Case ID: 4539

Judgment:
Civil Appeals Nos. 2475 to 2477 and 2579 of 1969 From the judgment and order dated the 15th April	 1969 of the Judicial Commissioner 's Court at Goa	 Daman and Diu in Civil Appeal Nos. 3217	 3334/64 and 3466 of 1965 and 3467 of 1965. V.M. Tarkunde	 Bernardo Doss Reis and Naunit Lal for the Appellants in CA. 2476/69. S.D. Tamba	 Girish Chandra and Miss A. Subhashini	 for the Respondents. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by PATHAK	 J. These appeals by certificate granted by the Additional Judicial Commissioner of Goa	 Daman and Diu arise out of suits for the recovery of loans made to the appellants at various branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in Goa during Portuguese rule	 19 The territories	 of Goa	 Daman and Diu constituted the Estado de India of the sovereign State of Portugal. The Banco Nacional Ultramarino (the National overseas Bank) with its Head office at Lisbon in Portugal	 carried on banking business in Goa at different Branches	 some of them being situate at Vasco Da Gama	 Margao and Panjim. It was also a currency issuing Bank and discharged the functions of a Government Treasury. It issued Portuguese currency notes in Goa	 and in its banking capacity it received deposits and granted loans. On December 20	 1961 the territories of Goa	 Daman and Diu were liberated from Portuguese rule and integrated with India. On the eve of the transfer of power the Banco Nacional Ultramarino closed its Branches at Goa and removed a substantial portion of the valuable assets held there to its Head office at Lisbon and to other places overseas. To provide for the administration of the liberated territories the President of India promulgated the Goa	 Daman and Diu (Administration) ordinance	 1962	 which on March 27	 1962 was replaced by enacted by Parliament. By virtue of sub section (1) of section 5 of the Act all laws in force immediately before "the appointed day" (December 20	 1961) in Goa	 Daman and Diu were to continue to be in force therein until amended or repealed by a competent legislature or other competent authority. The clo sure of the Branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino at Goa gave rise to considerable confusion. It was necessary to take measures for the exchange of over nine crore rupees worth of Portuguese currency notes for Indian currency	 and likewise to provide for the repayment of moneys and the return of valuables deposited with the Branches. As the Banco Nacional Ultramarino had closed those Branches no one could operate on them. To relieve the common confusion and distress	 the President of India promulgated	 under Article 240 of the Constitution	 the Goa	 Daman and Diu (Banks Reconstruction) Regulation	 1962 (hereinafter referred to as "the Regulation"). Section 3 declared that in view of the closure of the branches and the transfer of a substantial portion of their assets out of India on or about the "appointed day" and the difficulties experienced by depositors	 the 20 Branches would	 as from that day	 be reconstructed in the interests of the general public in accordance with the provisions of the Regulation. An examination of the provisions which follow shows that the Branches were integrated into a fully constituted Bank independent of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 the purpose being to dispose of the business pending on December 20	 1961	 with no fresh business being undertaken	 and its functions being confined to the discharge of existing liabilities and the recovery of existing debts and other assets with a view to the ultimate winding up of the Bank. A Custodian was appointed by the Central Government to take charge of the Bank. The properties and assets as well as the obligations and liabilities of the Bank stood transferred to and vested in him	 and he was empowered to realise any debts or other amounts due to the said Branches including any debts or other amounts due from the Head office of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino. On March 30	 1963	 the Custodian filed a suit in the Court of the Civil Judge at Ilhas	 Panaji against the Agencia Commercial International	 its managing partner	 Jose Antonio Gouveia and his wife Geraldina Pereira Gouveia	 alleging that the branch of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino at Panaji had	 pursuant to a request of the Agencia	 opened a current account in its favour upto the limit of Escudos 300.000$00 for three months renewable at 4% interest	 3% fine	 1 1/4% quarterly commission	 penal interest at 6% and court expenses	 the loan account being secured by a promissory note with its maturity date in blank	 executed by the Agencia and guaranteed by the managing partner and his wife. The limit was raised subsequently	 and the excess was also guaranteed by a promissory note with its maturity date in blank and signed by the defendants. The plaintiff stated that the loan account showed a debit balance of Escudos 428.612$37	 equivalent to Rs. 71	435.40	 in favour of the Panjim branch of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 the account being closed on December 20	 1961 and the balance thereof becoming payable. It was stated further that the promissory notes were not in the possession of the plaintiff and could be presumed to have been removed to Portugal. The plaintiff prayed for a joint and several decree against the defendants for Rs. 71	435.40 with accrued interest	 Penal interest	 commission	 fine and court expenses. 