hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
During the Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, a number of physiological and hormonal changes take place.

Which of the following statements below is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because mid-cycle pain is quite common amongst females during the Luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. This pain can be caused by the rupture of the dominant follicle- this will release the Oocyte
name: It is uncommon for females to experience mid-cycle pain, if they do, they should seek advice from their GP
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: The remnants of the dominant follicle will go on to develop the Corpus Luteum. The Granulosa cell will begin to start to respond to luteinizing hormone
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because although the remnants of the dominant follicle will develop the Corpus Luteum, the Granulosa cells will begin to respond to Luteinizing hormone and not FSH any more
name: The remnants of the dominant follicle will go on to develop the Corpus Luteum and Granulosa cell will begin to start to respond to follicle-stimulating hormone rather than luteinizing hormone
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect because progesterone drives the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
name: Oestrogen drives the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as it is actually the high levels of progesterone that maintains the endometrial lining and increases glandular secretion
name: The low levels of Progesterone will help to maintain the endometrial lining and increase glandular secretion
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following statements regarding menstrual cycles and contraception is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect, the progesterone-only pill comes in injectable forms, not the combined oral contraceptive pill
name: The combined oral contraceptive pill can also come in injectable forms, taken 8-12 weeks
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because this is the method for the progesterone-only pill, the oral combined contraceptive pill is monocyclic in nature, it is 21 days on and 7 days off
name: The oral combined contraceptive pill is needed to be taken continuously, with no breaks within the cycle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, the dual effect is with the progesterone-only pill not the combined oral contraceptive pill
name: In the combined oral contraceptive pill, it will also thicken cervical mucus making it more difficult for sperm cells to enter the uterus and gain access to the oocyte
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because during the 7 days off for the oral combined oral contraceptive pill, the endometrium breaks which stimulates menstruation
name: During the 7 days off for the oral combined contraceptive pill, the output of GnRH, FSH and LH is suppressed
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: The progesterone-only pill has a dual effect, in which it also will thicken cervical mucus
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following arteries supplies the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe, and the anterior parietal lobe?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because the vertebral artery supplies the upper part of the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and posterior part of the brain
name: Vertebral Artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because the Basilar artery supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and occipital lobes
name: Basilar Artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Anterior Cerebral Artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because the Posterior Cerebral Artery supplies the occipital lobe, posteromedial temporal lobes, midbrain, thalamus, choroid plexus and part of the lateral and third ventricles
name: Posterior Cerebral Artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, the Middle Cerebral Artery supplies specific regions or brain parenchyma
name: Middle Cerebral Artery
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which artery supplies the most lateral part of the Somatosensory Cortex?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because the Anterior Communicating Artery supplies the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe and the anterior parietal lobe
name: Anterior Communicating Artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because the anterior cerebral artery supplies the medial and superior parts of the frontal lobe and the anterior parietal lobe
name: Anterior Cerebral Artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because the Posterior Cerebral Artery supplies the occipital lobe, posteromedial temporal lobes, midbrain, thalamus, choroid plexus and part of the lateral and third ventricles
name: Posterior Cerebral Artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer because the most lateral part of the Somatosensory cortex is found within the post-central gyrus, supplied by the middle cerebral artery
name: Middle Cerebral Artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because the Posterior Communicating Artery supplies the thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasm and mamillary bodies
name: Posterior Communicating Artery
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
There are several proposed aetiological concepts of the development of a migraine, which of the following is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because it is actually characterised by abrupt changes in intracellular ion gradients not extracellular ion gradients
name: The cortical spreading depression is characterised by abrupt changes in extracellular ion gradients and sustained depolarisation of neurons
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is correct as the perceived answer is the enhanced trigeminovascular neuron activity, and the correct proposed theory is intracerebral vasoconstriction causing the aura and vasodilation causing the headache
name: Intracerebral vasoconstriction which causes headache and then vasodilation causing the aura
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, in terms of genetics of the Migraine, 50% of cases are caused by point mutations in the CACNA1A gene that encodes the pore-forming a1a subunit of the P/Q Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel
name: Point mutations in the AHCNA1A gene
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the incorrect answer, because the cortical spreading depression theory, states that higher extracellular K+ ion concentrations lead to inhibition of neural activity in the cortex
name: Within Cortical spreading depression, a lower extracellular K+ ion concentration leads to inhibition of neural activity in the cortex
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Enhanced trigeminovasular neuron activity
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
In regards to sleep and the physiology of sleep, which of the following statements is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect, alpha waves are picked up on an EEG when a patient is drowsy
name: If a patient is undergoing an Electro-encephalogram (EEG), alpha waves are picked up when they are awake
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is stimulated by light to keep someone awake, it is especially sensitive to blue light.
name: Located just above the junction of the optic nerves is the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and it has a major role in the generation of a circadian rhythm facilitating sleep
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: The Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus is named as one of the sleep centres, and when its neurons are stimulated, it will induce sleep
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is an incorrect answer. Although all these processes do happen whilst sleep takes place, sleep is not a passive process
name: Sleep is a passive process to allow tissue healing, hormone regulation, memory preparation, processing and consolidation to take place
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, in REM sleep there is a fluctuating heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and skeletal muscles are relaxed
name: In REM sleep, there is a steady heartrate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and muscles are relaxed
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
A patient presents with a history of a low mood, a loss of interest in their daily activities, an increase in agitation and guilt surrounding a recent breakup of their marriage.

