hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Name the bone indicated by the blue arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The arrow points to the first metatarsal. The phalanges are distal to this and the big toe only has two phalanges compared to three like the other toes.
name: Proximal phalanx
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image is showing the bones of the foot, so this is the first metatarsal. Metacarpal bones are found in the hand.
name: First metacarpal
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the bones of the foot. The metatarsal bones are found between the tarsal bones and the phalanges. These are numbered in ascending order from medial to lateral. The arrow is pointing to the most medial metatarsal, so this is the first metatarsal. The big toe is always medial and a way to identify this is that it only has two phalanges.
name: First metatarsal
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This image shows the bones of the foot, so the arrow is indicating the first metatarsal. Metacarpal bones are found in the hand.
name: Fifth metacarpal
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The metatarsal bones are found between the tarsal bones and the phalanges. These are numbered in ascending order from medial to lateral. The arrow is pointing to the most medial metatarsal, so this is the first metatarsal. The fifth metatarsal is located at the lateral aspect of the foot.
name: Fifth metatarsal
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Name the joint indicated by the arrow in this x-ray.

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Options:
explanation: This is an x-ray of the hand. Metatarsophalangeal joints are found in the foot, this is a joint between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx. The joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges in the hands are called metacarpophalangeal joints.
name: Second metatarsophalangeal joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The metacarpophalangeal joints are numbered 1 to 5 from the radial aspect to the ulnar aspect where the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint would be the first metacarpophalangeal joint. Therefore, the metacarpophalangeal joint of the index finger would be the second metacarpophalangeal joint.
name: First metacarpophalangeal joint
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of the hand. Metatarsophalangeal joints are found in the foot, this is a joint between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanx. The joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges in the hands are called metacarpophalangeal joints.
name: First metatarsophalangeal joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of the hand. The blue arrow is pointing to the joint between the metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx of the index finger. This is the second metacarpophalangeal joint. These joints are numbered 1 to 5 from the radial aspect to the ulnar aspect where the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint would be the first metacarpophalangeal joint.
name: Second metacarpophalangeal joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The carpometacarpal joints are between the metacarpal and carpal bones. The arrow is pointing to a joint between the metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx.
name: Carpometacarpal joint
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in this x-ray.

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Options:
explanation: The tibia is a bone of the leg. This x-ray shows the hand, wrist and part of the forearm.
name: Tibia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The humerus is located in the arm and not the forearm and wrist joint. This x-ray shows the hand, wrist and part of the forearm.
name: Humerus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The fibula is a bone of the leg. This x-ray shows the hand, wrist and part of the forearm.
name: Fibula
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The ulna is located on the medial or ulnar aspect of the forearm. The distal end is rounded and articulates with the radius.
name: Ulna
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of the hand and the arrow points to the radius. The radius is located on the radial side of the forearm. This articulates with the ulna, scaphoid and lunate distally. The styloid process is formed on the lateral end as the radius extends distally.
name: Radius
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark indicated by the arrow on this bone. [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The trochlea is located more medial and it is shaped like a pulley. The capitulum, along with the trochlea, forms the hinge joint of the elbow, allowing for both flexion and extension of the forearm.
name: Trochlea
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The head of the humerus is located at the proximal end. This image shows the bony landmarks at the distal end of the bone.
name: Head
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image illustrates the distal end of the humerus. The capitulum is a rounded structure located lateral to the trochlea and articulates with the head of the radius. It plays a crucial role in elbow flexion and extension, facilitating smooth movement between the humerus and radius during forearm activities. The capitulum, along with the trochlea, forms the hinge joint of the elbow, allowing for both flexion and extension of the forearm.
name: Capitulum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The epicondyles are located immediately distal to the supra-epicondylar ridges. The medial epicondyle is larger than the lateral epicondyle.
name: Medial epicondyle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The epicondyles are located immediately distal to the supra-epicondylar ridges. The medial epicondyle is larger than the lateral epicondyle.
name: Lateral epicondyle
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Consider the bony landmark indicated by the arrow. Which structure does this articulate with?

