An Image is Worth More Than 16x16 Patches: Exploring Transformers on
  Individual Pixels
Authors: name: Duy-Kien Nguyen, name: Mahmoud Assran, name: Unnat Jain, name: Martin R. Oswald, name: Cees G. M. Snoek, name: Xinlei Chen

This work does not introduce a new method. Instead, we present an interesting
finding that questions the necessity of the inductive bias -- locality in
modern computer vision architectures. Concretely, we find that vanilla
Transformers can operate by directly treating each individual pixel as a token
and achieve highly performant results. This is substantially different from the
popular design in Vision Transformer, which maintains the inductive bias from
ConvNets towards local neighborhoods (e.g. by treating each 16x16 patch as a
token). We mainly showcase the effectiveness of pixels-as-tokens across three
well-studied tasks in computer vision: supervised learning for object
classification, self-supervised learning via masked autoencoding, and image
generation with diffusion models. Although directly operating on individual
pixels is less computationally practical, we believe the community must be
aware of this surprising piece of knowledge when devising the next generation
of neural architectures for computer vision.