FLOODS Act
Bill: H.R.1438 | Sponsor: Rep. Sherrill, Mikie (D-NJ)
Policy area: Public Lands and Natural Resources

Summary:
Flood Level Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act or the FLOODS Act
This bill addresses forecasting and the communication of flood, tornado, and hurricane events by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Among other provisions, the bill

To establish a national integrated flood information system within the 
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and for other 
                               purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Flood Level 
Observation, Operations, and Decision Support Act'' or the ``FLOODS 
Act''.
    (b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as 
follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. National Integrated Flood Information System.
Sec. 4. Observations and modeling for total water prediction.
Sec. 5. Service coordination hydrologists at River Forecast Centers of 
                            the National Weather Service.
Sec. 6. Improving National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
                            communication of future flood risks and 
                            hazardous flash flood events.
Sec. 7. Freshwater monitoring along the coast.
Sec. 8. Tornado warning improvement.
Sec. 9. Hurricane forecast improvement program.
Sec. 10. Weather and water research and development planning.
Sec. 11. Forecast communication coordinators.
Sec. 12. Improving precipitation frequency estimates.
Sec. 13. Interagency Coordinating Committee on Water Management.
Sec. 14. Hydrologic research fellowship program.
Sec. 15. Identification and support of consistent, Federal set of 
                            forward-looking, long-term meteorological 
                            information.
Sec. 16. Gap analysis on availability of snow-related data to assess 
                            and predict flood and flood impacts.
Sec. 17. Availability to the public of flood-related data.

SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) State.--The term ``State'' means each State of the 
        United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of 
        Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the 
        Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands of the United 
        States, and any other territory or possession of the United 
        States.
            (2) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the 
        Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration.

SEC. 3. NATIONAL INTEGRATED FLOOD INFORMATION SYSTEM.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator shall establish a system, to be 
known as the ``National Integrated Flood Information System'', to 
better inform and provide for more timely decision making to reduce 
flood-related effects and costs.
    (b) System Functions.--The Administrator, through the National 
Integrated Flood Information System, shall--
            (1) provide an effective flood early warning system that--
                    (A) collects and integrates information on the key 
                indicators of floods and flood impacts, including 
                streamflow, reservoir release and diversion, 
                precipitation, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, 
                land cover, and evaporative demand;
                    (B) makes usable, reliable, and timely forecasts of 
                floods;
                    (C) assesses the severity of flood conditions and 
                effects;
                    (D) issues flood watches and warnings when 
                necessary;
                    (E) provides information described in subparagraph 
                (A), forecasts described in subparagraph (B), and 
                assessments described in subparagraph (C) at the 
                national, regional, and local levels, as appropriate; 
                and
                    (F) communicates flood forecasts, flood conditions, 
                and flood impacts to public and private entities 
                engaged in flood planning, preparedness, response, and 
                post-event flood extent including--
                            (i) decision makers at the Federal, State, 
                        local, and Tribal levels of government;
                            (ii) the private sector; and
                            (iii) the public;
            (2) provide timely data, information, and products that 
        reflect differences in flood conditions among localities, 
        regions, watersheds, and States;
            (3) coordinate and integrate, through interagency 
        agreements as practicable, Federal research and monitoring in 
        support of the flood early warning information system provided 
        under paragraph (1);
            (4) use existing forecasting and assessment programs and 
        partnerships;
            (5) make improvements in seasonal precipitation and 
        temperature, subseasonal precipitation and temperature, and 
        flood water prediction; and
            (6) continue ongoing research and monitoring activities 
        relating to floods, including research activities relating to--
                    (A) the prediction, length, severity, and impacts 
                of floods and improvement of the accuracy, timing, and 
                specificity of flash flood warnings;
                    (B) the role of extreme weather events and climate 
                variability in floods; and
                    (C) how water travels over and through surfaces.
    (c) Partnerships.--The Administrator, through the National 
Integrated Flood Information System, may--
            (1) engage with the private sector to improve flood 
        monitoring, forecasts, land and topography data, and 
        communication, if the Administrator determines that such 
        engagement is appropriate, cost effective, and beneficial to 
        the public and decision makers described in subsection 
        (b)(1)(F)(i);
            (2) facilitate the development of 1 or more academic 
        cooperative partnerships to assist in carrying out the 
        functions of the National Integrated Flood Information System 
        described in subsection (b);
            (3) use and support monitoring by citizen scientists, 
        including by developing best practices to facilitate maximum 
        data integration, as the Administrator considers appropriate;
            (4) engage with, and leverage the resources of, entities 
        within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 
        existence as of the date of the enactment of this Act, such as 
        the National Weather Service with respect to forecast and 
        warning functions, the National Integrated Drought Information 
        System, the Regional Climate Center, and the National Mesonet 
        Program, to improve coordination of water monitoring, 
        forecasting, and management; and
            (5) engage with and support water monitoring by the United 
        States Geological Survey--
                    (A) to improve the availability and continuity of 
                streamflow data at critical locations through the 
                deployment of Rapid Deployment Gages and the flood-
                hardening of at-risk streamflow gages; and
                    (B) to increase storm surge monitoring data through 
                the deployment of additional storm surge sensors.
    (d) Consultation.--In developing and maintaining the National 
Integrated Flood Information System, the Administrator shall consult 
with relevant Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies, 
research institutions, and the private sector.
    (e) Cooperation From Other Federal Agencies.--Each Federal agency 
shall cooperate as appropriate with the Administrator in carrying out 
this section.

