The Era of 1-bit LLMs: All Large Language Models are in 1.58 Bits
Authors: name: Shuming Ma, name: Hongyu Wang, name: Lingxiao Ma, name: Lei Wang, name: Wenhui Wang, name: Shaohan Huang, name: Li Dong, name: Ruiping Wang, name: Jilong Xue, name: Furu Wei

Recent research, such as BitNet, is paving the way for a new era of 1-bit
Large Language Models (LLMs). In this work, we introduce a 1-bit LLM variant,
namely BitNet b1.58, in which every single parameter (or weight) of the LLM is
ternary {-1, 0, 1}. It matches the full-precision (i.e., FP16 or BF16)
Transformer LLM with the same model size and training tokens in terms of both
perplexity and end-task performance, while being significantly more
cost-effective in terms of latency, memory, throughput, and energy consumption.
More profoundly, the 1.58-bit LLM defines a new scaling law and recipe for
training new generations of LLMs that are both high-performance and
cost-effective. Furthermore, it enables a new computation paradigm and opens
the door for designing specific hardware optimized for 1-bit LLMs.