Title: Ethiopia Peace and Stabilization Act of 2022
Policy area: International Affairs

Summary:
Ethiopia Peace and Democracy Promotion Act of 2021
This bill addresses U.S. efforts to support a peaceful, democratic Ethiopia and bring an end to the conflict in northern Ethiopia.
The President may provide financial, technical, and diplomatic support for efforts (1) by the African Union or other credible entities to bring about a peaceful resolution to the conflict in northern Ethiopia; (2) to engage in peace building, mediation, and community reconciliation; and (3) to pursue accountability for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Ethiopia.
The Department of State and the U.S. Agency for International Development must, respectively, develop and implement strategies to support democracy and human rights in Ethiopia and support conflict mitigation and management, reconciliation, and trauma healing for Ethiopians affected by the conflict.
The President must impose property- and visa-blocking sanctions on foreign individuals and entities that (1) undermine efforts to end hostilities in northern Ethiopia, or (2) provide weapons to parties involved in hostilities in Ethiopia.
The bill also (1) prohibits the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation from providing support for economic development projects in Ethiopia, (2) suspends any U.S. security assistance to the government of Ethiopia, and (3) requires U.S. representatives at international financial institutions to oppose any loan or extension of assistance to the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea. These restrictions shall continue until there is a resolution of the conflict in northern Ethiopia.

[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 3199 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>






117th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 3199

  To promote peace and democracy in Ethiopia, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                            November 4, 2021

  Mr. Menendez (for himself, Mr. Risch, and Mr. Coons) introduced the 
 following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on 
                           Foreign Relations

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
  To promote peace and democracy in Ethiopia, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Ethiopia Peace and Democracy 
Promotion Act of 2021''.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term 
        ``appropriate congressional committees'' means the Committee on 
        Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign 
        Affairs of the House of Representatives.
            (2) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the Secretary 
        of State.

SEC. 3. FINDINGS.