How long must this patient have had these symptoms to meet the diagnosis criteria for depression?

Options:
explanation: This is the incorrect answer.
name: at least 6 weeks
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the incorrect answer.
name: at least 4 weeks
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is the incorrect answer
name: at least 3 days
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: at least 2 weeks
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is the incorrect answer.
name: at least 1 week
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
In relation to emotion and emotional responses and mood, which of the following is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because the anterior cingulate cortex is a form of attention, which will regulate cognitive and emotional processing
name: The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in concentration serving to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, appraisal is a theory to describe that we must perceive a stimulus before experiencing emotion related to that stimulus
name: In the process of emotion, appraisal is a physiological theory suggesting that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Elkcam had suggested 6 biologically programmed primary emotions
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because Plutchik suggested 8 basic emotions grouped into 4 pairs of opposites
name: Plutchik suggested that there is 10 basic emotions grouped into 5 pairs of opposites

B The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in concentration serving to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, this is the definition of mood. The definition of emotion is a positive or negative reaction to an appropriately evocative stimulus
name: Emotion can be defined as a frame of mind that is defined by one’s internal state rather than external behaviour
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurological disorder.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Options:
explanation: This incorrect, the Striatum is affect first, not the cortex of the brain
name: The brain cortex is first affected
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. The HD gene codes for the Huntingtin protein (HTT) HD gene and if found on **Chromosome 4**
name: The HD gene is found on Chromosome 7
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. Huntington’s disease is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, however, it is repeats of CAG
name: Huntington's disease is a trinucleotide repeat disorder with repeating CGG
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. The diagnosis relies upon a positive gene test, but the patient must *also* have a movement disorder
name: HD is diagnosed with a genetic test only
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: HD can cause symptoms such as chorea, dystonia, dysarthria and dysphagia
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
There are various different types of Glial cells.

Which of the following statements regarding them is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect. Microglia are the resident immune cells and produce enzymes, and cytokines and, have the capability of phagocytosis
name: Microglia has a characteristic star shape and have a role in repair and scarring
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because Microglia are the resident immune cells whilst astrocytes help to maintain homeostasis and the blood-brain barrier
name: Astrocytes are the resident immune cells and are mobile when activated
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Astrocytes have end feet which will help maintain the blood-brain barrier not Oligodendrocytes
name: Oligodendrocytes have end feet to help maintain the blood-brain barrier and contribute to blood flow regulation
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because oligodendrocytes make up the white matter
name: The cells that make up the white matter are microglia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Astrocytes maintain homeostasis through sequestering K+ ions and glutamate
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
A patient presenting with a loss of contralateral hemiplegia and hemisensory loss is most characteristic of what type of stroke?

