hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the statement that correctly describes the function of the muscle indicated by the blue arrow in the following image:
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Options:
explanation: The image shows the posterior view of a model of the right orbit with the roof and lateral wall removed and the eyeball and associated muscles in view. The medial aspect of the orbit is towards the left of the image because the optic chiasm is towards the left and it is normally found in the midline. Eyeball adduction is a function of the medial rectus muscle, which is not immediately visible in the image, as it shows a posterolateral view of the eyeball in the orbit. However, the blue arrow indicates the lateral rectus muscle, whose action is to abduct the eyeball.
name: Eyeball adduction
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the posterior view of a model of the right orbit with the roof and lateral wall removed and the eyeball and associated muscles in view. The medial aspect of the orbit is towards the left of the image because the optic chiasm is towards the left and it is normally found in the midline. Eyelid elevation is a function of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, which is not visible in the image and which lies superior to the superior rectus muscle. However, the blue arrow indicates the lateral rectus muscle, whose action is to abduct the eyeball.
name: Eyelid elevation
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the posterior view of a model of the right orbit with the roof and lateral wall removed and the eyeball and associated muscles in view. The medial aspect of the orbit is towards the left of the image because the optic chiasm is towards the left and it is normally found in the midline. The blue arrow indicates the lateral rectus muscle, whose action is to abduct the eyeball.
name: Eyeball abduction
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows the posterior view of a model of the right orbit with the roof and lateral wall removed and the eyeball and associated muscles in view. The medial aspect of the orbit is towards the left of the image because the optic chiasm is towards the left and it is normally found in the midline. Eyeball depression is a function of the inferior rectus muscle, which is not immediately visible in the image, as it shows a posterolateral view of the eyeball in the orbit. However, the blue arrow indicates the lateral rectus muscle, whose action is to abduct the eyeball.
name: Eyeball depression
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the posterior view of a model of the right orbit with the roof and lateral wall removed and the eyeball and associated muscles in view. The medial aspect of the orbit is towards the left of the image because the optic chiasm is towards the left and it is normally found in the midline. Eyeball elevation is a function of the superior rectus muscle, which is visible running from the top of the eyeball. However, the blue arrow indicates the lateral rectus muscle, whose action is to abduct the eyeball.
name: Eyeball elevation
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the name of the structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows an axial section of a T2 brain MRI scan, at the level of the lateral ventricles. The blue arrow indicates the corpus callosum, precisely the splenium region, found immediately anterior to the occipital cortex and posterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.
name: Corpus callosum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an axial section of a T2 brain MRI scan, at the level of the lateral ventricles. The basal ganglia are central grey matter nuclei, found either side of the thalami, which are implicated in motor control of voluntary actions. However, the blue arrow indicates the corpus callosum, precisely the splenium region, found immediately anterior to the occipital cortex and posterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.
name: Basal ganglia
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of a T2 brain MRI scan, at the level of the lateral ventricles. The occipital cortex is found towards the inferior aspect of the image.  It lies on either side of the longitudinal fissure, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres, and is primarily responsible for processing visual information. However, the blue arrow indicates the corpus callosum, precisely the splenium region, found immediately anterior to the occipital cortex and posterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.
name: Occipital cortex
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of a T2 brain MRI scan, at the level of the lateral ventricles. The frontal cortex is located anterior to the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles and is visible towards the top of the image. It is positioned on either side of the longitudinal fissure, which separates the two cerebral hemispheres. The frontal cortex is involved in complex cognitive functions like decision-making, voluntary movement, and social behaviour. However, the blue arrow indicates the corpus callosum, precisely the splenium region, found immediately anterior to the occipital cortex and posterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.
name: Frontal cortex
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an axial section of a T2 brain MRI scan, at the level of the lateral ventricles. The thalamus is the largest component of the diencephalon in the centre of the brain, found anterior to the structure indicated by the arrow and anterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles. It serves as a relay station for almost all sensory impulses from the periphery, except for the olfactory ones. However, the blue arrow indicates the corpus callosum, precisely the splenium region, found immediately anterior to the occipital cortex and posterior to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles.
name: Thalamus
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly identifies the bone indicated by the blue arrow in the following image?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a view of the sphenoid bone from the inside of the skull, with the lesser wing in the centre of the image and the greater wing surrounding it. The bone can be recognised by its butterfly shape. The squamous part is the largest part of the temporal bone, slightly convex in shape and forming the temporal fossa in the region of the middle cranial fossa on the inside of the skull. This bone is located immediately posterior to the bone shown in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the more extensive part of the sphenoid bone, which is the greater wing, located laterally.
name: Squamous part of the temporal bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the sphenoid bone from the inside of the skull, with the lesser wing in the centre of the image and the greater wing surrounding it. The bone can be recognised by its butterfly shape. The blue arrow indicates the more extensive part of the bone, which is the greater wing, located laterally.