    Congress makes the following findings:
            (1) The United States and the Federal Democratic Republic 
        of Ethiopia share an important relationship and more than a 
        century of diplomatic relations.
            (2) Ethiopia is the second most populous country in Africa 
        and plays a key role in advancing security and stability across 
        sub-Saharan Africa, including as a top contributor of uniformed 
        personnel to United Nations peacekeeping missions and as host 
        country to the African Union.
            (3) Amid proliferating popular protests in 2018, against 
        decades of authoritarian rule, Ethiopia's governing Ethiopian 
        People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) selected Abiy 
        Ahmed as Prime Minister, who upon taking office embarked on a 
        program of political and economic reform that was soon 
        encumbered by widespread inter-communal conflict, political 
        assassinations, and democratic backsliding.
            (4) Tensions between Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the 
        leadership of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), who, 
        until 2019, were EPRDF coalition partners, deteriorated 
        significantly throughout 2019-2020, with the EPRDF's 
        transformation into the Prosperity Party (PP), the Federal 
        Government of Ethiopia's postponement of the 2020 elections, 
        and the TPLF's decision to hold elections in Tigray Regional 
        State of Ethiopia despite Federal objections, all serving as 
        major catalysts.
            (5) In the early hours of November 4, 2020, Prime Minister 
        Abiy ordered a military offensive in response to an attack by 
        the TPLF on the Northern Command of the Ethiopian National 
        Defense Forces (ENDF), which TPLF officials have asserted was 
        an act of self-defense in the face of an imminent invasion by 
        Federal forces.
            (6) Throughout November 2020, hostilities between the ENDF 
        and forces loyal to the TPLF evolved into a large-scale armed 
        conflict that also involved the Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF) 
        and Amhara regional forces and militia fighting in support of 
        the Federal Government.
            (7) Despite repeated calls from the United States and its 
        international partners for a full and verifiable Eritrean 
        withdrawal from Ethiopia, which date back to November 2020, 
        Eritrean forces remain in Ethiopia.
            (8) Fighting between TPLF aligned forces and the ENDF and 
        its allies persists in parts of Tigray, and has spread to 
        Amhara and Afar, and is estimated to have resulted in the 
        deaths of tens of thousands of individuals, prompted more than 
        61,000 Ethiopians to seek refuge in Sudan, and internally 
        displaced over 2,000,000.
            (9) The war has disrupted harvests, livelihoods, markets, 
        and banking, and critical public infrastructure was 
        systematically looted and destroyed during the course of the 
        conflict, including health centers and schools, with the 
        majority of the reports implicating the ENDF, the EDF, and 
        allied militia. Supply chains and food were allegedly looted by 
        ENDF, EDF, and allied militia, which collectively contributed 
        to conditions that have resulted in 400,000-900,000 Ethiopians 
        living in famine-like conditions and a further 1,800,000 close 
        to that threshold, according to an analysis issued in June 
        2021.
            (10) Interruptions in electricity, internet, and telephone 
        services imposed by the Federal Government of Ethiopia continue 
        to hamper humanitarian relief efforts and enable impunity from 
        armed actors on all sides of the conflict by restricting the 
        flow of information about human rights and humanitarian 
        conditions in the region.
            (11) Despite repeated assurances from the Federal 
        Government of Ethiopia that it would allow unfettered 
        humanitarian access to Tigray, it continues to impose wide-
        ranging bureaucratic obstacles that impede the relief efforts 
        of international humanitarian organizations, and encourage and 
        deploy hostile rhetoric toward international humanitarian 
        organizations that endanger the safety and security of their 
        staff on the ground.
            (12) Twenty-three aid workers have been killed in the 
        course of the conflict in northern Ethiopia, including an aid 
        worker employed by a United States Agency for International 
        Development implementing partner, who was reportedly executed 
        by Ethiopian and Eritrean forces in May 2021, and 3 Doctors 
        Without Borders employees in June 2021, by unknown armed 
        actors.
            (13) Parties to the conflict in northern Ethiopia have been 
        accused of extra-judicial killings, rape, and ethnic cleansing 
        that may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity, and 
        genocide.
            (14) Two Eritrean refugee camps in Tigray, Shimelba and 
        Hitsats, were attacked and destroyed by armed actors in 
        November 2020 through January 2021, and refugees subjected to 
        killings, abductions, and forced returns.
            (15) As of October 31, 2021, total United States Government 
        humanitarian assistance in fiscal years 2020 and 2021 for the 
        northern Ethiopia crisis response totaled $617,387,662, making 
        it the single largest donor of humanitarian aid to the 
        humanitarian crisis in northern Ethiopia since the conflict 
        began.
            (16) In July 2021, TPLF aligned forces launched military 
        operations into some occupied portions neighboring Amhara and 
        Afar regions, displacing hundreds of thousands of Amhara and 
        Afar civilians, and giving rise to allegations of serious 