SEC. 4. OBSERVATIONS AND MODELING FOR TOTAL WATER PREDICTION.

    (a) Partnerships.--
            (1) In general.--The Administrator shall establish 
        partnerships with 1 or more institutions of higher education 
        (as defined in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 
        (20 U.S.C. 1001)) to evaluate observations that would improve 
        total water prediction.
            (2) Priority observations.--In establishing partnerships 
        under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall prioritize 
        partnerships to evaluate observations from uncrewed aerial 
        systems.
    (b) Maintained Observations.--If the Administrator determines that 
incorporating additional observations improves total water prediction, 
the Administrator shall, to the extent practicable, continue 
incorporating those observations.
    (c) Modeling Improvements.--The Administrator shall advance 
geographic coverage, resolution, skill, and efficiency of coastal 
oceanographic modeling, including efforts that improve the coupling of 
and interoperability between hydrological models and coastal ocean 
models.
    (d) Geospatial Data.--The Administrator shall advance the 
development of models to vertically transform geospatial data into a 
common system for use as the Federal standard for surveys and mapping, 
and engage with the United States Geological Survey to collaborate and 
implement the National Hydrography Datasets as the geospatial 
underpinning of the system, and to collaborate and implement the 
National Hydrography Infrastructure to improve discovery and access to 
flood and other water-related information.

SEC. 5. SERVICE COORDINATION HYDROLOGISTS AT RIVER FORECAST CENTERS OF 
              THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.

