hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which of the following is the correct cell type which lines the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: Stratified columnar epithelium is found in the pharynx, anus, conjunctiva and male urethra.
name: Stratified columnar epithelium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Stratified cuboidal epithelium is found in excretory ducts of sweat glands and salivary glands.
name: Stratified cuboidal epithelium
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The vagina is labelled. The vagina is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. This multi-layered epithelial tissue offers protection against physical abrasion, pathogens, and friction. It also helps maintain the acidic environment necessary for protecting against infections.
name: Stratified squamous epithelium
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Simple squamous epithelium is found in the alveoli, linings of blood and lymph vessels and lining of the heart.
name: Simple squamous epithelium
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Simple columnar epithelium lines the digestive tract.
name: Simple columnar epithelium
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which statement correctly describes the function of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The seminal vesicles are labelled. The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins. This secretion nourishes sperm and facilitates their motility. Additionally, it contains clotting factors that help coagulate semen after ejaculation, aiding in the retention of sperm within the female reproductive tract.
name: Produces acidic secretions to aid sperm motility and fertilisation
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The epididymis is the primary storage site of sperm. The seminal vesicles produce secretions to aid sperm function.
name: Primary storage facility of sperm
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The seminal vesicles are labelled. The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins. This secretion nourishes sperm and facilitates their motility. Additionally, it contains clotting factors that help coagulate semen after ejaculation, aiding in the retention of sperm within the female reproductive tract.
name: Produces secretions to aid sperm motility and fertilisation
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The seminal vesicles are labelled. The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins. This secretion nourishes sperm and facilitates their motility. Additionally, it contains clotting factors that help coagulate semen after ejaculation, aiding in the retention of sperm within the female reproductive tract.
name: Secretions contain sucrose for an energy source for spermatozoa
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The seminal vesicles are labelled. The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins. This secretion nourishes sperm and facilitates their motility. Additionally, it contains clotting factors that help coagulate semen after ejaculation, aiding in the retention of sperm within the female reproductive tract.
name: Secretions contain anti-coagulant factors
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following marks the lateral boundary of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The deep transverse perineal muscle forms part of the floor of the ischioanal fossa.
name: Deep transverse perineal muscle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The roof of the ischioanal fossa is formed by the levator ani muscles.
name: Levator ani
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The lateral boundaries of the ischioanal fossa are the ischial tuberosities, obturator internus muscle and the obturator fascia.
name: Ischial tuberosity
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The external anal sphincter forms part of the medial wall of the ischioanal fossa. This muscle encircles the anal canal and plays a crucial role in controlling defecation by regulating anal canal closure, while its position contributes to the structural integrity of the ischioanal fossa.
name: External anal sphincter
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The perineal body forms the central, anterior portion of the base of the ischioanal fossa. It is a fibromuscular structure that provides critical support and attachment for several pelvic muscles, including the external anal sphincter and the deep transverse perineal muscle, contributing to pelvic floor stability.
name: Perineal body
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which correctly describes the structure that is marked by the blue arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The deep inguinal ring lies at the midpoint of inguinal ligament. The superficial inguinal ring is labelled and this lies superior to the pubic tubercle.
name: Lies at the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The superficial inguinal ring is labelled and this lies superior to the pubic tubercle. The ilioinguinal nerve and genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve pass through the inguinal canal. The obturator nerve passes through the obturator foramen.
name: The obturator nerve passes through the structure
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The superficial inguinal ring is labelled and this lies superior to the pubic tubercle.
name: Lies inferior to the pubic tubercle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The superficial inguinal ring is labelled and this lies superior to the pubic tubercle.
name: Lies superior to the pubic tubercle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The superficial inguinal ring is labelled and this lies superior to the pubic tubercle.
name: Lies medial to the pubic tubercle
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the structure labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The pampiniform plexus is labelled. The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery within the spermatic cord. It drains venous blood from the testes. The plexus ultimately converges into the testicular vein. The testicular veins drain into different veins depending on the side. The right testicular vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before joining the inferior vena cava.
