hiteshjr24/gemini_test huggingface dataset:
Statement: Which fallacy literally means "He did it himself?"
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I have been around the block many times, and I have had my share of success.  So believe me when I tell you that there is no better hobby than cat-juggling.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I hold a doctorate in theology, have written 12 books, and personally met the Pope.  Therefore, when I say that Jesus’ favorite snack was raisins dipped in wine, you should believe me.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: There is no intervention for victims of domestic violence that has more empirical support from controlled studies than this one. It is clear that this is the right way to address this problem and we should all be providing this therapy whenever victims of domestic violence come to us for help.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement:   Homosexuality is / ought to be morally wrong (moral property) because it is not normal (natural property). or Homosexuality is not normal (natural property); therefore, it is / ought to be morally wrong (moral property).
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Nature gives people diseases and sickness; therefore, it is morally wrong to interfere with nature and treat sick people with medicine.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Why doesn't Tim get a real job like normal people instead of trying to launch that Internet business from home?
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: You should eat more green leafy vegetables, because Ms. Lord says so, and she is an expert on grammar and vocabulary.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Studies show it takes up to seven years for the human body to digest a piece of gum.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My cousin Bob works as a mechanic at Oil Changers and he says that renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, aren't going to provide any help in fixing our nation's energy crisis.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: There is definitely a link between autism and the vaccines given to toddlers. I know this because a Wikipedia entry mentioned numerous studies that found this to be true.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Michael Jordan wears Hanes underwear, so you should too!
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Appeals to an authority that has little to nothing to do with the argument
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Studies show that it takes up to seven years for the human body to digest a piece of gum.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: There is definitely a link between dementia and drinking energy drinks. I read about it on Wikipedia.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Presenting an unqualified person or institution as a source of credible information.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: The owner of the car dealership by my house told me I need a new car, and he would know since he works in the industry.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "We're going to protest and not get in trouble because Mr. Iglesias said it's okay."
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "My dad is a mechanic and he says that eating brushing your teeth twice a day is good for you. Since he is a mechanic, he knows best."
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My father told me that the sky is green. So it must be the truth.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My uncle is a mechanic and he says you shouldn't spank children. He says it's ineffective.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I think scientists are wrong. There is no such thing as global warming. I just finished talking to my boss, and he thought the idea was ridiculous.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I don’t care what scientists say, my mother always told me that the world is flat, and she would never lie to me!
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Coke is not as healthy for you as Pepsi. Besides, Britney Spears drinks Pepsi, so it must be healthier than Coke.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "My brother's girlfriend's Mother's hairdresser said that COVID numbers are going down, so I'm not going to bother with my mask" 
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I'm not a doctor, but I play one on the hit series, "Bimbos and Studmuffins in the OR." You can take it from me that when you need a safe and effective pain killer, there is nothing better then MorphiPill 2000. That is my professional medical opinion.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "The logic teacher was hired to fill the new computer animation class. He is a great admirer of Pixar's work and will do a great job."
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "The art teacher spoke in the trial as a witness in support of testing perfumes on animals, and he persuaded me."
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: "My best friend tweeted about the health benefits of pizza, and so we're going to out to eat two vegetable pizzas tonight."
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My neighbor told me that the position of the sun, moon, and stars decide our personalities. I believe her because she is a famous violin player.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Aaron Rodgers says you should get State Farm Insurance on your home, car, motorcycle, or trailer!
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I’m not a doctor, but I play a doctor on TV, and I wouldn’t dream of using anything but Tylenol for my toughest headaches. 
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: U.S. Sen. Tom Coburn says that lesbianism is rampant in the Oklahoma schools. This must, indeed, be true, because surely the senator couldn't be mistaken about the schools in his own state.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: You can't prove that space aliens don't exist, so they must be real
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: There is no concrete proof that Duterte himself is corrupt; therefore, he is an honest politician.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Falsely requiring an opponent to “disprove” instead of you “proving” your argument
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: I know nothing about Tank Johnson except that he has a criminal record as long as your leg, but I’ll bet he’s really just misunderstood
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: We have no evidence that the Illuminati ever existed. They must have been so clever they destroyed all the evidence
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: This is the best foot cream on the market because no other foot cream makers have been able to prove otherwise!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: We don't know for sure that phones lower students' success levels, so there's no need to ban them.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: “No one has ever been able to prove definitively that extra-terrestrials exist, so they must not be real.”
