hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
What does the arrow in the image point to? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The interventricular septum sits between the left and right ventricles. It is composed of both a muscular and membranous portion, and contains the ventricular portion of the conducting system.
name: Interventricular septum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The arrow points to the interventricular septum. The interatrial septum separates the right and left atria. The interatrial septum features a central depression called the oval fossa, which corresponds to the foramen ovale during foetal development.
name: Right atrium
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to the interventricular septum. The interventricular septum sits between the left and right ventricles. It is composed of both a muscular and membranous portion, and contains the ventricular portion of the conducting system.
name: Left ventricle
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The interatrial septum separates the right and left atria. The interatrial septum features a central depression called the oval fossa, which corresponds to the foramen ovale during foetal development.
name: Interatrial septum
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The arrow points to the interventricular septum. The interventricular septum sits between the left and right ventricles. It is composed of both a muscular and membranous portion, and contains the ventricular portion of the conducting system.
name: Right ventricle
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the structure labelled in the axial prosection? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The descending thoracic aorta can be seen immediately posterior to the oesophagus. It is easily recognised by its strong muscular wall.
name: Descending thoracic aorta
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The superior vena cava cannot be visualised at this vertebral level of the cross section. The superior vena cava drains into the right atrium at the level of the third costal cartilage.
name: Superior vena cava
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The pericardium is a fibrous sac that sits around the heart. The oesophagus lies posterior to the heart.
name: Pericardium
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus is labelled. It lies posterior to the heart. The descending thoracic aorta can be seen immediately posterior to the oesophagus in this prosection.
name: Oesophagus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The vertebral column sits most posteriorly and centrally to form the backbone of the body. The T5-T12 vertebrae form the posterior border of the posterior mediastinum.
name: Vertebral column
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the statements describes the bony feature labelled? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This answer describes the spinous processes, which extend directly posteriorly and centrally from the vertebral bodies. The spinous processes serve as a site of attachment for muscles involved in posture and active movement.
name: Central and posterior projections from the vertebral body
label: d
answer: no
explanation: This answer describes the articular processes. These form facet joints, both superiorly and inferiorly between vertebrae.
name: Form joints between vertebrae at superior and inferior sides
label: e
answer: no
explanation: This statement describes the pedicles which are labelled. The pedicles carry the articular and transvers processes. Together, the lamina and two pedicles form the vertebral arch.
name: Connects the vertebral body to the transverse processes
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: This statement describes the laminae. Together, the laminae and two pedicles form the vertebral arch.
name: Connects the transverse and spinous processes
label: b
answer: no
explanation: This statement describes the transverse processes of the vertebra. The transverse processes provide an articular surface for the tubercle of the thoracic ribs. They also serve as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.
name: Extensions laterally from the vertebral body
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the bony feature that is labelled in the image [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The pedicle connects the vertebral body to the transverse processes. The pedicles carry the articular and transvers processes. Together, the lamina and two pedicles form the vertebral arch.
name: Pedicle
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The lamina is labelled and it connects the transverse and spinous processes. Together, the laminae and two pedicles form the vertebral arch.
name: Lamina
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The spinous processes extend directly posteriorly and centrally from vertebral bodies. The spinous processes serve as a site of attachment for muscles involved in posture and active movement.
name: Spinous process
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The body of the vertebrae is the most anterior portion of a vertebra. The body carries the axial structural load. Immediately posterior to the body of the vertebra lies the vertebral arch.
name: Body
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The transverse processes provide an articular surface for the tubercle of the thoracic ribs. They also serve as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.
name: Transverse process
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the labelled structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The pancreas is involved in glucose control. The neck of the pancreas is found at the level of L1 (the level of the transpyloric plane).
name: Glucose level control
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The adrenal glands which sit atop the kidney are involved in cortisol production. Specifically, the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol, and other glucocorticoids.
name: Cortisol level control
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The thymus gland is labelled and is present in children and adolescents, at which point it is located in the anterior mediastinum. The thymus is responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells. It is typically absent in adults.