Options:
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Middle cerebral artery infarction
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because these strokes present as dizziness, nystagmus, truncal and/or limb ataxia
name: Vertobrobasilar Stroke
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as a patient suffering from a posterior cerebral artery stroke will present with bilateral sensory/motor defects and deconjugate eye movement
name: Posterior cerebral artery infarction
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This incorrect as lacunar infarction will present as memory problems and difficulty speaking or understanding spoken language
name: Lacunar infarction
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because patients with a haemorrhagic stroke present with a thunderclap headache, seizures, nausea and unilateral weakness
name: Haemorrhagic stroke
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
In regards to Dementia, which of the following is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect as this is the description for frontotemporal dementia and not lewy body dementia
name: Lewy body dementia will affect frontal and temporal lobes and cause primary progressive aphasia
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: In Alzheimer’s disease, glutamate is released in excessive amounts when cells are damaged, causing further damage
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect as this is the cause of Alzheimer’s disease.
name: Frontotemporal dementia is caused by a build-up of proteins in the brain, more specifically amyloid beta and tau protein
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. Patients with these symptoms are characteristic of vascular dementia, not Alzheimer’s disease.
name: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease will present with problems with thinking speed, concentration and communication and anxiety and depression
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. Cholinesterase inhibitors are licensed for use in mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease to help increase acetylcholine levels allowing stabilisation of cognition, function and behaviour
name: With mild-moderate Lewy Body dementia, there is an option for the use of cholinesterase inhibitors
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is the function of the temporal lobe?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect, this is the role of the occipital lobe
name: Distance and depth perception
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Processing auditory information
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect, this is the role of the occipital lobe
name: Visuospatial processing, memory formation and face recognition
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, as this is the role of the frontal lobes
name: Voluntary movement and expressive language
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect. The parietal lobe is responsible for the processing of the sense of touch
name: The processing of the sense of touch
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968 Modal model of the theories of memory suggest which of the following?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because items are shifted from short-term memory to long-term memory via rehearsal and attention is for shifting items from the sensory memory to short-term memory
name: Items are shifted from short-term memory to long-term memory via attention
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as sensory memory has a larger capacity than short-term memory, items visually acknowledged fade too fast for a verbal report to have been made to encode them into the short-term memory
name: Short-term memory has a larger capacity than sensory memory
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Information can be lost from long-term memory through the interference of new material on previous old material
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect as the unrehearsed information is lost in 10-15seconds
name: Unrehearsed information in the short-term memory is lost within 30seconds to one minute
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This incorrect, this is the correct duration of the sensory memory
name: short-term memory has a duration of milliseconds - seconds
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
A patient with depression is likely to experience what deficits in regard to their memory?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because long-term memory may be impacted in severe/chronic states of depression and anxiety
name: Long-term memory impairments, especially in episodic and semantic memories
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect due to the fact their short-term memory and working memory are commonly associated with deficits and long-term memory is affected in severe/chronic states of depression.
name: A patient with depression is unlikely to experience any memory deficits
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as this is the case for dementia, not depression
name: During the early development of the illness, the short-term and working memory is usually affected
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as this is characteristic of the development of dementia, not depression
name: Long-term loss is experienced through gradual fading of episodic, semantic and procedural memories
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Long-term memory can be affected in severe/chronic states of depression
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following statements regarding the Cerebellum is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect, the cerebellum only makes up 10% of total brain volume
name: The cerebellum makes up 35% of total brain volume
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as the posterior lobe is separated via the superior border primary fissure and the anterior lobe is divided by inferior border primary fissure
name: The Posterior lobe of the cerebellum can be divided via the inferior border primary fissure
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because it is the cerebellar peduncles which connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
name: The pons connect the cerebellum to the brainstem
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer, it also assists in dynamic coordination and synchronisation of muscles
name: The cerebellum assists in posture and equilibrium
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect as ataxia is the inability to coordinate movement, including postural and gait disturbances
name: Injury to the cerebellum can result in ataxia which will cause an increase in the number of involuntary movements
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which one of the following statements regarding the mechanism of hearing is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because the tympanic membrane is externally lined by a thin skin and internally lined by mucous membrane
name: The tympanic membrane is externally lined by mucous membrane and internally lined by thin skin
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the incorrect answer as the tip links pull and push causing an opening, allowing K+ ions in to depolarise the neuron.
name: Attached to the top of stereocilia are tip links, which when they move pull and push cause an opening, allowing K+ ions to rapidly leave the synapse and allowing Ca2+ ions in
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as the role of the semi-circular canals is as a balance system and helps in orientation in space
name: The role of the semi-circular canals is to help collect sound and determine the direction of a sound
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, the Anvil and Stirrup will actually convert the vibrations of the air into vibrations in the bone to facilitate the understanding of sound
name: At the end of the ear canal, the Anvil and Stirrup play a role in converting vibrations (sound waves) of the air into electrical vibrations within the ear to allow the understanding of sound
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: Attached to the top of stereocilia are tip links, which when they move pull and pushes causing an opening, allowing K+ ions to depolarise neurons and allowing Ca2+ ions in allowing neurotransmitters through the synapse
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
A patient presents to their GP with the inability to abduct, elevated and extort their eye.

What muscle of the eye is the likely cause of these symptoms?

Options:
explanation: This is incorrect because the role of the levator palpebrae superioris to elevate the superior eyelid
name: Levator palpebrae superioris
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is the incorrect answer because the medial rectus will adduct the eye only
name: Medial Rectus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect because the superior rectus is to elevate, adduct and intort the eye
name: Superior Rectus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as the role of the superior oblique is to abduct, depress and intort the eye
name: Superior Oblique
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the correct answer as the role of the inferior oblique is to abduct, elevate and extorsion of the eye
name: Inferior Oblique
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following statements regarding the Blood-Brain Barrier is correct?

Options:
explanation: This is the correct answer
name: The blood-brain barrier is surrounded by glial cells to help support its function
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is incorrect because the blood-brain barrier is an extreme form of the lipid barrier, not a water-soluble barrier
name: The blood-brain barrier is an extreme form of water-soluble barrier
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect as the blood-brain barrier has got numerous tight junctions
name: The blood-brain barrier has not got any tight junctions
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is incorrect, because Clarityn will not cross the blood-brain barrier so it is unable to have a sedating effect
name: Drugs such Clarityn are able to cross the blood-brain barrier, meaning it has a sedating effect
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The blood-brain barrier is less effective in meningitis, allowing a greater variety of antibiotics to be given that don’t normally pass through the blood-brain barrier
name: In meningitis, the blood-brain barrier is more effective making it more difficult to treat
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a