Tutor CoPilot: A Human-AI Approach for Scaling Real-Time Expertise
Authors: name: Rose E. Wang, name: Ana T. Ribeiro, name: Carly D. Robinson, name: Susanna Loeb, name: Dora Demszky

Generative AI, particularly Language Models (LMs), has the potential to
transform real-world domains with societal impact, particularly where access to
experts is limited. For example, in education, training novice educators with
expert guidance is important for effectiveness but expensive, creating
significant barriers to improving education quality at scale. This challenge
disproportionately harms students from under-served communities, who stand to
gain the most from high-quality education. We introduce Tutor CoPilot, a novel
Human-AI approach that leverages a model of expert thinking to provide
expert-like guidance to tutors as they tutor. This study is the first
randomized controlled trial of a Human-AI system in live tutoring, involving
900 tutors and 1,800 K-12 students from historically under-served communities.
Following a preregistered analysis plan, we find that students working with
tutors that have access to Tutor CoPilot are 4 percentage points (p.p.) more
likely to master topics (p<0.01). Notably, students of lower-rated tutors
experienced the greatest benefit, improving mastery by 9 p.p. We find that
Tutor CoPilot costs only $20 per-tutor annually. We analyze 550,000+ messages
using classifiers to identify pedagogical strategies, and find that tutors with
access to Tutor CoPilot are more likely to use high-quality strategies to
foster student understanding (e.g., asking guiding questions) and less likely
to give away the answer to the student. Tutor interviews highlight how Tutor
CoPilot's guidance helps tutors to respond to student needs, though they flag
issues in Tutor CoPilot, such as generating suggestions that are not
grade-level appropriate. Altogether, our study of Tutor CoPilot demonstrates
how Human-AI systems can scale expertise in real-world domains, bridge gaps in
skills and create a future where high-quality education is accessible to all
students.