hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which of the following structures is innervated by the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Superior oblique is innervated by the trochlear nerve (CN IV), which enters the superior orbital fissure.
name: Superior oblique
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Lateral rectus is innervated by the abducent nerve (CN VI), which enters the superior orbital fissure.
name: Lateral rectus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Superior rectus is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III), which enters the superior orbital fissure.
name: Superior rectus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Buccinator is innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve (CN VII), which enters the internal auditory meatus.
name: Buccinator
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow is pointing to the left trigeminal nerve (CN V). Tensor tympani is innervated by the nerve to medial pterygoid, a motor branch of the mandibular division of trigeminal (CN Vc), which enters the foramen ovale.
name: Tensor tympani
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The submandibular ganglion is is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the submandibular fossa on the medial aspect of the mandibular body. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve, CN VII), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the submandibular and sublingual glands, as taste to the anterior two thirds of the tongue.
name: Submandibular ganglion
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The otic ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the infratemporal fossa inferior to the foramen ovale. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the lesser petrosal nerve (branch of glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve, CN Vc) to supply the parotid gland.
name: Otic ganglion
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone, in what is called the trigeminal impression. It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurones carried by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and no synapses. The ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular division of CN V arise from this ganglion.
name: Trigeminal ganglion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The ciliary ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located inferior to the eye. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the oculomotor nerve (CN III), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by the short ciliary branch of the nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve, CN Va) to supply the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles.
name: Ciliary ganglion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The pterygopalatine ganglion is a cranial parasympathetic ganglion located in the pterygopalatine fossa between the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone and the palatine bone. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres are carried by the greater petrosal nerve (branch of facial nerve, CN VII), which synapse within the ganglion. Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres are then carried by several branches of the maxillary nerve (CN Vb) to supply the lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands (also known as the hayfever glands).
name: Pterygopalatine ganglion
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the labelled structure.

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) leaves the medulla of the brainstem between the pyramid and olive. It passes through the hypoglossal canal to leave the cranium inferiorly.
name: Hypoglossal nerve
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) leaves the pontine-medullary region of the brainstem. It passes through the anteromedial aspect of the jugular foramen to leave the cranium inferiorly.
name: Glossopharyngeal nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The oculomotor nerve (CN III) leaves the tectum of the midbrain and pierces the roof of the cavernous sinus to run in its lateral wall. It emerges as superior and inferior divisions which pass through the superior orbital fissure to enter the orbit.
name: Oculomotor nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The facial nerve (CN VII) leaves the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle as a larger motor root and a smaller nervus intermedius root. They enter the internal acoustic meatus with the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). The two roots combine to form the definitive CN VII nerve within the petrous temporal bone.
name: Facial nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) leaves the mid-pontine region of the brainstem as a larger sensory root and a smaller motor root. They pass forward below the tentorium cerebelli through the oval opening in the dura to the trigeminal impression, located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone.
name: Trigeminal nerve
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following structures is innervated by the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Buccinator is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.
name: Buccinator
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Orbicularis oris is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.
name: Orbicularis oris
label: c
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Depressor labii inferioris, as well as depressor anguli oris and mentalis muscles are innervated by this nerve.
name: Depressor labii inferioris
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Platysma is innervated by the cervical branch of the inferior division of CN VII.
name: Platysma
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the marginal mandibular nerve, arising from the inferior division of the facial nerve (CN VII) within the parotid gland. Levator labii superioris is innervated by the buccal branch of the superior division of CN VII.
name: Levator labii superioris
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following structures receives parasympathetic input from the labelled structure?

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Options:
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The trigeminal ganglion is a sensory ganglion located at the apex of the petrous temporal bone. It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurones carried by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), and importantly, no synapses.
name: Trigeminal ganglion
label: d
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The otic ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the lesser petrosal nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, CN IX).
name: Otic ganglion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: Correct. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the inferior division of CN III.
name: Ciliary ganglion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The geniculate ganglion is a sensory ganglion located in the petrous temporal bone. It contains the cell bodies of viscerosensory neurones carried by the facial nerve (CN VII), and importantly, no synapses.
name: Geniculate ganglion
label: e
answer: no
explanation: Incorrect. The arrow points to the oculomotor nerve (CN III), exiting the brain at the level of the colliculi and Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain. The pterygopalatine ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion that receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibres, which synapse in the ganglion, from the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve, CN VII).
name: Pterygopalatine ganglion
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
The blood supply of this particular part of the pancreas arises from which of the following arteries?
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Options:
explanation: Its branches include the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery which supplies the superior part of the head of the pancreas and not the body.
name: Gastroduodenal artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This supplies the inferior part of the head of the pancreas and arises from the superior mesenteric artery.
name: Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is another branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the hindgut (distal 1/3 of transverse colon to rectum) and hence does not involve the pancreas.
name: Inferior mesenteric artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the body of the pancreas which is supplied by the splenic artery. This is most commonly a branch of the coeliac trunk.
name: Coeliac trunk
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is another vessel coming off the abdominal aorta. It supplies mainly the midgut, but does give supply the inferior part of the head of the pancreas.
name: Superior mesenteric artery
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow.

