hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a sagittal section of the male pelvic cavity. The bladder is located anteriorly to the structure indicated by the blue arrow. This space is called the pouch of Douglas which is the inferior-most extension of the peritoneal cavity in the pelvis. In males this is located between the bladder and the rectum, so it is termed the rectovesical pouch. In females, this space lies between the vaginal canal and the rectum and is termed the rectovaginal pouch.
name: The bladder
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal section of the male pelvic cavity. The mesentery is a double-fold of the peritoneal membrane, which attaches the small and large intestine to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The arrow however points to the pouch of Douglas which is the inferior-most extension of the peritoneal cavity in the pelvis. In males this is located between the bladder and the rectum, so it is termed the rectovesical pouch. In females, this space lies between the vaginal canal and the rectum and is termed the rectovaginal pouch.
name: The mesentery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal section of the male pelvic cavity. The rectum is located posteriorly to the structure indicated by the blue arrow. That structure is the pouch of Douglas which is the inferior-most extension of the peritoneal cavity in the pelvis. In males this is located between the bladder and the rectum, so it is termed the rectovesical pouch. In females, this space lies between the vaginal canal and the rectum and is termed the rectovaginal pouch.
name: The rectum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal section of the male pelvic cavity. The rectosigmoid junction represents the transition zone between the sigmoid colon and the rectum and it is located posterior and superior to the structure indicated by the blue arrow. The arrow points to the pouch of Douglas which is the inferior-most extension of the peritoneal cavity in the pelvis. In males this is located between the bladder and the rectum, so it is termed the rectovesical pouch. In females, this space lies between the vaginal canal and the rectum and is termed the rectovaginal pouch.
name: The rectosigmoid junction
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a sagittal section of the male pelvic cavity. The arrow points to the pouch of Douglas which is the inferior-most extension of the peritoneal cavity in the pelvis. In males this is located between the bladder and the rectum, so it is termed the rectovesical pouch. In females, this space lies between the vaginal canal and the rectum and is termed the rectovaginal pouch.
name: Pouch of Douglas
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial section of the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. The liver is located on the same side as the structure indicated by the blue arrow, but is found superior and anterior to the structure indicated. The liver does not lie in such close proximity to the vertebral column (the vertebral body can be seen here at the bottom of the image, in the midline). Thus, the arrow indicates the right perirenal space, which represents the largest division of the retroperitoneum and which contains the kidneys, the perirenal adipose tissue, the adrenal glands, the renal blood vessels and lymphatics.
name: Liver
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. The psoas major muscle is located on either side of the vertebral column in the retroperitoneal space of the posterior abdominal cavity. The muscle is found medial to the structure indicated by the arrow. Thus, the arrow indicates the right perirenal space, which represents the largest division of the retroperitoneum and which contains the kidneys, the perirenal adipose tissue, the adrenal glands, the renal blood vessels and lymphatics.
name: Psoas major muscle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is located on the contralateral side (the right of the patient is on the left of the image and vice versa, as if we are looking inside from the patient’s legs up). Thus, the arrow indicates the right perirenal space, which represents the largest division of the retroperitoneum and contains the kidneys, the perirenal adipose tissue, the adrenal glands, the renal blood vessels and lymphatics.
name: Left kidney
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. The arrow indicates the right perirenal space, which represents the largest division of the retroperitoneum and contains the kidneys, the perirenal adipose tissue, the adrenal glands, the renal blood vessels and lymphatics.
name: Right perirenal space
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial section of the lumbar region of the abdominal cavity. The right kidney is contained within the perirenal space, to which the arrow points. The right perirenal space is the largest division of the retroperitoneum and which contains the kidneys, the perirenal adipose tissue, the adrenal glands, the renal blood vessels and lymphatics.
name: Right kidney
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the abdominal cavity with the skin and the muscle layers displaced laterally to reveal the greater omentum. The rectus abdominis muscle is a long muscle of the anterior abdominal wall, which originates from the pubic bone and inserts onto the xiphoid process and costal cartilages. It has been removed in this dissection. The arrow indicates the greater omentum, which is a double-layered fibro-fatty layer of tissue extending from the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly to the pelvis and back up to the transverse colon.
name: Rectus abdominis muscle
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the abdominal cavity with the skin and the muscle layers displaced laterally to reveal the greater omentum. The lesser omentum is a double-layer of tissue located in between the liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach. It is located deeper in the abdomen compared to the greater omentum.
name: Lesser omentum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the abdominal cavity with the skin and the muscle layers displaced laterally to reveal the greater omentum. The greater omentum is a double-layered fibro-fatty layer of tissue extending from the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly to the pelvis and back up to the transverse colon. The greater omentum is the largest of the omenta.
