Title: Consumer Data Privacy and Security Act of 2021
Policy area: Commerce

Summary:
Consumer Data Privacy and Security Act of 2021
This bill establishes standards for the collection of personal data, including prohibiting businesses from collecting such data without consent from the individual except as reasonably necessary for certain permissible purposes. Businesses must publish their privacy policies; implement data security programs to safeguard such data; and provide individuals with reasonable access to, and control of, their collected data.

[Congressional Bills 117th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1494 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>






117th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 1494

                  To protect the privacy of consumers.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             April 29, 2021

   Mr. Moran introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
   referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
                  To protect the privacy of consumers.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Consumer Data 
Privacy and Security Act of 2021''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents of this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Collection and processing of personal data.
Sec. 4. Right to know.
Sec. 5. Individual control.
Sec. 6. Security.
Sec. 7. Accountability.
Sec. 8. Rules relating to service providers.
Sec. 9. Enforcement.
Sec. 10. Relation to other laws.
Sec. 11. Commission resources.
Sec. 12. Guidance and reporting.
Sec. 13. Severability.
Sec. 14. Effective date.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Biometric information.--The term ``biometric 
        information'' means information, resulting from specific 
        technical processing related to the physical, biological, 
        physiological, genetic, or behavioral characteristics of an 
        individual, that identifies the individual.
            (2) Collection.--The term ``collection'' means acquiring 
        personal data by any means, including by receiving, purchasing, 
        or leasing the data or by observing or interacting with the 
        individual to whom the data relates.
            (3) Commission.--The term ``Commission'' means the Federal 
        Trade Commission.
            (4) Covered entity.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``covered entity'' means 
                any entity that--
                            (i) alone, or jointly with others, 
                        determines the purpose and means of collecting 
                        or processing personal data; and
                            (ii) is--
                                    (I) a person over which the 
                                Commission has authority pursuant to 
                                section 5(a)(2) of the Federal Trade 
                                Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(a)(2));
                                    (II) a common carrier subject to 
                                the Communications Act of 1934 (47 
                                U.S.C. 151 et seq.) and Acts amendatory 
                                thereof and supplementary thereto; or
                                    (III) a nonprofit organization, 
                                including any organization that is not 
                                organized to carry on business for its 
                                own profit or that of its members.
                    (B) Limitation.--An entity shall not be considered 
                to be a covered entity with respect to personal data to 
                the extent that the entity is a service provider with 
                respect to such data.
            (5) De-identify.--The term ``de-identify'' means, with 
        respect to personal data held by a covered entity or service 
        provider, that the covered entity or service provider--
                    (A) alters, anonymizes, or aggregates the data so 
                that there is a reasonable basis for expecting that the 
                data could not be linked (including by the entity or 
                service provider) as a practical matter to a specific 
                individual;
                    (B) publicly commits to refrain from attempting to 
                re-identify the data with a specific individual, and 
                adopts controls to prevent such identification; and
                    (C) causes the data to be covered by a contractual 
                or other legally enforceable prohibition on each entity 
                to which the covered entity or service provider 
                discloses the data from attempting to use the data to 
                identify a specific individual and requires the same of 
                all onward disclosures.
            (6) Delete.--The term ``delete'' means to remove or destroy 
        information such that the information is not able to be 
        retrieved in the ordinary course of business.
            (7) Individual.--The term ``individual'' means a natural 
        person residing in the United States.
            (8) Material change.--The term ``material change'' means a 
        change to a policy or practice of a covered entity or service 
        provider that--
                    (A) relates to the collection or processing of 
                personal data by the covered entity or service 
                provider;
                    (B) is likely to affect the conduct or decision of 
                a reasonable individual with respect to any personal 
                data of the individual that is subject to such policy 
                or practice; and
                    (C) in the case of a service provider, is made at 
                the direction of the covered entity on whose behalf the 
                service provider is performing a service or function.
            (9) Personal data.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``personal data'' means 
                information that identifies or is linked or reasonably 
                linkable to a specific individual.
                    (B) Linked or reasonably linkable.--
                            (i) In general.--For purposes of 
                        subparagraph (A), information held by a covered 
                        entity or service provider is linked or 
                        reasonably linkable to a specific individual if 
                        it can be used on its own or in combination 
                        with other information held by, or readily 
                        accessible to, the covered entity or service 
                        provider to identify the individual.
                            (ii) Application to device-level 
                        identifiers.--A persistent identifier that is 
                        used to identify a specific individual over 
                        time and across services and platforms, 
                        including a customer number held in a cookie, a 
                        static Internet Protocol (IP) address, a 
                        processor or device serial number, or another 
                        unique device identifier, shall be considered 
                        information that is linked or reasonably 
                        linkable to the individual for purposes of 
                        subparagraph (A).
                    (C) Exclusion.--The term ``personal data'' does not 
                include--
                            (i) de-identified data;
                            (ii) data that has been rendered unreadable 
                        or indecipherable;
                            (iii) information about employees or 
                        employment status collected or used by an 
                        employer pursuant to an employer-employee 
                        relationship, including information related to 
                        prospective employees and relevant application 
                        materials;
                            (iv) publicly available information;
                            (v) data that has undergone 
                        pseudonymization; or
                            (vi) employee data.
                    (D) Employee data.--For purposes of subparagraph 
                (C), the term ``employee data'' means information 
                collected by a covered entity or the service provider 
                of a covered entity that is--
                            (i) contact information for an individual 
                        or the individual's emergency contact that is 
                        collected in the course of the individual's 
                        employment or application for employment 
                        (including on a contract or temporary basis) 
                        with the covered entity, provided that such 
                        information is retained or processed by the 
                        covered entity or service provider solely for 
                        purposes related to the individual's employment 
                        or application for employment with the covered 
                        entity; or
                            (ii) information about an individual who is 
                        an employee or former employee of the covered 
                        entity (or a relative of such an individual) 
                        that is necessary to administer benefits to 
                        which such individual or relative is entitled 
                        on the basis of the individual's employment 
                        with the covered entity, provided that such 
                        data is retained or processed by the covered 
                        entity or service provider solely for the 
                        purpose of administering such benefits.
            (10) Pseudonymization.--The term ``pseudonymization'' means 
        the processing of personal data so that the personal data can 
        no longer be attributed or reasonably linked to a specific 
        individual without the use of additional information, provided 
        that such additional information--
                    (A) is kept separately; and
                    (B) is subject to technical and organizational 
                measures to ensure that the personal data is not 
                attributed to a specific individual.
            (11) Privacy officer.--The term ``privacy officer'' means 
        an individual designated by a covered entity or service 
        provider under section 7(b)(1) to be the privacy officer of the 
        covered entity.
            (12) Processing.--The term ``processing'' means any 
        operation or set of operations performed on personal data, 
        including the analysis, organization, structuring, retaining, 
        using, disclosing, transmitting, sharing, transferring, 
        selling, licensing, or otherwise handling of personal data.
            (13) Publicly available information.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``publicly available 
                information'' means any information that a covered 
                entity or service provider has a reasonable basis to 
                believe is lawfully made available to the general 
                public from--
                            (i) a Federal, State, or local government 
                        record;
                            (ii) widely distributed media; or
                            (iii) a disclosure to the general public 
                        that is made voluntarily by an individual, or 
                        required to be made by a Federal, State, or 
                        local law.
                    (B) Reasonable basis to believe.--For purposes of 
                subparagraph (A), reasonable bases for believing that 
                information is lawfully made available to the general 
                public shall include a written determination by a 
                covered entity or service provider that the information 
                is of a type that is lawfully made available to the 
                general public.
            (14) Sensitive personal data.--The term ``sensitive 
        personal data'' means personal data that is--
                    (A) a unique, government-issued identifier, such as 
                a social security number, passport number, driver's 
                license number, or taxpayer identification number;
                    (B) a user name or email address in combination 
                with a password or security question and answer that 
                would permit access to an online account;
                    (C) biometric information of an individual;
                    (D) the content of a wire communication, oral 
                communication, or electronic communication, as those 
                terms are defined in section 2510 of title 18, United 
                States Code, to which the individual is a party, unless 
                the covered entity is the intended recipient of the 
                communication;
                    (E) information that relates to--
                            (i) the past, present, or future diagnosed 
                        physical or mental health or condition of an 
                        individual;
                            (ii) the provision of health care to an 
                        individual; or
                            (iii) the past, present, or future payment 
                        for the provision of health care to an 
                        individual;
                    (F) a financial account number, debit card number, 
                credit card number, if combined with an access code, 
                password, or credentials that provide access to such an 
                account;
                    (G) the race or ethnicity of the individual;
                    (H) the religious beliefs or affiliation of the 
                individual;
                    (I) the sexual orientation of the individual;
                    (J) the precise geolocation of an individual that 
                is technically derived and that is capable of 
                determining with reasonable specificity the past or 
                present actual physical location of the individual more 
                precisely than a zip code, street, or town or city 
                level; or
                    (K) such other specific categories of personal data 
                as the Commission may define by rule issued in 
                accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States 
                Code, the collection or processing of which could lead 
                to reasonably foreseeable harm to an individual.
            (15) Service provider.--The term ``service provider'' means 
        an entity that collects or processes personal data on behalf 
        of, and at the direction of, a covered entity to which the 
        service provider is unaffiliated, but only--
                    (A) with respect to the personal data collected or 
                processed on the behalf of, and at the direction of, 
                such covered entity; and
                    (B) to the extent that the collection or 
                processing--
                            (i) is on the behalf of, and at the 
                        direction of, such covered entity; or
                            (ii) is permitted under section 3(c).
            (16) Small business.--The term ``small business'' means any 
        covered entity or service provider that--
                    (A) for the most recent 6-month period--
                            (i) employs not more than 500 employees; 
                        and
                            (ii) maintains less than $50,000,000 in 
                        average gross receipts for the previous 3 
                        years; and
                    (B) collects or processes on an annual basis--
                            (i) the personal data of fewer than 
                        1,000,000 individuals; or
                            (ii) the sensitive personal data of fewer 
                        than 100,000 individuals.
            (17) Third party.--
                    (A) In general.--The term ``third party'' means a 
                covered entity that receives third party personal data 
                from an unaffiliated covered entity, but only with 
                respect to such third party personal data.
                    (B) Third party personal data.--For purposes of 
                subparagraph (A), the term ``third party personal 
                data'' means personal data that a covered entity 
                discloses to another unaffiliated covered entity and 
                such disclosure--
                            (i) is not directed by the individual to 
                        whom the personal data relates; and
                            (ii) is not necessary to complete a 
                        transaction or fulfill a request made by the 
                        individual to whom such data relates.
            (18) Unaffiliated.--The term ``unaffiliated'' means, with 
        respect to two or more entities, that the entities do not share 
        interrelated operations, common management, centralized control 
        of labor relations, or common ownership or financial control.