name: Greater wing of the sphenoid
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a view of the sphenoid bone from the inside of the skull, with the lesser wing in the centre of the image and the greater wing surrounding it. The bone can be recognised by its butterfly shape. The parietal bones are paired bones, which overly the parietal lobes of the brain and forming the top of the skull. They are connected by the sagittal suture. However, the blue arrow indicates the more extensive part of the sphenoid bone, which is the greater wing, located laterally.
name: Parietal bone
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the sphenoid bone from the inside of the skull, with the lesser wing in the centre of the image and the greater wing surrounding it. The bone can be recognised by its butterfly shape. The lesser wing of the sphenoid is found in the medial part of the bone, where most of the foramina are located. However, the blue arrow indicates the more extensive part of the bone, which is the greater wing, located laterally.
name: Lesser wing of the sphenoid
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a view of the sphenoid bone from the inside of the skull, with the lesser wing in the centre of the image and the greater wing surrounding it. The bone can be recognised by its butterfly shape. The frontal bones are paired bones located at the anterior aspect of the skull and forming the forehead and the anterior cranial fossa of the skull base. However, the blue arrow indicates the more extensive part of the bone sphenoid, which is the greater wing, located laterally.
name: Frontal bone
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the blue arrow in the anatomical image below:
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a graphic depiction of the orbit with the periorbital fat in situ and the extraocular muscles present within the fat layer. The abducens nerve is a thin cranial nerve (CN VI) which provides motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball. It is not visible in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the optic nerve travelling from the eyeball to the optic canal, in the centre of the orbit. It is surrounded by a thin layer of CSF and the dura mater of the brain.
name: Abducens nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a graphic depiction of the orbit with the periorbital fat in situ and the extraocular muscles present within the fat layer. The trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve and emerges at the level of the lateral pons. Only one of its branches, the ophthalmic division (CN V1), travels to the orbit. It is not visible in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the optic nerve travelling from the eyeball to the optic canal, in the centre of the orbit. It is surrounded by a thin layer of CSF and the dura mater of the brain.
name: Trigeminal nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a graphic depiction of the orbit with the periorbital fat in situ and the extraocular muscles present within the fat layer. The oculomotor nerve is a thin cranial nerve (CN III) which provides motor innervation to four of the six extraocular muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique), as well as to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. It is not visible in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the optic nerve travelling from the eyeball to the optic canal, in the centre of the orbit. It is surrounded by a thin layer of CSF and the dura mater of the brain.
name: Oculomotor nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a graphic depiction of the orbit with the periorbital fat in situ and the extraocular muscles present within the fat layer. The trochlear nerve is a thin cranial nerve (CN IV) which provides motor innervation to the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. It is not visible in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the optic nerve travelling from the eyeball to the optic canal, in the centre of the orbit. It is surrounded by a thin layer of CSF and the dura mater of the brain.
name: Trochlear nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a graphic depiction of the orbit with the periorbital fat in situ and the extraocular muscles present within the fat layer. The blue arrow indicates the optic nerve travelling from the eyeball to the optic canal, in the centre of the orbit. It is surrounded by a thin layer of CSF and the dura mater of the brain.
name: Optic nerve
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a basal view of the skull base, with the front of the skull at the top, the occipital bone at the bottom, and the foramen magnum in the centre. Foramen ovale is a large oval opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, anteromedial to the foramen spinosum. It allows the passage of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3). However, the blue arrow indicates the foramen magnum, which is the largest opening of the skull base, in the occipital bone. It allows the passage of the spinal cord into the vertebral canal.
name: Foramen ovale
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of the skull base, with the front of the skull at the top, the occipital bone at the bottom, and the foramen magnum in the centre. The hypoglossal canal is a small paired opening in the internal anterior aspect of the occipital bone forming the foramen magnum. It allows the passage of the hypoglossal nerve from the brainstem out towards the tongue. However, the blue arrow indicates the foramen magnum, which is the largest opening of the skull base, in the occipital bone. It allows the passage of the spinal cord into the vertebral canal.
name: Hypoglossal canal
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of the skull base, with the front of the skull at the top, the occipital bone at the bottom, and the foramen magnum in the centre. The foramen rotundum is a round opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, which allows the passage of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) out of the skull. However, the blue arrow indicates the foramen magnum, which is the largest opening of the skull base, in the occipital bone. It allows the passage of the spinal cord into the vertebral canal.
name: Foramen rotundum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of the skull base, with the front of the skull at the top, the occipital bone at the bottom, and the foramen magnum in the centre. The blue arrow indicates the foramen magnum, which is the largest opening of the skull base, in the occipital bone. It allows the passage of the spinal cord into the vertebral canal.
name: Foramen magnum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a basal view of the skull base, with the front of the skull at the top, the occipital bone at the bottom, and the foramen magnum in the centre. The jugular foramen is an irregular opening found at the junction between the temporal and the occipital bones of the skull base, allowing the passage of the jugular vein, the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the vagus nerve (CN X), and the accessory nerve (CN XI) out of the skull. However, the blue arrow indicates the foramen magnum, which is the largest opening of the skull base, in the occipital bone. It allows the passage of the spinal cord into the vertebral canal.