    (a) Designation of Service Coordination Hydrologists.--
            (1) In general.--The Director of the National Weather 
        Service (in this section referred to as the ``Director'') shall 
        designate at least 1 service coordination hydrologist at each 
        River Forecast Center of the National Weather Service.
            (2) Performance by other employees.--Performance of the 
        responsibilities outlined in this section is not limited to the 
        service coordination hydrologist position.
    (b) Primary Role of Service Coordination Hydrologists.--The primary 
role of the service coordination hydrologist shall be to carry out the 
responsibilities required by this section.
    (c) Responsibilities.--
            (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), consistent with 
        the analysis described in section 409 of the Weather Research 
        and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (Public Law 115-25; 131 
        Stat. 112), and in order to increase impact-based decision 
        support services, each service coordination hydrologist 
        designated under subsection (a) shall, with respect to 
        hydrology--
                    (A) be responsible for providing service to the 
                geographic area of responsibility covered by the River 
                Forecast Center at which the service coordination 
                hydrologist is employed to help ensure that users of 
                products and services of the National Weather Service 
                can respond effectively to improve outcomes from flood 
                events;
                    (B) liaise with users of products and services of 
                the National Weather Service, such as the public, 
                academia, media outlets, users in the hydropower, 
                transportation, recreation, and agricultural 
                communities, and forestry, land, fisheries, and water 
                management interests, to evaluate the adequacy and 
                usefulness of the products and services of the National 
                Weather Service;
                    (C) collaborate with such River Forecast Centers 
                and Weather Forecast Offices and Federal, State, local, 
                and Tribal government agencies as the Director 
                considers appropriate in developing, proposing, and 
                implementing plans to develop, modify, or tailor 
                products and services of the National Weather Service 
                to improve the usefulness of such products and 
                services;
                    (D) engage in interagency partnerships with 
                Federal, State, local, and Tribal government agencies 
                to explore the use of forecast-informed reservoir 
                operations to reduce flood risk;
                    (E) ensure the maintenance and accuracy of flooding 
                call lists, appropriate office flooding policy or 
                procedures, and other flooding information or 
                dissemination methodologies or strategies; and
                    (F) work closely with Federal, State, local, and 
                Tribal emergency and floodplain management agencies, 
                and other agencies relating to disaster management, to 
                ensure a planned, coordinated, and effective 
                preparedness and response effort.
            (2) Other staff.--The Director may assign a responsibility 
        set forth in paragraph (1) to such other staff as the Director 
        considers appropriate to carry out such responsibility.
    (d) Additional Responsibilities.--
            (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), a service 
        coordination hydrologist designated under subsection (a) may, 
        with respect to hydrology--
                    (A) work with a State agency to develop plans for 
                promoting more effective use of products and services 
                of the National Weather Service throughout the State;
                    (B) identify priority community preparedness 
                objectives;
                    (C) develop plans to meet the objectives identified 
                under subparagraph (B); and
                    (D) conduct flooding event preparedness planning 
                and citizen education efforts with and through various 
                State, local, and Tribal government agencies and other 
                disaster management-related organizations.
            (2) Other staff.--The Director may assign a responsibility 
        set forth in paragraph (1) to such other staff as the Director 
        considers appropriate to carry out such responsibility.
    (e) Placement With State and Local Emergency and Floodplain 
Managers.--
            (1) In general.--In carrying out this section, the Director 
        may place a service coordination hydrologist designated under 
        subsection (a) with a State or local emergency or floodplain 
        manager, if the Director determines that such placement is 
        necessary or convenient to carry out this section.
            (2) Treatment.--If the Director determines that the 
        placement of a service coordination hydrologist with a State or 
        local emergency or floodplain manager under paragraph (1) is 
        near a River Forecast Center of the National Weather Service, 
        such placement shall be treated as designation of the service 
        coordination hydrologist at such River Forecast Center for 
        purposes of subsection (a).

SEC. 6. IMPROVING NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 
              COMMUNICATION OF FUTURE FLOOD RISKS AND HAZARDOUS FLASH 
              FLOOD EVENTS.

