hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
What is the action of the muscle labelled by the blue arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to extensor hallucis longus which is located on the medial side of the dorsal aspect of the foot. It inserts onto the upper surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the great toe. It acts to extend the great toe and dorsiflex the foot.
name: Extension of the great toe and dorsiflexion of the foot
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Extensor hallucis longus extends the great toe and dorsiflexes the foot
name: Extension of the great toe and plantar flexion of the foot
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Extensor digitorum acts to extend the lateral four toes and dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint.
name: Extension of the lateral four toes and dorsiflexion of the foot
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Flexor digitorum longus is located on the plantar surface of the foot and is in involved in the flexion of the lateral four toes
name: Flexion of the lateral four toes
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Flexor hallucis longus is located on the plantar surface of the foot is involved in the flexion of the great toe
name: Flexion of the great toe
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow

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Options:
explanation: This is the thickening of the deep fascia located on the sole of the foot. This is located superficial to flexor digitorum brevis.
name: Plantar aponeurosis
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Adductor hallucis is located on the medial margin of the foot and arises from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. It is located deep to flexor digitorum brevis muscle and inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.
name: Adductor hallucis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Flexor digitorum longus runs deep to the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis. It enters the sole of the foot by travelling behind the medial malleolus to then swing forward to the plantar surface of the foot.
name: Flexor digitorum longus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The flexor retinaculum is a layer of connective tissue that expands from the medial malleolus to the posterior surface of the talus.
name: Flexor retinaculum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Flexor digitorum longus and brevis insert onto the plantar surface of the foot deep to the plantar aponeurosis. Flexor digitorum brevis lies superficial to flexor digitorum longus. Flexor digitorum brevis appears flat and spindle shaped and originates from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity ad the plantar aponeurosis. It then forms 4 tendons which insert onto the middle phalanges of the lateral four toes.
name: Flexor digitorum brevis
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow

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Options:
explanation: The inferior gluteal nerve leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen. It is located inferior to the piriformis muscles and on the posterior surface of the sciatic nerve. This nerve has a smaller diameter than the sciatic nerve.
name: Inferior gluteal nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The superior gluteal nerve leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen, superior to the piriformis muscle. This nerve has a smaller diameter than the sciatic nerve.
name: Superior gluteal nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image is showing a sagittal section of the pelvic region. The sciatic nerve can be seen leaving the pelvis to enter the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen. The sciatic nerve is derived from the lumbosacral plexus. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body.
name: Sciatic nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The nerve to quadratus femoris enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis. It is located deep to the sciatic nerve.
name: Nerve to quadratus femoris
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The pudendal nerve also leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen. It is located inferior to the piriformis and medial to the sciatic nerve. It courses over the sacrotuberous ligament and through the lesser sciatic foramen to enter the perineum. This nerve is often hidden by the overlying upper margin of the sacrotuberous ligament.
name: Pudendal nerve
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which one of the muscles below are innervated by the nerve indicated by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve
name: Gluteus maximus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the sciatic nerve as it enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen. It emerges inferior to the piriformis muscle, before descending in an inferolateral direction. It innervates all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh:

- biceps femoris
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
- ischial portion of the adductor magnus

The sciatic nerve also indirectly innervates some of the muscles of the leg and foot via its terminal branches: the tibial and common fibular nerve.
name: Semimembranosus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The iliacus is innervated by the femoral nerve
name: Iliacus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The sciatic nerve emerges inferior to the piriformis to enter the gluteal region but this muscle is innervated by the nerve to the piriformis (branches from S1 and S2).
name: Piriformis
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The gluteus medius is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve
name: Gluteus medius
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Name the structure identified by teh blue arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The tibial nerve is located more posterior in the region, located between the posterior tibial vein and the flexor hallucis longus tendon
name: Tibial nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The posterior tibial vein is located posterior to the posterior tibial artery, anterior to the tibial nerve.
name: Posterior tibial vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: A number of structures pass posterior to the medial malleolus, under the flexor retinaculum. Their order (from anterior to posterior) can be remembered using the mnemonic "Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry":

