An Explainable Diagnostic Framework for Neurodegenerative Dementias via
  Reinforcement-Optimized LLM Reasoning
Authors: name: Andrew Zamai, name: Nathanael Fijalkow, name: Boris Mansencal, name: Laurent Simon, name: Eloi Navet, name: Pierrick Coupe

The differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias is a challenging
clinical task, mainly because of the overlap in symptom presentation and the
similarity of patterns observed in structural neuroimaging. To improve
diagnostic efficiency and accuracy, deep learning-based methods such as
Convolutional Neural Networks and Vision Transformers have been proposed for
the automatic classification of brain MRIs. However, despite their strong
predictive performance, these models find limited clinical utility due to their
opaque decision making. In this work, we propose a framework that integrates
two core components to enhance diagnostic transparency. First, we introduce a
modular pipeline for converting 3D T1-weighted brain MRIs into textual
radiology reports. Second, we explore the potential of modern Large Language
Models (LLMs) to assist clinicians in the differential diagnosis between
Frontotemporal dementia subtypes, Alzheimer's disease, and normal aging based
on the generated reports. To bridge the gap between predictive accuracy and
explainability, we employ reinforcement learning to incentivize diagnostic
reasoning in LLMs. Without requiring supervised reasoning traces or
distillation from larger models, our approach enables the emergence of
structured diagnostic rationales grounded in neuroimaging findings. Unlike
post-hoc explainability methods that retrospectively justify model decisions,
our framework generates diagnostic rationales as part of the inference
process-producing causally grounded explanations that inform and guide the
model's decision-making process. In doing so, our framework matches the
diagnostic performance of existing deep learning methods while offering
rationales that support its diagnostic conclusions.