hllj/quesmed huggingface dataset:
Which of the following best describes the function of the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a superior view of the first cervical vertebra of the spine (also termed the atlas). The blue arrow points to the left superior articular facet, which articulates superiorly with the left occipital condyle of the occipital bone of the skull, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. The superior component of the atlanto-occipital joint is represented by the occipital condyle.
name: Represents the superior component of the atlanto-occipital joint
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view of the first cervical vertebra of the spine (also termed the atlas). The blue arrow points to the left superior articular facet, which articulates superiorly with the left occipital condyle of the occipital bone of the skull, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. The clivus is the part of the occipital bone which forms the anterior border of the foramen magnum. It articulates with the sphenoid and the temporal bones, but not with the C1 vertebra.
name: Articulates with the clivus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view of the first cervical vertebra of the spine (also termed the atlas). The blue arrow points to the left superior articular facet, which articulates superiorly with the left occipital condyle of the occipital bone of the skull, forming the atlanto-occipital joint.
name: Represents the inferior component of the atlanto-occipital joint
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a superior view of the first cervical vertebra of the spine (also termed the atlas). The structure indicated by the blue arrow articulates with a bony prominence of the occipital bone, the left occipital condyle. However, this is located lateral, not anterior to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. The joint formed between the occipital condyle and the superior articular facet of the atlas vertebra is called the atlanto-occipital joint.
name: Articulates with a bony prominence located anterior to the foramen magnum
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a superior view of the first cervical vertebra of the spine (also termed the atlas). The structure indicated by the blue arrow articulates with a bony prominence of the occipital bone, the left occipital condyle. However, this is located lateral, not posterior to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. The joint formed between the occipital condyle and the superior articular facet of the atlas vertebra is called the atlanto-occipital joint.
name: Articulates with a bony prominence located posterior to the foramen magnum
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the structure indicated by the arrow in the image below:
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The lambdoid suture is a fused fibrous joint on the posterior surface of the skull found at the junction between the occipital bone and the two parietal bones. However, the blue arrow points to the pterion, the H-shaped suture at the junction between the frontal bone anteriorly, sphenoid bone inferiorly, temporal bone posteriorly and parietal bone superiorly.
name: Lambdoid suture
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The blue arrow points to the pterion, the H-shaped suture at the junction between the frontal bone anteriorly, sphenoid bone inferiorly, temporal bone posteriorly and parietal bone superiorly. It is a clinically important point because immediately underneath lies the middle meningeal artery. A fracture of the pterion can result in laceration of the middle meningeal artery, which in turn may result in an epidural haemorrhage.
name: Pterion
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The asterion is an anatomical point on the lateral aspect of the skull, created by the junction between the occipital bone posteriorly, the temporal bone anteriorly and the parietal bone superiorly. However, the blue arrow points to the pterion, the H-shaped suture at the junction between the frontal bone anteriorly, sphenoid bone inferiorly, temporal bone posteriorly and parietal bone superiorly.
name: Asterion
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The coronal suture is a fused fibrous joint of the superior surface of the skull found at the junction between the frontal and parietal bones. However, the blue arrow points to the pterion, the H-shaped suture at the junction between the frontal bone anteriorly, sphenoid bone inferiorly, temporal bone posteriorly and parietal bone superiorly.
name: Coronal suture
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The sagittal suture is a fused fibrous joint of the superior surface of the skull found in the midline at the junction between the right and left parietal bones. However, the blue arrow points to the pterion, the H-shaped suture at the junction between the frontal bone anteriorly, sphenoid bone inferiorly, temporal bone posteriorly and parietal bone superiorly.
name: Sagittal suture
label: c
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical component of the temporal bone which is indicated by the blue arrow in the image below:
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The zygomatic process is an anterior projection of the temporal bone which articulates anteriorly with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, forming the zygomatic arch. However, the blue arrow points to the mandibular fossa, which is an oval depression located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, posterior to the zygomatic process.
name: Zygomatic process
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The tympanic cavity is found inferior to the squamous part of the temporal bone and anterior to the petromastoid part, being connected to the external acoustic meatus. However, the blue arrow points to the mandibular fossa, which is an oval depression located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, posterior to the zygomatic process.
name: Tympanic cavity
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The external acoustic meatus is a canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone, not immediately visible from a lateral view. However, the blue arrow points to the mandibular fossa, which is an oval depression located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, posterior to the zygomatic process.
