Stream of Search (SoS): Learning to Search in Language
Authors: name: Kanishk Gandhi, name: Denise Lee, name: Gabriel Grand, name: Muxin Liu, name: Winson Cheng, name: Archit Sharma, name: Noah D. Goodman

Language models are rarely shown fruitful mistakes while training. They then
struggle to look beyond the next token, suffering from a snowballing of errors
and struggling to predict the consequence of their actions several steps ahead.
In this paper, we show how language models can be taught to search by
representing the process of search in language, as a flattened string -- a
stream of search (SoS). We propose a unified language for search that captures
an array of different symbolic search strategies. We demonstrate our approach
using the simple yet difficult game of Countdown, where the goal is to combine
input numbers with arithmetic operations to reach a target number. We pretrain
a transformer-based language model from scratch on a dataset of streams of
search generated by heuristic solvers. We find that SoS pretraining increases
search accuracy by 25% over models trained to predict only the optimal search
trajectory. We further finetune this model with two policy improvement methods:
Advantage-Induced Policy Alignment (APA) and Self-Taught Reasoner (STaR). The
finetuned SoS models solve 36% of previously unsolved problems, including
problems that cannot be solved by any of the heuristic solvers. Our results
indicate that language models can learn to solve problems via search,
self-improve to flexibly use different search strategies, and potentially
discover new ones.