21 The suit was resisted by the defendants	 principally on the ground that the Banco Nacional Ultramarino was a public limited company with its head office at Lisbon	 that the Branch at Panjim did not possess a separate juridical personality from the Company and could not be said to possess assets or liabilities of its own	 that transactions by the Panjim Branch were made under the direct superintendance of the Head office and credit was granted directly by B the Head office	 and that the credit in question was incorporated in promissory notes lying with the Banco Nacional Ultramarino which had already informed its debtors that it would take action on the bills directly or by transferring them to a third party. It was also pleaded that the debtors could be compelled to pay the credit incorporated in a promissory note only when the creditor returned the promissory note for payment	 so that future duplication of payment would be avoided. The defendants asserted that Escudos 25	794$45	 equivalent to Rs. 4	234.09	 had been entered to their credit in the Bank account and that they were entitled to a set off. The plaintiff filed a replication to the written statement of the defendants	 and the defendants followed with a rejoinder. Civil suits were also filed by the Custodian against other defendants in respect of similar transactions	 and a substantially similar defence was set up in all of them. The suits were instituted in the Court of the Civil Judge	 Senior Division at Margao. Some of the suits filed at Margao were tried by Shri E.S. Silva	 Comarca Judge	 while the other by Shri Justino Coelho	 Comarca Judge. The preliminary objections to the maintainability of the suits found favour with Shri Silva	 and he dismissed the suits before him altogether. Sheo Coelho	 however	 found it necessary to try the suits instituted in his court on their merits	 and he decreed them against the original debtor as well as the guarantor and surety. The lone suit decided by Shri Ataide Lobo	 the Comarca Judge	 Ilhas at Panaji was decreed against the principal debtor but dismissed against the guarantors. Ten appeals were filed before the Addl. Judicial Commissioner. The Additional Judicial Commissioner dismissed the appeals against the judgment of Shri Ataide Lobo. Allowing the appeals against the judgments of Shri E.S. Silva	 he decreed the suits and granted the reliefs claimed by the Custodian. The appeals against the judgment of Shri Justino Coelho were dismissed except that the appeal tiled by Amalia Gomes Figueiredo	 one of the guarantors	 was allowed and the suit dismissed as against her. 22 The Additional Judicial Commissioner held that the Regulation effected a reconstruction of the Branches in Goa	 Daman and Diu of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 that the rights and obligations of the Branches referred to in the Regulation must be understood to mean the rights acquired and the obligations undertaken by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino through those Branches and therefore the Custodian was entitled to maintain the suits and sue for the realisation of debts arising out of transactions entered into through those Branches. The Additional Judicial Commissioner also held that as the execution of the negotiable instruments had been admitted in the written statements and it was commonly agreed that they were not within the reach of the Custodian	 having been removed by the officers of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino to Lisbon or elsewhere on December 20	 1961	 there was nothing to preclude the Custodian claiming relief without producing those negotiable instruments. He also repelled the contention that the bills of exchange and the promissory notes could on endorsement by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in favour of others result in the defendants having to make payment a second time. He recorded an oral undertaking furnished by the Custodian that in the event of a decree in such suits the Custodian would render compensation to the defendant to the extent that the Custodian had made realisation pursuant to the decrees under appeal. Having regard to Article 53 of the Uniform Law on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes	 the Additional Judicial Commissioner held that the holder had lost his right of recovery against all except the acceptor in respect of whom	 observed the Judicial Commissioner	 the suits were within time in view of Article 70 of the Uniform Law. Shri V.M. Tarkunde appearing for the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 2476 of 1969 contends that the loans were granted