name: Drains venous blood from the testes into the left renal vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The lymphatic vessels of the male reproductive system primarily drain lymphatic fluid into the para-aortic lymph nodes. This drainage includes lymph from the testes, seminal vesicles, and prostate. The pampiniform plexus is labelled. The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery within the spermatic cord. It drains venous blood from the testes. The plexus ultimately converges into the testicular vein.
name: Drain lymphatic fluid into the para-aortic lymph nodes
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pampiniform plexus is labelled. The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery within the spermatic cord. It drains venous blood from the testes and helps regulate testicular temperature by cooling the arterial blood. The plexus ultimately converges into the testicular vein.
name: Drains arterial blood from the testes into the testicular vein
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pampiniform plexus is labelled. The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery within the spermatic cord. It drains venous blood from the testes. The plexus ultimately converges into the testicular vein. The testicular veins drain into different veins depending on the side. The right testicular vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava. The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before joining the inferior vena cava.
name: Drains venous blood from the testes into the right renal vein
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The pampiniform plexus is labelled. The pampiniform plexus is a network of veins surrounding the testicular artery within the spermatic cord. It drains venous blood from the testes and helps regulate testicular temperature by cooling the arterial blood. The plexus ultimately converges into the testicular vein.
name: Drains venous blood from the testes into the testicular vein
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the spinal level of the labelled structure
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Options:
explanation: The intervertebral disc labelled is between L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. These discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus, which help absorb and distribute mechanical stress, allowing for spinal flexibility and reducing impact on the vertebrae.
name: L3-4
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The intervertebral disc labelled is between L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. These discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus, which help absorb and distribute mechanical stress, allowing for spinal flexibility and reducing impact on the vertebrae. The sacrum is a fused structure composed of five vertebrae fused together. As a result, there are no intervertebral discs within the sacrum itself.
name: L5-S1
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The intervertebral disc labelled is between L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. These discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus, which help absorb and distribute mechanical stress, allowing for spinal flexibility and reducing impact on the vertebrae.
name: L5-L6
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The intervertebral disc labelled is between L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. These discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus, which help absorb and distribute mechanical stress, allowing for spinal flexibility and reducing impact on the vertebrae.
name: L4-5
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The intervertebral disc labelled is between L4 and L5 vertebral bodies. These discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus and an inner nucleus pulposus, which help absorb and distribute mechanical stress, allowing for spinal flexibility and reducing impact on the vertebrae.
name: L2-3
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following ligaments connects the 5th sacral body to the surface of the coccyx?
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Options:
explanation: The deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament extends from the posterior aspect of the 5th sacral vertebra to the dorsal surface of the coccyx. This ligament provides stability to the sacrococcygeal junction.
name: Deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lateral sacrococcygeal ligament extends from the lateral aspects of the sacrum to the transverse processes of the first coccygeal vertebra. This ligament provides stability and reinforces the lateral support of the sacrococcygeal junction
name: Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The interarticular ligaments extend from the sacral cornua (horns) to the coccygeal cornua. These ligaments stabilise the sacrococcygeal joint, providing support and limiting excessive movement between the sacrum and coccyx.
name: Interarticular ligaments
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament, which extends along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies. It runs from the base of the skull to the sacrum, providing support and stability to the spine by preventing excessive extension and reinforcing the anterior spinal column.
name: Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament extends from the median sacral crest to the coccyx. This ligament lies on the posterior aspect of the sacrum and coccyx, providing support and stability to the sacrococcygeal junction.
name: Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure that is labelled by the blue arrow.