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Options:
explanation: The clavicle does not articulate with the humerus. This image shows the distal end of the humerus.
name: Clavicle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the distal end of the humerus which only articulates with the radius and ulna. The proximal end articulates with the scapula.
name: Scapula
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the distal end of the humerus.
name: Humerus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The head of the radius articulates with the capitulum not the trochlea. The capitulum is the rounded structure that is found adjacent to the trochlea.
name: Radius
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the distal humerus and the arrow points at the trochlea. The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea.
name: Ulna
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the name of the vessel in this diagram.

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Options:
explanation: This image shows the hand with the ulnar artery (labelled with arrow) running alongside the ulnar nerve. The ulnar artery is located superficially to the transverse carpal ligament and contributes significantly to the vascular supply of the hand. It forms the superficial palmar arch, which supplies blood to the fingers through its branches
name: Ulnar artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the ulnar artery, more distally this forms the superficial palmar arch.
name: Superficial palmar arch
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The deep palmar arch is a continuation of the radial artery in the hand. This image is pointing to the artery on the medial/ulnar side of the hand. This is the ulnar artery.
name: Deep palmar arch
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The radial artery would be located on the radial side and forms the deep palmar arch. It travels on the floor of the anatomical snuffbox in the hand.
name: Radial artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The brachial artery is located in the arm and the cubital fossa. It branches to form the radial and ulnar arteries. This image shows an artery located in the hand.
name: Brachial artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the nerve supply of the muscle labelled by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve, does not supply the thenar muscles. Instead, it innervates deep muscles of the forearm, including the flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half), and pronator quadratus. The thenar muscles are primarily supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve.
name: Anterior interosseous nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The palmar digital cutaneous branches of the median nerve innervate the lateral three and a half fingers on their palmar surface. This branch of the median nerve only has sensory function.
name: Palmar digital cutaneous branches of the median nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the abductor pollicis brevis, one of the thenar muscles. These muscles are supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve.
name: Recurrent branch of the median nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve innervates the adductor pollicis, a muscle located in the palm that adducts the thumb. Adductor pollicis is not one of the thenar muscles. Unlike the thenar muscles, which are primarily responsible for thumb opposition and flexion, the adductor pollicis lies deeper and plays a crucial role in stabilising and positioning the thumb during grasping. Additionally, the deep branch supplies other intrinsic hand muscles, including the interossei and the third and fourth lumbricals, contributing to fine motor control and coordination of the fingers.
name: Deep branch of the ulnar nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The palmar digital branches of the median nerve innervate the lateral two lumbricals.
name: Palmar digital branches of the median nerve
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark indicated by the blue arrow in this image.

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Options:
explanation: The medial malleolus is a structure that is found at the distal end of the tibia. The arrow is pointing to a structure on the proximal end of the tibia.
name: Medial malleolus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The tibial tuberosity is located on the anterior surface of the tibial shaft on the proximal end. The arrow is pointing to a structure more proximal and medial than this.
name: Tibial tuberosity
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the **medial** tibial plateau rather than the **lateral** tibial plateau as the medial malleolus is on the same side as the structure labelled by the arrow.
name: Lateral tibial plateau
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to a structure at the proximal aspect of the tibia. A flat surface is formed by the medial and lateral condyles on the proximal end of the tibia. This is known as the tibial plateau. We can tell this is on the medial side as it on the same side as the medial malleolus at the distal end of the tibia.
name: Medial tibial plateau
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lateral malleolus is a structure that is found on the fibula. This image shows the tibia.
name: Lateral malleolus
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony structure indicated by the blue arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The lateral malleolus is a structure that is found on the fibula. This image shows the tibia.
name: Lateral malleolus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The medial and lateral condyles are structures located at the proximal end of the tibia. The arrow is pointing to the structure at the distal tibia.
name: Medial tibial condyle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The tibial tuberosity is located on the anterior surface of the tibial shaft at the proximal end. The arrow is pointing to a structure more proximal and medial than this.
name: Tibial tuberosity
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is an image of the tibia with the arrow pointing to the distal end. The bony projection at the distal end is known as the medial malleolus.
name: Medial malleolus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The medial and lateral condyles are structures located at the proximal end of the tibia. The arrow is pointing to the structure in the distal tibia.
name: Lateral tibial condyle
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which statement below is true regarding the muscle labelled by the blue arrow in this image?

