blue arrow pointing to in the image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The middle lobe bronchus is labelled. It is a branch of the intermediate bronchus (which arises from the right main bronchus). The trachea is located proximally, and divides into the left and right main bronchi at the level of the sternal angle.
name: Trachea
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The middle lobe bronchus is labelled. It is a branch of the intermediate bronchus (which arises from the right main bronchus).
name: Right main bronchus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The middle lobe bronchus is labelled. It is a branch of the intermediate bronchus (which arises from the right main bronchus). Bronchioles are the small terminal branches of the bronchi.
name: Bronchiole
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The middle lobe bronchus is labelled. It is a branch of the intermediate bronchus (which arises from the right main bronchus).
name: Left main bronchus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The middle lobe bronchus is labelled. It is a branch of the intermediate bronchus (which arises from the right main bronchus).
name: Middle lobe bronchus
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a