Case ID: 3478

Judgment:
N: Criminal Appeal Nos. 212 213/71. Appeal from the Judgment and order dated the 21st November	 1970 of the Gujarat High Court in Criminal Revision Applications Nos. 321 and 322 of 1969. section N. Anand and M. N. Shroff for the Appellant. N. H. Hingorani and (Mrs.) K. Hingorani for the Respondent The Judgment of the Court was delivered by SARKARIA	 J. Controversy in these appeals centres round the interpretation of the words "specially empowered" appearing in section 2(c) of the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act	 1956 (to be (hereinafter referred to as the Act). The facts giving rise to these appeals are as follows: Chaturbhuj Maganlal and Bai Sabita	 respondents herein	 are husband and wife residing together at Parvati Bhuvan	 Rajkot. Both 1078 of them together with Bai Hamida Basi Mohammed	 respondent 3 herein	 are accused 1	 2 and 3 respectively	 in a trial for offences punishable under sections 5 and 6 of the Act before the Judicial Magistrate	 First Class Rajkot in Cr. Cases Nos. 1372 and 1404 of 1968. When the trial was about to commence in these cases	 the accused moved applications raising an objection that the Magistrate had no jurisdiction to try the offences as he had not been "specially empowered" as required by section 2(c) of the Act. The Magistrate rejected those applications whereupon the accused went in revision before the Sessions Judge	 Rajkot who dismissed the same. Aggrieved	 the accused filed two revisions (Cr. R. 321 and 322 of 1969) in the High Court of Gujarat. A learned Judge of the High Court allowed the revisions on the ground that Mr. Modha	 Magistrate 1st Class Rajkot	 before whom these cases were pending	 had no jurisdiction to try the same because the State Government notification	 dated February 19	 1959 did not have the effect of making him a "Magistrate of the first class specially empowered" within the meaning of section 2(c) of the Act. Accordingly	 the Magistrate was directed to drop the proceedings pending against the revision petitioners. Against that decision of the High Court	 the State has now filed these appeals on a certificate granted by the High Court under Article 134 (1) (c) of the Constitution. Section 2(c) of the Act defines a "Magistrate" to mean "a District Magistrate	 a Sub Divisional Magistrate of the First Class specially empowered by the State Government	 by notification in the Official Gazette	 to exercise jurisdiction under the Act". Section 22 further says: "No court inferior to that of a magistrate as defined in Clause (c) of Section 2 shall try any offence under Section 3	 Section 4	 Section 5	 Section 6	 Section 7 or Section 8". The State Government Notification No. PPA/1257/84187/X of July 22	 1958	 published in the Bombay Government Gazette of July 31	 1958	 purporting to have been issued under section 2(c)	 runs as follows: "In the exercise of the powers conferred by section 2(c) of the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act	 1956	 the Government of Bombay hereby empowers all the Judicial Magistrates of the First Class to exercise jurisdiction under the said Act	 except under sections 12(1)	 18(1)	 19	 20(1) and (3) of the Act. " The question is	 whether this notification has the effect of making every Judicial Magistrate of the First Class in the State within the area of his respective jurisdiction	 a Magistrate competent to try any offence under sections 3	 4	 5	 6	 7 and or 8 of the Act? 1079 Answer to this question depends on a correct interpretation of the expression "specially empowered" in Section 2(c). There has been a sharp conflict of judicial opinion in regard to the meaning of this expression. One line of decisions has taken the view (hereafter referred to us the narrow view) that the word "specially" in this expression has reference only to the mode of empowerment as indicated in section 39(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898. According to this view the word "specially" stands in contrast to the word "generally". Therefore	 if powers to try certain offences are conferred on a class of officials by their official title	 they are "generally empowered"; but if the powers are conferred on particular individuals by name or by virtue of their office	 they are "specially empowered". On this reasoning it is deduced that the words "specially empowered" imply "the exercise by Government of a certain selection or discrimination as regards an individual on whom the special power is to be conferred". Some of the cases in which this view has been expounded are: Mohd. Qasim and anr. vs Emperor; Emperor vs Udho Chandumal; Polubha Vajubha vs Tapu Ruda; and Sabuddin Sheikh Mansur vs J. section Thakkar and anr. A different view (hereafter referred to as the broad view) has been taken in these decisions: K. N. Vijavan vs State; State vs Judhabir Caetri; State of Mysore vs Kashambi and anr. ; Ashaq Hussain Khan vs section D. O. Monghir	 