        abuses by Tigrayan forces against civilians in those two 
        regions, as well as against Eritrean refugees residing in the 
        Mai Aini and Adi Harush camps.
            (17) The TPLF's July 2021 offensive was followed by reports 
        of escalating abuses against Tigrayan civilians in various 
        parts of Ethiopia and the alleged killing of Tigrayans in 
        Humera, all of which occur within a context of incendiary and 
        ethnicized public statements from Ethiopian officials and media 
        platforms.
            (18) The Federal Government of Ethiopia responded to TPLF 
        offensives in July through August 2021 by pursuing mass 
        military mobilization, including the mobilization of regional 
        special forces and ethnic militia from various parts of the 
        country, in an effort to thwart and roll back TPLF operations.
            (19) In August 2021, officials from the TPLF and Oromo 
        Liberation Army (OLA), a rebel group engaged in armed struggle 
        primarily in the Oromia region, publicly confirmed they had 
        entered an alliance designed to coordinate their military 
        operations against the Federal Government of Ethiopia, 
        developments which occurred against the backdrop of TPLF 
        advances in Amhara region and increased OLA activity in Oromia.
            (20) In September 2021, the Federal Government of Ethiopia 
        announced it was expelling seven senior United Nations 
        officials, and in October 2021 commenced an air offensive on 
        the Tigrayan capital, Mekele, which has further exacerbated the 
        inability of international aid organizations to deliver food.
            (21) In October, state-owned Ethiopia Television reported 
        that Prime Minister Abiy stated that, ``[i]f we make sure that 
        this thing called wheat [food aid] does not enter Ethiopia, 70 
        per cent of Ethiopia's problems will be solved,'' implying that 
        he may stop the delivery of international food aid altogether.
            (22) In October 2021, a United Nations Humanitarian Air 
        Services flight that had been cleared by Federal authorities to 
        land in Mekelle to deliver food aid was forced to abort landing 
        due to air raids, threatening the lives of 11 United Nations 
        and non-governmental staff on board.
            (23) In the wake of military advances by the Tigray Defense 
        Forces in late October 2021, Prime Minister Abiy urged citizens 
        to take up arms to defend themselves, and on November 2, 2021, 
        Ethiopia declared a 6-month state of emergency.
            (24) On November 3, 2021, the Office of the High 
        Commissioner for Human Rights released the Joint Investigation 
        into Alleged Violations of International Human Rights, 
        Humanitarian and Refugee Law Committed by all Parties to the 
        Conflict in the Tigray Region of the Federal Democratic 
        Republic of Ethiopia, which found that ``attacks on civilians 
        and civilian objects, as well as indiscriminate attacks by 
        ENDF, EDF, and TSF Tigray Special Forces] in violation of 
        international humanitarian law . . . may amount to war 
        crimes,'' and that ``these groups and affiliated militia 
        committed acts in violation of international human rights law 
        and international humanitarian law''.
            (25) The escalating conflict between the Federal Government 
        of Ethiopia and its allies and the TPLF and OLA occurs in the 
        context of a broader deterioration of political conditions 
        across the country, including persistent inter-communal 
        violence, expanding repression against journalists, opposition 
        parties, and dissident voices, and highly contentious national 
        elections conducted in June to July 2021 that did not meet 
        internationally accepted standards.
            (26) Ethiopia's crisis is nested within a complex regional 
        environment, the most important dimensions of which are three-
        way tensions between Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan over the Grand 
        Ethiopian Renaissance Dam border tensions between Sudan and 
        Ethiopia over Al Fashaga, Eritrea's muscular regional 
        engagement, and increasing geopolitical competition in the Horn 
        of Africa that involves the Gulf, Turkey, Iran, Russia, and the 
        People's Republic of China.
            (27) Working in conjunction with its international 
        partners, the United States has consistently called for a 
        political solution to the crisis, unfettered humanitarian 
        access, an end to human rights violations, full accountability 
        for all atrocities committed during the course of hostilities, 
        and a broader all-inclusive national dialogue, and has taken a 
        number of actions to encourage and incentivize a peaceful 
        resolution to the conflict in Ethiopia, including reductions in 
        development and security assistance, visa sanctions, and high-
        level diplomatic engagement.
            (28) On September 17, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden 
        signed Executive Order No. 14046 ``Imposing Sanctions on 
        Certain Persons With Respect to the Humanitarian and Human 
        Rights Crisis in Ethiopia,'' which authorizes the United States 
        to target parties responsible for or complicit in actions or 
        policies that prolong the conflict in northern Ethiopia, and 
        those that commit human rights abuses, or obstruct humanitarian 
        access and a ceasefire with respect to the conflict.
            (29) The Federal Government of Ethiopia has rejected all 
        offers to facilitate a diplomatic solution to the conflict, 
        including those extended by African Union Chairman Cyril 
        Ramaphosa in November 2020, and Intergovernmental Authorities 
        on Development (IGAD) Chairman Abdalla Hamdok in August 2021, 
        to mediate talks with the TPLF.

SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

    It is the policy of the United States to support a peaceful, 
democratic unified Ethiopia, and to use all diplomatic, development, 
and legal tools to support an end to the conflict that began in 
northern Ethiopia, an end to violence throughout Ethiopia, the 
promotion of an all-inclusive national dialogue, and the advancement of 
the human, civil, and political rights of all Ethiopians.

SEC. 5. SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN ETHIOPIA.

    (a) In General.--The Secretary, in consultation with the 
Administrator of the United States Agency for International 
Development, shall develop and implement a strategy for supporting 
democracy and human rights in Ethiopia that includes a description and 
justification of--
            (1) plans to support civil society efforts related to 
        expanding citizen participation and political space;
            (2) plans to support all-inclusive national dialogue in 
        Ethiopia;
            (3) plans to support justice and accountability mechanisms 
        for abuses and atrocities committed in the course of the 
        conflict;
            (4) plans to combat hate speech and disinformation in 
        Ethiopia;
            (5) current and planned democracy and governance support to 
        government institutions in Ethiopia; and
            (6)(A) results of the most recent impact evaluation of 
        these activities; and
            (B) plans for applying lessons learned from such 
        evaluations.
    (b) Report to Congress.--Not less than 180 days after the date of 
the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit the strategy 
required in subsection (a) to the appropriate congressional committees.

SEC. 6. SUPPORT FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION, MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT, AND 
              RECONCILIATION.

    (a) Conflict Resolution.--The President is authorized to provide 
financial, technical, and diplomatic support for--
            (1) efforts by the African Union or other credible entities 
        engaged in efforts to help bring about a peaceful resolution to 
        the conflict in northern Ethiopia; and
            (2) efforts by civil society, especially those from 
        marginalized communities, women, and youth, to participate and 
        engage in peacebuilding, mediation, and community 
        reconciliation.
    (b) Conflict Mitigation and Reconciliation.--The Administrator of 
the United States Agency for International Development shall develop 
and implement a strategy, coordinated with the Secretary as relevant, 
to support conflict mitigation and management, and reconciliation and 
trauma healing for conflict affected groups in Ethiopia that includes--
            (1) an analysis of the drivers of conflict in Ethiopia;
            (2) a comprehensive plan to mitigate and manage conflict;
            (3) an emphasis on community-led grass roots 
        reconciliation;
            (4) specific steps the Agency will take to ensure the 
        participation of traditionally marginalized communities and 
        ethnic groups, women, and youth;
            (5) plans to ensure that all assistance programs that are 
        directly aimed at benefitting the Ethiopian people or building 
        the capacity of civil society to incorporate, to the extent 
        practicable, community-based conflict mitigation and 
        management, violence prevention, peacebuilding interventions, 
        reconciliation activities, psychosocial support, and trauma 
        healing;
            (6) a clear statement of--
                    (A) the goals and expected outcomes of the 
                strategy; and
                    (B) the means through which progress towards those 
                goals will be met including through regular rigorous 
                evaluations; and
            (7) plans for updating and revising the current Country 
        Development Cooperation Strategy to include elements of the 
        strategy required under this subsection.
    (c) Submission.--The strategy required under subsection (b) shall 
be submitted to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 
90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act.

SEC. 7. ACTIONS IN SUPPORT OF PEACE AND STABILITY IN ETHIOPIA.

