Case ID: 4813

Judgment:
: Criminal Appeal No. 57 of 1984. From the Judgment and Order dated 25 10 1983 of the Allahabad High Court in Habeas Corpus WP. No. 8420 of 1983. Manjo Swarup and Dalveer Bhandari for the appellant. Mrs. & Mr. Qamaruddin	 Rizwan A. Hafiez and Desh Raj for the respondent. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SEN	 J. The State Government of Uttar Pradesh has preferred this appeal by special leave from the judgment and order of the Allahabad High Court dated October 25	 1983 by which the High Court issued a writ in the nature of habeas corpus quashing an order of detention passed by the District Magistrate	 Moradabad dated November 6	 1982 for the detention of the respondent under sub section (3) of section 3 of the on being satisfied that his detention was necessary "with a view to preventing him from acting in any manner prejudicial to the maintenance of Public order. " It appears that the respondent is alleged to have committed an offence of murder punishable under section 302 and of causing disappearance of evidence punishable under section 201 of the Indian Penal Code	 1860 in connection with the communal riots that occurred in the Moradabad city. On November 6	 1982	 the District Magistrate	 Moradabad passed the impugned order of detention but it could not be served on the respondent as he was absconding. As required under sub section (4) of section 3	 the District Magistrate forthwith made a report of the fact to the State Government of Uttar Pradesh that he had passed an order for the detention of the respondent under sub section (3) of section 3 of the Act	 together with the grounds on which the order had been made and such other particulars as	 in his opinion	 had a bearing on the matter. The State Government received the order of detention on November 8	 1982 and approved of the same on November 11	 1982 under sub section (5) of section 3	 and as required thereunder	 forwarded a report to the Central Government on the next day i.e. On November 12	 1982. The respondent surrendered to the police on May 24	 1983 and the impugned order of detention was served on him in District Jail	 792 Moradabad on June 1	 1983 and the grounds of detention were furnished to him on June 2	 1983. The respondent made a representation dated June 18	 1983 through the Superintendent	 District Jail Moradabad and he immediately forwarded the same to the District Magistrate. On June 20	 1983 the District Magistrate forwarded the representation to the Advisory Board and the same was received by the Advisory Board on June 21	 1983. The State Government had in the meanwhile on June 13	1983 made a reference to the Advisory Board under section 10 of the Act i.e. within three weeks from the date of detention together with the order of detention	 and the grounds therefore	 for its opinion. On June 23	 1983 the representation of the respondent forwarded by the District Magistrate together with his comments was examined by the Joint Secretary	 Home Department. The file was placed before the Home Secretary on June 27	 1983 who placed it before the Chief Minister with his comments. The Chief Minister took two days to study the file and ultimately passed an order rejecting the representation on June 30	 1983. On July 2	 1983 the State Government forwarded the representation made by the respondent together with its comments to the Government of India and the Central Government rejected the same on July 19	 1983. On July 5	 1983 the respondent through his counsel D.S. Misra simultaneously addressed two representations for revocation of his detention under section 14 of the Act	 one addressed to the Prime Minister of India and the other to the State Government. It appears that the representation made to the Central Government addressed in the name of the Prime Minister was received in the Prime Minister Secretariat on July 7	 1983 and the grievance of the respondent was that the Central Government had not dealt with his application for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 even now. In his counter affidavit by one M.L. Miglani	 Desk officer	 Ministry of Home Affairs	 New Delhi	 it was stated that the Central Government had fully discharged its functions by expeditiously taking a decision on the earlier representation directly ad dressed by the respondent and it was under no statutory obligation to consider the subsequent representation for revocation addressed by the respondent through his counsel to the Prime Minister. I was not a statutory representation for revocation of the impugned 793 order of detention under section 14 and therefore it was not at all necessary for the Central Government to deal with it. The High Court placing reliance on the decision of this Court in Phillippa Anne Duke vs State of Tamil Nadu & Ors and certain of its own decisions held that the respondent had a right to make an application to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention and the failure on the part of the Central Government to apply its mind to it made the continued detention illegal. The only question canvassed in the appeal before us is that the judgment of the High Court betrays	 complete lack of awareness a of the nature of the constitutional safeguards enshrined under article 22(5) of the Constitution. It is urged that the constitutional imperatives enacted in article 22(5) are two fold; (1) The detaining authority must	 as soon as maybe i.e. as soon as practicable	 after the detention	 communicate to the detenu the grounds on which the order of detention has been made. And (2) The detaining authority must afford the detenu the earliest opportunity of making representation against the order of detention. In the present ease	 it is said that the requirements of article 22(5) of the Constitution read with section 8(1) of the Act had been duly complied with. There is no question of any violation of article 22(5) or of section 8(1) and further that the grounds for detention set out the facts with sufficient degree of particularity and they did furnish sufficient nexus for forming the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority. The order of detention cannot therefore be challenged on the ground that the grounds furnished were not adequate or sufficient for the subjective satisfaction of the detaining authority	 or for making an effective representation. It is further urged that there being due compliance with the constitutional requirements of article 22(5) and of section 8(1)	 the High Court was wrong in holding that the continued detention of the respondent was invalid merely because the Central Government refused to act on his application for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of the act. We find considerable force in the submission. We are not oblivious of the fact that this Court has in certain cases given expression to the view that any lapse on the part of the State Government in forwarding the representation made for revo 794 cation of his order of detention under s.11(1)(b) of the COFEPOSA Act	 1974 or the failure of the Central Government to expeditiously consider the same was a denial of the constitutional right of being afforded "the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order" as contemplated by article 22(5). At one time it was thought that section 14 of the which was in pari materia with section 14 of the Act	 did not confer any right or privilege on the detenu but there is a definite shift in the judicial attitude	 for which there appears to be no discernible basis. In Shyam Ambalal Siroya vs Union of India & Ors.	 the contention was that because a representation properly addressed to the Central Government to order revocation under section 