hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the feature of the bone labelled
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Options:
explanation: The alae of the sacrum are the wing-like lateral extensions on either side of the sacral base. They form part of the sacroiliac joint by articulating with the iliac bones of the pelvis. They contribute to the stability of the pelvic girdle and support the transfer of body weight to the lower limbs.
name: Ala of sacrum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The body of the sacrum is its central, largest part and forms the base of the vertebral column. It contains four pairs of sacral foramina (anterior and posterior) on each side, which allow the passage of sacral nerves and blood vessels.
name: Body of sacrum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The coccyx, or tailbone, is the most inferior part of the vertebral column. While separate from the sacrum, it articulates with the sacrum at the sacrococcygeal joint. The coccyx provides attachment points for ligaments and muscles that support pelvic floor structures.
name: Coccyx
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The sacral promontory is the prominent, anteriorly projecting uppermost part of the sacrum. It marks the transition between the lumbar spine and the sacrum by articulating with the L5 vertebra.
name: Sacral promontory
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The sacral cornu are small bony projections located on the posterior surface of the sacrum at its most distal end, adjacent to the sacral hiatus. These structures serve as landmarks for the sacrococcygeal junction and provide attachment points for ligaments connecting the sacrum to the coccyx.
name: Sacral cornu
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which statement correctly describes the function of the anatomical structure?
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Options:
explanation: The pubocervical ligaments connect the cervix to the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis. They provide support to the cervix and help stabilise the position of the uterus, contributing to the overall structural integrity of the pelvic organs and supporting the pelvic floor.
name: Connects the cervix to the pubic symphysis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The suspensory ligament (or suspensory ligament of the ovary) connects the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall, providing support and anchoring it in the pelvic cavity. The ovarian ligament links the medial side of the ovary to the uterus, helping maintain the ovary’s position relative to the uterus.
name: Connects ovary to lateral abdominal wall
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The ovarian ligament attaches the medial aspect of the ovary to the lateral side of the uterus. It supports the ovary’s position and helps stabilise its location within the pelvic cavity. This ligament also plays a role in maintaining the proximity of the ovary to the uterine tubes.
name: Connects the ovary to the lateral side of the uterus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The uterosacral ligaments connect the cervix and the upper part of the uterus to the sacrum. They provide support to the uterus, helping to stabilise its position in the pelvis and maintain the alignment of the cervix relative to the sacrum, contributing to pelvic structural integrity.
name: Connects cervix to sacrum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The round ligament, an embryological remnant, originates from the uterine horns and extends through the inguinal canal to attach to the labia majora. It helps stabilise the uterus in the pelvis and maintains its position by anchoring it to the labia majora.
name: Originates at uterine horns and attaches to labia majora
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the vessel labelled by the blue arrow
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Options:
explanation: The right gastric artery, which originates from the common hepatic artery, runs along the lesser curvature to supply blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach.
name: Right gastric artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The right gastro-omental artery is a terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery and lies across the greater curvature of the stomach.
name: Right gastro-omental artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left gastric artery originates directly from the celiac trunk and supplies the upper portion of the stomach. It also runs along the lesser curvature.
name: Left gastric artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The left gastro-omental artery is a branch of the splenic artery and lies across the greater curvature of the stomach.
name: Left gastro-omental artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The splenic artery is a direct branch of the celiac trunk and primarily supplies the spleen. Along its course, it also gives off branches such as the short gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries, which supply the stomach and parts of the greater curvature.
name: Splenic artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The structure labelled by the blue arrow combines with which of the following structures, to form the common bile duct?