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Since the class is not asking any further questions, then that means that they are all ready for the test.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "Your Honor, the defendant has been able to provide no strong evidence to prove his innocence; therefore, you must find him guilty."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Bill: "I think that some people have psychic powers."  Jill: "What is your proof?" Bill: "No one has been able to prove that people do not have psychic powers."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Although we have proven that the moon is not made of short ribs, we have not proven that its core cannot be filled with them; therefore, the moon’s core is filled with short ribs.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: The Tooth Fairy is real because nobody has proven she doesn't exist.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: ghosts must exist, because nobody has been able to prove that they don'tf
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "Trump won't release his tax returns and prove he's clean, therefore he must have something to hide."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "If you believe that I am wrong, prove to me that I am."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: I've never been hit by lightening when standing under a tree so we'll be perfectly safe to shelter by this oak now.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: You can't prove that mermaids actually don't exist and therefore it's reasonable to say that they do
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: The university committee for student discipline investigated all engineering tests for the past five years, and they found no evidence of cheating. We thus declare that no cheating has taken place during those five years.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: 4 percent of Americans believe that lizard people control politics.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Bertrand declares that a teapot is, at this very moment, in orbit around the Sun between the Earth and Mars, and that because no one can prove him wrong, his claim is therefore a valid one.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: In the 6 years that I have been practicing my new and improved brand of cognitive-humanistic-dynamic-behavioral-deconstructive-metaregressive-deontological psychotherapy (now with biofeedback!), which I developed, there has not been one published study showing that it fails to work or that it has ever harmed a patient. It is clearly one of the safest and most effective interventions ever devised.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: You can’t prove your candidate will win, so I assume he won’t
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: In the four years that I have been marketing my new and improved brand of past-life regressive biocognitive astral-projective hyperaffective-hypnotic-teleological-metatherapy (buy ten sessions and the next one is free!), not one person has proved it is worthless or that I am unethical for providing a therapy I just made up one day when I realized that no one was referring clients to me anymore. That makes clear what a worthwhile therapy this is and how exceptionally ethical I am to provide it.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Jack: I have tiny, invisible unicorns living in my anus. Nick: How do you figure? Jack: Can you prove that I don't? Nick: No. Jack: Then I do.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Audrey: I am a human being. I am not a cyborg from the future here to destroy humanity. Fred: Prove that you are human! Cyborgs don't pass out when they lose a lot of blood. Here's a knife. Audrey: Get to bed, Freddie. And no more SYFY channel before bed!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: To this very day (at the time of this writing), science has been unable to create life from non-life; therefore, life must be a result of divine intervention.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Barbara believes the marketing agency's office is haunted. The cleaning crew once said they heard a other-worldly noise late at night. Since no one could prove that it wasn't a ghost, the office must be haunted.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: The makers of Sugarette Candy Drinks point to research showing that of the five countries where Sugarette drinks sell the most units, three of them are in the top ten healthiest countries on Earth, therefore Sugarette drinks are healthy.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: The “prophet” Nostradamus wrote about 500 years ago: Beasts wild with hunger will cross the rivers, The greater part of the battle will be against Hister. He will cause great men to be dragged in a cage of iron, When the son of Germany obeys no law. Surely he must have had some vision of Hitler!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: SuperCyberDate.con determined that Sally and Billy are a great match because they both like pizza, movies, junk food, Janet Jackson, and vote republican.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Fish are the easiest pets to keep; they are inexpensive and require no maintenance at all. Plus, they are really pretty and soothing to watch.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: 4 out of 5 dentists recommend this toothpaste! (only 5 were asked. Out of 1000 asked, only 20% recommend it)
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: the best money can buy…  (Don’t mention it’s expensive and often needs repair.)