- **T**ibialis posterior
- Flexor **D**igitorum longus
- Posterior tibial **A**rtery
- Posterior tibial **V**ein
- Tibial **N**erve
- Flexor **H**allucis longus
name: Posterior tibial artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The tibialis posterior is the most anterior structure in this region
name: Tibialis posterior
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The flexor hallucis longus is the most posterior structure in this region
name: Flexor hallucis longus
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: This image shows the popliteal fossa, a diamond shaped area located posterior to the knee. It contains the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and common fibular nerve. The nerves are the most superficial structures in popliteal fossa. The popliteal artery is the deepest structure, and descends obliquely through the popliteal fossa, before bifurcating into the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries.
name: Popliteal artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The common fibular nerve originates proximal to the popliteal fossa and is one of the most superficial structures in this region. It descends obliquely down the lateral border of the fossa, before winding around the neck of the fibula.
name: Common fibular nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery which is located more proximal to the popliteal fossa.
name: Femoral artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The popliteal vein is located superficial to the popliteal artery and travels with it.
name: Popliteal vein
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The tibial nerve originates proximal to the popliteal fossa and is one of the most superficial structures in this region. It descends obliquely with the popliteal artery.
name: Tibial nerve
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The sciatic nerve is located more proximal to the popliteal fossa as it branches into the tibial and common fibular by the time it reaches the popliteal fossa.
name: Sciatic nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The popliteal vein is located more medial to the tibial and common fibular nerves and it found superficial to the popliteal artery.
name: Popliteal vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The tibial nerve is located more medial to the common fibular nerve in the popliteal fossa.
name: Tibial nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The popliteal artery is the deepest structure, and descends obliquely through the popliteal fossa with the tibial nerve, before bifurcating into the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries.
name: Popliteal artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This image shows the popliteal fossa. The arrow indicates the common fibular nerve. The common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve originate from the sciatic nerve which splits into the two branches. The common fibular nerve exits the popliteal fossa by passing with the biceps femoris tendon over the lower lateral margin of this region to continue to the lateral side of the leg.
name: Common peroneal nerve
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which nerve innervates the muscle labelled in the image below?

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Options:
explanation: The short head of the biceps femoris nerve is innervated by the common peroneal nerve
name: Common fibular nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The sural nerve is a purely sensory nerve that innervates the posterolateral aspect of the distal leg, ankle, foot and heel.
name: Sural nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to tibialis anterior muscle which is the most medial and anterior muscle in the anterior compartment of the leg. It is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.
name: Deep peroneal nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The superficial peroneal nerve innervates the fibularis longus and the peroneus brevis in the lateral compartment of the leg.
name: Superficial peroneal nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The tibial nerve innervates the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and most of the intrinsic muscles of the foot.
name: Tibial nerve
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled bony landmark

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Options:
explanation: The ischial tuberosity is located posteroinferior to the acetabulum. This is known as the "sitting bone" where the weight of the body is held when one is seated.
name: Ischial tuberosity
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The superior pubic ramus is part of the pubis. It forms part of the acetabulum as it extends laterally from the pubic body.
name: Superior pubic ramus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The iliac crest is located on the superior surface of the ilium. It extends from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
name: Iliac crest
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The acetabulum is a cup shaped region of the bony pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur. It is located on the lateral aspect of the pelvic bone where the ischium, ilium and pubis fuse.
name: Acetabulum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) is located anterior to the iliac crest. It is easily palpated so acts as a key surface landmark.
name: Anterior superior iliac spine
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: The patellar ligament stabilises the patella by preventing its displacement.
name: Stabilises the patella
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the anterior dislocation of the tibia on the femur.
name: Prevents the anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The posterior cruciate ligament prevents the posterior dislocation of the tibia on the femur.
name: Prevents the posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The menisci are fibrocartilaginous C-shaped cartilages in the knee joint. There is one medial and one lateral meniscus. The medial meniscus is located on the medial side and attached to the tibial collateral ligament. The menisci improve the congruence between the femoral and tibial condyles during joint movements.
name: Improves the congruence between the femoral and tibial condyles
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The medial and lateral collateral ligaments on each side of the knee joint act to stabilise the hinge motion of the knee and prevent any excessive medial and lateral movement.
name: Stabilise the hinge-like motion of the knee
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony landmark indicated by the arrow

