Title: EFFECT Act of 2019
Policy area: Energy

Summary:
Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019
This bill directs the Department of Energy (DOE) to replace its existing fossil energy research and development technology programs with new programs. Under the new programs, DOE must research and develop fossil fuel technology for carbon capture, utilization, storage, or removal.
DOE must establish a coal and natural gas technology program to ensure the continued use of domestic coal and natural gas resources through the development of technologies. The technologies must significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, costs, and environmental performance of coal and natural gas use.
In addition, DOE must establish a research, development, and demonstration carbon storage program and a large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration program. DOE may establish an integrated storage program.
DOE must also establish a carbon utilization program to identify and assess novel uses for carbon, carbon capture technologies for industrial systems, and alternative uses for coal.
Finally, DOE must establish a program to develop technologies and strategies for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. The program must include an air capture technology prize competition.

[Congressional Bills 116th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 1201 Introduced in Senate (IS)]

<DOC>






116th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                S. 1201

 To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the 
 Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for 
                            other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             April 11, 2019

 Mr. Manchin (for himself, Ms. Murkowski, Mrs. Capito, Mr. Cramer, and 
  Mr. Daines) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and 
       referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
 To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the 
 Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for 
                            other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 
Technology Act of 2019''.

SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by 
striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and inserting the following:

``SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM.

    ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) Large-scale pilot project.--The term `large-scale 
        pilot project' means a pilot project that--
                    ``(A) represents the scale of technology 
                development beyond laboratory development and bench 
                scale testing, but not yet advanced to the point of 
                being tested under real operational conditions at 
                commercial scale;
                    ``(B) represents the scale of technology necessary 
                to gain the operational data needed to understand the 
                technical and performance risks of the technology 
                before the application of that technology at commercial 
                scale or in commercial-scale demonstration; and
                    ``(C) is large enough--
                            ``(i) to validate scaling factors; and
                            ``(ii) to demonstrate the interaction 
                        between major components so that control 
                        philosophies for a new process can be developed 
                        and enable the technology to advance from 
                        large-scale pilot plant application to 
                        commercial-scale demonstration or application.
            ``(2) Net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology.--
        The term `net-negative carbon dioxide emissions technology' 
        means technology--
                    ``(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of coal and 
                biomass fuels that--
                            ``(i) uses a carbon capture system; and
                            ``(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the 
                        Secretary determines can provide electricity, 
                        fuels, or chemicals with net-negative carbon 
                        dioxide emissions from production and 
                        consumption of the end products, while removing 
                        atmospheric carbon dioxide; and
                    ``(B) through which each use of coal will be 
                combined with the use of a regionally indigenous form 
                of biomass energy, provided on a renewable basis, that 
                is sufficient in quantity to allow for net-negative 
                emissions of carbon dioxide (in combination with a 
                carbon capture system), while avoiding impacts on food 
                production activities.
            ``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program 
        established under subsection (b)(1).
            ``(4) Transformational technology.--
                    ``(A) In general.--The term `transformational 
                technology' means a power generation technology that 
                represents a significant change in the methods used to 
                convert energy that will enable a step change in 
                performance, efficiency, and cost of electricity as 
                compared to the technology in existence on the date of 
                enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 
                Technology Act of 2019.
                    ``(B) Inclusions.--The term `transformational 
                technology' includes a broad range of technology 
                improvements, including--
                            ``(i) thermodynamic improvements in energy 
                        conversion and heat transfer, including--
                                    ``(I) advanced combustion systems, 
                                including oxygen combustion systems and 
                                chemical looping; and
                                    ``(II) the replacement of steam 
                                cycles with supercritical carbon 
                                dioxide cycles;
                            ``(ii) improvements in steam or carbon 
                        dioxide turbine technology;
                            ``(iii) improvements in carbon capture, 
                        utilization, and storage systems technology;
                            ``(iv) improvements in small-scale and 
                        modular coal-fired technologies with reduced 
                        carbon output or carbon capture that can 
                        support incremental power generation capacity 
                        additions;
                            ``(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost, 
                        high-efficiency, fuel-flexible modular power 
                        systems;
                            ``(vi) advanced gasification systems;
                            ``(vii) thermal cycling technologies; and
                            ``(viii) any other technology the Secretary 
                        recognizes as transformational technology.
    ``(b) Coal and Natural Gas Technology Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a coal and 
        natural gas technology program to ensure the continued use of 
        the abundant domestic coal and natural gas resources of the 
        United States through the development of technologies that will 
        significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, costs, and 
        environmental performance of coal and natural gas use.
            ``(2) Requirements.--The program shall include--
                    ``(A) a research and development program;
                    ``(B) large-scale pilot projects;
                    ``(C) demonstration projects; and
                    ``(D) a front-end engineering and design program.
            ``(3) Program goals and objectives.--In consultation with 
        the interested entities described in paragraph (5)(C), the 
        Secretary shall develop goals and objectives for the program to 
        be applied to the technologies developed within the program, 
        taking into consideration the following:
                    ``(A) Increasing the performance of coal and 
                natural gas plants, including by--
                            ``(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power 
                        from new and existing coal and natural gas 
                        plants;
                            ``(ii) achieving high conversion 
                        efficiencies;
                            ``(iii) addressing emissions of carbon 
                        dioxide through high-efficiency platforms;
                            ``(iv) developing small-scale and modular 
                        technologies to support incremental capacity 
                        additions and load following generation, in 
                        addition to large-scale generation 
                        technologies;
                            ``(v) supporting dispatchable operations 
                        for new and existing applications of coal and 
                        natural gas generation; and
                            ``(vi) accelerating the development of 
                        technologies that have transformational energy 
                        conversion characteristics.
                    ``(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and 
                sequestration technologies to decrease the carbon 
                dioxide emissions, and the environmental impact from 
