hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum.The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. In this image, they are pictured in red, inferior to the pictured left pulmonary artery. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the major vessel arising from the left ventricle, and continuing into the aortic arch.
name: Pulmonary vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum.The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The pulmonary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk, which arises from the right ventricle and transports deoxygenated blood the lungs. The pulmonary trunk, and the left pulmonary artery can be recognised as the blues structure in this image.
name: Pulmonary artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The descending aorta lies in the posterior mediastinum, posteriorly to the heart and the hilar contents between the lungs. It is located close to and slightly to the left of the thoracic vertebral column. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle. The descending aorta is a continuation of the aortic arch.
name: Descending aorta
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The aortic arch is the curved portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta. It lies superiorly to the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle.
name: Aortic arch
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the structures in the middle mediastinum. The middle mediastinum lies between the two pleural sacs, and contains the heart and the origin of the great vessels. The arrow indicates the ascending aorta, which can be recognised as the main artery of the heart emerging from the left ventricle. The ascending aorta continues into the aortic arch as it curves posteriorly.
name: Ascending aorta
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the posterior view of the thorax, with the vertebral column in the midline. The arrow points to the hemiazygous vein, which runs in the posterior mediastinum, to the left of the vertebral column, draining into the azygous vein on the right side at the level of T8. Its main function is to drain venous blood from the left side of the posterior thoracic wall, collecting blood from the posterior intercostal veins. This answer is not correct because it refers to the right, instead of the left side.
name: Drains venous blood from the posterior intercostal veins of the right side of the thorax and abdomen
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the posterior view of the thorax, with the vertebral column in the midline. The arrow points to the hemiazygous vein, which runs in the posterior mediastinum, to the left of the vertebral column, draining into the azygous vein on the right side at the level of T8. Its main function is to drain venous blood from the left side of the posterior thoracic wall.
name: Drains venous blood from the left hemithorax
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the posterior view of the thorax, with the vertebral column in the midline. The arrow points to the hemiazygous vein, which runs in the posterior mediastinum, to the left of the vertebral column, draining into the azygous vein on the right side at the level of T8. Its main function is to drain venous blood from the left side of the posterior thoracic wall. The lymphatic drainage of the left superior half of the body is achieved by the right lymphatic duct.
name: Drains lymph from the right half of the upper body
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the posterior view of the thorax, with the vertebral column in the midline. The arrow points to the hemiazygous vein, which runs in the posterior mediastinum, to the left of the vertebral column, draining into the azygous vein on the right side at the level of T8. Its main function is to drain venous blood from the left side of the posterior thoracic wall. Because it is a vein, not an artery, the function of supplying blood to the left side of the thoracic cavity wall is not correct.
name: Supplies blood to the left hemithorax
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the posterior view of the thorax, with the vertebral column in the midline. The arrow points to the hemiazygous vein, which runs in the posterior mediastinum, to the left of the vertebral column, draining into the azygous vein on the right side at the level of T8. Its main function is to drain venous blood from the left side of the posterior thoracic wall. The lymphatic drainage of the left superior half of the body is achieved by the thoracic duct, which also collects lymph from the inferior aspect of the body.
name: Drains lymph from the left superior half of the upper body
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below

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Options:
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the thoracic cavity. The manubriosternal joint is formed between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum and it lies in the midline. The arrow points to the junction between the right clavicle (the straight, long bone directed from the midline superiorly to the right) and the sternum (in the midline). The connection between these two bones is called the right sternoclavicular joint.
name: Xiphisternal joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the thoracic cavity. The arrow points to the junction between the right clavicle (the straight, long bone directed from the midline superiorly to the right) and the sternum (in the midline). The connection between these two bones is called the right sternoclavicular joint. The left sternoclavicular joint is located on the other side.
name: Left sternoclavicular joint
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the thoracic cavity. The manubriosternal joint is formed between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and it lies in the midline. The manubriosternal joint is also known as the manubriosternal angle, or the angle of Louis and is palpable. The arrow points to the junction between the right clavicle (the straight, long bone directed from the midline superiorly to the right) and the sternum (in the midline). The connection between these two bones is called the right sternoclavicular joint.
name: Manubriosternal joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the thoracic cavity. The right first sternocostal joint is formed between the first rib and the sternum and it lies inferiorly to the joint formed between the right clavicle (the straight, long bone directed from the midline superiorly to the right) and the sternum (in the midline), which is indicated by the blue arrow and is called the right sternoclavicular joint.
name: Right first sternocostal joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the thoracic cavity. The arrow points to the junction between the right clavicle (the straight, long bone directed from the midline superiorly to the right) and the sternum (in the midline). The connection between these two bones is called the right sternoclavicular joint.
name: Right sternoclavicular joint
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below

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Options:
explanation: The image shows the bony anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly in the midline lies the sternum. The body of the sternum represents the main, long surface of the sternum. The arrow points to the most inferior prominence of the sternum which is called the xiphoid process.
name: Body of the sternum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the bony anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly in the midline lies the sternum. The arrow points to the most inferior prominence of the sternum which is called the xiphoid process.
name: Xiphoid process
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows the bony anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly in the midline lies the sternum. The manubriosternal joint represents the connection between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, and it is located in the superior third of the sternum. The manubriosternal joint is also known as the manubriosternal angle, or the angle of Louis and is palpable. The arrow points to the most inferior prominence of the sternum which is called the xiphoid process.
name: Manubriosternal joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the bony anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly in the midline lies the sternum. The xiphisternal joint represents the connection between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process and it is located in the inferior third of the sternum. The arrow points to the most inferior prominence of the sternum which is called the xiphoid process.
name: Xiphisternal joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the bony anatomy of the thoracic cavity. Anteriorly in the midline lies the sternum. The manubrium represents the superior, slightly enlarged part of the sternum, which articulates with the clavicle. The arrow points to the most inferior prominence of the sternum which is called the xiphoid process.
name: Manubrium
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below

