hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The nasal cavity extends from the nostrils (external nares) to the posterior nasal apertures (internal nares), which open into the nasopharynx posteriorly. It is divided in half by the nasal septum. The floor is made from the palatine processes of the maxillae anteriorly and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones posteriorly. The lateral walls are formed by the maxillae and conchae.
name: Nasal cavity
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The oral cavity extends from the vestibule of the mouth to the palatoglossus arches. The floor primarily consists of the tongue and the roof is formed by the palate. The lateral borders are formed by the buccinator muscles bilaterally, which are continuous with the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle at the pterygomandibular raphe.
name: Oral cavity
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The nasopharynx is the most superior region of the pharynx. It begins after the posterior nasal apertures in the nasal cavity and extends down to the level of the soft palate.
name: Nasopharynx
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The sphenoidal sinus refers to the air spaces found within the sphenoid body of the skull base. It opens up into the spheno-ethmoidal recess above the superior concha bilaterally.
name: Sphenoidal sinus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The oropharynx is the intermediate region of the pharynx between the nasopharynx superiorly and the laryngopharynx inferiorly. It begins after the palatoglossus arches in the oral cavity and extends down to the level of the epiglottis.
name: Oropharynx
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The sympathetic chains lie lateral to vertebral bodies at the posterior thoracic wall on the necks of ribs bilaterally, derived from the sympathetic outflow of T1-L2.
name: Sympathetic chain
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The phrenic nerve arises form the anterior primary rami of C3,4,5 ('C3-5 keep the diaphragm alive'). It lies under the prevertebral fascia on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle, passing between the subclavian artery and vein. It is always found lateral to the vagus nerve on each side.
name: Phrenic nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The spinal accessory nerves emerge laterally from the spinal cord from the ventral horns of the C1-5 spinal roots. They emerge a third of the way down the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid bilaterally to supply it on each side, then pass lateral to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae. They then cross the posterior triangle to supply trapezius on each side.
name: Spinal accessory nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The superior laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve at the level of C2 on each side. They descend towards the larynx bilaterally and give off internal (sensory) and external (motor) branches in the neck.
name: Superior laryngeal nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are branches of the vagus nerve in the thorax on each side. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve arises at the level of the aortic arch and winds around the ligamentum arteriosum before ascending to the larynx, medial to the left phrenic nerve. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve arises at the level of the right subclavian artery and also ascends to the larynx, medial to the right phrenic nerve.
name: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The transverse processes project laterally from the junction between the pedicles and laminae.
name: Transverse process
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The laminae are flat sheets of bone extending posteromedially from each pedicle to fuse at the midline.
name: Vertebral lamina
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The pedicles are bony pillars that connect the vertebral body and the neural arch.
name: Vertebral pedicle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The spinous process projects posteroinferiorly from the junction of the laminae. It acts as a site for attachment of muscles and ligaments.
name: Spinous process
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The diagram shows a typical cervical vertebra. The vertebral body is found anterior to the spinal cord and is linked to other vertebral bodies by intervertebral discs and ligaments, forming the anterior part of the vertebral foramen.
name: Vertebral body
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Correct. The odontoid process (or dens) is the superior bony extension from the vertebral body of C2. It forms a synovial pivot joint with the anterior arch of C1, known as the atlanto-axial joint, which allows for head rotation. The odontoid process is stabilised in joint by transverse ligaments, the apical ligament (a remnant of the notochord connecting the apex of the odontoid process to the skull), and the alar ligament (connects apex of odontoid process to C1).
name: Odontoid process of C2
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The spinal cord is found in the vertebral column, posterior to the vertebral bodies.
name: Spinal cord
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The C1 vertebra lacks a spinous process. Instead, it has a posterior tubercle where the posterior arches meet.
name: Spinous process of C1
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The C1 vertebra has no anatomical body. Instead, the articular facet on the inside of anterior arch articulates with the odontoid process of C2.
name: Body of C1
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The intervertebral discs are found between adjacent vertebral bodies, forming secondary cartilaginous (or symphysis) joints. The outer ring of each disc is called the annulus fibrosis, whereas the inner core is called the nucleus pulposus.
name: Intervertebral disc
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Correct. The facial artery is one of the proximal branches of the external carotid artery. It ascends over the body of the mandible towards the medial commissure of the eye, giving branches to supply various structures in the face and pharynx. It has a characteristic tortuous structure to allow the artery to stretch appropriately during movements of the face and neck.
name: Facial artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The lingual artery is one of the proximal branches of the external carotid artery, more proximal than the facial artery. It traverses the sublingual region, giving branches to supply various structures in that area including the tongue.