name: Development of the immune system
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The thyroid gland is located within the anterior neck, spanning from C5-T1 vertebrae.
name: Development of the thyroid gland
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The thoracic duct is the main lymphatic vessel that drains lymph into the venous system, draining lymph from approximately 75% of the body. The thoracic duct travels from T12 to the root of the neck.
name: Lymphatic drainage
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which portion of the mediastinum is the labelled structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The oesophagus is labelled within the superior mediastinum. It also extends down into posterior mediastinum which begins around T4.
name: Superior mediastinum
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The anterior mediastinum does not contain any major structures aside from the thymus gland in children.
name: Anterior mediastinum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The oesophagus is labelled within the superior mediastinum. The middle mediastinum contains the origins of the major heart vessels including the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. It also contains the superior vena cava and pulmonary veins. The phrenic and vagus nerves also pass through the middle mediastinum.
name: Middle mediastinum
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The inferior mediastinum is comprised of the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The oesophagus at this level is sitting in the superior mediastinum.
name: Inferior mediastinum
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The posterior mediastinum does contain the oesophagus; however, it also contains the thoracic aorta which is not visualised here. The superior mediastinum contains many great vessels which can be seen in the image.
name: Posterior mediastinum
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following valves is labelled by the arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle (and is therefore termed an atrioventricular valve). It prevents blood from flowing backwards into the right atrium from the right ventricle.
name: Tricuspid
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The mitral valve (another atrioventricular valve), sits between the left atrium and left ventricle. It prevents blood flowing backwards from the left ventricle into the left atrium during ventricular systole. Unlike the tricuspid valve, the mitral valve has only two cusps (and may often be termed the bicuspid valve).
name: Mitral
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The fossa ovalis is an embryological remnant of the foramen ovale in the right atrium that closes during birth and remains as the fossa ovalis. It is part of the foetal blood circulation in development allowing blood to flow between the right and left atria whilst the lungs develop.
name: Fossa ovalis
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The pulmonary valve is the semilunar valve, which sits between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. It prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk.
name: Pulmonary
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aortic root. It prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta. The aortic valve has a semilunar shape.
name: Aortic
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What is the function of the structure that is labelled by the blue arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: During foetal development, the ductus venosus carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC and bypasses the liver as it develops.
name: Carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the liver
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the remnant of the foramen ovale called the fossa ovalis. During foetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between the right and left atria thereby bypassing the foetal lungs as they are developing.
name: Allows blood flow between right and left atria in the adult
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The ductus arteriosus allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to flow between the pulmonary artery and aorta during foetal development to ensure there is a good systemic blood supply whilst the foetal lungs are developing. The image however shows the remnant of the foramen ovale called the fossa ovalis. During foetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between the right and left atria thereby bypassing the foetal lungs as they are developing.
name: Allows blood flow between pulmonary artery and aorta in the foetus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows the remnant of the foramen ovale called the fossa ovalis. During foetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between the right and left atria thereby bypassing the foetal lungs as they are developing.
name: Allows blood flow between right and left atria in the foetus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The ductus arteriosus allows deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to flow between the pulmonary artery and aorta during foetal development to ensure there is a good systemic blood supply whilst the foetal lungs are developing. The image however shows the remnant of the foramen ovale called the fossa ovalis. During foetal development, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between the right and left atria thereby bypassing the foetal lungs as they are developing.
name: Allows blood flow between pulmonary artery and aorta in the adult
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What does the arrow point to in the image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The ascending aorta is located anterior to the transverse pericardial sinus, which is labelled.
name: Ascending aorta
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The oblique pericardial sinus is a space within the layers of the parietal and visceral pericardial layers, located posterior to the left atrium. The oblique sinus provides space for the left atrium to expand.
name: Oblique pericardial sinus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The transverse pericardial sinus, which is labelled, is located anterior to the superior vena cava.
name: Superior vena cava
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The transverse pericardial sinus is a space within the layers of the parietal and visceral pericardial layers. It lies superior to the left atrium, anterior to the SVC and posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The transverse pericardial sinus serves as a useful anatomical landmark during coronary artery bypass surgery.