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Options:
explanation: The subphrenic recesses are potential spaces in the supracolic compartment of the greater sac, between the diaphragm and liver. Pelvic malignancies may spread to the right subphrenic and subhepatic spaces via transcolemic spread through the right paracolic gutter.
name: Right subphrenic recess
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The subphrenic recesses are potential spaces in the supracolic compartment of the greater sac, between the diaphragm and liver. The subphrenic recesses are clinically important because they are a potential site of abscess formation.
name: Left subphrenic recess
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The infracolic compartment lies below the transverse mesocolon. It is divided into a right and left side by the mesentery of the small intestine. Again, the infracolic compartment is clinically important because it is a potential space where excess fluid (e.g. ascites) can accumulate.
name: Infracolic compartment
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The epiploic foramen of Winslow is labelled and provides a site of communication between the lesser and greater sac. The epiploic foramen is clinically important for two reasons. First, it is a potential site for an internal hernia. Secondly, the hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct all pass through the hepatoduodenal ligament immediately adjacent to the foramen of Winslow.
name: Epiploic foramen (of Winslow)
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The paracolic gutters lie between the posterolateral abdominal wall and the lateral aspect of the ascending and descending colons. The paracolic gutters freely communicate with the pelvis and are therefore a potential site of metastatic spread of abdominopelvic malignancies. Additionally, infectious fluids may accumulate in the paracolic gutters, thereby making them a potential site of abscess formation.
name: Paracolic gutter
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What are the main functions of the labelled anatomical structure?
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Options:
explanation: This answer is incorrect because the cervix actually allows sperm to pass through into the uterus. It plays a crucial role in fertility by permitting sperm entry and facilitating conception.
name: The cervix does not allow the passage of sperm.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This answer is incorrect because the cervix does not produce commensal bacteria. Instead, it has a mucus plug that helps maintain a sterile environment by preventing bacteria from entering the uterus. The cervix itself is not involved in producing bacteria.
name: Produces commensal bacteria for maintenance of sterility
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The cervix, located at the lower end of the uterus, has a canal that permits the passage of sperm into the uterus and allows menstrual flow to exit. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sterility of the female reproductive tract by producing cervical mucus that acts as a barrier to pathogens.
name: Allows passage of sperm and maintains sterility
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The cervix, located at the lower end of the uterus, has a canal that permits the passage of sperm into the uterus and allows menstrual flow to exit. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sterility of the female reproductive tract by producing cervical mucus that acts as a barrier to pathogens. The ovum passes through the fallopian tube and imbeds in the endometrium once fertilised.
name: Allows passage of sperm and passage of ovum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The cervix, located at the lower end of the uterus, has a canal that permits the passage of sperm into the uterus and allows menstrual flow to exit. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sterility of the female reproductive tract by producing cervical mucus that acts as a barrier to pathogens. The ovum passes through the fallopian tube and imbeds in the endometrium once fertilised.
name: Maintains sterility and allows passage of ovum
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the structure labelled by the blue arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The urogenital hiatus is an anatomical opening in the pelvic diaphragm, located between the pubic symphysis and the coccyx. It provides space for the passage of the urethra and, in females, the vaginal canal. This hiatus allows for the function and support of the urogenital structures.
name: Urogenital hiatus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The rectum and anal sphincters sit within the rectal hiatus which is situated posteriorly to the urogenital hiatus.
name: Rectal hiatus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The urethral hiatus cannot be visualised here as the arrow points to the urogenital hiatus. The urethral hiatus sits within the urogenital hiatus.
name: Urethral hiatus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The puborectalis is the innermost muscle of the levator ani which surrounds the urogenital hiatus and helps support the pelvic floor.
name: Puborectalis
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pubococcygeus is the middle muscle of the levator ani which surrounds the urogenital hiatus and helps support the pelvic floor.
name: Pubococcygeus
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which joint is labelled in this x-ray of the shoulder?
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Options:
explanation: The x-ray shows an image of the left shoulder, with the arrow pointing at the acromioclavicular joint. The glenohumeral joint is between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
name: Left glenohumeral joint
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The x-ray shows an image of the left shoulder, with the arrow pointing at the acromioclavicular joint. This is formed between the acromion of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle. It stabilises the shoulder by connecting the scapula to the clavicle, enabling movements such as shoulder elevation, abduction, and rotation.
name: Left acromioclavicular joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The x-ray shows an image of the left shoulder, with the arrow pointing at the acromioclavicular joint. The sternoclavicular joint is between the sternal edge of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.
name: Left sternoclavicular joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The x-ray shows an image of the left shoulder rather than the right. It is also pointing at the acromioclavicular joint. The sternoclavicular joint is between the sternal edge of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.