                carbon dioxide emissions, from new and existing coal 
                and natural gas plants, including by--
                            ``(i) accelerating the development of 
                        technologies to capture carbon dioxide 
                        emissions from new and existing coal and 
                        natural gas plants;
                            ``(ii) accelerating the development of 
                        technologies to capture carbon dioxide 
                        emissions from industrial facilities, 
                        including--
                                    ``(I) nontraditional fuel 
                                manufacturing facilities, including 
                                ethanol or other biofuel production 
                                plants; and
                                    ``(II) energy-intensive 
                                manufacturing facilities that produce 
                                carbon dioxide as a byproduct of 
                                operations;
                            ``(iii) supporting sites for safe 
                        geological storage of large volumes of 
                        anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and the 
                        development of the infrastructure needed to 
                        support a carbon dioxide utilization and 
                        storage industry;
                            ``(iv) improving the conversion, 
                        utilization, and storage of carbon dioxide 
                        produced from fossil fuels and other 
                        anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide;
                            ``(v) lowering greenhouse gas emissions for 
                        all fossil fuel production, generation, 
                        delivery, and use, to the maximum extent 
                        practicable;
                            ``(vi) developing carbon utilization 
                        technologies, products, and methods, including 
                        carbon use and reuse for commercial 
                        application; and
                            ``(vii) developing net-negative carbon 
                        dioxide emissions technologies.
                    ``(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide relevant 
                environmental impacts of coal and natural gas 
                production, including by--
                            ``(i) further reducing non-carbon dioxide 
                        air emissions; and
                            ``(ii) reducing the use, and managing the 
                        discharge, of water in power plant operations.
                    ``(D) Examining methods of converting coal and 
                natural gas to other valuable products and commodities 
                in addition to electricity.
            ``(4) Cross-cutting direction for carbon capture, 
        utilization, and sequestration activities.--The carbon capture, 
        utilization, and sequestration activities described in 
        paragraph (3)(B) shall be--
                    ``(A) cross-cutting in nature; and
                    ``(B) carried out by the Assistant Secretary for 
                Fossil Energy, in coordination with the heads of other 
                relevant offices of the Department, including the 
                Director of the Office of Science and the Assistant 
                Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
            ``(5) Consultations required.--In carrying out the program, 
        the Secretary shall--
                    ``(A) undertake international collaborations, 
                taking into consideration the recommendations of the 
                National Coal Council;
                    ``(B) use existing authorities to encourage 
                international cooperation; and
                    ``(C) consult with interested entities, including--
                            ``(i) coal and natural gas producers;
                            ``(ii) industries that use coal and natural 
                        gas;
                            ``(iii) organizations that promote coal, 
                        advanced coal, and natural gas technologies;
                            ``(iv) environmental organizations;
                            ``(v) organizations representing workers; 
                        and
                            ``(vi) organizations representing 
                        consumers.
    ``(c) Report.--
            ``(1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date 
        of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 
        Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to Congress 
        a report describing the program goals and objectives adopted 
        under subsection (b)(3).
            ``(2) Update.--Not less frequently than once every 2 years 
        after the initial report is submitted under paragraph (1), the 
        Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describing the 
        progress made towards achieving the program goals and 
        objectives adopted under subsection (b)(3).
    ``(d) Funding.--
            ``(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There are 
        authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out 
        this section, to remain available until expended--
                    ``(A) for activities under the research and 
                development program component described in subsection 
                (b)(2)(A)--
                            ``(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
                        2020 and 2021; and
                            ``(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal 
                        years 2022 through 2024;
                    ``(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activities 
                under the large-scale pilot projects program component 
                described in subsection (b)(2)(B)--
                            ``(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
                        2020 and 2021;
                            ``(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal 
                        years 2022 and 2023; and
                            ``(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 2024;
                    ``(C) for activities under the demonstration 
                projects program component described in subsection 
                (b)(2)(C)--
                            ``(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 
                        2020 and 2021; and
                            ``(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal 
                        years 2022 through 2024; and
                    ``(D) for activities under the front-end 
                engineering and design program described in subsection 
                (b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2020 
                through 2023.
            ``(2) Cost sharing for large-scale pilot projects.--
        Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) shall be subject to the 
        cost-sharing requirements of section 988(b).''.
    (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by 
striking the item relating to section 962 and inserting the following:

``Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.''.

SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.

    (a) In General.--The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by 
striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) and inserting the following:

``SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING.

    ``(a) Definitions.--In this section:
            ``(1) Electric generation unit.--The term `electric 
        generation unit' means an electric generation unit that--
                    ``(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based generation 
                technology; and
                    ``(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide 
                emissions from the unit.
            ``(2) Large-scale carbon sequestration.--The term `large-
        scale carbon sequestration' means a scale that demonstrates the 
        ability to inject into geologic formations and sequester 
        several million metric tons of carbon dioxide for not less than 
        a 10-year period.
            ``(3) Program.--The term `program' means the program 
        established under subsection (b)(1).
    ``(b) Carbon Storage Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a program 
        of research, development, and demonstration for carbon storage.
            ``(2) Program activities.--Activities under the program 
        shall include--
                    ``(A) in coordination with relevant Federal 
                agencies, developing and maintaining mapping tools and 
                resources that assess the capacity of geologic storage 
                formation in the United States;
                    ``(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling of 
                geologic formations, and analyses--
                            ``(i) to predict and verify carbon dioxide 
                        containment; and
                            ``(ii) to account for sequestered carbon 
                        dioxide in geologic storage sites;
                    ``(C) researching--
                            ``(i) potential environmental, safety, and 
                        health impacts in the event of a leak into the 
                        atmosphere or to an aquifer; and
                            ``(ii) any corresponding mitigation actions 
                        or responses to limit harmful consequences of 
                        such a leak;
                    ``(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon dioxide 
                with formation solids and fluids, including the 
                propensity of injections to induce seismic activity;
                    ``(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of 
                operations relating to geologic sequestration of carbon 
                dioxide;
                    ``(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide 
                concurrent with and following injection into geologic 
                formations; and
                    ``(G) supporting cost and business model 
                assessments to examine the economic viability of 
                technologies and systems developed under the program.
            ``(3) Geologic settings.--In carrying out research 
        activities under this subsection, the Secretary shall consider 
        a variety of candidate geologic settings, including--
                    ``(A) operating oil and gas fields;
                    ``(B) depleted oil and gas fields;
                    ``(C) residual oil zones;
                    ``(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock types;
                    ``(E) unmineable coal seams;
                    ``(F) saline formations in both sedimentary and 
                basaltic geologies;
                    ``(G) geologic systems that may be used as 
                engineered reservoirs to extract economical quantities 
                of brine from geothermal resources of low permeability 
                or porosity; and
                    ``(H) geologic systems containing in situ carbon 
                dioxide mineralization formations.
    ``(c) Large-Scale Carbon Sequestration Demonstration Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary shall establish a 
        demonstration program under which the Secretary shall provide 
        funding for demonstration projects to collect and validate 
        information on the cost and feasibility of commercial 
        deployment of large-scale carbon sequestration technologies.
            ``(2) Existing regional carbon sequestration 
        partnerships.--In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary may 
        provide additional funding to regional carbon sequestration 
        partnerships that are carrying out or have completed a large-
        scale carbon sequestration demonstration project under this 
        section (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment 
        of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 
        2019) for additional work on that project.
            ``(3) Demonstration components.--Each demonstration project 
        carried out under this subsection shall include longitudinal 
        tests involving carbon dioxide injection and monitoring, 
        mitigation, and verification operations.
            ``(4) Clearinghouse.--The National Energy Technology 
        Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of shared information 
        and resources for--
                    ``(A) existing or completed demonstration projects 
                receiving additional funding under paragraph (2); and
                    ``(B) any new demonstration projects funded under 
                this subsection.
            ``(5) Report.--Not later than 1 year after the date of 
        enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology 
        Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on 
        Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 
        Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives 
        a report that--
                    ``(A) assesses the progress of all regional carbon 
                sequestration partnerships carrying out a demonstration 
                project under this subsection;
                    ``(B) identifies the remaining challenges in 
                achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is 
                reliable and safe for the environment and public 
                health; and
                    ``(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage research 
                and development activities of the Department through 
                2025, with the goal of reducing economic and policy 
                barriers to commercial carbon sequestration.
    ``(d) Integrated Storage Program.--
            ``(1) In general.--The Secretary may establish a program to 
        transition large-scale carbon sequestration demonstration 
        projects under subsection (c) into integrated commercial 
        storage complexes.
            ``(2) Goals and objectives.--The goals and objectives of 
        the program described in paragraph (1) shall be--
                    ``(A) to identify geologic storage sites that are 
                able to accept large volumes of carbon dioxide 
                acceptable for commercial contracts;
                    ``(B) to understand the technical and commercial 
                viability of carbon dioxide geologic storage sites; and
                    ``(C) to carry out any other activities necessary 
                to transition the large-scale carbon sequestration 
                demonstration projects under subsection (c) into 
                integrated commercial storage complexes.
    ``(e) Cost Sharing.--Activities carried out under this section 
shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of section 988.
    ``(f) Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture Contracting Authority.--
            ``(1) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Technology 
        Act of 2019, the Secretary shall submit to the Committee on 
        Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 
        Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives 
        a report that--
                    ``(A) describes the costs and benefits of entering 
                into long-term binding contracts on behalf of the 
                Federal Government with qualified parties to provide 
                support for capturing carbon dioxide from electricity 
                generated at an electric generation unit or carbon 
                dioxide captured from an electric generation unit and 
                sold to a purchaser for--
                            ``(i) the recovery of crude oil; or
                            ``(ii) other purposes for which a 
                        commercial market exists;
                    ``(B) contains an analysis of how the Department 
                would establish, implement, and maintain a contracting 
                program described in subparagraph (A); and
                    ``(C) outlines options for how contracts may be 
                structured, and regulations that would be necessary, to 
                implement a contracting program described in 
                subparagraph (A).
    ``(g) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            ``(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
            ``(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
            ``(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
            ``(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
    (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708) 
is amended by striking the item relating to section 963 and inserting 
the following:

``Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.''.

SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.

    (a) Carbon Utilization Program.--
            (1) In general.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy 
        Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) is amended by 
        adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.