    (a) Sanctions for Actions Undermining Transition to Democracy.--
            (1) In general.--The President shall impose the sanctions 
        described in paragraph (2) with respect to any foreign person 
        that the President determines--
                    (A) undermines efforts with respect to a peaceful 
                negotiated settlement to end hostilities in northern 
                Ethiopia;
                    (B) through business dealings with senior 
                leadership of the Government of Ethiopia or the 
                Government of Eritrea, the Tigray People's Liberation 
                Front, or other parties to the conflict in and around 
                northern Ethiopia, derives significant financial 
                benefit or political power from policies or actions, 
                including electoral fraud, human rights abuses, or 
                corruption, that contribute to the conflict or impede a 
                transition to democracy in Ethiopia;
                    (C) provides to any party involved in hostilities 
                in Ethiopia--
                            (i) weapon systems, such as firearms, 
                        unmanned aerial systems, helicopters, munitions 
                        used by such unmanned aerial systems or 
                        helicopters, battle tanks, armored combat 
                        vehicles, or munitions for such tanks and 
                        vehicles, missiles or missile systems; armed 
                        vehicles; or
                            (ii) support for such systems, such as 
                        ammunition, spare parts, pilots or other 
                        operators; or
                    (D) knowingly facilitates or finances the sale, 
                operation, or transfer of weapons to any party involved 
                in hostilities in Ethiopia.
            (2) Sanctions described.--The sanctions to be imposed under 
        paragraph (1) with respect to a foreign person are the 
        following:
                    (A) Property blocking.--The exercise of all powers 
                granted to the President by the International Emergency 
                Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the 
                extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions 
                in all property and interests in property of the 
                foreign person if such property and interests in 
                property are in the United States, come within the 
                United States, or are or come within the possession or 
                control of a United States person.
                    (B) Aliens inadmissible for visas, admission, or 
                parole.--
                            (i) Visas, admission, or parole.--An alien 
                        described in paragraph (1) is--
                                    (I) inadmissible to the United 
                                States;
                                    (II) ineligible to receive a visa 
                                or other documentation to enter the 
                                United States; and
                                    (III) otherwise ineligible to be 
                                admitted or paroled into the United 
                                States or to receive any other benefit 
                                under the Immigration and Nationality 
                                Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.).
                            (ii) Current visas revoked.--
                                    (I) In general.--The visa or other 
                                entry documentation of an alien 
                                described in paragraph (1) shall be 
                                revoked, regardless of when such visa 
                                or other entry documentation is or was 
                                issued.
                                    (II) Immediate effect.--A 
                                revocation under subclause (I) shall--
                                            (aa) take effect 
                                        immediately; and
                                            (bb) automatically cancel 
                                        any other valid visa or entry 
                                        documentation that is in the 
                                        alien's possession.
            (3) Exceptions.--
                    (A) Exception relating to importation of goods.--
                            (i) In general.--The authority or a 
                        requirement to impose sanctions under this 
                        section shall not include the authority or a 
                        requirement to impose sanctions on the 
                        importation of goods.
                            (ii) Good defined.--In this subparagraph, 
                        the term ``good'' means any article, natural or 
                        manmade substance, material, supply, or 
                        manufactured product, including inspection and 
                        test equipment, and excluding technical data.
                    (B) Exception to comply with united nations 
                headquarters agreement and law enforcement 
                objectives.--Sanctions under paragraph (2)(B) shall not 
                apply to an alien if admitting the alien into the 
                United States--
                            (i) is necessary to permit the United 
                        States to comply with the Agreement regarding 
                        the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed 
                        at Lake Success on June 26, 1947, and entered 
                        into force November 21, 1947, between the 
                        United Nations and the United States, or other 
                        applicable international obligations of the 
                        United States; or
                            (ii) would further important law 
                        enforcement objectives.
            (4) Implementation; penalties.--
                    (A) Implementation.--The President may exercise all 
                authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the 
                International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 
                1702 and 1704) to carry out this subsection.
                    (B) Penalties relating to property blocking.--A 
                person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to 
                violate, or causes a violation of subparagraph (A) of 
                paragraph (2) or any regulation, license, or order 
                issued to carry out either such subparagraph shall be 
                subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) 
                and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency 
                Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) to the same extent 
                as a person that commits an unlawful act described in 
                subsection (a) of that section.
            (5) Definitions.--In this subsection:
                    (A) Admission; admitted; alien.--The terms 
                ``admission'', ``admitted'', and ``alien'' have the 
                meanings given those terms in section 101 of the 
                Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101).
                    (B) Foreign person.--The term ``foreign person'' 
                means a person that is not a United States person.
                    (C) Knowingly.--The term ``knowingly'', with 
                respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means 
                that a person has actual knowledge, or should have 
                known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result.
                    (D) United states person.--The term ``United States 
                person'' means--
                            (i) a United States citizen, an alien 
                        lawfully admitted for permanent residence to 
                        the United States, or any other individual 
                        subject to the jurisdiction of the United 
                        States; or
                            (ii) an entity organized under the laws of 
                        the United States or of any jurisdiction within 
                        the United States, including a foreign branch 
                        of such entity.
    (b) Limitations on Export of Defense and Dual-Use Items to Ethiopia 
and Eritrea.--
            (1) Dual-use items.--A license shall be required under 
        section 1754(c)(1)(A) of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 
        (50 U.S.C. 4813(c)(1)(A)) for the export, reexport, or in-
        country transfer to Ethiopia or Eritrea of items described in 
        clause (ii) of that section.
            (2) Defense items.--No license may be issued for the export 
        to Ethiopia or Eritrea of any item on the United States 
        Munitions List under section 38(a)(1) of the Arms Export 
        Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2778(a)(1)) on January 1, 2016.
    (c) Prohibition and Suspension of Certain Assistance to Ethiopia.--
            (1) Support by united states international development 
        finance corporation.--The United States International 
        Development Finance Corporation may not provide support under 
        title II of the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to 
        Development Act of 2018 (22 U.S.C. 9621 et seq.) for projects 
        in Ethiopia.
            (2) Termination.--The prohibition under paragraph (1) shall 
        not apply on or after the date that is 30 days after the 
        Secretary of State determines and certifies to the appropriate 
        congressional committees that the Government of Ethiopia and 
        its proxies and allies have--
                    (A) ceased all offensive military operations in 
                northern Ethiopia;
                    (B) taken steps toward a genuine political dialogue 
                to achieve an end to the conflict;
                    (C) implemented measures to better protect human 
                rights and ensure adherence to international 
                humanitarian law and international human rights law;
                    (D) continuously allowed unfettered humanitarian 
                access; and
                    (E) cooperated with independent investigations of 
                credible allegations of war crimes, crimes against 
                humanity, and other human rights abuses carried out in 
                the course of hostilities.
    (d) Multilateral Sanctions.--The Secretary, in consultation with 
the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Commerce, as 
appropriate, should engage with members of the United Nations Security 
Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the European Union, 
the African Union, and any other relevant actors to achieve a 
coordinated imposition of multilateral sanctions and export controls on 
persons described in subsection (a)(1).