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Options:
explanation: The extensor pollicis brevis is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve.
name: This muscle is supplied by the recurrent branch of the median nerve.
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The extensor pollicis brevis does travel through the first extensor compartment but **not** with the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle. It travels with the tendon of the abductor pollicis longus muscle.
name: It travels through the first extensor compartment with the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus muscle.
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image highlights the extensor pollicis brevis muscle, which is found in the posterior muscle compartment of the forearm. This muscle originates from the posterior surface of the radius and the interosseous membrane. It inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb, facilitating thumb extension and abduction at the carpometacarpal joint.
name: This muscle attaches to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The extensor pollicis brevis muscle only acts on the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints as it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx.
name: This muscle acts to extend the thumb at the interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The muscle indicated by the arrow is the extensor pollicis brevis, the tendon of this muscle forms the radial border of the anatomical snuffbox. The ulnar border is formed by the extensor pollicis longus.
name: The tendon of this muscle forms the ulnar border of the anatomical snuffbox.
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the name of the muscle indicated by the blue arrow.
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Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to one of the muscles of the thumb. This muscle seems to extend from the posterior surface of the arm to insert onto the distal phalanx of the thumb. This is the extensor pollicis longus. The anatomical snuffbox is a triangular depression located on the lateral aspect of the wrist. Its borders are defined as follows:

* Medial border: the extensor pollicis longus tendon
* Lateral border: the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons
* Floor: the scaphoid and trapezium bones, along with the radial artery that runs through it
name: Extensor pollicis longus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The extensor pollicis brevis inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx. The tendon of this muscle inserst onto the distal phalanx of the thumb and is therefore the extensor pollicis longus.
name: Extensor pollicis brevis
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The extensor indicis extends to insert onto the extensor hood of the index finger. The muscle indicated by the arrow inserts onto the distal phalanx of the thumb and is therefore the extensor pollicis longus.
name: Extensor indicis
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to one of the posterior forearm muscles. The abductor pollicis brevis is one of the thenar muscles of the hand.
name: Abductor pollicis brevis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: he abductor pollicis longus is a muscle of the thumb that forms the radial border of the anatomical snuffbox, alongside the extensor pollicis brevis. It is located laterally to the extensor pollicis longus, helping in thumb abduction at the carpometacarpal joint.
name: Abductor pollicis longus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Name the bone indicated by the blue arrow on this x-ray

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Options:
explanation: All three of the cuneiforms articulate with the navicular posteriorly and the metatarsals anteriorly, these are found in the distal row of tarsal bones. The lateral cuneiform is located between the cuboid and the intermediate cuneiform.
name: Lateral cuneiform
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The cuboid is a cuboidal shaped bone that is located next to the fourth and fifth metatarsals. It is found on the lateral aspect of the foot and it is in the distal row of tarsal bones. The bone in this image indicated by the arrow is in the proximal row of tarsal bones.
name: Cuboid
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The calcaneus forms the heel of the foot. It is the largest tarsal bone. This bone is found on the proximal row of tarsal bones along with the talus.
name: Calcaneus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The navicular bone is located in the intermediate row. This articulates with the three cuneiforms anteriorly, the talus posteriorly and the cuboid laterally. It also has a boat-like shape.
name: Navicular
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The talus is also one of the tarsal bones in the proximal row along with the calcaneus. This is the most superior tarsal bone. The calcaneus which is indicated by the arrow in this x-ray is located inferior to the talus.
name: Talus
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which joint is this arrow pointing at?

