hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
What is the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a dissected thorax. This answer describes the function of the descending aorta, which transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. However, the arrow indicates the oesophagus, which passes anterior to the descending aorta from right to left. The descending aorta can be visualised just lateral to the oesophagus. The function of the oesophagus is to allow the passage of the food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach.
name: Passage of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to the rest of the body
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected thorax. This answer describes the function of the inferior vena cava, which is not easily visible in this dissection. It normally lies to the right of the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the oesophagus. The function of the oesophagus is to allow the passage of the food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach.
name: Drainage of venous blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected thorax. This answer describes the function of the thoracic duct, which is the main lymphatic vessel draining lymph from the inferior half of the body and from the left upper half of the body. The thoracic duct is located in the posterior mediastinum, posteriorly to the structure indicated by the arrow – the oesophagus. The function of the oesophagus is to allow the passage of the food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach.
name: Drainage of lymph from the inferior half of the body and from the left upper half of the body
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a dissected thorax. The arrow indicates the oesophagus, which is a muscular tube structure, which passes anterior to the descending aorta from right to left. The aorta can be visualised just lateral to the oesophagus. The function of the oesophagus is to allow the passage of the food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach.
name: Passage of food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a dissected thorax. This answer describes the function of the superior vena cava, which is located more superiorly compared to the level of the structure indicated by the arrow, which is the oesophagus. The function of the oesophagus is to allow the passage of the food bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach.
name: Drainage of venous blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone contributing to the cranial base. It articulates with the frontal, ethmoid, vomer, occipital, zygomatic, parietal, temporal, and palatine bones. The sphenoid bone forms part of the lateral walls of the cranial base, lateral walls of the bony orbits, and parts of the floor of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
name: Sphenoid bone
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The frontal bone is an unpaired bone (after fusion of the metopic suture) contributing to the calvarium anteriorly. It articulates with the parietal bones at the coronal suture.
name: Frontal bone
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The parietal bones are a pair of bones contributing to the calvarium laterally. They articulate with each other at the midline sagittal suture; with the frontal bone at the coronal suture; with the occipital bone at the lambdoid suture; and with temporal bones at the squamosal sutures bilaterally.
name: Parietal bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The occipital bone is an unpaired flat bone contributing to the calvarium posteriorly. It articulates with the parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones, and the atlas.
name: Occipital bone
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The temporal bones are a pair of bones contributing to the cranial base. They articulate with the parietal bones at the squamosal sutures bilaterally. The temporal bones contain the middle and inner ear.
name: Temporal bone
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.
name: Zygomatic bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The maxillae form the upper immobile jaw, anterior part of the hard palate, and part of the floor of the bony orbits.
name: Maxilla
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The nasal bones form the bridge of the upper nose.
name: Nasal bone
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The mandible forms the lower mobile jaw.
name: Mandible
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The sphenoid bone forms part of the lateral walls of the cranial base, lateral walls of the bony orbits, and parts of the floor of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.
name: Sphenoid bone
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The sagittal suture is found between the parietal bones, in the midline sagittal plane.
name: Sagittal suture
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The coronal suture is found between the frontal bone(s) and parietal bones, in the coronal plane.
name: Coronal suture
label: a
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The lambdoid suture is found between the parietal bones and occipital bone. It is found at the posterior aspect of the cranium.
name: Lambdoid suture
label: c
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The metopic suture (also known as the median frontal suture) is found in the newborn. It should fuse by nine months of age.
name: Metopic suture
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The squamosal suture is found between the temporal and parietal bones. It is found at the lateral aspect of the cranium.
name: Squamosal suture
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: c
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) carries motor fibres to superior oblique. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.
name: Trochlear nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The optic nerve (CN II) carries visual sensory information from the retina to the brain. It enters the cranium via the optic canal.
name: Optic nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The abducent nerve (CN VI) carries motor fibres to lateral rectus. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.
name: Abducent nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) carries sensory information from the eye, upper face and forehead. It enters the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.
name: Ophthalmic nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The oculomotor nerve (CN III) carries motor fibres to the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and the extraocular muscles, except lateral rectus and superior oblique. It also carries parasympathetic fibres to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles via the ciliary ganglion. It leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure.