SEC. 3. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA.

    (a) Requirements.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and 
        (3), a covered entity shall not collect or process personal 
        data of an individual unless--
                    (A) the individual has consented explicitly or 
                implicitly to such collection or processing for a 
                specific purpose, in accordance with subsection (b); or
                    (B) the covered entity collects or processes the 
                personal data in accordance with a permissible purpose 
                described in subsection (c).
            (2) Application to third parties.--
                    (A) In general.--A covered entity that is a third 
                party with respect to the personal data of an 
                individual may collect or process such personal data 
                without directly obtaining the individual's consent as 
                required under paragraph (1)(A) if--
                            (i) the covered entity from whom the third 
                        party received the personal data of the 
                        individual involved--
                                    (I) has provided the individual 
                                with notice of--
                                            (aa) the fact that the 
                                        covered entity would disclose 
                                        the individual's personal data 
                                        to the third party; and
                                            (bb) the purposes for which 
                                        the third party will collect or 
                                        process the personal data of 
                                        the individual; and
                                    (II) the individual has consented 
                                to such disclosure and such collection 
                                or processing of the individual's 
                                personal data; or
                            (ii) the third party collects or process 
                        the personal data in accordance with a 
                        permissible purpose described in subsection 
                        (c).
                    (B) Notice and consent requirement for different or 
                additional collection or processing.--A covered entity 
                that is a third party with respect to the personal data 
                of an individual shall obtain the consent of such 
                individual in accordance with subsection (b) before 
                collecting or processing such personal data if the 
                specific purpose for such collection or processing--
                            (i) is not a purpose described in paragraph 
                        (1), (2), (4), or (6) of subsection (c); and
                            (ii) is different from, or in addition to, 
                        the purpose for any collection or processing to 
                        which the individual previously consented in 
                        accordance with subsection (b).
                    (C) Duty to exercise reasonable due diligence prior 
                to reliance on covered entity representations.--For 
                purposes of subparagraph (A), a covered entity that is 
                a third party with respect to the personal data of an 
                individual may reasonably rely on representations made 
                by the covered entity from whom the third party 
                received such data regarding the notice provided to, 
                and the consent obtained from, such individual, 
                provided that the third party has determined, after 
                exercising reasonable due diligence, that the covered 
                entity is credible.
            (3) Notice and consent obtained by service providers.--A 
        service provider may provide notice to, and obtain consent 
        from, an individual in accordance with subsection (b) on behalf 
        of a covered entity.
    (b) Consent.--
            (1) In general.--
                    (A) Implicit consent.--Except as provided in 
                subparagraph (B), an individual shall be deemed to have 
                consented to a request to collect or process the 
                individual's personal data if the individual fails to 
                decline the request after being provided with the 
                notice described in paragraph (2) and a reasonable 
                amount of time to respond to the request.
                    (B) Express affirmative consent requirement.--
                            (i) In general.--The express affirmative 
                        consent of an individual is required to collect 
                        or process the personal data of the individual 
                        if the collection or processing--
                                    (I) involves sensitive personal 
                                data of the individual; or
                                    (II) involves the disclosure of 
                                personal data to a third party for a 
                                purpose that is not described in 
                                subsection (c).
                            (ii) Requirements for valid express 
                        affirmative consent.--For purposes of clause 
                        (i), the express affirmative consent of an 
                        individual to a request to collect or process 
                        the personal data of the individual--
                                    (I) shall be clearly, prominently, 
                                and unmistakably stated;
                                    (II) shall be provided in response 
                                to a request that includes the notice 
                                described in paragraph (2); and
                                    (III) cannot be inferred from 
                                inaction.
            (2) Notice required.--
                    (A) In general.--In requesting the consent of an 
                individual to collect or process the individual's 
                personal data, a covered entity shall provide the 
                individual with notice, in a concise, meaningful, 
                timely, prominent, and easy-to-understand format, that 
                includes--
                            (i) the types of personal data collected 
                        and processed;
                            (ii) a description of the purposes for 
                        which the covered entity seeks to collect or 
                        process that individual's personal data; and
                            (iii) the information described in 
                        subparagraph (B).
                    (B) Contents.--The notice provided by a covered 
                entity under subparagraph (A) shall include--
                            (i) information on how the individual may 
                        access the privacy policy of the covered entity 
                        described in section 4(a);
                            (ii) information on how the individual may 
                        exercise the rights provided for under this 
                        Act; and
                            (iii) notice of whether the collection or 
                        processing by the covered entity--
                                    (I) includes the disclosure of 
                                personal data to third parties; or
                                    (II) involves sensitive personal 
                                data.
                    (C) Separation.--If consent is obtained in the 
                context of a notice that also concerns matters other 
                than the collection or processing of personal data, the 
                request for consent shall be presented in a manner that 
                is clearly distinguishable from the other matters.
            (3) Withdrawal of consent.--
                    (A) In general.--A covered entity shall provide an 
                individual with the means to withdraw previously given 
                consent to collect or process the personal data of the 
                individual--
                            (i) at any time and place that is 
                        reasonably practicable; and
                            (ii) in a manner that is as accessible as 
                        reasonably practicable.
                    (B) Effect.--A withdrawal made under subparagraph 
                (A)--
                            (i) shall take effect without undue delay;
                            (ii) shall remain in effect until the 
                        individual revokes or limits that denial or 
                        withdrawal; and
                            (iii) shall not apply to any collection or 
                        processing of personal data that occurred 
                        before the date on which the withdrawal is 
                        made.
    (c) Permissible Purposes.--A covered entity or service provider may 
collect or process the personal data of an individual without consent 
to the extent that such collection or processing is reasonably 
necessary and limited to the following purposes (except that a covered 
entity that is a third party with respect to personal data may not 
collect or process such data without consent for the purposes described 
in paragraphs (3), (5), and (6)):
            (1) Provision of service or performance of a contract.--
        To--
                    (A) provide a service, perform a contract, or 
                conduct a transaction that the individual has 
                initiated; or
                    (B) take steps in furtherance of the request 
                initiated by the individual prior to providing the 
                service or entering into a contract or transaction.
            (2) Compliance with laws.--To comply with a Federal, State, 
        or local law or another applicable legal requirement, including 
        a subpoena, summons, or other properly executed compulsory 
        process, or to exercise or defend a legal claim, as 
        specifically authorized by law.
            (3) Immediate danger.--To prevent imminent danger to the 
        personal safety of any individual, including by effectuating a 
        product recall pursuant to Federal or State law.
            (4) Fraud prevention and protection of security.--To 
        protect the rights, property, services, or information systems 
        of the covered entity or service provider, or any individual, 
        including to investigate a possible crime or to protect against 
        security threats, abuse, malicious conduct, deception, fraud, 
        theft, unauthorized transactions, or any other unlawful 
