diff --git "a/expmrc-squad-dev.json" "b/expmrc-squad-dev.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/expmrc-squad-dev.json" @@ -0,0 +1,13362 @@ +{ + "version": "expmrc-squad-dev", + "data": [ + { + "title": "Victoria_(Australia)", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The economy of Victoria is highly diversified: service sectors including financial and property services, health, education, wholesale, retail, hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment. Victoria's total gross state product (GSP) is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia\". The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games. The ground is also considered the \"spiritual home\" of Australian cricket and Australian rules football, and hosts the grand final of the Australian Football League (AFL) each year, usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people. Victoria includes eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 536, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "Melbourne" + } + ], + "question": "What city in Victoria is called the sporting capital of Australia?", + "id": "570d2417fed7b91900d45c40", + "evidences": [ + "Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia\".", + "Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is also described as the \"sporting capital of Australia\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In November 2006, the Victorian Legislative Council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system. The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote. The total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years. Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years. Prior to the 2006 election, the Legislative Council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 172, + "text": "eight" + }, + { + "answer_start": 172, + "text": "eight" + }, + { + "answer_start": 172, + "text": "eight" + } + ], + "question": "How many electorates does the State of Victoria have?", + "id": "570d26efb3d812140066d490", + "evidences": [ + "The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by Single Transferable Vote.", + "The State of Victoria was divided into eight electorates" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The centre-left Australian Labor Party (ALP), the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia, the rural-based National Party of Australia, and the environmentalist Australian Greens are Victoria's main political parties. Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong. The Liberals' main support lies in Melbourne's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs, and some rural and regional centres. The Nationals are strongest in Victoria's North Western and Eastern rural regional areas. The Greens, who won their first lower house seats in 2014, are strongest in inner Melbourne.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 233, + "text": "Labor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 16, + "text": "Australian Labor Party" + }, + { + "answer_start": 233, + "text": "Labor" + } + ], + "question": "What party is favored in Bedigo and Geelong?", + "id": "570d28bdb3d812140066d4a7", + "evidences": [ + "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong.", + "Traditionally, Labor is strongest in Melbourne's working class western and northern suburbs, and the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "About 61.1% of Victorians describe themselves as Christian. Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church. Buddhism is the state's largest non-Christian religion, with 168,637 members as of the most recent census. Victoria is also home of 152,775 Muslims and 45,150 Jews. Hinduism is the fastest growing religion. Around 20% of Victorians claim no religion. Amongst those who declare a religious affiliation, church attendance is low.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 134, + "text": "26.7%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 134, + "text": "26.7%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 134, + "text": "26.7%" + } + ], + "question": "How many Victorians are Catholic?", + "id": "570d29c2b3d812140066d4be", + "evidences": [ + "Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population, followed by Anglicans and members of the Uniting Church.", + "Roman Catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7% of the Victorian population" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Victoria (abbreviated as Vic) is a state in the south-east of Australia. Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall. Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city. Geographically the smallest state on the Australian mainland, Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 48, + "text": "south-east" + }, + { + "answer_start": 48, + "text": "south-east" + }, + { + "answer_start": 44, + "text": "the south-east of Australia" + } + ], + "question": "Where in Australia is Victoria located?", + "id": "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c93", + "evidences": [ + "Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west.", + "Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south,[note 1] New South Wales to the north, the Tasman Sea to the east, and South Australia to the west." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 321, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 321, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 321, + "text": "Melbourne" + } + ], + "question": "What city is the capital of Victoria?", + "id": "570d2af0fed7b91900d45c96", + "evidences": [ + "Most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Melbourne, which is Australia's second-largest city.", + "its capital and largest city, Melbourne" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Prior to European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a large number of Aboriginal peoples, collectively known as the Koori. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, an administrative division of New South Wales. Victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony, and by the Federation of Australia in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia. Melbourne also served as capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927, with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 254, + "text": "1788" + }, + { + "answer_start": 254, + "text": "1788" + }, + { + "answer_start": 254, + "text": "1788" + } + ], + "question": "When did Great Britain claim Australia? ", + "id": "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca8", + "evidences": [ + "With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales.", + "With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 305, + "text": "New South Wales" + }, + { + "answer_start": 305, + "text": "New South Wales" + }, + { + "answer_start": 305, + "text": "New South Wales" + } + ], + "question": "Where was Victoria first set to be located in Australia?", + "id": "570d2c20fed7b91900d45ca9", + "evidences": [ + "Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay", + "Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975, but based on the 1855 colonial constitution, passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility. The Victorian Constitution can be amended by the Parliament of Victoria, except for certain \"entrenched\" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 145, + "text": "Victoria Constitution Act 1855" + }, + { + "answer_start": 141, + "text": "the Victoria Constitution Act 1855" + }, + { + "answer_start": 145, + "text": "Victoria Constitution Act 185" + } + ], + "question": "What document formed the Parliament of Victoria?", + "id": "570d2f5bfed7b91900d45cd3", + "evidences": [ + "passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility.", + "passed by the United Kingdom Parliament as the Victoria Constitution Act 1855, which establishes the Parliament as the state's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines. Major operators include: Metro Trains Melbourne which runs an extensive, electrified, passenger system throughout Melbourne and suburbs; V/Line which is now owned by the Victorian Government, operates a concentrated service to major regional centres, as well as long distance services on other lines; Pacific National, CFCL Australia which operate freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide; and NSW TrainLink which operates XPTs Melbourne—Sydney.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 104, + "text": "government-owned" + }, + { + "answer_start": 104, + "text": "government" + }, + { + "answer_start": 42, + "text": "several private and public railway operators" + } + ], + "question": "Who owns the rail lines in Victoria?", + "id": "570d4030fed7b91900d45d9f", + "evidences": [ + "Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines.", + "Rail transport in Victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly (the lower house) and the Legislative Council (the upper house). Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier. The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, which are administered directly by the state.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 460, + "text": "Linda Dessau" + }, + { + "answer_start": 460, + "text": "Linda Dessau" + }, + { + "answer_start": 460, + "text": "Linda Dessau" + } + ], + "question": "Who is the current Governor of Victoria?", + "id": "570d418dfed7b91900d45dc1", + "evidences": [ + "The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau.", + "The personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "On 1 July 1851, writs were issued for the election of the first Victorian Legislative Council, and the absolute independence of Victoria from New South Wales was established proclaiming a new Colony of Victoria. Days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen. The colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power. In ten years the population of Victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000. All sorts of gold records were produced including the \"richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world\" and the largest gold nugget. Victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold, one third of the world's output[citation needed].", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 394, + "text": "gold rush" + }, + { + "answer_start": 394, + "text": "gold rush" + }, + { + "answer_start": 394, + "text": "gold rushes" + } + ], + "question": "What did the finding of gold in Victoria cause?", + "id": "570d4329fed7b91900d45dd9", + "evidences": [ + "Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen.", + "Later discoveries occurred at many sites across Victoria. This triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres. The state also has 2.4 million beef cattle, with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year. In 2003–04, Victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly A$109 million. Blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch, bringing in A$46 million, followed by southern rock lobster worth A$13.7 million. Most abalone and rock lobster is exported to Asia.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "3 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "3 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "3 million" + } + ], + "question": "How many dairy cows are there in Australia?", + "id": "570d4606b3d812140066d61a", + "evidences": [ + "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation's milk, almost 6.4 billion litres.", + "Victoria is the centre of dairy farming in Australia. It is home to 60% of Australia's 3 million dairy cattle" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "There are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "1,435 mm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge" + }, + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge" + } + ], + "question": "To what gauge have some lines been changed in the west of Victoria?", + "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d62e", + "evidences": [ + "However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge.", + "a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 531, + "text": "mountainous areas" + }, + { + "answer_start": 531, + "text": "mountainous areas" + }, + { + "answer_start": 531, + "text": "mountainous areas" + } + ], + "question": "Where were the narrow gauge rail lines built in Victoria?", + "id": "570d47b8b3d812140066d630", + "evidences": [ + "Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.", + "Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "New South Wales" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "New South Wales" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "New South Wales" + } + ], + "question": "What was the name of the eastern half of the colony of 1788?", + "id": "570d4a6bfed7b91900d45e14", + "evidences": [ + "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney.", + "After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise. Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855. Some of the leaders of the Eureka rebellion went on to become members of the Victorian Parliament.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 171, + "text": "British troops" + }, + { + "answer_start": 171, + "text": "British troops" + }, + { + "answer_start": 171, + "text": "British troops" + } + ], + "question": "What armed group stopped the uprising at Ballarat?", + "id": "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e33", + "evidences": [ + "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops", + "In 1854 at Ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of Victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes (the \"Eureka Stockade\"). This was crushed by British troops" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 299, + "text": "mining licence fees" + }, + { + "answer_start": 299, + "text": "mining licence fees" + }, + { + "answer_start": 299, + "text": "mining licence fees" + } + ], + "question": "What did colonial authorities reduce because of the Ballarat revolt?", + "id": "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e34", + "evidences": [ + "This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise.", + "This was crushed by British troops, but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration (particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees) and extend the franchise." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 455, + "text": "Colony of Victoria Act" + }, + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "the Colony of Victoria Act" + }, + { + "answer_start": 455, + "text": "Colony of Victoria Act 1855" + } + ], + "question": "The passage of what act gave Victoria its own government?", + "id": "570d4c3bfed7b91900d45e35", + "evidences": [ + "Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855.", + "Within a short time, the Imperial Parliament granted Victoria responsible government with the passage of the Colony of Victoria Act 1855." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value. As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface. Victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions. A quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "$8.7 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 120, + "text": "24%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "$8.7 billion" + } + ], + "question": "How much did the gross agricultural product increase from 2003-04?", + "id": "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7d", + "evidences": [ + "During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion. This represented 24% of national agricultural production total gross value.", + "During 2003–04, the gross value of Victorian agricultural production increased by 17% to $8.7 billion." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "32,463" + }, + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "32,463" + }, + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "32,463" + } + ], + "question": "How many farms are there in Victoria?", + "id": "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e7f", + "evidences": [ + "As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land.", + "As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 318, + "text": "60%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 318, + "text": "60%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 318, + "text": "60%" + } + ], + "question": "How much percentage of Victoria's land is taken up by farms?", + "id": "570d50a5fed7b91900d45e81", + "evidences": [ + "As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface.", + "As of 2004, an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres (52,500 sq mi) of Victorian land. This comprises more than 60% of the state's total land surface." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island, the Grand Annual Steeplechase at Warrnambool and the Australian International Airshow at Geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular Port Fairy Folk Festival, Queenscliff Music Festival, Bells Beach SurfClassic and the Bright Autumn Festival.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "Melbourne" + }, + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "Melbourne" + } + ], + "question": "On where are most tourist attractions focused in Victoria?", + "id": "570d529fb3d812140066d6bd", + "evidences": [ + "Most of these events are centred on Melbourne, but others occur in regional cities, such as the V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix at Phillip Island", + "Major events also play a big part in tourism in Victoria, particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism. Most of these events are centred on Melbourne" + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Steam_engine", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency. Trevithick visited the Newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 309, + "text": "Abercynon" + }, + { + "answer_start": 309, + "text": "Abercynon in south Wales" + }, + { + "answer_start": 309, + "text": "Abercynon" + } + ], + "question": "Where did the world's first railway journey terminate?", + "id": "571127a5a58dae1900cd6cc6", + "evidences": [ + "the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales.", + "the world's first railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon in south Wales." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively. These engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage. As with the double expansion engine, if space is at a premium, then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the Olympic class), but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "three or four" + }, + { + "answer_start": 204, + "text": "three" + } + ], + "question": "How many expansion stages are used by the triple expansion engine?", + "id": "57113639a58dae1900cd6d18", + "evidences": [ + "The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively.", + "The result is the multiple expansion engine. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 805, + "text": "marine triple expansion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 805, + "text": "marine triple expansion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 805, + "text": "marine triple expansion engines" + } + ], + "question": "What sort of engines utilized the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing system?", + "id": "57113639a58dae1900cd6d1b", + "evidences": [ + "In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines.", + "the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple expansion engines." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the 1840s and 50s, there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate, variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff. The combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events, at the expense of increased friction and wear, and the mechanism tended to be complicated. The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side, with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred. This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions. Corliss, and later, poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 820, + "text": "Joy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 820, + "text": "Joy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 820, + "text": "Joy" + } + ], + "question": "Along with Stephenson and Walschaerts, what is an example of a simple motion?", + "id": "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d23", + "evidences": [ + "This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions.", + "This expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts motions." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 461, + "text": "lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve" + }, + { + "answer_start": 461, + "text": "lengthening rubbing surfaces" + }, + { + "answer_start": 461, + "text": "lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve" + } + ], + "question": "How is lap provided by overlapping the admission side port?", + "id": "571136b8a58dae1900cd6d24", + "evidences": [ + "The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side", + "The usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 179, + "text": "melts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 179, + "text": "melts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 170, + "text": "the lead melts" + } + ], + "question": "What happens to the lead fusible plugs if the water level of the boiler drops?", + "id": "57113ba6b654c5140001fc20", + "evidences": [ + "If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes", + "If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible. The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable. The atmospheric engines of Newcomen and Watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced, but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "ten" + }, + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "ten-horsepower" + }, + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "ten-horsepower" + }, + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "ten" + } + ], + "question": "How many horsepower was Watt's engine?", + "id": "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2a", + "evidences": [ + "Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered.", + "Watt's ten-horsepower engines" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 386, + "text": "Industrial Revolution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 386, + "text": "Industrial Revolution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 386, + "text": "Industrial Revolution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 382, + "text": "the Industrial Revolution" + } + ], + "question": "What was the steam engine an important component of?", + "id": "57113be3a58dae1900cd6d2c", + "evidences": [ + "The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution, allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable.", + "The stationary steam engine was a key component of the Industrial Revolution" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria. In the following centuries, the few steam-powered \"engines\" known were, like the aeolipile, essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam. A rudimentary steam turbine device was described by Taqi al-Din in 1551 and by Giovanni Branca in 1629. Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines. Denis Papin, a Huguenot refugee, did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679, and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "first" + }, + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "first century AD" + }, + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "first century AD" + }, + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "first century AD" + } + ], + "question": "In what century did the history of the steam engine begin?", + "id": "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d32", + "evidences": [ + "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria.", + "The history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century AD; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "1606" + }, + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "1606" + }, + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "1606" + }, + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "1606" + } + ], + "question": "In what year did Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont patent a water pump for draining mines?", + "id": "57113c6da58dae1900cd6d36", + "evidences": [ + "Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines.", + "Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions, including a water pump for draining inundated mines." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 335, + "text": "shipping" + }, + { + "answer_start": 335, + "text": "shipping" + }, + { + "answer_start": 335, + "text": "shipping" + } + ], + "question": "In what field were double and triple expansion engines common?", + "id": "57113f83b654c5140001fc2b", + "evidences": [ + "These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried.", + "These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 546, + "text": "internal combustion engines" + }, + { + "answer_start": 546, + "text": "internal combustion engines" + }, + { + "answer_start": 546, + "text": "internal combustion engines" + } + ], + "question": "Along with electric motors, what power sources overtook steam engines in the 20th century?", + "id": "57113f83b654c5140001fc2d", + "evidences": [ + "Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines", + "Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century. Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower), have fewer moving parts, and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means. Steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century, where their efficiency, higher speed appropriate to generator service, and smooth rotation were advantages. Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources. Steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 68, + "text": "steam turbines" + }, + { + "answer_start": 68, + "text": "steam turbines" + }, + { + "answer_start": 68, + "text": "steam turbines" + } + ], + "question": "The use of what device represented the last major evolution of the steam engine?", + "id": "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5a", + "evidences": [ + "Steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines (for outputs above several hundred horsepower)", + "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "late" + }, + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "late part" + }, + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "late" + } + ], + "question": "In what part of the 19th century were steam turbines introduced?", + "id": "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5b", + "evidences": [ + "The final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century.", + "the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 691, + "text": "90" + }, + { + "answer_start": 691, + "text": "90%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 691, + "text": "90%" + } + ], + "question": "What percentage of electrical power in the United States is made by steam turbines?", + "id": "571142b3a58dae1900cd6d5d", + "evidences": [ + "Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources.", + "Today most electric power is provided by steam turbines. In the United States 90% of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources, most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space (called variously combustion chamber, firebox). In some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process. In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 475, + "text": "electric" + }, + { + "answer_start": 475, + "text": "electric heating element" + }, + { + "answer_start": 475, + "text": "electric" + } + ], + "question": "What type of heating element is often used in toy steam engines?", + "id": "571144d1a58dae1900cd6d71", + "evidences": [ + "In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.", + "In the case of model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862. The steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle, which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower. It was routinely used by engineers, mechanics and insurance inspectors. The engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines. See image of indicator diagram below (in Types of motor units section).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 135, + "text": "1851" + }, + { + "answer_start": 135, + "text": "1851" + }, + { + "answer_start": 135, + "text": "1851" + } + ], + "question": "What year saw the earliest recorded use of the steam engine indicator?", + "id": "57114667a58dae1900cd6d81", + "evidences": [ + "Early versions were in use by 1851, but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer Charles Porter by Charles Richard and exhibited at London Exhibition in 1862.", + "The most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator. Early versions were in use by 1851" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (quartered). When the double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of Vauclain compound), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine. With the 3-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases all three cranks were set at 120°.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 123, + "text": "90" + }, + { + "answer_start": 123, + "text": "90°" + }, + { + "answer_start": 123, + "text": "90°" + } + ], + "question": "At what degree are the pistons of a two-cylinder compound connected to the cranks?", + "id": "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8a", + "evidences": [ + "With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (quartered).", + "With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out of phase with each other (quartered)." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 343, + "text": "90" + }, + { + "answer_start": 343, + "text": "90° to each other" + }, + { + "answer_start": 343, + "text": "90°" + } + ], + "question": "At what angle were the groups of pistons set in relation to one another in a 4-cylinder compound?", + "id": "5711475ca58dae1900cd6d8c", + "evidences": [ + "When the double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other.", + "When the double expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port. The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four events – admission, expansion, exhaust, compression. These events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end(s) and are driven by valve gear, of which there are many types.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "counterflow" + }, + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "counterflow" + }, + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "counterflow" + } + ], + "question": "What is a term for the reversing of steam flow in a piston engine after each stroke?", + "id": "5711488ab654c5140001fc3d", + "evidences": [ + "In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow), entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port.", + "In most reciprocating piston engines, the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke (counterflow)" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "two" + } + ], + "question": "How many piston strokes occur in an engine cycle?", + "id": "5711488ab654c5140001fc3e", + "evidences": [ + "The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes; the cycle also comprises four events", + "The complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 905, + "text": "Quasiturbine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 905, + "text": "Quasiturbine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 905, + "text": "Quasiturbine" + } + ], + "question": "What is the name of a uniflow engine that takes in steam in hot areas and exhausts it in cold?", + "id": "57114aceb654c5140001fc47", + "evidences": [ + "The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.", + "The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 74, + "text": "counterflow" + }, + { + "answer_start": 74, + "text": "counterflow" + }, + { + "answer_start": 74, + "text": "counterflow" + } + ], + "question": "The uniflow engine is an attempt to fix an issue that arises in what cycle?", + "id": "57114aceb654c5140001fc48", + "evidences": [ + "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam", + "Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "oscillating cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "oscillating cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "oscillating" + } + ], + "question": "What type of steam engine doesn't need valves to direct steam?", + "id": "57114b1a2419e31400955575", + "evidences": [ + "An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder.", + "An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "trunnion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "trunnion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 334, + "text": "trunnion" + } + ], + "question": "What is another term for the pivot mounting?", + "id": "57114b1a2419e31400955576", + "evidences": [ + "Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion).", + "pivot mounting (trunnion)" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 387, + "text": "models" + }, + { + "answer_start": 387, + "text": "models" + }, + { + "answer_start": 387, + "text": "models" + } + ], + "question": "Along with toys, where are oscillating cylinder steam engines typically used?", + "id": "57114b1a2419e31400955577", + "evidences": [ + "These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.", + "These engines are mainly used in toys and models" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an \"open loop\" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 101, + "text": "recycled continuously" + }, + { + "answer_start": 101, + "text": "recycled continuously" + }, + { + "answer_start": 101, + "text": "recycled continuously" + } + ], + "question": "What happens to the working fluid in a closed loop system?", + "id": "57114dfb50c2381900b54a53", + "evidences": [ + "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an \"open loop\" system", + "The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The efficiency of a Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. Without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid, the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small; in steam turbines, turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °C (the creep limit of stainless steel) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °C. This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station. This low turbine entry temperature (compared with a gas turbine) is why the Rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 415, + "text": "63%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 415, + "text": "63%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 415, + "text": "63%" + } + ], + "question": "What is a turbine's theoretical Carnot efficiency?", + "id": "57114e8d50c2381900b54a5f", + "evidences": [ + "This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63% compared with an actual efficiency of 42% for a modern coal-fired power station.", + "This gives a theoretical Carnot efficiency of about 63%" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines; powering pumping stations; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives, ships, steamboats and road vehicles. Their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation. There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 515, + "text": "Stanley Steamer" + }, + { + "answer_start": 515, + "text": "Stanley Steamer" + }, + { + "answer_start": 515, + "text": "Stanley Steamer" + }, + { + "answer_start": 515, + "text": "Stanley Steamer" + } + ], + "question": "What is an example of a steam-powered automobile?", + "id": "57114f0050c2381900b54a67", + "evidences": [ + "There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer.", + "There have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors, motorcycles (without much success) and even automobiles as the Stanley Steamer." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "factories" + }, + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "factories" + }, + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "factories" + }, + { + "answer_start": 144, + "text": "factories" + } + ], + "question": "Along with mills and mines, in what industrial locations did steam drive machines?", + "id": "57114f0050c2381900b54a68", + "evidences": [ + "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines", + "Steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories, mills and mines" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives, concluding with the Catch Me Who Can in 1808. Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway. This was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829, he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "twin-cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "twin-cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "twin-cylinder" + } + ], + "question": "What type of locomotive was Salamanca?", + "id": "571153422419e3140095557f", + "evidences": [ + "Only four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway.", + "the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 761, + "text": "cylinder volume" + }, + { + "answer_start": 761, + "text": "cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 761, + "text": "cylinder volume" + } + ], + "question": "What needs to be larger to get the same work out of lower pressure steam?", + "id": "5711541350c2381900b54a72", + "evidences": [ + "To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume.", + "To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine. The cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production, and utilizes the phase change of water (boiling water producing steam, condensing exhaust steam, producing liquid water)) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser. The Rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications. In the 1990s, Rankine steam cycles generated about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world, including virtually all solar, biomass, coal and nuclear power plants. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "removed in a condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "removed in a condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "removed in a condenser" + } + ], + "question": "What happens to waste heat in the Rankine cycle?", + "id": "571155ae2419e31400955592", + "evidences": [ + "The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser.", + "The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its \"duty\". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 121, + "text": "Watt" + }, + { + "answer_start": 121, + "text": "Watt" + }, + { + "answer_start": 121, + "text": "Watt" + } + ], + "question": "Who invented the notion of a steam engine's duty?", + "id": "571156152419e3140095559c", + "evidences": [ + "The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its \"duty\". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs.", + "The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its \"duty\". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation. Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines, the \"steam age\" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 428, + "text": "turbine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 428, + "text": "turbine type" + }, + { + "answer_start": 139, + "text": "electric motors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 428, + "text": "turbine type" + } + ], + "question": "What type of steam engine produces most electricity in the world today?", + "id": "57115ac550c2381900b54a79", + "evidences": [ + "Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines", + "the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump, developed in 1698 by Thomas Savery. It used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below, then it used steam pressure to raise it higher. Small engines were effective though larger models were problematic. They proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions. It received some use in mines, pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery. An attractive feature of the Savery engine was its low cost. Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction \"to render it capable of working itself\", as described by John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751. It continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century. One engine was still known to be operating in 1820.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 555, + "text": "Bento de Moura Portugal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 555, + "text": "Bento de Moura Portugal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 555, + "text": "Bento de Moura Portugal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 555, + "text": "Bento de Moura Portugal" + } + ], + "question": "Who notably improved the Savery water pump?", + "id": "57115b2850c2381900b54a82", + "evidences": [ + "Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction \"to render it capable of working itself\", as described by John Smeaton in the Philosophical Transactions published in 1751.", + "Bento de Moura Portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of Savery's construction" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Around 1800 Richard Trevithick and, separately, Oliver Evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam; Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications. Thereafter, technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques (partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 289, + "text": "transport" + }, + { + "answer_start": 289, + "text": "transport" + }, + { + "answer_start": 289, + "text": "transport applications" + }, + { + "answer_start": 289, + "text": "transport" + } + ], + "question": "High pressure steam engines were small enough that they could be used in what application?", + "id": "57115b8b50c2381900b54a8c", + "evidences": [ + "These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications.", + "Trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802. These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not in citation given]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 219, + "text": "Energiprojekt AB" + }, + { + "answer_start": 219, + "text": "Energiprojekt AB" + }, + { + "answer_start": 219, + "text": "Energiprojekt AB" + } + ], + "question": "What modern company has been notably working on a steam engine using modern materials?", + "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a93", + "evidences": [ + "The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam.", + "The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 439, + "text": "5" + }, + { + "answer_start": 439, + "text": "5-cylinder" + }, + { + "answer_start": 439, + "text": "5" + } + ], + "question": "How many cylinders does the Energiprojekt AB engine have?", + "id": "57115bf350c2381900b54a95", + "evidences": [ + "It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.", + "It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt’s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building. The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes. The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning. The governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off, good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 4, + "text": "centrifugal governor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 4, + "text": "centrifugal governor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 4, + "text": "centrifugal governor" + } + ], + "question": "What did Watt add to the steam engine in 1788?", + "id": "57115dbe2419e314009555a5", + "evidences": [ + "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after Watt’s partner Boulton saw one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building.", + "The centrifugal governor was adopted by James Watt for use on a steam engine in 1788" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 608, + "text": "cotton spinning" + }, + { + "answer_start": 563, + "text": "operations requiring constant speed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 608, + "text": "cotton spinning" + } + ], + "question": "What is an examine of work that a centrifugal governor-equipped steam engine wasn't suitable for?", + "id": "57115dbe2419e314009555a8", + "evidences": [ + "As a consequence, engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning.", + "engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, such as cotton spinning." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 200, + "text": "hold a set speed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 200, + "text": "hold a set speed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 200, + "text": "hold a set speed" + } + ], + "question": "What was the centrifugal governor incapable of doing?", + "id": "57115dbe2419e314009555a9", + "evidences": [ + "The governor could not actually hold a set speed, because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes.", + "The governor could not actually hold a set speed" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated. This is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge (particularly in Britain, where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930). However, although never in the majority, it was popular in many other countries.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 124, + "text": "1880" + }, + { + "answer_start": 124, + "text": "1880" + }, + { + "answer_start": 124, + "text": "1880" + } + ], + "question": "After what year was compounding frequently used in marine engines?", + "id": "57115e532419e314009555af", + "evidences": [ + "The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880", + "The adoption of compounding was common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff\" or rather, shortening the admission event; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period. However, as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows, a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant; if the exhaust event is too brief, the totality of the exhaust steam cannot evacuate the cylinder, choking it and giving excessive compression (\"kick back\").[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "shortening the cutoff" + }, + { + "answer_start": 273, + "text": "\"shortening the cutoff\"" + }, + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "shortening the cutoff" + } + ], + "question": "What is another term for shortening the admission event?", + "id": "57115f0a50c2381900b54aa7", + "evidences": [ + "Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff\" or rather, shortening the admission event", + "Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually \"shortening the cutoff\" or rather, shortening the admission event" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 40, + "text": "fixed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 40, + "text": "fixed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 40, + "text": "fixed" + } + ], + "question": "Of what length are engine cycle events when the simplest valve gears are used?", + "id": "57115f0a50c2381900b54aaa", + "evidences": [ + "The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction.", + "The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors. However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power. Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover. This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 96, + "text": "lower" + }, + { + "answer_start": 96, + "text": "lower" + }, + { + "answer_start": 96, + "text": "lower" + }, + { + "answer_start": 96, + "text": "lower" + } + ], + "question": "What is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of an internal combustion engine?", + "id": "5711607f2419e314009555cd", + "evidences": [ + "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines.", + "The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 232, + "text": "electric motors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 232, + "text": "electric motors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 201, + "text": "internal combustion engines or electric motors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 232, + "text": "electric motors" + } + ], + "question": "Along with internal combustion engines, what machines have superseded steam in some areas?", + "id": "5711607f2419e314009555ce", + "evidences": [ + "For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors.", + "For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "pollution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "pollution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 581, + "text": "Advanced Steam movement" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "pollution" + } + ], + "question": "Along with fuel sources, what concern has contributed to the development of the Advanced Steam movement?", + "id": "5711607f2419e314009555d1", + "evidences": [ + "Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover.", + "Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production; see link at bottom of article for more details. The major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient. Lack of expansive working, or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "Wankel" + }, + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "Wankel" + }, + { + "answer_start": 78, + "text": "the Wankel engine" + } + ], + "question": "What is an example of a rotary engine without pistons?", + "id": "571161092419e314009555d7", + "evidences": [ + "It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine.", + "It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser. Boulton and Watt's early engines used half as much coal as John Smeaton's improved version of Newcomen's. Newcomen's and Watt's early engines were \"atmospheric\". They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam, instead of the pressure of expanding steam. The engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 125, + "text": "condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 114, + "text": "a separate condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 125, + "text": "condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 114, + "text": "a separate condenser" + } + ], + "question": "What did Watt add to Newcomen's engine between 1763 and 1775?", + "id": "5711619950c2381900b54ab0", + "evidences": [ + "The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser.", + "The next major step occurred when James Watt developed (1763–1775) an improved version of Newcomen's engine, with a separate condenser." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "piston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "a piston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "piston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "a piston" + } + ], + "question": "In an atmospheric engine, what does air pressure push against?", + "id": "5711619950c2381900b54ab3", + "evidences": [ + "They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam", + "They were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "two" + } + ], + "question": "How many mechanisms does a typical steam engine have to keep boiler pressure from getting too high?", + "id": "5711623e50c2381900b54ab9", + "evidences": [ + "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high", + "Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 754, + "text": "seal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 754, + "text": "seal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 752, + "text": "a seal" + } + ], + "question": "In an adjustable spring-loaded valve, what needs to be broken to allow an operator to tamper with it?", + "id": "5711623e50c2381900b54abc", + "evidences": [ + "The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken.", + "The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 569, + "text": "more power" + }, + { + "answer_start": 569, + "text": "more power" + }, + { + "answer_start": 542, + "text": "greater steam pressure and more power" + } + ], + "question": "Along with a desire for more steam pressure, what were early drivers looking to generate when they fastened safety valves down?", + "id": "5711623e50c2381900b54abd", + "evidences": [ + "Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine.", + "Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 392, + "text": "separate condenser" + }, + { + "answer_start": 388, + "text": "the separate condenser" + } + ], + "question": "What was developed from Watt's measurements on a model steam engine?", + "id": "571163172419e314009555e9", + "evidences": [ + "The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser.", + "The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Other components are often present; pumps (such as an injector) to supply water to the boiler during operation, condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation, and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point, and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes. When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox. See: Mechanical stoker", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 378, + "text": "stoking" + }, + { + "answer_start": 507, + "text": "Mechanical stoker" + }, + { + "answer_start": 361, + "text": "a chain or screw stoking mechanism" + } + ], + "question": "What mechanism moves coal from a bunker to the firebox?", + "id": "5711651050c2381900b54acf", + "evidences": [ + "When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox.", + "When coal is used, a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin (bunker) to the firebox." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World War I, the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners. HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "feed water" + }, + { + "answer_start": 68, + "text": "water" + }, + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "feed water" + } + ], + "question": "The frequent availability of what substance allowed land-based steam engines to exhaust a great deal of steam?", + "id": "5711658e50c2381900b54ad5", + "evidences": [ + "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available.", + "Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 361, + "text": "dreadnought battleships" + }, + { + "answer_start": 361, + "text": "dreadnought battleships" + }, + { + "answer_start": 361, + "text": "dreadnought battleships" + } + ], + "question": "What was an example of a type of warship that required high speed?", + "id": "5711658e50c2381900b54ad7", + "evidences": [ + "It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners.", + "It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 423, + "text": "1905" + }, + { + "answer_start": 423, + "text": "1905" + }, + { + "answer_start": 423, + "text": "1905" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was HMS Dreadnought launched?", + "id": "5711658e50c2381900b54ad9", + "evidences": [ + "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.", + "HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission, where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 67, + "text": "water" + }, + { + "answer_start": 67, + "text": "water" + }, + { + "answer_start": 67, + "text": "water" + } + ], + "question": "What do nuclear power plants heat to create electricity?", + "id": "571166352419e314009555f1", + "evidences": [ + "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator.", + "Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "turbo-electric transmission" + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "turbo-electric transmission," + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "turbo-electric transmission" + } + ], + "question": "What is it called when steam propels a turbo generator with electric motor propulsion?", + "id": "571166352419e314009555f4", + "evidences": [ + "Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission", + "Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric (constant pressure) processes in the Rankine cycle and isothermal (constant temperature) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle. In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas. Pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle). The cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 506, + "text": "liquid" + }, + { + "answer_start": 504, + "text": "a liquid" + }, + { + "answer_start": 704, + "text": "gaseous" + } + ], + "question": "In the Rankine cycle, in what state is the working fluid received in the condenser?", + "id": "5711669550c2381900b54ae3", + "evidences": [ + "In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas.", + "In this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Apollo_program", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966. Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions. Apollo used Saturn family rockets as launch vehicles. Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 16, + "text": "1961 to 1972" + }, + { + "answer_start": 16, + "text": "1961 to 1972" + }, + { + "answer_start": 16, + "text": "1961 to 1972" + }, + { + "answer_start": 16, + "text": "1961 to 1972" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972" + } + ], + "question": "How long did Project Apollo run?", + "id": "5725b56589a1e219009abd20", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966.", + "Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, and was supported by the two-man Gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "Gemini program" + }, + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "Gemini" + }, + { + "answer_start": 128, + "text": "Gemini" + }, + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "Gemini" + }, + { + "answer_start": 63, + "text": "Gemini program" + } + ], + "question": "What program helped develop space travel techniques that Project Apollo used?", + "id": "5725b56589a1e219009abd21", + "evidences": [ + "Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions.", + "Gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the Apollo missions." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Skylab" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Skylab" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Skylab" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Skylab" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Skylab" + } + ], + "question": "What space station supported three manned missions in 1973-1974?", + "id": "5725b56589a1e219009abd23", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union in 1975.", + "Apollo/Saturn vehicles were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support. The crew returned to Earth safely by using the Lunar Module as a \"lifeboat\" for these functions.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "1967" + } + ], + "question": "In what year did the Apollo 1 cabin fire occur?", + "id": "5725b64d89a1e219009abd40", + "evidences": [ + "The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test.", + "The Apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing, despite the major setback of a 1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 402, + "text": "Five" + }, + { + "answer_start": 424, + "text": "six" + }, + { + "answer_start": 402, + "text": "Five" + }, + { + "answer_start": 402, + "text": "Five" + }, + { + "answer_start": 402, + "text": "Five of the remaining six missions" + } + ], + "question": "How many of the remaining launches were successful?", + "id": "5725b64d89a1e219009abd43", + "evidences": [ + "Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support.", + "Five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings, but the Apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon, which disabled the command spacecraft's propulsion and life support." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit. The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's current human spaceflight capability, and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 212, + "text": "Apollo 17" + }, + { + "answer_start": 212, + "text": "Apollo 17" + }, + { + "answer_start": 212, + "text": "Apollo 17" + }, + { + "answer_start": 212, + "text": "Apollo 17" + }, + { + "answer_start": 212, + "text": "Apollo 17" + } + ], + "question": "What Apollo mission was the sixth moon landing?", + "id": "5725b77889a1e219009abd55", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.", + "Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while the final Apollo 17 mission marked the sixth Moon landing" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 346, + "text": "382 kg" + }, + { + "answer_start": 346, + "text": "382" + }, + { + "answer_start": 346, + "text": "382" + }, + { + "answer_start": 346, + "text": "382" + }, + { + "answer_start": 346, + "text": "382 kg" + } + ], + "question": "How many kgs of moon rocks did the program bring back?", + "id": "5725b77889a1e219009abd56", + "evidences": [ + "The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth", + "The program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\" Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt \"Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "three astronauts" + } + ], + "question": "How many people could Apollo be projected to hold?", + "id": "5725b888ec44d21400f3d454", + "evidences": [ + "While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts.", + "While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 458, + "text": "Abe Silverstein" + }, + { + "answer_start": 458, + "text": "Abe Silverstein" + }, + { + "answer_start": 458, + "text": "Abe Silverstein" + }, + { + "answer_start": 458, + "text": "Abe Silverstein" + }, + { + "answer_start": 445, + "text": "NASA manager Abe Silverstein" + } + ], + "question": "Who named the Apollo missions?", + "id": "5725b888ec44d21400f3d455", + "evidences": [ + "The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein", + "The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "manned lunar landings" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "manned lunar landings" + }, + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "lunar landings" + }, + { + "answer_start": 279, + "text": "ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings" + } + ], + "question": "What was the eventual final goal of the Apollo projects?", + "id": "5725b888ec44d21400f3d457", + "evidences": [ + "Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings.", + "Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences. Preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module (piloting and re-entry cabin), and a propulsion and equipment module. On August 30, a feasibility study competition was announced, and on October 25, three study contracts were awarded to General Dynamics/Convair, General Electric, and the Glenn L. Martin Company. Meanwhile, NASA performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by Maxime Faget, to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "1960" + }, + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "1960" + }, + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "1960" + }, + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "1960" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "July 1960" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was the Apollo program announced?", + "id": "5725ba5038643c19005acbe7", + "evidences": [ + "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences.", + "In July 1960, NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden announced the Apollo program to industry representatives at a series of Space Task Group conferences." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised American superiority over the Soviet Union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense. Up to the election of 1960, Kennedy had been speaking out against the \"missile gap\" that he and many other senators felt had formed between the Soviets and themselves due to the inaction of President Eisenhower. Beyond military power, Kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige, pledging to make the US not \"first but, first and, first if, but first period.\" Despite Kennedy's rhetoric, he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the Apollo program once he became president. He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing. When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 789, + "text": "massive financial commitment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 789, + "text": "massive financial commitment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 789, + "text": "massive financial commitment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 797, + "text": "financial commitment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 789, + "text": "massive financial commitment" + } + ], + "question": "What was President Kennedy put off by regarding the space program?", + "id": "5725bb34271a42140099d0c9", + "evidences": [ + "He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing.", + "He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned Moon landing." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 903, + "text": "James E. Webb" + }, + { + "answer_start": 903, + "text": "James E. Webb" + }, + { + "answer_start": 903, + "text": "James E. Webb" + }, + { + "answer_start": 903, + "text": "James E. Webb" + }, + { + "answer_start": 903, + "text": "James E. Webb" + } + ], + "question": "Who was NASA's administrator?", + "id": "5725bb34271a42140099d0ca", + "evidences": [ + "When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue.", + "When Kennedy's newly appointed NASA Administrator James E. Webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency, Kennedy supported an acceleration of NASA's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up. Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that \"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership.\" His memo concluded that a manned Moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the United States would achieve it first.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "April 20" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "April 20" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "April" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "April" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "April 20" + } + ], + "question": "What month and day did Kennedy message his vice president about the status of the program?", + "id": "5725bd4b38643c19005acc31", + "evidences": [ + "On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program, and into programs that could offer NASA the opportunity to catch up.", + "On April 20, Kennedy sent a memo to Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, asking Johnson to look into the status of America's space program" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 278, + "text": "neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary" + }, + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary" + }, + { + "answer_start": 271, + "text": "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership" + }, + { + "answer_start": 271, + "text": "we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary" + } + ], + "question": "What was the general consensus Johnson came to regarding America's progress on going to space and reaching a position of leadership?", + "id": "5725bd4b38643c19005acc34", + "evidences": [ + "Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that \"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership.\"", + "Johnson responded approximately one week later, concluding that \"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership.\"" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "It became clear that managing the Apollo program would exceed the capabilities of Robert R. Gilruth's Space Task Group, which had been directing the nation's manned space program from NASA's Langley Research Center. So Gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new NASA center, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961. It was also clear NASA would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its Cape Canaveral Air Force Station launch facilities in Florida, so a new Mission Control Center would be included in the MSC.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 388, + "text": "Rice University" + }, + { + "answer_start": 388, + "text": "Rice" + }, + { + "answer_start": 388, + "text": "Rice University" + }, + { + "answer_start": 388, + "text": "Rice University" + } + ], + "question": "What university donated the land for the Manned Spacecraft Center?", + "id": "5725be0fec44d21400f3d4a8", + "evidences": [ + "A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961.", + "A site was chosen in Houston, Texas, on land donated by Rice University, and Administrator Webb announced the conversion on September 19, 1961." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The LOC included Launch Complex 39, a Launch Control Center, and a 130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter) Vertical Assembly Building (VAB) in which the space vehicle (launch vehicle and spacecraft) would be assembled on a Mobile Launcher Platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads. Although at least three pads were planned, only two, designated A and B, were completed in October 1965. The LOC also included an Operations and Checkout Building (OCB) to which Gemini and Apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles. The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 721, + "text": "250,000 feet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 721, + "text": "250,000 feet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 721, + "text": "250,000" + }, + { + "answer_start": 721, + "text": "250,000 feet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 721, + "text": "250,000 feet (" + } + ], + "question": "How high in altitude in feet could the vacuum chambers simulate?", + "id": "5725c01389a1e219009abdd9", + "evidences": [ + "The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum.", + "The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet (76 km), which is nearly a vacuum." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke \"somewhat as a voice in the wilderness,\" Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 105, + "text": "a rendezvous —let alone a docking" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "rendezvous" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "rendezvous" + }, + { + "answer_start": 107, + "text": "rendezvous" + }, + { + "answer_start": 131, + "text": "docking" + } + ], + "question": "What did the engineers fear would be difficult in space due to it never being attempted in Earth orbit?", + "id": "5725c4c289a1e219009abe44", + "evidences": [ + "Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit.", + "Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The LOR method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a \"lifeboat\" in the event of a failure of the command ship. Some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen. A 1964 MSC study concluded, \"The LM [as lifeboat] ... was finally dropped, because no single reasonable CSM failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the SPS.\" Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power. The Lunar Module provided propulsion, electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 445, + "text": "Apollo 13" + }, + { + "answer_start": 452, + "text": "13" + }, + { + "answer_start": 445, + "text": "Apollo 13" + }, + { + "answer_start": 445, + "text": "Apollo 13" + }, + { + "answer_start": 445, + "text": "Apollo 13" + } + ], + "question": "What Apollo mission was this LOR method used and needed?", + "id": "5725c948ec44d21400f3d578", + "evidences": [ + "Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power.", + "Ironically, just such a failure happened on Apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing. It was the only component of the Apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early Apollo study designs. Its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield, and had its own reaction control system (RCS) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path. Parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown. The module was 11.42 feet (3.48 m) tall, 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter, and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds (5,560 kg).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "three astronauts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "three" + } + ], + "question": "How many people was the CM designed to carry in the end?", + "id": "5725cb4a89a1e219009abec8", + "evidences": [ + "The Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing.", + "The Command Module (CM) was the conical crew cabin, designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an Earth ocean landing." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A cylindrical Service Module (SM) supported the Command Module, with a service propulsion engine and an RCS with propellants, and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants. A high-gain S-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights. On the extended lunar missions, an orbital scientific instrument package was carried. The Service Module was discarded just before re-entry. The module was 24.6 feet (7.5 m) long and 12.83 feet (3.91 m) in diameter. The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled, while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds (24,000 kg).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "51,300 pounds" + }, + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "51,300" + }, + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "51,300 pounds" + }, + { + "answer_start": 593, + "text": "23,300 kg" + }, + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "51,300" + } + ], + "question": "How much did the initial version of the SM weigh in pounds?", + "id": "5725cc2038643c19005acd1e", + "evidences": [ + "The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled", + "The initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds (23,300 kg) fully fueled" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Lunar Module (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module. Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere or return to Earth, its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations, and was of an extremely lightweight construction. It consisted of separate descent and ascent stages, each with its own engine. The descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant, surface stay consumables, and surface exploration equipment. The ascent stage contained the crew cabin, ascent propellant, and a reaction control system. The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg), and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours. An Extended Lunar Module weighed over 36,200 pounds (16,400 kg), and allowed surface stays of over 3 days.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 71, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 71, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 71, + "text": "two" + }, + { + "answer_start": 71, + "text": "two astronauts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 71, + "text": "two" + } + ], + "question": "How many astronauts was the LM intended to take from orbit of the moon to the surface of the moon?", + "id": "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0a", + "evidences": [ + "The Lunar Module (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module.", + "The Lunar Module (LM) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the Moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the Command Module." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "15,100 kg" + }, + { + "answer_start": 709, + "text": "(15,100" + }, + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "15,100" + }, + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "15,100 kg" + }, + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "15,100" + } + ], + "question": "The initial LM weighed how much in kgs?", + "id": "5725ceb989a1e219009abf0d", + "evidences": [ + "The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg)", + "The initial LM model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds (15,100 kg)" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The first four Saturn I test flights were launched from LC-34, with only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water. The first flight with a live S-IV was launched from LC-37. This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965. The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "1964 and 1965" + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "1964" + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "1964 and 1965" + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "1964 and 1965" + }, + { + "answer_start": 302, + "text": "1964 and 1965" + } + ], + "question": "When did the launches of boilerplate CSMs occur in orbit?", + "id": "5725d0e3271a42140099d236", + "evidences": [ + "This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965.", + "This was followed by five launches of boilerplate CSMs (designated AS-101 through AS-105) into orbit in 1964 and 1965." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 488, + "text": "frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 448, + "text": "translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts." + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "micrometeorite impacts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 434, + "text": "safety of the translunar environment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "micrometeorite impacts." + } + ], + "question": "What did Pegasus satellites measure to propose the safety of the environment in space and on the moon?", + "id": "5725d0e3271a42140099d238", + "evidences": [ + "The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts.", + "The last three of these further supported the Apollo program by also carrying Pegasus satellites, which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\". The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward. The crew that flew the first Earth orbital test mission Apollo 7, Walter M. Schirra, Donn Eisele, and Walter Cunningham, were awarded the lesser NASA Exceptional Service Medal, because of discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders during their flight. The NASA Administrator in October, 2008, decided to award them the Distinguished Service Medals, by this time posthumously to Schirra and Eisele.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "32" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "32" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "32" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "32" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "32" + } + ], + "question": "How many astronauts visited space on missions and were rewarded for their efforts?", + "id": "5725d61038643c19005acdd3", + "evidences": [ + "NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\".", + "NASA awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor, the Distinguished Service Medal, given for \"distinguished service, ability, or courage\", and personal \"contribution representing substantial progress to the NASA mission\"." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 347, + "text": "Apollo 8" + }, + { + "answer_start": 347, + "text": "Apollo 8" + }, + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "Apollo 7" + }, + { + "answer_start": 347, + "text": "Apollo 8" + }, + { + "answer_start": 347, + "text": "Apollo 8" + } + ], + "question": "From what mission and onward were the DSMs awarded?", + "id": "5725d61038643c19005acdd7", + "evidences": [ + "The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward.", + "The medals were awarded posthumously to Grissom, White, and Chaffee in 1969, then to the crews of all missions from Apollo 8 onward." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "new Apollo spacesuit" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "new Apollo spacesuit" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "new Apollo spacesuit" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "new Apollo spacesuit" + } + ], + "question": "What were the astronauts wearing during the dual mission AS-278?", + "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf91", + "evidences": [ + "The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA).", + "The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA)." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "traditional visor helmet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 447, + "text": "visor helmet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 447, + "text": "visor helmet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 447, + "text": "visor helmet" + }, + { + "answer_start": 447, + "text": "visor helmet" + } + ], + "question": "What was originally on the spacesuits prior to the clear \"fishbowl\" helmet?", + "id": "5725d79e89a1e219009abf92", + "evidences": [ + "The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.", + "The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear \"fishbowl\" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. \"Rusty\" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Deke Slayton" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Deke Slayton," + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Deke Slayton" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Deke Slayton" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Deke Slayton" + } + ], + "question": "Who selected the first Apollo crew?", + "id": "5725d8a3271a42140099d28f", + "evidences": [ + "Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966,", + "Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966," + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The problems with North American were severe enough in late 1965 to cause Manned Space Flight Administrator George Mueller to appoint program director Samuel Phillips to head a \"tiger team\" to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections. Phillips documented his findings in a December 19 letter to NAA president Lee Atwood, with a strongly worded letter by Mueller, and also gave a presentation of the results to Mueller and Deputy Administrator Robert Seamans. Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 611, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 60, + "text": "1965" + }, + { + "answer_start": 611, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 611, + "text": "1967" + }, + { + "answer_start": 611, + "text": "1967" + } + ], + "question": "What year was the first manned flight with the Lunar Module scheduled?", + "id": "5725da63ec44d21400f3d6ad", + "evidences": [ + "Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967, not long after the first manned CSM flights.", + "Meanwhile, Grumman was also encountering problems with the Lunar Module, eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 201, + "text": "altitude chamber" + }, + { + "answer_start": 201, + "text": "altitude chamber" + }, + { + "answer_start": 201, + "text": "altitude chamber" + }, + { + "answer_start": 201, + "text": "altitude chamber" + } + ], + "question": "Where did Apollo 1's crew conduct tests at Kennedy Space Center?", + "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bd", + "evidences": [ + "They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center.", + "They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 314, + "text": "launch countdown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 303, + "text": "simulate a launch countdown on" + }, + { + "answer_start": 303, + "text": "simulate a launch countdown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 303, + "text": "simulate a launch countdown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 314, + "text": "launch countdown" + } + ], + "question": "What was a plugs-out test done to simulate on the LC-34?", + "id": "5725db4aec44d21400f3d6bf", + "evidences": [ + "A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power.", + "A \"plugs-out\" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\" At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 194, + "text": "deficiencies" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "workmanship and quality control" + }, + { + "answer_start": 194, + "text": "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control" + }, + { + "answer_start": 193, + "text": "\"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\"" + } + ], + "question": "What was found to be at fault for the fire in the cabin on Apollo 1 regarding the CM design?", + "id": "5725dd1689a1e219009abfe3", + "evidences": [ + "While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\"", + "While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that \"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\"" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "To remedy the causes of the fire, changes were made in the Block II spacecraft and operational procedures, the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials. The Block II design already called for replacement of the Block I plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release, outward opening door. NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights. Crew members would also exclusively wear modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits, and would be designated by the Block II titles, regardless of whether a LM was present on the flight or not.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 416, + "text": "discontinued" + }, + { + "answer_start": 416, + "text": "discontinued" + }, + { + "answer_start": 495, + "text": "unmanned Saturn V flights" + }, + { + "answer_start": 416, + "text": "discontinued" + }, + { + "answer_start": 416, + "text": "discontinued" + } + ], + "question": "What eventually happened to the Block I program after the incident?", + "id": "5725de30ec44d21400f3d6f0", + "evidences": [ + "NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights.", + "NASA discontinued the manned Block I program, using the Block I spacecraft only for unmanned Saturn V flights." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In September 1967, Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing. Each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed, and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary; therefore letters were used instead of numbers. The A missions were unmanned Saturn V validation; B was unmanned LM validation using the Saturn IB; C was manned CSM Earth orbit validation using the Saturn IB; D was the first manned CSM/LM flight (this replaced AS-258, using a single Saturn V launch); E would be a higher Earth orbit CSM/LM flight; F would be the first lunar mission, testing the LM in lunar orbit but without landing (a \"dress rehearsal\"); and G would be the first manned landing. The list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include H lunar landings, I for lunar orbital survey missions, and J for extended-stay lunar landings.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "sequence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "manned lunar landing." + }, + { + "answer_start": 70, + "text": "had to be successfully accomplished" + }, + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "sequence of mission types" + }, + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "sequence" + } + ], + "question": "What type of missions were approved by Mueller after the incident?", + "id": "5725df1838643c19005ace15", + "evidences": [ + "In September 1967, Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing.", + "Mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "AS-501" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "AS-501" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "AS-501" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "AS-501" + }, + { + "answer_start": 110, + "text": "AS-501" + } + ], + "question": "What was the technical name of the first unmanned Saturn V flight, Apollo 4?", + "id": "5725e08389a1e219009ac010", + "evidences": [ + "The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967.", + "The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1. The LM engines were successfully test-fired and restarted, despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing. The ascent engine was fired in abort mode, known as a \"fire-in-the-hole\" test, where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage. Although Grumman wanted a second unmanned test, George Low decided the next LM flight would be manned.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "pad 37" + }, + { + "answer_start": 93, + "text": "37" + }, + { + "answer_start": 93, + "text": "37" + }, + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "pad 37" + }, + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "pad 37" + } + ], + "question": "From what pad was Apollo 5 launched from?", + "id": "5725e152271a42140099d2ce", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968, by the Saturn IB that would have been used for Apollo 1.", + "Apollo 5 (AS-204) was the first unmanned test flight of LM in Earth orbit, launched from pad 37 on January 22, 1968" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George Low suggested the bold step of sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon instead, deferring the D mission to the next mission in March 1969, and eliminating the E mission. This would keep the program on track. The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts. The decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of Apollo 7. Gemini veterans Frank Borman and James Lovell, and rookie William Anders captured the world's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours, transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on Christmas Eve, and returning safely to Earth.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "two Saturn IBs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 123, + "text": "V" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "two Saturn IBs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 116, + "text": "Saturn V" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "two Saturn IBs" + } + ], + "question": "What type of Saturn was originally going to be used for Apollo 8?", + "id": "5725e28f38643c19005ace23", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs.", + "Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 667, + "text": "human cosmonauts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 667, + "text": "human cosmonauts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 667, + "text": "human cosmonauts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 667, + "text": "human cosmonauts" + } + ], + "question": "What did the Soviets intend to use in spacecraft after the success of Zond 5?", + "id": "5725e28f38643c19005ace27", + "evidences": [ + "The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts.", + "The Soviet Union had sent animals around the Moon on September 15, 1968, aboard Zond 5, and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The contracted batch of 15 Saturn Vs were enough for lunar landing missions through Apollo 20. NASA publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites, with plans to increase the mass of the CSM and LM for the last five missions, along with the payload capacity of the Saturn V. These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days. These missions would also carry the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the LM. Also, the Block II spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the LRV.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 524, + "text": "over three days" + }, + { + "answer_start": 529, + "text": "three days." + }, + { + "answer_start": 524, + "text": "over three days" + }, + { + "answer_start": 524, + "text": "over three days" + }, + { + "answer_start": 524, + "text": "over three days" + } + ], + "question": "How long would the astronauts be project to be able to stay on the moon for in the latter missions?", + "id": "5725e547ec44d21400f3d722", + "evidences": [ + "These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days.", + "These final missions would combine the I and J types in the 1967 list, allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies. Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation. But two days out, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, disabling the Service Module and forcing the crew to use the LM as a \"life boat\" to return to Earth. Another NASA review board was convened to determine the cause, which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory, and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications. Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 634, + "text": "grounded" + }, + { + "answer_start": 686, + "text": "oxygen tank was redesigned" + }, + { + "answer_start": 634, + "text": "grounded" + }, + { + "answer_start": 623, + "text": "Apollo was grounded" + }, + { + "answer_start": 634, + "text": "grounded" + } + ], + "question": "What happened to the Apollo program in for the rest of 1970 after the incident regarding Apollo 13?", + "id": "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72b", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added.", + "Apollo was grounded again, for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "April 1970" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "April" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "April 1970" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "April 1970" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "April 1970," + } + ], + "question": "What month and year was Apollo 13 launched?", + "id": "5725e6f6ec44d21400f3d72d", + "evidences": [ + "Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation.", + "Apollo 13 launched Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise in April 1970, headed for the Fra Mauro formation." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "About the time of the first landing in 1969, it was decided to use an existing Saturn V to launch the Skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground, replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several Saturn IB launches; this eliminated Apollo 20. NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle. By 1971, the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19. The two unused Saturn Vs became museum exhibits at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, George C. Marshall Space Center in Huntsville, Alabama, Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 292, + "text": "began to shrink" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "NASA also had to make funds available" + }, + { + "answer_start": 292, + "text": "began to shrink" + }, + { + "answer_start": 292, + "text": "began to shrink" + }, + { + "answer_start": 301, + "text": "shrink" + } + ], + "question": "What happened to NASA's budget after the first successful moon landing?", + "id": "5725e95f89a1e219009ac087", + "evidences": [ + "NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing, and NASA also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming Space Shuttle.", + "NASA's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques. They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust. As such, they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the Solar System, that are largely absent on Earth. One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission. This anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite, and is believed to be representative of the highland crust. A geochemical component called KREEP was discovered, which has no known terrestrial counterpart. KREEP and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the Moon was once completely molten (see lunar magma ocean).