hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Identify the vessel indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The profunda femoris artery is the largest branch of the femoral artery, it branches off about 3cm distal to the inguinal ligament. The image in the question shows the femoral triangle, so the artery is the common femoral artery.
name: Profunda femoris artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery below the level of the inguinal ligament. The femoral triangle is located inferior to this.
name: External iliac artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the red structure which is the common femoral artery. The femoral nerve is located more lateral to this.
name: Femoral nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the red structure which is the common femoral artery. The femoral vein is located more medial to this.
name: Femoral vein
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the femoral triangle with the arrow pointing to the artery which is located between the femoral nerve and femoral vein. This is the common femoral artery. The contents of the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial) can be remembered using the mnemonic **"NAVEL"**.

**N**erve - femoral nerve

**A**rtery - common femoral artery

**V**ein - femoral vein

**E**mpty space

**L**ymphatics
name: Common femoral artery
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The bicipital aponeurosis is located proximally near the cubital fossa, extending from the biceps brachii tendon and attaching to the deep fascia of the anterior forearm. It serves to protect vital structures within the cubital fossa, including the brachial artery and median nerve. Functionally, it helps distribute force from the biceps across the forearm, aiding in flexion and supination while also stabilising the elbow during movement.
name: Bicipital aponeurosis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The palmar aponeurosis has an inverted triangular shape and is continuous with both the palmaris longus tendon and the flexor retinaculum. It thins medially and laterally over the hypothenar and thenar muscles, providing structural support. Functionally, it helps protect underlying structures in the palm, facilitates grip by distributing tension across the hand, and anchors the skin to prevent excessive movement during manual tasks.
name: Palmar aponeurosis
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The flexor digitorum superficialis is located deep to the palmar aponeurosis.
name: Flexor digitorum superficialis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The flexor digitorum profundus is located deep to the palmar aponeurosis.
name: Flexor digitorum profundus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The flexor retinaculum is a rectangular-shaped fibrous band over the volar aspect of the hand and the wrist. It is located more proximal than the palmar aponeurosis.
name: Flexor retinaculum
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The muscle indicated by the arrow above attaches to which of the bones listed below?
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Options:
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris does not insert onto the trapezoid.
name: Trapezoid
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris does not insert onto the trapezium.
name: Trapezium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris does not insert onto the triquterum.
name: Triquetrum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The flexor carpi ulnaris inserts onto the base of the fifth metacarpal not the first metacarpal.
name: Base of the first metacarpal
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The muscle labelled by the arrow is the flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor carpi ulnaris originates from the medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior border of ulna and inserts onto the pisiform bone, hook of hamate and the base of the fifth metacarpal.
name: Pisiform
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
This is an image of a back. Identify the labelled muscle.

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Options:
explanation: The trapezius is located more superior on posterior aspect of the neck and thorax. It is a triangular shaped muscle.
name: Trapezius
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The rhomboid major is located more superior. It lies deep to the trapezius.
name: Rhomboid major
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The latissimus dorsi originates from multiple points, including the spinous processes of T7-T12, the iliac crest, the thoracolumbar fascia, and the lower three or four ribs. It also has minor attachments to the scapula's inferior angle. The muscle fibres converge to insert onto the floor of the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) of the humerus. The latissimus dorsi is responsible for shoulder extension, adduction, and medial rotation, and plays a role in movements like pulling or lifting, as well as stabilising the trunk.
name: Latissimus dorsi
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The rhomboid minor is located superior to the latissimus dorsi muscle and the rhomboid major muscle. It is found deep to the trapezius.
name: Rhomboid minor
label: d
answer: no
explanation: These muscles are found on either side of the vertebral column. There are three groups: spinalis muscles, longissimus muscles and iliocostalis muscles.
name: Erector spinae
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which nerve innervates the muscle labelled in this image?