        activity.
            (5) Research.--In the case of a covered entity only, to 
        conduct research that--
                    (A) is performed for the primary purpose of 
                advancing a broadly recognized public interest;
                    (B) is performed by the covered entity (or by a 
                service provider at the direction of the covered 
                entity) and is not disclosed to any third party;
                    (C) is broadly compatible with the purposes for 
                which the data was originally collected or processed; 
                and
                    (D) adheres to all applicable ethics and privacy 
                laws.
            (6) Operational purposes.--To--
                    (A) perform internal operations or analytics for a 
                product or service offered by the covered entity or 
                service provider, such as billing, shipping, internal 
                systems maintenance, diagnostics, inventory management, 
                financial reporting or accounting, serving an internet 
                website, or network management;
                    (B) use on a short-term, transient basis, provided 
                that the personal data--
                            (i) is not disclosed to a third party; and
                            (ii) is not used to build a persistent 
                        profile of the individual;
                    (C) in the case of a covered entity only, market or 
                advertise a service or product to an individual if the 
                personal data used for the marketing or advertising was 
                collected directly from the individual by the covered 
                entity or by a service provider on behalf of the 
                covered entity;
                    (D) improve a product, service, or activity used, 
                requested, or authorized by the individual, including 
                analytics, forecasting, the repair of errors that 
                impair existing intended functionality, actions to 
                verify or maintain quality or safety of the product, 
                service, or activity, or the ongoing provision of 
                customer service and support by the covered entity or 
                service provider; or
                    (E) other additional specific categories of 
                operational purposes that the Commission may define by 
                rule, issued in accordance with section 553 of title 5, 
                United States Code.
    (d) Limiting the Retention of Sensitive Personal Data.--A covered 
entity shall delete or de-identify sensitive personal data, and shall 
direct its service providers to delete or de-identify sensitive 
personal data, after the data is no longer reasonably necessary to 
accomplish the intended purposes permitted by this section, unless such 
deletion or de-identification is impossible or demonstrably 
impracticable.
    (e) Bankruptcy.--If a covered entity or service provider commences 
a case under title 11 of the United States Code, and the case or any 
proceeding under the case is expected to lead to the disclosure of the 
personal data of any individual, the covered entity or service provider 
shall, in a reasonable amount of time before the disclosure, provide 
each individual whose personal data is subject to the disclosure with--
            (1) a notice of the proposed disclosure, including--
                    (A) the name of each third party to which the 
                personal data will be disclosed; and
                    (B) a description of the policies and practices 
                relating to personal data of each such third party; and
            (2) the opportunity to--
                    (A) deny consent, or withdraw previously given 
                consent, to the disclosure of the personal data; or
                    (B) request that the covered entity or service 
                provider delete or de-identify the personal data.

SEC. 4. RIGHT TO KNOW.

    (a) In General.--A covered entity shall make publicly available, in 
a clear and prominent location and in easy-to-understand language, a 
privacy policy that includes--
            (1) a clear and specific description of the entity's 
        policies and practices with respect to personal data;
            (2) a clear and specific description of the rights of 
        individuals with respect to their personal data (including the 
        rights described in section 5) and information on how to 
        exercise those rights; and
            (3) the information described in subsection (c).
    (b) Availability of Previous Versions.--A covered entity shall make 
publicly available any previous version of a privacy policy required 
under subsection (a).
    (c) Contents.--A privacy policy required under subsection (a) shall 
include--
            (1) the identity and the contact details of the covered 
        entity, including, where applicable, the representative of the 
        covered entity for purposes of privacy inquiries or its privacy 
        officer;
            (2) a clear description of each category of personal data 
        collected by the covered entity and the purposes for which each 
        such category is collected and processed;
            (3) a clear description of any relevant retention periods 
        (if possible) and any criteria and other information with 
        respect to the deletion or de-identification of personal data 
        collected and processed by the covered entity;
            (4) whether, and for what purposes, the covered entity 
        discloses personal data to third parties, each category of 
        personal data disclosed to third parties, and the types of 
        third parties to which those categories of personal data are 
        disclosed;
            (5) whether, and for what purposes, the covered entity 
        receives personal data from third parties, the categories of 
        personal data received from third parties, and the types of 
        third parties from which the covered entity receives personal 
        data;
            (6) a clear description of the process by which the covered 
        entity informs individuals of material changes to its policies 
        and practices with respect to its collection and processing of 
        personal data;
            (7) the specific steps an individual may take to minimize 
        the collection or processing by the covered entity of the 
        individual's personal data, and the relevant implications to 
        the individual from minimizing such collection or processing; 
        and
            (8) the effective date of the privacy policy.
    (d) Exceptions.--A covered entity shall not be required to make 
available a privacy policy under this subsection with respect to the 
collection or processing of personal data that is reasonably necessary 
and limited to--
            (1) an in-person transaction where the personal data is not 
        processed for further purposes incompatible with that 
        transaction;
            (2) comply a Federal, State, or local law or another 
        applicable legal requirement, including a subpoena, summons, or 
        other properly executed compulsory process;
            (3) prevent imminent danger to the personal safety of any 
        individual; or
            (4) protect the rights or data security of the covered 
        entity, a service provider of the covered entity, or any 
        individual, including to investigate a possible crime or to 
        protect against security threats, abuse, fraud, theft, 
        unauthorized transactions, or any other unlawful activity.
    (e) Material Changes.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity, upon any material change 
        to the privacy policy of the covered entity or a material 
        change to the privacy policy of a service provider that is made 
        at the direction of the covered entity--
                    (A) shall notify each individual whose personal 
                data is collected or processed by the covered entity, 
                or a service provider on behalf of the covered entity, 
                with a description of the material change, including--
                            (i) change to the categories of personal 
                        data the covered entity or service provider 
                        processes;
                            (ii) change to the purposes for which the 
                        covered entity or service provider processes 
                        personal data;
                            (iii) change to the manner in which the 
                        covered entity or service provider discloses 
                        personal data to third parties; and
                            (iv) which, if any, changes are 
                        retroactive; and
                    (B) shall not process (or, in the case of a 
                material change to the privacy policy of a service 
                provider that is directed by the covered entity, shall 
                not direct the service provider to process) any 
                sensitive personal data of an individual that was 
                collected by the covered entity or service provider 
                before the effective date of the material change in a 
                manner that is inconsistent with the privacy policy 
                that was applicable at the time such data was collected 
                until the individual provides express affirmative 
                consent to such processing.
            (2) Direct notice of material change to affected 
        individuals.--A covered entity shall, if operationally and 
        technically feasible, directly provide the notice of a material 
        change required under paragraph (1)(A) to each affected 
        individual, taking into account available technology and the 
        nature of the relationship between the covered entity and the 
        individual.
            (3) Public notice of material change.--Where directly 
        providing the notice of a material change required under 
        paragraph (1)(A) to each affected individual is impossible or 
        demonstrably impracticable, a covered entity--
                    (A) shall publish the notice in a reasonably 
                prominent location; and
                    (B) shall not process personal data that was 
                collected by the covered entity before the effective 
                date of the material change in a manner that is 
                inconsistent with the privacy policy that was 
                applicable at the time such data was collected until 
                after the notice has been so published for a period of 
                time that is reasonably sufficient to give affected 
                individuals the opportunity to exercise their rights 
                with respect to their personal data.