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Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the joint between the fourth metatarsal bone and the fourth proximal phalanx. This is the metatarsophalangeal joint. These are numbered 1 to 5 from medial to lateral.
name: Fourth metatarsophalangeal joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the joint between the fourth metatarsal bone and the fourth proximal phalanx. These are numbered 1 to 5 from medial to lateral. So, this would be the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.
name: Second metatarsophalangeal joint
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of the foot. Metacarpophalangeal joints are found in the hand, this is a joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanx. The joint between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanges in the foot are called metatarsophalangeal joints.
name: Fourth metacarpophalangeal joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is an x-ray of the foot. Metacarpophalangeal joints are found in the hand, this is a joint between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanx. The joint between the metatarsal bones and the proximal phalanges in the foot are called metatarsophalangeal joints.
name: Second metacarpophalangeal joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The tarsometatarsal joints are formed between the tarsal bones and the metacarpals. The arrow is pointing to a joint between the metatarsal bone and the proximal phalanx.
name: Tarsometatarsal joint
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical feature that is indicated by the blue arrow. [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The carina is a cartilaginous structure located at the bifurcation of the trachea. The trachea divides into the two main bronchi at the level of T4.
name: Carina
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The manubrium is the upper portion of the sternum. It is a bone and is not featured here. The carina is made of cartilage and sits at the inferior aspect of the trachea.
name: Manubrium
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The trachea lies above the level of the carina. At the carina (which corresponds to the level of T4), the trachea divides into the left and right main bronchi.
name: Trachea
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The right main bronchus is formed by the bifurcation of the trachea at the level of T4. The arrow points to the carina.
name: Right bronchus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left main bronchus is formed by the bifurcation of the trachea at the level of T4. The arrow points to the carina.
name: Left bronchus
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the anatomical feature marked by the blue arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The left lung oblique fissure is marked here. The right lung has three lobes: the superior, middle, inferior lobes, which are separated by the horizontal *and* oblique fissures.
name: Right horizontal fissure
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left lung contains two lobes, the superior and inferior lobes, which are separated by an oblique fissure only. There is no horizontal fissure of the left lung.
name: Left horizontal fissure
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The left lung oblique fissure is marked here. The right lung has three lobes: the superior, middle, inferior lobes, which are separated by the horizontal *and* oblique fissures.
name: Right oblique fissure
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The left lung contains two lobes, the superior and inferior lobes, which are separated by an oblique fissure only. There is no superior fissure.
name: Left superior fissure
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The left lung oblique fissure is marked here. The left lung has two lobes, the superior and inferior lobes, which are separated by the oblique fissure.
name: Left oblique fissure
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the blue arrow indicating in the image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The costal groove runs on the inside of the rib and contains the intercostal bundle, which is comprised of the intercostal vein, artery and nerve (in this order from superior to inferior). This can be remembered by the acronym VAN.
name: Costal groove
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The neck of the rib is a flattened portion of the rib, which extends laterally from the head of the rib. The neck contains no bony prominences or sites of articulation.
name: Neck of rib
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The tubercle of the rib is a bony prominence found where the neck meets the body of the rub. It articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra at the same level.
name: Tubercle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The head of the rib is shown here. It typically features two articular facets that connect to the vertebrae above and below. If the rib is typical, it may attach directly to the sternum, or if atypical, it may connect to costal cartilages.
name: Head of rib
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The body of the rib (also called the shaft) is the main part of the rib that is flat and curved. It contains the costal groove, which transmits the intercostal neurovascular bundle.
name: Body of rib
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following sits in the bony feature that is marked? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The subclavian artery and vein sit in the subclavian groove of the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle which is a feature unique to the first rib.
name: Subclavian artery and vein
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The subclavian artery and vein sit in the subclavian groove of the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle which is a feature unique to the first rib. The carotid arteries originate posterior to the sternoclavicular joints and in the neck.
name: Carotid artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The subclavian artery and vein sit in the subclavian groove of the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle which is a feature unique to the first rib. The sympathetic chain is found in the paravertebral gutter. The stellate ganglion (of the sympathetic chain) is located at the superior border of the first rib.
name: Sympathetic chain
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The subclavian artery and vein sit in the subclavian groove of the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle which is a feature unique to the first rib. The pulmonary arteries receive deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle. The right pulmonary artery courses posterior to the ascending aorta, and anterior to the descending aorta. It lies anterior to the right main bronchus. The left pulmonary artery also passes anterior to the descending aorta, but lies superior to the left main bronchus.
name: Pulmonary artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The subclavian artery and vein sit in the subclavian groove of the first rib, anterior to the scalene tubercle which is a feature unique to the first rib. The pulmonary veins originate from capillary networks in the alveolar walls and eventually drain oxygen rich blood into the left atrium.
name: Pulmonary vein
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a