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "extremely old" + }, + { + "answer_start": 48, + "text": "old" + }, + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "extremely old" + }, + { + "answer_start": 38, + "text": "extremely old" + }, + { + "answer_start": 48, + "text": "old" + } + ], + "question": "How did the rocks on the moon compare to those on Earth?", + "id": "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09e", + "evidences": [ + "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth, as measured by radiometric dating techniques.", + "The rocks collected from the Moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on Earth" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 243, + "text": "4.6 billion years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 243, + "text": "4.6 billion years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 162, + "text": ".2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust" + }, + { + "answer_start": 243, + "text": "4.6 billion" + } + ], + "question": "How old were some of the oldest rock samples found on the moon?", + "id": "5725ea6889a1e219009ac09f", + "evidences": [ + "They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust.", + "They range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria, to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 503, + "text": "Genesis Rock" + }, + { + "answer_start": 503, + "text": "Genesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 503, + "text": "Genesis Rock" + }, + { + "answer_start": 503, + "text": "Genesis Rock" + }, + { + "answer_start": 604, + "text": "anorthosite" + } + ], + "question": "What was the name of the rock found during the Apollo 15 mission that KREEP was discovered in?", + "id": "5725ea6889a1e219009ac0a1", + "evidences": [ + "One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission.", + "One important rock found during the Apollo Program is dubbed the Genesis Rock, retrieved by astronauts David Scott and James Irwin during the Apollo 15 mission." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects. Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere. Many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events. Some of the returned samples are of impact melt (materials melted near an impact crater.) All samples returned from the Moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 100, + "text": "micrometeoroid impact craters" + }, + { + "answer_start": 100, + "text": "micrometeoroid impact craters" + }, + { + "answer_start": 100, + "text": "micrometeoroid impact craters" + }, + { + "answer_start": 100, + "text": "micrometeoroid impact craters" + }, + { + "answer_start": 100, + "text": "micrometeoroid impact craters" + } + ], + "question": "As the moon has no atmosphere, what is prevalant in many moon rock samples brought back from Apollo missions?", + "id": "5725eb8a38643c19005ace7f", + "evidences": [ + "Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere.", + "Many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters, which is never seen on Earth rocks, due to the thick atmosphere." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion. This included all research and development costs; the procurement of 15 Saturn V rockets, 16 Command/Service Modules, 12 Lunar Modules, plus program support and management costs; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading, and costs for flight operations. This was based on a Congressional Budget Office report, A Budgetary Analysis of NASA's New Vision for Space, September 2004. The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 131, + "text": "$170 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 132, + "text": "170 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 132, + "text": "170 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 131, + "text": "$170 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 123, + "text": "roughly $170 billion." + } + ], + "question": "How much was NASA's procured spending on the Apollo project estimated to be at in 2005 after inflation?", + "id": "5725ec7538643c19005ace8f", + "evidences": [ + "In 2009, NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion.", + "NASA held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the Apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $170 billion." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "$20.4 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 616, + "text": "20.4 billion," + }, + { + "answer_start": 616, + "text": "20.4 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "$20.4 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "$20.4 billion" + } + ], + "question": "How much was the Apollo project estimated to have cost from 1959 to 1973, the length of the program?", + "id": "5725ec7538643c19005ace91", + "evidences": [ + "The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion, or $109 billion in 2010 dollars.", + "The Space Review estimated in 2010 the cost of Apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $20.4 billion" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Looking beyond the manned lunar landings, NASA investigated several post-lunar applications for Apollo hardware. The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit, using the space in the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) to house a small orbital laboratory (workshop). Astronauts would continue to use the CSM as a ferry to the station. This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The workshop was to be supplemented by Apollo Telescope Missions, which would replace the LM's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory. The most ambitious plan called for using an empty S-IVB as an interplanetary spacecraft for a Venus fly-by mission.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 142, + "text": "Apollo X" + }, + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "Apollo Extension Series" + }, + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "Apollo Extension Series" + }, + { + "answer_start": 142, + "text": "Apollo X" + }, + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "Apollo Extension Series" + } + ], + "question": "What did NASA name the series seeking up to 30 more flights to Earth's orbit?", + "id": "5725ee6438643c19005aceb3", + "evidences": [ + "The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit", + "The Apollo Extension Series (Apollo X,) proposed up to 30 flights to Earth orbit" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "Apollo Applications Program" + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "Apollo Applications Program" + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "Apollo Applications Program" + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "Apollo Applications Program" + }, + { + "answer_start": 514, + "text": "Apollo Applications Program" + } + ], + "question": "What did the acronym AAP stand for?", + "id": "5725ee6438643c19005aceb4", + "evidences": [ + "This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP).", + "This study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty S-IVB Saturn upper stage, and grew into the Apollo Applications Program (AAP)." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 141, + "text": "Book of Genesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 149, + "text": "Genesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 149, + "text": "Genesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 141, + "text": "Book of Genesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 149, + "text": "Genesis" + } + ], + "question": "From what Bible book did the crew of Apollo 8 read from during this stream of images?", + "id": "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cd", + "evidences": [ + "The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968.", + "The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "one-quarter" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "one-quarter" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "one-quarter" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "one-quarter of the population" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "one-quarter" + } + ], + "question": "How much of the population of Earth ended up seeing the images of the Earth and the Moon?", + "id": "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0ce", + "evidences": [ + "An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon.", + "An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 370, + "text": "inspiring end" + }, + { + "answer_start": 370, + "text": "inspiring" + }, + { + "answer_start": 370, + "text": "inspiring" + }, + { + "answer_start": 370, + "text": "inspiring end" + }, + { + "answer_start": 370, + "text": "inspiring" + } + ], + "question": "After an eventful and tiring year for the world during 1968, what type of ending to the year did the images from space provide?", + "id": "5725f16f89a1e219009ac0cf", + "evidences": [ + "The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.", + "The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Moon landing data was recorded by a special Apollo TV camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast TV. This resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes. During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data. Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "magnetic tape shortage" + }, + { + "answer_start": 324, + "text": "remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over" + }, + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "magnetic tape shortage" + }, + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "magnetic tape shortage" + }, + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "magnetic tape shortage" + } + ], + "question": "What happened to prompt NASA to record over archived magnetic tapes?", + "id": "5725f239271a42140099d35f", + "evidences": [ + "During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data.", + "During the following years, a magnetic tape shortage prompted NASA to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the National Archives and Records Administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 466, + "text": "Stan Lebar" + }, + { + "answer_start": 602, + "text": "Nafzger" + }, + { + "answer_start": 466, + "text": "Stan Lebar" + }, + { + "answer_start": 466, + "text": "Stan Lebar" + }, + { + "answer_start": 466, + "text": "Stan Lebar" + } + ], + "question": "Who worked later on to find these missing magnetic tapes that had data stored on them?", + "id": "5725f239271a42140099d361", + "evidences": [ + "Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes.", + "Stan Lebar, who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at Westinghouse Electric Corporation, also worked with Nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration. The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy. The images were from tapes in Australia, the CBS News archive, and kinescope recordings made at Johnson Space Center. The restored video, remaining in black and white, contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 221, + "text": "without destroying historical legitimacy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "Lowry Digital f" + }, + { + "answer_start": 221, + "text": "without destroying historical legitimacy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 171, + "text": "processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 221, + "text": "without destroying historical legitimacy" + } + ], + "question": "Were the tapes able to be restored and processed without destroying historical legitimacy or did some aspects of the tapes lose legitimacy?", + "id": "5725f39638643c19005acef8", + "evidences": [ + "The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy.", + "The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "Lowry Digital" + }, + { + "answer_start": 308, + "text": "CBS" + }, + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "Lowry Digital" + }, + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "Lowry Digital" + }, + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "Lowry Digital" + } + ], + "question": "Which company was tasked with trying to restore the original tapes?", + "id": "5725f39638643c19005acefa", + "evidences": [ + "With a budget of $230,000, the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration.", + "the surviving original lunar broadcast data from Apollo 11 was compiled by Nafzger and assigned to Lowry Digital for restoration." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Geology", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "There are three major types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava), it is an igneous rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric. The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism. All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "metamorphic rock" + }, + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "metamorphic" + }, + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "metamorphic rock" + }, + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "metamorphic" + } + ], + "question": "Sedimentary rock can be turned into which of the three types of rock?", + "id": "572657d9dd62a815002e8231", + "evidences": [ + "his rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric.", + "his rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 914, + "text": "new magma" + }, + { + "answer_start": 949, + "text": "igneous" + }, + { + "answer_start": 914, + "text": "new magma" + }, + { + "answer_start": 918, + "text": "magma" + } + ], + "question": "When the three types of rock are re-melted what is formed? ", + "id": "572657d9dd62a815002e8232", + "evidences": [ + "All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize.", + "All three types of rocks may be re-melted; when this happens, a new magma is formed" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 430, + "text": "heat and pressure" + }, + { + "answer_start": 430, + "text": "heat and pressure" + }, + { + "answer_start": 430, + "text": "heat and pressure" + }, + { + "answer_start": 430, + "text": "heat and pressure" + } + ], + "question": "What changes the mineral content of a rock?", + "id": "572657d9dd62a815002e8234", + "evidences": [ + "The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock.", + "The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries. Mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries, where one plate subducts under another. Transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, in which the continents move across the surface of the Earth over geologic time. They also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology. The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1016, + "text": "the convecting mantle" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1020, + "text": "convecting mantle" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1020, + "text": "convecting" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1020, + "text": "convecting" + } + ], + "question": "The lithosphere moves over which mantle n the theory of plate tectonics?", + "id": "57265f605951b619008f70df", + "evidences": [ + "The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle.", + "The power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the Earth. Early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core (where shear waves were not able to propagate) and a dense solid inner core. These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below (separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers), and the outer core and inner core below that. More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan. These images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the Earth, and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "crust" + }, + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "crust" + }, + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "lithosphere" + }, + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "crust and lithosphere" + } + ], + "question": "In the layered model of the Earth, the outermost layer is what? ", + "id": "57266193dd62a815002e832b", + "evidences": [ + "These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top, the mantle below", + "These advances led to the development of a layered model of the Earth, with a crust and lithosphere on top" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "wave speeds" + }, + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "wave speeds" + }, + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "wave speeds" + } + ], + "question": "Recently a more detailed model of the Earth was developed. Seismologists were able to create this using images of what from the interior of the Earth? ", + "id": "57266193dd62a815002e832e", + "evidences": [ + "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan.", + "More recently, seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a CT scan." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut. Faults are younger than the rocks they cut; accordingly, if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault. Finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 309, + "text": "older than the fault" + }, + { + "answer_start": 309, + "text": "older" + }, + { + "answer_start": 145, + "text": "younger" + } + ], + "question": "Rocks on top of a fault that are cut are always older or younger than the fault itself?", + "id": "572665ff708984140094c4c6", + "evidences": [ + "if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault", + "if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it, then the formations that were cut are older than the fault" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The principle of inclusions and components states that, with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer. A similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found. These foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows, and are incorporated, later to cool in the matrix. As a result, xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "gravel" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "gravel" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "gravel" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "gravel" + } + ], + "question": "What is something that is often torn up and included in sedimentary rock?", + "id": "572667e2f1498d1400e8de94", + "evidences": [ + "For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer.", + "For example, in sedimentary rocks, it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks. As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found. Based on principles laid out by William Smith almost a hundred years before the publication of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought. The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilization, the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "organisms" + }, + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "organisms" + }, + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "organisms" + }, + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "organisms" + } + ], + "question": "The presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found? ", + "id": "572669a9dd62a815002e8419", + "evidences": [ + "As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found.", + "As organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world, their presence or (sometimes) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "stratigraphic correlation" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "stratigraphic" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "stratigraphic" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "stratigraphic" + } + ], + "question": "What type of correlation was used previously to help date rock formations?", + "id": "57266c015951b619008f7238", + "evidences": [ + "Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another.", + "Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning. Normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower. This typically results in younger units being placed below older units. Stretching of units can result in their thinning; in fact, there is a location within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the Grand Canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter. Rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed. These stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses, known as boudins, after the French word for \"sausage\", because of their visual similarity.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning" + }, + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "normal faulting" + }, + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning" + } + ], + "question": "What causes rock extension?", + "id": "572671a5f1498d1400e8dfe8", + "evidences": [ + "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning.", + "Extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner. This is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The addition of new rock units, both depositionally and intrusively, often occurs during deformation. Faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels. These sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down. Continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment, and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit. Deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity. Volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface, and igneous intrusions enter from below. Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed. This can result in the emplacement of dike swarms, such as those that are observable across the Canadian shield, or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 826, + "text": "in areas that are being actively deformed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 829, + "text": "areas that are being actively deformed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 826, + "text": "in areas that are being actively deformed" + } + ], + "question": "Where do dikes form?", + "id": "572673f5708984140094c69c", + "evidences": [ + "Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed.", + "Dikes, long, planar igneous intrusions, enter along cracks, and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 645, + "text": "Acasta gneiss" + }, + { + "answer_start": 645, + "text": "Acasta gneiss" + }, + { + "answer_start": 645, + "text": "Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada" + } + ], + "question": "What is the oldest known rock in the world?", + "id": "57267640f1498d1400e8e075", + "evidences": [ + "Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis.", + "Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 366, + "text": "sedimentary rocks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 366, + "text": "sedimentary" + }, + { + "answer_start": 366, + "text": "sedimentary" + } + ], + "question": "What type of rock is found at the Grand Canyon?", + "id": "57267640f1498d1400e8e076", + "evidences": [ + "The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time.", + "The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory. Two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe. In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope, where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light, including their birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties with a conoscopic lens. In the electron microprobe, individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals. Stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 15, + "text": "identifying rocks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 132, + "text": "identifying rocks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 132, + "text": "identifying rocks" + } + ], + "question": "What do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for?", + "id": "57267947f1498d1400e8e0ec", + "evidences": [ + "In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory.", + "In addition to identifying rocks in the field, petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 324, + "text": "petrographic microscope" + }, + { + "answer_start": 324, + "text": "petrographic" + }, + { + "answer_start": 324, + "text": "petrographic" + } + ], + "question": "What type of microscope is used by petrologists?", + "id": "57267947f1498d1400e8e0f0", + "evidences": [ + "In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope", + "In an optical mineralogy analysis, thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear, and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes. This research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks. This work can also help to explain processes that occur within the Earth, such as subduction and magma chamber evolution.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "pressure physical experiments" + }, + { + "answer_start": 26, + "text": "fluid inclusion data" + }, + { + "answer_start": 26, + "text": "fluid inclusion data" + } + ], + "question": "How else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear?", + "id": "57267b3c5951b619008f7423", + "evidences": [ + "Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear", + "Petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks. They also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area. In addition, they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Structural geologists" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Structural" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Structural" + } + ], + "question": "What type of geologists give information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks?", + "id": "57267d52708984140094c7d9", + "evidences": [ + "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks.", + "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 26, + "text": "microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections" + }, + { + "answer_start": 26, + "text": "microscopic analysis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 22, + "text": "use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples" + } + ], + "question": "How do structural geologists observe the fabric within the rocks?", + "id": "57267d52708984140094c7da", + "evidences": [ + "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks", + "Structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges, which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries. In the analog versions of these experiments, horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop, which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered (all angles remain the same) orogenic wedge. Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt. This helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range. These studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure, temperature, space, and time.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 448, + "text": "Numerical models" + }, + { + "answer_start": 448, + "text": "Numerical" + }, + { + "answer_start": 448, + "text": "Numerical models" + } + ], + "question": "Which is more sophisticated, numericals model or an analog models of orogenic wedges? ", + "id": "57267ebfdd62a815002e8730", + "evidences": [ + "Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt.", + "Numerical models work in the same way as these analog models, though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end. Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was one of the earliest Persian geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Drawing from Greek and Indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the Muslim conquests, the Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 981–1037) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains, the origin of earthquakes, and other topics central to modern geology, which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science. In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "Persia" + }, + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "Persia" + }, + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end" + } + ], + "question": "Fielding H. Garrison believes that the science of geology can be traced to where?", + "id": "572683f95951b619008f7525", + "evidences": [ + "Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end.", + "Some modern scholars, such as Fielding H. Garrison, are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to Persia after the Muslim conquests had come to an end." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 871, + "text": "his observation of fossil animal shells" + }, + { + "answer_start": 890, + "text": "fossil animal shells" + }, + { + "answer_start": 862, + "text": "based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean" + } + ], + "question": "What prompted Shen Kuo to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains?", + "id": "572683f95951b619008f7529", + "evidences": [ + "In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean", + "In China, the polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The first geological map of the U.S. was produced in 1809 by William Maclure. In 1807, Maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the United States. Almost every state in the Union was traversed and mapped by him, the Allegheny Mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times. The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map, and published in the Society's Transactions, together with the nation's first geological map. This antedates William Smith's geological map of England by six years, although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 364, + "text": "the American Philosophical Society" + }, + { + "answer_start": 368, + "text": "American Philosophical Society" + }, + { + "answer_start": 368, + "text": "American Philosophical Society" + } + ], + "question": "To whom did William Maclure submit the map?", + "id": "572686ac5951b619008f75ac", + "evidences": [ + "The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society in a memoir entitled Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map", + "The results of his unaided labours were submitted to the American Philosophical Society" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830. This book, which influenced the thought of Charles Darwin, successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. Though Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, the idea was not widely accepted at the time.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "catastrophism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "catastrophism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "catastrophism" + } + ], + "question": "Which theory states that Earth's features remained unchanged after forming in one single catastrophic event?", + "id": "57268882f1498d1400e8e309", + "evidences": [ + "In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter.", + "In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Genghis_Khan", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed \"Genghis Khan\", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands" + }, + { + "answer_start": 267, + "text": "Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties" + } + ], + "question": "In which regions in particular did Genghis Khan's armies massacre civilians?", + "id": "57269e8a5951b619008f77f7", + "evidences": [ + "These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands.", + "These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants extended the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia, and Southwest Asia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 108, + "text": "his sons and grandsons" + }, + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "sons and grandsons" + }, + { + "answer_start": 108, + "text": "his sons and grandsons." + } + ], + "question": "Among whom was Genghis Khan's empire split after his death?", + "id": "5726a00d708984140094cc28", + "evidences": [ + "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons.", + "Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Temüjin was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 405, + "text": "Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad" + }, + { + "answer_start": 405, + "text": "Yesügei" + }, + { + "answer_start": 405, + "text": "Yesügei" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Genghis Khan's father?", + "id": "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e579", + "evidences": [ + "He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe", + "He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad. Temüjin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "Börte" + }, + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "Börte" + }, + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "Börte" + } + ], + "question": "What was the name of the wife arranged for Temüjin by his father?", + "id": "5726a340dd62a815002e8bbe", + "evidences": [ + "His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad.", + "His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game killed by Temüjin and his brothers. Begter, Temujin's older half-brother, began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually Temujin's mother Hoelun (not Begter's mother) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult. Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "during one hunting excursion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 457, + "text": "one hunting excursion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "during one hunting excursion" + } + ], + "question": "When was Temüjin's half-brother Begter killed?", + "id": "5726a4a9708984140094ccba", + "evidences": [ + "Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter.", + "Temujin's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that Temüjin and his brother Khasar killed their half-brother Begter." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud. The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks), but with the help of a sympathetic guard, the father of Chilaun (who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.[citation needed] It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 109, + "text": "the Tayichi'ud" + }, + { + "answer_start": 113, + "text": "Tayichi'ud" + }, + { + "answer_start": 81, + "text": "his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud" + } + ], + "question": "Who captured and held Temüjin prisoner around 1177?", + "id": "5726a5f65951b619008f7903", + "evidences": [ + "In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud.", + "In another incident, around 1177, he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Tayichi'ud." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 404, + "text": "a river crevice" + }, + { + "answer_start": 404, + "text": "a river crevice" + }, + { + "answer_start": 404, + "text": "a river crevice." + } + ], + "question": "Where did Temüjin hide during his escape from the Tayichi'ud?", + "id": "5726a5f65951b619008f7907", + "evidences": [ + "he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.", + "he was able to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption, and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "arranged marriages" + }, + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "arranged marriages" + }, + { + "answer_start": 89, + "text": "arranged marriages" + } + ], + "question": "What was used to from political alliances among the Mongolian tribal confederations?", + "id": "5726a784708984140094ccff", + "evidences": [ + "At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances.", + "none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 566, + "text": "the need for alliances" + }, + { + "answer_start": 570, + "text": "need for alliances" + }, + { + "answer_start": 570, + "text": "need for alliances." + } + ], + "question": "What did Temüjin's mother emphasize in his lessons about Mongolia's volatile political climate?", + "id": "5726a784708984140094cd02", + "evidences": [ + "Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances.", + "Temüjin's mother Hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Temüjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Temüjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Temüjin. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "Kokochu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "Kokochu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "Kokochu" + } + ], + "question": "Which shaman's proclamation aided Temüjin's rise? ", + "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cb", + "evidences": [ + "Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin", + "Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 819, + "text": "Battle of Dalan Balzhut" + }, + { + "answer_start": 819, + "text": "Battle of Dalan Balzhut" + }, + { + "answer_start": 611, + "text": "1187" + } + ], + "question": "Which battle did Temüjin lose to Jamukha shortly after his election as khan?", + "id": "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6cd", + "evidences": [ + "Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut.", + "Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "Jochi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "Jochi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 112, + "text": "Jochi," + } + ], + "question": "To whom did Toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage, angering Temüjin?", + "id": "5726af765951b619008f7a51", + "evidences": [ + "One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi", + "One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, \"universal ruler\", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 528, + "text": "Subutai" + }, + { + "answer_start": 528, + "text": "Subutai" + }, + { + "answer_start": 528, + "text": "Subutai" + } + ], + "question": "Which well-known general abandoned Jamukha's coalition against Temüjin?", + "id": "5726b0985951b619008f7a94", + "evidences": [ + "Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother.", + "Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 657, + "text": "1206" + }, + { + "answer_start": 657, + "text": "1206" + }, + { + "answer_start": 657, + "text": "1206" + } + ], + "question": "What year was Jamukha surrendered to Temüjin?", + "id": "5726b0985951b619008f7a95", + "evidences": [ + "After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.", + "Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "a noble death" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "a noble death" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "a noble death." + } + ], + "question": "What did Jamukha request from Temüjin instead of friendship?", + "id": "5726b1d95951b619008f7acf", + "evidences": [ + "Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death.", + "Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 698, + "text": "the Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 702, + "text": "Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 698, + "text": "the Chinese" + } + ], + "question": "From whom did Genghis Khan learn seige warfare?", + "id": "5726b879708984140094cf01", + "evidences": [ + "He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese.", + "He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 826, + "text": "Jamukha" + }, + { + "answer_start": 826, + "text": "Jamukha" + }, + { + "answer_start": 812, + "text": "tribes led by Jamukha" + } + ], + "question": "Which rival's tribes did Genghis Khan famously measure against the linchpin?", + "id": "5726b879708984140094cf02", + "evidences": [ + "He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha.", + "He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty. The commander of the Jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Between 1232 and 1233, Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan. The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1234, after the siege of Caizhou.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "the Jin dynasty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "Jin dynasty." + }, + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "Jin dynasty" + } + ], + "question": "What dynasty did Genghis Khan plan to attack after conquering Western Xia?", + "id": "5726bb645951b619008f7c3b", + "evidences": [ + "In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty.", + "after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin dynasty." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 261, + "text": "Ming-Tan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 261, + "text": "Ming-Tan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 261, + "text": "Ming-Tan" + } + ], + "question": "Who was the Jin dynasty defector who betrayed the location of the Jin army?", + "id": "5726bb645951b619008f7c3c", + "evidences": [ + "Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass.", + "the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire, fled west and usurped the khanate of Qara Khitai (also known as the Western Liao, as it was originally established as remnants of the Liao dynasty). Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as \"The Arrow\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Kuchlug" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Kuchlug" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Kuchlug" + } + ], + "question": "Who took control of Qara Khitai after fleeing Temüjin's Mongol Empire?", + "id": "5726bd655951b619008f7c9f", + "evidences": [ + "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire", + "Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into his Mongol Empire" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 598, + "text": "Jebe" + }, + { + "answer_start": 598, + "text": "Jebe" + }, + { + "answer_start": 598, + "text": "Jebe" + } + ], + "question": "Which young general did Genghis Khan send to conquer Qara Khitai?", + "id": "5726bd655951b619008f7ca2", + "evidences": [ + "continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as \"The Arrow\".", + "Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Qara Khitai more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 93, + "text": "inciting internal revolt" + }, + { + "answer_start": 93, + "text": "inciting internal revolt" + }, + { + "answer_start": 93, + "text": "inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters" + } + ], + "question": "What strategy did Jebe's army use against Kuchlug and his supporters?", + "id": "5726bf135951b619008f7ce9", + "evidences": [ + "With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters", + "With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongol army under Genghis Khan, generals and his sons crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmian Empire. After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "the southeast" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "southeast" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "the southeast part of Khwarzemia" + } + ], + "question": "Where did Jebe's division of Genghis Khan's army campaign in Khwarezmia?", + "id": "5726c20fdd62a815002e8fa8", + "evidences": [ + "The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia", + "The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Shah's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities. This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan ordered Subutai and Jebe to hunt him down, giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this. The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 627, + "text": "silver" + }, + { + "answer_start": 627, + "text": "silver" + }, + { + "answer_start": 620, + "text": "molten silver" + } + ], + "question": "What metal was used in Inalchuq's execution?", + "id": "5726c3b3708984140094d0d1", + "evidences": [ + "Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes", + "Genghis Khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians, enslaved the rest of the population and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland. According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "Samarkand" + }, + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "Samarkand" + }, + { + "answer_start": 82, + "text": "Samarkand" + } + ], + "question": "What was the capital of Khwarezmia before the Mongol invasion?", + "id": "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5", + "evidences": [ + "After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men", + "After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "a river" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "a river" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "a river" + } + ], + "question": "What does legend say Genghis Khan used to obliterate the Kharezmid emporer's place of birth?", + "id": "5726c4c8708984140094d0f7", + "evidences": [ + "According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.", + "According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongols attacked Samarkand using captured enemies as body shields. After several days only a few remaining soldiers, loyal supporters of the Shah, held out in the citadel. After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand. The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory. Ata-Malik Juvayni, a high official in the service of the Mongol empire, wrote that in Termez, on the Oxus, \"all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 220, + "text": "reneged" + }, + { + "answer_start": 220, + "text": "reneged" + }, + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "executed every soldier" + } + ], + "question": "How did Genghis Khan observed the surrender terms after Samarkand fell?", + "id": "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae3", + "evidences": [ + "After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand.", + "After the fortress fell, Genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at Samarkand." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 442, + "text": "pyramids of severed heads" + }, + { + "answer_start": 442, + "text": "pyramids of severed heads" + }, + { + "answer_start": 442, + "text": "pyramids of severed heads" + } + ], + "question": "What victory symbols did the Mongols build on the plains outside Samarkand?", + "id": "5726c61ff1498d1400e8eae4", + "evidences": [ + "The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory.", + "The people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days. Survivors from the citadel were executed, artisans and craftsmen were sent back to Mongolia, young men who had not fought were drafted into the Mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery. As the Mongol soldiers looted the city, a fire broke out, razing most of the city to the ground. Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "opened the gates" + }, + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "opened the gates to the Mongols" + }, + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "opened the gates to the Mongols" + } + ], + "question": "How did the leaders of the city of Bukhara respond to the Mongol attack?", + "id": "5726c7a85951b619008f7ddd", + "evidences": [ + "The city of Bukhara was not heavily fortified, with a moat and a single wall, and the citadel typical of Khwarezmi cities. The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols", + "The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 180, + "text": "a unit of Turkish defenders" + }, + { + "answer_start": 180, + "text": "a unit of Turkish defenders" + }, + { + "answer_start": 190, + "text": "Turkish defenders" + } + ], + "question": "Who continued to hold the citadel of Bukhara after the Mongols took the rest of the city?", + "id": "5726c7a85951b619008f7dde", + "evidences": [ + "The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days.", + "The city leaders opened the gates to the Mongols, though a unit of Turkish defenders held the city's citadel for another twelve days." