hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which statement correctly describes the portion of the fallopian tube labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The fimbriae are labelled. They are finger like projections that capture the ovum that is released by the ovary.
name: Composed of ciliated projections, which capture the ovum from the ovary
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This describes the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
name: The widest section of the fallopian tube where fertilisation typically occurs.
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is an action of the overall fallopian tube rather than the specific structure labelled.
name: Uses peristalsis to transport the ova and sperm
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This answer describes the infundibulum. The infundibulum is the beginning of the fallopian tube located near to the ovary. The fimbriae are attached to the infundibulum.
name: A funnel shaped opening near the ovary where fimbriae attach.
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This describes the isthmus which is the portion of tube that connects the uterus to the fallopian tubes.
name: The narrowest section of the fallopian tube which connects the ampulla to the uterine cavity.
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly describes the structure labelled?
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Options:
explanation: This describes the ovarian ligament which attaches the ovary to the uterus.
name: Attaches to the ovary inferiorly and lateral side of the uterus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The suspensory ligament of the ovary attaches the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall.
name: Attaches the ovary to the lateral abdominal wall
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This describes the broad ligament which is labelled. The broad ligament contains 3 main parts - the mesometrium, mesovarium and mesosalpinx and is a flat sheet of peritoneum which supports the female reproductive system.
name: Attaches to the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries and contains the ovarian and uterine arteries.
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The cardinal ligament is a major ligament of the uterus that provides support and extends from the cervix to the lateral pelvic walls. The uterine artery and veins run within the cardinal ligament.
name: Situated along the inferior border of the broad ligament. Contains the uterine artery and veins and provides attachment to lateral pelvic wall.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This describes the round ligament of uterus, which develops from the female gubernaculum. The round ligament of the uterus is a robe like band of connective tissue that supports the uterus and attaches to the lower abdominal wall.
name: Originates from the female gubernaculum
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the structure labelled by the blue arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The fundus of the stomach is the round and superior portion of the stomach. The fundus stores any gas produced during digestion.
name: Fundus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The lesser curve of the stomach is the shorter curvature. The hepatogastric ligament extends from the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the porta hepatis to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The lesser curvature of the stomach receives its arterial supply from the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery.
name: Lesser curve of the stomach
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lesser omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the inferior surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum. The portion of the lesser omentum that runs between the liver and stomach is also termed the hepatogastric ligament.
name: Lesser omentum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pyloric sphincter lies between the pylorus and the duodenum. It is composed of a ring of smooth muscle and controls the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. Sympathetic innervation is provided via the celiac ganglion.
name: Pyloric sphincter
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The greater curvature of the stomach forms the lateral border of the stomach. It receives its arterial supply from the short gastric arteries and the right and left gastroepiploic arteries.
name: Greater curve of the stomach
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: This describes the duodenum. The duodenum adds additional digestive enzyme to the stomach contents to aid digestion. The label points to the pylorus of the stomach.
name: Further digestion of chyme and stomach contents
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This describes the fundus of the stomach, which is located at the proximal stomach. The fundus lies superior and to the left of the cardia. The label points to the pylorus of the stomach at the most inferior end.
name: Stores gas produced by digestion
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pylorus of the stomach is situated at the end of the stomach and connects to the first part of the duodenum. It controls the passage of chyme into the duodenum which aids digestion.
name: Controls the passage of chyme into the duodenum thereby aiding digestion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This describes the cardiac sphincter of the stomach at the superior portion of the stomach. The label points to the pylorus of the stomach which is located at the distal portion of the stomach.
name: Prevents stomach contents from passing back into the oesophagus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This describes the function of the oesophagus. The label points to the pylorus of the stomach.
name: Transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly describes the composition of the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The external anal sphincter is a voluntary muscle required for defecation. The levator ani is comprised of puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus.
name: External anal sphincter, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The levator ani is labelled comprising of the puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus. These muscles aid the pelvic floor functions including defecation.