name: Lingual artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The masseteric artery is a small branch of the maxillary artery, not directly from the external carotid artery. It passes deep to and supplies the masseter muscle.
name: Masseteric artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The superficial temporal artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the maxillary artery. It arises in the parotid gland and ascends over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone where it then divides into anterior and posterior divisions to supply superficial structures of the head.
name: Superficial temporal artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The maxillary artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the superficial temporal artery. It arises in the parotid gland, traverses the infratemporal fossa and reaches the pterygopalatine fossa, giving branches to supply various structures of the head.
name: Maxillary artery
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Correct. The internal carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at C3/4 and ascends up the neck. It can be easily differentiated from the external carotid artery, as it gives no branches in the neck. It enters the cranium via the carotid foramen of the temporal bone.
name: Internal carotid artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The common carotid artery ascends within the carotid sheath on scalenus anterior. It bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at C3/4, corresponding to the location of the carotid sinus.
name: Common carotid artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The external carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery at C3/4 and ascends towards the neck of the mandible, passing through the parotid gland. It gives several branches in the neck, and terminates as the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries.
name: External carotid artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The external jugular vein is formed from the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. It descends posteroinferorly within the superficial fascia overlying sternocleidomastoid.
name: External jugular vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The internal jugular vein is formed from the union of the inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, leaving the cranium via the jugular foramen. It descends down the neck within the carotid sheath.
name: Internal jugular vein
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Correct. The image is a parasagittal section of the head, showing a hollow cross-section of the transverse sinus running in the lateral margin of the tentorium cerebelli. It drains into the sigmoid sinus after receiving the superior petrosal sinus.
name: Transverse sinus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The inferior sagittal sinus runs in the posteroinferior border of the falx cerebri and joins the great cerebral and right and left basal veins to form the straight sinus.
name: Inferior sagittal sinus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The occipital sinus is the smallest dural venous sinus. It runs in the posterior border of the falx cerebelli and drains into the confluence of the sinuses.
name: Occipital sinus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The superior sagittal sinus runs in the superior border of the falx cerebri and drains into the right transverse sinus.
name: Superior sagittal sinus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The image is a parasagittal section of the head. The straight sinus runs in the junction between the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and continues as the left transverse sinus.
name: Straight sinus
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The anterior jugular vein drains the anterior aspect of the neck, forming the jugular venous arch and drains into the subclavian or external jugular vein.
name: Anterior jugular vein
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The brachiocephalic vein is formed from the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins behind the sternoclavicular joint. Both brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava.
name: Brachiocephalic vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The common carotid artery ascends within the carotid sheath over scalenus anterior, medial to the internal jugular vein. It bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries at C3/4, corresponding to the location of the carotid sinus.
name: Common carotid artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The external jugular vein is formed from the union of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein. It descends posteroinferorly within the superficial fascia overlying sternocleidomastoid and joins the subclavian vein at the base of the posterior neck triangle.
name: External jugular vein
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The internal jugular vein is formed from the union of the inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, and leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen. It descends down the neck within the carotid sheath, lateral to the common carotid artery, and joins the subclavian vein behind the sternoclavicular joint to form the brachiocephalic vein.
name: Internal jugular vein
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The insula is neocortical tissue located in the deep temporal lobe, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the putamen medially by the external capsule, claustrum, and extreme capsule, from deep to superficial.
name: Insula
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The lentiform nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia, comprising the globus pallidus (medially) and the putamen (laterally), each with distinct functional properties. The medial medullary lamina separates the internal and external globus pallidus, and the lateral medullary lamina separates the external globus pallidus and the putamen. The lentiform nucleus carries out complex functions related to movement, cognition and emotion.
name: Lentiform nucleus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The thalamus is a region of grey matter either side of the third ventricle in the diencephalon, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.
name: Thalamus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The internal capsule is a collection of white matter fibres that separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus.
name: Internal capsule
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.
name: Caudate nucleus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The putamen nucleus is a region of grey matter that forms the lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus in the basal ganglia. It is separated from the external globus pallidus by the lateral medullary lamina.
name: Putamen nucleus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The internal capsule is a collection of white matter fibres that separates the caudate and putamen nuclei in the basal ganglia, medial to the lentiform nucleus.
name: Internal capsule
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The caudate nucleus is a region of grey matter within the basal ganglia on the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule. The caudate nucleus plays a critical role in various higher neurological function.
name: Caudate nucleus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The thalamus is a region of grey matter either side of the third ventricle in the diencephalon, distinct from the basal ganglia. It is separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule.
name: Thalamus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The globus pallidus is a region of grey matter that forms the medial aspect of the lentiform nucleus in the basal ganglia. It is divided into the external and internal globus pallidus by the medial medullary lamina. The lateral aspect of the lentiform nucleus is formed by the putamen nucleus.