name: Oculomotor nerve
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following nerves provides innervation to the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate superior oblique.
name: Trochlear nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) is a pure sensory nerve, with no motor component.
name: Ophthalmic nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The abducent nerve (CN VI) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate this muscle.
name: Abducent nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and to provide parasympathetic fibres to the ciliary ganglion.
name: Inferior division of oculomotor nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to lateral rectus. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and superior rectus.
name: Superior division of oculomotor nerve
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure of the sphenoid bone.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The medial pterygoid plate supports the pharynx, serving as an attachment for the superior constrictor muscle and pharyngobasilar fascia.
name: Left medial pterygoid plate
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The lateral pterygoid plate is the site of origin for the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, from its medial and lateral surfaces, respectively.
name: Left lateral pterygoid plate
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The anterior clinoid process is a posterior projection of each lesser wing bilaterally, serving as an attachment for the tentorium cerebelli.
name: Left anterior clinoid process
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the left greater wing of sphenoid. The lesser wing of sphenoid forms the border between the anterior and middle cranial fossae, and forms the lateral border of the optic canal.
name: Left lesser wing
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The greater wing of sphenoid forms part of the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and the floor of the middle cranial fossa.
name: Left greater wing
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The ethmoid bone is an unpaired bone that forms part of the nasal septum, medial wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa.
name: Ethmoid bone
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.
name: Zygomatic bone
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the right greater wing of sphenoid, which forms part of the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and the floor of the middle cranial fossa.
name: Sphenoid bone
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The lacrimal bones are a pair of bones that contribute to the facial skeleton and form part of the medial walls of the bony orbit.
name: Lacrimal bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The temporal bones contribute to the inferolateral walls of the skull and articulate with the condylar processes of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints.
name: Temporal bone
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The lacrimal bones are a pair of bones that contribute to the facial skeleton and form part of the medial walls of the bony orbit.
name: Lacrimal bone
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The greater wing of sphenoid contributes to the lateral wall of the skull, lateral wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the middle cranial fossa.
name: Sphenoid bone
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The zygomatic bones are a pair of bones which from the bony prominences of the cheeks, and contribute to the lateral walls and floor of the bony orbits.
name: Zygomatic bone
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The nasal bones from the bridge of the upper nose.
name: Nasal bone
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The ethmoid bone is an unpaired bone that forms part of the nasal septum, medial wall of the bony orbit, and floor of the anterior cranial fossa.
name: Ethmoid bone
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following nerves provides innervation to the labelled structure?

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) is a pure sensory nerve, with no motor component.
name: Ophthalmic nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate superior oblique.
name: Trochlear nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The abducent nerve (CN VI) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate this muscle.
name: Abducent nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to superior rectus. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, and to provide parasympathetic fibres to the ciliary ganglion.
name: Inferior division of oculomotor nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to superior rectus. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the cranium via the superior orbital fissure to innervate the striated part of levator palpabrae superioris and superior rectus.
name: Superior division of oculomotor nerve
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The mylohyoid muscle originates from the mylohyoid line of the mandible. It inserts onto the body of the hyoid, aiding depression of the mandible.
name: Mylohyoid
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and infratemporal crest of the greater wing of sphenoid. It inserts onto the pterygoid fovea on the anterior neck of the mandible and temporomandibular joint capsule, acting primarily to depress and protrude the mandible.
name: Lateral pterygoid
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The masseter muscle originates from the zygomatic arch, formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone laterally and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone medially. It inserts onto the lateral surface of the mandible and coronoid process, acting to elevate the mandible.
name: Masseter
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The medial pterygoid muscle originates from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, pyramidal process of the palatine bone and the maxillary tuberosity. It inserts onto the medial surface of the mandible, acting primarily to elevate and protrude the mandible.
name: Medial pterygoid
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The temporalis muscle originates primarily from the temporal fossa, consisting of the squamous temporal bone. It inserts onto the coronoid process and ramus of the mandible, acting to elevate and retract the mandible. It also produces side to side movements of the mandible.
name: Temporalis
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical relation between the parotid duct and the labelled duct?