C. V. Madhava Mannadiar vs District Collector and ors. According to this view	 the word "specially" has reference to the special purpose of the empowerment and is not intended to convey the sense of a "special" as contrasted with a "general" empowerment. "Specially" qualifies the word "empowered" and not the person on whom the power is conferred. In this view	 the State Government is within its competence to confer powers under section 2(c) of the Act on some or all the Magistrates of the First Class in the State	 in any of the modes known to law	 and the Magistrate or Magistrates whom powers are so conferred will be "specially empowered" within the meaning of section 2(c). In our opinion	 this broad view rightly keeps in focus the special purpose of the empowerment and must be preferred to the narrow view. It is will recognised that where the language of a statutory provision is susceptible of two interpretations	 the one which promotes the object of the provision	 comports best with its purpose and preserves its smooth working	 should be chosen in preference to the other which introduces inconvenience and uncertainty in the working of the system. This rule will apply in full force where the provision confers ample 1080 discretion on the Government for a specific purpose to enable it to bring about an effective result. The Act has been enacted to suppress a special kind of mischief. With that end in view it creates new offences	 and confers wide powers on the Government to constitute special machinery for its enforcement. Th narrow view taken in the decision led by Mohd. Qasim 's case	 which reads	 with external aid	 into the expression "specially empowered" a restriction as to the mode or manner of empowerment	 is neither congenial to the special purpose of the provision	 nor conducive to the main object of the Act. It tends to introduce unnecessary inconvenience	 friction	 confusion and artificiality in the working of the provision. It also tends to reduce its efficacy and impede the exercise of the discretionary power which the Legislature has	 in its wisdom	 confided in full measure to the Government. In the context of section 2(c) of the Act	 therefore	 the narrow	 restrictive interpretation of the expression "specially empowered" has to be eschewed. Incidently	 it may be noticed that none of the decisions expounding the narrow view	 was concerned with the interpretation of the expression "specially empowered" in the context of the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act. In Mohammed Qasim vs Emperor	 (supra) which leads the exponents of this view	 the Madras High Court was concerned with the construction of this expression as used in section 3 of the Opium Act. Similarly	 the Full Bench decision of the Gujarat High Court in Sabuddin 's case (supra) (the ratio of which has been followed by the Judgment under appeal)	 turns on an interpretation of this expression in the context of section 56 of the Bombay Police Act. On the other hand	 in State of Mysore vs Kashambi and anr. (supra) which is a prominent exponent of the broad view	 the construction of section 2(c) of the Act was directly in issue before the Mysore High Court. Therein	 by a notification	 the State Government conferred powers on all First Class Magistrates to try cases under the Act. The accused	 Kashambi and Mohadinbi were being prosecuted under section 8(a) of the Act in the court of Judicial Magistrate First Class	 Saundatti. The accused raised an objection that the Magistrate had no jurisdiction to try the cases because the aforesaid notification was invalid and ineffective to confer the jurisdiction on him as it did not satisfy the requirement of section 2(c) regarding "special empowerment". Hegde	 J.	 who spoke for the Bench	 expressly dissented from the view taken in Polubha Vajubha vs Tepu Buda (supra) and Mohammed Qasim vs Emperor (supra) and held that the language of section 2(c) of the Act does not justify the contention that such a notification amounts to general conferment of power as opposed to special conferment of power as required by section 2(c) and therefore enlarges the scope of that section. In the opinion of the Bench	 the word "specially" is an adjective (adverb ?) to the verb "empowered" and not an adjective to the noun "Magistrate" and that this word means "specifically" or "for a particular purpose". The Bench did not accept the contention that the word "specially" conveys the idea of picking and choosing of the Magistrate or Magistrates for the purpose 1081 of conferring the additional powers. It was emphasised that the conferment of power under section 2(c) of the Act is not made by having recourse to section 39	 Cr. Procedure Code. In our opinion	 the view taken by the Mysore High Court in Kashambi 's case is the correct one. It seems to be more in accord with the trend of the recent decisions of this Court	 in which such an expression came up for construction. In this