    ``(a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a program of 
research, development, and demonstration for carbon utilization--
            ``(1) to assess and monitor--
                    ``(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon dioxide 
                and other greenhouse gas emissions; and
                    ``(B) other environmental safety indicators of new 
                technologies, practices, processes, or methods used in 
                enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as part of the activities 
                authorized under section 963;
            ``(2) to identify and assess novel uses for carbon, 
        including the conversion of carbon dioxide for commercial and 
        industrial products, such as--
                    ``(A) chemicals;
                    ``(B) plastics;
                    ``(C) building materials;
                    ``(D) fuels;
                    ``(E) cement;
                    ``(F) products of coal use in power systems or 
                other applications; or
                    ``(G) other products with demonstrated market 
                value;
            ``(3) to identify and assess carbon capture technologies 
        for industrial systems; and
            ``(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for coal, 
        including products derived from carbon engineering, carbon 
        fiber, and coal conversion methods.
    ``(b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            ``(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020;
            ``(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021;
            ``(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and
            ``(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.''.
            (2) Technical amendment.--The table of contents for the 
        Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) is 
        amended by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle 
        F of title IX the following:

``Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.''.
    (b) Study.--
            (1) In general.--The Secretary of Energy shall enter into 
        an agreement with the National Academies of Sciences, 
        Engineering, and Medicine under which the National Academies of 
        Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct a study to 
        assess any barriers and opportunities relating to 
        commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States.
            (2) Requirements.--The study under paragraph (1) shall--
                    (A) analyze challenges to commercializing carbon 
                dioxide, including--
                            (i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline 
                        capacity;
                            (ii) mitigating environmental impacts;
                            (iii) access to capital;
                            (iv) geographic barriers; and
                            (v) regional economic challenges and 
                        opportunities;
                    (B) identify potential markets, industries, or 
                sectors that may benefit from greater access to 
                commercial carbon dioxide;
                    (C) assess--
                            (i) the state of infrastructure as of the 
                        date of the study; and
                            (ii) any necessary updates to 
                        infrastructure to allow for the integration of 
                        safe and reliable carbon dioxide 
                        transportation, use, and storage;
                    (D) describe the economic, climate, and 
                environmental impacts of any well-integrated national 
                carbon dioxide pipeline system, including suggestions 
                for policies that could--
                            (i) improve the economic impact of the 
                        system; and
                            (ii) mitigate impacts of the system;
                    (E) assess the global status and progress of 
                chemical and biological carbon utilization technologies 
                in practice as of the date of the study that utilize 
                anthropogenic carbon, including carbon dioxide, carbon 
                monoxide, methane, and biogas, from power generation, 
                biofuels production, and other industrial processes;
                    (F) identify emerging technologies and approaches 
                for carbon utilization that show promise for scale-up, 
                demonstration, deployment, and commercialization;
                    (G) analyze the factors associated with making 
                carbon utilization technologies viable at a commercial 
                scale, including carbon waste stream availability, 
                economics, market capacity, energy, and lifecycle 
                requirements;
                    (H)(i) assess the major technical challenges 
                associated with increasing the commercial viability of 
                carbon reuse technologies; and
                    (ii) identify the research and development 
                questions that will address the challenges described in 
                clause (i);
                    (I)(i) assess research efforts being carried out as 
                of the date of the study, including basic, applied, 
                engineering, and computational research efforts, that 
                are addressing the challenges described in subparagraph 
                (H)(i); and
                    (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts under 
                clause (i); and
                    (J) develop a comprehensive research agenda that 
                addresses long- and short-term research needs and 
                opportunities.
            (3) Deadline.--Not later than 180 days after the date of 
        enactment of this Act, the National Academies of Sciences, 
        Engineering, and Medicine shall submit to the Secretary of 
        Energy a report describing the results of the study under 
        paragraph (1).

SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL.

    (a) In General.--Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy Policy Act of 
2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended by section 4(a)(1)) is 
amended by adding at the end the following:

``SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL.