11 of the COFEPOSA Act was not forwarded by the detaining authority to the Central Government	 the detention was illegal. The Court construed the power conferred on the Central Government to direct revocation of an order of detention under section 11 of that Act to be "statutory". It was observed that the power of the Central Government to revoke the order of detention implies that the detenu can make a representation for exercise of that power and a petition for revocation of an order of detention should be dealt with reasonable expedition. Since a representation properly addressed by the detenu of the Central Government was not forwarded to the Central Government	 the continued detention of the detenu was held to be illegal. In Sabir Ahmed vs Union of India & Ors.	 the Court held that non consideration by the Central Government of a representation for revocation made by the detenu under section 11 of the COFEPOSA Act made the continued detention to be bad	 following the decision in Shyam Ambalal Siroya 's case	 supra. It was however observed that the power conferred by section 11 on the Central Government was a supervisory power and it was intended to be an additional check or safeguard against the improper exercise of its power of detention by the detaining authority or the State Government. In Rattan Singh vs State of Punjab & Ors	 the Court went still further. There was	 in that case	 a lapse on the part of the State Government in forwarding the representation simultaneously made by the detenu to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention under section 11 of the COFEPOSA Act. The 795 Court struck down the order of detention on the ground that there was a denial of the right of making representation to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention under section 11 of the Act and this was tantamount to a denial of the constitutional safeguard of article 22(5). Soon thereafter	 the Court in Sat Pal vs State of Punjab & Ors examined the nature of the power of revocation conferred on the Central Government under section 11 of the COFEPOSA; Act and held that it was supervisory in nature	 and it was observed: "That is	 as it should be	 under our federal structure the Centre must always keep a vigilant eye in the matter of life and liberty of a citizen guaranteed under Article 21. Ours is a Constitution	 where there is a combination of federal structure with unitary features while in a unitary State there is only one Government; federal State involves multi Governments namely	 national or federal Government and the Governments of component States. A federal State	 in short	 is a fusion of several States into a single State in regard to matters affecting common interest leaving each component State to enjoy autonomy in regard to other matters. Under our Constitution: certain powers vest in the Central Government leaving certain to its component units to exercise autonomy in spheres assigned to them in the Constitution itself. The component States are . not merely delegates or agents of the federal Government. Both federal and State Governments draw their authority from the same source	 the Constitution The conferment of executive power on the States in relation to a subject with respect to which the legislatures of the States have no power to make a law under article 258(2) must necessarily be subject to the administrative control of the Union under articles 256 and 247(1)	 to the giving of such directions to the States as may appear to the Government of India to be necessary for that purpose. " It was then observed that the constitutional imperatives of article 22(5) enjoin that where a detenu simultaneously makes a re 796 presentation to the detaining authority as well as an application for revocation under section 11 of the Act they must both be dealt with by the appropriate Government at the same time and there was no question of any conflict of jurisdiction. To illustrate	 it was said that if the Central Government were to revoke an order of detention under section 11 of the Act	 there would be no representation for the State Government to consider	 or refer the Advisory Board under section 8(b)	 nor will there arise any question of Advisory Board submitting a report to it	 or on receipt of such a report confirming the order of detention under section 8(f). It was further observed that the other types of cases would be where notwithstanding that the order of detention has been confirmed under section 8(f)	 the appropriate Government may	 at any time	 revoke the same under section 11 of the Act. It was accordingly held that the power of revocation conferred on the appropriate Government under section 11 is independent of the power of confirming or setting aside an order of detention under section 8(f). As to the nature of the power of revocation conferred on the Central Government under section 11 of the COFEPOSA Act	 it was stated: "The making of an application for revocation to the Central Government under section 11 of the Act is therefore part of the constitutional right a citizen has against this detention under a law relating to preventive detention. While article 22(5) contemplates the making of a representation against the order of detention to the detaining authority	 which has to be referred by the appropriate Government to the Advisory Board constituted under section 8(a) of the Act	 Parliament	 has in its wisdom	 enacted section 11 and conferred an additional safeguard against arbitrary executive action. The principle that emerges from all these decisions is that the power of revocation conferred on the Central Government under section 14 of the Act is a statutory power which may be exercised on information received by the Central Government from its own source including that supplied by the State Government under sub section (5) of section 3 or from the detenu in the form of a petition or representation. It is for the Central Government to decide whether or not it should revoke the order of detention in a particular 797 case	 In the present case	 the detenu was not deprived of the right of making a representation to the detaining authority under article 22(5) of the Constitution read with section 8(1) of the Act. Although the detenu had no right to simultaneously make a representation against the order of detention to the Central Government under article 22(5) and there was no duty cast on the State Government to forward the same to the Central Government	 nevertheless the State Government forward the same forthwith. The Central Government duly considered that representation which in effect was nothing but a Representation for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of the Act. That being so	 it was not obligatory on the part of the Central Government to consider a second representation for revocation under section 14. We may profitably refer to Phillippa Anne Duke 's case	 supra	 where in somewhat similar circumstances it was held that failure of the Central Government to consider a representation for revocation of an order of detention under section 11(1)(b) of the COFEPOSA Act handed over to t he Prime Minister during her visit to England did not render the continued detention invalid. It was observed: "Representations from whatever source addressed to whomsoever officer of one or other department of the Government cannot be treated as a representation to the Government under section 11(8)(b) of the COFEPOSA Act. " The result therefore is that the appeal succeeds and is allowed. The judgment and order of the High Court is set aside and the order of detention passed by the District Magistrate under sub section (3) of section 3 of the is maintained. S.R. Appeal allowed.