connection	 the first case to be noticed is Sindhi Lohana Chaithram vs State of Gujarat. Therein the meaning of the expression "specially empowered" occurring in s.6(1) of the Bombay Prevention of Gambling Act	 1887 came up for consideration. By a notification	 dated January 22	 1955. the Saurahtra Government empowered specially certain Assistant Superintendents and Deputy Superintendents of Police	 Porbander Division	 Porbander	 to authorise by issue of special warrants in each case	 a police officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector of Police to do the Varios things necessary in order to raid a house when the police officer suspected gaming to be carried on and which house	 room or place was suspected us being used as a common gaming house. The appellant 's house was raided by a Sub Inspector of Police	and on the basis of incriminating evidence the appellant and six others were charged under sections 4 and 6 of the Act. At the trial the accused contended that Shri Pandhya	 the Deputy Superintendent of Porbander who issued the search warrant	 was not authorised to do so because the aforesaid notification did not specially empower Shri Pandhya within the contemplation of section 6. This Court expressed that in view of the principle embodied in section 15 of the Bombay General Clauses Act	 1904 when power is conferred on a person by name or by virture of his office	 the individual designated by name or as the holder of the office for the time being is empowered specially. Judging by this test	 the Court held that the notification	 dated January 22	 1955	 "specially empowered" Shri Pandhya	 holder of the office of the Dy. Superintendent of Police	Porbander to issue the search warrant under section 6. The Court noticed the conflict of judicial opinion on the question whether a notification empowering all Magistrates of certain class to try certain class	 can be said to be empowered specially every Magistrate of that class to try those cases	but left that question open. However	 it settled that a person can be specially empowered even by virtue of his office. Again	 in Abdul Husein Tayabali and ors. vs State of Gujarat and ors. decided on September 20	 1967	 the construction of the expression "specially appointed" within the meaning of section 3(c) of the Land Acquisition Act	 1894 read with r. 4 of the Land Acquisition (Company 's) Rules	 came up for consideration before this Court. By a notification	 dated October 1	 1963	 issued under section 3(c) of the Land Acquisition Act	 the State Government authorised all Special Land Acquisition Officers in the State to perform the functions of 1082 Collectors under that Act within the area of their respective jurisdiction. Question arose whether that notification satisfied the requirements of section 3(c) and had the effect of specially empowering all the Land Acquisition Officers as a class to perform the duties under the Act. Shelat	 J.	 speaking for a Bench of three learned Judges	 answered this question in the affirmative and made these apposite observations: "In our view	 these words (specially appointed) simply mean that as such an officer is not a Collector and cannot perform the functions of a Collector under the Act	 he has to be 'specially appointed '	 that is	 appointed for the specific purpose of performing those functions. The word specially 'has therefore reference to the special purpose of appointment and is not used to convey the sense of a special as against a general appointment. The word "specially" thus connotes the appointment of an officer or officers to perform functions which ordinarily a Collector would perform under the Act. It qualifies the word "appointed" and means no more than that he is appointed specially to perform the functions entrusted by the Act to the Collector. It is the appointment therefore which is special and not the person from amongst several such officers. Besides sec. 15 of the General Clauses Act provides that where a Central Act empowers an authority to appoint a person to perform a certain function such power can be exercised either by name or by virtue of office. " There would therefore be no objection if the appointment is made of an officer by virtue of his office and not by his name. " The above observations are an apt guide to the interpretation of the expression "specially empowered" in section 2(c) of the Act with which we are concerned. Although the word in section 3(c) of the Land Acquisition Act	 the construction of which was considered in Abdul Hussain 's case	 were "specially appointed"	 their connotation is the same as conveyed by the expression "specially authorised" or "specially empowered" (see Oxford Dictionary according to which the word "authorised" means "empowered" "appointed"). In constructing the expression "specially empowered" in the instant case	 therefore	we can safely adopt the reasoning in Abdul Hussain 's case. Thus considered	 the term "specially" must be taken to have reference to the special purpose of the empowerment. Even according to Oxford Dictionary	 one sense of this word is "of special purpose". It qualifies the word "empowered". It is used in an attributive sense to highlight the special nature of the power. It does not convey the sense of a contradistinction or contrast between "special" empowerment and "general" empowerment. All that this word signifies is the investment of some or all the Magistrates of the First Class with powers which are 'special 'and are not part of the 'ordinary ' or 'additional 'powers which can be conferred on a Magistrate of the First Class under the Code of Criminal Procedure. In short	 the word "specially" 1083 cannotes that it is the empowerment which is special and not the person. Thus considered	 special empowerment does not necessarily involve selection of individuals by name or ex offico from the Magistrates of the 1st Class. The fallacy in the narrow view stems from the undue stress it lays on the mode of empowerment at the cost of the special purpose of the empowerment	 forgetting that the Act is a code by itself which creates new offences triables only by those Magistrates of the 1st Class who are specially empowered under section 2(c) of the Act	and not under the Code of Criminal Procedure. Be that as it may	s.39 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898 and s.32 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	1973	 are concerned with the mode of conferring power. "Power may be conferred on any person either by name or in virtue of his office"	 or "on classes of official generally by their official title". The special mode or the general mode of conferring the power applies to the conferment of power both for a general purpose or a special purpose. The mode of conferring power is not to be confused with the purpose of the power	as seems to have been done in the cases taking the narrow view. The narrow view can be tested yet from another angle. According to it if a Magistrate of the 1st Class is selected by name or by virtue of his office and invested with these powers to try offences under the Act	he would be "specially empowered". If no such pick and chose is made and the power is conferred on all the Magistrates of the same class	 they would be "generally empowered". This distinction if taken to its logical and	 breaks down	 and exposes the inherent artificiality of the proposition. If the empowering of a Magistrate of the First Class to try offences under this Act	 by virtue of his office	 satisfies the requirements of section 2(c)	 it is not understood how the empowerment of a whole class of Magistrates of the First Class by the same mode becomes ultra vires the section. In Abdul Hussain 's case	 the contention canvassed for the narrow view was considered from this aspect	 also. It was observed: ". even if the meaning of the word 'specially ' were to be that which is canvassed (by the appellant)	 the Government could have issued separate notification for each of the Sp. L. A. Officers authorising them individually to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective area of jurisdiction. Instead of doing that	 if one notification were to be issued authorising each of them to perform those functions there could be no valid objection. Such a notification would have the same force as a separate notification in respect of each individual Sp. L. A. Officer. Such a notification would mean that the Government thereby appoints each of the existing Sp. L. A. Officers to perform the functions of the Collector within their respective areas. " 1084 On parity of reasoning 	it can be said that the empowerment of all the Magistrates of the First Class	 in the State under one notification 	by virtue of their office to try offences under the Act in the area of their respective jurisdiction	 must be held to be "special" and not "general". It will not be out of place to mention here that Abdul Hussain 's case was decided by this Court on September 20	 1967	 that is	 about four and half months after the Full Bench decision of the Gujarat High Court in Sabuddin 's case (supra)	 Consequently	 the Bench did not have the advantage of the guidance furnished by Abdul Hussain 's case. In the light of the construction put by us on the expression "specially empowered" as used in section 2(c) of the Act	 we hold that by virtue of the State Government Notification dated July 22	 1958	 the Judicial Magistrate First Class Rajkot has the jurisdiction to try the offences under the Act. Accordingly	 we allow these appeals	 set aside the judgment of the High Court. The cases will now go back to the Judicial Magistrate	 First Class	 Rajkot for further proceedings in accordance with law. The cases	 being very old	 it is directed that they be disposed of on top priority basis	 with utmost expedition	 if possible	 within three months from today. V.P.S. Appeals allowed.

