TWLV-I: Analysis and Insights from Holistic Evaluation on Video
  Foundation Models
Authors: name: Hyeongmin Lee, name: Jin-Young Kim, name: Kyungjune Baek, name: Jihwan Kim, name: Hyojun Go, name: Seongsu Ha, name: Seokjin Han, name: Jiho Jang, name: Raehyuk Jung, name: Daewoo Kim, name: GeunOh Kim, name: JongMok Kim, name: Jongseok Kim, name: Junwan Kim, name: Soonwoo Kwon, name: Jangwon Lee, name: Seungjoon Park, name: Minjoon Seo, name: Jay Suh, name: Jaehyuk Yi, name: Aiden Lee

In this work, we discuss evaluating video foundation models in a fair and
robust manner. Unlike language or image foundation models, many video
foundation models are evaluated with differing parameters (such as sampling
rate, number of frames, pretraining steps, etc.), making fair and robust
comparisons challenging. Therefore, we present a carefully designed evaluation
framework for measuring two core capabilities of video comprehension:
appearance and motion understanding. Our findings reveal that existing video
foundation models, whether text-supervised like UMT or InternVideo2, or
self-supervised like V-JEPA, exhibit limitations in at least one of these
capabilities. As an alternative, we introduce TWLV-I, a new video foundation
model that constructs robust visual representations for both motion- and
appearance-based videos. Based on the average top-1 accuracy of linear probing
on five action recognition benchmarks, pretrained only on publicly accessible
datasets, our model shows a 4.6%p improvement compared to V-JEPA (ViT-L) and a
7.7%p improvement compared to UMT (ViT-L). Even when compared to much larger
models, our model demonstrates a 7.2%p improvement compared to DFN (ViT-H), a
2.7%p improvement compared to V-JEPA~(ViT-H) and a 2.8%p improvement compared
to InternVideo2 (ViT-g). We provide embedding vectors obtained by TWLV-I from
videos of several commonly used video benchmarks, along with evaluation source
code that can directly utilize these embeddings. The code is available on
"https://github.com/twelvelabs-io/video-embeddings-evaluation-framework".