name: Jugular foramen
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the correct name for the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below:
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a coronal view of a dissected left hemisphere. The frontal lobe is at the top of the image and the temporal lobe is at the bottom of the image, with the lateral fissure in between on the right side of the image. The inferior frontal gyrus is the most inferior of the three frontal gyri visible on the lateral aspect of each cerebral hemisphere. It is found immediately superior to the Sylvian fissure. However, the blue arrow indicates the insula which is a hidden lobe of the brain, found in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, underneath the frontal and the temporal lobes.
name: Inferior frontal gyrus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a coronal view of a dissected left hemisphere. The frontal lobe is at the top of the image and the temporal lobe is at the bottom of the image, with the lateral fissure in between on the right side of the image. The blue arrow indicates the insula which is a hidden lobe of the brain, found in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, underneath the frontal and the temporal lobes.
name: Insula
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a coronal view of a dissected left hemisphere. The frontal lobe is at the top of the image and the temporal lobe is at the bottom of the image, with the lateral fissure in between on the right side of the image. The putamen is a grey matter nucleus which is part of the basal ganglia, implicated in motor control. It is found lateral (to the left side of the image) to the structure indicated by the blue arrow, which is the insula, a hidden lobe of the brain, found in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, underneath the frontal and the temporal lobes.
name: Putamen
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a coronal view of a dissected left hemisphere. The frontal lobe is at the top of the image and the temporal lobe is at the bottom of the image, with the lateral fissure in between on the right side of the image. The superior temporal gyrus is the most superior gyrus of the temporal lobe, which is located lateral (to the right of the image) to the structure indicated by the arrow which is the insula, a hidden lobe of the brain, found in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, underneath the frontal and the temporal lobes.
name: Superior temporal gyrus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a coronal view of a dissected left hemisphere. The frontal lobe is at the top of the image and the temporal lobe is at the bottom of the image, with the lateral fissure in between on the right side of the image. The hippocampus is a structure of the brain located deep in the temporal lobe. It has a characteristic S-shape and it is implicated in memory functions. It is not easily identifiable in the image provided. However, the blue arrow indicates the insula which is a hidden lobe of the brain, found in the depths of the Sylvian fissure, underneath the frontal and the temporal lobes.
name: Hippocampus
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the bone indicated by the arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection of the ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. However, the blue arrow indicates the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which allows the passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) fibres into the brain from the nasal cavity.
name: Crista galli
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection of the ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The nasal septum is a wall of bone and cartilage found between the left and the right nostrils. It is not visible in the image because this shows the skull base bones from above. However, the blue arrow indicates the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which allows the passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) fibres into the brain from the nasal cavity.
name: Nasal septum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection of the ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The blue arrow indicates the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which allows the passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) fibres into the brain from the nasal cavity.
name: Cribriform plate
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection of the ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The sphenoid bone is located posterior to the bones showed in the image, as it forms part of the middle cranial fossa. However, the blue arrow indicates the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which allows the passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) fibres into the brain from the nasal cavity.
name: Sphenoid bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection of the ethmoid bone is found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The vomer bone is a midline bone of the face, located between the right and left nasal cavities. It is not visible in the image because this shows the skull base bones from above. However, the blue arrow indicates the perforated cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which allows the passage of the olfactory nerve (CN I) fibres into the brain from the nasal cavity.
name: Vomer bone
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below.
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The maxillary sinuses are the largest of the paranasal sinuses, found inferolateral to the nasal cavities. They are found inferior to the level of the image. Thus, the blue arrow indicates the frontal air sinuses, the most superior of the paranasal air sinuses, found in the frontal bones.
name: Maxillary sinus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. There is no such thing as an occipital sinus, because the occipital bone found at the back of the skull is not pneumatised (and it is not shown in the image). Thus, the blue arrow indicates the frontal air sinuses, the most superior of the paranasal air sinuses, found in the frontal bones.
name: Occipital sinus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The ethmoid sinuses are three small air sinuses (anterior, middle and posterior) found within the ethmoid bone. However, the blue arrow indicates the frontal air sinuses, the most superior of the paranasal air sinuses, found in the frontal bones.
name: Ethmoid sinus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The sphenoid sinus is an air sinus found within the body of the sphenoid bone, immediately underneath the sella turcica of the pituitary gland. However, the blue arrow indicates the frontal air sinuses, the most superior of the paranasal air sinuses, found in the frontal bones.
name: Sphenoid sinus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view (looking inside) of the bones forming the anterior cranial fossa. The crista galli bony projection and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are found in the middle of the image. The frontal bones are found laterally. The blue arrow indicates the frontal air sinuses, the most superior of the paranasal air sinuses, found in the frontal bones.
name: Frontal sinus
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a