name: Greater omentum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the abdominal cavity with the skin and the muscle layers displaced laterally to reveal the abdominal contents. The mesentery is a double-fold of the peritoneal membrane, which attaches the small and large intestine to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. This is located deeper compared to the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the greater omentum.
name: Mesentery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the abdominal cavity with the skin and the muscle layers displaced laterally to reveal the greater omentum. The peritoneum represents a smooth membrane which lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities, surrounding the organs. However, the arrow indicates the greater omentum, which is a double-layered fibro-fatty layer of tissue extending from the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly to the pelvis and back up to the transverse colon.
name: Peritoneum
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected pancreas with the duodenum and the blood vessels in situ. The first part of the duodenum receives partially digested contents from the pylorus of the stomach. However, the arrow points to the second part of the duodenum, which receives pancreatic enzymes via the pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater. These enzymes aid the process of digestion.
name: Receives partially digested contents from the pylorus of the stomach
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected pancreas with the duodenum and the blood vessels in situ. However, the arrow points to the second part of the duodenum, which receives pancreatic enzymes via the pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater. These enzymes aid the process of digestion. Bile does drain into the second part of the duodenum however it does so via the common bile duct rather than the common hepatic duct.
name: Receives bile from the gallbladder via the common hepatic duct
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected pancreas with the duodenum and the blood vessels in situ. The caecum lies between the distal ileum and ascending colon and allows for passage of digested contents between these two structures. However, the arrow points to the second part of the duodenum, which receives pancreatic enzymes via the pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater. These enzymes aid the process of digestion.
name: Transports digested contents from the distal ileum to the ascending colon
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected pancreas with the duodenum and the blood vessels in situ. The fourth part of the duodenum joins the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure and therefore allows passage digested contents into the jejunum. However, the arrow points to the second part of the duodenum, which receives pancreatic enzymes via the pancreatic duct and ampulla of Vater. These enzymes aid the process of digestion.
name: Allows digested contents to pass into the jejunum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected pancreas with the duodenum and the blood vessels in situ. The arrow points to the second part of the duodenum. The pancreatic duct empties pancreatic enzymes into the second part of the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater.
name: Receives pancreatic enzymes to aid digestion
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the lower abdominal cavity. The aorta is seen in the centre of the image. The arrow indicates a structure in the inferior and lateral (lower left) abdominal cavity, the sigmoid colon.
name: Sigmoid colon
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the lower abdominal cavity. The aorta is seen in the centre of the image. The caecum is located in the lower abdominal cavity, on the right side. However, the arrow points to a structure in the inferior and lateral (lower left) aspect of the abdominal cavity, the sigmoid colon.
name: Caecum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the lower abdominal cavity. The aorta is seen in the centre of the image. The mesentery represents a double-layer of peritoneum surrounding the small and large intestine. The mesentery is not well visualised in this specimen. The arrow indicates, the sigmoid colon, which lies in the inferior and lateral (lower left) abdominal cavity.
name: Mesentery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the lower abdominal cavity. The aorta is seen in the centre of the image. The ileocaecal valve is a sphincter muscle locater between the ileum and the. The ileocaecal valve is found in the right lower abdomen. However, the arrow indicates to a structure in the lower left abdomen, the sigmoid colon.
name: Ileocaecal valve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissection of the lower abdominal cavity. The aorta is seen in the centre of the image. The sigmoid colon becomes the rectum at the level of S3.
name: Rectum
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the contents of the lower abdominal cavity. The prostate gland is responsible for the secretion of prostatic fluid. However, the arrow indicates the rectum, whose function is to expulse the faeces during the defecation process.
name: Secretion of prostatic fluid
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the contents of the lower abdominal cavity. The urinary bladder is responsible for the storage of urine. However, the arrow indicates the rectum, whose function is to expulse the faeces during the defecation process.
name: Storage of urine before micturition
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the contents of the lower abdominal cavity. The arrow indicates the rectum, whose function is to expulse the faeces during the defecation process.
name: Expulsion of faeces during defecation
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the contents of the lower abdominal cavity. The ascending colon is responsible for the absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material. However, the arrow indicates the rectum, whose function is to expulse the faeces during the defecation process.
name: Absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the contents of the lower abdominal cavity. The sigmoid is the last possible site at which absorption of nutrients, vitamins and water can occur in the GI tract, before faecal matter passes to the rectum for temporary storage and expulsion.
name: Absorption of nutrients, vitamins and water
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a mid-sagittal dissection through the lower abdominal cavity and pelvis. The internal anal sphincter is located slightly more distal compared to the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the anal canal. The anal canal joins the rectum and the anus.
name: Internal anal sphincter
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a mid-sagittal dissection through the lower abdominal cavity and pelvis. The arrow indicates the anal canal as it joins the rectum and the anus.