    (a) Assessment of Flash Flood Watches and Warnings.--
            (1) In general.--Not later than 2 years after the date of 
        the enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall--
                    (A) conduct an assessment of--
                            (i) the flash flood watches and warnings of 
                        the National Weather Service; and
                            (ii) the information delivery to support 
                        preparation and responses to floods; and
                    (B) submit to Congress a report on the findings of 
                the Administrator with respect to the assessment 
                required by subparagraph (A).
            (2) Elements.--The assessment required by paragraph (1)(A) 
        shall include the following:
                    (A) An evaluation of whether the watches, warnings, 
                and information described in paragraph (1)(A)--
                            (i) effectively communicate risk to the 
                        general public;
                            (ii) inform action to prevent loss of life 
                        and property;
                            (iii) inform action to support flood 
                        preparation and response; and
                            (iv) deliver information in a manner 
                        designed to lead to appropriate action.
                    (B) Subject to subsection (b)(2), such 
                recommendations as the Administrator may have for--
                            (i) legislative and administrative action 
                        to improve the watches and warnings described 
                        in paragraph (1)(A)(i); and
                            (ii) such research as the Administrator 
                        considers necessary to address the focus areas 
                        described in paragraph (3).
            (3) Focus areas.--The assessment required by paragraph 
        (1)(A) shall focus on the following areas:
                    (A) Ways to communicate the risks posed by 
                hazardous flash flood events to the public that are 
                most likely to result in informed decision making 
                regarding the mitigation of those risks.
                    (B) Ways to provide actionable geographic 
                information to the recipient of a watch or warning for 
                a flash flood, including partnering with emergency 
                response agencies, as appropriate.
                    (C) Evaluation of information delivery to support 
                the preparation for and response to floods.
            (4) Consultation.--In conducting the assessment required by 
        paragraph (1)(A), the Administrator shall consult with--
                    (A) individuals in the academic sector, including 
                individuals in the field of social and behavioral 
                sciences;
                    (B) other weather services;
                    (C) media outlets and other entities that 
                distribute the watches and warnings described in 
                paragraph (1)(A)(i);
                    (D) floodplain managers and emergency planners and 
                responders, including State, local, and Tribal 
                emergency management agencies;
                    (E) other government users of the watches and 
                warnings described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), including 
                the Federal Highway Administration; and
                    (F) such other Federal agencies as the 
                Administrator determines rely on watches and warnings 
                regarding flash floods for operational decisions.
            (5) National academy of sciences.--The Administrator shall 
        engage with the National Academy of Sciences, as the 
        Administrator considers necessary and practicable, including by 
        contracting with the National Research Council to review the 
        scientific and technical soundness of the assessment required 
        by paragraph (1)(A), including the recommendations under 
        paragraph (2)(B).
            (6) Methodologies.--In conducting the assessment required 
        by paragraph (1)(A), the Administrator shall use such 
        methodologies as the Administrator considers are generally 
        accepted by the weather enterprise, including social and 
        behavioral sciences.
    (b) Improvements to Flash Flood Watches and Warnings.--
            (1) In general.--Based on the assessment required by 
        subsection (a)(1)(A), the Administrator shall make such 
        improvements to the watches and warnings described in that 
        subsection as the Administrator considers necessary--
                    (A) to improve the communication of the risks posed 
                by hazardous flash flood events; and
                    (B) to provide actionable geographic information to 
                the recipient of a watch or warning for a flash flood.
            (2) Requirements regarding recommendations.--In conducting 
        the assessment required by subsection (a)(1)(A), the 
        Administrator shall ensure that any recommendation under 
        subsection (a)(2)(B) that the Administrator considers a major 
        change--
                    (A) is validated by social and behavioral science 
                using a generalizable sample;
                    (B) accounts for the needs of various demographics, 
                vulnerable populations, and geographic regions;
                    (C) responds to the needs of Federal, State, local, 
                and Tribal government partners and media partners; and
                    (D) accounts for necessary changes to federally 
                operated watch and warning propagation and 
                dissemination infrastructure and protocols.
    (c) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Watch; warning.--
                    (A) In general.--Except as provided in subparagraph 
                (B), the terms ``watch'' and ``warning'', with respect 
                to a hazardous flash flood event, mean products issued 
                by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 
                intended for use by the general public--
                            (i) to alert the general public to the 
                        potential for or presence of the event; and
                            (ii) to inform action to prevent loss of 
                        life and property.
                    (B) Exclusion.--The terms ``watch'' and ``warning'' 
                do not include technical or specialized meteorological 
                and hydrological forecasts, outlooks, or model guidance 
                products.
            (2) Weather enterprise.--The term ``weather enterprise'' 
        has the meaning given that term in section 2 of the Weather 
        Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 
        8501).

SEC. 7. FRESHWATER MONITORING ALONG THE COAST.

