Ahmed Sékou Touré

Ahmed Sékou Touré, ở Việt Nam quen gọi là Xê-cu Tu-rê hay Sheku Turay hoặc Ture (9 tháng 1 năm 1922 – 26 tháng 3 năm 1984) là một lãnh đạo chính trị người Ghi-nê và là một chính khách châu Phi, người trở thành Tổng thống Ghi-nê đầu tiên trong lịch sử, tại nhiệm từ năm 1958 cho đến khi ông qua đời năm 1984. Tu-rê là một trong những người theo chủ nghĩa dân tộc Guinée thuở sơ khai có tham gia vào công cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập cho đất nước từ tay Pháp.

==Xem thêm==
- Chính trị Guinée
- Chuyến thăm cấp tổng thống của Sekou Touré đến Cộng hòa Congo
- Cung Tổng thống Sekou Touré
- Trường Đại học Kinh tế - Kỹ thuật Công nghiệp - Cơ sở 1 Nam Định, tên cũ là Trường Trung cấp Kỹ thuật Xê-cu Tu-rê

==Tham khảo==
===Nguồn trích dẫn===
- Henry Louis Gates, Anthony Appiah (eds). "Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African", "Ahmed Sékou Touré," pp. 1857–58. Basic Civitas Books (1999).
- Molefi K. Asante, Ama Mazama. "Encyclopedia of Black Studies". Sage Publications (2005)
- Ibrahima Baba Kake. "Sékou Touré. Le Héros et le Tyran". Paris, 1987, JA Presses. Collection Jeune Afrique Livres. 254 p
- Lansiné Kaba. "From Colonialism to Autocracy: Guinea under Sékou Touré, 1957–1984;" in "Decolonization and African Independence, the Transfers of Power, 1960–1980". Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
- Phineas Malinga. "Ahmed Sékou Touré: An African Tragedy"
- Baruch Hirson. "The Misdirection of C.L.R. James", "Communalism and Socialism in Africa," 1989.
- John Leslie. Towards an African socialism, "International Socialism" (1st series), No.1, Spring 1960, pp. 15–19.
- Alpha Mohamed Sow, "Conflits ethnique dans un État révolutionnaire (Le cas Guinéen)", in "Les ethnies ont une histoire," Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Gérard Prunier (ed), pp. 386–405, Karthala Editions (2003)
- Parts of this article were translated from French Wikipedia's .
- Bài viết mới

- "New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and Guinea" By Thomas F. Brady, "The New York Times". May 2, 1959, p. 2
- Guinea Shuns Tie to World Blocs; But New State Gets Most Aid From East—Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By John B. Oakes, "The New York Times," October 25, 1959, p. 16,
- Red Aid to Guinea Rises By Homer Bigart, "The New York Times". March 6, 1960, p. 4
- Henry Tanner. Regime in Guinea Seizes 2 Utilities; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns—Pledges Compensation, "The New York Times". February 2, 1961, Thursday, p. 3
- Toure Says Reds Plotted a Coup; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), "The New York Times". December 13, 1961, Wednesday, p. 14
- Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Gui'nea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam, July 8, 1962, Sunday "The New York Times Magazine", p. 146
- Guinea Relaxes Business Curbs; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), "The New York Times", December 8, 1963, Sunday p. 24
- U.S. Peace Corps Ousted by Guinea; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By Richard Eder, "The New York Times", November 9, 1966, Wednesday, p. 11
- Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, "The New York Times", January 26, 1968, Friday, p. 52
- Alfred Friendly Jr. Toure Adopting a Moderate Tone; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. "The New York Times". April 28, 1968, Sunday, p. 13
- Ebb of African 'Revolution', "The New York Times", December 7, 1968, Saturday p. 46
- Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), "The New York Times", January 16, 1969, Thursday p. 10
- Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), "The New York Times", March 22, 1969, Saturday p. 14
- 12 Foes of Regime Doomed in Guinea, "The New York Times", May 16, 1969, Friday p. 2
- Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea (Associated Press), "The New York Times", November 23, 1970, Monday, p. 1
- Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, "The New York Times", November 29, 1970, Sunday, p. 194
- Guinean is Adamant On Death Sentences, "The New York Times", January 29, 1971, Friday. p. 3
- Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; Guinea is Seeking Help On Bauxite, "The New York Times", February 15, 1971, Monday Section: Business and Finance, p. 34
- Political Ferment Hurts Guinea, "The New York Times", January 31, 1972, Monday Section: Survey of Africa's Economy, p. 46
- Guinean, in Total Reversal, Asks More U.S. Investment by Bernard Weinraub, "The New York Times", July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 5
- Guinea is Slowly Breaking Out of Its Tight Cocoon by Alan Cowell, "The New York Times", December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
- In Revolutionary Guinea, Some of the Fire is Gone by Alan Cowell, "The New York Times", December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A2, Col. 3
- Guinea's President, Sekou Toure, Dies in Cleveland Clinic by Clifford D. May, "The New York Times", Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A1, Col. 1
- Thousands Mourn Death of Toure by Clifford D. May, "The New York Times", March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p. A3, Col. 1
- Ahmed Sekou Toure, a Radical Hero by Eric Pace, "The New York Times", Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, p. A6, Col. 1
- In Post-Coup Guinea, a Jail is Thrown Open. Clifford D. May. "The New York Times", April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, p.A1, Col. 4
- Topics; How to Run Things, Or Ruin Them, "The New York Times", March 29, 1984.
- Guinea Airport Opens; Capital Appears Calm, "The New York Times", April 7, 1984.
- Guinea Frees Toure's Widow, (Reuters), "The New York Times", January 3, 1988.
- How France Shaped New Africa, Howard W. French, "The New York Times", February 28, 1995.
- Conversations/Kwame Ture; Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution, Karen DeWitt, "The New York Times", April 14, 1996.
- Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57, Michael T. Kaufman, "The New York Times", November 16, 1998.
- 'Mass graves' found in Guinea. BBC, 22 October 2002.
- Stokely Speaks (Book Review), Robert Weisbrot, "The New York Times Review of Books", November 23, 2003.
- Các nguồn thứ cấp khác