by the Head office of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 and not by the Branches at Goa	 and that as the properties and assets	 rights and claims of the Branches alone vested in the Custodian under the Regulation	 the Custodian was not entitled to sue for recovery of the loans granted by the Head office. Shri Tarkunde relies on the distinction made by the Regulation between the Head office and the Branches of the Bank and says that they have been regarded as separate entities. Shri Tarkunde further says that even if the suits are held maintainable	 the Additional Judicial Commissioner erred in not proceeding further to determine whether the appellants were 23 entitled to credit for the adjustments claimed by them in the loan accounts. Shri Naunit Lal	 appearing for the appellants in Civil Appeals Nos. 2475	 2477 and 2579 of 1979	 adopts the submissions of Shri Tarkunde. Shri F.S. Nariman	 appearing for the appellants in Civil Appeals Nos. 2464 to 2468 of 1969	 also disputes the maintainability of the suits. He has strenuously urged that no dichotomy can be envisaged between the Head of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and its Branches in Goa	 and it is only the Banco Nacional Ultramarino at its Head office at Lisbon which can sue for recovery of the debts. Alternatively he contends that even if the Head office and the Branches can be regarded in law as separate entities some	 if not all	 of the loans had been extended directly by the Mead office and in respect of them	 he says	 the Regulation cannot be applied. He also urges that even if all the transactions are held covered by the Regulation	 the suits cannot be decreed as there is no statutory discharge of the appellants ' liability to the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in respect of the debts. The indemnity offered by the Custodian	 he urges	 is of no value in law. Another reason why the suits cannot be decreed	 says Shri Nariman	 is because the promissory notes have not been produced. There has been considerable dispute on the point whether the transactions were entered into by the Branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino or could be attributed to the Head office at Lisbon. It seems to us clear from the material on the record that the appellants entered into the loan agreements with the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 and the Head office of the Bank at Lisbon authorised the relevant Branch at Goa to give effect to the agreement. The evidence is clear that the agreements were signed on behalf of the bank by the Manager of the relevant branch and the loan accounts were opened by the branches in their books	 that payments were made by the Branches to the appellants	 that deposits by way of repayment were made by the appellants in these accounts maintained by the Branches	 and the appellants pledged or hypothecated their goods in favour of the branches; in short while the Head office authorised the Branch to execute the agreements the transactions were regarded for all purposes as transactions pertaining to 24 the respective Branches	 to be actually controlled and worked out by them. The suits	 it may be noted	 were filed on the basis of the balance recorded in the accounts books of the relative Branch. Now it is indisputable as a general proposition that a body corporate and its branches are not distinct and separate entities from each other	 that the branches constitute mere components through which the corporate entity expresses itself and that all transactions entered into ostensibly with the branches are in legal reality transactions with the corporate body	 and it is with the corporate body	 that a person must deal directly. But it is also now generally agreed that in the case of a Bank which operates through its Branches	 the Branches are regarded for many purposes as separate and distinct entities from the Head office and from each other. This Court observed in The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. vs Harnam Singh and others :(1) "In banking transactions the following rules are now settled: (1) the obligation of a bank to pay the cheques of a customer rests primarily on the branch at which he keeps his account and the bank can rightly refuse to cash a cheque at any other branch: Rex v Lovitt (1912) A.G. 212 at 219	 Bank of Travancore vs Dhrit Ram (69 I.A. 1	 8 and 9) and New York Life Insurance Company vs Public Trustee 	 110 at page 117; (2) a cumtomer must make a demand for payment at the branch where his current account is kept before he has a cause of action against the bank: Joachimson vs Swiss Bank Corporation (1921) 3 K.B. 119 quoted with approval by Lord Reid in Arab Bank Ltd. vs Barclayas Bank 	 531) The rule is the same whether the account is a current account or whether it is a case of deposit. The last two cases refer to a current account; the Privy Council case Bank of Travancore vs Dhrit Ram (supra) was a case of deposit. Either way	 there must be a demand by the customer at the branch where the current account is kept	 or where the deposit is made and kept	 before the bank need pay	 and for these reasons the English Courts hold that the (3) at 422. 