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Options:
explanation: The talar dome is part of the talar body that articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint.
name: Talar dome
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The patella is an inverted triangular bone located in the knee joint. This image displays the ankle joint.
name: Patella
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The calcaneal tuberosity is a bony landmark located on the plantar surface of the calcaneus.
name: Calcaneal tuberosity
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The medial malleolus is located on the medial aspect of the ankle joint and formed by the distal end of the tibia.
name: Medial malleolus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The medial malleolus is located on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint and formed by the distal end of the fibula.
name: Lateral malleolus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The left subclavian vein drains the left upper limb. It unites with the left internal jugular vein to form the left brachiocephalic vein, which is indicated in the image by the blue arrow.
name: Left subclavian vein
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The blue arrow indicates the left brachiocephalic vein, which is formed by the union of the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein on the left side. The left brachiocephalic vein joins the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava, which drains into the right atrium.
name: Left brachiocephalic vein
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The aortic arch arises from the ascending aorta, and continues to form the descending aorta. It can be easily recognised by its curved shape and its three main branches. It lies below the left brachiocephalic vein, which is indicated by the blue arrow.
name: Aortic arch
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pulmonary trunk arises from the right ventricle. It divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries to the left of the tracheal bifurcation. The pulmonary trunk (and arteries) transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs. The blue arrow indicates the left brachiocephalic vein.
name: Left pulmonary artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The pulmonary veins drain into the left atrium, which forms the posterior surface of the heart cannot be seen in the image. The blue arrow indicates the left brachiocephalic vein.
name: Pulmonary vein
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The larynx allows the passage of air through the vocal chords, leading to phonation. It is located superiorly to the structure indicated by the blue arrow which is the trachea.
name: Allows passage of air through the vocal cords, leading to phonation
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus allows the passage of food from the oropharynx into the stomach. It is located posteriorly to the structure indicated by the blue arrow, which is the trachea.
name: Allows the passage of food from the oropharynx into the stomach
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The superior vena cava drains venous blood from the superior part of the body into the right atrium. It is located to the right of the structure indicated by the blue arrow, which is the trachea.
name: Allows drainage of venous blood from the superior part of the body into the right atrium of the heart
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the trachea, which allows the passage of air from the upper respiratory tract into the bronchial tree of the lungs during inspiration.
name: Allows the passage of air from the upper respiratory tract into the bronchial tree of the lungs
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The aorta and its branches, transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body. It is located anteriorly to the structure indicated by the blue arrow which is the trachea.
name: Allows passage of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the thoracic compartment indicated by the blue arrow in the image below [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The arrow is pointing anteriorly, just behind the sternum. The anterior mediastinum lies between the sternum and the pericardium and is therefore the correct answer. The anterior mediastinum normally contains the remnants of the thymus.
name: Anterior mediastinum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The inferior mediastinum is a large division of the thoracic cavity which contains three subdivisions – the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. While the anterior mediastinum is contained within the inferior mediastinum, this answer is not very specific to the area indicated by the arrow.
name: Inferior mediastinum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The middle mediastinum lies between the anterior and posterior mediastinum. It is the central part of the thoracic cavity and contains the pericardium, heart and origin of the great vessels.
name: Middle mediastinum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. The arrow is pointing anteriorly. The posterior mediastinum by comparison, is found most posteriorly. The pericardium lies anteriorly and the domed part of the diaphragm lies inferiorly. Many important structures descend through the posterior mediastinum, including the oesophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins, thoracic duct and lymph nodes.
name: Posterior mediastinum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial view of the thoracic cavity. Within the image, the heart is located centrally, with the left and right lungs surrounding it laterally. Given the lower level of this axial section (inferred by the presence of the heart), the compartment indicated by the arrow is the anterior mediastinum, which is a small compartment of the inferior mediastinum. The inferior border of the superior mediastinum is formed by an imaginary line between the sternal angle and the lower border of the T4 vertebra.
name: Superior mediastinum
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below

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Options:
explanation: This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The right ventricle is located to the right of the structure indicated by the blue arrow and it has thinner myocardium making up its walls compared to the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by its thick muscular myocardium
name: Right ventricle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The pericardial cavity is a fluid filled space located in between the two layers of the pericardium surrounding the heart. You can see this layer of tissue surrounding the heart in a continuous circular manner and in between the muscle of the heart and this layer there is a cavity, which is the pericardial cavity. The arrow, however, points to one of the muscular cavities of the heart, specifically the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the highly enlarged myocardium which makes up its walls.
name: Pericardial cavity
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The left atrium is the most posterior of all the four heart chambers, and has much thinner walls (with less myocardium) compared to the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the thick muscular myocardium which makes up its walls.
name: Left atrium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The arrow indicates the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the thick muscular myocardium
name: Left ventricle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is an axial view of the thoracic cavity contents. The heart and lungs are dissected and the chambers of the heart are visible. The right forms the right border of the heart and the right pulmonary surface of the heart. It has much thinner walls (with less myocardium) compared to the left ventricle – it can be distinguished from the other chambers of the heart by the highly enlarged myocardium which makes up its walls.
name: Right atrium
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below belongs to which thoracic compartment?
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Options:
explanation: The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The superior mediastinum contains the great vessels arising from/draining into the heart – the arch of the aorta and its 3 main branches and the superior vena cava and its tributaries. The superior mediastinum also contains the right and left vagus nerve, and the phrenic nerve.
name: Superior mediastinum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The posterior mediastinum contains the descending aorta, the azygos and hemiazygos veins, the oesophagus, the thoracic duct and the vagus and splanchnic nerves. The posterior mediastinum is located most posteriorly, posterior to the heart.
name: Posterior mediastinum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The inferior mediastinum is the entire lower thoracic cavity and it can be divided into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinal spaces. While the heart lies theoretically in the inferior mediastinum, its specific position is within the middle mediastinal division of the inferior mediastinum.
name: Inferior mediastinum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland and it is much smaller in size compared to the other mediastinal spaces. The anterior mediastinum is located directly behind the sternum.
name: Anterior mediastinum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the heart, which is located in the middle mediastinum inside the thoracic cavity.
name: Middle mediastinum
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a