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Options:
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).
name: Parotid duct passes anteriorly (superficially)
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).
name: Parotid duct passes inferiorly
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).
name: Parotid duct pierces the labelled structure
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).
name: Parotid duct passes superiorly
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the masseter muscle. The parotid duct passes anterior to the masseter then pierces buccinator to open into the oral cavity at a papilla opposite the 2nd upper molar tooth (Stensen's duct).
name: Parotid duct passes posteriorly (deeply)
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The angular artery is the terminal part of the facial artery arising at the medial commissure of the eye, anastomosing with the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery, giving branches to supply the orbicularis oculi muscle, lacrimal sac, and lateral aspect of the nose.
name: Angular artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The facial artery is a more proximal branch of the external carotid artery. It ascends over the body of the mandible towards the medial commissure of the eye, giving branches to supply various structures in the face and pharynx, terminating as the angular artery.
name: Facial artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The maxillary artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the superficial temporal artery. It arises in the parotid gland, traverses the infratemporal fossa and reaches the pterygopalatine fossa, giving branches to supply various structures of the head.
name: Maxillary artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The superficial temporal artery is one of two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, the other being the maxillary artery. It arises in the parotid gland and ascends over the zygomatic process of the temporal bone where it then divides into anterior and posterior divisions to supply superficial structures of the head.
name: Superficial temporal artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The middle meningeal artery is a branch of first part of the maxillary artery. It enters the skull through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura.
name: Middle meningeal artery
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following structures is the origin of the postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The pterygopalatine ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, nasal and palatine mucosa.
name: Pterygopalatine ganglion
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the parotid gland. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel in the lesser petrosal nerve (from the glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX) and synapse at the otic ganglion to give postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor fibres that run with the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the parotid gland.
name: Otic ganglion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The trigeminal ganglion contains sensory cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve (CN V), not synapses.
name: Trigeminal ganglion
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The submandibular ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands.
name: Submandibular ganglion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the parotid gland, which receives postganglionic parasympathetic secretomotor innervation via the auriculotemporal nerve (from the mandibular nerve, CN Vc) from the otic ganglion. The ciliary ganglion is the origin of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.
name: Ciliary ganglion
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The thyroid cartilage lies below the hyoid and above the cricoid cartilage. Its two flat pentagonal laminae fuse anteriorly to constitute the thyroid prominence. The thyroid angle at the prominence is approximately 90º in males and 120º in females.
name: Thyroid cartilage
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped fibroelastic cartilage located above the thyroid cartilage but deep to the hyoid bone to protect the airway during swallowing.
name: Epiglottis
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The cricoid cartilage is located between the larynx and trachea. It is the only complete cartilaginous ring, more prominent posteriorly to give its characteristic signet-ring shape.
name: Cricoid cartilage
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The lingual tonsil is an aggregate of encapsulated lymphoid tissue found within the pharyngeal part (posterior third) of the tongue, giving its characteristic nodular texture. It is a component of Waldeyer's ring, alongside the adenoid (or pharyngeal) tonsil, tubal tonsils, and palatine tonsils.
name: Lingual tonsil
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The hyoid bone is a unique U-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone. It is found at the level of C3, above the larynx. It helps maintain and protect the airway, moving up with swallowing.
name: Hyoid bone
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Which of the following correctly describes the embryological origin of the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the sixth arch include the cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages of the larynx.
name: Sixth pharyngeal arch
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the fourth arch include the thyroid cartilage (although this is mainly neural crest cell-derived) and the epiglottic swelling that later forms the epiglottis. The epiglottic valleculae on its anterior surface have taste innervation from the internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve.
name: Fourth pharyngeal arch
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The cartilages derived from the third arch include the greater horn and lower part of the body of the hyoid bone.
name: Third pharyngeal arch
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The fifth arch regresses soon after forming and doesn't give rise to any structures.
name: Fifth pharyngeal arch
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the epiglottis. The third pouch does not have a cartilage component, but gives rise to the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands.
name: Third pharyngeal pouch
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a