SEC. 8. SECURITY ASSISTANCE.

    (a) Suspension of Assistance.--All security assistance being 
provided to the Government of Ethiopia by the United States Government 
shall immediately be suspended until such time as the Secretary reports 
to the appropriate congressional committees that hostilities in 
northern Ethiopia and related conflicts have ended, and the parties to 
the conflict are engaged in good faith efforts to reach a comprehensive 
peace agreement.
    (b) Report.--Not later than 15 days after the date of the enactment 
of this Act, the Secretary shall provide to the appropriate 
congressional committees a comprehensive list of all assistance halted 
in compliance with subsection (a) as of the date of the enactment of 
this Act.

SEC. 9. ASSISTANCE TO THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 
              OF ETHIOPIA PROVIDED THROUGH INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL 
              INSTITUTIONS.

    (a) Restrictions.--The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the 
United States Executive Directors of the international financial 
institutions--
            (1) to use the voice and vote of the United States in those 
        institutions to oppose any loan or extension of financial or 
        technical assistance to the Governments of Ethiopia and 
        Eritrea; and
            (2) to work with other key donor countries to develop a 
        coordinated policy with respect to lending to the Governments 
        of Ethiopia and Eritrea aimed at advancing human rights and 
        promoting peace.
    (b) Exception for Humanitarian Purposes.--The restrictions under 
paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall not apply with respect 
to loans or financial or technical assistance provided for humanitarian 
purposes, including efforts to prevent, detect, and respond to the 
COVID-19 pandemic, or any other infectious disease threat that is 
declared by the World Health Organization to be a Public Health 
Emergency of International Concern.
    (c) Waiver for Projects That Directly Support Basic Human Needs.--
The Secretary of the Treasury may waive the application of the 
restriction under subsection (a)(1) only if the Secretary of the 
Treasury submits to the appropriate congressional committees a written 
determination, arrived at with the concurrence of the Secretary of 
State, that the waiver is being exercised to support projects that 
directly support basic, life-saving human needs.
    (d) Termination.--Subsection (a)(1) shall not apply on or after the 
date that is 30 days after the Secretary of State determines and 
certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the 
Government of Ethiopia and its proxies and allies have--
            (1) ceased all offensive military operations in northern 
        Ethiopia and conflict in surrounding areas of Ethiopia;
            (2) taken steps toward a genuine political dialogue to 
        achieve an end to the conflict;
            (3) implemented measures to better protect human rights and 
        ensure adherence to international humanitarian law and 
        international human rights law;
            (4) continuously allowed unfettered humanitarian access; 
        and
            (5) cooperated with independent investigations of credible 
        allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity and other 
        human rights abuses carried out in the course of hostilities.
    (e) Briefing.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act and every 120 days thereafter until the 
restrictions in subsection (a)(1) are terminated pursuant to subsection 
(d), the Secretary of the Treasury, in conjunction with the Secretary 
and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International 
Development, or their designees, shall brief the appropriate 
congressional committees on the efforts of the United States Executive 
Directors of the international financial institutions pursuant to 
subsection (a).