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: A woman decides to visit a certain doctor after only asking advice on the best doctors from ONE friend.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Only asking 5 people their opinion about Christian Heritage and saying their opinions are the "majority" of people.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: If you buy the Disney annual pass you will save money when visiting the happiest place on Earth!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: A recent study found that there are plenty of scientists who disagree with the consensus position on this phenomenon.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: The Windmill debate- Snowball promises that the Windmill will mean less work and better living conditions. Napoleon says that it's just unnecessary and will be more work.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "Good source of Vitamin D"...*doesn't mention the terrible amounts of sugar.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Kerry’s plan will raise taxes by at least $900 billion his first hundred days.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: President Clinton being a moral man, being married and loving his daughter; talking about the Bible; going to church
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Employer: It says here on your resume that you are a hard worker, you pay attention to detail, and you don’t mind working long hours. Andy: Yes sir. Employer: I spoke to your previous employer.  He says that you constantly change things that should not be changed, you could care less about other people’s privacy, and you had the lowest score in customer relations. Andy: Yes, that is all true, as well. Employer: Great then.  Welcome to our social media team!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: My political candidate gives 10% of his income to the needy, goes to church every Sunday, and volunteers one day a week at a homeless shelter.  Therefore, he is honest and morally straight.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: all kids love Cinnamon Toast Crunch, but you don't love it so you must not be a real kid
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "I'm French and I don't like cheese." "All French like cheese." "I don't." "Then you must not really be French."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "You're not Kenyan enough to be a good leader in Kenya."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Earl: Men don't cry. Jaquon: I cry all the time; it's healthy. Earl: Well, REAL men don't cry. Jaquon: Earl, you should invest in some therapy.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Jojo: All New Yorkers are tough. Charli: I get shoved in a locker every day and cry when I see bunnies. Jojo: Well, REAL New Yorkers are tough. Charli: What does toughness have to do with Geography?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Andy states that a Scotsman would never put sugar on his porridge. Dougal replies that he is a Scotsman and he does put sugar on his porridge. Andy counters that no true Scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. Andy thus changes the terms of the argument, implying that Dougal is not a "true" Scotsman in order to support his own position.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Angus declares that Scotsmen do not put sugar on their porridge, to which Lachlan points out that he is a Scotsman and puts sugar on his porridge. Furious, like a true Scot, Angus yells that no true Scotsman sugars his porridge.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement:  In 2011, Christian broadcaster, Harold Camping, (once again) predicted the end of the world via Jesus, and managed to get many Christians to join his alarmist campaign.  During this time, and especially after the Armageddon date had passed,  many Christian groups publicly declared that Camping is not a “true Christian”.  On a personal note, I think Camping was and is as much of a Christian as any other self-proclaimed Christian and religious/political/ethical beliefs aside, I give him credit for having the cojones to make a falsifiable claim about his religious beliefs.Example #2:
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: John: Members of the UbaTuba White Men's Club are upstanding citizens of the community. Marvin: Then why are there so many of these members in jail? John: They were never true UbaTuba White Men's Club members. Marvin: What’s a true UbaTuba White Men's Club member? John: Those who don't go to jail.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Issue A has been raised, and adequately answered. Issue B is then raised, and adequately answered. ..... Issue Z is then raised, and adequately answered. (despite all issues adequately answered, the opponent refuses to conceded or accept the argument.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Ken: There has to be an objective morality because otherwise terms like “right” and “wrong” would be meaningless since they have no foundation for comparison. Rob: The terms “right” and “wrong” are based on cultural norms, which do have a subjective foundation -- one that changes as the moral sphere of the culture changes.  The term “heavy” does not have an objective standard, yet we have no problem using that term in a meaningful way.  In fact, very few relational terms have any kind of objective foundation. Ken: But without an objective morality, we would all be lost morally as a race. Rob: Many would say that we are. Ken: But how can you say that torturing children for fun is morally acceptable in any situation? Rob: Personally, I wouldn’t, but you are implying that anything that is not objective must necessarily be seen in all possible ways. A feather may not be seen as “heavy” to anyone, but that doesn’t mean its “lightness” is still not relative to other objects. Ken: But God is the standard of objective morality.  Prove that wrong! Rob: That I cannot do.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Don't be out-dated and un-fashionable! Buy the new, modern double-lined heavy duty jeans - the old ripped jeans of the past are out!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: What’s the point of making drinking illegal under the age of 21?  Kids still manage to get alcohol.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: What’s the point of living?  We’re all going to die anyway.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: You moved the goalposts or made up an exception when your claim was shown to be false.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Your honor, while my son may have made a bad decision that night while under the influence of alcohol, it shouldn't affect the rest of his life. It was just one mistake. He's on the varsity swim team.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: While I think most people shouldn't be allowed to falsely claim they need a support animal on airplanes, I really do need my dog to calm me down. It's not my fault my doctor won't give me authorization.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Edward Johns claimed to be psychic, but when his 'abilities' were tested under proper scientific conditions, they magically disappeared. Edward explained this saying that one had to have faith in his abilities for them to work.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Yes, I do think that all drunk drivers should go to prison, but your honor, he is my son! He is a good boy who just made a mistake!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Superstition is a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation -- unless it is astrology.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Using a double standard or arguing for an unjustified exception.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Moving the goalposts or making up exceptions when a claim is shown to be false.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Have you stopped cheating on tests?  To answer yes means you cheated before. To answer no means you continue to cheat.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: If your neighbor robs a bank, should you go to jail?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "If you hadn't vandalized that car, don't you think things would have gone better for you?"