name: Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The coccygeus is a separate triangular muscle that lies posterior to the levator ani group. The levator ani comprises the puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus, labelled.
name: Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, coccygeus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The coccygeus is a separate triangular muscle that is posterior to the levator ani group. The levator ani comprises the puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus, labelled.
name: Coccygeus, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The levator ani is labelled and is comprised of the puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus. The deep transverse perineal muscle is another muscle of the perineum, which helps to stabilise the perineal body and support the pelvic floor. In males, it also aids expulsion of semen.
name: Puborectalis, deep transverse perineal, iliococcygeus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the spinal level of the nerve arrowed?
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Options:
explanation: This answer describes the femoral nerve. The pudendal nerve is labelled. The pudendal nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves S2-S4.
name: L2-4
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pudendal nerve is labelled. The pudendal nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves S2-S4.
name: L5-S1
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The pudendal nerve is labelled. The pudendal nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves S2-S4.
name: S1-3
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pudendal nerve is labelled. The pudendal nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves S2-S4. It provides sensory innervation to the external genitalia (of males and females) and the skin around the anus, anal canal and perineum. It also provides motor supply to a number of pelvic muscles, the external urethral sphincter and the external anal sphincter.
name: S2-4
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The pudendal nerve is labelled. The pudendal nerve arises from the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves S2-S4.
name: S2-3
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is an attachment of the structure labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The greater omentum is labelled. The greater omentum is essentially an apron of folded peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the **transverse** colon.
name: Ascending colon
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The greater omentum is labelled. The greater omentum is essentially an apron of folded peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. The greater omentum plays an important role in the defence against pathogens and injury.
name: Greater curvature of the stomach
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The greater omentum is labelled. The greater omentum is essentially an apron of folded peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum is the smallest of the two omenta and runs between the **lesser** curvature of the stomach and the liver. The lesser omentum forms the anterior border of the epiploic foramen.
name: Lesser curvature of the stomach
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The greater omentum is labelled. The greater omentum is essentially an apron of folded peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the **transverse** colon. The lienorenal ligament (or splenorenal ligament) is a peritoneal ligament composed of an anterior and posterior peritoneal layer that extends from the spleen to the tail of pancreas. The splenic artery and vein also run within the lienorenal ligament.
name: Pancreas
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The greater omentum is labelled. The greater omentum is essentially an apron of folded peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the **transverse** colon.
name: Descending colon
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The nerve supply to this structure is derived from which plexus?
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Options:
explanation: The lumbar plexus is a complex neural network consisting of the lower thoracic and lumbar ventral roots. It supplies the skin and musculature of the lower limb.
name: Lumbar plexus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Whilst this answer is technically correct, it is not the **most** correct answer. In both males and females, the urethra is innervated by the vesical plexus, which in turn originates from the inferior hypogastric plexus.
name: The inferior hypogastric plexus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The sacral plexus is formed by the anterior rami of the sacral spinal nerves S1-S4. It supplies the skin and muscles of the pelvis and lower limb.
name: Sacral plexus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: In both males and females, the urethra is innervated by the vesical plexus, which in turn originates from the inferior hypogastric plexus.
name: Vesical plexus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The celiac plexus is located around the celiac artery, the superior mesenteric artery and renal artery. This plexus comprises the celiac, superior mesenteric and renal ganglia. It provides sympathetic, parasympathetic and nociceptive innervation to the distal oesophagus, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, liver and gallbladder.
name: Celiac plexus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the muscle labelled?