Summary:
Section 2(c)	 Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and Girls Act	 1956	 defines a Magistrate to mean a District Magistrate	 a Sub Divisional Magistrate of the First Class specially empowered by the State Government by notification in the official Gazette	 to exercise jurisdiction under the Act. The appellant State issued a notification under the section empowering all the Judicial Magistrates of the 1st Class to exercise jurisdiction to try certain offences under the Act. The High Court held that the notification did not have the effect of making a Magistrate one specially empowered within the meaning of section 2(c). Allowing the appeal to this Court	 ^ HELD: It is not necessary that the State Government should pick and choose individual Magistrates and confer special power on them. The notification had the effect of making every Judicial Magistrate of the First Class in the State	 within the area of his respective jurisdiction	 a Magistrate specially empowered to try those offences. [1083E; 1084C] Mohd. Qasim & Anr. vs Emperor	 AIR	 ; Emperor vs Udho Chandumal	 AIR 1943 Sind 107; Polubha Vajubha vs Tapu Buda	 AIR 1956 Sau. 73 and Sabuddin Sheikh Mansur vs J. section Thakkar & Anr. ILR [1968] Guj. 4	 disapproved. K. N. Vijayan vs State	 AIR 1953 Tr. Co. 402. State vs Judhabir Caetri AIR 1953 Assam 35; (F.B.); State of Mysore vs Kashambi & Anr: ; Ashaq Hussain Khan vs S.D.O. Manghir. ATR 1965 Pat 446 and C. V. Madhava Mannadiar vs Distt. Collector & Ors.	 AIR 1970 Kerala 50. approved. (1) Where the language of a statutory provision is susceptible of two interpretations	 the one which promotes the object of the provision. comports best with its purpose and preserves its smooth working	 should be chosen in preference to the other which introduces inconvenience and uncertainty in the working of the system. This rule will apply in full force where the provision confers ample discretion on the Government for a specific purpose to enable it to bring about an effective result. [1079G 1080A] (2) The word "specially" has reference to the special purpose of the empowerment and is not intended to convey the sense of a "special" as Contrasted with a "general" empowerment. "Specially" qualifies the word "empowered" and not the person on whom the power is conferred. In this view the State Government is within its competence to confer powers under the section on some or all of the Magistrates of the First Class in the State in any of the modes known to law and the Magistrate or Magistrates. On whom Powers are so conferred	 will be "specially empowered" within the meaning of the section. This broad view keeps in focus the special purpose of the empowerment and must be preferred to the narrow view	 namely. That the word "specially" stands in contrast to the word "generally". According to 1077 the narrow view if powers to try certain offences are conferred on a class of officials by their official title	 they are "generally empowered '; but if the powers are conferred on particular individuals by name or by virtue of their office	 as a result of selection by the Government	 they are 'specially empowered". This view which reads into the expression "specially empowered" a restriction as to the mode or manner of empowerment	 is neither congenial to the special purpose of the provision	 nor conducive to the main object of the Act	 and tends to reduce its efficacy and to impede the exercise of the discretionary power which the legislature has confided in full measure to the Government.[1079B D	 E G; 1080B C	 H; 1082G] (3) The word "specially" signifies the investment of some or all the Magistrates of the First Class with powers which are "special ' and are not part of the "ordinary" or "additional" powers which can be conferred on a Magistrate of the First Class under the Code of Criminal Procedure. The fallacy in the narrow view stems from the undue stress it lavs on the mode empowerment at the cost of the special purpose of the empowerment ignoring the fact that the Act is a code by itself which creates new offences triable only by those Magistrates of the First Class who are specially empowered under section 2(c) of the Act	 and not under the Code of Criminal Procedure. Power may be conferred under section 39 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1898	 corresponding to section 32 of the Code of Criminal Procedure	 1973	 on any person either by name or in virtue of his office or on classes of officials generally by their official title. The special mode or the general mode of conferring the power applies to the conferment of power both for a general purpose or a special purpose. The mode of conferring power is not to be confused with the purposes of the power. [1082H; 1083B D] (4) A person can be specially empowered even by virtue of his office. If empowering a Magistrate of the First Class to try offences under the Act by virtue of his office satisfies the requirement of section 2(c)	 there is no reason why the empowerment of all the Magistrates of the First Class in the State under the notification by virtue of their office to try offences under the Act in the areas of their respective jurisdictions should not be held to be special but treated as general. The Government could have issued separate notifications for each Magistrate. Instead of doing so if one notification were to be issued authorising each of them to perform those functions	 there could be no valid objection. [1081F G; 1083E F	 G 1084B] Sindhi Lokana Chajthram vs State of Gujarat	 ; and Abdul Hussain Tayabali and ors. vs State of Gujarat and ors. ; 	 followed.