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Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.
name: Trachea
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The left common carotid artery is not a midline structure as the one indicated by the arrow. The left and right common carotid arteries can be seen in this image, they lie medial to the left and right internal jugular veins, and have a smaller lumen.  The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.
name: Left common carotid artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The oesophagus is located posterior to the trachea and is visible in this image. The walls of the oesophagus are not enhanced by cartilage (like the trachea), so its walls appear collapsed in the absence of a food bolus. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline as well and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.
name: Oesophagus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The descending aorta is not visible at this level in the neck. The descending aorta begins at T4 and descends through the posterior mediastinum, close to the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity, near the vertebral column. The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.
name: Descending aorta
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the neck region. The right jugular vein is not a midline structure as indicated by the arrow. The left and right jugular veins are visible in this image. They are located lateral to the left and right common carotid artery (which have a smaller lumen). The structure indicated by the arrow is located in the midline and has a maintained circular lumen in this anatomical preparation, which is consistent with the appearance of the trachea – whose lumen is maintained by the cartilaginous rings in its structure.
name: Right jugular vein
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below and the correct level at which it pierces the diaphragm

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Options:
explanation: This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through at the level of T12. The structure indicated by the arrow, however, is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).
name: Aorta – T12
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10), while the T12 opening allows the passage of the descending aorta. The oesophageal hiatus is located in the muscular part of the diaphragm and lies to the left of the aortic hiatus. The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).
name: Oesophagus – T12
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The inferior vena cava passes through at the level of T8. The inferior vena cava runs to the right of the vertebral column. However, the structure indicated by the arrow is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).
name: Inferior vena cava – T8
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The aorta passes through at the level of T12, slightly to the left of the midline. The structure indicated by the arrow, however, is the oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).
name: Aorta – T10
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image shows a view of the dissected thoracic and abdominal cavities with the diaphragm separating them. The diaphragm has multiple openings which allow the passage of anatomical structures between the thorax and the abdomen. The oesophagus passes at the level of the 10th thoracic vertebra (T10). The following mnemonic is useful: I8 10eggs at 12 (Inferior vena cava – T8; Oesophagus – T10; descending aorta – T12).
name: Oesophagus – T10
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland.
name: Lactiferous duct
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The mammary ducts are the tubules connecting the mammary lobules with the lactiferous sinuses.
name: Mammary duct
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The adipose tissue of the mammary gland is surrounding the exocrine tissue and is represented in yellow in the image.
name: Adipose tissue
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The mammary lobules are small collections of alveoli contained within an acinus in the mammary gland and connected by the mammary ducts to the lactiferous sinus.
name: Mammary lobules
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal view through the mammary gland tissue. The structure indicated by the arrow is one of the lactiferous ducts of the gland, which is situated in between the nipple and the lactiferous sinuses of the mammary gland. The areola represents the circular area of external skin which is slightly darker in colour than the rest of the skin, and which surrounds the nipple.
name: Areola
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The superior border of the heart is formed by the left and right atria and great vessels.
name: Superior border of the heart – in contact with the diaphragm
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. More specifically, the arrow corresponds most closely with the posterior interventricular sulcus.
name: Inferior border of the heart – in contact with the diaphragm
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The left border of the heart is formed by the left ventricle and can be seen in this photograph,
however it does not have an anatomical relationship with the inferior vena cava. The  inferior vena cava is located laterally to the right of the heart.
name: Left border of the heart – in contact with the inferior vena cava
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The posterior border of the heart does not have an anatomical relationship with the sternum, because the sternum is located anterior to the heart.
name: Posterior border of the heart – in contact with the sternum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This photograph shows the heart from a posterior view. The arrow is pointing to the inferior surface of the heart, which is normally in contact with the diaphragm. The right border of the heart is formed by the right atrium and is visible in this photograph, however it lies more superiorly. Additionally, the right surface of the heart does not have an anatomical relationship with the descending aorta because the descending aorta travels posteriorly and slightly to the left of the heart.
name: Right border of the heart – in contact with the descending aorta
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?

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Options:
explanation: This image shows an anterior view of the heart. The arrow points to the left anterior descending artery, a main branch of the left coronary artery. The left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior surface of the left ventricle and the distal two thirds of the interventricular septum.
name: Supplies blood to the left anterior aspect of the heart
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This image shows an anterior view of the heart. This answer describes the function of the posterior interventricular artery, a branch of the right coronary artery , which supplies the posterior one third of the interventricular septum and adjacent areas of the left and right ventricles . However, the artery indicated by the blue arrow is the left anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery.
name: Supplies blood to the interventricular and inferior aspects of the heart
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This image shows an anterior view of the heart. This answer describes the function of the left coronary artery, however the arrow is pointing specifically to the left anterior descending artery, which is a branch of the left coronary artery. The left coronary artery can be located between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle of the heart.
name: Supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This image shows an anterior view of the heart with the coronary arteries visible. The answer describes the function of the right coronary artery which supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle, and to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in most people. However, the artery indicated by the blue arrow is the left anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery.
name: Supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle, and to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This image shows an anterior view of the heart. This answer describes the function of the circumflex artery, a branch of the left coronary artery, which supplies the left atrium and left ventricle. However, the artery indicated by the blue arrow is the left anterior descending artery, a branch of the left coronary artery.
name: Supplies blood to the outer and posterior aspects of the heart
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a