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Options:
explanation: This would lie in close proximity to the duodenum.
name: Head of the pancreas
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is the part closest to the spleen as seen in the image.
name: Tail of the pancreas
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is found to the left of the tail of the pancreas.
name: Body of the pancreas
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is found medial to the head of the pancreas and again, would be in relation to the duodenum.
name: Uncinate process
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This would be found between the head and body of the pancreas, so these need to be identified first and the best way to do that is to find the duodenum.
name: Neck of the pancreas
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: This comes off the cystic duct which would be higher up.
name: Neck of gallbladder
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the largest part of the gallbladder.
name: Body of Gallbladder
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: There is no anatomical part of the gallbladder named the 'head', unlike the pancreas.
name: Head of gallbladder
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the furthest part of the gallbladder and further down below the arrow.
name: Fundus of gallbladder
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is found in the neck of the gallbladder, a common place for gallstones to be found.
name: Hartmann's pouch
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: This is the first vessel seen coming off the neck of the gallbladder and is therefore the cystic duct. It allows bile to enter and leave the gallbladder.
name: Cystic duct
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The right and left hepatic ducts form the common hepatic duct. This carries bile from the liver rather than the gallbladder.
name: Right hepatic duct
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is an opening in the duodenum which allows bile to drain from the common bile duct and pancreactic duct.
name: Ampulla of vater
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is formed by the cystic and common hepatic duct. It lies in close proximity to the duodenum and the head of the pancreas.
name: Common bile duct
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is found partly superior to the gallbladder and partly inferior where it becomes the common bile duct.
name: Common hepatic duct
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
To which level of the vertebral column is the arrow pointing to?

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Options:
explanation: The vertebral bodies of L4 and L5 are found above and below the vertebral disc (to which the arrow is pointing to). The lumbar vertebrae have large vertebral bodies which are important for weight bearing.
name: L4/5
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The L3/L4 is the disc just above the arrow. The L4/L5 disc can be differentiated by the rest by looking for the lumbosacral joint (which looks like a final thin disc before the fused bones).
name: L3/L4
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is the level at which the spinal cord terminates and is known as the conus medullaris.
name: L1/L2
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This part of the vertebral column is found as a fused bone much like the sacrum.
name: Coccyx
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The sacrum consists of fused sacral vertebrae S1-S5 so does not have any S1/S2 discs.
name: S1/S2
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: The appendix is most commonly found retrocaecally and is a much smaller structure than the caecum.
name: Caecum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The appendix is a blind ended tube and is continuous with the caecum (seen here as part of the kidney like structure on the left of the image).
name: Vermiform appendix
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is the string like structure arising superiomedially to the appendix in the image.
name: Appendicular artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This arises from the superior mesenteric artery and becomes the appendicular artery which supplies the appendix.
name: Ileocaecal artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This refers to the part of the mesentery that connects the appendix with the ileum.
name: Mesoappendix
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: Unlike the quadrate lobe, this is found superiorly and between the inferior vena cava (this is the biggest hollow vessel seen in the image)and the ligamentum venosum.
name: Caudate lobe of liver
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the other main lobe of the liver and smaller than the right lobe. The right and left lobes are separated by the falciform ligament.
name: Left lobe of liver
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is a small, square shaped lobe of the liver and lies next to the gallbladder (in green) and the ligamentum teres.
name: Quadrate lobe of liver
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is the largest lobe of the liver (seen on the left of the image).It gives rise to the smaller quadrate and caudate lobes.
name: Right lobe of liver
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is the part of the liver which is not covered by peritoneum and is in direct contact with the diaphrgam, hence 'bare'. It is found superiorly but posteriorly. i.e The area which is not covered by ligaments (which are double folds of peritoneum covering the liver).
name: Bare area of liver
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below

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Options:
explanation: This is the part of the colon found before the hepatic flexure (where the colon bends at a right angle close to the liver) and continues as the transverse colon.
name: Ascending colon
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This is part of the small intestine not the large intestine (colon).
name: Ileum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is the straight part of the colon found after the splenic flexure where the transverse colon continues as the descending colon.
name: Descending colon
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is continuous with the descending colon and has a characteristic 'S' shape before it becomes the rectum.
name: Sigmoid colon
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is the start of the colon and continuous as the ascending colon up towards the liver. It can be identified by looking for the ileocaecal valve (the connection between the ileum and the caecum thus where the small intestine becomes the large intestine).
name: Caecum
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following is NOT a branch of the vessel labelled by the arrow?