    (a) Data Availability Assessment.--The Administrator shall assess 
the availability of short- and long-term data on large-scale freshwater 
flooding into oceans, bays, and estuaries, including data on--
            (1) flow rate, including discharge;
            (2) conductivity;
            (3) oxygen concentration;
            (4) nutrient load;
            (5) water temperature; and
            (6) sediment load.
    (b) Data Needs Assessment.--The Administrator shall assess the need 
for additional data to assess and predict the effect of the flooding 
and freshwater discharge described in subsection (a).
    (c) Inventory of Data Needs.--Based on the assessments required by 
subsections (a) and (b), the Administrator shall create an inventory of 
data needs with respect to the flooding and freshwater discharge 
described in subsections (a) and (b).
    (d) Planning.--In planning for the collection of additional data 
necessary for ecosystem-based modeling of the effect of the flooding 
and freshwater discharge described in subsections (a) and (b), the 
Administrator shall use the inventory created under subsection (c).

SEC. 8. TORNADO WARNING IMPROVEMENT.

    Section 103 of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act 
of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 8513) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (c) and (d) as subsections 
        (d) and (e), respectively; and
            (2) by inserting after subsection (b) the following:
    ``(c) Innovative Observations.--The Administrator shall ensure that 
the program periodically examines the value of incorporating innovative 
observations, such as acoustic or infrasonic measurements, observations 
from phased array radars, and observations from mesonets, with respect 
to the improvement of tornado forecasts, predictions, and warnings.''.

SEC. 9. HURRICANE FORECAST IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM.

    Section 104(b) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation 
Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 8514(b)) is amended--
            (1) in paragraph (2), by striking ``; and'' and inserting a 
        semicolon;
            (2) in paragraph (3), by striking the period at the end and 
        inserting ``; and''; and
            (3) by adding at the end the following:
            ``(4) evaluating and incorporating, as appropriate, 
        innovative observations, including acoustic or infrasonic 
        measurements.''.

SEC. 10. WEATHER AND WATER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING.

    Section 105(2) of the Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation 
Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 8515(2)) is amended by inserting ``and flood-
event'' after ``operational weather''.

SEC. 11. FORECAST COMMUNICATION COORDINATORS.

    Section 1762(f)(1) of the Food Security Act of 1985 (15 U.S.C. 
8521(f)(1)) is amended, in the second sentence, by striking ``may'' and 
inserting ``shall''.

SEC. 12. IMPROVING PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator shall--
            (1) not later than 5 years after the date of enactment of 
        this title and not less than every 5 years thereafter, update 
        precipitation frequency estimates for the United States, such 
        that each update includes at least one precipitation frequency 
        atlas that incorporates assumptions of non-stationarity;
            (2) develop products targeted at users of this data in 
        support of the mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration;
            (3) make publicly available, in a searchable, interoperable 
        format, all precipitation frequency estimate studies developed 
        by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that the 
        Administrator has the legal right to redistribute and that are 
        deemed to be at an appropriate stage of development on an 
        internet website of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric 
        Administration; and
            (4) ensure all precipitation frequency estimate data, 
        products, and supporting documentation and metadata are 
        preserved, curated, and served by the National Oceanic and 
        Atmospheric Administration, as appropriate.
    (b) Authorization of Appropriations.--There are authorized to be 
appropriated to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to 
carry out this section $3,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 
2030.

SEC. 13. INTERAGENCY COORDINATING COMMITTEE ON WATER MANAGEMENT.