    ``(a) Establishment.--The Secretary, in coordination with the heads 
of appropriate Federal agencies, including the Secretary of 
Agriculture, shall establish a research, development, and demonstration 
program (referred to in this section as the `program') to test, 
validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon 
dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale.
    ``(b) Cross-Cutting Direction.--The Secretary shall ensure that the 
program--
            ``(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and
            ``(2) includes the coordinated participation of the Office 
        of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the Office of 
        Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
    ``(c) Program Activities.--The program may include research, 
development, and demonstration activities relating to--
            ``(1) direct air capture and storage technologies;
            ``(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and sequestration;
            ``(3) enhanced geological weathering;
            ``(4) agricultural and grazing practices;
            ``(5) forest management and afforestation; and
            ``(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, including natural 
        and artificial.
    ``(d) Requirements.--In developing and identifying carbon removal 
technologies and strategies under the program, the Secretary shall 
consider--
            ``(1) land use changes, including impacts on natural and 
        managed ecosystems;
            ``(2) ocean acidification;
            ``(3) net greenhouse gas emissions;
            ``(4) commercial viability;
            ``(5) potential for near-term impact;
            ``(6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton scale; 
        and
            ``(7) economic cobenefits.
    ``(e) Air Capture Technology Prize Competition.--
            ``(1) Definitions.--In this subsection:
                    ``(A) Dilute media.--The term `dilute media' means 
                media in which the concentration of carbon dioxide is 
                less than 1 percent by volume.
                    ``(B) Prize competition.--The term `prize 
                competition' means the competitive technology prize 
                competition established under paragraph (2).
            ``(2) Establishment.--Not later than 1 year after the date 
        of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 
        Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary, in consultation with the 
        Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall 
        establish as part of the program a competitive technology prize 
        competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide capture from 
        dilute media.
            ``(3) Requirements.--In carrying out this subsection, the 
        Secretary, in accordance with section 24 of the Stevenson-
        Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), 
        shall develop requirements for--
                    ``(A) the prize competition process; and
                    ``(B) monitoring and verification procedures for 
                projects selected to receive a prize under the prize 
                competition.
            ``(4) Eligible projects.--To be eligible to be awarded a 
        prize under the prize competition, a project shall--
                    ``(A) meet minimum performance standards set by the 
                Secretary;
                    ``(B) meet minimum levels set by the Secretary for 
                the capture of carbon dioxide from dilute media; and
                    ``(C) demonstrate in the application of the project 
                for a prize--
                            ``(i) a design for a promising carbon 
                        capture technology that will--
                                    ``(I) be operated on a 
                                demonstration scale; and
                                    ``(II) have the potential to 
                                achieve significant reduction in the 
                                level of carbon dioxide in the 
                                atmosphere;
                            ``(ii) a successful bench-scale 
                        demonstration of a carbon capture technology; 
                        or
                            ``(iii) an operational carbon capture 
                        technology on a commercial scale.
    ``(f) Intraagency Coordination.--The direct air capture activities 
carried out under subsections (c)(1) and (e) shall be carried out in 
coordination with, and leveraging lessons learned from, the coal and 
natural gas technology program established under section 962(b)(1).
    ``(g) Accounting.--The Secretary shall collaborate with the 
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the heads of 
other relevant Federal agencies to develop and improve accounting 
frameworks and tools to accurately measure carbon removal and 
sequestration methods and technologies across the Federal Government.
    ``(h) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this section--
            ``(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which 
        $15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (e);
            ``(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2021;
            ``(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2022;
            ``(4) $34,729,000 for fiscal year 2023; and
            ``(5) $36,465,000 for fiscal year 2024.''.
    (b) Technical Amendment.--The table of contents for the Energy 
Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58; 119 Stat. 600) (as amended by 
section 4(a)(2)) is amended by adding at the end of the items relating 
to subtitle F of title IX the following:

``Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.''.

SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY.

    Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 
16291(a)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ``, including technology 
        development to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and 
        associated emissions of heavy metals within coal combustion 
        residues and gas streams resulting from fossil fuel use and 
        production'' before the period at the end; and
            (2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the following:
            ``(7) Increasing the export of emissions control 
        technologies from the United States for fossil energy-related 
        equipment, technology, and services.
            ``(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization 
        technologies, products, and methods that result in net 
        reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including direct air 
        capture and storage, and carbon use and reuse for commercial 
        application.
            ``(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage of carbon 
        dioxide produced from fossil fuels.''.
                                 <all>