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Options:
explanation: The cystic duct is labelled in the image. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which then goes on to combine with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. The cystic artery is a branch of the right hepatic artery.
name: Cystic artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder. It is a key vessel in portal circulation, allowing veins like the superior mesenteric, splenic, and gastric veins to drain into it before the blood is processed by the liver. The cystic duct is labelled in the image. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which then goes on to combine with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater.
name: Hepatic portal vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The cystic duct is labelled in the image. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which then goes on to combine with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. The ampulla of Vater is a small, dilated structure which empties into the duodenum. It is located at the major duodenal papilla in the second part of the duodenum. The ampulla regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the small intestine, playing a crucial role in digestion. It is controlled by the sphincter of Oddi, which helps prevent the backflow of intestinal contents.
name: Common hepatic duct
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The cystic duct is labelled in the image. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which then goes on to combine with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. The cystic vein primarily drains blood from the fundus and body of the gallbladder. It usually empties into the hepatic portal vein.
name: Cystic vein
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The cystic duct is labelled in the image. It joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct which then goes on to combine with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater.
name: Pancreatic duct
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the specific function of the structure labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The internal urethral sphincter undergoes involuntary relaxation for urine expulsion. The structure here is the detrusor muscle of the bladder.
name: Involuntary relaxation of urethra for urine expulsion
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The internal urethral sphincter undergoes involuntary relaxation for urine expulsion. The structure here is the detrusor muscle of the bladder.
name: Involuntary contraction of urethra for urine expulsion
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The external urethral sphincter undergoes voluntary relaxation for urine expulsion. The structure here is the detrusor muscle of the bladder.
name: Voluntary relaxation of urethra for urine expulsion
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The detrusor muscle of the bladder contracts rather than relaxes in micturition to expel urine.
name: Relaxation during micturition
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The detrusor muscle, a smooth muscle layer of the bladder wall, contracts during micturition (urination) to expel urine. This contraction is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system and works in coordination with the relaxation of the internal and external urethral sphincters to ensure smooth urine flow from the bladder.
name: Contraction during micturition
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the structure labelled by the blue arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The external urethral sphincter undergoes voluntary relaxation for urine expulsion. The structure here is the bulb of the penis.
name: Voluntary relaxation of urethra
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The bulb of the penis is associated with the bulbospongiosus muscle, which aids in emptying the urethra after urination and during ejaculation. It is directly connected to the corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra and engorges with blood during erection, contributing to penile rigidity and thereby aiding erection.
name: Aids erection
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The internal urethral sphincter undergoes involuntary relaxation for urine expulsion. The structure here is the bulb of the penis.
name: Involuntary relaxation of urethra
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The detrusor muscle of the bladder contracts in micturition to expel urine.
name: Contraction during micturition
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The bulb of the penis is associated with the bulbospongiosus muscle, which helps empty the urethra during urination and ejaculation. It is directly connected to the corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra and fills with blood during erection, aiding in maintaining penile rigidity. In short, while the bulbospongiosus muscle does assist with urethral emptying, the bulb of the penis is also an essential part of the erectile mechanism, particularly through its connection to the corpus spongiosum.
name: Emptying semen and urine from the urethra
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the root level of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The inferior mesenteric artery is labelled and arises directly from the aorta at the level of L3. The renal arteries typically arise from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L1-L2 vertebrae. They branch off just below the superior mesenteric artery.
name: L2
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The superior mesenteric artery arises directly from the aorta at the level of L1 whilst the IMA and arises directly from the aorta at the level of L3.
name: L1
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The inferior mesenteric artery is labelled and arises directly from the aorta at the level of L3.
name: L3
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The coeliac trunk arises directly from the aorta at the level of T12. The inferior mesenteric artery is labelled and arises directly from the aorta at the level of L3.
name: T12
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The inferior mesenteric artery is labelled and arises directly from the aorta at the level of L3. The lumbar arteries arise from the abdominal aorta at the levels of the L1 to L4 vertebrae. There are typically four pairs of lumbar arteries, and they supply blood to the muscles and skin of the lower back, as well as the vertebrae and spinal cord in that region.
name: L4
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the vessel that is labelled by the blue arrow
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Options:
explanation: The common iliac arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc. Each common iliac artery bifurcates into an internal iliac artery, supplying the pelvis and gluteal region, and an external iliac artery, which continues as the femoral artery to supply the lower limb.