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: How many school shootings should we tolerate before we change the gun laws?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "How am I to get in?" asked Alice again, in a louder tone."Are you to get in at all?" said the Footman, "That's the first question, you know."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Why should merely cracking down on terrorism help to stop it, when that method hasn't worked in any other country?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Have you accepted the fact that most environmental studies don’t support global warming?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Grace and Helen were both romantically interested in Brad. One day, with Brad sitting within earshot, Grace asked in an inquisitive tone whether Helen was still having problems with her drug habit.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Let's talk about Glaucon. Where did you get the poison you used on him?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: What did you use to wipe your fingerprints from the gun?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Why must you always take such a stupid and uninformed approach to ethics?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: It's common sense that if you smack your children, they will stop the bad behavior. So don't tell me not to hit my kids.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Don: If you drink alcohol, it will kill any virus you might have. Tony: What evidence do you have to support that? Don: I don’t need evidence. It is common sense.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: FlatSam: Common sense tells us that if the earth were a sphere, people on the bottom would fall off. ReasonEric: I don’t think you get to reference something you clearly don’t have.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: I am only slightly obese.  That is perfectly normal here in America.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: David: Can you believe that the president said, "fat people are losers"? Sam: Where did you hear this? David: I read it in a headline on BrightBert News. Sam: He actually said, "People who say, 'fat people are losers' are not only cruel, but they are also wrong as well as being irrational."
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Trisha: In an interview, your candidate admitted that he was a thief! Derek: He actually said that when he was three years old, he stole a lollipop from a store, and felt so guilty, that he never stole anything again.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: "Good morning! Have you gotten over the grouchy mood you were in?"
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Saying that because one finds something difficult to understand, therefore it's not true
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Because you found something difficult to understand, or are unaware of how it works, you made out like it is probably not true.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: math makes no sense, it can’t be real so I must not need this.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Politician: Taxes are too hard to understand. The government must be tricking us and taking our money. We need to simplify our taxes!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Kirk drew a picture of a fish and a human and with effusive disdain asked Richard if he really thought we were stupid enough to believe that a fish somehow turned into a human through just, like, random things happening over time.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Marty: Doc, I'm from the future. I came here in a time machine that you invented. Now, I need your help to get back to the year 1985. Doc: I've had enough practical jokes for one evening. Good night, future boy!
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: NASA: Yes, we really did successfully land men on the moon. TinFoilHatGuy1969: Yeah, right. And Elvis is really dead.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: You smoke pot? If you keep doing that, you’ll be a heroin addict within two years.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: If we legalize pot, the next thing you know people will want to legalize meth and heroin.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: "The government should not prohibit drugs. Otherwise the government should also ban alcohol or cigarettes. And then fatty food and junk food would have to be regulated too. The next thing you know, the government would force us to brush our teeth and do exercises everyday."
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: "A person apparently hopelessly ill may be allowed to take his own life. Then he may be permitted to deputize others to do it for him should he no longer be able to act. The judgment of others then becomes the ruling factor. Already at this point euthanasia is not personal and voluntary, for others are acting on behalf of the patient as they see fit. This may well incline them to act on behalf of other patients who have not authorized them to exercise their judgment. It is only a short step, then, from voluntary euthanasia (self-inflicted or authorized), to directed euthanasia administered to a patient who has given no authorization, to involuntary euthanasia conducted as a part of a social policy."
