CVE-2017-12595 (Other, published 2017-08-27T15:29Z)
Description: value: The tokenizer in QPDF 6.0.0 and 7.0.b1 is recursive for arrays and dictionaries, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (stack consumption and segmentation fault) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a PDF document with a deep data structure, as demonstrated by a crash in QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal in libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc.
Severity: MEDIUM (CVSS v3 base score: 7.8)
Weakness: CWE-20 \u2014 Improper Input Validation
The product receives input or data, but it does
        not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the
        properties that are required to process the data safely and
        correctly.
Repository: https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf
Files changed:
ChangeLog
include/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.hh
libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
qpdf/qtest/qpdf.test
qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.out
qpdf/qtest/qpdf/issue-146.pdf
Commit message: Parse iteratively to avoid stack overflow (fixes #146)


Vulnerable code:
        bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty,
                          0, 0, false, false, true);
                         decrypter, context, false, false, false);
                                bool in_array, bool in_dictionary,
    if (in_dictionary && in_array)
    {
	// Although dictionaries and arrays arbitrarily nest, these
	// variables indicate what is at the top of the stack right
	// now, so they can, by definition, never both be true.
	throw std::logic_error(
	    "INTERNAL ERROR: parseInternal: in_dict && in_array");
    }
    qpdf_offset_t offset = input->tell();
    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> olist;
                // Return uninitialized object to indicate EOF
                return object;
	    if (in_array)
		done = true;
	    if (in_dictionary)
		done = true;
	    object = parseInternal(
		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
                decrypter, context, true, false, content_stream);
	    break;

	    object = parseInternal(
		input, object_description, tokenizer, empty,
                decrypter, context, false, true, content_stream);
		else if ((value == "R") && (in_array || in_dictionary) &&
		    (olist.size() >= 2) &&
                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
                    (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
		    (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
		else if ((value == "endobj") &&
			 (! (in_array || in_dictionary)))
	if (in_dictionary || in_array)
	{
	    if (! done)
	    {
		olist.push_back(object);
	    }
	}
	else if (! object.isInitialized())
	{
            warn(context,
                 QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
                         object_description,
                         input->getLastOffset(),
                         "parse error while reading object"));
	}
	else
	{
	    done = true;
	}
    }
    if (in_array)
    {
	object = newArray(olist);
    }
    else if (in_dictionary)
    {
        // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys. Attempt
        // to recover more or less gracefully from invalid
        // dictionaries.
        std::set<std::string> names;
        for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter = olist.begin();
             iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
            if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
                names.insert((*iter).getName());
        }
        std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
        int next_fake_key = 1;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
        {
            QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
            QPDFObjectHandle val;
            if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
                bool found_fake = false;
                std::string candidate;
                while (! found_fake)
                    candidate =
                        "/QPDFFake" + QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
                    found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
                            (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(
                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                         "expected dictionary key but found"
                         " non-name object; inserting key " +
                         candidate));
                val = key_obj;
                key_obj = newName(candidate);
            else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(
                         qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                         input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                         "dictionary ended prematurely; using null as value"
                         " for last key"));
                val = newNull();
                val = olist.at(++i);
            dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
        object = newDictionary(dict);

Fixed code:
	* Re-implement parser iteratively to avoid stack overflow on very
	deeply nested arrays and dictionaries. Fixes #146.

            parseInternal(input, "content", tokenizer, empty, 0, 0, true);
                         decrypter, context, false);
    std::vector<std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> > olist_stack;
    olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
    enum state_e { st_top, st_start, st_stop, st_eof, st_dictionary, st_array };
    std::vector<state_e> state_stack;
    state_stack.push_back(st_top);
    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> offset_stack;
    offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& olist = olist_stack.back();
        state_e state = state_stack.back();
        qpdf_offset_t offset = offset_stack.back();