25 situs of the debts is at the place where the current account is kept and where the demand must be made. " It was explained further that if the bank wrongly refused to pay when a demand was made at the proper place and time	 then it could be sued at its head office as well as at its branch office	 but the reason was that "the action is then	 not on the debt	 but on the breach of the contract to pay at the place specified in the agreement"	 and reference was made to Warrington	 L.J. at page 116 and Atkin	 L.J. at page 121 of New York Life Insurance Co. vs Public Trustee.(l) That is the position in regard to banking law and practice	 and it is apparently in that light that the Regulation has been framed. The Regulation was intended to achieve what emergency legislation was designed to secure in a somewhat different context by somewhat comparable methods. In England	 during the First World War the Trading with the Enemy Amendment Act	 1916 provided for the winding up of the business carried on in England by companies incorporated in Germany. That Act was considered by the court In re W. Hagelberg Aktien Gesellschaft(2) and it was observed that although the branches and agency of a business could not be regarded as distinct from the principal business of. the owner	 nonetheless	 if a statute was enacted to create that effect	 effect had to be given to the statute for the purposes incorporated therein. During the Second World War the courts in England were called upon to consider the Defence (Trading with the Enemy) Regulation	 1940 under which a winding up order could be made in respect of the business of any enemy bank carried on at its London offices. In Re The Banca Commercial Italiana(3) the court observed that having regard to the language of the statute and previous cases on the point "a winding up order made under the regulation must be held to create for the purpose of winding up a new entity	 namely	 the business ordered to be wound up	 and this entity is considered as one which can possess assets and have liabilities of its own." Corresponding legislation in India during the Chinese invasion and (1) (2) [1916] Chancery Division 503. (3) [1943] 1 All Eng. L.R. 480. 26 the Indo Pakistan Wars was incorporated in the Defence of India Rules framed from time to time. In all these cases there is a departure from the general rule that the branches and agencies of a business are no more than the components through which the entire enterprise is carried on	 and that they cannot be considered as distinct or separate from the Head office. The departure was necessitated by an emergent or a normal situation	 and incorporated and regulated by specific legislation enacted for the purpose of coping with the problems arising out of such a situation. It is only right then that the true scope of what is intended by the legislation should be determined by close reference to the express terms of the legislation. It is abundantly plain from the object and purpose of the Regulation and the provisions which seek to realise them that all transactions effected by or through the Branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino were intended to be brought within the compass of the Regulation. As observed earlier	 although the loan agreements may have been entered into with the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 the Branches were authorised by the Head office to give effect to those agreements	 and accordingly the Branch concerned embarked upon the execution of the agreements and the working out of the transactions. The entire business involved in those transactions and dealings was effected by the Brancn concerned	 and it was only when occasion strictly so required that the Branch made reference to the Head office for authority to amend or enlarge the scope of the operation. The transaction and the business nonetheless remained throughout those of the Branch	 and this is fully affirmed by the existence and operation of the loan accounts in the books of the Branch	 by the pledge or hypothecation of goods in almost all cases in favour of the Branch and by the overall nature and character of the transaction as an ordinary banking transaction falling within the normal business of a Branch. It will be noticed that section S of the Regulation expressly speaks of "properties and assets	 all rights	 powers	 claims	 demands	 interests	 authorities and privileges and all obligations and liabilities" of the Branches and of "all contracts	 deeds	 bonds	 agreements. " to which the Branches are a party or which are in their favour. It proceeds clearly on the basis that the Branches must be regarded as entering into and carrying out transactions identifiable as theirs. These are transactions distinct from those exclusively carried on by 27 the Head office of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino	 with which transactions in their essence the Branches had nothing