SEC. 5. INDIVIDUAL CONTROL.

    (a) Privacy Controls.--Each covered entity shall--
            (1) provide each individual whose personal data is 
        collected or processed by the covered entity with a reasonably 
        accessible, clear and conspicuous, and easy-to-use means to 
        exercise the individual's rights established under this section 
        with respect to such data;
            (2) if applicable, offer the means required under paragraph 
        (1) through the same means that the individual routinely uses 
        to interact with the covered entity; and
            (3) make the means required under paragraph (1) available 
        at no additional cost to the individual.
    (b) Right To Access.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity shall, in response to a 
        verified request from an individual--
                    (A) confirm whether or not the covered entity has 
                collected or processed the personal data of the 
                individual; and
                    (B) if the covered entity has collected or 
                processed the personal data of the individual, provide, 
                within a reasonable time after receiving the request, 
                the individual with--
                            (i) a copy, or an accurate representation, 
                        of the personal data pertaining to the 
                        individual collected and processed by the 
                        covered entity; and
                            (ii) a list of the categories of third 
                        parties to which the covered entity has 
                        disclosed the personal data of the individual, 
                        if applicable.
            (2) Ease of access.--
                    (A) Format.--The covered entity shall provide the 
                information described in paragraph (1)(B) in an 
                electronic format unless--
                            (i) the individual requests to receive the 
                        information by other means; or
                            (ii) providing the information 
                        electronically is impossible or demonstrably 
                        impracticable.
                    (B) Data portability.--If a covered entity provides 
                an individual with information in an electronic format 
                under subparagraph (A), the covered entity shall, where 
                technically feasible and reasonably practicable, 
                provide the individual with--
                            (i) the ability to export the personal data 
                        generated and submitted by the individual in a 
                        structured, commonly-used, and machine-readable 
                        format; and
                            (ii) the ability to transmit such 
                        information to another entity without 
                        constraints or conditions.
    (c) Rights to Accuracy and Correction.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity shall establish 
        reasonable procedures designed to--
                    (A) ensure that the personal data that the covered 
                entity collects and processes with respect to an 
                individual is accurate and up-to-date; and
                    (B) provide individuals with the ability to submit 
                a verified request to the covered entity to--
                            (i) dispute the accuracy and completeness 
                        of such personal data; and
                            (ii) request the appropriate correction of 
                        such personal data.
            (2) Dispute and correction.--Each covered entity shall 
        ensure that the ability of an individual to dispute or request 
        that the covered entity correct personal data as described in 
        paragraph (1) is provided in a manner that is appropriate and 
        reasonable based on the benefits and risks of harm to the 
        individual regarding the accuracy of the personal data.
            (3) Exceptions for publicly available information.--A 
        covered entity shall not be required to verify the accuracy of 
        publicly available information if the covered entity has 
        reasonable procedures to ensure that the publicly available 
        information assembled or maintained by the covered entity 
        accurately reflects the information available to the general 
        public.
    (d) Right to Erasure.--
            (1) In general.--Except for personal data collected and 
        processed in accordance with a permissible purpose described in 
        section 3(c), upon a verified request from an individual, a 
        covered entity shall, without undue delay, delete or de-
        identify the personal data of the individual, and shall direct 
        any service providers of the covered entity to delete or de-
        identify such data.
            (2) Special considerations.--In determining whether a 
        covered entity that is a small business has complied with a 
        verified request under paragraph (1) in a timely fashion, the 
        Commission shall take into account the amount of time that the 
        entity requires to comply with the request considering the 
        technical feasibility, cost, and burden to the entity of 
        complying with the request.
    (e) Frequency and Cost To Exercise Rights.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity--
                    (A) shall comply with a verified request from any 
                individual to exercise each of the rights described in 
                subsections (b), (c), and (d) not less frequently than 
                twice in any 12-month period; and
                    (B) the first 2 times that an individual makes a 
                verified request described in subparagraph (A) in any 
                12-month period, shall comply with such requests 
                without any charge to the individual.
            (2) Manifestly unfounded and excessive requests.--If an 
        individual submits a manifestly unfounded or frivolous request 
        to exercise a right under subsection (b), (c), or (d), or an 
        excessive number of requests under such subsections, the 
        covered entity may--
                    (A) charge a reasonable fee, taking into account 
                the administrative costs of providing the personal 
                data, communication, or taking the action requested by 
                the individual; or
                    (B) refuse to act on the request.
    (f) Verified Request.--
            (1) In general.--A request to exercise a right described in 
        this section shall only be considered a ``verified request'' if 
        the covered entity verifies that the individual making the 
        request is the individual whose personal data is the subject of 
        the request.
            (2) Verification of identity.--
                    (A) In general.--A covered entity shall make a 
                reasonable effort to verify the identity of any 
                individual who submits a request to exercise a right 
                under this section.
                    (B) Additional information.--If a covered entity 
                cannot verify the identity of the individual submitting 
                a request under this subsection, the covered entity--
                            (i) may request that the individual provide 
                        such additional information as is necessary to 
                        confirm the identity of the individual; and
                            (ii) shall only process additional 
                        information provided under clause (i) for the 
                        purpose of verifying the identity of the 
                        individual.
    (g) Declination of Requests.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity--
                    (A) shall decline to act on a request under this 
                section where, after undertaking a reasonable effort, 
                the entity cannot verify that the individual making the 
                request is the individual whose personal data is the 
                subject of the request;
                    (B) may decline to act on a request under this 
                section where fulfilling the request would--
                            (i) require the covered entity or a service 
                        provider of the covered entity to retain any 
                        personal data collected for a single, one-time 
                        transaction, if such personal data is not 
                        processed for additional purposes;
                            (ii) be impossible or demonstrably 
                        impracticable, or require any steps or measures 
                        to re-identify, or otherwise alter or 
                        manipulate, information that is de-identified;
                            (iii) be contrary to the legitimate 
                        interests of the covered entity or a service 
                        provider of the covered entity, such as 
                        completing a transaction, repairing 
                        functionality or errors, or performing a 
                        contract between the covered entity and the 
                        individual;
                            (iv) impair the ability of the covered 
                        entity or a service provider of the covered 
                        entity to detect or respond to a security 
                        incident, provide a secure environment, or 
                        protect against malicious, deceptive, 
                        fraudulent, or illegal activity;
                            (v) hinder compliance with a legal 
                        obligation or legally recognized privilege, 
                        such as a requirement to retain certain 
                        information, or the establishment, exercise, or 
                        defense of legal claims;
                            (vi) interfere with research (conducted in 
                        accordance with section 3(c)(5)) when the 
                        deletion of the personal data is likely to 
                        render impossible or seriously impair such 
                        research; or
                            (vii) create a legitimate risk to the 
                        privacy, security, safety, or other rights of 
                        the individual, an individual other than the 
                        requester, or the covered entity, based on a 
                        reasonable individualized determination by the 
                        covered entity; and
                    (C) shall not be required to act on a request under 
                this section if the covered entity is unable to fulfill 
                the request because--
                            (i) the covered entity requires the 
                        assistance of a service provider to fulfill the 
                        request; and
                            (ii) the service provider has informed the 
                        covered entity that the service provider is 
                        unable to assist the covered entity in 
                        fulfilling the request for a reason specified 
                        in section 8(c)(3)(A)(ii)(IV).
            (2) Notice of reasons for declination.--If the covered 
        entity declines to act on a request pursuant to paragraph (1), 
        the covered entity shall inform the individual who made the 
        request of the reasons for such declination and any rights the 
        individual may have to appeal the decision of the covered 
        entity.
    (h) Exception for Small Businesses.--The requirements under 
subsections (b) and (c) shall not apply to a covered entity that is a 
small business.
    (i) Guidance.--The Commission shall, after consulting with and 
soliciting comments from consumer data industry representatives, issue 
guidance describing nonbinding best practices for covered entities and 
service providers of different business sizes and types to develop 
privacy controls as described in this section.