name: Anal canal
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a mid-sagittal dissection through the lower abdominal cavity and pelvis. The rectum is located more proximal to, and is more muscular in appearance, than the structure indicated by the arrow. Thus, the arrow indicates the anal canal which joins the rectum and the anus.
name: Rectum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a mid-sagittal dissection through the lower abdominal cavity and pelvis. The sigmoid colon is located more proximal to the structure indicated by the arrow. The arrow indicates the anal canal, which joins the rectum and the anal opening.
name: Sigmoid colon
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a mid-sagittal dissection through the lower abdominal cavity and pelvis. The external anal sphincter is located more distal, in the anal triangle of ther perineum. Thus, the arrow indicates the anal canal, which joins the rectum and the anus.
name: External anal sphincter
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the rectum and the anal canal. The arrow points to the anal canal, which allows passage of faecal matter as it is excreted from the rectum to the anus. The ascending colon is The ascending colon is responsible for absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material.
name: The absorption of water and electrolytes from indigestible material
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the rectum and the anal canal. The arrow points to the anal canal, which allows passage of faecal matter as it is excreted from the rectum to the anus. The rectum allows temporary storage of faeces before defecation.
name: The storage of faeces before defecation
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the rectum and the anal canal. The arrow points to the anal canal, which allows passage of faecal matter as it is excreted from the rectum to the anus.
name: Allows passage of faeces from the rectum during defecation
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the rectum and the anal canal. The arrow points to the anal canal, which allows passage of faecal matter as it is excreted from the rectum to the anus. The vaginal canal serves as the channel for childbirth.
name: Serves as the channel for childbirth
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected view of the rectum and the anal canal. The arrow points to the anal canal, which allows passage of faecal matter as it is excreted from the rectum to the anus. The urethra allows passage of urine during micturition.
name: The passage of urine during micturition
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the lower thoracic cavity/upper abdominal cavity, with the lungs in situ. The left lobe of the liver is responsible for processing blood received from the entire gastrointestinal tract. However, the arrow indicates the right lobe of the liver, whose function is to process blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein.
name: Processes blood from the entire gastrointestinal tract
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the lower thoracic cavity/upper abdominal cavity, with the lungs in situ. The arrow indicates the right lobe of the liver, whose function is to process blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein. This option is not correct, as the structure is anatomically distinct from the lung parenchyma and correlates with the normal anatomical position of the right lobe of the liver.
name: No function – the structure indicated is a lung tumour
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the lower thoracic cavity/upper abdominal cavity, with the lungs in situ. The arrow indicates the right lobe of the liver, which processes blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein.
name: Processes blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the lower thoracic cavity/upper abdominal cavity, with the lungs in situ. The spleen is responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged red blood cells from the circulation. However, the spleen is located on the left side of the body. The arrow points to a structure on the right (the right side of the patient is on the left side of the image and vice versa). Thus, the arrow indicates the right lobe of the liver, whose function is to process blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein.
name: Removes damaged red blood cells from the circulation
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the lower thoracic cavity/upper abdominal cavity, with the lungs in situ. The stomach is responsible for the storage of food for digestion before onwards passage into the duodenum. The arrow however indicates the right lobe of the liver, whose function is to process blood received from the pancreas, the stomach and the midgut through the superior mesenteric vein.
name: Storage of food for digestion before onward passage into the duodenum
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in image below.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected spleen with the large splenic artery and the tail of the pancreas (inferiorly) in situ. The artery points towards the spleen. The liver is recognisable by its characteristic shape and by its close relationship with the gallbladder.
name: Liver
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected spleen with the large splenic artery and the tail of the pancreas (inferiorly) in situ. The artery points towards the spleen. The kidneys are recognisable by their characteristic shape. The surface of the kidney is covered by a smooth capsule and the adrenal glands lie at the superior pole of the kidneys.
name: Right kidney
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected spleen with the large splenic artery and the tail of the pancreas (inferiorly) in situ. The artery points towards the spleen. The spleen has a slightly oval shape and is covered by a weak capsule. The splenic artery and splenic vein are located at the hilum of the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is found medial to the spleen.
name: Spleen
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected spleen with the large splenic artery and the tail of the pancreas (inferiorly) in situ. The artery points towards the spleen. Toxic megacolon is acute colonic dilatation of the transverse colon, associated with loss of haustration. The spleen can be recognised by its characteristic shape and vasculature.
name: Sigmoid colon enlarged due to toxic megacolon
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected spleen with the large splenic artery and the tail of the pancreas (inferiorly) in situ. The artery points towards the spleen. The stomach can be distinguished by its characteristic shape and colour. The stomach has a reddish-pink colour and is the most dilated part of the GI tract. It is essentially a muscular bag. The fundus, body and pyloric antrum comprise the main parts of the stomach and the greater and lesser curvatures form the left and right borders respectively.
name: Stomach
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a