to do. It will also be noticed that by sub section (2) of section 7 the Regulation envisages financial transactions between the Branches and the Head office. The entire purpose of the Regulation is to reconstruct by operation of statute the closed Branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino and to constitute them into a Bank and to work out existing transactions and square up all pending business with a view to ultimately winding up the affairs of the Branches. section 14 of the Regulation provides: "The Central Government shall	 on the expiry of twelve years	 and may	 at any time before such expiry	 direct that the books of account and affairs of the branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in Goa	 Daman and Diu shall be inspected by the Reserve Bank or by such other agency as the Central Government may determine and that a report on the basis of such inspection shall be made and the Central Government may	 after considering the said report	 direct the winding up of the affairs of the said branches on such terms and conditions to be specified by that Government which shall	 as far as practicable	 be in consonance with the provisions relating to winding up of a banking company under the Banking Companies Act	 1949". To accept the contentions advanced by the appellants would be to negative the very object and purpose of the Regulation and to nullify its provisions. Such a construction of the Regulation is not open to the Court	 for it could never be supposed that in enacting the Regulation the President intended an exercise in futility. It is well settled that the construction put by a court on the provision of a statute should accord with the object and purpose of the statute	 and in that behalf the rule in Heydon 's case(1) relied on by this Court in R.M.D. Chamarbaugwalla vs The Union of India(2) is attracted. What was the law before the statute was passed	 what was the mischief or defect for which the law had not provided	 what remedy had the legislation appointed and what was the reason of the remedy ? That substantially was also the test laid down in (1) ; (2) ; 28 Vrajlal Manilal & Co. & Ors. vs State of Madhya Pradesh & ors.(1) It was observed in Kanai Lal Sur vs Paramnidhi Sadhukhan:(2) "When the material words are capable of two cons tructions	 one of which is likely to defeat or impair the policy of the Act whilst the other construction is likely to assist the achievement of the said policy	 then the courts would prefer to adopt the latter construction. " We are of opinion that the transactions under consideration in these appeals fall within the scope of the Regulation and the Custodian is fully entitled to sue for the recovery of the debts covered by the loan agreements. The contention of the appellants to the contrary is rejected. We now turn to the remaining points raised in these appeals. It has been urged that the statutes cannot be decreed because the Promissory Notes and the Bills of Exchange have not been produced by the Custodian before the trial court. Now	 it is not disputed that the documents have been removed from Goa to Portugal or to other places overseas and are no longer in the possession of the Branches. The debts were sought to be proved on the basis of the accounts maintained in the books of account of the relevant Branches. This was permissible by virtue of sub section (1) of 8. 8 of the Regulation which provides: "8. (1) If for the prosecution of any suit	 appeal or other legal proceeding by the Custodian in any court it is necessary to produce any document or other particulars and the said document or particulars are proved to the satisfaction of the Court to have been removed to Portugal or to any of the territories under Portuguese control	 it shall be lawful for the Court	 in disposing of the suit	 appeal or other legal proceeding to base its decree or decision on the books of account of the branches of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in Goa	 Daman and Diu and on the evidence which can be otherwise produced." (1) ; 	 410. (2) ; 367. 29 Having regard to the circumstances	 it is within the competence of the court to base its decree on the books of account of the Branches in Goa and on other evidence which can be produced. It was not necessary for the Custodian	 indeed it was not possible	 to produce the Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange. Our attention has been invited to a passage in Byles on Bills of Exchange (1) which declares that "in any action or proceeding upon a bill	 the court or a judge may order that the loss of the instrument shall not be set up provided an indemnity be given to the satisfaction of the court or judge against the claims of any other person upon the instrument in question". The provisions of Rule 16 of order VII of the Code of Civil Procedure and section 81 of the were also referred to. It is true that those provisions require the plaintiff to furnish an indemnity before a suit can be decreed if the negotiable instrument on which the suit is founded is proved to have been