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: "I think that the use of marijuana as a medical treatment shouldn't even be considered. If we make drugs legal in a few cases, then we might eventually have to completely legalize them - which is even crazier than Proposition 215. If we want to help people out by letting them do illegal things, then let's just get rid of all our laws."
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: "There is ... a radical element, a homosexual agenda that wants to redefine what marriage is. They want to say that a marriage not only is one man and one woman but it is two men or it is two women. What logical reason is there to keep us from stopping expansion of that definition to include three people or an adult and a child, or any other odd combination that we want to have?  ... and it does not even have to be limited to human beings by the way. I mean it could be anything. ... There is no reason why we cannot just completely erase whatever boundaries that currently exist on the definition of marriage and say it is a free-for-all, anything goes."
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: My grandmother smoked for 80 years and died at 100. Obviously, smoking isn’t harmful.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: I know five people from Kentucky. They are all racists. Therefore, Kentuckians are racist.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: My neighbor’s child was kidnapped while playing alone in her yard. My city must be a dangerous place for children.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: I know four poor families. They are lazy drug addicts. Therefore, all poor people are lazy drug addicts.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: The administration of echinocandins in this patient has been a very successful choice. Fever has subsided, along with the rest of the septic manifestations, in less than 48 hours. The chronological correlation suffices for me. I am convinced it was a fungal infection.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Every time we sacrifice virgins, it rains. Therefore, sacrificing virgins causes it to rain.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Violence among teens has risen the last five years. Video game playing among teens has also risen the last five years. Therefore, playing video games causes teens to be violent.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Every time I wear this necklace, I pass my exams. Therefore, wearing this necklace causes me to pass my exams.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Every person who has ever drunk water has died. Therefore, drinking water causes death.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Utah passed a strict gun-control law, and crime there decreased. Therefore, gun-control laws decrease crime.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: "In its origins [AIDS] was entirely a disease of sodomites... That the first case was diagnosed a little over a decade after the so-called "Gay Rights" and "Gay Pride" movement gained momentum and force can hardly be coincidental." - Harry Jaffa, Professor Emeritus of Political Philosophy at Claremont McKenna College
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: “President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime.”
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: I go to my front porch every morning and yell, “May no tigers enter this house!” and for 20 years, not a single tiger has entered my house. My tiger prevention strategy clearly works.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: It’s cold on a summer day. Global warming is a hoax.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: I’ve never had the flu because I take my vitamins everyday.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: I view any discussion concerning the limiting of therapy as morally wrong, that is why I do not accept it.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: Speaker 1: You should trust the Bible because it’s the Word of God. Speaker 2: How do you know it’s the Word of God? Speaker 1: Because God tells us it is. Speaker 2: Where does God tell us this? Speaker 1: Right here, in the Bible.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: Speaker 1: Jesus was not really crucified. Speaker 2: How do I know that’s true? Speaker 1: Because the Quran says so. Speaker 2: How do I know the Quran is correct? Speaker 1: Because the Quran is the Word of God, and everything it says is true. Speaker 2: How do I know that’s true? Speaker 1: Because God tells us so, here in the Koran.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: “Gay marriages are just immoral. 70% of Americans think so!”
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Most people think the world is flat, therefore it is flat.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Throughout history, most philosophers thought men were more rational than women, therefore this is true.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Most people believe in ghosts, so ghosts are real.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Slavery is accepted by just about everyone in our society, so it’s ethical to keep slaves.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: A: The Government should enact minimum-wage legislation so that workers are not exploited. B: Nonsense. You say that only because you cannot find a good job.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: "That's what abortion is - killing innocent humans for money. Abortionists are government licensed hit men."
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: "University of Virginia professor [Charlotte] Patterson, considered a leading researcher in the field, says she has reviewed 22 studies involving offspring of gays ranging from toddlers to adults. She found none convincing [sic] that the children had suffered or were more than normally inclined to be gay. [...] Conservatives discredit Patterson by pointing out that she is an acknowledged lesbian, with a presumed ideological interest in the subject she studies."
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: "Who is Sam Brownbeck, and why is he saying all those terrible things about rock lyrics? On Nov. 6, Brownbeck, an ambitious Kansas Republican ... convened a hearing billed as "An Example of Violent Music Lyrics on Youth Behavior and Well Being ..." Brownbeck's subcommittee, which supervises schools and streets in D.C., has much more important work to do, but the senator, who will run again in 1998, is clearly searching for an issue to give him national prominence."