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Options:
explanation: This arises at the level of L3 and supplies the hindgut which starts at the remaining 1/3 of the transverse colon and ends at the rectum.
name: Inferior mesenteric artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: These are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta and bifurcate at the L4 level.
name: Common iliac arteries
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The gonadal arteries arise at the level of L2. In males these are the testicular arteries and in females, these are the ovarian arteries.
name: Testicular artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The inferior phrenic arteries arise from the abdominal aorta, just below the aortic hiatus found at the level of T12 and is responsible for supplying the inferior part of the diaphragm. The superior phrenic arteries also supply the diaphragm but arise from the thoracic part of the aorta instead.
name: Superior phrenic arteries
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: These arise at the level of L1/L2 and supply the kidneys.
name: Renal arteries
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: The superior articular processes usually project upwards and are vertical. The superior and inferior articular processes of two consecutive vertebrae articulate to form a zygopophyseal joint.
name: Superior articular process of L5
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The arrow is pointing to a structure on the final vertebrae which is L5 as after this the bones have been fused, so this cannot be a process of L4.
name: Inferior articular process of L4
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The transverse processes are continuous with the vertebral body which is more chunky as seen on the image and connected to other vertebrae by intervertebral discs.
name: Vertebral body of L5
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The transverse processes here are much thicker than the other lumbar vertebrae.
name: Transverse process of L5
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This would be seen posteriorly and in the lumbar vertebrae are short and broad unlike the transverse processes which are long and thin.
name: Spinous process of L5
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Name the annotated structure?

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Options:
explanation: These collect urine at the apex of each renal pyramid where the renal papillae are found. This is number 5 on the image.
name: Minor calyx
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This is distal to the renal pelvis and labelled as number 3 on the model.
name: Ureter
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This would be better seen in a coronal cross section of the kidney itself rather than as a structure leaving the kidney. It is important for collection of urine and would be found at the centre of the kidney.
name: Renal pelvis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This is number 15 in the image. They are made of many nephrons which are the functional units of the kidney responsible for producing urine.
name: Renal pyramid
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This is correct. The major calyx is formed by teh confluence of two or more minor calyces.
name: Major calyx
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: The arrow is pointing to the left renal vein which drains into the inferior vena cava. It can be seen here passing over the abdominal aorta.
name: Renal vein
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This would be better seen in a coronal cross section of the kidney itself rather than as a structure leaving the kidney. It is important for collection of urine and would be found at the centre of the kidney.
name: Renal pelvis
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This consists mainly of renal pyramids which are triangular shaped structures found in the kidney where the nephrons are found and hence where urine formation begins.
name: Renal medulla
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The renal arteries are a branch of the abdominal aorta arising just below the superior mesenteric artery at the level of L1/L2. The right renal artery is slightly longer than the left and passes behind the interior vena cava.
name: Renal artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This is where the renal artery and vein enter and leave the kidney as well as other structures like the ureter.
name: Renal hilum
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the arrow in the image below.

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Options:
explanation: The rectum begins at the level of S3 where it is continuous with the signmoid colon and terminates as the anal canal. Here we can see the rectum and associated fascia.
name: Rectum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The uterus, found in females, is a more muscular organ and would have a smaller opening known as the cervical os. It is also found anterior to the rectum.
name: Uterus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The anal canal would normally be closed due to the internal and external anal sphincters which contract when there is no fecal matter in the rectum. The rectum has more prominent fascia as it is responsible for explusion of fecal matter.
name: Anal canal
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The aorta terminates at the level of L4 as the common iliac arteries so would not be seen in this lower transverse cross section.
name: Aorta
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The bladder wall is made of detrusor muscle and is found anterior to the rectum. Although the posterior wall of the bladder and the rectum form a rectovesical pouch, this is 7.5 cm away from the anal canal and therefore not seen in this cross section.
name: Bladder
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a