lost or cannot be produced. It seems to us that resort to those provisions cannot be justified inasmuch as the cases fall to be determined under the Regulation and the Portuguese law which continued in force in Goa. Even in respect of the Portuguese law	 that is to say	 provisions in the Portuguese Commercial Code and the Portuguese Uniform Law	 to which our attention has been specifically drawn	 we are of opinion that it stands superseded by reason of the express provisions contained in sub section (1) of section 8 of the Regulation. No indemnity can be reasonably required of the Custodian when it has been proved to the satisfaction of the court that the document has been removed to Portugal or to any of the territories under Portuguese control. The sub section plainly makes no provision for indemnifying the debtors against any further claims made against them. Such a measure was not considered necessary	 because the Regulation vested the entire right in the Custodian to recover the debt and no further right was left in anyone else; The debts were regarded as properties and assets of the Branches	 and all rights in respect of them stood transferred to and vested in the Custodian by virtue of sub section (I) of section 5. Having regard to the provisions of the Regulation and the object with which it was enacted it is not possible to conceive that it would be open to the Head office of the Banco Nacional Ultramarino to sue the debtors for recovery of those debts. Shri Nariman contends that an express provision was neces (1) 22nd Edn. p. 389 para. 30 sary in the Regulation to effect a complete discharge of the debtors from further liability as was the case in section 11 (2) of the Pakistan Ordinance considered in The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. vs Harnam Singh and others.(1) We think it is not necessary that there should be such a specific provision. rt is sufficient if the same conclusion can be drawn from a proper construction of the general provisions of the Regulation and the object with which it has been enacted. We may point out that although reference was made by this Court in The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. vs Harnam Singh and others (supra) to section 11 (2) of the Pakistan Ordinance	 it was also observed on page 425 that alternatively: "Such payment would operate as a good discharge even under the English rules: see Fouad Bishara Jabbour vs State of Israel(2) where a number of English authorities are cited	 including a decision of the Privy Council in Odwin vs Forbes.(3) That was also the result of the decisions in the following English cases	 which are similar to this	 though the basis of the decisions was the situs of the debt and the multiple residence of corporations: Fouad Bishara Jabbour vs State of Israel (supra)	 Re. Bangue Des March ands De Moscou Barclays Bank(4)	 Arab Bank Lrd. vs Braclays Bank(5). The Learned Additional Judicial Commissioner has reached the same conclusion	 but in doing so he has relied on certain provisions of the Portuguese Uniform Law. We have not found it possible to examine the validity of his reasons because a complete statement of the Portuguese Uniform Law is not before us	 and therefore we can find no justification for disturbing the basis on which he has come to his finding. The learned Additional Judicial Commissioner has also adverted to an undertaking offered by the Custodian to indemnify the debtors against any action by anyone else for recovery of the debts	 but on the view that we have taken we need not examine the validity or sufficiency of that undertaking	 (1) 	 425. (2) @ 154. (3) (4) (5) 	 529. 31 We are satisfied that the discharge of the debts under the Regulation amounts to their complete discharge and it is not open to anyone else to sue for their recovery. No indemnity is required to be furnished by the Custodian on the ground that the relevant documents cannot be produced. It is faintly urged that the suits filed by the Custodian were premature. This point was not raised before the courts below and we cannot allow it to be raised at this stage. There is one point	 however	 which	 in our opinion	 requires consideration by the trial court. In some of the suits it has been pleaded by the appellants that they were entitled to a set off by reason of certain credits in their favour. The learned Additional Judicial Commissioner has held that the trial court was justified in declining to enter into those claims. We think that in this regard the courts below have erred. It was necessary to do complete justice between the parties having regard to the peculiar circumstances of these cases	 and we are of opinion that so far as these claims are concerned the trial court should now examine them on their merits. In the result	 the appeals are dismissed subject to the direction that the trial court will take up the suits again solely for the purpose of examining the validity of the claims to set off made by the appellants in those suits. We make no orders as to costs of these appeals. P.B.R. Appeals dismissed.