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Jack: You should stop smoking - it's bad for you. Jill: Look who's talking! You smoke three packs a day!
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Representative Gutierrez of Illinois, arguing in Congress on July 11, 1996, replying to Republicans arguing in favor of the "Defense of Marriage Act", a bill stipulating that 'marriage' be defined as being between a man and a woman only, excluding homosexual marriages: "I now realize that my friends on the other side of the aisle aren't the least bit serious when they talk about how important it is for the federal government not to interfere in the lives of our people. I understand that they are just kidding - just teasing us - when they stress the importance of taking power out of Washington and giving it to local officials. And now I know that their biggest joke of all is that old line about family values - all that talk about encouraging people to care about and be committed to each other."
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: “Andrea Dworkin has written several books arguing that pornography harms women. But Dworkin is just ugly and bitter, so why should we listen to her?”
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Our colleague, Doctor Χ, is too young and inexperienced; we could do without his advice.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: I think the idea of a moral law requires the existence of a lawgiver (i.e. God). Speaker 2: Of course you would say that. You’re a Christian. Why should we listen to you?
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: I think marijuana should be legalized. It would be better for the country if we didn’t have this drug war. Speaker 2: Of course you think that. You’re a pothead.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: No fault divorce has proven to be detrimental to society and the family. Speaker 2: You didn’t seem to think that when you got divorced.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: We should have single payer, government funded health care. That would be the best solution to the health care crisis in our country. Speaker 2: You voted for Bernie Sanders. You’re probably a communist.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Primitive people believed in gods to explain natural phenomena. We have science, and are not primitive anymore. Therefore, there is no God.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: Dr. Singh says meat eating is bad for the environment. Speaker 2: He’s a Sikh. They don’t eat meat. Of course he would say that. He can’t be telling the truth.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1: No fault divorce is really harmful to the family and the larger society. Speaker 2: Well, you must not really think that since you’re divorced yourself.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Parent: I really don’t want you to smoke pot. It’s still illegal, and could get you into trouble. Child: Didn’t you smoke pot when you were my age? You must not think it’s a big deal.
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: Speaker 1 (Democrat): “Donald Trump is a known adulterer. It reflects badly on his character, and suggests he might not be trustworthy.” Speaker 2 (Republican): “What about Bill Clinton? You didn’t seem to care when he cheated.”
Fallacy: ad hominem
Statement: “Guns are like hammers—they’re both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone. And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase of hammers—so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous.”
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: If Hunter was human, he would be mortal. Hunter is mortal. Therefore, Hunter is a human.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: If it was raining outside, it would be dark. It’s dark outside, so it must be raining.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: If I’m psychic, I will be able to see dead people. I see dead people, therefore I’m psychic.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: Gus is Christian or Gus is politically liberal. Gus is a Christian. Therefore, Gus is not politically liberal.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: Either God created the world or evolution happened. Evolution happened. Therefore, God did not create the world.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: Bruce is American, or he is not from New Jersey. Bruce is not American, therefore, he is not from New Jersey.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: It is possible aliens built the pyramids. Therefore, aliens built the pyramids.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: It is possible to fake the moon landing through special effects. Therefore, the moon landing was a fake using special effects.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: It’s possible to pass the class without attending regularly. Therefore, you will pass even if you don’t attend regularly.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: People like to walk on the beach. Beaches have sand. We should put sand on the floor in our living room.
Fallacy: fallacy of logic
Statement: "Then we had a death. A 32-year-old woman hemorrhaged to death as a result of a cervical laceration. I finally realized, we weren't helping women - we were destroying them."
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: "If you have never been born again, eternal separation from God in the Lake of Fire awaits you. If you are born again, then being with the Lord in heaven forever is your destiny. Which do you choose?"
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: “I know the exam is graded based on performance, but you should give me an A. My cat has been sick, my car broke down, and I’ve had a cold, so it was really hard for me to study!”
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: “It’s wrong to tax corporations—think of all the money they give to charity, and think of the costs they already pay to run their businesses!”