name: Common iliac artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The common iliac arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc. Each common iliac artery bifurcates into an internal iliac artery, supplying the pelvis and gluteal region, and an external iliac artery, which continues as the femoral artery to supply the lower limb.
name: Femoral artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The common iliac arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc. Each common iliac artery bifurcates into an internal iliac artery, supplying the pelvis and gluteal region, and an external iliac artery, which continues as the femoral artery to supply the lower limb.
name: Internal iliac artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The common iliac arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc. Each common iliac artery bifurcates into an internal iliac artery, supplying the pelvis and gluteal region, and an external iliac artery, which continues as the femoral artery to supply the lower limb.
name: External iliac artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The common iliac arteries branch from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L4-L5 intervertebral disc. Each common iliac artery bifurcates into an internal iliac artery, supplying the pelvis and gluteal region, and an external iliac artery, which continues as the femoral artery to supply the lower limb. The obturator artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery, which supplies the medial thigh and part of the pelvic region.
name: Obturator artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the embryological origin of the anatomical structure marked by the arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The gubernaculum is a fibrous structure that guides and tethers the descent of the gonads. In males, it helps position the testicles into the scrotum. In females, it assists in the descent of the ovaries and contributes to the formation of the labia majora. The labia majora however, develops from the labioscrotal swellings
name: Gubernaculum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The urethra is derived from the ureteric bud.
name: Ureteric bud
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The labia majora is labelled. It develops from the labioscrotal swellings during embryonic development. These swellings form the outer folds of the vulva, providing protection for the vaginal and urethral openings, and are homologous to the scrotum in males.
name: Labioscrotal swellings
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The vestibule, Bartholin's glands and clitoris are derived from the genital tubercle.
name: Genital tubercle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The labia **minora** is derived from the urethral folds whilst the labia **majora** is derived from the labioscrotal swellings.
name: Urethral folds
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the anatomical structure demarcated by the arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The clitoris, located superior to the urethral and vaginal openings, is covered by the clitoral hood. This structure is a fold of skin that protects the clitoris. The clitoral hood is analogous to the male foreskin.
name: Clitoris
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The vestibule is an area between the labia which has urethral and vaginal openings however the urethra is specifically labelled here.
name: Vestibule
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The fourchette is located at the posterior end of the vulva, where the labia minora converge. It is situated distal to the urethral and vaginal openings, just beneath the labia minora. This area marks the boundary between the labia minora and the perineum.
name: Fourchette
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The urethra is labelled. The urethra is situated between the clitoris and the vaginal opening within the vulvar vestibule. The vestibule contains both the urethral meatus, through which urine is expelled, and the vaginal opening, through which menstrual flow and childbirth occur. The vestibule is the area enclosed by the labia minora.
name: Urethra
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The labia minora are the inner folds of the vulva that surround the clitoris and the vestibule. They are situated between the labia majora and form the boundaries of the vaginal and urethral openings. The labia minora are sensitive and play a role in protecting the internal genital structures.
name: Labia minora
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the action of the muscle labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. It is a muscle around the gluteal region allowing lateral rotation and lower limb **abduction**. It originates at the anterior sacral surface and inserts at the greater trochanter of femur.
name: Lateral rotation
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. It is a muscle around the gluteal region allowing lateral rotation and lower limb abduction. It originates at the anterior sacral surface and inserts at the greater trochanter of femur. The adductor muscles, gluteal muscles and tensor fascia lata assist with medial rotation and adductor muscles primarily assist in adduction.
name: Medial rotation and adduction of the lower limb
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. It is a muscle around the gluteal region allowing lateral rotation and lower limb abduction. It originates at the anterior sacral surface and inserts at the greater trochanter of femur. The adductor muscles, gluteal muscles and tensor fascia lata assist with medial rotation.
name: Medial rotation and abduction of the lower limb
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. It is a muscle around the gluteal region allowing lateral rotation and lower limb abduction. It originates at the anterior sacral surface and inserts at the greater trochanter of femur. The adductor muscles, longus, brevis and magnus assist primarily with adduction of the lower limb.