Summary:
The Banco Nacional Ultramarino (B.N.U.) with its head office at Lisbon in Portugal carried on banking business in Goa	 Daman and Diu. On the eve of the liberation of these territories from Portuguese rule and their integration with India the B.N.U. removed a substantial portion of valuable assets held there to its head office at Lisbon. To relieve the distress closure to the people by reason of the closure of the B.N.U. the President promulgated regulations by which the branches at these places were integrated into a fully constituted bank independent of the B.N.U. and a Custodian was appointed to take charge of the bank. The Custodian was empowered to realise all debts due to the branches including any debts from the head office of the B.N.U. The Custodian filed a suit against the appellants stating that the loan accounts of the appellants showed a debit balance in favour of the branch. It was also stated that the promissory notes were not in his possession but that they could be presumed to have been removed to Portugal. While suits similar in nature filed in some courts had been dismissed	 suits filed in other courts were decreed against the original debtor as well as tho guarantor and surety. The Additional Judicial Commissioner on appeal decreed the suits against tho appellants and granted the reliefs claimed by the Custodian	 holding that the 17 Custodian was entitled to maintain the suits and sue for the realisation of debts arising out of the transactions entered into through the branches. He further hold that the execution of the negotiable instruments having been admitted in the written statement and these documents having been removed by the B.N.U. to Lisbon there was nothing to preclude the Custodian from claiming relief without producing those negotiable instruments. In appeal to this Court	 it was contended on behalf of the appellants that since the loans had been granted by the head office of the B.N.U. and not its branches	 the Custodian was not entitled to sue for recovery of loans granted by the head office. Dismissing the appeals	 ^ HELD: The transactions under consideration fell within the scope of the regulations and the Custodian was fully entitled to sue for the recovery of the debts covered by the loan agreements. [28 C] It is settled law that a body corporate and its branches are not distinct and separate entities from each other	 that the branches constitute mere components through which the corporate entity expresses itself and that all transactions entered into ostensibly with the branches are in legal reality transactions with the corporate body and that it is with the corporate body that a person must deal directly. In the case of a bank which operates through its branches	 however	 the branches are regarded for many purposes as separate and distinct entities from the head office and from each other. If the bank wrongly refuses to pay when a demand is made at the proper place and time	 then it can be sued at its head office as well as at its branch office the reason being that the action is then not on the debt	 but on the breach of the contract to pay at the place specified in the agreement. The regulations had been made apparently in the light of this banking law and practice. [24 B C; 25 B] The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. vs Harnam Singh and others	 at 422	 referred to. The regulations were intended to achieve what emergency legislation was designed to secure. In all such emergency laws there is a departure from the general rule that the branches and agencies of a business are no more than components through which the entire enterprise is carried on and that they cannot be considered as distinct and separate from the head office. [26 A B] It is abundantly plain from the object and purpose of the regulations and the provisions which seek to realise them that all transactions effected by or through the branches of the B.N.U. were intended to be brought within the compass of the Regulations. [26 D] New York Life Insurance Co. vs Public Trustee	 ; In re: W. Hagelberg Aktien Gesellschaft	 1916 Chancery Division 503 and Re The Banca Commercial Italiana	 [1943] 1 All England Law Reports 480	 referred to. 18 In the instant case although the loan agreements might have been entered into with the B.N.U	 the branches were authorised by the head office to give effect to those agreements and accordingly the branch concerned embarked upon the execution of the agreements and the working out of the transactions. The entire business involved in those transactions and dealings was effected by the branch concerned and it was only when occasion strictly so required that the branch made reference to the head office for authority to amend or enlarge the scope of the operation. The transaction and the business nonetheless remained throughout those of the branch and this is fully affirmed by the existence and operation of the loan accounts in the books of the branch by the pledge or hypothecation of goods in almost all cases in favour of the branch and by the overall nature and character of the transaction as an ordinary banking transaction falling within the normal business of a branch. [26 E F] The discharge of the debts under the Regulation amounted to their complete discharge and it was not open to anyone else to sue for their recovery. No indemnity was required to be furnished by the Custodian on the ground that the relevant documents could not be produced. Having regard to the circumstances of this case it was within the competence of The Court to base its decree on the books of account of the branches in Goa and on other evidence. The Portuguese law stands superseded by reason of the express provisions of regulation 8 (1). [31 A] The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Co. Ltd. vs Harnam Singh and others	 	 425	 distinguished.