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Options:
explanation: The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi. The arrow is pointing at the deltoid muscle.
name: Thoracodorsal nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The suprascapular nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles.  The arrow is pointing at the deltoid muscle.
name: Suprascapular nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The levator scapula, rhomboid major and minor are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve. The arrow is pointing at the deltoid muscle.
name: Dorsal scapular nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The spinal accessory nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The arrow is pointing at the deltoid muscle.
name: Spinal accessory nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the deltoid muscle. The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid muscle, providing both motor and sensory information. The axillary nerve originates from the cervical nerves C5 and C6, and enters the scapular region through the quadrangular space.
name: Axillary nerve
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which statement below is true regarding the muscle labelled in the diagram?

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Options:
explanation: The sartorius is supplied by the femoral nerve as it is a muscle of the anterior compartment of the leg.
name: This muscle is supplied by the obturator nerve.
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The sartorius (muscle labelled in the image), gracilis and the semitendinosus form the pes anserinus. The sartorius inserts anterior to the gracilis and semitendinosus, onto the proximal tibia.
name: The semitendinosus muscle inserts anterior to the insertion of this muscle.
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to the sartorius muscle, which forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle. This long, strap-like muscle originates from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and runs obliquely across the thigh to insert on the medial surface of the proximal tibia, as part of the pes anserinus. The sartorius assists in hip flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation, as well as knee flexion.
name: The medial edge of this muscle forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle.
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The sartorius allows **medial** rotation of the tibia against the femur.
name: This muscle allows lateral rotation of the tibia against the femur.
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The sartorius (muscle labelled in the image), gracilis and the semitendinosus form the pes anserinus. The sartorius inserts anterior to the gracilis and semitendinosus, onto the proximal tibia.
name: The gracilis muscle inserts anterior to the insertion of this muscle.
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the muscle on the diagram of the thigh.

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Options:
explanation: The sartorius is one of the muscles of the anterior thigh. It has an oblique course from the lateral to the medial aspect of the thigh as it descends.
name: Sartorius
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The vastus intermedius is also one of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris, however this lies deep to the rectus femoris. Hence it is not visible in this diagram.
name: Vastus intermedius
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The rectus femoris is a muscle of the quadriceps femoris. This is found between the vastus medialis and the vastus lateralis.
name: Rectus femoris
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The labelled muscle is the vastus lateralis, the most lateral of the four quadriceps muscles. It originates from the greater trochanter and lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur, extending down the thigh to insert at the quadriceps tendon, which continues to the patella and then to the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament. As part of the quadriceps group, the vastus lateralis plays a crucial role in knee extension, providing strength and stability to the knee joint, especially during activities like walking, running, and squatting.
name: Vastus lateralis
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The vastus medialis is also one of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris, however this lies more medial to the labelled muscle.
name: Vastus medialis
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the statements below is true regarding the muscle labelled by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The inferior vena cava is located **medial** to the right psoas muscle
name: The inferior vena cava is located lateral to this muscle
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The superior part of the psoas muscle lies **posterior** to the diaphragm.
name: The superior part of this muscle lies anterior to the diaphragm
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The femoral nerve lies **lateral** to the psoas muscle
name: The femoral nerve lies medial to this muscle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The muscle shown in the image is the psoas major, a key muscle in the hip flexor group. It originates from the transverse processes, intervertebral discs, and bodies of T12 to L5 vertebrae, descending to insert on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas major is primarily responsible for flexion at the hip joint, enabling movements like walking and running. It is innervated by the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3. Together with the iliacus, it forms the iliopsoas muscle, a powerful flexor of the thigh.
name: This muscle is supplied by the anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The psoas muscle **flexes** the thigh and the trunk at the hip.
name: The muscle causes extension of the thigh at the hip
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which part of the bone is indicated by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: The arrow points to the ilium, specifically the iliac wing, which is the broad, fan-shaped superior portion of the ilium. This structure plays a crucial role in forming the pelvis, providing attachment sites for muscles and ligaments, and supporting the weight of the upper body during movement.
name: Iliac wing
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the ilium rather than the pubis. The pubis is located on the anterior and inferior aspect of the hip bone.
name: The body of the pubis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the ilium rather than the ischium. The ischium is located on the posterior and lateral aspect of the hip bone.
name: The body of the ischium
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The gluteal surface of the ilium is located posteriorly and laterally on the bone.
name: Gluteal surface of the ilium
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The sacropelvic surface of the bone is located on the medial aspect, which is not shown in this image.
name: The sacropelvic surface of the ilium
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the part of the bone labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: The head of the humerus is located at the superior aspect of the bone, articulating with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It faces upward, medially, and slightly posteriorly, allowing for a wide range of shoulder movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, and rotation.
name: Head of the humerus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The capitulum of the humerus is located at the distal aspect of the bone. It is a rounded structure on the inferolateral aspect of the humerus.
name: Capitulum of the humerus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The intertubercular sulcus is located between the greater and lesser tuberosities of the humerus.
name: Intertubercular sulcus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The lesser tuberosity is located more medial on the humerus.
name: Lesser tuberosity
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The greater tuberosity is located on the lateral surface of the humerus.
name: Greater tuberosity
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which one of these muscles originate from the area labelled and is also found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