name: Right sternoclavicular joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The x-ray is pointing to the acromioclavicular joint, but the image shows the left shoulder rather than the right shoulder.
name: Right acromioclavicular joint
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which muscle attaches on the most superior part of the structure labelled with the blue arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the greater tubercle of the humerus. This structure has three impressions where three muscles attach. The most superior impression is where supraspinatus inserts. The most inferior of the three impressions is where teres minor inserts.
name: Teres minor
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The insertion of pectoralis major on the humerus is onto the intertubercular sulcus, not the greater tubercle.
name: Pectoralis major
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The subscapularis inserts onto the lesser tubercle of humerus rather than the greater tubercle.
name: Subscapularis
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the greater tubercle of the humerus. This structure has three impressions where three muscles attach. The most superior impression is where supraspinatus inserts. The middle impression is where infraspinatus inserts.
name: Infraspinatus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the greater tubercle of the humerus. This structure has three impressions where three muscles attach. The most superior impression is where supraspinatus inserts. Hence the muscle that attaches on the most superior part of the greater tubercle is the supraspinatus.
name: Supraspinatus
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
This image shows the muscles of the thigh. Identify the muscle labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The image shows the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh. Adductor longus is located in the medial compartment.
name: Adductor longus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the posterior compartment of the thigh, highlighting the biceps femoris, the most lateral muscle in this region. It has two heads: a long head originating from the ischial tuberosity and a short head from the femur. Both insert at the head of the fibula, aiding in knee flexion and hip extension.
name: Biceps femoris
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The **semimembranosus** is also situated in the posterior compartment of the thigh, however this muscle lies deep to the semitendinosus and it is located more medially. It inserts onto the medial tibial condyle.
name: Semimembranosus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The **semitendinosus** is also situated in the posterior compartment of the leg, however this muscle lies more medial. It inserts onto the medial surface of the tibia.
name: Semitendinosus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh. Adductor magnus is located in the medial compartment.
name: Adductor magnus
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the muscle in the thigh indicated by the arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The arrow points to the tensor fasciae latae muscle, which tightens the fascia lata, the deep fascia of the thigh. This muscle assists in abducting and medially rotating the lower limb, while also stabilising the pelvis and knee during activities such as walking or running. It does not extend and laterally rotate the lower limb.
name: Extension and lateral rotation of the lower limb
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to the tensor fasciae latae muscle, which tightens the fascia lata, the deep fascia of the thigh. This muscle assists in abducting and medially rotating the lower limb, while also stabilising the pelvis and knee during activities such as walking or running.
name: Abduction and medial rotation of the lower limb
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow is pointing at the tensor fascia latae. This muscle tightens the fascia lata which abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. It does not extend the lower limb.
name: Extension and medial rotation of the lower limb
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing at the tensor fascia latae. This muscle tightens the fascia lata which medially rotates and **abducts** (rather than adduct) the lower limb.
name: Adduction and medial rotation of the lower limb
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing at the tensor fascia latae. This muscle tightens the fascia lata which abducts and medially rotates the lower limb. It does not laterally rotate the lower limb.
name: Abduction and lateral rotation of the lower limb
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the muscle indicated by the arrow situated near the femoral vessels.

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Options:
explanation: Sartorius forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle; it does not form the floor.
name: Sartorius
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The tensor fascia latae is not a part of the femoral triangle.
name: Tensor fascia latae
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The adductor longus is situated on the floor of the femoral triangle, but it is located more medial to the where the arrow is pointing. It lies medial to the pectineus.
name: Adductor longus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the femoral triangle, with the arrow pointing to the pectineus muscle, one of the muscles forming the floor of the triangle. It lies medially in the triangle, lateral to the adductor longus, and has a quadrangular shape. The pectineus functions in hip flexion and adduction.
name: Pectineus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The iliopsoas is situated on the floor of the femoral triangle, but it is located more lateral to the where the arrow is pointing. It lies lateral to the pectineus.
name: Iliopsoas
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a