                state = st_eof;
	    if (state == st_array)
                state = st_stop;
	    if (state == st_dictionary)
                state = st_stop;
            olist_stack.push_back(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>());
            state = st_start;
            offset_stack.push_back(input->tell());
            state_stack.push_back(
                (token.getType() == QPDFTokenizer::tt_array_open) ?
                st_array : st_dictionary);
		else if ((value == "R") && (state != st_top) &&
                         (olist.size() >= 2) &&
                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isIndirect()) &&
                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 1).isInteger()) &&
                         (! olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isIndirect()) &&
                         (olist.at(olist.size() - 2).isInteger()))
		else if ((value == "endobj") && (state == st_top))
        if ((! object.isInitialized()) &&
            (! ((state == st_start) ||
                (state == st_stop) ||
                (state == st_eof))))
        {
            throw std::logic_error(
                "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: "
                "unexpected uninitialized object");
        }
        switch (state)
          case st_eof:
            if (state_stack.size() > 1)
                warn(context,
                     QPDFExc(qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input->getName(),
                             object_description,
                             input->getLastOffset(),
                             "parse error while reading object"));
            done = true;
            // Leave object uninitialized to indicate EOF
            break;
          case st_dictionary:
          case st_array:
            olist.push_back(object);
            break;

          case st_top:
            done = true;
            break;

          case st_start:
            break;

          case st_stop:
            if ((state_stack.size() < 2) || (olist_stack.size() < 2))
            {
                throw std::logic_error(
                    "QPDFObjectHandle::parseInternal: st_stop encountered"
                    " with insufficient elements in stack");
            }
            state_e old_state = state_stack.back();
            state_stack.pop_back();
            if (old_state == st_array)
                object = newArray(olist);
            }
            else if (old_state == st_dictionary)
            {
                // Convert list to map. Alternating elements are keys.
                // Attempt to recover more or less gracefully from
                // invalid dictionaries.
                std::set<std::string> names;
                for (std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::iterator iter =
                         olist.begin();
                     iter != olist.end(); ++iter)
                {
                    if ((! (*iter).isIndirect()) && (*iter).isName())
                    {
                        names.insert((*iter).getName());
                    }
                }

                std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict;
                int next_fake_key = 1;
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < olist.size(); ++i)
                    QPDFObjectHandle key_obj = olist.at(i);
                    QPDFObjectHandle val;
                    if (key_obj.isIndirect() || (! key_obj.isName()))
                    {
                        bool found_fake = false;
                        std::string candidate;
                        while (! found_fake)
                        {
                            candidate =
                                "/QPDFFake" +
                                QUtil::int_to_string(next_fake_key++);
                            found_fake = (names.count(candidate) == 0);
                            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle found fake",
                                    (found_fake ? 0 : 1));
                        }
                        warn(context,
                             QPDFExc(
                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                                 "expected dictionary key but found"
                                 " non-name object; inserting key " +
                                 candidate));
                        val = key_obj;
                        key_obj = newName(candidate);
                    }
                    else if (i + 1 >= olist.size())
                    {
                        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFObjectHandle no val for last key");
                        warn(context,
                             QPDFExc(
                                 qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
                                 input->getName(), object_description, offset,
                                 "dictionary ended prematurely; "
                                 "using null as value for last key"));
                        val = newNull();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        val = olist.at(++i);
                    }
                    dict[key_obj.getName()] = val;
                object = newDictionary(dict);
            olist_stack.pop_back();
            offset_stack.pop_back();
            if (state_stack.back() == st_top)
                done = true;
                olist_stack.back().push_back(object);
    ["146", "very deeply nested array", 2],
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: file is damaged
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: can't find startxref
WARNING: issue-146.pdf: Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table
WARNING: issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20728): unknown token while reading object; treating as string
issue-146.pdf (trailer, file position 20732): EOF while reading token
%PDF-1.4 0 obj

1 0 obj
<</Type//Parent 4 0 R/Reces 6 0 R/Meox[092]/S/Trcy/CS/DeRGB/I true>>0 R>1>>
endobj

7 0 obj
<</Type/log/s 4 /Opeion[1 0 R =X 0]
/Lang(en-US)
>>
endo>
endobj 9
0n 
trailer
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9/Root 7 0 R
/Info 8 0 R
/ID [ <F0E> ]
/Dum /
>>
EOF