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Options:
explanation: The pubococcygeus is labelled and is part of the levator ani group of pelvic floor muscles. It provides stability and support to the abdominal and pelvic organs.
name: Provides stability and support to the abdominal and pelvic organs
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The coccygeus, which is a muscle posterior to the levator ani muscles, flexes the coccyx.
name: Flexes coccyx
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The superficial transverse perineal muscle provides stabilisation of the perineal body.
name: Stabilises the perineal body
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The pubococcygeus is labelled and is part of the levator ani group of pelvic floor muscles. The iliococcygeus is also part of the levator ani group but allows elevation of the pelvic floor and anorectal canal.
name: Elevates the pelvic floor and anorectal canal
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The puborectalis allows for tonic contraction of the anal canal which contributes to faecal continence.
name: Contraction of the anal canal for continence
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which ligament connects the tips of spinous processes together?
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Options:
explanation: The posterior longitudinal ligament covers the posterior vertebral discs and bodies. It provides support by preventing hyperflexion.
name: Posterior longitudinal ligament
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The ligamentum flavum connects the vertebrae laminae together.
name: Ligamentum flavum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The supraspinous ligaments connect the ends of spinous processes together to provide support.
name: Supraspinous ligament
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The anterior longitudinal ligament covers the anterior vertebral discs and bodies. It provides support and prevents hyperextension.
name: Anterior longitudinal ligament
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The interspinous ligament, as the name suggests, provide connection in **between** the spinous processes rather than at the tip of the spinous processes.
name: Interspinous ligament
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the function of the feature labelled by the blue arrow.
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Options:
explanation: The anterior longitudinal ligament covers the anterior vertebral discs and bodies. It provides support and prevents hyperextension.
name: Prevents hyperextension of the spine
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The inferior facet is labelled. The inferior facet of a lumbar vertebra forms part of a facet joint by articulating with the superior facet of the vertebra below it. These facet joints allow for controlled movements such as flexion, extension, and limited lateral bending in the lumbar spine, while providing stability.
name: Articulates with inferior vertebrae and allow spine mobility
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Intervertebral discs are cushion-like structures between the vertebrae of the spine. They act as shock absorbers, reducing the impact of movements such as walking, running, and lifting. Each disc has a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus) and a gel-like centre (nucleus pulposus), allowing flexibility and even distribution of pressure across the spine.
name: Provide cushioning and mobility to the spine
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The superior facet of a lumbar vertebra is part of a facet joint, articulating with the inferior facet of the vertebra above. These facet joints allow for spinal movements like flexion, extension, and limited lateral bending while providing stability.
name: Articulates with superior vertebrae and allow spine mobility
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The posterior longitudinal ligament covers the posterior vertebral discs and bodies. It provides support by preventing hyperflexion.
name: Preventing hyperflexion of the spine
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What anatomical feature does the blue arrow point to?
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Options:
explanation: The ileocaecal valve is labelled and sits between the ileum of the small intestine and the caecum of the large intestine. It is an important anatomical landmark for colonoscopy, which allows the practitioner to know that they have reached the end of the colon.
name: Ileocaecal valve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The appendix is an outpouching arising from the caecum of the large intestine. The arrow here points to the junction between ileum and caecum, the ileocaecal valve.
name: Appendix
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow here points to the junction between ileum and caecum, the ileocaecal valve. The ileocolic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery, supplies blood to the terminal part of the ileum, caecum, appendix, and the beginning of the ascending colon.
name: Ileocaecal artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow here points to the junction between ileum and caecum, the ileocaecal valve. The appendicular artery supplies blood to the appendix. It typically branches off from the ileocolic artery, which itself is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery.
name: Appendicular artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow here points to the junction between ileum and caecum, the ileocaecal valve. The ascending colon is a continuation of the caecum superior to the ileocaecal valve.
name: Ascending colon
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the labelled organ?
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Options:
explanation: The appendix is labelled and whilst its full function is not completely understood, it is thought to be involved in immunity and digestion.
name: Immunity and digestion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The liver produces bile, which is then stored in the gallbladder.
name: Production of bile
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The terminal ileum is the primary site of B12 absorption.
name: Absorption of B12
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Chyme is produced in the stomach through the mechanical mixing of food with gastric juices, including enzymes and acid. This process breaks down food into a semi-liquid substance, which is then gradually released into the small intestine for further digestion and nutrient absorption.
name: Production of chyme
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The pancreas and small bowel produce a number of enzymes required for digestion
name: Production of digestive enzymes
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The labelled structure is an embryological remnant of which of the following?