name: Internal acoustic meatus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The blue arrow points to the mandibular fossa, which is an oval depression located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, posterior to the zygomatic process. Its role is to receive the mandibular condyle.
name: Mandibular fossa
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a left lateral view of a skull, with the orbit towards the left side of the image and the occipital bone towards the right side of the image. The mastoid process is an inferior projection of the temporal bone palpable immediately posterior to the ear and which serves as an attachment for the sternocleidomastoid muscle. In the image it is visible immediately posterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus. However, the blue arrow points to the mandibular fossa, which is an oval depression located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, posterior to the zygomatic process.
name: Mastoid
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following blood vessels supplies the area indicated by the blue arrow in the following image?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) in the centre of the image. The cerebellar hemispheres are seen on either side of the brainstem. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, a branch of the vertebral artery on each side, supplies the inferior aspects of the cerebellar hemispheres. However, the blue arrow indicates the anterior lobe of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The superior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres, including the anterior lobe, is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery.
name: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) in the centre of the image. The cerebellar hemispheres are seen on either side of the brainstem. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery, a branch of the basilar artery, supplies the deep and middle territories of the cerebellar hemispheres. However, the blue arrow indicates the anterior lobe of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The superior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres, including the anterior lobe, is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery.
name: Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) in the centre of the image. The cerebellar hemispheres are seen on either side of the brainstem.. The posterior cerebral artery is a branch of the basilar artery, supplying the occipital lobe and the middle temporal lobes of the brain. However, the blue arrow indicates the anterior lobe of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The superior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres, including the anterior lobe, is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery.
name: Posterior cerebral artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) in the centre of the image. The cerebellar hemispheres are seen on either side of the brainstem. The blue arrow indicates the anterior lobe of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The superior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres, including the anterior lobe, is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery, a branch of the basilar artery.
name: Superior cerebellar artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows an anterior view of the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) in the centre of the image. The cerebellar hemispheres are seen on either side of the brainstem. The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which travels on the lateral surface of each hemisphere to supply the lateral aspects of the frontal, parietal and superior temporal lobes. However, the blue arrow indicates the anterior lobe of the left cerebellar hemisphere. The superior aspect of the cerebellar hemispheres, including the anterior lobe, is supplied by the superior cerebellar artery.
name: Middle cerebral artery
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The occipitomastoid suture is a small fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone posteriorly and the mastoid process of the temporal bone anteriorly. However, the blue arrow indicates the lambdoid suture, the fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone and the temporal and the parietal bones, respectively.
name: Occipitomastoid suture
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The coronal suture is a fibrous joint connecting the frontal bone with the two parietal bones posterior to it. It is located anterior to the structure indicated by the arrow and it is visible in the image. However, the blue arrow indicates the lambdoid suture, the fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone and the temporal and the parietal bones, respectively.
name: Coronal suture
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The blue arrow indicates the lambdoid suture, the fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone and the temporal and the parietal bones, respectively.
name: Lambdoid suture
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The sagittal suture is a fibrous joint formed between the two parietal bones, in the midline of the skull. However, the blue arrow indicates the lambdoid suture, the fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone and the temporal and the parietal bones, respectively.
name: Sagittal suture
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The squamous suture is a fibrous joint formed between the parietal bones and the squamous part of the temporal bones, on the lateral aspect of the skull bilaterally. However, the blue arrow indicates the lambdoid suture, the fibrous joint formed between the occipital bone and the temporal and the parietal bones, respectively.
name: Squamous suture
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following best describes the anatomical structure indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The blue arrow indicates the pituitary fossa, a marked depression at the level of the sphenoid bone of the skull base, which houses the pituitary gland of the brain.
name: Pituitary fossa
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The frontal sinuses are paranasal air sinuses found at the level of the forehead in the structure of the frontal bones. However, the blue arrow indicates the pituitary fossa, a marked depression at the level of the sphenoid bone of the skull base, which houses the pituitary gland of the brain.
name: Frontal sinus
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The sphenoid sinus is a paranasal air sinus found at the level of the sphenoid bone, immediately inferior to the structure indicated by the arrow. However, the blue arrow indicates the pituitary fossa, a marked depression at the level of the sphenoid bone of the skull base, which houses the pituitary gland of the brain.