SEC. 6. SECURITY.

    (a) In General.--Each covered entity and service provider shall 
develop, document, implement, and maintain a comprehensive data 
security program that contains reasonable administrative, technical, 
and physical safeguards designed to protect the security, 
confidentiality, and integrity of personal data from unauthorized 
access, use, destruction, acquisition, modification, or disclosure.
    (b) Considerations of Safeguards.--The safeguards required under 
subsection (a) with respect to a covered entity or service provider 
shall be appropriate to--
            (1) the size, complexity, and resources of the covered 
        entity or service provider;
            (2) the nature and scope of the activities of the covered 
        entity or service provider;
            (3) the technical feasibility and cost of available tools, 
        external audits or assessments, and other measures used by the 
        covered entity or service provider to improve security and 
        reduce vulnerabilities;
            (4) the sensitivity of the personal data involved; and
            (5) the potential for unauthorized access, use, 
        destruction, acquisition, modification, or disclosure of the 
        personal data involved to result in economic loss, identity 
        theft, fraud, or physical injury to the individuals to whom 
        such data relates.
    (c) Requirements for Program.--A comprehensive data security 
program under this section shall be designed to, at a minimum--
            (1) designate an employee or employees to be responsible 
        for overseeing and maintaining its safeguards;
            (2) identify material internal and external risks to the 
        security and confidentiality of personal data and assess the 
        sufficiency of any safeguards in place to control these risks, 
        including consideration of risks in each relevant area of the 
        operations of the covered entity or service provider, 
        including--
                    (A) employee training and management;
                    (B) information systems, including network and 
                software design, as well as information processing, 
                storage, transmission, and disposal;
                    (C) detecting, preventing, and responding to 
                attacks, intrusions, or other systems failures; and
                    (D) whether the covered entity or service provider 
                has taken action to address and prevent reasonably 
                known and addressable security vulnerabilities;
            (3) implement safeguards designed to control the risks 
        identified in the covered entity's or service provider's risk 
        assessment, and regularly assess the effectiveness of those 
        safeguards;
            (4) maintain reasonable procedures to require that third 
        parties and service providers to whom personal data is 
        transferred by the covered entity or service provider involved 
        maintain reasonable administrative, technical, and physical 
        safeguards designed to protect the security and confidentiality 
        of personal data; and
            (5) evaluate and make reasonable adjustments to the 
        safeguards in light of material changes in technology, internal 
        or external threats to personal data, and the changing business 
        arrangements or operations of the covered entity or service 
        provider.

SEC. 7. ACCOUNTABILITY.

    (a) Definition of Applicable Entity.--In this section, the term 
``applicable entity'' means a covered entity or service provider that, 
on an annual basis, conducts collection and processing of--
            (1) the personal data of more than 20,000,000 individuals; 
        or
            (2) the sensitive personal data of more than 1,000,000 
        individuals.
    (b) Privacy Officer.--
            (1) Designation.--Each applicable entity shall--
                    (A) designate an employee of the applicable entity, 
                or an individual who is a contractor of the applicable 
                entity, to be the privacy officer responsible for 
                overseeing its policies and practices relating to the 
                collection and processing of personal data; and
                    (B) ensure that the privacy officer is involved in 
                all issues relating to the privacy and security of 
                personal data.
            (2) Conflicts of interest.--The privacy officer may perform 
        other tasks and duties for the applicable entity, but only to 
        the extent that the applicable entity ensures that the 
        performance of those other tasks or duties does not present a 
        conflict of interest with respect to the duties and 
        responsibilities of the privacy officer role.
            (3) Responsibilities.--The privacy officer shall--
                    (A) inform and advise the applicable entity of the 
                obligations of the applicable entity under this Act;
                    (B) monitor compliance by the applicable entity 
                with this Act;
                    (C) oversee--
                            (i) in the case of an applicable entity 
                        that is a covered entity, each privacy impact 
                        assessment carried out under subsection (c); 
                        and
                            (ii) the comprehensive privacy program 
                        implemented under subsection (d); and
                    (D) act as a contact for the Commission, other 
                Federal, State, and local authorities, and the 
                applicable entity with respect to matters relating to 
                the privacy and security of personal data.
    (c) Consideration of Privacy Implications of Material Changes in 
Processing Sensitive Personal Data.--
            (1) In general.--If an applicable entity that is a covered 
        entity intends to begin a new collection or processing activity 
        or to make a material change in its processing of sensitive 
        personal data, the applicable entity shall, before beginning 
        the new processing activity or making the material change, 
        consider the privacy implications, if any of the change.
            (2) Considerations.--An applicable entity that is a covered 
        entity shall ensure, in considering the privacy implications of 
        a material change as required under paragraph (1), that the 
        consideration is reasonable and appropriate with respect to the 
        sensitive personal data that will be affected by the new 
        processing activity or the material change in processing by 
        considering--
                    (A) the nature and volume of the sensitive personal 
                data; and
                    (B) the potential for the new processing activity 
                or the material change to be a proximate cause of harm 
                to individuals to whom the sensitive personal data 
                pertains.
            (3) Approval.--The privacy officer shall be required to 
        approve the findings of a privacy impact assessment carried out 
        under paragraph (1) before a applicable entity that is a 
        covered entity may begin the new processing activity or make 
        the material change that is the subject of the privacy impact 
        assessment.
            (4) Documentation.--An applicable entity that is a covered 
        entity shall document and maintain in written form any privacy 
        impact assessment carried out under paragraph (1) if the new 
        processing activity or material change that is the subject of 
        the privacy impact assessment involves sensitive personal data.
    (d) Comprehensive Privacy Program.--
            (1) In general.--Each applicable entity shall implement a 
        comprehensive privacy program to safeguard the privacy and 
        security of personal data collected or processed by the 
        applicable entity for the life cycle of development and 
        operational practices of its products or services, including 
        by--
                    (A) enhancing the privacy and security of personal 
                data collected or processed by the applicable entity 
                through appropriate technical or operational 
                safeguards, such as encryption, de-identification, and 
                other privacy enhancing technologies;
                    (B) verifying that the applicable entity's 
                practices relating to the collection and processing of 
                personal data are consistent with--
                            (i) the entity's policies and documentation 
                        of such policies;
                            (ii) in the case of an applicable entity 
                        that is a covered entity, representations the 
                        entity makes to individuals; and
                            (iii) in the case of an applicable entity 
                        that is a service provider, representations the 
                        entity makes to covered entities to which the 
                        entity provides services; and
                    (C) ensuring that the privacy controls of the 
                applicable entity are adequately accessible to, and 
                effective at safeguarding the expressed preferences 
                of--
                            (i) in the case of an applicable entity 
                        that is a covered entity, each individual whose 
                        personal data is collected or processed by the 
                        covered entity (excluding any personal data 
                        with respect to which the covered entity is a 
                        third party); and
                            (ii) in the case of an applicable entity 
                        that is a service provider, each covered entity 
                        to which the entity provides services.
            (2) Considerations.--In implementing a comprehensive 
        privacy program under paragraph (1), each applicable entity 
        shall--
                    (A) take into consideration, as applicable given 
                the entity's role as a covered entity or service 
                provider--
                            (i) the relevant risks to the privacy and 
                        security of personal data against which the 
                        applicable entity must guard in meeting the 
                        expectations of individuals;
                            (ii) the requirements under this Act;
                            (iii) the size and complexity of the 
                        applicable entity; and
                            (iv) the sensitivity and volume of the 
                        personal data that the applicable entity 
                        processes; and
                    (B) address the findings and implement the 
                recommendations contained in privacy impact assessments 
                that the applicable entity carries out under subsection 
                (c).