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: You should give me a promotion. I have a lot of debt and am behind on my rent.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: You can’t give me a C. I’ll lose my scholarship.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: I can’t take home a B in this course. My parents will be angry with me.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: If you don’t give me a passing grade, I won’t get accepted to medical school. That will break my grandmother’s heart.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: You should marry me. I know we’re not compatible, but I only have a year to live, and you’re my last chance.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: If you choose not to administer triple antibiotic coverage for this patient with severe and extensive burns, you will be held responsible for any infectious complications that might eventually arise.
Fallacy: appeal to emotion
Statement: "Every person is either my enemy or my friend. If are my enemy I should hate them. If they are my friend I should love them So I should either love them or hate them."
Fallacy: false dilemma
Statement: “Caldwell Hall is in bad shape. Either we tear it down and put up a new building, or we continue to risk students’ safety. Obviously we shouldn’t risk anyone’s safety, so we must tear the building down.”
Fallacy: false dilemma
Statement: If you aren’t a capitalist, you must be a communist.
Fallacy: false dilemma
Statement: Speaker 1: I’m against the war. Speaker 2: You must hate our troops.
Fallacy: false dilemma
Statement: You can either support our police or Black Lives Matter.
Fallacy: false dilemma
Statement: Speaker 1: Did you torture the prisoner? Speaker 2: No, we just held him under water for a while, and then did a mock hanging.
Fallacy: equivocation
Statement: According to the Supreme Court, we have a right to abortion. Therefore, it is right to have an abortion.
Fallacy: equivocation
Statement: Speaker 1: We are using thousands of people, who are going door to door to help us spread the word about social injustice and the need for change. Speaker: Well then, I can’t be a part of this because I was always been taught that it’s wrong to use people.
Fallacy: equivocation
Statement: What I object to most about those people who oppose capital punishment is that they believe that the lives of convicted murderers are more important than the lives of the police and prison guards who protect us. But, obviously, since the lives of those who protect us are of the greatest value, no one should oppose capital punishment.
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: "Advocates of legalized abortion predicted it would solve our social problems. Instead, this destruction of one-fourth of a generation has left a more violent society in its wake: Child abuse has exploded, from 167,000 estimated cases in 1973 to 2.4 million in 1989, according to the National Center of Child Abuse and Neglect - a 1,400% increase. Teen suicide, among non-aborted and thus presumably "wanted" children, has doubled. Violent crime has more than doubled."
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: “Feminists want to ban all pornography and punish everyone who looks at it! But such harsh measures are surely inappropriate, so the feminists are wrong: porn and its fans should be left in peace.”
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: Speaker 1: I think we should lower the age of sexual consent to 16. Speaker 2: 16 year olds are children. So, you think it’s OK for children to have sex? No, we shouldn’t lower the age of consent.
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: Speaker 1: I think we should have single payer, universal, health care. Speaker 2: Communist countries tried that. We don’t want America to be a communist country. We shouldn’t have single payer health care.
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: Speaker 1: I think we should have an expanded social safety net for the poor in our country. Speaker 2: So, you think we should just throw money at lazy people who don’t want to work and think they are entitled to be kept up by other people, right?
Fallacy: fallacy of extension
Statement: “Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. After all, classes go more smoothly when the students and the professor are getting along well.”
Fallacy: fallacy of relevance
Statement: Child: This fish tastes funny. I don’t want to eat this. Parent: There are children starving in Africa. Eat your dinner.
Fallacy: fallacy of relevance
Statement: Speaker 1: I think it’s terrible that a game hunter killed Cecil the lion. Speaker 2: What about all the babies that are killed every day by abortion?
Fallacy: fallacy of relevance
Statement: Speaker 1: I really think we need to do something about the rising levels of poverty and homelessness in our country. Speaker 2: Why are you worried about poverty? Look how many children we abort every day.
Fallacy: fallacy of relevance
Statement: “We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people, such as actor Guy Handsome, have publicly stated their opposition to it.”
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Professor X holds that the use of non-invasive ventilation has no place in the management of ARDS; this, therefore, is the approach we should adopt.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My philosophy professor believes in ghosts and goes to séances. She’s an intelligent, educated, person, so ghosts must be real, and spiritualism must be true.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: My minister says the Covid vaccine will cause genetic mutations. He has a college degree, and is a holy man, so he must be right.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: Aristotle thought women were inferior to men. Aristotle is one of the smartest men who ever lived, so he must be right about this.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: I have no intention of stopping the use of somatostatin on patients suffering from acute pancreatitis. I consider it to be a very reasonable choice. After all, it has been standard practice in our department for many years and we’ve been quite satisfied with the results we’ve had.