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 687, + "text": "the flail of God" + }, + { + "answer_start": 687, + "text": "the flail of God" + }, + { + "answer_start": 687, + "text": "the flail of God," + } + ], + "question": "How did Genghis Khan describe himself to the people of Bukhara?", + "id": "5726c7a85951b619008f7de0", + "evidences": [ + "Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins.", + "Genghis Khan had the city's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town, where he declared that he was the flail of God, sent to punish them for their sins." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "After the defeat of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1220, Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes. Under the suggestion of Subutai, the Mongol army was split into two forces. Genghis Khan led the main army on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India towards Mongolia, while another 20,000 (two tumen) contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia under generals Jebe and Subutai. They pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea. Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the allied forces of the Cuman–Kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 Kievan Rus' troops led by Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev who went out to stop the Mongols' actions in the area. Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force. They also may have fought against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. There is no historical record except a short account by the Arab historian Ibn al-Athir, writing in Mosul some 1100 miles away from the event. Various historical secondary sources - Morgan, Chambers, Grousset - state that the Mongols actually defeated the Bulgars, Chambers even going so far as to say that the Bulgars had made up stories to tell the (recently crushed) Russians that they had beaten the Mongols and driven them from their territory. The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 601, + "text": "near the Black Sea" + }, + { + "answer_start": 610, + "text": "Black Sea" + }, + { + "answer_start": 399, + "text": "Russia" + } + ], + "question": "Where did Jebe and Subutai spend the winter following the split of the Mongol army?", + "id": "5726c9b0dd62a815002e9048", + "evidences": [ + "The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea.", + "The Mongols destroyed the kingdom of Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea and overwintered near the Black Sea." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 883, + "text": "Batu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 883, + "text": "Batu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 859, + "text": "Genghis Khan's grandson Batu" + } + ], + "question": "Which Mongol leader completed the conquest of Kievan Rus'?", + "id": "57272bcb5951b619008f8683", + "evidences": [ + "Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237", + "Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the spring. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "Ma Jianlong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "Ma Jianlong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "Ma Jianlong" + } + ], + "question": "Who was the Tangut general who fought Genghis Khan at Deshun?", + "id": "57272dd55951b619008f8698", + "evidences": [ + "At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate.", + "At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 778, + "text": "executed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 778, + "text": "executed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 778, + "text": "executed" + } + ], + "question": "What did Genghis Khan do to the Tangut imperial family after their surrender?", + "id": "57272dd55951b619008f869b", + "evidences": [ + "Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.", + "Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The succession of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension, and possibly for other reasons, Ögedei was appointed as successor.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 250, + "text": "Jochi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 250, + "text": "Jochi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 187, + "text": "Jochi" + } + ], + "question": "The paternity of which of Genghis Khan's sons was disputed?", + "id": "57272ec7f1498d1400e8f44e", + "evidences": [ + "The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers.", + "The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan was aware of the friction between his sons (particularly between Chagatai and Jochi) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died. He therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them Khan in their own right, while appointing one of his sons as his successor. Chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior, because of statements he made that he would not follow Jochi if he were to become his father's successor. Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture, youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age. If Jochi were to become successor, it was likely that Chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire. Therefore, Genghis Khan decided to give the throne to Ögedei. Ögedei was seen by Genghis Khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 486, + "text": "Tolui" + }, + { + "answer_start": 486, + "text": "Tolui" + }, + { + "answer_start": 486, + "text": "Tolui," + } + ], + "question": "Which's of Genghis Khan's successors could not be successor because of his age?", + "id": "57272ff2708984140094dabf", + "evidences": [ + "Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture", + "Tolui, Genghis Khan's youngest son, was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the Mongol culture" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: \"Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims.\" Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "Urgench" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "Urgench" + }, + { + "answer_start": 483, + "text": "Urgench" + } + ], + "question": "Which territory did Jochi try to protect that may have led to a dispute with his brothers?", + "id": "5727311d5951b619008f86ad", + "evidences": [ + "Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief.", + "Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Years before his death, Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according to the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Khentii Aimag" + }, + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Khentii Aimag" + }, + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Khentii Aimag" + } + ], + "question": "Where is Genghis Khan's presumed to have been delivered?", + "id": "572732f8f1498d1400e8f475", + "evidences": [ + "After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag", + "After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1939 Chinese Nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia to protect it from Japanese troops. It was taken through Communist-held territory in Yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a Buddhist monastery, the Dongshan Dafo Dian, where it remained for ten years. In 1949, as Communist troops advanced, the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining, which soon fell under Communist control. In early 1954, Genghis Khan's bier and relics were returned to the Lord's Enclosure in Mongolia. By 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them. In 1968 during the Cultural Revolution, Red Guards destroyed almost everything of value. The \"relics\" were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of Genghis was completed in 1989.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 479, + "text": "Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining" + }, + { + "answer_start": 479, + "text": "Kumbum Monastery" + }, + { + "answer_start": 458, + "text": "Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery" + } + ], + "question": "Where did the Chinese Nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing Chinese Communist forces? ", + "id": "57273455f1498d1400e8f48e", + "evidences": [ + "the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining", + "the Nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous Tibetan monastery of Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Mongols, Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 250, + "text": "meritocracy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 250, + "text": "meritocracy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 250, + "text": "meritocracy" + } + ], + "question": "What was the guiding principle of the Mongol Empire code of conduct?", + "id": "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b6", + "evidences": [ + "The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy.", + "The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 666, + "text": "Muhammad Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 666, + "text": "Muhammad Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 666, + "text": "Muhammad Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Who is an example of the diversity of leadership in the Mongol Empire?", + "id": "572736bff1498d1400e8f4b8", + "evidences": [ + "Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan.", + "Turks and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.[citation needed] Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian. Religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the Asian steppe.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 315, + "text": "Ong Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 315, + "text": "Ong Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 315, + "text": "Ong Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Which of Genghis Khan's mentors practiced Christianity?", + "id": "57273887dd62a815002e99a3", + "evidences": [ + "Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity.", + "Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 196, + "text": "a personal concept" + }, + { + "answer_start": 468, + "text": "tolerance" + }, + { + "answer_start": 196, + "text": "a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference" + } + ], + "question": "How was religion handled in the Mongol Empire?", + "id": "57273887dd62a815002e99a4", + "evidences": [ + "The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference.", + "The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept, and not subject to law or interference." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + }, + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + }, + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + } + ], + "question": "Which woman took a leadership role in the Mongol Empire while succession was being determined?", + "id": "572739a75951b619008f86f7", + "evidences": [ + "Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen.", + "Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 620, + "text": "the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)" + }, + { + "answer_start": 624, + "text": "Pax Mongolica" + }, + { + "answer_start": 624, + "text": "Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)" + } + ], + "question": "What is the modern term for the Mongolian policies supporting trade and communication?", + "id": "572739a75951b619008f86f8", + "evidences": [ + "Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace).", + "Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 337, + "text": "the Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 341, + "text": "Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 341, + "text": "Chinese" + } + ], + "question": "Who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the Mongol Empire?", + "id": "572739a75951b619008f86f9", + "evidences": [ + "However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese.", + "there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by the Mongol army after the Jin dynasty was defeated. Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin dynasty honestly and so did he; also he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. This reply impressed Genghis Khan. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 190, + "text": "they were nomads" + }, + { + "answer_start": 200, + "text": "nomads" + }, + { + "answer_start": 200, + "text": "nomads and thus had no experience governing cities" + } + ], + "question": "Why would Mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered?", + "id": "57273b1a5951b619008f870a", + "evidences": [ + "He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities.", + "He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan put absolute trust in his generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as close advisors, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Muqali, a trusted lieutenant, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucasus and Kievan Rus', an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 751, + "text": "unwavering loyalty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 751, + "text": "unwavering loyalty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 751, + "text": "unwavering loyalty" + } + ], + "question": "What did Genghis Khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them?", + "id": "57273c01f1498d1400e8f4e6", + "evidences": [ + "While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them.", + "While granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions, Genghis Khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 463, + "text": "feigned retreat" + }, + { + "answer_start": 463, + "text": "feigned retreat" + }, + { + "answer_start": 463, + "text": "feigned retreat" + } + ], + "question": "How did Mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions?", + "id": "57273d06f1498d1400e8f4f8", + "evidences": [ + "Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack.", + "Another standard tactic of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Western Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song dynasty of China, starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. They also pushed further into Russia and eastern Europe.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 570, + "text": "1279" + }, + { + "answer_start": 570, + "text": "1279" + }, + { + "answer_start": 570, + "text": "1279" + } + ], + "question": "What year was the conflict with the Song dynasty concluded?", + "id": "57273dccdd62a815002e99fd", + "evidences": [ + "starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China.", + "starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the Mongols gaining control of all of China." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers. In Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "tolerant" + }, + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "tolerant" + }, + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "tolerant of religions" + } + ], + "question": "What was the Genghis Khan's characteristic approach to religious diversity?", + "id": "57273eecf1498d1400e8f520", + "evidences": [ + "Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers.", + "Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, was tolerant of religions" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In Mongolia today, Genghis Khan's name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquor bottles to candy products, and on the largest denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). Mongolia's main international airport in Ulaanbaatar is named Chinggis Khaan International Airport. Major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near Ulaanbaatar. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 571, + "text": "to avoid trivialization" + }, + { + "answer_start": 574, + "text": "avoid trivialization" + }, + { + "answer_start": 574, + "text": "avoid trivialization." + } + ], + "question": "Why have Mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of Genghis Khan's name?", + "id": "57274126dd62a815002e9a27", + "evidences": [ + "There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization.", + "There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. \"Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily,\" Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. \"Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces,\" Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 484, + "text": "Ikh Zasag" + }, + { + "answer_start": 484, + "text": "Ikh Zasag (" + }, + { + "answer_start": 484, + "text": "Ikh Zasag" + } + ], + "question": "What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?", + "id": "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a", + "evidences": [ + "He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law.", + "the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 661, + "text": "corruption and bribery" + }, + { + "answer_start": 661, + "text": "corruption and bribery" + }, + { + "answer_start": 661, + "text": "corruption and bribery" + } + ], + "question": "What did Mongolian President Tsakhiagian Elbegdorj note was significantly punished by Genghis Khan's laws?", + "id": "5727515af1498d1400e8f63b", + "evidences": [ + "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily", + "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "There are conflicting views of Genghis Khan in the People's Republic of China with some viewing him positively in the Inner Mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of Mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million, almost twice the population of Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. There has been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the Jin dynasty relatively fewer. In general the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Kublai Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Kublai Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 397, + "text": "Kublai Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Which descendant of Genghis Khan is remembered as having reunified China?", + "id": "57275250708984140094dc27", + "evidences": [ + "While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China.", + "While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The invasions of Baghdad, Samarkand, Urgench, Kiev, Vladimir among others caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt, but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza. According to the works of the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the Mongols killed more than 70,000 people in Merv and more than 190,000 in Nishapur. In 1237 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, launched an invasion into Kievan Rus'. Over the course of three years, the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "Hulagu Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "Hulagu Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "Hulagu Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Which descendant of Genghis Khan sacked Baghdad?", + "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8863", + "evidences": [ + "His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad although his forces were halted by the Mamluks of Egypt", + "His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part and sacked Baghdad" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "Ghazan Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "Ghazan Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 332, + "text": "Ghazan Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Which of Genghis Khan's descendants pushed the Mamluks out of Palestine?", + "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8865", + "evidences": [ + "but Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza.", + "Hulagu's descendant Ghazan Khan would return to beat the Egyptian Mamluks right out of Levant, Palestine and even Gaza." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 811, + "text": "Novgorod and Pskov" + }, + { + "answer_start": 811, + "text": "Novgorod and Pskov" + }, + { + "answer_start": 811, + "text": "Novgorod and Pskov" + } + ], + "question": "Which major cities in Eastern Europe were not destroyed by the Mongol invasion?", + "id": "572754cd5951b619008f8867", + "evidences": [ + "the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov.", + "the Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Eastern Europe with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Although the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur, they clearly distanced themselves from the Mongol atrocities committed against the Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara and historical figures such as Attar of Nishapur and many other notable Muslims. However, Mughal Emperors directly patronized the legacies of Genghis Khan and Timur; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the Muslim populations of South Asia.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 20, + "text": "Mughal emperors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 20, + "text": "Mughal emperors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 20, + "text": "Mughal emperors" + } + ], + "question": "Which descendants of Genghis Khan tried to dissociate themselves from the Mongol massacres in the Middle East?", + "id": "572756715951b619008f8877", + "evidences": [ + "Although the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan and particularly Timur", + "the famous Mughal emperors were proud descendants of Genghis Khan" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, \"Tenggis Khan\", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning \"right\", \"just\", or \"true\", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating \"Jenggis\", which in medieval romanization would be written \"Genghis\". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched \"Chinggis\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "tenggis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "tenggis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 95, + "text": "tenggis" + } + ], + "question": "Which Mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation Genghis?", + "id": "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69a", + "evidences": [ + "One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\".", + "One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning \"ocean\", \"oceanic\" or \"wide-spreading\"." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "Zhèng" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "Zhèng" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "Zhèng" + } + ], + "question": "Jenggis is the adjectival form of what word?", + "id": "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69d", + "evidences": [ + "Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning \"right\", \"just\", or \"true\", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating \"Jenggis\",", + "Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning \"right\", \"just\", or \"true\", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating \"Jenggis\"," + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 627, + "text": "Chinggis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 627, + "text": "Chinggis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 470, + "text": "\"Jenggis" + } + ], + "question": "What spelling of Genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation?", + "id": "5727580bf1498d1400e8f69e", + "evidences": [ + "It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched \"Chinggis\".", + "It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched \"Chinggis\"." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Harvard_University", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and the Harvard Corporation (formally, the President and Fellows of Harvard College) is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "John Harvard" + }, + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "John Harvard" + }, + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "John Harvard" + } + ], + "question": "What individual is the school named after?", + "id": "5727aa413acd2414000de921", + "evidences": [ + "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning", + "Established originally by the Massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for John Harvard (its first benefactor), Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1117, + "text": "1977" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1117, + "text": "1977" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1117, + "text": "1977" + } + ], + "question": "When did the undergraduate program become coeducational?", + "id": "5727aa413acd2414000de922", + "evidences": [ + "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College.", + "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 678, + "text": "Charles W. Eliot" + }, + { + "answer_start": 678, + "text": "Charles W. Eliot" + }, + { + "answer_start": 678, + "text": "Charles W. Eliot" + } + ], + "question": "What president of the university transformed it into a modern research university?", + "id": "5727aa413acd2414000de925", + "evidences": [ + "President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university;", + "President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard is a large, highly residential research university. The nominal cost of attendance is high, but the University's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. It operates several arts, cultural, and scientific museums, alongside the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, several foreign heads of state, 62 living billionaires, 335 Rhodes Scholars, and 242 Marshall Scholars. To date, some 150 Nobel laureates, 18 Fields Medalists and 13 Turing Award winners have been affiliated as students, faculty, or staff.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "79 individual libraries" + }, + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "79" + }, + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "79" + } + ], + "question": "How many individual libraries make up the main school library?", + "id": "5727aeac3acd2414000de988", + "evidences": [ + "the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes.", + "the Harvard Library, which is the world's largest academic and private library system, comprising 79 individual libraries" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's $37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "Boston metropolitan area" + }, + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "Boston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 154, + "text": "Boston" + } + ], + "question": "What is the major US city that the is the university located?", + "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de991", + "evidences": [ + "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area:", + "The University is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study—with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "Charles River" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "Charles" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "Charles" + } + ], + "question": "What river is located in the vicinity of the school?", + "id": "5727aec03acd2414000de993", + "evidences": [ + "the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston", + "the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was initially called \"New College\" or \"the college at New Towne\". In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship John of London. In 1639, the college was renamed Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, who was an alumnus of the University of Cambridge. He had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 73, + "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony" + }, + { + "answer_start": 42, + "text": "Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony" + }, + { + "answer_start": 42, + "text": "Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony" + } + ], + "question": "What organization arranged to founding of school?", + "id": "5727afa82ca10214002d93c3", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.", + "Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the early years the College trained many Puritan ministers.[citation needed] (A 1643 publication said the school's purpose was \"to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust\".) It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—​​many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—​​but conformed Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any particular denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 331, + "text": "English university model" + }, + { + "answer_start": 331, + "text": "English university" + }, + { + "answer_start": 331, + "text": "English university" + } + ], + "question": "After what higher learning model was the school designed?", + "id": "5727b0892ca10214002d93e9", + "evidences": [ + "It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—​​many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—​​but conformed Puritanism.", + "It offered a classic curriculum on the English university model" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassiz's approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans' \"participation in the Divine Nature\" and the possibility of understanding \"intellectual existences\". Agassiz's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the \"divine plan\" in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence. This dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of Common Sense Realism derived from Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart, whose works were part of the Harvard curriculum at the time. The popularity of Agassiz's efforts to \"soar with Plato\" probably also derived from other writings to which Harvard students were exposed, including Platonic treatises by Ralph Cudworth, John Norrisand, in a Romantic vein, Samuel Coleridge. The library records at Harvard reveal that the writings of Plato and his early modern and Romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the \"official philosophy\" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 41, + "text": "Louis Agassiz" + }, + { + "answer_start": 41, + "text": "Louis Agassiz" + }, + { + "answer_start": 41, + "text": "Louis Agassiz" + } + ], + "question": "in 1846 who's natural history lectures were acclaimed in New York and Harvard?", + "id": "5727c0402ca10214002d9564", + "evidences": [ + "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College.", + "In 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions. Derived from William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson, these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature, the right and ability of each person to perceive truth, and the indwelling God in each person.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 308, + "text": "Transcendentalist Unitarian" + }, + { + "answer_start": 308, + "text": "Transcendentalist Unitarian" + }, + { + "answer_start": 308, + "text": "Transcendentalist Unitarian" + } + ], + "question": "What conviction motivated Eliot to move towards secularization?", + "id": "5727c3b02ca10214002d95bb", + "evidences": [ + "Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions.", + "Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall and library. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "3 miles" + }, + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "3 miles" + }, + { + "answer_start": 81, + "text": "about 3 miles" + } + ], + "question": "How far from state house in downtown Boston is Harvard Yard?", + "id": "5727c8863acd2414000dec49", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston", + "Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 582, + "text": "Charles River" + }, + { + "answer_start": 582, + "text": "Charles River" + }, + { + "answer_start": 582, + "text": "Charles River" + } + ], + "question": "Along what geographic feature are nine residential houses located?", + "id": "5727c8863acd2414000dec4b", + "evidences": [ + "Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River.", + "Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 655, + "text": "half a mile northwest of the Yard" + }, + { + "answer_start": 655, + "text": "half a mile" + }, + { + "answer_start": 655, + "text": "half a mile" + } + ], + "question": "How far from the Yard is the Quad located?", + "id": "5727c8863acd2414000dec4c", + "evidences": [ + "The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad)", + "The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad)" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston. The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses. The Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and the Harvard School of Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area approximately 3.3 miles (5.3 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "Allston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "Allston" + }, + { + "answer_start": 118, + "text": "on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus" + } + ], + "question": "Where is Harvard stadium located?", + "id": "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9576", + "evidences": [ + "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston.", + "The Harvard Business School and many of the university's athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus opposite the Cambridge campus in Allston." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 190, + "text": "The John W. Weeks Bridge" + }, + { + "answer_start": 194, + "text": "John W. Weeks Bridge" + }, + { + "answer_start": 194, + "text": "John W. Weeks Bridge" + } + ], + "question": "What is the name of the bridge that joins parts of the campus of the Charles River?", + "id": "5727cc15ff5b5019007d9577", + "evidences": [ + "The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses.", + "The John W. Weeks Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River connecting both campuses." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world. As of September 2011[update], it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession. It was worth $32 billion in 2011, up from $28 billion in September 2010 and $26 billion in 2009. It suffered about 30% loss in 2008-09. In December 2008, Harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22% (approximately $8 billion) from July to October 2008, necessitating budget cuts. Later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure, a reduction of nearly 50% of its endowment in the first four months alone. Forbes in March 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $12 billion. One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011, resulting in protests from local residents. As of 2012[update], Harvard University had a total financial aid reserve of $159 million for students, and a Pell Grant reserve of $4.093 million available for disbursement.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 798, + "text": "Allston Science Complex" + }, + { + "answer_start": 798, + "text": "Allston Science Complex" + }, + { + "answer_start": 765, + "text": "construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex" + } + ], + "question": "What project did Harvard halt due to the financial crisis?", + "id": "5727cff1ff5b5019007d95c6", + "evidences": [ + "One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011", + "One of the most visible results of Harvard's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $1.2 billion Allston Science Complex" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Undergraduate admission to Harvard is characterized by the Carnegie Foundation as \"more selective, lower transfer-in\". Harvard College accepted 5.3% of applicants for the class of 2019, a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities. Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities, yet for the class of 2016 an Early Action program was reintroduced.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 360, + "text": "disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants" + } + ], + "question": "Why did Harvard end its early admission program?", + "id": "5727d1c93acd2414000ded41", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities", + "Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an \"arts and sciences focus\". Between 1978 and 2008, entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration. Since 2008, undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight General Education categories: Aesthetic and Interpretive Understanding, Culture and Belief, Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning, Ethical Reasoning, Science of Living Systems, Science of the Physical Universe, Societies of the World, and United States in the World. Harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 915, + "text": "reliance on teaching fellows" + }, + { + "answer_start": 915, + "text": "reliance on teaching fellows" + }, + { + "answer_start": 915, + "text": "reliance on teaching fellows" + } + ], + "question": "What criticism in NY times article that impacts the quality of Education at Harvard?", + "id": "5727d3843acd2414000ded6b", + "evidences": [ + "The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education.", + "The New York Times, and some students have criticized Harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education;" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named \"dream college\", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 158, + "text": "2003" + }, + { + "answer_start": 158, + "text": "2003" + }, + { + "answer_start": 158, + "text": "2003" + } + ], + "question": "Starting in what year has Harvard topped the Academic Rankings of World Universities?", + "id": "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003", + "Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 138, + "text": "Yale University" + }, + { + "answer_start": 138, + "text": "Yale" + }, + { + "answer_start": 138, + "text": "Yale University" + } + ], + "question": "What is Harvard's most intense rival?", + "id": "5727da564b864d1900163e8f", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game.", + "Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply \"The Game\". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the country's best as it often was a century ago during football's early days (it won the Rose Bowl in 1920), both it and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country. The stadium's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game. Seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport, Walter Camp (former captain of the Yale football team), suggested widening the field to open up the game. But the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface. So, other steps had to be taken. Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 164, + "text": "1875" + }, + { + "answer_start": 164, + "text": "1875" + }, + { + "answer_start": 164, + "text": "1875" + } + ], + "question": "What was the first year that Yale and Harvard played football?", + "id": "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fc", + "evidences": [ + "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply \"The Game\".", + "Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1014, + "text": "1906" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1014, + "text": "1906" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1014, + "text": "1906" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was a set of significant rule changes introduced including the forward pass?", + "id": "5727db85ff5b5019007d96fe", + "evidences": [ + "Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history.", + "Camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season. These included legalizing the forward pass, perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport's history." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harvard has several athletic facilities, such as the Lavietes Pavilion, a multi-purpose arena and home to the Harvard basketball teams. The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports. The five-story building includes two cardio rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities, a mezzanine, where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball. The MAC offers personal trainers and specialty classes. It is home to Harvard volleyball, fencing and wrestling. The offices of several of the school's varsity coaches are also in the MAC.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "Malkin Athletic Center" + }, + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "Malkin Athletic Center" + }, + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "Malkin Athletic Center" + } + ], + "question": "What is the name of Harvard's primary recreational sports facility?", + "id": "5727dc473acd2414000dee44", + "evidences": [ + "The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports.", + "The Malkin Athletic Center, known as the \"MAC\", serves both as the university's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 511, + "text": "three weight rooms" + }, + { + "answer_start": 511, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 511, + "text": "three" + } + ], + "question": "How many weight rooms are in the Malkin Athletic Center", + "id": "5727dc473acd2414000dee45", + "evidences": [ + "where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms, and a three-court gym floor to play basketball.", + "where all types of classes are held, an indoor cycling studio, three weight rooms" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Older than The Game by 23 years, the Harvard-Yale Regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools. It is held annually in June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing. Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 412, + "text": "strong rivalry against Cornell" + }, + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "Cornell" + }, + { + "answer_start": 435, + "text": "Cornell" + } + ], + "question": "Who is the primary rival of the Harvard Crimson hockey team?", + "id": "5727dd2e4b864d1900163ebc", + "evidences": [ + "Today, Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell), squash, and even recently won NCAA titles in Men's and Women's Fencing.", + "Harvard fields top teams in several other sports, such as the Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey team (with a strong rivalry against Cornell)" + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Jacksonville,_Florida", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. It is the county seat of Duval County, with which the city government consolidated in 1968. Consolidation gave Jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014, it is the most populous city proper in Florida and the Southeast, and the 12th most populous in the United States. Jacksonville is the principal city in the Jacksonville metropolitan area, with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Jacksonville" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Jacksonville" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Jacksonville" + } + ], + "question": "Which Florida city has the biggest population?", + "id": "5727c94bff5b5019007d954a", + "evidences": [ + "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States.", + "Jacksonville is the largest city by population in the U.S. state of Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami. The Jacksonville Beaches communities are along the adjacent Atlantic coast. The area was originally inhabited by the Timucua people, and in 1564 was the site of the French colony of Fort Caroline, one of the earliest European settlements in what is now the continental United States. Under British rule, settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed, known as Wacca Pilatka to the Seminole and the Cow Ford to the British. A platted town was established there in 1822, a year after the United States gained Florida from Spain; it was named after Andrew Jackson, the first military governor of the Florida Territory and seventh President of the United States.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "St. Johns" + }, + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "St. Johns River" + }, + { + "answer_start": 99, + "text": "St. Johns River" + } + ], + "question": "What river runs alongside Jacksonville?", + "id": "5727cb4b2ca10214002d9676", + "evidences": [ + "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River, about 25 miles (40 km) south of the Georgia state line and about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami.", + "Jacksonville is in the First Coast region of northeast Florida and is centered on the banks of the St. Johns River" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made Jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port. Its riverine location facilitates two United States Navy bases and the Port of Jacksonville, Florida's third largest seaport. The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States. Significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking, insurance, healthcare and logistics. As with much of Florida, tourism is also important to the Jacksonville area, particularly tourism related to golf. People from Jacksonville may be called \"Jacksonvillians\" or \"Jaxsons\" (also spelled \"Jaxons\").", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 344, + "text": "third largest" + }, + { + "answer_start": 344, + "text": "third largest military presence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 344, + "text": "third largest" + } + ], + "question": "What is the ranking of the military forces in Jacksonville?", + "id": "5727cd7dff5b5019007d958e", + "evidences": [ + "The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States.", + "The two US Navy bases, Blount Island Command and the nearby Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay form the third largest military presence in the United States." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The area of the modern city of Jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years. On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC. In the 16th century, the beginning of the historical era, the region was inhabited by the Mocama, a coastal subgroup of the Timucua people. At the time of contact with Europeans, all Mocama villages in present-day Jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the Saturiwa, centered around the mouth of the St. Johns River. One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 170, + "text": "a University of North Florida team" + }, + { + "answer_start": 172, + "text": "University of North Florida" + }, + { + "answer_start": 172, + "text": "University of North Florida" + } + ], + "question": "Who discovered pottery found on Black Hammock Island?", + "id": "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bed", + "evidences": [ + "On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC.", + "On Black Hammock Island in the national Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, a University of North Florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BC." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 668, + "text": "Ossachite" + }, + { + "answer_start": 668, + "text": "Ossachite" + }, + { + "answer_start": 668, + "text": "Ossachite" + } + ], + "question": "What is the name of the village that once existed in what is now downtown Jacksonville?", + "id": "57280e1aff5b5019007d9bf0", + "evidences": [ + "One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area.", + "One early map shows a village called Ossachite at the site of what is now downtown Jacksonville" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May. Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France. In 1564, René Goulaine de Laudonnière established the first European settlement, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns near the main village of the Saturiwa. Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline, and killed nearly all the French soldiers defending it. The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified. The location of Fort Caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the St. Johns River in 1964.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 25, + "text": "Jean Ribault" + }, + { + "answer_start": 25, + "text": "Jean Ribault" + }, + { + "answer_start": 25, + "text": "Jean Ribault" + } + ], + "question": "Who mapped the St. Johns River in 1562?", + "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c26", + "evidences": [ + "French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562 calling it the River of May because he discovered it in May.", + "French Huguenot explorer Jean Ribault charted the St. Johns River in 1562" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 422, + "text": "Pedro Menéndez de Avilés" + }, + { + "answer_start": 422, + "text": "Pedro Menéndez de Avilés" + }, + { + "answer_start": 422, + "text": "Pedro Menéndez de Avilés" + } + ], + "question": "Who led the attack of the French colony in 1565?", + "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c28", + "evidences": [ + "Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline.", + "Philip II of Spain ordered Pedro Menéndez de Avilés to protect the interest of Spain by attacking the French presence at Fort Caroline. On September 20, 1565, a Spanish force from the nearby Spanish settlement of St. Augustine attacked Fort Caroline" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 731, + "text": "San Mateo" + }, + { + "answer_start": 726, + "text": "fort San Mateo" + }, + { + "answer_start": 731, + "text": "San Mateo" + } + ], + "question": "What was Fort Caroline renamed to after the Spanish attack?", + "id": "57280fd3ff5b5019007d9c29", + "evidences": [ + "The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified.", + "The Spanish renamed the fort San Mateo, and following the ejection of the French, St. Augustine's position as the most important settlement in Florida was solidified." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there. The British introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber. As a result, the northeastern Florida area prospered economically more than it had under the Spanish. Britain ceded control of the territory back to Spain in 1783, after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, and the settlement at the Cow Ford continued to grow. After Spain ceded the Florida Territory to the United States in 1821, American settlers on the north side of the Cow Ford decided to plan a town, laying out the streets and plats. They soon named the town Jacksonville, after Andrew Jackson. Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 53, + "text": "French and Indian War" + }, + { + "answer_start": 53, + "text": "French and Indian War" + }, + { + "answer_start": 53, + "text": "French and Indian War" + } + ], + "question": "After what event did the Spanish concede Florida to Britain?", + "id": "572810ec2ca10214002d9d06", + "evidences": [ + "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia.", + "Spain ceded Florida to the British in 1763 after the French and Indian War, and the British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "cattle were brought across the river there." + }, + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "cattle were brought across" + }, + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "cattle were brought across the river there" + } + ], + "question": "Why the narrow part of St. John's River called Cowford?", + "id": "572810ec2ca10214002d9d08", + "evidences": [ + "The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.", + "The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1137, + "text": "February 9, 1832" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1149, + "text": "1832." + }, + { + "answer_start": 1137, + "text": "February 9, 1832" + } + ], + "question": "When was the Jacksonville town charter approved?", + "id": "572810ec2ca10214002d9d0a", + "evidences": [ + "Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832.", + "Led by Isaiah D. Hart, residents wrote a charter for a town government, which was approved by the Florida Legislative Council on February 9, 1832." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, Jacksonville and nearby St. Augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous. Visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad. President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida. This highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism. The city's tourism, however, was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks. In addition, extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south drew visitors to other areas. From 1893 to 1938 Jacksonville was the site of the Florida Old Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Home with a nearby cemetery.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Grover Cleveland" + }, + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Grover Cleveland" + }, + { + "answer_start": 188, + "text": "President Grover Cleveland" + } + ], + "question": "Which US President visited Jacksonville in 1888?", + "id": "572815d9ff5b5019007d9cbd", + "evidences": [ + "President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida.", + "President Grover Cleveland attended the Sub-Tropical Exposition in the city on February 22, 1888 during his trip to Florida." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the 1910s, New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor. Over the course of the decade, more than 30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital of the World\". However, the emergence of Hollywood as a major film production center ended the city's film industry. One converted movie studio site, Norman Studios, remains in Arlington; It has been converted to the Jacksonville Silent Film Museum at Norman Studios.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 14, + "text": "New York–based filmmakers" + }, + { + "answer_start": 29, + "text": "filmmakers" + }, + { + "answer_start": 14, + "text": "New York–based filmmakers" + } + ], + "question": "Who was drawn to Jacksonville in the 1910s?", + "id": "57281940ff5b5019007d9d44", + "evidences": [ + "In the 1910s, New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor.", + "In the 1910s, New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "silent film" + }, + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "silent film" + }, + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "silent" + } + ], + "question": "What type of movies were produced in Jacksonville's 30 studios?", + "id": "57281940ff5b5019007d9d45", + "evidences": [ + "more than 30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital of the World\".", + "Over the course of the decade, more than 30 silent film studios were established, earning Jacksonville the title of \"Winter Film Capital of the World\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Jacksonville, like most large cities in the United States, suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after World War II. The construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs. After World War II, the government of the city of Jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war. Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride. However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class \"white flight\" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before. The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, declined from 75.8% in 1970 to 55.1% by 2010.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 646, + "text": "\"white flight\"" + }, + { + "answer_start": 647, + "text": "white flight" + }, + { + "answer_start": 647, + "text": "white flight" + } + ], + "question": "What term referred to middle class citizens leaving the suburbs?", + "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df495", + "evidences": [ + "However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class \"white flight\" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before.", + "However, the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class \"white flight\" left Jacksonville with a much poorer population than before." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 384, + "text": "Mayor W. Haydon Burns" + }, + { + "answer_start": 384, + "text": "Mayor W. Haydon Burns'" + }, + { + "answer_start": 384, + "text": "Mayor W. Haydon Burns" + } + ], + "question": "Who was responsible for the new building projects in Jacksonville?", + "id": "57281ab63acd2414000df496", + "evidences": [ + "Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride.", + "Mayor W. Haydon Burns' Jacksonville Story resulted in the construction of a new city hall, civic auditorium, public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 166, + "text": "unincorporated suburbs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 181, + "text": "suburbs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 166, + "text": "unincorporated suburbs" + } + ], + "question": "In what part of the city did residents suffer from a lack of city services?", + "id": "57281bb84b864d190016449b", + "evidences": [ + "In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement.", + "In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "annexing outlying communities" + }, + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "annexing outlying communities" + }, + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "annexing outlying communities" + } + ], + "question": "What was the proposed solution to Jacksonville's tax issues?", + "id": "57281bb84b864d190016449c", + "evidences": [ + "In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county.", + "In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network. After a grand jury was convened to investigate, 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign. Jacksonville Consolidation, led by J. J. Daniel and Claude Yates, began to win more support during this period, from both inner city blacks, who wanted more involvement in government, and whites in the suburbs, who wanted more services and more control over the central city. In 1964 all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation. This added momentum to proposals for government reform. Lower taxes, increased economic development, unification of the community, better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 137, + "text": "old boy network" + }, + { + "answer_start": 137, + "text": "old boy network" + }, + { + "answer_start": 121, + "text": "the traditional old boy network" + } + ], + "question": "How were most city officials elected in the 1960s?", + "id": "57281d494b864d19001644be", + "evidences": [ + "In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network.", + "In the mid-1960s, corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city's officials, who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "When a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan. On October 1, 1968, the governments merged to create the Consolidated City of Jacksonville. Fire, police, health & welfare, recreation, public works, and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government. In honor of the occasion, then-Mayor Hans Tanzler posed with actress Lee Meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the \"Bold New City of the South\" at Florida 13 and Julington Creek. The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax. This would generate most of the revenue required for the $2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 496, + "text": "Better Jacksonville Plan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 492, + "text": "The Better Jacksonville Plan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 492, + "text": "The Better Jacksonville Plan" + } + ], + "question": "What was the name of the approved measure that helped cover the cost of major city projects?", + "id": "57281edd3acd2414000df4ee", + "evidences": [ + "The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax.", + "The Better Jacksonville Plan, promoted as a blueprint for Jacksonville's future and approved by Jacksonville voters in 2000, authorized a half-penny sales tax." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April. Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. Summers can be hot and wet, and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 86, + "text": "subtropical" + }, + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "humid subtropical" + }, + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "humid subtropical climate" + } + ], + "question": "What type of climate does Jacksonville have?", + "id": "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc4", + "evidences": [ + "Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers.", + "Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa)" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 256, + "text": "May through September" + }, + { + "answer_start": 256, + "text": "May through September" + }, + { + "answer_start": 232, + "text": "the warmest months from May through September" + } + ], + "question": "When does rain typically fall in Jacksonville?", + "id": "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc5", + "evidences": [ + "Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April.", + "Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 125, + "text": "mild" + }, + { + "answer_start": 459, + "text": "mild and sunny." + }, + { + "answer_start": 459, + "text": "mild and sunny" + } + ], + "question": "How is winter weather in Jacksonville described as?", + "id": "5728223cff5b5019007d9dc6", + "evidences": [ + "Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny.", + "Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 F in January to 82 F in July. High temperatures average 64 to 92 °F (18 to 33 °C) throughout the year. High heat indices are common for the summer months in the area, with indices above 110 °F (43.3 °C) possible. The highest temperature recorded was 104 °F (40 °C) on July 11, 1879 and July 28, 1872. It is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon. These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 520, + "text": "high humidity" + }, + { + "answer_start": 520, + "text": "high humidity" + }, + { + "answer_start": 510, + "text": "extremely high humidity" + } + ], + "question": "What else contributes to Jacksonville's summer storms other than land heating beside the water?", + "id": "57282358ff5b5019007d9de0", + "evidences": [ + "These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity.", + "These are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities, although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane. The city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871; however, Jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic Ocean, or passing to the north or south in the Atlantic and brushing past the area. The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008's Tropical Storm Fay which crisscrossed the state, bringing parts of Jacksonville under darkness for four days. Similarly, four years prior to this, Jacksonville was inundated by Hurricane Frances and Hurricane Jeanne, which made landfall south of the area. These tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to Jacksonville. Hurricane Floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to Jacksonville Beach. During Floyd, the Jacksonville Beach pier was severely damaged, and later demolished. The rebuilt pier was later damaged by Fay, but not destroyed. Tropical Storm Bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004, spawning a minor tornado in the process. On May 28, 2012, Jacksonville was hit by Tropical Storm Beryl, packing winds up to 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "110 mph" + }, + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "110 mph" + }, + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "110 mph" + } + ], + "question": "How fast were the winds around St. Augustine in the 1964 hurricane?", + "id": "572824f13acd2414000df590", + "evidences": [ + "The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.", + "The strongest effect on Jacksonville was from Hurricane Dora in 1964, the only recorded storm to hit the First Coast with sustained hurricane-force winds. The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 776, + "text": "Saffir-Simpson Scale" + }, + { + "answer_start": 776, + "text": "Saffir-Simpson" + }, + { + "answer_start": 776, + "text": "Saffir-Simpson Scale" + } + ], + "question": "What is the scale used to measure the strength of hurricanes called?", + "id": "572824f13acd2414000df592", + "evidences": [ + "The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale.", + "The eye crossed St. Augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph (180 km/h), making it a strong Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson Scale." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 356, + "text": "largest" + }, + { + "answer_start": 356, + "text": "largest Filipino American community" + }, + { + "answer_start": 356, + "text": "largest" + } + ], + "question": "Compared to the rest of Florida, how does Jacksonville's Filipino population rank?", + "id": "572826634b864d19001645c0", + "evidences": [ + "Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census.", + "Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "As of 2010[update], there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "29.7%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "29.7%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "29.7%" + } + ], + "question": "What portion of households in Jacksonville have only one person?", + "id": "572827fc3acd2414000df5bb", + "evidences": [ + "29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.", + "29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "23.9%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "23.9%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "23.9%" + } + ], + "question": "How many of Jacksonville's city residents are younger than 18?", + "id": "572827fc3acd2414000df5bc", + "evidences": [ + "In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18", + "the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18" + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Economic_inequality", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "According to PolitiFact the top 400 richest Americans \"have more wealth than half of all Americans combined.\" According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\". Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a \"substantial head start\". In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, \"over 60 percent\" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans \"grew up in substantial privilege\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 127, + "text": "New York Times" + }, + { + "answer_start": 127, + "text": "New York Times" + }, + { + "answer_start": 127, + "text": "New York Times" + } + ], + "question": "What publication printed that the wealthiest 1% have more money than those in the bottom 90%?", + "id": "5727e8424b864d1900163fc1", + "evidences": [ + "According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\".", + "According to the New York Times on July 22, 2014, the \"richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent\"." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 489, + "text": "grew up in substantial privilege" + }, + { + "answer_start": 500, + "text": "substantial privilege" + }, + { + "answer_start": 500, + "text": "substantial privilege" + } + ], + "question": "What did the richest 400 Americans have as children that helped them be successful adults?", + "id": "5727e8424b864d1900163fc3", + "evidences": [ + "In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies, \"over 60 percent\" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans \"grew up in substantial privilege\".", + "\"over 60 percent\" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans \"grew up in substantial privilege\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land. Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers. In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord). Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Neoclassical economics" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Neoclassical economics" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Neoclassical economics" + } + ], + "question": "What philosophy of thought addresses wealth inequality?", + "id": "5727e9523acd2414000def95", + "evidences": [ + "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land.", + "Neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor, capital and land." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 216, + "text": "different classifications of workers" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "differences in value added by different classifications of workers" + } + ], + "question": "What impacts distribution of wealth when evaluating labor?", + "id": "5727e9523acd2414000def97", + "evidences": [ + "Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers.", + "Within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 467, + "text": "productivity gap" + }, + { + "answer_start": 467, + "text": "productivity gap" + }, + { + "answer_start": 467, + "text": "productivity gap" + } + ], + "question": "What is the term that describes the difference between what higher paid and lower paid professionals earn?", + "id": "5727e9523acd2414000def98", + "evidences": [ + "Thus, in a market economy, inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions.", + "inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 315, + "text": "marginal value added of each economic actor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "differences in value" + }, + { + "answer_start": 315, + "text": "marginal value added of each economic actor" + } + ], + "question": "How is income determined in a market with variously skilled workers?", + "id": "5727e9523acd2414000def99", + "evidences": [ + "In this perspective, wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor (worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord).", + "wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the \"reserve army of labour\"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 137, + "text": "reduce costs and maximize profits" + }, + { + "answer_start": 431, + "text": "substitution of capital equipment for labor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 125, + "text": "pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits" + } + ], + "question": "What pushes businesses to increase pressures on workers?", + "id": "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986e", + "evidences": [ + "In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", + "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 262, + "text": "less workers are required" + }, + { + "answer_start": 506, + "text": "raises the productivity of each worker," + } + ], + "question": "What impact does workers working harder have on productivity of a business?", + "id": "5727ea45ff5b5019007d986f", + "evidences": [ + "Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment", + "Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 137, + "text": "reduce costs and maximize profits" + }, + { + "answer_start": 134, + "text": "to reduce costs and maximize profits" + }, + { + "answer_start": 506, + "text": "raises the productivity of each worker" + } + ], + "question": "Why do firms substitute equipment for workers?", + "id": "5729d609af94a219006aa662", + "evidences": [ + "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits.", + "capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers.\" \"Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.\" Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 904, + "text": "business is chronically understaffed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 898, + "text": "their business is chronically understaffed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 916, + "text": "chronically understaffed" + } + ], + "question": "What happens when business underpays their workers?", + "id": "5727ec062ca10214002d99b8", + "evidences": [ + "Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed.", + "Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1000, + "text": "offering a higher wage" + }, + { + "answer_start": 997, + "text": "by offering a higher wage" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1000, + "text": "offering a higher wage the best of their labor" + } + ], + "question": "How do competing businesses attract workers?", + "id": "5727ec062ca10214002d99b9", + "evidences": [ + "Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor.", + "Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 834, + "text": "unfair" + }, + { + "answer_start": 772, + "text": "high levels of inequality" + }, + { + "answer_start": 772, + "text": "high levels of inequality" + } + ], + "question": "What type of outcomes can even stable markets lead to?", + "id": "5729d878af94a219006aa66f", + "evidences": [ + "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.", + "Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job. This is because competition between workers drives down the wage. An example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service. Competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job. A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions (high demand), will result in high wages for that job. This is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage. Examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills, rare abilities, or a high level of risk. Competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job, since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position. Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members. Members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 126, + "text": "low demand" + }, + { + "answer_start": 75, + "text": "high supply" + }, + { + "answer_start": 155, + "text": "low wage" + } + ], + "question": "When there are many workers competing for a few jobs its considered as what?", + "id": "5727ed2e3acd2414000df002", + "evidences": [ + "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job.", + "A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time (high supply) competing for a job that few require (low demand) will result in a low wage for that job." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 970, + "text": "Professional and labor organizations" + }, + { + "answer_start": 970, + "text": "Professional and labor organizations" + }, + { + "answer_start": 970, + "text": "Professional and labor organizations" + } + ], + "question": "Who works to get workers higher compensation?", + "id": "5727ed2e3acd2414000df005", + "evidences": [ + "Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members.", + "Professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment). However, most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity. Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter (\"push\" motivations), whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations (\"pull\") such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products, services, or underserved market needs. The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 64, + "text": "entrepreneurship rates" + }, + { + "answer_start": 64, + "text": "entrepreneurship rates" + }, + { + "answer_start": 64, + "text": "entrepreneurship rates" + } + ], + "question": "What increases with the increase of income inequality?", + "id": "5727ee372ca10214002d99ec", + "evidences": [ + "On the other hand, higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level (self-employment).", + "higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 203, + "text": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship" + }, + { + "answer_start": 203, + "text": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship" + }, + { + "answer_start": 203, + "text": "Necessity-based entrepreneurship" + } + ], + "question": "Survivial is at the heart of what concept for workers?", + "id": "5727ee372ca10214002d99ed", + "evidences": [ + "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter", + "Necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime. Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board. The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 244, + "text": "top tax rate" + }, + { + "answer_start": 203, + "text": "progressive tax" + }, + { + "answer_start": 244, + "text": "top" + } + ], + "question": "What tax rate has a direct relationship with income inequality?", + "id": "5727ef664b864d1900164061", + "evidences": [ + "In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society", + "In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 502, + "text": "social spending" + }, + { + "answer_start": 502, + "text": "social spending" + }, + { + "answer_start": 465, + "text": "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending" + } + ], + "question": "What can work to even the distribution of wealth?", + "id": "5727ef664b864d1900164062", + "evidences": [ + "Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board.", + "steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 671, + "text": "the Gini index" + }, + { + "answer_start": 613, + "text": "Gini" + }, + { + "answer_start": 613, + "text": "Gini" + } + ], + "question": "What index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending?", + "id": "5729e02f1d0469140077963c", + "evidences": [ + "The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.", + "The difference between the Gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education, however, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment. Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 409, + "text": "optional education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 374, + "text": "education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 374, + "text": "education" + } + ], + "question": "What do people with lower income have less access to?", + "id": "5727f05b4b864d1900164069", + "evidences": [ + "As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages.", + "those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "poor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "poor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 719, + "text": "poor" + } + ], + "question": "Who has limited productive potential when faced with less access to education?", + "id": "5727f05b4b864d190016406b", + "evidences": [ + "Conversely, education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.", + "education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 578, + "text": "savings and investment" + }, + { + "answer_start": 374, + "text": "education," + }, + { + "answer_start": 418, + "text": "education" + } + ], + "question": "What are those with lower incomes less likely to have in order to prepare for the future?", + "id": "5727f05b4b864d190016406c", + "evidences": [ + "The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment.", + "a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 2014, economists with the Standard & Poor's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the U.S.'s wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles. To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education. It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "increasing access to education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "increasing access to education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 348, + "text": "increasing access to education" + } + ], + "question": "What did Standard & Poor recommend to speed economy recovery?", + "id": "5727f16c3acd2414000df05b", + "evidences": [ + "To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education.", + "To partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth, S&P recommended increasing access to education." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 505, + "text": "$105 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 505, + "text": "$105 billion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 505, + "text": "$105 billion" + } + ], + "question": "How much potential economic growth could the United States amass if everyone went through more schooling?", + "id": "5727f16c3acd2414000df05c", + "evidences": [ + "It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years.", + "It estimated that if the average United States worker had completed just one more year of school, it would add an additional $105 billion in growth to the country's economy over five years." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor. High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work. In fact, it differs from the present high school education, which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees. This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. Education is very important for the growth of the economy, however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy. Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap. It is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth, which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 76, + "text": "increase" + }, + { + "answer_start": 73, + "text": "an increase" + }, + { + "answer_start": 76, + "text": "increase" + } + ], + "question": "What impact did the high school education movement have on the presence of skilled workers?", + "id": "5727f2714b864d1900164073", + "evidences": [ + "During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor.", + "During the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940, there was an increase in skilled workers, which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 792, + "text": "gender inequality in education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 792, + "text": "gender inequality in education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 733, + "text": "education" + } + ], + "question": "What impacts gender inequality in wages?", + "id": "5727f2714b864d1900164075", + "evidences": [ + "Lagerlof and Galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education, thus creating a poverty trap.", + "gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth, and continued gender inequality in education" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 459, + "text": "period of compression" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "decrease in wages" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "decrease in wages" + } + ], + "question": "What contributed to the decreased inequality between trained and untrained workers?", + "id": "5727f2714b864d1900164076", + "evidences": [ + "This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers.", + "This decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded \"The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "unions" + }, + { + "answer_start": 145, + "text": "union membership" + }, + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "unions" + } + ], + "question": "What types of organizations are on a decline in the US which adversely effects economic mobility?", + "id": "5727f6723acd2414000df0e7", + "evidences": [ + "John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality.", + "economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 961, + "text": "continental European countries" + }, + { + "answer_start": 961, + "text": "continental European countries" + }, + { + "answer_start": 961, + "text": "continental European" + } + ], + "question": "Which set of countries have higher economic mobility than the United States?", + "id": "5727f6723acd2414000df0e8", + "evidences": [ + "the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available.\"", + "the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 299, + "text": "continental European liberalism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "European liberalism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 299, + "text": "continental European liberalism" + } + ], + "question": "Under which policy are labor unions encouraged?", + "id": "5727f6723acd2414000df0e9", + "evidences": [ + "In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism", + "In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes \"the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 77, + "text": "decline of organized labor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 77, + "text": "decline of organized labor" + }, + { + "answer_start": 77, + "text": "decline of organized labor" + } + ], + "question": "What has had a negative impact on the labor markets in the US?", + "id": "5727f7523acd2414000df10f", + "evidences": [ + "Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization", + "the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economist Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the United States. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production, resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable. However, he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in America is minor when compared to other causes, such as technological innovation, a view shared by other experts. Empirical economists Max Roser and Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality. They empirically confirm the predictions of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes. Lawrence Katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15% of rising income inequality. Robert Lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations, and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 187, + "text": "reduced wages" + }, + { + "answer_start": 187, + "text": "reduced wages" + }, + { + "answer_start": 187, + "text": "reduced wages" + } + ], + "question": "What effect does trade with poorer countries have on the workers in richer countries?", + "id": "5727fc37ff5b5019007d9a18", + "evidences": [ + "When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition,", + "When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In many countries, there is a Gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market. Several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate. Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men. The income gap in other countries ranges from 53% in Botswana to -40% in Bahrain.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "less willing to travel or relocate" + }, + { + "answer_start": 392, + "text": "women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy" + }, + { + "answer_start": 398, + "text": "not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy" + } + ], + "question": "What is attributed to the income inequality in the United States?", + "id": "5727fd123acd2414000df187", + "evidences": [ + "Thomas Sowell, in his book Knowledge and Decisions, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy, but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference.", + "On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 166, + "text": "women" + }, + { + "answer_start": 166, + "text": "women" + }, + { + "answer_start": 166, + "text": "women" + } + ], + "question": "What gender is less willing to travel or relocate for work?", + "id": "5729f1c13f37b319004785e9", + "evidences": [ + "On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate.", + "On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work, and may be less willing to travel or relocate." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality. Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "social welfare" + }, + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "social welfare" + }, + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "social welfare" + } + ], + "question": "What types of programs help to redistribute wealth?", + "id": "5727ff083acd2414000df1ab", + "evidences": [ + "Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.", + "Eventually, through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "relatively equal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "relatively equal distributions of wealth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 158, + "text": "low" + } + ], + "question": "What is the level of inequality in underdeveloped countries?", + "id": "5727ff083acd2414000df1ac", + "evidences": [ + "According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth.", + "countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "more capital" + }, + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "more capital" + }, + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "more capital" + } + ], + "question": "What introduces inequality to a country?", + "id": "5727ff083acd2414000df1ad", + "evidences": [ + "As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality.", + "As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Economist" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Economist" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Economist" + } + ], + "question": "What profession does Simon Kuznets have?", + "id": "5729f24baf94a219006aa6dd", + "evidences": [ + "Economist Simon Kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development.", + "Economist Simon Kuznets" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 844, + "text": "manufacturing" + }, + { + "answer_start": 844, + "text": "manufacturing" + } + ], + "question": "In what sector are jobs beginning to decrease?", + "id": "57287b322ca10214002da3c1", + "evidences": [ + "It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.", + "It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 178, + "text": "Kuznets curve" + }, + { + "answer_start": 178, + "text": "Kuznets curve" + }, + { + "answer_start": 178, + "text": "Kuznets curve" + } + ], + "question": "What is a a developing economy's level of inequality bulging out called?", + "id": "5729f3883f37b319004785f2", + "evidences": [ + "Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve.", + "Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [pp. 384 Table 12.2, U.S. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 713, + "text": "larger fortunes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 423, + "text": "wealth condensation" + }, + { + "answer_start": 247, + "text": "wealth" + } + ], + "question": "What tends to lead to more money?", + "id": "57287c2bff5b5019007da26f", + "evidences": [ + "Thomas Piketty in his book Capital in the Twenty-First Century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns", + "larger fortunes generate higher returns" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 139, + "text": "the possession of already-wealthy individuals" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities" + }, + { + "answer_start": 157, + "text": "already-wealthy individuals" + } + ], + "question": "Where does newly created wealth concentrate? ", + "id": "5729f4273f37b319004785fb", + "evidences": [ + "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities.", + "Wealth concentration is a theoretical[according to whom?] process by which, under certain conditions, newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 224, + "text": "those who already hold wealth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 224, + "text": "those who already hold wealth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 224, + "text": "those who already hold wealth" + } + ], + "question": "Who is best able to leverage the accumulation of wealth?", + "id": "5729f4273f37b319004785fc", + "evidences": [ + "According to this theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth.", + "those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from \"grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 740, + "text": "rent-seeking" + }, + { + "answer_start": 740, + "text": "rent-seeking" + } + ], + "question": "Income not from the creation of wealth but by grabbing a larger share of it is know to economists by what term?", + "id": "5729f4e46aef05140015515a", + "evidences": [ + "market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\".", + "market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as \"rent-seeking\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption. For the top 21 industrialised countries, counting each person equally, life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries (r = -.907). A similar relationship exists among US states (r = -.620).", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 11, + "text": "inequality" + }, + { + "answer_start": 11, + "text": "inequality" + }, + { + "answer_start": 11, + "text": "inequality" + } + ], + "question": "What is a lower rate of social goods an effect of?", + "id": "5729f60caf94a219006aa6f2", + "evidences": [ + "Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods", + "Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 262, + "text": "negative" + }, + { + "answer_start": 262, + "text": "negative effect" + }, + { + "answer_start": 262, + "text": "negative" + } + ], + "question": "Persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth?", + "id": "572a05eb3f37b31900478655", + "evidences": [ + "High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.", + "High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 128, + "text": "better health and longer lives" + }, + { + "answer_start": 128, + "text": "better health and longer lives" + }, + { + "answer_start": 128, + "text": "better health and longer lives" + } + ], + "question": "What did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history?", + "id": "572a070c6aef0514001551c8", + "evidences": [ + "For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives.", + "For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\", and more common among states in the US with larger income inequalities. Other studies have confirmed this relationship. The UNICEF index of \"child well-being in rich countries\", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "income inequality" + }, + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "income inequality" + }, + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "income inequality" + } + ], + "question": "What characteristic in recent years has been strongly tied with health in developed countries?", + "id": "572a07a86aef0514001551d2", + "evidences": [ + "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality.", + "In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 190, + "text": "authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett" + }, + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett" + }, + { + "answer_start": 198, + "text": "Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett" + } + ], + "question": "Who created an index of health and social problems?", + "id": "572a07a86aef0514001551d3", + "evidences": [ + "Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\"", + "Creating an index of \"Health and Social Problems\" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems \"more common in countries with bigger income inequalities\"" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger. Research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries, as well as studying areas within countries. Daly et al. 2001 found that among U.S States and Canadian Provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state. Fajnzylber et al. (2002) found a similar relationship worldwide. Among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are:", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "homicides" + }, + { + "answer_start": 158, + "text": "homicides" + } + ], + "question": "What is almost identical across all nations and jurisdictions?", + "id": "572a0a391d046914007796e0", + "evidences": [ + "Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions.", + "Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic. A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced \"distributive efficiency\" within society, that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility. An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare; while, an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person. Thus, the marginal utility of wealth per person (\"the additional dollar\") decreases as a person becomes richer. From this standpoint, for any given amount of wealth in society, a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility. Some studies have found evidence for this theory, noting that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 47, + "text": "the greatest good" + }, + { + "answer_start": 51, + "text": "greatest good" + }, + { + "answer_start": 60, + "text": "good" + } + ], + "question": "What does the utilitarian principle seek for the greatest number of people?", + "id": "572a0bafaf94a219006aa765", + "evidences": [ + "Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic.", + "Following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "distributive efficiency" + }, + { + "answer_start": 266, + "text": "distributive efficiency" + }, + { + "answer_start": 265, + "text": "\"distributive efficiency\"" + } + ], + "question": "An adobe that provides less utility to one person than another is an example of reduced what?", + "id": "572a0bafaf94a219006aa766", + "evidences": [ + "A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced \"distributive efficiency\" within society", + "A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five, is an example of reduced \"distributive efficiency\" within society" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that \"systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past\" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low. This has given the American economy a tendency to go \"from bubble to bubble\" fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "easier credit" + }, + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "easier credit to the lower and middle income earners" + }, + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "easier credit to the lower and middle income earners" + } + ], + "question": "What does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power?", + "id": "572a0d21af94a219006aa786", + "evidences": [ + "To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners", + "To compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power, political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "According to International Monetary Fund economists, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells (not the rate of growth). High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education. According to IMF staff economists, \"if the income share of the top 20 percent (the rich) increases, then GDP growth actually declines over the medium term, suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down. In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth. The poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic, social, and political channels.