SEC. 8. RULES RELATING TO SERVICE PROVIDERS.

    (a) Obligations of Covered Entities With Respect to Service 
Providers.--
            (1) In general.--A covered entity shall only disclose 
        personal data to a service provider pursuant to a contract that 
        is binding on both parties and meets the requirements of 
        subsection (b).
            (2) Due diligence.--
                    (A) In general.--Any covered entity that discloses 
                personal data to a service provider shall--
                            (i) take reasonable steps to identify 
                        whether the service provider has established 
                        appropriate procedures and controls for 
                        ensuring the privacy and security of the 
                        personal data in a manner that complies with 
                        the requirements of this Act, including through 
                        reasonable representations made to the covered 
                        entity by the service provider in the contract 
                        governing the disclosure of personal data to 
                        the service provider; and
                            (ii) investigate any circumstances for 
                        which a reasonable person would determine that 
                        there is a high probability that the service 
                        provider is not in compliance with a 
                        requirement of this Act, and, if necessary 
                        based on the findings of such investigation, 
                        take reasonable steps to protect the privacy 
                        and security of any personal data disclosed by 
                        the covered entity to the service provider that 
                        is at risk as a result of the service 
                        provider's noncompliance with a requirement of 
                        this Act.
                    (B) Considerations.--In determining whether a 
                covered entity has acted reasonably in complying with 
                clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A), the Commission 
                shall take into account--
                            (i) the size, complexity, and resources of 
                        the covered entity and whether the covered 
                        entity is a small business; and
                            (ii) the risk of harm reasonably expected 
                        to occur as a result of the covered entity 
                        disclosing personal data to a service provider 
                        without complying with such clause.
    (b) Contractual Requirements.--
            (1) In general.--A contract between a covered entity and a 
        service provider governing the disclosure of personal data by 
        the covered entity to the service provider shall--
                    (A) require the service provider to only collect or 
                process the personal data as directed by the covered 
                entity;
                    (B) establish the purposes for, and means of, the 
                collecting or processing of the personal data by the 
                service provider, including instructions, policies, and 
                practices, as applicable, with which the service 
                provider is required to comply; and
                    (C) include a reasonable representation by the 
                service provider indicating that the service provider 
                has established appropriate procedures and controls to 
                comply with the requirements of this Act.
            (2) Limitation.--No contract governing the disclosure of 
        personal data by a covered entity to a service provider shall 
        relieve a covered entity or service provider of any requirement 
        or obligation with respect to such personal data that is 
        imposed on the covered entity or service provider, as 
        applicable, by this Act.
    (c) Service Provider Obligations.--
            (1) Notice of processing of personal data to comply with 
        legal requirement.--In the event that a service provider is 
        required to process personal data in order to comply with a 
        legal requirement, including a subpoena, summons, or other 
        properly executed compulsory process, the service provider 
        shall inform the covered entity from which it received the 
        personal data involved of such legal requirement before such 
        processing, unless the service provider is otherwise prohibited 
        by law from providing such notification.
            (2) Notice of change to policies or practices.--If a 
        service provider amends its policies or practices relating to 
        personal data in a manner that is relevant to compliance with 
        any provision of this Act, the service provider shall provide 
        reasonable notice in advance of such change to any covered 
        entity on whose behalf the service provider collects or 
        processes personal data.
            (3) Responsibilities.--
                    (A) Individual control requests.--A service 
                provider that collects or processes personal data on 
                behalf of a covered entity shall, to the extent 
                possible, either--
                            (i) provide the covered entity with 
                        appropriate technical and organizational 
                        measures to enable the covered entity to comply 
                        with requests to exercise rights described in 
                        section 5 with respect to any such personal 
                        data that is held by, and reasonably accessible 
                        to, the service provider; or
                            (ii) respond to any request made by the 
                        covered entity for assistance in complying with 
                        a request to exercise such a right with respect 
                        to such personal data that the covered entity 
                        has verified as described in section 5(f) and 
                        has determined must be complied with under this 
                        Act by, as appropriate--
                                    (I) in the case of a request 
                                described in subsection (b) of section 
                                5, providing the covered entity with 
                                access to any relevant personal data 
                                held by, and reasonably available to, 
                                the service provider;
                                    (II) in the case of a request 
                                described in subsection (c) of such 
                                section, by correcting any relevant 
                                personal data held by, and reasonably 
                                accessible to, the service provider, 
                                and providing the covered entity with 
                                notice of such correction;
                                    (III) in the case of a request 
                                described in subsection (d) of such 
                                section, by deleting, de-identifying, 
                                or returning to the covered entity any 
                                relevant personal data held by, and 
                                reasonably accessible to, the service 
                                provider, and providing the covered 
                                entity with notice of such action; or
                                    (IV) informing the covered entity 
                                that--
                                            (aa) the service provider 
                                        does not hold any personal data 
                                        related to the request;
                                            (bb) the service provider 
                                        cannot reasonably access any 
                                        personal data related to the 
                                        request; or
                                            (cc) complying with the 
                                        request would be inconsistent 
                                        with a legal requirement to 
                                        which the service provider is 
                                        subject.
                    (B) Deletion of data upon completion of service.--
                Except as otherwise required by law, as soon as 
                practicable after the completion of the service or 
                function for which a service provider collected or 
                processed personal data on behalf of a covered entity, 
                the service provider shall delete, de-identify, or 
                return to the covered entity all such personal data.
                    (C) Assurance of compliance.--
                            (i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii), a 
                        service provider shall make available to a 
                        covered entity on whose behalf the service 
                        provider collects or processes personal data 
                        information necessary to demonstrate the 
                        service provider's compliance with subparagraph 
                        (A).
                            (ii) Written representation of 
                        compliance.--If the information described in 
                        clause (i) is not technically available to a 
                        service provider, the service provider may 
                        comply with clause (i) by providing the covered 
                        entity with a written representation stating 
                        that the service provider is in compliance with 
                        subparagraph (A).
            (4) Subcontractor requirements.--A service provider that is 
        collecting or processing personal data on behalf of a covered 
        entity shall not employ a subcontractor to carry out or assist 
        in such collection or processing unless--
                    (A) the service provider has provided the covered 
                entity with an opportunity to object to the use of such 
                subcontractor; and
                    (B) the subcontractor is subject (pursuant to an 
                agreement between the service provider and the 
                subcontractor) to the same requirements and obligations 
                as the service provider with respect to the collection 
                and processing of the personal data.
            (5) Considerations.--In determining whether a service 
        provider has acted reasonably in complying with this 
        subsection, the Commission shall take into account--
                    (A) the size, complexity, and resources of the 
                service provider and whether the service provider is a 
                small business; and
                    (B) the risk of harm reasonably expected to occur 
                as a result of the service provider not complying with 
                this subsection.