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Options:
explanation: The **ulnar head** of the pronator teres arises from the medial aspect of the coronoid process. The **humeral head** arises from the common flexor origin. The ulnar head works alongside the humeral head, which originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, to assist in pronating the forearm and flexing the elbow.
name: Ulnar head of the pronator teres
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the medial epicondyle of the humerus, this is the common flexor origin. The pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris all originate from the common flexor origin. These muscles are found in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment. The **humeral head** of the pronator teres arises from the common flexor origin.
name: Humeral head of the pronator teres
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Although the humeral head of the flexor digitorum superficialis does arise from the common flexor origin, this muscle is found in the **intermediate layer** of the anterior compartment, not the **superficial layer**.
name: Humeral head of the flexor digitorum superficialis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The extensor digitorum communis arises from the common extensor origin, this is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. This muscle is found in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment.
name: Extensor digitorum communis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The **radial head** of the flexor digitorum superficialis arises from the oblique line of the radius and not the common flexor origin. The flexor digitorum superficialis is also found in the **intermediate layer** of the anterior compartment, not the **superficial  layer**.
name: Ulnar head of the flexor digitorum superficialis
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which muscle arises from the region labelled by the arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The infraspinatus originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the subscapular fossa.
name: Infraspinatus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The teres minor originates from the lateral border of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the subscapular fossa.
name: Teres minor
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The levator scapulae inserts onto the medial aspect of the scapula. It arises from the transverse processes of C1-4. The arrow is pointing to the subscapular fossa.
name: Levator scapulae
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow indicates the subscapular fossa, a concave area on the anterior surface of the scapula. The subscapularis muscle originates from this fossa and is a key component of the rotator cuff. It plays a crucial role in shoulder stabilisation and internal rotation of the humerus. The subscapularis, along with the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, collectively provides dynamic support to the glenohumeral joint, allowing for a wide range of shoulder movements while maintaining joint integrity.
name: Subscapular fossa
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The supraspinatus originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the subscapular fossa.
name: Supraspinatus
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which muscle has an attachment to the structure indicated by the arrow on the scapula?

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Options:
explanation: The long head of the triceps brachii arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the coracoid process of the scapula.
name: Long head of the triceps brachii
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The pectoralis major muscle does not have any attachments to the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the coracoid process of the scapula. However, the pectoralis minor muscle inserts onto the coracoid process.
name: Pectoralis major
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the coracoid process of the scapula. The only muscle in this list that is attached to the coracoid process is the short head of the biceps brachii. The short head of biceps brachii originates from the coracoid process, whilst the long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle. Both heads insert onto the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis.
name: Short head of biceps brachii muscle
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The long head of biceps brachii muscle arises from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. The arrow is pointing to the coracoid process of the scapula.
name: Long head of biceps brachii muscle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the coracoid process of the scapula. The deltoid does not attach here. The attachments it has on the scapula are on the spine of the scapula and the acromion.
name: Deltoid
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the vessel indicated by the blue arrow.