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "quality of a country's institutions" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education" + } + ], + "question": "What do high levels of inequality prevent beyond economic prosperity?", + "id": "572a0e0e1d04691400779708", + "evidences": [ + "High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education.", + "High levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity, but also the quality of a country's institutions and high levels of education." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 629, + "text": "higher GDP growth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 629, + "text": "higher GDP growth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 629, + "text": "higher GDP growth" + } + ], + "question": "What does an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in?", + "id": "572a0e0e1d0469140077970a", + "evidences": [ + "In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth.", + "In contrast, an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent (the poor) is associated with higher GDP growth." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "According to economists David Castells-Quintana and Vicente Royuela, increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and conflict. Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 97, + "text": "economic growth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 97, + "text": "economic growth" + }, + { + "answer_start": 97, + "text": "economic growth" + } + ], + "question": "What does increasing inequality harm?", + "id": "572a0ecb1d04691400779718", + "evidences": [ + "High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth.", + "High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 622, + "text": "inequality-associated effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 622, + "text": "inequality-associated effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 622, + "text": "inequality" + } + ], + "question": "Policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they reduce what?", + "id": "572a0ecb1d0469140077971b", + "evidences": [ + "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth.", + "Policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand. Economist Branko Milanovic, wrote in 2001 that, \"The view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years. ... The main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development. When physical capital mattered most, savings and investments were key. Then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital. But now that human capital is scarcer than machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 36, + "text": "evidence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 36, + "text": "evidence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 113, + "text": "prevent growth" + } + ], + "question": "What did Stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality?", + "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa78d", + "evidences": [ + "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand.", + "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 128, + "text": "by limiting aggregate demand" + }, + { + "answer_start": 131, + "text": "limiting aggregate demand" + }, + { + "answer_start": 131, + "text": "limiting aggregate demand" + } + ], + "question": "How does inequality prevent growth?", + "id": "572a1046af94a219006aa78e", + "evidences": [ + "Economist Joseph Stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand.", + "both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, \"more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 114, + "text": "detrimental" + }, + { + "answer_start": 101, + "text": "long lasting detrimental effect" + }, + { + "answer_start": 101, + "text": "long lasting detrimental" + } + ], + "question": "Inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation?", + "id": "572a11663f37b31900478694", + "evidences": [ + "In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development.", + "inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the Kuznets curve hypothesis, which states that with economic development, inequality first increases, then decreases. Economist Thomas Piketty challenges this notion, claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and \"violent economic and political shocks\" reduced inequality. Moreover, Piketty argues that the \"magical\" Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 85, + "text": "Kuznets curve hypothesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 85, + "text": "Kuznets curve hypothesis" + }, + { + "answer_start": 85, + "text": "Kuznets curve hypothesis" + } + ], + "question": "What have studies on income inequality sometimes found evidence confirming?", + "id": "572a13841d0469140077973b", + "evidences": [ + "Moreover, Piketty argues that the \"magical\" Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s.", + "the \"magical\" Kuznets curve hypothesis, with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run, cannot account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: \"While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 726, + "text": "reduction" + }, + { + "answer_start": 616, + "text": "halve poverty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 616, + "text": "halve poverty" + } + ], + "question": "What does it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve?", + "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155286", + "evidences": [ + "For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction.", + "For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2% per head and 40% of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 884, + "text": "reducing poverty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 884, + "text": "reducing poverty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 884, + "text": "reducing poverty" + } + ], + "question": "What isn't economic growth sufficient for progress on?", + "id": "572a1a5c6aef051400155288", + "evidences": [ + "In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: \"While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.\"", + "In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: \"While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty.\"" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building, In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 253, + "text": "extra-legal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 253, + "text": "extra-legal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 253, + "text": "extra-legal" + } + ], + "question": "Excessive bureaucratic red tape is one of the reasons for what type of ownership?", + "id": "572a1ba46aef051400155290", + "evidences": [ + "Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building", + "Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (Rhoda 1994:148). Through gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units. The ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 236, + "text": "quality rental units" + }, + { + "answer_start": 236, + "text": "quality rental units" + }, + { + "answer_start": 236, + "text": "quality rental units" + } + ], + "question": "What decreased in number between 1984 and 1991?", + "id": "572a1c943f37b319004786e2", + "evidences": [ + "David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased", + "David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "demand for higher quality housing increased" + }, + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "demand for higher quality housing increased" + }, + { + "answer_start": 274, + "text": "demand for higher quality housing increased" + } + ], + "question": "Why did the demand for rentals decrease?", + "id": "572a1c943f37b319004786e3", + "evidences": [ + "the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased", + "the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Firstly, certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone, such as the costs of housing, pensions, education and health care. If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances. Secondly, aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt. The result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 323, + "text": "their finances" + }, + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "finances" + }, + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "finances" + } + ], + "question": "What are those with lower incomes often unable to manage?", + "id": "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f6", + "evidences": [ + "If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances.", + "If the state does not provide these services, then for those on lower incomes, the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "aspirational consumption" + }, + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "aspirational consumption" + }, + { + "answer_start": 349, + "text": "aspirational consumption" + } + ], + "question": "What is the term when middle income earners aspire to obtain the same standards of living as people wealthier than themselves?", + "id": "572a1dbb3f37b319004786f7", + "evidences": [ + "aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt.", + "aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contrast, the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 509, + "text": "socially" + }, + { + "answer_start": 509, + "text": "socially" + }, + { + "answer_start": 509, + "text": "socially" + } + ], + "question": "How do socialists think the means of production should be owned?", + "id": "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3", + "evidences": [ + "socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product.", + "socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property, and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves. John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice. Some see Rawls's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy Rawls's theory of justice.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 184, + "text": "force" + }, + { + "answer_start": 184, + "text": "force" + } + ], + "question": "In an ideal moral society, what would all citizens be free from?", + "id": "572a20816aef0514001552e6", + "evidences": [ + "Robert Nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force.", + "the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 276, + "text": "forceful taking of property" + }, + { + "answer_start": 276, + "text": "forceful taking of property" + }, + { + "answer_start": 276, + "text": "forceful taking of property" + } + ], + "question": "How were some modern economic inequalities created?", + "id": "572a20816aef0514001552e7", + "evidences": [ + "However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property", + "However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 548, + "text": "when they improve society as a whole" + }, + { + "answer_start": 548, + "text": "when they improve society as a whole" + }, + { + "answer_start": 548, + "text": "when they improve society as a whole" + } + ], + "question": "When are inequalities in wealth justified, according to John Rawls?", + "id": "572a20816aef0514001552e8", + "evidences": [ + "John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole", + "John Rawls argued in A Theory of Justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "When a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives. As a result, income and economic inequality increases, and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid. To prevent such inequality, this approach believes it’s important to have political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 427, + "text": "for fear of their lives" + }, + { + "answer_start": 431, + "text": "fear of their lives" + }, + { + "answer_start": 431, + "text": "fear of their lives" + } + ], + "question": "Why would rampant violence prevent people from going to work?", + "id": "572a2224af94a219006aa826", + "evidences": [ + "There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives.", + "There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Yuan_dynasty", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus[a]), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia and Korea. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "1271" + }, + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "1271" + }, + { + "answer_start": 351, + "text": "1271" + } + ], + "question": "When did Khan formally declare the Yuan dynasty?", + "id": "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba", + "evidences": [ + "Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style.", + "it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and an imperial Chinese dynasty. It was the khanate ruled by the successors of Möngke Khan after the division of the Mongol Empire. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.[b] In the Proclamation of the Dynastic Name (《建國號詔》), Kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as Great Yuan and claimed the succession of former Chinese dynasties from the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors to the Tang dynasty.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 410, + "text": "Genghis Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 410, + "text": "Genghis Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 410, + "text": "Genghis Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Kublai Khan's grandfather?", + "id": "572860e03acd2414000df97a", + "evidences": [ + "The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.", + "The dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, yet he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. \"Dà Yuán\" (大元) is from the sentence \"大哉乾元\" (dà zai Qián Yuán / \"Great is Qián, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the \"Yeke Mongghul Ulus\" (lit. \"Great Mongol State\"), resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning \"Great Yuan Great Mongol State\". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the \"Mongol dynasty\" or \"Mongol Dynasty of China\", similar to the names \"Manchu dynasty\" or \"Manchu Dynasty of China\" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the \"Empire of the Great Khan\" or \"Khanate of the Great Khan\", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 228, + "text": "the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)" + }, + { + "answer_start": 228, + "text": "the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes" + } + ], + "question": "What writing inspired the name Great Yuan?", + "id": "57286192ff5b5019007da1dd", + "evidences": [ + "\"Dà Yuán\" (大元) is from the sentence \"大哉乾元\" (dà zai Qián Yuán / \"Great is Qián, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾).", + "\"Dà Yuán\" (大元) is from the sentence \"大哉乾元\" (dà zai Qián Yuán / \"Great is Qián, the Primal\") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾)." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Genghis Khan united the Mongol and Turkic tribes of the steppes and became Great Khan in 1206. He and his successors expanded the Mongol empire across Asia. Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China. Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei. Kublai was unable to read Chinese but had several Han Chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother Sorghaghtani. He sought the counsel of Chinese Buddhist and Confucian advisers. Möngke Khan succeeded Ögedei's son, Güyük, as Great Khan in 1251. He granted his brother Kublai control over Mongol held territories in China. Kublai built schools for Confucian scholars, issued paper money, revived Chinese rituals, and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth. He adopted as his capital city Kaiping in Inner Mongolia, later renamed Shangdu.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 196, + "text": "Ögedei Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 196, + "text": "Ögedei Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 196, + "text": "Ögedei Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Genghis's 3rd son?", + "id": "572863c72ca10214002da2d6", + "evidences": [ + "Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234, conquering most of northern China.", + "Under the reign of Genghis' third son, Ögedei Khan, the Mongols destroyed the weakened Jin dynasty in 1234" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 319, + "text": "nephew" + }, + { + "answer_start": 319, + "text": "nephew" + }, + { + "answer_start": 319, + "text": "nephew" + } + ], + "question": "What was Kublai Khan's relation to Ogedei Khan?", + "id": "572863c72ca10214002da2d8", + "evidences": [ + "Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position in Xingzhou, Hebei.", + "Ögedei offered his nephew Kublai a position" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Many Han Chinese and Khitan defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Ogödei Khan. Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were 4 Han Tumens and 3 Khitan Tumens, with each Tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan Generals Shimobeidier (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒) and Xiaozhacizhizizhongxi (蕭札刺之子重喜) commanded the three Khitan Tumens and the four Han Generals Zhang Rou, Yan Shi, Shi Tianze, and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ogödei Khan.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 155, + "text": "Xiao Zhala" + }, + { + "answer_start": 155, + "text": "Xiao Zhala" + }, + { + "answer_start": 155, + "text": "Xiao Zhala" + } + ], + "question": "What Khitan leader defected to the Mongols?", + "id": "572864dd4b864d1900164977", + "evidences": [ + "Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army.", + "Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze, Liu Heima (劉黑馬, Liu Ni), and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and commanded the 3 Tumens in the Mongol army." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty. Interethnic marriage between Han and Jurchen became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直, Shih Ping-chih). Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. The surnames of his Jurchen wives were Mo-nien and Na-ho; the surname of his Korean wife was Li; and the surname of his Han Chinese wife was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son Shi Gang married a Kerait woman; the Kerait were Mongolified Turkic people and were considered part of the \"Mongol nation\". Shi Tianze (Shih T'ien-tse), Zhang Rou (Chang Jou, 張柔), and Yan Shi (Yen Shih, 嚴實) and other high ranking Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state. Chagaan (Tsagaan) and Zhang Rou jointly launched an attack on the Song dynasty ordered by Töregene Khatun.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "Han Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "Han Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 17, + "text": "Han Chinese" + } + ], + "question": "What ethnicity was Shi Tianze?", + "id": "5728661e2ca10214002da2e8", + "evidences": [ + "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty.", + "Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived in the Jin dynasty." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 147, + "text": "Shi Bingzhi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 147, + "text": "Shi Bingzhi" + }, + { + "answer_start": 147, + "text": "Shi Bingzhi" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Shi Tianze's father?", + "id": "5728661e2ca10214002da2eb", + "evidences": [ + "Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.", + "Shi Bingzhi was married to a Jurchen woman (surname Na-ho) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Chang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Möngke Khan commenced a military campaign against the Chinese Song dynasty in southern China. The Mongol force that invaded southern China was far greater than the force they sent to invade the Middle East in 1256. He died in 1259 without a successor. Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne. Kublai convened a kurultai in Kaiping that elected him Great Khan. A rival kurultai in Mongolia proclaimed Ariq Böke Great Khan, beginning a civil war. Kublai depended on the cooperation of his Chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources. He bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional Chinese dynasties and adopting the Chinese era name of Zhongtong. Ariq Böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264. All of the three western khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate and Ilkhanate) became functionally autonomous, although only the Ilkhans truly recognized Kublai as Great Khan. Civil strife had permanently divided the Mongol Empire.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 333, + "text": "Ariq Böke" + }, + { + "answer_start": 333, + "text": "Ariq Böke" + }, + { + "answer_start": 333, + "text": "Ariq Böke" + } + ], + "question": "Who challenged Kublai Khan's right to succeed Mongke Khan?", + "id": "572867212ca10214002da2f5", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne.", + "Kublai returned from fighting the Song in 1260 when he learned that his brother, Ariq Böke, was challenging his claim to the throne." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Instability troubled the early years of Kublai Khan's reign. Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain. The hostile but weakened Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south. Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state. Kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest. Li Tan, the son-in-law of a powerful official, instigated a revolt against Mongol rule in 1262. After successfully suppressing the revolt, Kublai curbed the influence of the Han Chinese advisers in his court. He feared that his dependence on Chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the Song.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "Ogedei" + }, + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "Ogedei" + }, + { + "answer_start": 61, + "text": "Ogedei" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Kaidu's grandfather?", + "id": "572867d72ca10214002da2fc", + "evidences": [ + "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai and threatened the western frontier of Kublai's domain.", + "Ogedei's grandson Kaidu refused to submit to Kublai" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 319, + "text": "Wonjong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 312, + "text": "prince Wonjong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 312, + "text": "prince Wonjong" + } + ], + "question": "Who did Kublai make the ruler of Korea?", + "id": "572867d72ca10214002da2fe", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state.", + "Kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince Wonjong as the ruler of Korea, making it a Mongol tributary state." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, but their official rank was nebulous.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 390, + "text": "local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties" + }, + { + "answer_start": 390, + "text": "local administrative structure" + }, + { + "answer_start": 390, + "text": "local" + } + ], + "question": "What administrative division did Kublai leave unmodified?", + "id": "572869b84b864d19001649b0", + "evidences": [ + "He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged.", + "He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 601, + "text": "Han Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 601, + "text": "Han Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 597, + "text": "the Han Chinese" + } + ], + "question": "Who would have been the lowest-ranked class?", + "id": "572869b84b864d19001649b2", + "evidences": [ + "However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank.", + "However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 325, + "text": "salt and iron" + }, + { + "answer_start": 325, + "text": "salt and iron" + }, + { + "answer_start": 325, + "text": "salt and iron" + } + ], + "question": "What natural resources did the Chinese government have a monopoly on?", + "id": "572869b84b864d19001649af", + "evidences": [ + "He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron.", + "He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266. In 1271, Kublai formally claimed the Mandate of Heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元) in the style of a traditional Chinese dynasty. The name of the dynasty originated from the I Ching and describes the \"origin of the universe\" or a \"primal force\". Kublai proclaimed Khanbaliq the \"Great Capital\" or Daidu (Dadu, Chinese: 大都 in Chinese) of the dynasty. The era name was changed to Zhiyuan to herald a new era of Chinese history. The adoption of a dynastic name legitimized Mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional Chinese political succession. Khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration, while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 51, + "text": "Karakorum" + }, + { + "answer_start": 51, + "text": "Karakorum" + }, + { + "answer_start": 51, + "text": "Karakorum" + } + ], + "question": "Where had the Mongol capital been before Kublai moved it?", + "id": "57286b003acd2414000df9c1", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.", + "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 151, + "text": "Zhongdu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 151, + "text": "Zhongdu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 151, + "text": "Zhongdu" + } + ], + "question": "What city later became Beijing?", + "id": "57286b003acd2414000df9c4", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai readied the move of the Mongol capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Khanbaliq in 1264, constructing a new city near the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing, in 1266.", + "the former Jurchen capital Zhongdu, now modern Beijing" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Kublai Khan promoted commercial, scientific, and cultural growth. He supported the merchants of the Silk Road trade network by protecting the Mongol postal system, constructing infrastructure, providing loans that financed trade caravans, and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes (鈔, Chao). Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West. Kublai expanded the Grand Canal from southern China to Daidu in the north. Mongol rule was cosmopolitan under Kublai Khan. He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China. Marco Polo's travels would later inspire many others like Christopher Columbus to chart a passage to the Far East in search of its legendary wealth.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Mongol peace" + }, + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Mongol peace" + }, + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Mongol peace" + } + ], + "question": "What does 'Pax Mongolica' mean?", + "id": "57286bb84b864d19001649c9", + "evidences": [ + "Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West.", + "Pax Mongolica, Mongol peace, enabled the spread of technologies, commodities, and culture between China and the West." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "Marco Polo" + }, + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "Marco Polo" + }, + { + "answer_start": 615, + "text": "Marco Polo" + } + ], + "question": "Who described Kublai's China to Europe?", + "id": "57286bb84b864d19001649cc", + "evidences": [ + "He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China.", + "He welcomed foreign visitors to his court, such as the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, who wrote the most influential European account of Yuan China." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 777, + "text": "30,000" + }, + { + "answer_start": 777, + "text": "30,000" + }, + { + "answer_start": 777, + "text": "30,000" + } + ], + "question": "How many people in Quzhou are descended from Confucius?", + "id": "57286c8cff5b5019007da21c", + "evidences": [ + "The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.", + "The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 318, + "text": "Yangzi River basin" + }, + { + "answer_start": 318, + "text": "Yangzi River basin" + }, + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "the Song dynasty" + } + ], + "question": "What area was Kublai trying to capture by attacking Xiangyang?", + "id": "57286d4f2ca10214002da32a", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin.", + "Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 675, + "text": "drowned" + }, + { + "answer_start": 675, + "text": "drowned" + }, + { + "answer_start": 675, + "text": "drowned" + } + ], + "question": "How did the final Song emperor die?", + "id": "57286d4f2ca10214002da32c", + "evidences": [ + "The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty.", + "The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 34, + "text": "1253" + }, + { + "answer_start": 34, + "text": "1253" + }, + { + "answer_start": 34, + "text": "1253" + } + ], + "question": "When was Dali conquered by the Yuan?", + "id": "57286ead2ca10214002da346", + "evidences": [ + "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general", + "Following the conquest of Dali in 1253" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 640, + "text": "Emperor Chengzong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 640, + "text": "Emperor Chengzong" + }, + { + "answer_start": 640, + "text": "Emperor Chengzong" + } + ], + "question": "What was Temur Khan's Chinese-style name?", + "id": "57286ead2ca10214002da349", + "evidences": [ + "Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307.", + "Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The fourth Yuan emperor, Buyantu Khan (Ayurbarwada), was a competent emperor. He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite. He had been mentored by Li Meng, a Confucian academic. He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials. Starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials, testing their knowledge on significant historical works. Also, he codified much of the law, as well as publishing or translating a number of Chinese books and works.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 111, + "text": "actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture" + }, + { + "answer_start": 111, + "text": "actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture" + }, + { + "answer_start": 132, + "text": "adopt mainstream Chinese culture" + } + ], + "question": "What did the Mongol elites wish Buyantu didn't do?", + "id": "57286f373acd2414000df9dc", + "evidences": [ + "He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite.", + "He was the first Yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture after the reign of Kublai, to the discontent of some Mongol elite." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "the Department of State Affairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 342, + "text": "Department of State Affairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 338, + "text": "the Department of State Affairs" + } + ], + "question": "What government department did Buyantu shut down?", + "id": "57286f373acd2414000df9de", + "evidences": [ + "He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials.", + "He made many reforms, including the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs (Chinese: 尚書省), which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323. He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju. During his reign, the Da Yuan Tong Zhi (Chinese: 大元通制, \"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan\"), a huge collection of codes and regulations of the Yuan dynasty begun by his father, was formally promulgated. Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms. They placed Yesün Temür (or Taidingdi) on the throne, and, after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes, he also succumbed to regicide.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "Gegeen Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "Gegeen Khan" + }, + { + "answer_start": 8, + "text": "Gegeen Khan" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Ayurbarwada's son?", + "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e5", + "evidences": [ + "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor, ruled for only two years, from 1321 to 1323.", + "Emperor Gegeen Khan, Ayurbarwada's son and successor" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "Baiju" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "Baiju" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "Baiju" + } + ], + "question": "Who did Gegeen appoint as grand chancellor?", + "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e7", + "evidences": [ + "He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju.", + "He continued his father's policies to reform the government based on the Confucian principles, with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor Baiju." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 517, + "text": "five" + }, + { + "answer_start": 517, + "text": "five" + }, + { + "answer_start": 517, + "text": "five" + } + ], + "question": "How many rival princes were involved in assassinating Gegeen?", + "id": "57286fa83acd2414000df9e9", + "evidences": [ + "Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction, perhaps steppe elite opposed to Confucian reforms.", + "Gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür. He was installed as the emperor (Emperor Wenzong) in Khanbaliq, while Yesün Temür's son Ragibagh succeeded to the throne in Shangdu with the support of Yesün Temür's favorite retainer Dawlat Shah. Gaining support from princes and officers in Northern China and some other parts of the dynasty, Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals. Afterwards, Tugh Temür abdicated in favour of his brother Kusala, who was backed by Chagatai Khan Eljigidey, and announced Khanbaliq's intent to welcome him. However, Kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with Tugh Temür. He was supposedly killed with poison by El Temür, and Tugh Temür then remounted the throne. Tugh Temür also managed to send delegates to the western Mongol khanates such as Golden Horde and Ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of Mongol world. However, he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official El Temür during his latter three-year reign. El Temür purged pro-Kusala officials and brought power to warlords, whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 490, + "text": "the War of the Two Capitals" + }, + { + "answer_start": 494, + "text": "War of the Two Capitals" + }, + { + "answer_start": 490, + "text": "the War of the Two Capitals" + } + ], + "question": "What was the civil war against Ragibagh also called?", + "id": "5728705c2ca10214002da35b", + "evidences": [ + "Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals.", + "Khanbaliq-based Tugh Temür eventually won the civil war against Ragibagh known as the War of the Two Capitals." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 795, + "text": "El Temür" + }, + { + "answer_start": 795, + "text": "El Temür" + } + ], + "question": "Who was thought to have killed Tugh Temur?", + "id": "5728705c2ca10214002da35d", + "evidences": [ + "When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür.", + "When Yesün Temür died in Shangdu in 1328, Tugh Temür was recalled to Khanbaliq by the Qipchaq commander El Temür." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead. He adopted many measures honoring Confucianism and promoting Chinese cultural values. His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake \"a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment\". The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books, but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named Jingshi Dadian (Chinese: 經世大典). Tugh Temür supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 88, + "text": "his cultural contribution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 88, + "text": "his cultural contribution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 88, + "text": "his cultural contribution" + } + ], + "question": "What was Tugh Temur known for?", + "id": "5728710c3acd2414000df9ef", + "evidences": [ + "Due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by El Temür, Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead.", + "Tugh Temür is known for his cultural contribution instead." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 375, + "text": "spring of 1329" + }, + { + "answer_start": 385, + "text": "1329" + }, + { + "answer_start": 371, + "text": "the spring of 1329" + } + ], + "question": "When did Tugh Temur found his academy?", + "id": "5728710c3acd2414000df9f1", + "evidences": [ + "His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake \"a number of tasks relating to the transmission of Confucian high culture to the Mongolian imperial establishment\".", + "His most concrete effort to patronize Chinese learning was founding the Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature (Chinese: 奎章閣學士院), first established in the spring of 1329" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "1332" + }, + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "1332" + }, + { + "answer_start": 33, + "text": "1332" + } + ], + "question": "When did Tugh Temur die?", + "id": "572871bd3acd2414000dfa03", + "evidences": [ + "After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year", + "After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The final years of the Yuan dynasty were marked by struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace. In time, Kublai Khan's successors lost all influence on other Mongol lands across Asia, while the Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese. Gradually, they lost influence in China as well. The reigns of the later Yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries. Uninterested in administration, they were separated from both the army and the populace, and China was torn by dissension and unrest. Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "Outlaws ravaged the country" + }, + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "Outlaws" + }, + { + "answer_start": 532, + "text": "Outlaws" + } + ], + "question": "What were the Yuan armies too weak to stop?", + "id": "572872822ca10214002da377", + "evidences": [ + "Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies.", + "Outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening Yuan armies" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghun Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644), founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed; he died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still lived in Henan today.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 237, + "text": "the Red Turban Rebellion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "Red Turban Rebellion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "Red Turban Rebellion" + } + ], + "question": "What uprising began in 1351?", + "id": "57287338ff5b5019007da233", + "evidences": [ + "In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising.", + "In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "fear of betrayal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "fear of betrayal" + }, + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "fear of betrayal" + } + ], + "question": "Why did Toghun Temur dismiss Toghtogha?", + "id": "57287338ff5b5019007da234", + "evidences": [ + "In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal.", + "when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "1368–1644" + }, + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "1368–1644" + }, + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "1368–1644" + } + ], + "question": "When was the Ming dynasty in power?", + "id": "57287338ff5b5019007da236", + "evidences": [ + "He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644), founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in the south.", + "He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644)" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 217, + "text": "Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 217, + "text": "Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 217, + "text": "Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism" + } + ], + "question": "Besides Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam, what religions were tolerated during the Yuan?", + "id": "572879574b864d1900164a15", + "evidences": [ + "From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration.", + "From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "Confucian" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "Confucian governmental practices and examinations" + }, + { + "answer_start": 432, + "text": "Confucian" + } + ], + "question": "What type of practices did the Yuan reintroduce in government?", + "id": "572879574b864d1900164a17", + "evidences": [ + "Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society.", + "Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The first recorded travels by Europeans to China and back date from this time. The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to \"Cambaluc,\" the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe. The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299. Some argue over the accuracy of Marco Polo's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan. Some suggest that Marco Polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 177, + "text": "Cambaluc" + }, + { + "answer_start": 177, + "text": "Cambaluc" + }, + { + "answer_start": 177, + "text": "Cambaluc" + } + ], + "question": "What did Polo call the Yuan capital?", + "id": "57287b4a4b864d1900164a29", + "evidences": [ + "The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to \"Cambaluc,\" the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe.", + "The most famous traveler of the period was the Venetian Marco Polo, whose account of his trip to \"Cambaluc,\" the capital of the Great Khan, and of life there astounded the people of Europe." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 297, + "text": "Il milione" + }, + { + "answer_start": 297, + "text": "Il milione" + }, + { + "answer_start": 297, + "text": "Il milione" + } + ], + "question": "What was the Italian title of Polo's book?", + "id": "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2b", + "evidences": [ + "The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo), appeared about the year 1299.", + "The account of his travels, Il milione (or, The Million, known in English as the Travels of Marco Polo)" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 753, + "text": "through contact with Persian traders" + }, + { + "answer_start": 753, + "text": "through contact with Persian traders" + }, + { + "answer_start": 753, + "text": "through contact with Persian traders" + } + ], + "question": "How did some suspect that Polo learned about China instead of by actually visiting it?", + "id": "57287b4a4b864d1900164a2c", + "evidences": [ + "Some suggest that Marco Polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian.", + "Some suggest that Marco Polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with Persian traders since many of the places he named were in Persian." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, sorghum, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 290, + "text": "26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "365.2425 days of the year" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "365.2425 days of the year" + } + ], + "question": "How accurate did Guo make the reformed lunisolar calendar?", + "id": "57287c142ca10214002da3d1", + "evidences": [ + "Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement.", + "Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native Chinese people ruled all of China. In the historiography of Mongolia, it is generally considered to be the continuation of the Mongol Empire. Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven, and according to the traditional Mongolian ideology Yuan is considered to be \"the beginning of an infinite number of beings, the foundation of peace and happiness, state power, the dream of many peoples, besides it there is nothing great or precious.\" In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty. Note, however, Yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the Mongol Empire before Kublai Khan's formal establishment of the Yuan in 1271, partly because Kublai had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (Chinese: 太祖). Despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views (including the government of the Ming dynasty which overthrew the Yuan dynasty), there also exist Chinese people[who?] who did not consider the Yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of China, but rather as a period of foreign domination. The latter believe that Han Chinese were treated as second-class citizens,[citation needed] and that China stagnated economically and scientifically.