SEC. 9. ENFORCEMENT.

    (a) Enforcement by the Commission.--
            (1) Unfair or deceptive acts or practices.--A violation of 
        this Act or a regulation promulgated under this Act shall be 
        treated as an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation 
        of a rule promulgated under section 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal 
        Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)).
            (2) Powers of the commission.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in subparagraph 
                (C), the Commission shall enforce this Act and any 
                regulation promulgated under this Act in the same 
                manner, by the same means, and with the same 
                jurisdiction, powers, and duties as though all 
                applicable terms and provisions of the Federal Trade 
                Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated 
                into and made a part of this Act.
                    (B) Privileges and immunities.--Any covered entity 
                or service provider who violates this Act or a 
                regulation promulgated under this Act shall be subject 
                to the penalties and entitled to the privileges and 
                immunities provided in the Federal Trade Commission Act 
                (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.).
                    (C) Common carriers and nonprofit organizations.--
                Notwithstanding section 4, 5(a)(2), or 6 of the Federal 
                Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 44, 45(a)(2), 46) or 
                any jurisdictional limitation of the Commission, the 
                Commission shall also enforce this Act, with respect to 
                common carriers and nonprofit organizations described 
                in section 2(4) of this Act, in the same manner 
                provided in subparagraphs (A) and (B) of this 
                paragraph.
                    (D) Authority preserved.--Nothing in this Act shall 
                be construed to limit the Commission's authority under 
                the Federal Trade Commission Act or any other provision 
                of law.
            (3) Civil penalties.--
                    (A) In general.--Notwithstanding section 5(m) of 
                the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(m)), in 
                an action brought by the Commission to enforce this Act 
                and the regulations promulgated under this Act, in 
                addition to any injunctive relief obtained by the 
                Commission in the action, a covered entity or service 
                provider shall be liable for a civil penalty in an 
                amount described in subparagraph (B) if the covered 
                entity or service provider, with actual knowledge, 
                violates this Act or a regulation promulgated under 
                this Act.
                    (B) Amount.--
                            (i) Calculation.--Except as provided in 
                        clause (ii), the amount of a civil penalty 
                        described in subparagraph (A) shall be the 
                        number of individuals affected by a violation 
                        described in that subparagraph multiplied by an 
                        amount not to exceed $42,530.
                            (ii) Considerations.--In determining the 
                        amount of a civil penalty to seek under 
                        subparagraph (A) for a violation described in 
                        that subparagraph, the Commission shall 
                        consider, with respect to the covered entity or 
                        service provider that committed the violation--
                                    (I) the degree of harm associated 
                                with the privacy and security of 
                                personal data of individuals created by 
                                the violation;
                                    (II) the intent of the covered 
                                entity or service provider in 
                                committing the violation;
                                    (III) the size, complexity, and 
                                resources of the covered entity or 
                                service provider, including if it is a 
                                small business;
                                    (IV) reasonable expectations 
                                relating to privacy and security of 
                                personal data of individuals;
                                    (V) the degree to which the covered 
                                entity or service provider put in place 
                                appropriate controls or complied with 
                                the requirements of section 7, if 
                                applicable;
                                    (VI) whether the covered entity or 
                                service provider self-reported the 
                                violation to the Commission; and
                                    (VII) what, if any, efforts the 
                                covered entity or service provider has 
                                taken to mitigate any risk to the 
                                privacy and security of personal data 
                                of individuals created by the 
                                processing.
    (b) Enforcement by State Attorneys General.--
            (1) Civil action.--In any case in which an attorney general 
        of a State has reason to believe that an interest of the 
        residents of that State has been or is threatened or adversely 
        affected by the engagement of any covered entity or service 
        provider in a practice that violates this Act or a regulation 
        promulgated under this Act, the attorney general of the State 
        may, as parens patriae, bring a civil action on behalf of the 
        residents of the State in an appropriate district court of the 
        United States to--
                    (A) enjoin that practice;
                    (B) enforce compliance with this Act or the 
                regulation; or
                    (C) in the case of a violation described in 
                subsection (a)(3)(A), impose a civil penalty in an 
                amount described in subsection (a)(3)(B).
            (2) Rights of the commission.--
                    (A) Notice to commission.--
                            (i) In general.--Except as provided in 
                        clause (iii), the attorney general of a State 
                        shall notify the Commission in writing that the 
                        attorney general intends to bring a civil 
                        action under paragraph (1) not later than 10 
                        days before initiating the civil action.
                            (ii) Contents.--The notification required 
                        by clause (i) with respect to a civil action 
                        shall include a copy of the complaint to be 
                        filed to initiate the civil action.
                            (iii) Exception.--If it is not feasible for 
                        the attorney general of a State to provide the 
                        notification required by clause (i) before 
                        initiating a civil action under paragraph (1), 
                        the attorney general shall notify the 
                        Commission immediately upon instituting the 
                        civil action.
                    (B) Intervention by the commission.--The Commission 
                may--
                            (i) intervene in any civil action brought 
                        by the attorney general of a State under 
                        paragraph (1); and
                            (ii) upon intervening under clause (i)--
                                    (I) be heard on all matters arising 
                                in the civil action; and
                                    (II) file petitions for appeal of a 
                                decision in the civil action.
            (3) Consolidation of actions brought by two or more state 
        attorneys general.--
                    (A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), if a 
                civil action under paragraph (1) is pending in a 
                district court of the United States and one or more 
                civil actions are commenced pursuant to paragraph (1) 
                in a different district court of the United States that 
                involve one or more common questions of fact, all such 
                civil actions shall be transferred for the purposes of 
                consolidated pretrial proceedings and trial to the 
                United States District Court for the District of 
                Columbia.
                    (B) Exception.--A civil action shall not be 
                transferred pursuant to subparagraph (A) if pretrial 
                proceedings in such civil action have concluded before 
                the subsequent action is commenced pursuant to 
                paragraph (1).
    (c) Limitation on State Action While Federal Action Is Pending.--If 
the Commission institutes an action under subsection (a) with respect 
to a violation of this Act or a regulation promulgated under this Act, 
a State may not, during the pendency of that action, institute an 
action under subsection (b) against any defendant named in the 
complaint in the action instituted by the Commission based on the same 
set of facts giving rise to the violation with respect to which the 
Commission instituted the action.
    (d) No Private Right of Action.--There shall be no private right of 
action under this Act and nothing in this Act may be construed to 
provide a basis for a private right of action.

SEC. 10. RELATION TO OTHER LAWS.