    (a) Establishment.--There is established a committee, to be known 
as the ``Interagency Coordinating Committee on Water Management'' (in 
this section referred to as the ``Committee'').
    (b) Membership.--The Committee shall be composed of the following 
members:
            (1) The Administrator.
            (2) The Assistant Secretary for Water and Science of the 
        Department of the Interior.
            (3) The head of each of the following:
                    (A) The Federal Emergency Management Agency.
                    (B) The Army Corps of Engineers.
                    (C) The National Science Foundation.
                    (D) The Office of Science and Technology Policy.
                    (E) The Council on Environmental Quality.
                    (F) The Department of Energy.
                    (G) The Department of Agriculture.
                    (H) Any other Federal agency, as the co-chairs 
                consider appropriate.
    (c) Co-Chairs.--The Committee shall be co-chaired by the Secretary 
of the Interior and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 
Agency.
    (d) Meetings.--The Committee shall meet not less frequently than 
once each year at the call of the co-chairs.
    (e) General Purpose and Duties.--The Committee shall ensure that 
agencies across the Federal Government that engage in water-related 
matters, including water storage and supplies, water quality and 
restoration activities, water infrastructure, transportation on United 
States rivers and inland waterways, and water forecasting, work 
together where such agencies have joint or overlapping responsibilities 
to--
            (1) improve interagency coordination by Federal agencies on 
        water resource management and water-related infrastructure 
        issues;
            (2) coordinate existing water-related Federal task forces, 
        working groups, and other formal cross-agency initiatives, as 
        appropriate;
            (3) designate and consolidate repositories responsible for 
        archiving and managing water-related matters;
            (4) improve interagency coordination of data management, 
        access, modeling, and visualization with respect to water-
        related matters;
            (5) conduct integrated planning for Federal investments in 
        water-related infrastructure; and
            (6) support workforce development and efforts to recruit, 
        train, and retain professionals to operate and maintain 
        essential water facilities in the United States.
    (f) Cross-Agency Priority Research Needs.--Not later than 1 year 
after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Committee shall 
develop and submit to Congress a list of research needs that includes 
needs for cross-agency research and coordination.

SEC. 14. HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM.

    (a) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Decision support services.--The term ``decision support 
        services'' means information, including data and refined 
        products, that supports water resources-related decision-making 
        processes.
            (2) Institution of higher education.--The term 
        ``institution of higher education'' has the meaning given that 
        term in section 101 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 
        U.S.C. 1001).
    (b) Hydrologic Research Fellowship Program.--
            (1) Establishment.--The Administrator shall establish a 
        hydrologic research fellowship program (in this section 
        referred to as the ``program'') for qualified individuals.
            (2) Qualified individual.--For purposes of this section, a 
        qualified individual is an individual who is--
                    (A) a citizen of the United States; and
                    (B) enrolled in a research-based graduate program, 
                at an institution of higher education, in a field that 
                advances the research priorities developed by the 
                Administrator under paragraph (7), such as--
                            (i) hydrology;
                            (ii) earth sciences;
                            (iii) atmospheric sciences;
                            (iv) computer sciences;
                            (v) engineering;
                            (vi) environmental sciences;
                            (vii) geosciences;
                            (viii) urban planning; or
                            (ix) related social sciences.
            (3) Award guidelines.--Fellowships under the program shall 
        be awarded pursuant to guidelines established by the 
        Administrator.
            (4) Selection preference.--In selecting qualified 
        individuals for participation in the program, the 
        Administrator, acting through the Director, shall give 
        preference to applicants from Historically Black Colleges and 
        Universities and Minority-Serving Institutions.
            (5) Placement.--The program shall support the placement of 
        qualified individuals in positions within the executive branch 
        of the Federal Government where such individuals can address 
        and advance the research priorities developed by the 
        Administrator under paragraph (7).
            (6) Fellowship term.--A fellowship under the program shall 
        be for a period of up to 2 years.
            (7) Fellowship research priorities.--The Administrator in 
        consultation with representatives from the United States 
        Geological Survey, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and 
        the Army Corps of Engineers, as appropriate, shall develop and 
        publish priorities for the conduct of research by fellows, 
        which may include the following:
                    (A) Advance the collaborative development of a 
                flexible community-based water resources modeling 
                system.
                    (B) Apply artificial intelligence and machine 
                learning capabilities to advance existing hydrologic 
                modeling capabilities.
                    (C) Support the evolution and integration of 
                hydrologic modeling within an Earth Systems Modeling 
                Framework.
                    (D) Improve visualizations of hydrologic model 
                outputs.
                    (E) Advance the state of coupled freshwater and 
                saltwater modeling and forecasting capabilities.
                    (F) Advance understanding and process 
                representation of water quality parameters.
                    (G) Advance the assimilation of in-situ and 
                remotely sensed observations and data.
                    (H) Support the integration of social science to 
                advance decision support services.
                    (I) Develop methods to study groundwater 
                sustainability and estimate the efficiency of recharge 
                management.
    (c) Direct Hiring.--
            (1) Authority.--During fiscal year 2021 and any fiscal year 
        thereafter, the head of any Federal agency may appoint, without 
        regard to the provisions of subchapter I of chapter 33 of title 
        5, United States Code, other than sections 3303 and 3328 of 
        that title, to a position with the Federal agency a recipient 
        of a fellowship under the program who--
                    (A) earned a degree from a program described in 
                subsection (b)(2)(B);
                    (B) successfully fulfilled the requirements of the 
                fellowship within the executive branch of the Federal 
                Government; and
                    (C) meets qualification standards established by 
                the Office of Personnel Management.
            (2) Exercise of authority.--The direct hire authority 
        provided by this subsection shall be exercised with respect to 
        an individual described in paragraph (1) not later than 2 years 
        after the date on which the individual completed the fellowship 
        under the program.