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Options:
explanation: After the exiting the popliteal fossa, the popliteal artery branches into the anterior tibial artery at the level of the lower border of the popliteal muscle.
name: Anterior tibial artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery, however as the image is at the level of the popliteal fossa, the arrow indicates the popliteal artery. The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery at the adductor hiatus.
name: Femoral artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The posterior tibial artery is a branch of the popliteal artery in the leg after it exits the popliteal fossa. The image shows the region of the popliteal fossa.
name: Posterior tibial artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The fibular artery is located in the leg, it is a branch of the popliteal artery, which arises after it has exited the popliteal fossa.
name: Fibular artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the right popliteal fossa. Structures that lie within the popliteal fossa, from medial to lateral, are: the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve. The arrow is pointing to the red structure which lies most medial, so this is the popliteal artery.
name: Popliteal artery
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
The arrow is pointing to a muscle. Name this muscle.

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Options:
explanation: The lateral gastrocnemius is located on the inferolateral aspect of the popliteal fossa.
name: Lateral gastrocnemius
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The semimembranosus is located on the superomedial aspect of the popliteal fossa.
name: Semimembranosus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The plantaris is located on the inferolateral aspect of the popliteal fossa.
name: Plantaris
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the right popliteal fossa, this structure has four borders, which are as follows:

* Superomedial border: formed by the semimebranosus and semitendinous muscles
* Superolateral border: formed by the biceps femoris muscle
* Inferomedial border: formed by the medial head of gastrocnemius
* Inferolateral border: formed by the lateral head of gastrocnemius and the soleus muscle

The arrow points to the inferomedial muscle, this is the medial gastrocnemius.
name: Medial gastrocnemius
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The biceps femoris is located on the superolateral aspect of the popliteal fossa.
name: Biceps femoris
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the carpal bone indicated by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: Scaphoid is a boat shaped bone on the radial aspect of the wrist. It is one of the carpal bones in the proximal row.
name: Scaphoid
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the distal row of bones. A mnemonic to help remember the bones from the proximal row from the scaphoid on the radial side to the distal row starting from the hamate on the ulnar side to the thumb is:

**S**o **L**ong **T**o **P**inky, **H**ere **C**omes **T**he **T**humb

**S**caphoid **L**unate **T**riquetrum **P**isiform, **H**amate **C**apitate **T**rapezoid **T**rapezium

The capitate is the largest carpal bone, it also articulates with the third metacarpal bone.
name: Capitate
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The hamate is located more to the ulnar side than the capitate. The arrow points to the capitate which is also larger. The hamate is located on the left of the image where the hook of hamate is also visible.
name: Hamate
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The trapezoid is located more radial to the arrow. It is a wedge-shaped bone.
name: Trapezoid
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The trapezium is the most radial bone in the distal row articulating with the first and second metacarpals.
name: Trapezium
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The arrow is pointing to the carpal bones, name the bone it is pointing to.
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Options:
explanation: Scaphoid is a boat shaped bone on the radial aspect of the wrist. The arrow is pointing to the ulnar aspect.
name: Scaphoid
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The trapezoid is located in the distal, the arrow is pointing to the proximal row. It is also a wedge-shaped bone.
name: Trapezoid
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the proximal row of bones. A mnemonic to help remember the bones from the proximal row from the scaphoid on the radial side to the distal row starting from the hamate on the ulnar side to the thumb is:

**S**o **L**ong **T**o **P**inky, **H**ere **C**omes **T**he **T**humb

**S**caphoid **L**unate **T**riquetrum **P**isiform, **H**amate **C**apitate **T**rapezoid **T**rapezium

The triquetrum is a pyramid shaped bone that articulates with the lunate and hamate.
name: Triquetrum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The lunate is located in the proximal row, however it is found between the triquetrum and the scaphoid (this will appear boat-shaped).
name: Lunate
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The trapezium is the most radial bone in the distal row articulating with the first and second metacarpals.
name: Trapezium
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a