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 230, + "text": "the Eternal Heaven" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "Eternal Heaven" + }, + { + "answer_start": 230, + "text": "the Eternal Heaven" + } + ], + "question": "What did Mongols worship?", + "id": "57287ccb2ca10214002da3db", + "evidences": [ + "Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven", + "Mongols are widely known to worship the Eternal Heaven" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 662, + "text": "Ming" + }, + { + "answer_start": 662, + "text": "Ming dynasty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 658, + "text": "the Ming dynasty" + } + ], + "question": "What legitimate dynasty came after the Yuan?", + "id": "57287ccb2ca10214002da3dd", + "evidences": [ + "In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty.", + "In traditional historiography of China, on the other hand, the Yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The system of bureaucracy created by Kublai Khan reflected various cultures in the empire, including that of the Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists. While the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native Chinese dynasties, the Yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures. The Chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties. Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign. This government adopted the traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices, including the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) to manage civil affairs, the Privy Council (Chinese: 樞密院) to manage military affairs, and the Censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection. The actual functions of both central and local government institutions, however, showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions, due to the Mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance. Nevertheless, such a civilian bureaucracy, with the Central Secretariat as the top institution that was (directly or indirectly) responsible for most other governmental agencies (such as the traditional Chinese-style Six Ministries), was created in China. At various times another central government institution called the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng) that mainly dealt with finance was established (such as during the reign of Külüg Khan or Emperor Wuzong), but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu" + }, + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu" + } + ], + "question": "Who were two of Kublai's Chinese advisers?", + "id": "57287d4a2ca10214002da3e6", + "evidences": [ + "Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court, and the central government administration was established within the first decade of Kublai's reign.", + "Chinese advisers such as Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu gave strong influence to Kublai's early court" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "While the existence of these central government departments and the Six Ministries (which had been introduced since the Sui and Tang dynasties) gave a Sinicized image in the Yuan administration, the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how Mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions. For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice. Cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of Chinese and Mongols. Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 785, + "text": "the Privy Council" + }, + { + "answer_start": 789, + "text": "Privy Council" + }, + { + "answer_start": 785, + "text": "the Privy Council" + } + ], + "question": "Who had military control during the Yuan?", + "id": "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa3f", + "evidences": [ + "Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council.", + "Another example was the insignificance of the Ministry of War compared with native Chinese dynasties, as the real military authority in Yuan times resided in the Privy Council." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 669, + "text": "the Ministry of War" + }, + { + "answer_start": 673, + "text": "Ministry of War" + }, + { + "answer_start": 669, + "text": "the Ministry of War" + } + ], + "question": "Who had no real military power during the Yuan?", + "id": "57287ddf3acd2414000dfa42", + "evidences": [ + "For example, the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice.", + "the authority of the Yuan legal system, the Ministry of Justice, did not extend to legal cases involving Mongols and Semuren, who had separate courts of justice." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since its invention in 1269, the 'Phags-pa script, a unified script for spelling Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese languages, was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty. Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language. The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine. The Mongol Emperors had built large palaces and pavilions, but some still continued to live as nomads at times. Nevertheless, a few other Yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities; an example is Tugh Temur (Emperor Wenzong), who wrote poetry, painted, read Chinese classical texts, and ordered the compilation of books.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 456, + "text": "Tugh Temur" + }, + { + "answer_start": 456, + "text": "Tugh Temur" + }, + { + "answer_start": 456, + "text": "Tugh Temur" + } + ], + "question": "The mother of which emperor was a concubine?", + "id": "57287e512ca10214002da3fb", + "evidences": [ + "The Mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with Mongol clans, the Onggirat, and the Ikeres, kept the imperial blood purely Mongol until the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine.", + "the reign of Tugh Temur, whose mother was a Tangut concubine." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty. The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery. Seeing this as damaging to the Mongol nation, Kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of Mongols. Kublai wished to persuade the Chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his Mongolian credentials with his own people. He set up a civilian administration to rule, built a capital within China, supported Chinese religions and culture, and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court. But at the same time he never abandoned his Mongolian heritage.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 283, + "text": "1290" + }, + { + "answer_start": 283, + "text": "1290" + }, + { + "answer_start": 283, + "text": "1290" + } + ], + "question": "By what year was selling children into slavery common among the Mongols?", + "id": "57287ee3ff5b5019007da274", + "evidences": [ + "The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery.", + "The Mongols practiced debt slavery, and by 1290 in all parts of the Mongol Empire commoners were selling their children into slavery." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 114, + "text": "income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants" + }, + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "harvests of their Chinese tenants" + }, + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "harvests of their Chinese tenants" + } + ], + "question": "How were the Mongol garrison families earning money?", + "id": "57287ee3ff5b5019007da276", + "evidences": [ + "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty.", + "The average Mongol garrison family of the Yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure, with income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "There were many religions practiced during the Yuan dynasty, such as Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity. The establishment of the Yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of Muslims in China. However, unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted to Islam. Instead, Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, favored Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism was established as the de facto state religion. The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire. Since Kublai Khan only esteemed the Sakya sect of Tibetan Buddhism, other religions became less important. He and his successors kept a Sakya Imperial Preceptor (Dishi) at court. Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power. Furthermore, Mongol patronage of Buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of Buddhist art. Mongolian Buddhist translations, almost all from Tibetan originals, began on a large scale after 1300. Many Mongols of the upper class such as the Jalayir and the Oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized Confucian scholars and institutions. A considerable number of Confucian and Chinese historical works were translated into the Mongolian language.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 526, + "text": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 526, + "text": "Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 522, + "text": "the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs" + } + ], + "question": "What government agency supervised Buddhist monks?", + "id": "57287fec4b864d1900164a3f", + "evidences": [ + "The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire.", + "The top-level department and government agency known as the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan) was set up in Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) to supervise Buddhist monks throughout the empire." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "Sakya" + }, + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "Sakya sect" + }, + { + "answer_start": 710, + "text": "Sakya sect" + } + ], + "question": "What was Kublai's favorite sect of Tibetan Buddhism?", + "id": "57287fec4b864d1900164a40", + "evidences": [ + "Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power.", + "Before the end of the Yuan dynasty, 14 leaders of the Sakya sect had held the post of Imperial Preceptor, thereby enjoying special power." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 240, + "text": "matrices" + }, + { + "answer_start": 240, + "text": "matrices" + }, + { + "answer_start": 240, + "text": "matrices" + } + ], + "question": "What modern math concept did Zhu Shijie do work similar to?", + "id": "5728804b4b864d1900164a48", + "evidences": [ + "The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices.", + "The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 440, + "text": "1303" + }, + { + "answer_start": 440, + "text": "1303" + }, + { + "answer_start": 440, + "text": "1303" + } + ], + "question": "When did Zhu publish 'Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns'?", + "id": "5728804b4b864d1900164a4a", + "evidences": [ + "His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303.", + "His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Guo Shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars. He was one of the first mathematicians in China to work on spherical trigonometry. Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty. The calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of Song dynasty astronomer Shen Kuo or possibly by the work of Arab astronomers. There are no explicit signs of Muslim influences in the Shoushi calendar, but Mongol rulers were known to be interested in Muslim calendars. Mathematical knowledge from the Middle East was introduced to China under the Mongols, and Muslim astronomers brought Arabic numerals to China in the 13th century.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 265, + "text": "Calendar for Fixing the Seasons" + }, + { + "answer_start": 265, + "text": "Calendar for Fixing the Seasons" + }, + { + "answer_start": 265, + "text": "Calendar for Fixing the Seasons" + } + ], + "question": "What was the English name of Gou's calendar?", + "id": "5728809f2ca10214002da40f", + "evidences": [ + "His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons, was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the Yuan dynasty.", + "Gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations. His calendar, the Shoushi Li (授時暦) or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The physicians of the Yuan court came from diverse cultures. Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans. The Mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies, which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of Mongol shamanism. Physicians received official support from the Yuan government and were given special legal privileges. Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors. Confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "non-Mongol physicians" + }, + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "non-Mongol physicians" + }, + { + "answer_start": 87, + "text": "non-Mongol physicians" + } + ], + "question": "Who were otachi?", + "id": "572881022ca10214002da416", + "evidences": [ + "Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans.", + "Healers were divided into non-Mongol physicians called otachi and traditional Mongol shamans." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 421, + "text": "Imperial Academy of Medicine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 421, + "text": "Imperial Academy of Medicine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 421, + "text": "Imperial Academy of Medicine" + } + ], + "question": "What department did Kublai create to train doctors?", + "id": "572881022ca10214002da419", + "evidences": [ + "Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors.", + "Kublai created the Imperial Academy of Medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine. Under the Mongols, the practice of Chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire. Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols as they expanded towards the west. Chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the Middle East and the rest of the empire. Several medical advances were made in the Yuan period. The physician Wei Yilin (1277–1347) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints, which he performed using anesthetics. The Mongol physician Hu Sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "four" + }, + { + "answer_start": 47, + "text": "Four" + }, + { + "answer_start": 47, + "text": "Four" + } + ], + "question": "How many schools of medicine were recognized in China?", + "id": "572881704b864d1900164a50", + "evidences": [ + "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty. All four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation", + "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 81, + "text": "inherited from the Jin dynasty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 81, + "text": "inherited from the Jin dynasty" + }, + { + "answer_start": 81, + "text": "inherited from the Jin dynasty" + } + ], + "question": "How did the Yuan come to have the 4 schools of medicine?", + "id": "572881704b864d1900164a51", + "evidences": [ + "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty.", + "The Chinese medical tradition of the Yuan had \"Four Great Schools\" that the Yuan inherited from the Jin dynasty." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine. The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai. Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine. No Chinese translation of Western medical works is known, but it is possible that the Chinese had access to Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "Muslim medicine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "Muslim medicine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "Muslim medicine" + } + ], + "question": "What was huihui?", + "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5a", + "evidences": [ + "Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine.", + "Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "1263" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "1263" + }, + { + "answer_start": 241, + "text": "1263" + } + ], + "question": "When was the Office of Western Medicine founded?", + "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5c", + "evidences": [ + "The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai.", + "The Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter founded the Office of Western Medicine in 1263 during the reign of Kublai." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "its humoral system" + }, + { + "answer_start": 451, + "text": "its humoral system" + }, + { + "answer_start": 455, + "text": "humoral system" + } + ], + "question": "What aspect of Western medicine did the Chinese dislike?", + "id": "572881d34b864d1900164a5d", + "evidences": [ + "Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine.", + "Huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court. Chinese physicians opposed Western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional Chinese medicine." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Mongol rulers patronized the Yuan printing industry. Chinese printing technology was transferred to the Mongols through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries. Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century. However, most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques. The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols. In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office. The Yuan government established centers for printing throughout China. Local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 197, + "text": "Wang Zhen" + }, + { + "answer_start": 197, + "text": "Wang Zhen" + }, + { + "answer_start": 197, + "text": "Wang Zhen" + } + ], + "question": "Who wrote the Nong Shu?", + "id": "572882242ca10214002da421", + "evidences": [ + "Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century.", + "Some Yuan documents such as Wang Zhen's Nong Shu were printed with earthenware movable type, a technology invented in the 12th century." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 462, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + }, + { + "answer_start": 462, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + }, + { + "answer_start": 462, + "text": "Töregene Khatun" + } + ], + "question": "Who was Ogedei's wife?", + "id": "572882242ca10214002da423", + "evidences": [ + "The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols.", + "The publication of a Taoist text inscribed with the name of Töregene Khatun, Ögedei's wife, is one of the first printed works sponsored by the Mongols." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 557, + "text": "1273" + }, + { + "answer_start": 557, + "text": "1273" + }, + { + "answer_start": 554, + "text": "In 1273" + } + ], + "question": "When was the Imperial Library Directorate established?", + "id": "572882242ca10214002da424", + "evidences": [ + "In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office.", + "In 1273, the Mongols created the Imperial Library Directorate, a government-sponsored printing office." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "One of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao, the paper money of the Yuan. Chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees. The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275. The Mongols experimented with establishing the Chinese-style paper monetary system in Mongol-controlled territories outside of China. The Yuan minister Bolad was sent to Iran, where he explained Yuan paper money to the Il-khanate court of Gaykhatu. The Il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294, but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 176, + "text": "woodblocks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 176, + "text": "woodblocks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 176, + "text": "woodblocks" + } + ], + "question": "What had the Yuan used to print its money before bronze plates?", + "id": "5728827b2ca10214002da42d", + "evidences": [ + "The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275.", + "The Yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money, but switched to bronze plates in 1275." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system. Nevertheless, socially the educated Chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native Chinese dynasties. Although the traditional Chinese elite were not given their share of power, the Mongols and the Semuren (various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire) largely remained strangers to the mainstream Chinese culture, and this dichotomy gave the Yuan regime a somewhat strong \"colonial\" coloration. The unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule. The Mongols and Semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty, and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century. In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate. Later the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the Yuan dynasty. In response to an objection against the use of \"barbarians\" in his government, the Yongle Emperor answered: \"... Discrimination was used by the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty, who employed only \"Mongols and Tartars\" and discarded northern and southern Chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 111, + "text": "patrimonial feudalism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 111, + "text": "patrimonial feudalism" + }, + { + "answer_start": 111, + "text": "patrimonial feudalism" + } + ], + "question": "What Mongolian system did Kublai's government compromise with?", + "id": "572883153acd2414000dfa6f", + "evidences": [ + "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system.", + "Politically, the system of government created by Kublai Khan was the product of a compromise between Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 1130, + "text": "Ilkhanate" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1130, + "text": "Ilkhanate" + }, + { + "answer_start": 1028, + "text": "reaching the highest-post in the government" + } + ], + "question": "Where were Persians more successful compared to Chinese in the Yuan?", + "id": "572883153acd2414000dfa73", + "evidences": [ + "In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate.", + "In general there were very few North Chinese or Southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that Persians did so in the Ilkhanate." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia, using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands. Han Chinese were moved to Central Asian areas like Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers. Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called \"Right Alan Guard\" which was combined with \"recently surrendered\" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them. The Mongol appointed Governor of Samarqand was a Qara-Khitay (Khitan), held the title Taishi, familiar with Chinese culture his name was Ahai", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 119, + "text": "Han Chinese and Khitans" + }, + { + "answer_start": 119, + "text": "Han Chinese and Khitans" + }, + { + "answer_start": 119, + "text": "Han Chinese and Khitans" + } + ], + "question": "Who did the Mongols send to Bukhara as administrators?", + "id": "572883a33acd2414000dfa7a", + "evidences": [ + "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia,", + "the Mongols also sent Han Chinese and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara in Central Asia," + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Despite the high position given to Muslims, some policies of the Yuan Emperors severely discriminated against them, restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way. Toward the end, corruption and the persecution became so severe that Muslim generals joined Han Chinese in rebelling against the Mongols. The Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang had Muslim generals like Lan Yu who rebelled against the Mongols and defeated them in combat. Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant \"barracks\" and could also mean \"thanks\". Many Hui Muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the Mongols and it was given in thanks by the Han Chinese for assisting them. During the war fighting the Mongols, among the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang's armies was the Hui Muslim Feng Sheng. The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the Muslims were massacred by the Yuan loyalist commander Chen Youding.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 624, + "text": "thanks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 624, + "text": "thanks" + }, + { + "answer_start": 624, + "text": "thanks" + } + ], + "question": "What was the second meaning of a Chinese word for 'barracks'?", + "id": "57288428ff5b5019007da291", + "evidences": [ + "Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant \"barracks\" and could also mean \"thanks\".", + "Some Muslim communities had a Chinese surname which meant \"barracks\" and could also mean \"thanks\"." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 919, + "text": "Muslims in the semu class" + }, + { + "answer_start": 919, + "text": "Muslims in the semu class" + }, + { + "answer_start": 919, + "text": "Muslims in the semu class" + } + ], + "question": "Who revolted in the Ispah Rebellion?", + "id": "57288428ff5b5019007da292", + "evidences": [ + "The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion", + "The Muslims in the semu class also revolted against the Yuan dynasty in the Ispah Rebellion" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The historian Frederick W. Mote wrote that the usage of the term \"social classes\" for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed \"degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally, so a person's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing, since there were rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 256, + "text": "degrees of privilege" + }, + { + "answer_start": 256, + "text": "degrees of privilege" + }, + { + "answer_start": 256, + "text": "degrees of privilege" + } + ], + "question": "What did Mote think the Yuan class system really represented?", + "id": "5728848cff5b5019007da299", + "evidences": [ + "that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed \"degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally,", + "the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth, but just entailed \"degrees of privilege\" to which they were entitled institutionally and legally" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Northern" + }, + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Northern Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 316, + "text": "Northern" + } + ], + "question": "Which part of China had people ranked higher in the class system?", + "id": "572885023acd2414000dfa83", + "evidences": [ + "The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", + "The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 356, + "text": "Southern" + }, + { + "answer_start": 356, + "text": "Southern Chinese" + }, + { + "answer_start": 399, + "text": "southern" + } + ], + "question": "Which part of China had people ranked lower in the class system?", + "id": "572885023acd2414000dfa84", + "evidences": [ + "Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.", + "Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 399, + "text": "southern China withstood and fought to the last" + }, + { + "answer_start": 391, + "text": "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in" + }, + { + "answer_start": 414, + "text": "withstood and fought to the last" + } + ], + "question": "Why were Southern Chinese ranked lower?", + "id": "572885023acd2414000dfa85", + "evidences": [ + "Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in.", + "Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 692, + "text": "about seven-eighths" + }, + { + "answer_start": 698, + "text": "seven-eighths" + }, + { + "answer_start": 692, + "text": "about seven-eighths" + } + ], + "question": "How much of the IPCC attendees are government representatives?", + "id": "57293c246aef051400154bbb", + "evidences": [ + "The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations.", + "The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material. A chapter typically has two \"coordinating lead authors\", ten to fifteen \"lead authors\", and a somewhat larger number of \"contributing authors\". The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs. Lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters. Contributing authors prepare text, graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 420, + "text": "the Working Group chairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 424, + "text": "Working Group chairs" + }, + { + "answer_start": 424, + "text": "Working Group chairs" + } + ], + "question": "Who do coordinating lead authors report to?", + "id": "57293d6d1d046914007791bb", + "evidences": [ + "The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs.", + "The coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors, ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a \"business as usual\" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "over half" + }, + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "over half" + }, + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "over half" + } + ], + "question": "How much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide?", + "id": "57293e221d046914007791d7", + "evidences": [ + "They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect.", + "They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 2001, 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change. The joint statement was made by the Australian Academy of Science, the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society of Canada, the Caribbean Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the French Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina, the Indian National Science Academy, the Indonesian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italy), the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, the Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society (UK). The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise, with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels by 2100\". The TAR has also been endorsed by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, and European Geosciences Union (refer to \"Endorsements of the IPCC\").", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "at least 90%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "at least 90%" + }, + { + "answer_start": 849, + "text": "at least 90% certain" + } + ], + "question": "How sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising?", + "id": "57293e983f37b3190047818e", + "evidences": [ + "The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise", + "The statement, also published as an editorial in the journal Science, stated \"we support the [TAR's] conclusion that it is at least 90% certain that temperatures will continue to rise" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "IPCC author Richard Lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the TAR. Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report. For example, Lindzen states that the SPM understates the uncertainty associated with climate models. John Houghton, who was a co-chair of TAR WGI, has responded to Lindzen's criticisms of the SPM. Houghton has stressed that the SPM is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 157, + "text": "does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report" + }, + { + "answer_start": 249, + "text": "understates the uncertainty associated with climate models" + }, + { + "answer_start": 157, + "text": "does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report" + } + ], + "question": "What did Lindzen criticize about the Summary for Policymakers?", + "id": "57293f353f37b3190047819c", + "evidences": [ + "Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report.", + "Among his criticisms, Lindzen has stated that the WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 559, + "text": "scientific evidence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 538, + "text": "must be supported by scientific evidence" + }, + { + "answer_start": 538, + "text": "must be supported by scientific evidence" + } + ], + "question": "What did Houghton say is necessary for any changes to the SPM?", + "id": "57293f353f37b3190047819f", + "evidences": [ + "Houghton has stressed that the SPM is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence.", + "Houghton has stressed that the SPM is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world's governments, and that any changes to the SPM must be supported by scientific evidence." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The IPCC concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the UNFCCC process. While the preparation of the assessment reports is a major IPCC function, it also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, required under the UNFCCC. This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 465, + "text": "default emission factors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 465, + "text": "default emission factors" + }, + { + "answer_start": 465, + "text": "default emission factors" + } + ], + "question": "What is used to estimate emissions?", + "id": "572940246aef051400154bed", + "evidences": [ + "This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on.", + "This involves publishing default emission factors, which are factors used to derive emissions estimates" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact. That is worrying. The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\". Martin Parry, a climate expert who had been co-chair of the IPCC working group II, said that \"What began with a single unfortunate error over Himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance\" and the IPCC had investigated the other alleged mistakes, which were \"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact" + }, + { + "answer_start": 85, + "text": "the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious" + }, + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact" + } + ], + "question": "What direction did Watson say the mistake went in?", + "id": "572941273f37b319004781ae", + "evidences": [ + "Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.", + "Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson has said \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\". This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century. The schematic was not an actual plot of data, and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central England, with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of Medieval vineyards in England. Even with this increase, the maximum it showed for the Medieval Warm Period did not reach temperatures recorded in central England in 2007. The MBH99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000, using differing data and methods. The Jones et al. and Briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the MBH99 reconstruction in Figure 2.21 of the IPCC report.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 253, + "text": "the \"hockey stick graph\"" + }, + { + "answer_start": 258, + "text": "hockey stick graph" + }, + { + "answer_start": 258, + "text": "hockey stick graph" + } + ], + "question": "What is the nickname for the \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" graph?", + "id": "57294209af94a219006aa203", + "evidences": [ + "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\".", + "The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled \"Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction\" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the \"hockey stick graph\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity. Even at the draft stage, this finding was disputed by contrarians: in May 2000 Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project held a press event on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., featuring comments on the graph Wibjörn Karlén and Singer argued against the graph at a United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation hearing on 18 July 2000. Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that \"Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report\". Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that \"manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people\". The data and methodology used to produce the \"hockey stick graph\" was criticized in papers by Stephen McIntyre and Ross McKitrick, and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by Wahl & Ammann 2007, which showed errors in the methods used by McIntyre and McKitrick.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 130, + "text": "between 1000 and 1900" + }, + { + "answer_start": 138, + "text": "1000 and 1900" + }, + { + "answer_start": 138, + "text": "1000 and 1900" + } + ], + "question": "What range of years was the current warming compared to?", + "id": "57294279af94a219006aa209", + "evidences": [ + "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900", + "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "On 23 June 2005, Rep. Joe Barton, chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce wrote joint letters with Ed Whitfield, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations demanding full records on climate research, as well as personal information about their finances and careers, from Mann, Bradley and Hughes. Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a \"misguided and illegitimate investigation\" apparently aimed at intimidating scientists, and at his request the U.S. National Academy of Sciences arranged for its National Research Council to set up a special investigation. The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct. In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that \"more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached\" and that the uncertainties were \"the point of the article\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 330, + "text": "Sherwood Boehlert" + }, + { + "answer_start": 330, + "text": "Sherwood Boehlert" + }, + { + "answer_start": 330, + "text": "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee" + } + ], + "question": "Who said Barton's investigation was \"misguided and illegitimate\"?", + "id": "572943ab1d0469140077921d", + "evidences": [ + "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a \"misguided and illegitimate investigation\" apparently aimed at intimidating scientists", + "Sherwood Boehlert, chairman of the House Science Committee, said this was a \"misguided and illegitimate investigation\" apparently aimed at intimidating scientists" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations. Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 120, + "text": "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates" + }, + { + "answer_start": 120, + "text": "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed" + }, + { + "answer_start": 120, + "text": "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed" + } + ], + "question": "How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality for 2001-2006?", + "id": "572945b11d04691400779230", + "evidences": [ + "a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001.", + "a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. When the researchers' analysis was \"applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels. These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\". This may have been due, in part, to the expanding human understanding of climate.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 176, + "text": "projected rises in sea levels" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "rises in sea levels" + }, + { + "answer_start": 176, + "text": "projected rises in sea levels" + } + ], + "question": "What danger did the IPCC understate?", + "id": "572949306aef051400154c68", + "evidences": [ + "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.", + "Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "9–88 cm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 398, + "text": "0.5–1.4 m" + }, + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "9–88 cm" + } + ], + "question": "How much did the IPCC Third Assessment Report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?", + "id": "572949306aef051400154c69", + "evidences": [ + "These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\".", + "These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001\"." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 409, + "text": "50–140 cm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 478, + "text": "9–88 cm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 398, + "text": "0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]" + } + ], + "question": "How much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100?", + "id": "572949306aef051400154c6a", + "evidences": [ + "When the researchers' analysis was \"applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels.", + "When the researchers' analysis was \"applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm] above 1990 levels." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The IPCC process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges (compare Ozone depletion and global warming). In case of the Ozone depletion global regulation based on the Montreal Protocol has been successful, in case of Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol failed. The Ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the IPCC process. The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals. The underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have, the better the political response will be is being doubted.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 488, + "text": "states and governments" + }, + { + "answer_start": 488, + "text": "states and governments" + }, + { + "answer_start": 488, + "text": "states and governments" + } + ], + "question": "Whose goals often still oppose the IPCC?", + "id": "57294e6b1d04691400779277", + "evidences": [ + "The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals.", + "The lockstep situation of the IPCC is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different, if not opposing goals." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons \"with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture\" and related to \"immediate risks with everyday relevance\", while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 513, + "text": "regional burden sharing conflicts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 513, + "text": "regional burden sharing conflicts" + }, + { + "answer_start": 619, + "text": "varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions" + } + ], + "question": "What conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce?", + "id": "5729506d6aef051400154cae", + "evidences": [ + "The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts.", + "The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 140, + "text": "other scientific bodies" + }, + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "scientific papers and independently documented results" + }, + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies" + } + ], + "question": "What does the IPCC rely on for research?", + "id": "5729517d6aef051400154cc8", + "evidences": [ + "Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies", + "Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies" + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "significant new evidence or events that change our understanding" + }, + { + "answer_start": 311, + "text": "significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science" + } + ], + "question": "What can the IPCC's report deadlines cause to be omitted?", + "id": "5729517d6aef051400154cc9", + "evidences": [ + "In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included.", + "any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC. They suggested a range of new organizational options, from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors, to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated \"living\" Wikipedia-IPCC. Other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 179, + "text": "the journal Nature" + }, + { + "answer_start": 179, + "text": "the journal Nature" + }, + { + "answer_start": 179, + "text": "the journal Nature" + } + ], + "question": "Where was the Feb 2010 call for change published?", + "id": "572951f16aef051400154ccf", + "evidences": [ + "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC.", + "In February 2010, in response to controversies regarding claims in the Fourth Assessment Report, five climate scientists – all contributing or lead IPCC report authors – wrote in the journal Nature calling for changes to the IPCC." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 577, + "text": "remove government oversight from its processes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 577, + "text": "remove government oversight" + }, + { + "answer_start": 577, + "text": "remove government oversight from its processes" + } + ], + "question": "How was it suggested that the IPCC avoid political problems?", + "id": "572951f16aef051400154cd1", + "evidences": [ + "Other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference.", + "Other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "United_Methodist_Church", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world. In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. As of 2014, worldwide membership was about 12 million: 7.2 million in the United States, and 4.4 million in Africa, Asia and Europe. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, and other religious associations. In 2015, Pew Research estimated that 3.6% of the U.S population, or 9 million adult adherents, self-identify with the United Methodist Church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "80 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "80 million adherents" + }, + { + "answer_start": 117, + "text": "80 million" + } + ], + "question": "Approximately how many adherents does the United Methodist Church have across the world?", + "id": "573098c12461fd1900a9cee6", + "evidences": [ + "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world.", + "The United Methodist Church is the largest denomination within the wider Methodist movement, which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The movement which would become The United Methodist Church began in the mid-18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students, including John Wesley, Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, met on the Oxford University campus. They focused on Bible study, methodical study of scripture and living a holy life. Other students mocked them, saying they were the \"Holy Club\" and \"the Methodists\", being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle. Eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "within the Church of England" + }, + { + "answer_start": 97, + "text": "the Church of England." + }, + { + "answer_start": 97, + "text": "the Church of England" + } + ], + "question": "Where did the movement that would become The United Methodist Church begin?", + "id": "57309921396df919000961f7", + "evidences": [ + "Eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England who wanted to live a more religious life.", + "Eventually, the so-called Methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the Church of England" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church. In 1784, after unsuccessful attempts to have the Church of England send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies, Wesley decisively appointed fellow priest Thomas Coke as superintendent (bishop) to organize a separate Methodist Society. Together with Coke, Wesley sent a revision of the Anglican Prayerbook and the Articles of Religion which were received and adopted by the Baltimore Christmas Conference of 1784, officially establishing the Methodist Episcopal Church. The conference was held at the Lovely Lane Methodist Church, considered the Mother Church of American Methodism.