SEC. 15. IDENTIFICATION AND SUPPORT OF CONSISTENT, FEDERAL SET OF 
              FORWARD-LOOKING, LONG-TERM METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION.

    (a) Definitions.--In this section:
            (1) Extreme weather.--The term ``extreme weather'' includes 
        observed or anticipated severe and unseasonable atmospheric 
        conditions, including drought, heavy precipitation, hurricanes, 
        tornadoes and other windstorms (including derechos), large 
        hail, extreme heat, extreme cold, flooding, sustained 
        temperatures or precipitation that deviate substantially from 
        historical averages, and any other weather event that the 
        Administrator determines qualifies as extreme weather.
            (2) Long-term.--The term ``long-term'' shall have such 
        meaning as the Administrator, in consultation with the Director 
        of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 
        considers appropriate for purposes of this section.
            (3) Other environmental trends.--The term ``other 
        environmental trends'' means wildfires, coastal flooding, 
        inland flooding, land subsidence, rising sea levels, and any 
        other challenges relating to changes in environmental systems 
        over time that the Administrator determines qualify as 
        environmental challenges other than extreme weather.
    (b) Identification and Support of Consistent, Federal Set of 
Forward-Looking, Long-Term Meteorological Information.--The 
Administrator shall identify, and support research that enables, a 
consistent, Federal set of forward-looking, long-term meteorological 
information that models future extreme weather events, other 
environmental trends, projections, and up-to-date observations, 
including mesoscale information as determined appropriate by the 
Administrator.

SEC. 16. GAP ANALYSIS ON AVAILABILITY OF SNOW-RELATED DATA TO ASSESS 
              AND PREDICT FLOOD AND FLOOD IMPACTS.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator, in consultation with the 
Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, and the Army 
Corps of Engineers, shall conduct an analysis of gaps in the 
availability of snow-related data to assess and predict floods and 
flood impacts, including data on the following:
            (1) Snow water equivalent.
            (2) Snow depth.
            (3) Snowpack temperature.
            (4) Snow and mixed-phase precipitation.
            (5) Snow melt.
            (6) Rain-snow line.
            (7) Soil moisture.
    (b) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the 
enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit to the Committee 
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 
Representatives a report on--
            (1) the findings of the gap analysis required by subsection 
        (a); and
            (2) opportunities for additional collaboration among 
        Federal agencies to collect snow-related data to better assess 
        and predict floods and flood impacts.

SEC. 17. AVAILABILITY TO THE PUBLIC OF FLOOD-RELATED DATA.

    (a) In General.--The Administrator shall make flood-related data 
available to the public on the website of the National Oceanic and 
Atmospheric Administration.
    (b) Cost.--The Administrator may make the data under subsection (a) 
freely accessible or available at a cost that does not exceed the cost 
of preparing the data.
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