Summary:
The facts are that the respondent made a representation dated June 18	 1983 against an order of detention passed by the District Magistrate	 Moradabad dated November 6	 1982 for his detention under sub section (3) of section 3 of the 	 and the same was duly forwarded by the District Magistrate to the Advisory Board on June 21. The State Government had in the mean while on June 13	 1983 made a reference tn the Advisory Board under section 10 of the Act i.e. within three weeks from the dale of detention together with the order of detention and the grounds therefor for its opinion. On June 23	 1983 the representation was examined by the Joint Secretary	 Home Department who marked the file to the Home Secretary on June 27	 1983 who on his turn placed the file before the Chief Minister for his comments on June 27	 1983. The Chief Minister took to days to study the file and ultimately passed an order rejecting the representation. On July 2	 1983 the State Government forwarded the representation made together with the comments to the Government of India and the Central Government rejected the same on July 19	 1983. It appears that on July S	 1983 the respondent through his counsel simultaneously addressed two representations for revocation of his detention under section 14 of the Act	 one addressed to the Prime Minister of India and the other to the State Government. The representation made to the Central Government addressed in the name of the Prime Minister was received in the Prime Minister 's Secretariat on July 7	 1983 and the grievance of the respondent before the High Court was that the Central Government had not dealt with his application for the revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of the Act. The High Court observed that the right of the detenu to make a representation to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of Act was intended to be an additional check or safeguard against the improper exercise of its power of detention by the detaining authority or the State Government and therefore the failure on the part of the Central Government to consider the same was tantamount to a denial of the constitutional safeguard as contemplated by article 22(5) 790 of the Constitution. It accordingly held the continued detention of the respondent to be illegal. Aggrieved by the order	 the State preferred an Special Leave. Allowing the appeal	 the Court	 ^ HELD: (1) The constitutional imperatives of article 22(5) enjoin that where a detenu simultaneously makes representation to the detaining authority as well as an application under section 14 of the Act	 they must not be dealt with by the appropriate Government at the same time and there was no question of any conflict of jurisdiction. If the Central Government were to revoke the order of detention under section 14 of the Act	 there would be no representation for the State Government to consider	 or refer to the Advisory Board under section 8(b) of the Act nor will there arise any question of Advisory Board making a report to it	 or on receipt of such a report	 confirming the order of detention under section 8(f). The other type of cases can be where notwithstanding that the order of detention has been confirmed under section 8(f) the appropriate Government may	 at any time	 revoke the same under section 14. The power of revocation conferred on the appropriate Government under section 14 is independent of the power of confirming or setting aside an order or detention under section 8(f) [795H; 796A D] 2. The power of revocation conferred on the Central Government under section 14 of the Act is a statutory power which may be exercised on information received by tile Central Government from its own sources including that supplied by tile State Government under sub section (5) of section 3	 or from the detenu in the form of a petition or representation. It is for the Central Government to decide whether or Dot it should revoke the order of detention in a particular case. [796G H] Any lapse on the part of State Government in forwarding the representation made by the detenu to the Central Government for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of the Act or non consideration of the same by the Central Government makes the continued detention of the detenu bad. [793B C] In the present case	 however	 the detenu was not deprived of the right of making a representation to the detaining authority under article 22(5) of the Constitution read with section 8(1) of the Act. Although the detenu had no right to simultaneously make a representation against the order of detention to the Central Government under article 22(5) and there was no duty cast on the State Government to forward the same to the Central Government	 nevertheless the State Government forwarded the same forthwith. The Central Government duly considered that representation which in effect was nothing but a representation for revocation of the order of detention under section 14 of the Act. That being so. it was not obligatory on the parr of the Central Government to consider a second representation for revocation under section 14 of the Act. [797A D] 791