name: Sphenoid sinus
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The maxillary sinuses are paranasal air sinuses found in the structure of the maxilla bilaterally. They are located more anterior and superficial compared to the structure indicated by the arrow. However, the blue arrow indicates the pituitary fossa, a marked depression at the level of the sphenoid bone of the skull base, which houses the pituitary gland of the brain.
name: Maxillary sinus
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a plain X-ray film of a lateral view of a skull. The face and front of the head are towards the left of the image and the back of the head and the vertebral column are towards the right of the image. The odontoid peg is a bony projection of the C2 cranial vertebra (axis) which articulates with the atlas (C1 vertebra), forming the atlanto-axial joint which allows head rotation. The odontoid peg is found posterior and inferior in the midline compared to the structure indicated by the arrow. However, the blue arrow indicates the pituitary fossa, a marked depression at the level of the sphenoid bone of the skull base, which houses the pituitary gland of the brain.
name: Odontoid peg
label: e
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Which of the following blood vessels supplies the area of the brain indicated by the blue arrow in the image below?
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Options:
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The superior cerebellar artery is a branch of the basilar artery, which provides  arterial supply to the superior aspect of the cerebellar lobes. However, the blue arrow indicates the medial temporal lobe, whose arterial supply is provided by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery also supplies the occipital lobe.
name: Superior cerebellar artery
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The basilar artery is the main vessel, which provides branches that form the posterior circulation of the brain. The vessel indicated by the arrow is a branch of the basilar artery, but the basilar artery itself does not supply the territory indicated by the arrow, which is the medial temporal lobe. Its arterial supply is provided by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery also supplies the occipital lobe.
name: Basilar artery
label: d
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The blue arrow indicates the medial temporal lobe, whose arterial supply is provided by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery also supplies the occipital lobe.
name: Posterior cerebral artery
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The anterior cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery, which travels along the medial aspect of each hemisphere and supplies the medial aspects of the frontal and the parietal lobes. However, the blue arrow indicates the medial temporal lobe, whose arterial supply is provided by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery also supplies the occipital lobe.
name: Anterior cerebral artery
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The middle cerebral artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which travels on the lateral surface of each hemisphere to supply the lateral aspects of the frontal, parietal and superior temporal lobes. However, the blue arrow indicates the medial temporal lobe, whose arterial supply is provided by the posterior cerebral artery. The posterior cerebral artery also supplies the occipital lobe.
name: Middle cerebral artery
label: b
answer: no

Correct answer: a
Identify the anatomical structure indicated by the arrow in the following image:
[lightgallery]

Options:
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The blue arrow indicates the olfactory tract, the structure connecting the olfactory bulb on each side with the olfactory cortex where impulses are interpreted.
name: Olfactory tract
label: a
answer: yes
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The olfactory nerves are found in the mucosa of the superior wall of the nasal cavity, and their axons pass into the skull through the perforations of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone at the base of the skull (anterior cranial fossa). The olfactory nerves synapse with secondary neurons in the olfactory bulbs, one of which is visible in the image (on the right side of the brain and left side of the image, respectively). However, the blue arrow indicates the olfactory tract, the structure connecting the olfactory bulb on each side with the olfactory cortex where impulses are interpreted.
name: Olfactory nerve
label: c
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The gyrus rectus is the area of the cortex located immediately medial to the structure indicated by the arrow. However, the blue arrow indicates the olfactory tract, the structure connecting the olfactory bulb on each side with the olfactory cortex where impulses are interpreted.
name: Gyrus rectus
label: e
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The optic nerve is not visible in this image, as it has been dissected away. The optic chiasm and the optic tracts bilaterally are visible, which lie posterior to the optic nerves. However, the blue arrow indicates the olfactory tract, the structure connecting the olfactory bulb on each side with the olfactory cortex where impulses are interpreted.
name: Optic nerve
label: b
answer: no
explanation: The image shows a basal view of a brain prosection, with the frontal lobe at the top of the image and the cerebellum and brainstem at the bottom of the image. The olfactory bulb is the structure whereby the olfactory nerves passing through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone synapse with the secondary neurons on the olfactory pathway. It is only visible in the image on the right side of the brain and the left side of the image, respectively. However, the blue arrow indicates the olfactory tract, the structure connecting the olfactory bulb on each side with the olfactory cortex where impulses are interpreted.
name: Olfactory bulb
label: d
answer: no

Correct answer: a