SEC. 10. SUPPORT FOR ACCOUNTABILITY.

    (a) In General.--The President is authorized to provide financial, 
technical, and diplomatic support for efforts to pursue accountability 
for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including any preliminary 
activities necessary to preserve evidence of crimes in Ethiopia, with 
the goal of promoting accountability for war crimes, crimes against 
humanity, or other violations of international human rights law and 
international humanitarian law that have taken place in the course of 
hostilities in northern Ethiopia or other areas of Ethiopia.
    (b) Provision of Information.--The President is authorized to share 
information possessed by the United States Government with 
organizations engaged in a credible investigation meant to lead to the 
prosecution of any individual credibly accused of war crimes, crimes 
against humanity, or other violations of international human rights law 
or international humanitarian law in accordance with this section.

SEC. 11. ARMS-RELATED, FINANCIAL, AND OTHER REPORTING REQUIREMENTS.

    (a) Report on Certain Activities and Finances of Senior Officials 
of the Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea and Armed Opposition 
Groups.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of 
this Act, and annually thereafter until the date that is 2 years after 
the end of hostilities in the Tigray region, the Secretary shall submit 
to the appropriate congressional committees a report that--
            (1) describes the actions and involvement of any senior 
        officials of the Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea and any 
        senior leaders in the party to the conflict in northern 
        Ethiopia and related conflicts--
                    (A) facilitating or financing the sale or transfers 
                of arms or weapons to any party to the hostilities in 
                Ethiopia, including the Government of Ethiopia, the 
                Government of Eritrea, opposition groups, militias, or 
                other armed groups active in the conflict in Ethiopia;
                    (B) directing, carrying out, or ordering violations 
                of human rights including the systemic use of rape and 
                sexual and gender based violence;
                    (C) directing, carrying out, or ordering the use or 
                recruitment of children by armed groups or armed 
                forces; and
                    (D) directing, carrying out, or ordering 
                significant acts of corruption;
            (2) identifies Ethiopian, Eritrean, and other foreign 
        financial institutions in which senior officials of the 
        Governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea whose actions are described 
        in paragraph (1), and senior leaders of parties to the conflict 
        in northern Ethiopia and related conflicts in the Federal 
        Democratic Republic of Ethiopia whose actions are described in 
        paragraph (1), hold significant assets, and provides an 
        assessment of the value of such assets; and
            (3) identifies Ethiopian, Eritrean, and foreign financial 
        institutions that knowingly facilitate or finance the sale or 
        transfer of weapons, arms, or non-lethal equipment intended or 
        altered by a third party for military use to any party to the 
        hostilities in Ethiopia.
    (b) Form.--The report required under subsection (a) shall be 
submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.
    (c) Report on Progress on Accountability in Ethiopia.--Not later 
than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 
180 days thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to Congress a 
report on progress towards holding individuals in Ethiopia and Eritrea 
accountable for human rights violations, war crimes, and crimes against 
humanity.
                                 <all>