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Options:
explanation: The pronephros is an early structure in the developing urogenital system that forms the rudimentary kidneys. It functions briefly during embryonic development before regressing, making way for the formation of more advanced kidney structures like the mesonephros and metanephros.
name: Pronephros
label: c
answer: no
explanation: During foetal development, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the non-functioning lungs. This structure is essential for foetal circulation in utero and normally closes shortly after birth, redirecting blood flow through the lungs for oxygenation.
name: Ductus arteriosus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The foregut, a primary segment of the embryonic digestive system, gives rise to several key organs, including the stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It also contributes to the formation of the oesophagus, part of the duodenum, and the associated structures of the digestive tract.
name: Foregut
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The ureteric bud is a crucial structure in embryonic development, giving rise not only to the ureters but also to parts of the renal collecting system, including the renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting ducts. It grows from the mesonephric duct and interacts with the metanephric mesenchyme to form the functional kidney.
name: Ureteric bud
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The falciform ligament of the liver is an embryological remnant of the ventral mesentery which contains the obliterated umbilical vein.
name: Umbilical vein
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
What does the blue arrow point to in the image?
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Options:
explanation: Anatomically, the liver is composed of four lobes: the right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes. The left and right lobes are divided anteriorly by the falciform ligament. The left triangular lobe attaches the left lobe of the liver to the diaphragm.
name: Left lobe of liver
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The bare area of the liver is a region on its superior surface not covered by peritoneum, allowing direct contact with the diaphragm. This smooth area facilitates the liver's attachment to the diaphragm and is located between the liver's coronary and triangular ligaments.
name: Bare area of liver
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The falciform ligament sits between the left and right lobes of the liver and inferior to the bare area of the liver. It is a remnant of the umbilical vein.
name: Falciform ligament
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The coronary ligament attaches the liver’s superior surface to the diaphragm, forming a boundary that delineates the bare area of the liver. It consists of anterior and posterior layers that help stabilise the liver and provide structural support. The bare area is where the liver directly contacts the diaphragm.
name: Coronary ligament
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The gallbladder fossa is a depression on the inferior surface of the liver’s right lobe. It is located between the right and quadrate lobes and serves as the anatomical seat for the gallbladder, with its smooth, peritoneal-free surface facilitating direct contact with the organ.
name: Gallbladder fossa
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the primary blood supply to the labelled structure?
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Options:
explanation: The sacroiliac joint is supplied primarily by the iliolumbar artery, which arises from the internal iliac artery. Additional blood supply comes from the lateral sacral and superior gluteal arteries, which also branch from the internal iliac artery. The inferior gluteal artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery, supplies blood to several structures, including the gluteus maximus muscle, parts of the hip joint, and nearby muscles like the piriformis, obturator internus, and superior hamstrings. It also contributes to the arterial supply of the sciatic nerve.
name: Inferior gluteal artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The umbilical artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery, supplies a portion of the bladder via its superior vesical branches. During foetal development, it plays a critical role in transporting deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta for gas exchange and waste elimination.
name: Umbilical artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The superior gluteal artery, the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, supplies blood to the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus muscles, as well as the tensor fasciae latae. It also contributes to the arterial supply of the hip joint and nearby skin and fascia.
name: Superior gluteal artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The sacroiliac joint is supplied primarily by the iliolumbar artery, which arises from the internal iliac artery. Additional blood supply comes from the lateral sacral and superior gluteal arteries, which also branch from the internal iliac artery
name: Iliolumbar artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The internal pudendal artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery, supplies blood to the perineum and external genitalia. It also contributes to the arterial supply of the anal canal, the skin and muscles of the perineum, the erectile tissues of the penis and clitoris, and the urethra.
name: Internal pudendal artery
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a