name: Lateral rotation and adduction of the lower limb
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The piriformis is labelled. It is a muscle around the gluteal region allowing lateral rotation and lower limb abduction. It originates at the anterior sacral surface and inserts at the greater trochanter of femur.
name: Lateral rotation and abduction of the lower limb
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What is the primary action of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The rectus abdominis is labelled. The rectus abdominis is primarily responsible for flexion of the trunk. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in compressing the abdominal contents, stabilising the pelvis, and supporting posture, which aids in various bodily movements and maintains intra-abdominal pressure.
name: Adduction
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The rectus abdominis is labelled. The rectus abdominis is primarily responsible for **flexion** of the trunk. It also aids in compressing and stabilising abdominal structures and pelvis. The back muscles e.g. erector spinae allow for extension.
name: Extension
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The rectus abdominis is labelled. The rectus abdominis is primarily responsible for flexion of the trunk. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in compressing the abdominal contents, stabilising the pelvis, and supporting posture, which aids in various bodily movements and maintains intra-abdominal pressure.
name: Abduction
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The rectus abdominis is labelled. The rectus abdominis is primarily responsible for flexion of the trunk. Additionally, it plays a crucial role in compressing the abdominal contents, stabilising the pelvis, and supporting posture, which aids in various bodily movements and maintains intra-abdominal pressure.
name: Flexion of the trunk
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The rectus abdominis is labelled. The rectus abdominis is primarily responsible for **flexion** of the trunk. It also aids in compressing and stabilising abdominal structures and pelvis. The external and internal obliques and the quadratus lumborum are responsible for lateral flexion.
name: Lateral flexion
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly describes the actions of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The transversus abdominis is labelled. The transversus abdominis provides crucial support by compressing the abdominal viscera, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and stabilising the trunk and pelvis. This muscle plays a key role in maintaining core stability.
name: Compression of thoracic contents
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The transversus abdominis is labelled. The transversus abdominis provides crucial support by compressing the abdominal viscera, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and stabilising the trunk and pelvis. This muscle plays a key role in maintaining core stability.
name: Compression of pelvic contents
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The transversus abdominis is labelled. The transversus abdominis provides crucial support by compressing the abdominal viscera, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and stabilising the trunk and pelvis. This muscle plays a key role in maintaining core stability. The rectus abdominis can contribute to rib depression, especially when the trunk is flexed. By contracting, it pulls the lower ribs downward, assisting in forceful exhalation and increasing intra-abdominal pressure.
name: Depresses the ribs
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The transversus abdominis is labelled. The transversus abdominis provides crucial support by compressing the abdominal viscera, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and stabilising the trunk and pelvis. This muscle plays a key role in maintaining core stability.
name: Compression of abdominal contents
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The transversus abdominis is labelled. The transversus abdominis provides crucial support by compressing the abdominal viscera, increasing intra-abdominal pressure, and stabilising the trunk and pelvis. The external oblique muscles are described here.
name: Contralateral rotation of trunk
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What anatomical feature does the blue arrow point to?
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Options:
explanation: The rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) sits behind the uterus and anterior to the rectum as a potential space. In pathology, it can fill with peritoneal fluid or infective contents. The vesicouterine pouch sits between the bladder and surface of the uterus in females.
name: Vesicouterine
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pararectal fossae are recesses located on either side of the rectum, formed by a extension of the peritoneum. They provide spaces for the rectum to expand and accommodate changes in rectal volume, and they play a role in the rectum's mobility and positioning within the pelvic cavity.
name: Pararectal fossae
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The deep perineal pouch, located within the urogenital triangle, contains the deep transverse perineal muscles, external urethral sphincters, and, in females, the vaginal sphincters. It supports the pelvic organs and plays a role in urinary continence and sexual function.
name: Deep perineal pouch
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The rectovesical pouch is present only in males and is the space between the bladder and rectum.
name: Rectovesical pouch
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The rectouterine pouch (of Douglas) sits behind the uterus and anterior to the rectum as a potential space. In pathology, it can fill with peritoneal fluid or infective contents.
name: Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a