Fallacy: fallacy of credibility
Statement: To my knowledge, there are no studies supporting this approach. Therefore, I see no reason to change our routine.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: No one has proven God exists, so He doesn’t.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: We haven’t proven aliens didn’t create life on earth, so aliens created life on earth.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: We haven’t found the ruins of Troy, so the city of Troy didn’t really exist.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: We haven’t found King David’s tomb, so King David didn’t really exist.
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: Are you one of those stupid religious people that reject science?
Fallacy: intentional
Statement: My friend swears the mechanic at that shop overcharged her last week and after looking at her invoice it seems she’s right. So don’t take your business there, as you’ll definitely get ripped off.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: All Greek food causes illness;  when I traveled through Greece, I got food  poisoning.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: All engineers are introverts who would rather relate to computers than people.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Gas prices have been rising steadily these past few years. Thus, the cost of car ownership is higher than it was previously.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: The United States is the wealthiest nation in the world. So every American is wealthy.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: If you miss practice, it means you were probably goofing off. People who goof off drop out of school and end up penniless.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: But you have to let me go to the party! If I don't go to the party, I'll be a loser with no friends. Next thing you know, I'll end up alone and jobless, living in your basement when I'm 30!
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: The anti-terrorist laws that monitor international currency transfers, phone calls, and emails are the first step to turning our fragile democracy into a new Nazi regime.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: John: We should oppose any attempt to register firearms. Such regulation is the first step to confiscation of all weapons and the elimination of our constitutional right to bear arms. Ted: This is preposterous. Many things in society are registered, such as cars, babies, boats, and lanes, yet these items have never been confiscated.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: If we put limits on the right to bear arms, soon all of our Constitutionally-given  rights will be taken away.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: A father talking to his daughter on dating a boyfriend he doesn’t like says, “If you continue dating this guy who doesn’t take his education seriously, you’ll end up dropping out of school, you then won’t be able to get a job, and you will get married too young.”
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Since many of the students at St. Cloud State University get A's, St. Cloud State must  be a top-rated school.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: IBM is a reputable organization, so all of its employees must be reputable.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: At a party you overhear a friend tell her spouse, “I had high blood pressure at the doctor’s office today; I really need to reduce the stress in my job.”
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Duke University has the best basketball player in the NCAA, therefore they will win the tournament this year.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Running the government is like running a business. You can’t keep running into debt and expect to be successful.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Ten years ago I got a 170 on the LSAT, so I expect to get the same score again.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: The last Democrat winner of the New Hampshire primary won the general election. This year, the winner of the New Hampshire primary will win the general election.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: The more things change, the more they remain the same.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: Having a television rating system is like being in prison.  Both infringe on one's rights.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: A year is 365 days long, so I celebrate my birthday every 365 days.
Fallacy: faulty generalization
Statement: I believe in supernatural beings because every time I drive past the cemetery where  my grandmother is buried, a light on my dashboard flashes.  Her spirit causes this because it never happens otherwise.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Jimmy isn't at school today. He must be on a family trip.
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: Bush was "determined to knock down Saddam Hussein" because of his "nuclear  bomb potential."
Fallacy: false causality
Statement: I must be telling the truth, since I’m not lying.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: Everything I say is true. This is true because I said it, and everything I say is true.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is a reliable source because it is the  word of God.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: Smoking pot is against the law because it's wrong; I know it's wrong because it is against the law.
Fallacy: circular reasoning
Statement: Everyone knows that Japanese DVD players are the best. After all, the outsell American players two-to-one.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Millions of people are Marxists, so Marxist economic and political theories are  correct.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: An opinion article in a campus newspaper states that in an all-campus survey 95% of students think that tuition should be lowered and therefore tuition should be lowered immediately.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Almost everyone at my school will be at the party Friday night. It must be the right thing to do.
Fallacy: ad populum
Statement: Discoveries from Archimedes should be dismissed because he made them in a bathtub and not a proper university laboratory.
Fallacy: ad hominem