- Graeme Counsel. "Popular music and politics in Sékou Touré’s Guinea". "Australasian Review of African Studies". 26 (1), pp. 26–42. 2004
- Jean-Paul Alata. Prison d'Afrique
- Jean-Paul Alata. Interview-témoignage de Jean-Paul Alata sur Radio-France Internationale
- Herve Hamon, Patrick Rotman L'affaire Alata
- Ladipo Adamolekun. "Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building". Methuen (August 1976).
- Koumandian Kéita. Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).
- Ibrahima Baba Kaké. Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. Jeune Afrique, Paris (1987)
- Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré. (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985).
- Kaba Camara 41. Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré: cela a bien eu lieu.
- Kindo Touré. Unique survivant du Complot Kaman-Fodéba
- Adolf Marx. Maudits soient ceux qui nous oublient.
- Ousmane Ardo Bâ. Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. Harmattan, Paris (1986)
- Mahmoud Bah. Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
- Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. Noviciat d'un évêque: huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré.
- Amadou Diallo. La mort de Telli Diallo
- Almamy Fodé Sylla. L'Itinéraire sanglant
- Comité Telli Diallo. J'ai vu: on tue des innocents en Guinée-Conakry
- Alsény René Gomez. Parler ou périr
- Sako Kondé. Guinée. Le temps des fripouilles
- André Lewin. Diallo Telli. Le Destin tragique d'un grand Africain.
- Camara Laye. Dramouss
- Dr. Thierno Bah. Mon combat pour la Guinée
- Nadine Bari. Grain de sable
- Nadine Bari. Noces d'absence
- Nadine Bari. Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
- Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
- Maurice Jeanjean. Nadine Bari. Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
- Collectif Jeune Afrique. Sékou Touré. Ce qu'il fut. Ce qu'il a fait. Ce qu'il faut défaire.
- Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
- Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
- Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957–1984
- Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
- Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime: lettre ouverte au président Mitterrand
- Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré: quarante ans de dictature
- Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir: l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984

==Liên kết ngoài==
- Xã luận: Kính chúc Tổng thống Xê-cu Tu-rê lên đường mạnh khỏe — Báo Nhân Dân, số 2374, 18 tháng 9 năm 1960
- 1959 "Time" magazine cover story about Sékou Touré
- WebGuinee – Sekou Toure Publishes full text of books and articles as well photos of Sekou Toure
- Camp Boiro Memorial. Extensive list of reports and articles on the notorious political prison where thousands of victims of the dictatorship of Sekou Toure disappeared between 1960 and 1984.
- More information about Ahmed Sékou Touré (French)
- BBC Radio: President Sekou Toure Defends One-Party Rule (1959).
- Conflict history: Guinea, 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group.
- 1st page on the French National Assembly website
- 2nd page on the French National Assembly website