name: Transverse pericardial sinus
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The transverse pericardial sinus, which is labelled, is located posterior to the pulmonary trunk
name: Pulmonary trunk
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the correct function of the structure labelled from the options below [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: This answer describes the superior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood from the head and neck down and drains into the superior portion of the right atrium.
name: Carries deoxygenated blood from the head and neck towards the right atrium
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The inferior vena cava (IVC) is labelled within the pericardium. The IVC is the main vessel of the systemic venous system. It drains deoxygenated blood from all structures below the diaphragm, and empties into the right atrium.
name: Carries deoxygenated blood from the body towards the right atrium
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The inferior vena cava is labelled within the pericardium. The IVC is the main vessel of the systemic venous system. It drains deoxygenated blood from all structures below the diaphragm, and empties into the **right atrium**.
name: Carries deoxygenated blood from the body towards the left atrium
label: c
answer: no
explanation: This answer describes the superior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood from the head and neck down and drains into the superior portion of the **right atrium**.
name: Carries deoxygenated blood from the head and neck towards the left atrium
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The inferior vena cava is labelled within the pericardium. The IVC is the main vessel of the systemic venous system. It drains **deoxygenated** blood from all structures below the diaphragm, and empties into the right atrium.
name: Carries oxygenated blood from the body towards the right atrium
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the correct vertebral level of the structure in the image [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The T8-9 intervertebral disc is labelled in the thoracic spine.
name: T6-7
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The T8-9 intervertebral disc is labelled in the thoracic spine.
name: T9-10
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The T8-9 intervertebral disc is labelled in the thoracic spine.
name: T10-11
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The T8-9 intervertebral disc is labelled in the thoracic spine.
name: T7-8
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The T8-9 intervertebral disc is labelled in the thoracic spine. The thoracic vertebra can be identified by:
* The presence of costal facets on the transverse processes of T1-T10
* The presence of demi-facets on the sides of each vertebral body
* Long and inferiorly slanted spinous processes
* Heart shaped vertebral body
In this diagram, the easiest way to find the correct answer is by identifying the lumbar vertebrae, and counting the thoracic vertebrae from there.
name: T8-9
label: a
answer: yes

Correct answer: a
Identify the joint that is labelled by the blue arrow [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The costotransverse is formed by the articulation of the tubercle of the rib and the transverse facet of the vertebra.
name: Costotransverse joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The sternochondral (also termed sternocostal) joint is labelled and sits between the sternum and costal cartilage of the true ribs. The primary function of these joints is to facilitate mechanical ventilation by allowing the costal cartilage to pass move smoothly with the ribs during inspiration and expiration.
name: Sternochondral joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The manubriosternal joint is formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum.
name: Manubriosternal joint
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The sternoclavicular joint is formed by the articulation of the sternum and the clavicle.
name: Sternoclavicular joint
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The costovertebral joint is formed by the articulation of the head of the rib and and the inferior facet joints of the vertebra above.
name: Costovertebral joint
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which major vessels join to form the vessel that is labelled by the arrow? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein which then drains into the superior vena cava. The left and right brachiocephalic veins are valveless, paired veins that drain the head, neck, upper limbs and part of the thorax and mediastinum. The pericardial veins are small tributaries of the superior vena cava.
name: Left brachiocephalic vein and pericardial veins
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the brachiocephalic vein which then drains into the superior vena cava. The left and right brachiocephalic veins are valveless, paired veins that drain the head, neck, upper limbs and part of the thorax and mediastinum.
name: Left and right brachiocephalic veins
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The subclavian vein is the continuation of the axillary vein as it crosses the lateral border of the first rib. The external jugular vein drains into the subclavian vein at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle. The subclavian vein then joins the internal jugular vein to become the brachiocephalic vein. The left brachiocephalic vein is usually longer than the right brachiocephalic vein, to allow the left brachiocephalic vein to bypass the aortic arch.
