Paul Morphy

Paul Charles Morphy (22 tháng 6 năm 1837 – 10 tháng 7 năm 1884) là một kỳ thủ cờ vua người Mỹ. 
Ông được coi là bậc thầy cờ vua vĩ đại nhất trong thời đại của ông và là vô địch cờ vua thế giới không chính thức. Morphy là một thần đồng cờ vua. 
Ông được gọi là "Niềm tự hào và nỗi buồn của cờ vua" bởi vì ông đã có một sự nghiệp cờ vua ngắn gọn và huy hoàng, nhưng đã nghỉ chơi cờ trong khi vẫn còn trẻ. Bobby Fischer đưa ông vào danh sách mười kỳ thủ vĩ đại nhất của mọi thời đại, và mô tả ông "có lẽ là kỳ thủ chơi chính xác nhất đã từng sống".

== Kết quả ==
Sau đây là kết quả thi đấu của Morphy tại các trận đấu chính thức và không chính thức (không có chấp quân):
- + thắng; − thua; = hòa
== Tham khảo ==
Chú thích<br>

Bibliography

- "Paul Morphy, The Pride and Sorrow of Chess" by David Lawson, 424 pages; Mckay, 1976 – The only book-length biography of Paul Morphy in English, it corrects numerous historical errors that have cropped up, including Morphy's score as a child versus Löwenthal.
- Books.Gooble.com, Frederick Milne Edge: "Paul Morphy, the Chess Champion. An Account of His Career in America and Europe". New York 1859. Edge was a newspaperman who attached himself to Morphy during his stay in England and France, accompanying Morphy everywhere, and even acting at times as his unofficial butler and servant. Thanks to Edge, much is known about Morphy that would be unknown otherwise, and many games Morphy played were recorded only thanks to Edge. Contains information about the First American Chess Congress, and the history of English chess clubs in and before Morphy's time.
== Đọc thêm ==
- "Paul Morphy and the Evolution of Chess Theory" by Macon Shibut, Caissa Editions 1993 ISBN 0-939433-16-8. Over 415 games comprising almost all known Morphy games. Chapters on Morphy's place in the development of chess theory, and reprinted articles about Morphy by Steinitz, Alekhine, and others.
- "The Chess Genius of Paul Morphy" by Max Lange (translated from the original German into English by Ernst Falkbeer), 1860. Reprinted by Moravian Chess under the title, "Paul Morphy, a Sketch from the Chess World." An excellent resource for the European view of Morphy as well as for its biographical information. The English edition was reviewed in Chess Player's Chronicle, 1859.
- "Paul Morphy. Sammlung der von ihm gespielten Partien mit ausführlichen Erläuterungen" by Géza Maróczy, Veit und Comp., Leipzig 1909. Reprinted by Olms-Verlag, Zürich 1979.
- "Grandmasters of Chess" by Harold Schonberg, Lippincott, 1973. ISBN 0-397-01004-4.
- "World Chess Champions" by Edward Winter, editor, 1981. ISBN 0-08-024094-1. Leading chess historians include Morphy as a "de facto" world champion, although he never claimed the title.
- "Morphy's Games of Chess" by J Lowenthal, LONDON, 1893, George Bell & Sons. Probably reprint from c1860, features a short memoir, 1 page intro from Morphy with analytical notes from Löwenthal, including blindfold and handicap games.
- "Morphy's Games of Chess" by Philip W. Sergeant & Fred Reinfeld, Dover, 1989. ISBN 0-486-20386-7. Features annotations collected from previous commentators, as well as additions by Sergeant. Has all of Morphy's match, tournament, and exhibition games, and most of his casual and odds games. Short biography included.
- "Morphy Gleanings" by Philip W. Sergeant, David McKay, 1932. Contributes games not found in Sergeant's earlier work, "Morphy's Games of Chess" and features greater biographical information as well as documentation into the Morphy–Paulsen and the Morphy–Kolisch affairs. Later reprinted as "The Unknown Morphy", Dover, 1973. ISBN 0-486-22952-1.
- "The World's Great Chess Games" by Reuben Fine, Dover, 1983. ISBN 0-486-24512-8.
- "A First Book of Morphy" by Frisco Del Rosario, Trafford, 2004. ISBN 1-4120-3906-1. Illustrates the teachings of Cecil Purdy and Reuben Fine with 65 annotated games played by the American champion. Algebraic notation.
- "Paul Morphy: A Modern Perspective" by Valeri Beim, Russell Enterprises, Inc., 2005. ISBN 1-888690-26-7. Algebraic notation.
- "Life of Paul Morphy in the Vieux Carré of New-Orleans and Abroad" by Regina Morphy-Voitier, 1926. Regina Morphy-Voitier, the niece of Paul Morphy, self-published this pamphlet in New York.
- "The Chess Players" by Frances Parkinson Keyes, Farrar, Straus and Cudahy; 1960. A work of historical fiction in which Morphy is the central character.
- "Paul Morphy: Confederate Spy", by Stan Vaughan, Three Towers Press, 2010. A work of historical fiction in which Morphy is the central character.
- "Paul Morphy: The Pride and Sorrow of Chess" by David Lawson, David McKay, 1976. ISBN 978-0-679-13044-4.
- "The Genius of Paul Morphy " by Chris Ward, Cadogan Books, 1997. ISBN 978-1-85744-137-6.
biographical novelization of Morphy's life.
- "La odisea de Pablo Morphy en la Habana, 1862–1864" by Andrés Clemente Vázquez, Propaganda Literaria, Havana 1893.
- "Paul Morphy. Partidas completas" by Rogelio Caparrós, Ediciones Eseuve, Madrid 1993. ISBN 84-87301-88-6.
== Liên kết ngoài ==
- Chessgames.com
- Morphy's column for the New York Ledger in 1859
- US Chess Hall Of Fame – Paul Morphy
- Edward Winter, Edge, Morphy and Staunton