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 94, + "text": "American Revolution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "the American Revolution" + }, + { + "answer_start": 90, + "text": "the American Revolution" + } + ], + "question": "What caused the separation of the Methodists in the American colonies?", + "id": "57309a6c2461fd1900a9ceff", + "evidences": [ + "Though John Wesley originally wanted the Methodists to stay within the Church of England, the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church.", + "the American Revolution decisively separated the Methodists in the American colonies from the life and sacraments of the Anglican Church." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 26, + "text": "grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection" + }, + { + "answer_start": 18, + "text": "is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection" + }, + { + "answer_start": 21, + "text": "that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection" + } + ], + "question": "What is Sanctifying Grace?", + "id": "5730afed069b53140083225f", + "evidences": [ + "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves.", + "Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once \"catholic, evangelical, and reformed.\" Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Wesleyan theology" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Wesleyan theology" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Wesleyan theology" + } + ], + "question": "What has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit?", + "id": "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c696", + "evidences": [ + "Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice.", + "Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 383, + "text": "prima scriptura" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "Wesleyan theology s" + }, + { + "answer_start": 383, + "text": "prima scriptura" + } + ], + "question": "What is seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church?", + "id": "5730b07c8ab72b1400f9c697", + "evidences": [ + "The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church", + "The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church upholds the sanctity of human life both of the child and the mother. As a result, the church is \"reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice,\" and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity. The denomination as a whole is committed to \"assist[ing] the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource centers that compassionately help women find feasible alternatives to abortion.\" Still, the denomination is pro-choice and also \"was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice...[and] 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice\".", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 552, + "text": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice" + }, + { + "answer_start": 552, + "text": "Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice." + }, + { + "answer_start": 548, + "text": "the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice" + } + ], + "question": "The UMC was a founding member of what coalition?", + "id": "5730b10b8ab72b1400f9c6a0", + "evidences": [ + "Still, the denomination is pro-choice and also \"was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice...[and] 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice\".", + "Still, the denomination is pro-choice and also \"was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice...[and] 2008 General Conference [went] on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice\"." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Members of the United Methodist Church who identify with the pro-life position have organized into the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) to further their position within the denomination. There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012, with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes, but was not given a floor vote. Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth, president of the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality said he \"had every reason to believe\" that pro-life delegates would have won a floor vote.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 383, + "text": "2012" + }, + { + "answer_start": 383, + "text": "2012" + }, + { + "answer_start": 383, + "text": "2012" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was there an attempt to withdraw the UMC membership?", + "id": "5730b2312461fd1900a9cfae", + "evidences": [ + "There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012,", + "There was an attempt to withdraw the United Methodist Church membership in the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice at their General Conference, held in May 2012" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "The General Conference" + }, + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "The General Conference of the United Methodist Church" + }, + { + "answer_start": 565, + "text": "The General Conference" + } + ], + "question": "What part of the UMC calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment?", + "id": "5730b54c069b531400832290", + "evidences": [ + "The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.", + "The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In addition, the United Methodist Church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions. Rev. Jimmy Creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies. It forbids any United Methodist board, agency, committee, commission, or council to give United Methodist funds to any gay organization or group, or otherwise use such funds to promote the acceptance of homosexuality. Other ministers have been defrocked for officiating at same-sex weddings and several trials of others are scheduled. Still, some congregations have sought other ways to recognize same-sex couples. For example, one congregation hosted a proposal for a same-sex couple announcing their engagement. Moreover, some churches, especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, have provided blessings for same-sex marriages. In April of 2016, a United Methodist bishop made a bold statement by performing a same-sex marriage in church as a clear sign of his advocacy for change.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 781, + "text": "2016" + }, + { + "answer_start": 781, + "text": "2016" + }, + { + "answer_start": 781, + "text": "2016" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was same-sex marriage legalized nationwide?", + "id": "5730b5cc396df919000962d4", + "evidences": [ + "Moreover, some churches, especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, have provided blessings for same-sex marriages.", + "some churches, especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide, have provided blessings for same-sex marriages." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1987, a United Methodist church court in New Hampshire defrocked Methodist minister Rose Mary Denman for openly living with a same-sex partner. In 2005, clergy credentials were removed from Irene Elizabeth Stroud after she was convicted in a church trial of violating church law by engaging in a lesbian relationship; this conviction was later upheld by the Judicial Council, the highest court in the denomination. The Judicial Council also affirmed that a Virginia pastor had the right to deny local church membership to a man in an openly gay relationship. This affirmation, however, was based upon a senior pastor's right to judge the readiness of a congregant to join as a full member of the church. However, at the same time, the UMC Judicial Council, in 2008, ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors, and therefore some regional conferences have voted to recognize ordained transgender pastors. The Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "1987" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "1987" + }, + { + "answer_start": 3, + "text": "1987" + } + ], + "question": "In what year was Rose Mary Denman defrocked for openly living with a same-sex partner?", + "id": "5730b776069b5314008322bd", + "evidences": [ + "In 1987, a United Methodist church court in New Hampshire defrocked Methodist minister Rose Mary Denman for openly living with a same-sex partner.", + "In 1987, a United Methodist church court in New Hampshire defrocked Methodist minister Rose Mary Denman for openly living with a same-sex partner." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church maintains that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings. Therefore, the Church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy, to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression. It insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped; that the manufacture, sale, and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled; and that the production, possession, or use of nuclear weapons be condemned. Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 845, + "text": "general and complete disarmament" + }, + { + "answer_start": 242, + "text": "evils as genocide, brutal suppression of human rights, and unprovoked international aggression" + }, + { + "answer_start": 845, + "text": "general and complete disarmament" + } + ], + "question": "What does the UMC endorse under strict and effective international control?", + "id": "5730b9dc8ab72b1400f9c710", + "evidences": [ + "Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control.", + "Consequently, the United Methodist Church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church teaches that pornography is \"about violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion\" and \"deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex.\" The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church states that \"Research shows it [pornography] is not an 'innocent activity.' It is harmful and is generally addictive. Persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered, as is their perspective, relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church" + } + ], + "question": "Which task force states that pornography is harmful?", + "id": "5730bdfe396df9190009630e", + "evidences": [ + "The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church states that \"Research shows it [pornography] is not an 'innocent activity.' It is harmful and is generally addictive.", + "The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church states that \"Research shows it [pornography] is not an 'innocent activity.' It is harmful and is generally addictive." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops). One of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction which in March 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres (150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library. The decision generated controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War which the church bishops have criticized. A debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the Southern Jurisdictional Conference at its July 2008 meeting in Dallas, Texas, remains unresolved.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 60, + "text": "Mission Council" + }, + { + "answer_start": 56, + "text": "the Mission Council (usually consisting of church bishops)" + }, + { + "answer_start": 56, + "text": "the Mission Council" + } + ], + "question": "Who makes decisions in between the four-year meetings?", + "id": "5730c8a1f6cb411900e2449c", + "evidences": [ + "One of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction which in March 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres (150,000 m2) at Southern Methodist University for the George W. Bush Presidential Library.", + "One of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the Mission Council of the South Central Jurisdiction" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Judicial Council is the highest court in the denomination. It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term. The ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years. The Judicial Council interprets the Book of Discipline between sessions of General Conference, and during General Conference, the Judicial Council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by General Conference. The Council also determines whether actions of local churches, annual conferences, church agencies, and bishops are in accordance with church law. The Council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops The Judicial Council cannot create any legislation; it can only interpret existing legislation. The Council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world. The Judicial Council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 156, + "text": "eight-year term" + }, + { + "answer_start": 156, + "text": "eight-year term" + }, + { + "answer_start": 156, + "text": "eight-year" + } + ], + "question": "How long is the term of a Judicial Council member?", + "id": "5730ca6eaca1c71400fe5ac3", + "evidences": [ + "It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term.", + "It consists of nine members, both laity and clergy, elected by the General Conference for an eight-year term." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The Book of Discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local United Methodist churches. All UM churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority. All churches must also have a nominations committee, a finance committee and a church council or administrative council. Other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee, or evangelism or worship committee. Term limits are set for some committees but not for all. The church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members. This committee has the exclusive power to set pastors' salaries (compensation packages for tax purposes) and to elect officers to the committees.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "The Book of Discipline" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "The Book of Discipline" + }, + { + "answer_start": 0, + "text": "The Book of Discipline" + } + ], + "question": "What is the guidebook for local churches and pastors?", + "id": "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c2", + "evidences": [ + "The Book of Discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local United Methodist churches.", + "The Book of Discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local United Methodist churches." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 233, + "text": "three" + }, + { + "answer_start": 233, + "text": "three members" + }, + { + "answer_start": 233, + "text": "three" + } + ], + "question": "What is the least number of members a board of trustees can have?", + "id": "5730cb8df6cb411900e244c3", + "evidences": [ + "All UM churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members", + "All UM churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Throughout its history, the United Methodist Church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education. As such, the United Methodist Church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States, including Syracuse University, Boston University, Emory University, Duke University, Drew University, University of Denver, University of Evansville, and Southern Methodist University. Most are members of the International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities. The church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "one hundred" + }, + { + "answer_start": 189, + "text": "one hundred colleges and universities" + }, + { + "answer_start": 182, + "text": "around one hundred" + } + ], + "question": "The UMC established and is affiliated with approximately how many colleges and universities in the U.S.?", + "id": "5730cc2cb54a4f140068cc66", + "evidences": [ + "the United Methodist Church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States", + "As such, the United Methodist Church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the United States" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "All clergy appointments are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the Annual Conference Cabinet, which is composed of the Area Provost/Dean (if one is appointed) and the several District Superintendents of the Districts of the Annual Conference. Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference, no appointments are officially fixed. Many Annual Conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of Annual Conference. While an appointment is made one year at a time, it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years. Appointment tenures in extension ministries, such as military chaplaincy, campus ministry, missions, higher education and other ministries beyond the local church are often even longer.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 526, + "text": "one year at a time" + }, + { + "answer_start": 526, + "text": "one year at a time," + }, + { + "answer_start": 526, + "text": "one year" + } + ], + "question": "All clergy appointments are made for how long?", + "id": "5730d3adaca1c71400fe5af6", + "evidences": [ + "Many Annual Conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of Annual Conference. While an appointment is made one year at a time, it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years.", + "Many Annual Conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of Annual Conference. While an appointment is made one year at a time, it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Elders are called by God, affirmed by the church, and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. They may be appointed to the local church, or to other valid extension ministries of the church. Elders are given the authority to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments of the church, to provide care and counseling, and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission. Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents, and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy. Elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional Elders prior to their ordination.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 467, + "text": "District Superintendents" + }, + { + "answer_start": 54, + "text": "ordained by a bishop" + }, + { + "answer_start": 467, + "text": "District Superintendents" + } + ], + "question": "Who may assign Elders?", + "id": "5730d473b7151e1900c0155d", + "evidences": [ + "Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents, and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy.", + "Elders may also be assigned as District Superintendents, and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Unlike confirmation and profession of faith, Baptism is a sacrament in the UMC. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including adults. The term confirmation is generally reserved for youth, while some variation on membership class is generally used for adults wishing to join the church. The Book of Discipline normally allows any youth at least completing sixth grade to participate, although the pastor has discretionary authority to allow a younger person to participate. In confirmation and membership preparation classes, students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in Christ.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "The Book of Discipline" + }, + { + "answer_start": 401, + "text": "The Book of Discipline" + }, + { + "answer_start": 80, + "text": "The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church" + } + ], + "question": "What directions the local church to offer membership preparation to all people?", + "id": "5730de74f6cb411900e244fe", + "evidences": [ + "The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including adults.", + "The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people, including adults." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The United Methodist Church is one tradition within the Christian Church. The United Methodist Church is active in ecumenical relations with other Christian groups and denominations. It is a member of the National Council of Churches, the World Council of Churches, Churches Uniting in Christ, and Christian Churches Together. In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the World Evangelical Fellowship. However, there are some in The United Methodist Church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the \"blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity.\"", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "observer status" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "it voted to seek observer status" + }, + { + "answer_start": 357, + "text": "observer" + } + ], + "question": "What type of status did the UMC vote to seek in the National Association of Evangelicals?", + "id": "5730e9f4aca1c71400fe5b74", + "evidences": [ + "In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the World Evangelical Fellowship.", + "In addition, it voted to seek observer status in the National Association of Evangelicals and in the World Evangelical Fellowship." + ] + } + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "title": "French_and_Indian_War", + "paragraphs": [ + { + "context": "The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years' War. The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Long in conflict, the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756, escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "2 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "2 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "2 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "2 million" + }, + { + "answer_start": 443, + "text": "2 million" + } + ], + "question": "How many people were in British North American Colonies?", + "id": "5733cf61d058e614000b62ec", + "evidences": [ + "At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies.", + "the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded and the main effort by Braddock was a disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, 1755 and died a few days later. British operations in 1755, 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York all failed, due to a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians. Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 700, + "text": "expulsion of the Acadians" + }, + { + "answer_start": 700, + "text": "expulsion of the Acadians" + }, + { + "answer_start": 742, + "text": "deportation" + }, + { + "answer_start": 700, + "text": "expulsion" + }, + { + "answer_start": 742, + "text": "deportation" + } + ], + "question": "What order did British make of French?", + "id": "5733d13e4776f419006612c8", + "evidences": [ + "In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians.", + "the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King William's War or Queen Anne's War. As there had already been a King George's War in the 1740s, British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents, and it became known as the French and Indian War. This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States, but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War, a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain. American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years' War. Other, less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 760, + "text": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire" + }, + { + "answer_start": 760, + "text": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire" + }, + { + "answer_start": 760, + "text": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire" + }, + { + "answer_start": 760, + "text": "Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire" + }, + { + "answer_start": 756, + "text": "the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire" + } + ], + "question": "What are other alternative names for French and Indian War?", + "id": "5733d3cb4776f419006612ed", + "evidences": [ + "Other, less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire.", + "less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In Europe, the North American theater of the Seven Years' War usually is not given a separate name. The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years' War. \"Seven Years\" refers to events in Europe, from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763. These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "six years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "six years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "six years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "six years" + }, + { + "answer_start": 450, + "text": "six years" + } + ], + "question": "How long did the fighting last in Seven Years War?", + "id": "5733d4c8d058e614000b6354", + "evidences": [ + "These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America, where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years", + "the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In between the French and the British, large areas were dominated by native tribes. To the north, the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia, Acadia, and the eastern portions of the province of Canada, as well as much of present-day Maine. The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country, although the latter also included Algonquian-speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee, as well as Iroquoian-speaking Mingo. These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki" + }, + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki" + }, + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki" + }, + { + "answer_start": 102, + "text": "Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki" + }, + { + "answer_start": 98, + "text": "the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki" + } + ], + "question": "What tribes were in Father Le Loutre's War?", + "id": "5733d7cbd058e614000b63ac", + "evidences": [ + "the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia", + "the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki were engaged in Father Le Loutre's War" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Further south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region (an area not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British), including the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi. The British were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee – until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758 the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton, in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creek and Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict. It was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the \"other side\" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "western portions of the Great Lakes region" + }, + { + "answer_start": 281, + "text": "Great Lakes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 247, + "text": "tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "western portions of the Great Lakes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 257, + "text": "western portions of the Great Lakes region" + } + ], + "question": "What areas did French recruit natives from?", + "id": "5733da01d058e614000b63fa", + "evidences": [ + "When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region", + "When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops. New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine, companies of colonial regulars (some of whom had significant woodland combat experience). The colonial government recruited militia support when needed. Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 92, + "text": "few British troops" + }, + { + "answer_start": 92, + "text": "few" + }, + { + "answer_start": 92, + "text": "few" + }, + { + "answer_start": 479, + "text": "not have any standing forces" + }, + { + "answer_start": 92, + "text": "few British troops" + } + ], + "question": "How much British military was in North America at start of War?", + "id": "5733dab4d058e614000b640a", + "evidences": [ + "At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops.", + "At the start of the war, no French regular army troops were stationed in North America, and few British troops." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "When Céloron's expedition arrived at Logstown, the Native Americans in the area informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French. Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany, the home of the Miami chief known as \"Old Briton\". Céloron threatened \"Old Briton\" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British. \"Old Briton\" ignored the warning. Disappointed, Céloron returned to Montreal in November 1749.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "village of Pickawillany" + }, + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "village of Pickawillany" + }, + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "village of Pickawillany" + }, + { + "answer_start": 340, + "text": "Pickawillany" + }, + { + "answer_start": 329, + "text": "village of Pickawillany" + } + ], + "question": "Where did Old Briton call home?", + "id": "5733dc95d058e614000b644b", + "evidences": [ + "Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany", + "Céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers, which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In his extensively detailed report, Céloron wrote, \"All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I don't know in what way they could be brought back.\" Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken. William Shirley, the expansionist governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, was particularly forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present. Conflicts between the colonies, accomplished through raiding parties that included Indian allies, had taken place for decades, leading to a brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 379, + "text": "proposing that action be taken" + }, + { + "answer_start": 369, + "text": "each side proposing that action be taken" + }, + { + "answer_start": 379, + "text": "proposing that action be taken" + }, + { + "answer_start": 369, + "text": "each side proposing that action be taken" + } + ], + "question": "How were leaders back in Europe feeling about news from Celeron expedition?", + "id": "5733dd4f4776f419006613ab", + "evidences": [ + "Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken.", + "Even before his return to Montreal, reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris, each side proposing that action be taken." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "In 1749 the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country. The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory, and construct a fort for their protection. But, as the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania, both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims. In 1750 Christopher Gist, acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company, explored the Ohio territory and opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown. He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their \"Half-King\" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative, agreed to terms that included permission to build a \"strong house\" at the mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). By the late 17th century, the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley, and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 572, + "text": "Treaty of Logstown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 567, + "text": "1752 Treaty of Logstown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 567, + "text": "1752 Treaty of Logstown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 572, + "text": "Treaty of Logstown" + }, + { + "answer_start": 572, + "text": "Treaty of Logstown" + } + ], + "question": "What agreement was made for trade with natives and British?", + "id": "5733e5a14776f4190066145e", + "evidences": [ + "He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their \"Half-King\" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative, agreed to terms that included permission to build a \"strong house\" at the mouth of the Monongahela River", + "He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their \"Half-King\" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative, agreed to terms" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The War of the Austrian Succession (whose North American theater is known as King George's War) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe. The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision. Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides. The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean, where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America" + }, + { + "answer_start": 248, + "text": "conflicting territorial claims" + }, + { + "answer_start": 234, + "text": "The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies" + } + ], + "question": "What issues were not addressed in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle?", + "id": "5733e771d058e614000b6547", + "evidences": [ + "The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision.", + "The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America were turned over to a commission to resolve, but it reached no decision." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort. Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint-Pierre during the same period, and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754. When these forces arrived at the fort on April 16, Contrecœur generously allowed Trent's small company to withdraw. He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 120, + "text": "early months of 1754" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "1754" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "1754" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "1754" + }, + { + "answer_start": 136, + "text": "1754" + } + ], + "question": "When did British begin to build fort under William Trent?", + "id": "5733f1784776f41900661576", + "evidences": [ + "Even before Washington returned, Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort.", + "Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point, where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British, intending to blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "dislodge the French" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "dislodge the French" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "dislodge the French" + }, + { + "answer_start": 186, + "text": "dislodge the French" + } + ], + "question": "What was the goal of Braddock's expedition?", + "id": "5733f410d058e614000b6663", + "evidences": [ + "After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French.", + "the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Colonel Monckton, in the sole British success that year, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755, cutting the French fortress at Louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements. To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg, Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area. Monckton's forces, including companies of Rogers' Rangers, forcibly removed thousands of Acadians, chasing down many who resisted, and sometimes committing atrocities. More than any other factor, the cutting off of supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise. The Acadian resistance, in concert with native allies, including the Mi'kmaq, was sometimes quite stiff, with ongoing frontier raids (against Dartmouth and Lunenburg among others). Other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians (ranging around the Bay of Fundy, on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and Île Saint-Jean), the only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 263, + "text": "deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area." + }, + { + "answer_start": 263, + "text": "deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area" + }, + { + "answer_start": 57, + "text": "captured Fort Beauséjour" + }, + { + "answer_start": 57, + "text": "captured Fort Beauséjour" + }, + { + "answer_start": 259, + "text": "the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population" + } + ], + "question": "How were British able to cut supplies to Louisbourg?", + "id": "5733f9fa4776f41900661620", + "evidences": [ + "Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.", + "Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Following the death of Braddock, William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America. At a meeting in Albany in December 1755, he laid out his plans for 1756. In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec. Bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others, including William Johnson and New York's Governor Sir Charles Hardy, Shirley's plan had little support.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 347, + "text": "through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec" + }, + { + "answer_start": 359, + "text": "wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River" + }, + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "the wilderness of the Maine district" + }, + { + "answer_start": 377, + "text": "Maine" + }, + { + "answer_start": 355, + "text": "the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River" + } + ], + "question": "Where was Shirley planning an expedition?", + "id": "5733faaf4776f41900661632", + "evidences": [ + "In addition to renewing the efforts to capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec.", + "he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Governor Vaudreuil, who harboured ambitions to become the French commander in chief (in addition to his role as governor), acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived. Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain, so he ordered an attack against the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry. In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder. They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison, already short on supplies. French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area, encouraging them to raid frontier settlements. This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers, with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 350, + "text": "Battle of Fort Bull" + }, + { + "answer_start": 350, + "text": "Battle of Fort Bull" + }, + { + "answer_start": 350, + "text": "Battle of Fort Bull" + }, + { + "answer_start": 350, + "text": "Battle of Fort Bull" + }, + { + "answer_start": 344, + "text": "March Battle of Fort Bull" + } + ], + "question": "What was the attack on the British weakness?", + "id": "5733fc6ed058e614000b6710", + "evidences": [ + "In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder.", + "In the March Battle of Fort Bull, French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies, including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "The new British command was not in place until July. When he arrived in Albany, Abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them. Montcalm took bold action against his inertia. Building on Vaudreuil's work harassing the Oswego garrison, Montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga, as if to presage another attack along Lake George. With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August. In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects. The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables, which angered the Indians.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 493, + "text": "Oswego" + }, + { + "answer_start": 493, + "text": "Oswego" + }, + { + "answer_start": 493, + "text": "Oswego" + }, + { + "answer_start": 493, + "text": "Oswego" + }, + { + "answer_start": 493, + "text": "Oswego" + } + ], + "question": "Where did Moncalm slip away to attack, left largely unprotected?", + "id": "5733fd66d058e614000b6737", + "evidences": [ + "With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany, Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August.", + "Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "disposition of prisoners' personal effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 588, + "text": "the disposition of prisoners' personal effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 582, + "text": "about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 592, + "text": "disposition of prisoners' personal effects" + }, + { + "answer_start": 588, + "text": "the disposition of prisoners' personal effects" + } + ], + "question": "What disagreement did Montcalm and Indians have?", + "id": "5733fd66d058e614000b6738", + "evidences": [ + "In the aftermath, Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects.", + "Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners' personal effects." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Loudoun, a capable administrator but a cautious field commander, planned one major operation for 1757: an attack on New France's capital, Quebec. Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec. He was then ordered by William Pitt, the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies, to attack Louisbourg first. Beset by delays of all kinds, the expedition was finally ready to sail from Halifax, Nova Scotia in early August. In the meantime French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast, and a fleet outnumbering the British one awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg. Faced with this strength, Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 192, + "text": "to distract Montcalm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "distract Montcalm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "distract Montcalm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 195, + "text": "distract Montcalm" + }, + { + "answer_start": 192, + "text": "to distract Montcalm" + } + ], + "question": "What was the purpose of Loudoun's troops at Fort Henry?", + "id": "5733fe73d058e614000b673e", + "evidences": [ + "Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec.", + "Leaving a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm, he began organizing for the expedition to Quebec." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations; as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to European carriers.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "Lake George" + }, + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "Lake George" + }, + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "Lake George" + }, + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "Lake George" + }, + { + "answer_start": 255, + "text": "Lake George" + } + ], + "question": "On what lake did troops attack fort willima henry in winter?", + "id": "5733ffa7d058e614000b6750", + "evidences": [ + "In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification.", + "In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759, when they finally captured Ticonderoga, James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec (in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders), and victory at Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south. The victory was made complete in 1760 when, despite losing outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte-Foy, the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 502, + "text": "naval Battle of the Restigouche" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "Battle of the Restigouche" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "Battle of the Restigouche" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "Battle of the Restigouche" + }, + { + "answer_start": 508, + "text": "Battle of the Restigouche" + } + ], + "question": "What victory at thwarted efforts of French relief ships.", + "id": "573406d1d058e614000b6804", + "evidences": [ + "the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides.", + "the British were able to prevent the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides." + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "Following the treaty, King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7, 1763, which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory, and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations. Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population, a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers. The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians. When accommodations were made in the Quebec Act in 1774 to address this and other issues, religious concerns were raised in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of \"popery\"; the Act maintained French Civil law, including the seigneurial system, a medieval code soon to be removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "west of the Appalachian Mountains" + }, + { + "answer_start": 339, + "text": "lands west of the Appalachian Mountains" + }, + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "west of the Appalachian Mountains" + }, + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "west of the Appalachian Mountains" + }, + { + "answer_start": 345, + "text": "west of the Appalachian Mountains" + } + ], + "question": "What lands were reserved for natives?", + "id": "57340b1bd058e614000b686b", + "evidences": [ + "Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population", + "Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population" + ] + } + ] + }, + { + "context": "For many native populations, the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession. The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes. Although the Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory (which was not completed until 1769) had modest repercussions, the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek, historic enemies whose divisions the British at times exploited. The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave. Most went to Cuba, including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine, although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico.", + "qas": [ + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 304, + "text": "military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 288, + "text": "construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes" + }, + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "the construction of military roads to the area" + }, + { + "answer_start": 304, + "text": "military roads to the area" + }, + { + "answer_start": 284, + "text": "the construction of military roads" + } + ], + "question": "What made Ohio Country vulnerable?", + "id": "57340d124776f419006617c0", + "evidences": [ + "The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes.", + "The Ohio Country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes." + ] + }, + { + "answers": [ + { + "answer_start": 646, + "text": "Choctaw and the Creek" + }, + { + "answer_start": 553, + "text": "tribes that did not want to do business with the British" + }, + { + "answer_start": 646, + "text": "Choctaw and the Creek" + }, + { + "answer_start": 646, + "text": "Choctaw and the Creek" + } + ], + "question": "What natives were displaced by British takeover in Florida?", + "id": "57340d124776f419006617c2", + "evidences": [ + "the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek", + "the British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British, and a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek" + ] + } + ] + } + ] + } + ] +} \ No newline at end of file