name: Right and left subclavian vein
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The left common carotid artery is a direct branch of the aortic arch. The right common carotid artery is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk. The left and right common carotid arteries ascend through the neck lateral to the trachea and oesophagus. They do not give any branches in the neck.
name: Left and right common carotid arteries
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The oesophageal and pericardial veins are both small tributaries of the superior vena cava. The left and right brachiocephalic veins are the major vessels that join to form the SVC.
name: Oesophageal vein and pericardial vein
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
What structure is labelled in the image? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The right subclavian artery is labelled and sits posterior to the subclavian vein. It carries oxygenated blood to the upper limb. Whilst the subclavian arteries are paired vessels, the left and right have different origins. The left subclavian artery arises directly from the aortic arch, whilst the right subclavian originates from the brachiocephalic trunk.
name: Right subclavian artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The right subclavian artery is labelled and sits posterior to the subclavian vein. It carries oxygenated blood to the upper limb. Whilst the subclavian arteries are paired vessels, the left and right have different origins. The left subclavian artery arises directly from the aortic arch, whilst the right subclavian originates from the brachiocephalic trunk. The labelled structure lies on the **right**.
name: Left subclavian artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The right subclavian artery is labelled and sits posterior to the subclavian vein. It carries oxygenated blood to the upper limb. Whilst the subclavian arteries are paired vessels, the left and right have different origins. The left subclavian artery arises directly from the aortic arch, whilst the right subclavian originates from the brachiocephalic trunk.
name: Left subclavian vein
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The right subclavian artery is labelled and sits posterior to the subclavian vein. It carries oxygenated blood to the upper limb. Whilst the subclavian arteries are paired vessels, the left and right have different origins. The left subclavian artery arises directly from the aortic arch, whilst the right subclavian originates from the brachiocephalic trunk.
name: Right subclavian vein
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The left common carotid artery is a direct branch of the aortic arch and travels upwards towards the head and neck. Here, the labelled structure lies on the **right** and can be identified as the right subclavian artery.
name: Left common carotid artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which nerve supplies sensory information to the labelled structure? [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The recurrent laryngeal provides sensory information to the trachea, which is labelled. Parasympathetic innervation is provided via the vagus nerve (CN X).
name: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The phrenic nerve provides motor information to the diaphragm and sensory information to the central tendon of the diaphragm. Here, the trachea is labelled, which receives sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X).
name: Phrenic nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The oesophageal plexus provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the oesophagus. Here, the trachea is labelled, which receives sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X).
name: Oesophageal plexus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The recurrent laryngeal provides sensory information to the trachea, which is labelled. **Parasympathetic** innervation is provided via the vagus nerve (CN X).
name: Left vagus nerve
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve innervates the breast and this provides sensory information to the skin surface.
name: Anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerve
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure labelled by the blue arrow [lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The right common carotid artery is labelled. The trachea lies medially and the internal jugular vein lies laterally. The oesophagus can be visualised posterior to the trachea. The subclavian artery runs posterolateral to the common carotid artery (and the subclavian vein sits anterior to the subclavian artery).
name: Left subclavian artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The right common carotid artery is labelled. The trachea lies medially and the internal jugular vein lies laterally. The oesophagus can be visualised posterior to the trachea. The subclavian artery runs posterolateral to the common carotid artery (and the subclavian vein sits anterior to the subclavian artery).
name: Right subclavian artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The right common carotid artery is labelled. The trachea lies medially and the internal jugular vein lies laterally. The oesophagus can be visualised posterior to the trachea.
name: Right common carotid artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The **right** common carotid artery is labelled. The trachea lies medially and the internal jugular vein lies laterally. The oesophagus can be visualised posterior to the trachea.
name: Left common carotid artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The right common carotid artery is labelled. The trachea lies medially and the internal jugular vein lies laterally. The oesophagus can be visualised posterior to the trachea. The subclavian artery runs posterolateral to the common carotid artery (and the subclavian vein sits anterior to the subclavian artery).
name: Right internal jugular vein
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a