name: Globus pallidus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The cerebellum is located at the posterior of the brain inferior to the occipital and temporal lobes, separated by the tentorium cerebelli.
name: Cerebellum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The temporal lobe is located posterior to the frontal lobe, and inferior to the parietal lobes, separated by the Sylvian fissure. It is located anterior to the occipital lobe, separated by the occipitotemporal sulcus.
name: Temporal lobe
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The parietal lobe is located posterior to the frontal lobe, separated by the central sulcus; superior to the temporal lobe, separated by the Sylvian fissure; and anterior to the occipital lobe, separated by the parieto-occipital sulcus.
name: Parietal lobe
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The occipital lobe is the most posterior region of the cerebrum. It is separated from the parietal lobe anterosuperiorly by the parieto-occipital sulcus; from the temporal lobe anteroinferiorly by the occipitotemporal sulcus; and from the cerebellum by the tentorium cerebelli.
name: Occipital lobe
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the pole of the frontal lobe, the most anterior region of the cerebrum. It is separated from the parietal lobe superoposteriorly by the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe inferoposteriorly by the Sylvian fissure.
name: Frontal lobe
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The central sulcus is the groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes. It is the boundary between the primary motor cortex on the precentral gyrus and the primary somatosensory cortex on the postcentral gyrus.
name: Central sulcus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The Sylvian (or lateral) sulcus is the groove separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The insular cortex is found deep within this groove.
name: Sylvian fissure
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The lunate sulcus is a groove located in the occipital lobe, separating the primary visual cortex from the secondary visual cortex.
name: Lunate sulcus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The longitudinal fissure is the midline groove separating the two cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is found deep within this groove, connecting the two hemispheres.
name: Longitudinal fissure
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The parieto-occipital sulcus is a groove separating the parietal and occipital lobes, more prominent medially.
name: Parieto-occipital sulcus
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the Brodmann Area (BA) of the cortex located at the labelled structure?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-4 corresponds to the primary motor cortex, found within the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
name: BA-4
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-7 corresponds to the cortex involved in visuo-motor coordination, found within the precuneus and superior parietal lobule of the parietal lobe.
name: BA-7
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-3,1,2 correspond to the primary somatosensory cortex, found within the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.
name: BA-3,1,2
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe, which corresponds to BA-17.
name: BA-17
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the primary occipital cortex of the occipital lobe. BA-43 corresponds to the primary gustatory cortex, found within the anterior insula of the insular lobe and inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe.
name: BA-43
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the functional division of the cerebellum that includes the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The vestibulocerebellum is comprised of the flocculonodular node. It receives inputs from the vestibular nuclei and is involved in maintaining steady head and neck movements to maintain visual fixation.
name: Vestibulocerebellum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The anterior lobe is not a functional division, but an anatomical division of the cerebellum, associated with unconscious proprioception. Although it contains a portion of the vermis, it is not the single best answer.
name: Anterior lobe
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The cerebrocerebellum is comprised of the lateral cerebellar hemispheres. It receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei and is involved in coordination of complex motor actions including speech and eye movements via the ventral thalamus and red nucleus.
name: Cerebrocerebellum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The posterior lobe is not a functional division, but an anatomical division of the cerebellum, associated with fine motor control. Although it contains a portion of the vermis, it is not the single best answer.
name: Posterior lobe
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the cerebellar vermis, the region in the midline of the cerebellum. The spinocerebellum is comprised of the vermis, intermediate zones of the cerebellar hemispheres, fastigial and interposed nuclei. It receives inputs primarily from the spinocerebellar tract and is involved in coordination of motor movements by allowing for error correction via rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts.
name: Spinocerebellum
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Correct. The basilar artery is formed by the union of both vertebral arteries and ascends within the anterior midline groove on the brainstem. It gives branches to supply the pons and cerebellum, then terminates as the two posterior cerebral arteries.
name: Basilar artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The anterior spinal artery arises from branches from each vertebral artery which unite in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord. They descend through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone alongside the anterior surface of the spinal cord.
name: Anterior spinal artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The internal carotid arteries ascend up the neck within the carotid sheath on each side after the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. They then enter the carotid foramina of the temporal bone and emerge superior to the cartilage filling the foramen lacerum, before travelling superiorly into the cavernous sinuses.
name: Internal carotid artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The posterior spinal arteries arise from either the vertebral arteries or posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. They descend through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone alongside the posterior surface of the spinal cord.
name: Posterior spinal artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The vertebral arteries ascend through the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae C1-6 then enter the cranium via the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. Both vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery in the midline.
name: Vertebral artery
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a