    (a) Congressional Intent To Preempt State Privacy and Security 
Law.--It is the express intention of Congress to promote consistency in 
consumer expectations, competitive parity, and innovation through the 
establishment of a uniform Federal privacy framework that preempts, and 
occupies the field with respect to, the authority of any State or 
political subdivision of a State over the conduct or activities of 
covered entities covered by this Act (or under a law enumerated in 
subsection (c)) relating to the privacy or security of personal data, 
including consumer controls relating to personal data such as rights to 
access, correction, and deletion.
    (b) Express Preemption of State Law.--
            (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), this 
        Act shall supersede any provision of a law, rule, regulation, 
        or other requirement of any State or political subdivision of a 
        State to the extent that such provision relates to the privacy 
        or security of personal data.
            (2) Preservation of state and local laws.--The provisions 
        of this Act shall not be construed to preempt or supersede the 
        applicability of any of the following laws of a State or 
        political subdivision of a State to the extent that such law is 
        not inconsistent with this Act:
                    (A) Laws that address notification requirements in 
                the event of a data breach.
                    (B) Rules of criminal or civil procedure.
                    (C) Laws that relate to the general standards of 
                fraud or public safety.
                    (D) Laws that address the privacy of any group of 
                students (as defined in section 444(a) of the General 
                Education Provisions Act (20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)) (commonly 
                referred to as the ``Family Educational Rights and 
                Privacy Act of 1974'')).
                    (E) Laws that address financial information held by 
                financial institutions (as defined in section 509 of 
                the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. 6809)).
                    (F) Laws that address protected health information 
                held by covered entities and business associates (as 
                such terms are defined for purposes of regulations 
                promulgated under section 264(c) of the Health 
                Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 
                (42 U.S.C. 1320d-2 note)).
                    (G) Laws governing employment and employment-
                related data including data collected or used by an 
                employer pursuant to an employer-employee relationship.
                    (H) Laws protecting the right of individuals to be 
                free of discrimination based on race, sex, national 
                origin, or other suspect classification identified 
                under State law.
    (c) Relation to Other Federal Laws.--
            (1) In general.--Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs 
        (2) and (4), this Act shall supersede any other Federal statute 
        or regulation relating to the privacy or security of personal 
        data.
            (2) Savings provision.--This Act shall not be construed to 
        modify, limit, or supersede the operation of any of the 
        following laws:
                    (A) The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act 
                (15 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.).
                    (B) The Communications Assistance for Law 
                Enforcement Act (47 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.).
                    (C) Section 227 of the Communications Act of 1934 
                (47 U.S.C. 227).
                    (D) Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (15 
                U.S.C. 6801 et seq.).
                    (E) The Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. 1681 
                et seq.).
                    (F) The Health Insurance Portability and 
                Accountability Act (Public Law 104-191).
                    (G) The Health Information Technology for Economic 
                and Clinical Health Act (42 U.S.C. 17931 et seq.).
                    (H) Section 444 of the General Education Provisions 
                Act (20 U.S.C. 1232g) (commonly referred to as the 
                ``Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974'').
                    (I) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (18 
                U.S.C. 2510 et seq.).
                    (J) The Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (18 
                U.S.C. 2721 et seq.).
                    (K) The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 U.S.C. 
                App. 1301 et seq.).
            (3) Deemed compliance.--A covered entity that is required 
        to comply with a law specified in paragraph (2) and is in 
        compliance with the data collection, processing, or security 
        requirements of such law shall be deemed to be in compliance 
        with the requirements of this Act with respect to personal data 
        covered by such law.
            (4) Nonapplication of fcc laws and regulations to covered 
        entities.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, neither 
        any provision of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 151 
        et seq.) and all Acts amendatory thereof and supplementary 
        thereto nor any regulation promulgated by the Federal 
        Communications Commission under such Acts shall apply to any 
        covered entity with respect to the collection, use, processing, 
        transferring, or security of personal data, except to the 
        extent that such provision or regulation pertains solely to 
        ``911'' lines or any other emergency line of a hospital, 
        medical provider or service office, health care facility, 
        poison control center, fire protection agency, or law 
        enforcement agency.

SEC. 11. COMMISSION RESOURCES.

    (a) Appointment of Attorneys, Technologists, and Support 
Personnel.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Chair of 
the Commission shall appoint no fewer than 440 additional individuals 
to serve as personnel to enforce this Act and other laws relating to 
privacy and data security that the Commission is authorized to enforce.
    (b) Assessment of Commission Resources.--Not later than 1 year 
after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall submit to 
Congress a report that includes--
            (1) an assessment of the resources, including personnel, 
        available to the Commission to carry out this Act; and
            (2) a description of any resources, including personnel--
                    (A) that are not available to the Commission; and
                    (B) that the Commission requires to effectively 
                carry out this Act.
    (c) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Commission such sums as may be necessary to carry 
out this section.

SEC. 12. GUIDANCE AND REPORTING.

    (a) International Coordination and Cooperation.--
            (1) In general.--If necessary, the Commission shall 
        coordinate any enforcement action by the Commission under this 
        Act with any relevant data protection authority established by 
        a foreign country or any similar office of a foreign country in 
        a manner consistent with subsections (j) and (k) of section 6 
        of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 46).
            (2) International interoperability.--The Secretary of 
        Commerce, in consultation with the Commission and the heads of 
        other relevant Federal agencies, shall--
                    (A) identify laws of foreign countries or regions 
                that relate to the processing of personal data for 
                commercial purposes;
                    (B) engage with relevant officials of foreign 
                countries or regions that have implemented laws 
                described in subparagraph (A) in order to identify 
                requirements under those laws that could disrupt cross-
                border transfers of personal data;
                    (C) develop mechanisms and recommendations to 
                prevent disruptions described in subparagraph (B); and
                    (D) not later than 1 year after the date of 
                enactment of this Act, and once a year each year 
                thereafter for 5 years, submit to Congress a report on 
                the progress of efforts made under this section.
    (b) Reports to Congress.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than annually 
thereafter, the Commission shall submit to Congress, and make available 
on a public website, a report that contains information relating to--
            (1) the effectiveness of this Act and regulations 
        promulgated under this Act;
            (2) compliance with the provisions of this Act and 
        regulations promulgated under this Act;
            (3) violations of the provisions of this Act and 
        regulations promulgated under this Act;
            (4) enforcement actions by the Commission and State 
        attorneys general for violations of the provisions of this Act 
        and regulations promulgated under this Act;
            (5) priorities of the Commission in enforcing the 
        provisions of this Act and regulations promulgated under this 
        Act; and
            (6) resources needed by the Commission to fully implement 
        and enforce the provisions of this Act and regulations 
        promulgated under this Act.
    (c) Study and Report by the Government Accountability Office.--Not 
later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, and once 
every 3 years thereafter, the Comptroller General of the United States 
shall submit to the President and Congress a report that surveys 
Federal data privacy and security laws in order to--
            (1) identify any inconsistency between the requirements 
        under this Act and the requirements under any law related to 
        the privacy and security of personal data;
            (2) review the impact of the provisions of this Act on 
        small businesses and provide recommendations, if necessary, to 
        improve compliance and enforcement;
            (3) provide recommendations on amending Federal data 
        privacy and security laws in light of changing technological 
        and economic trends; and
            (4) detail the Federal data privacy and security 
        enforcement activities carried out by the Commission and other 
        Federal agencies.

SEC. 13. SEVERABILITY.

    If any provision of this Act or the application of such provision 
to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the 
remainder of this Act, and the application of the provision to any 
other person or circumstance, shall not be affected.

SEC. 14. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    This Act shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the 
date of enactment of this Act, except that section 10 shall take effect 
upon the date of enactment of this Act.
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