Adding to_tf_dataset method
State: closed | Author: Rocketknight1 (MEMBER)

Oh my **god** do not merge this yet, it's just a draft.

I've added a method (via a mixin) to the `arrow_dataset.Dataset` class that automatically converts our Dataset classes to TF Dataset classes ready for training. It hopefully has most of the features we want, including streaming from disk (no need to load the whole dataset in memory!), correct shuffling, variable-length batches to reduce compute, and correct support for unusual padding. It achieves that by calling the tokenizer `pad` method in the middle of a TF compute graph via a very hacky call to `tf.py_function`, which is heretical but seems to work.

A number of issues need to be resolved before it's ready to merge, though:

1) Is a MixIn the right way to do this? Do other classes besides `arrow_dataset.Dataset` need this method too?
2) Needs an argument to support constant-length batches for TPU training - this is easy to add and I'll do it soon.
3) Needs the user to supply the list of columns to drop from the arrow `Dataset`. Is there some automatic way to get the columns we want, or see which columns were added by the tokenizer?
4) Assumes the label column is always present and always called "label" - this is probably not great, but I'm not sure what the 'correct' thing to do here is.

Comments: This seems to be working reasonably well in testing, and performance is way better. `tf.py_function` has been dropped for an input generator, but I moved as much of the code as possible outside the generator to allow TF to compile it correctly. I also avoid `tf.RaggedTensor` at all costs, and do the shuffle in the dataset followed by accessing sequential chunks, instead of shuffling an index tensor. The combination of all of these gives us a more flexible data loader as well as a ~20X boost in performance compared to the first solution.

I made a change to the `TFFormatter` in this PR that will need some changes to the tests, so I wanted to ping @lhoestq and anyone else before I made those changes.

The key problem is that up until now the `TFFormatter` always returns `RaggedTensor`, created using the very slow `tf.ragged.constant` function. This is a big performance penalty, but it's also (imo) surprising for users - `RaggedTensor` handles tensors where one dimension has variable length. This is a good choice for tokenized datasets with variable sequence length, but it's an odd choice when the non-batch dimensions are constant, such as in image datasets, or in datasets where all samples are padded to the same length (e.g. for TPU training).

The change I made was to try to return standard `Tensor` objects instead of `RaggedTensor` when all the samples in the batch had the same shape, and if that was not the case to fall back to fast `RaggedTensor` creation with `tf.ragged.stack`, and only falling back to the very slow `tf.ragged.constant` function as a last resort. I think this will match user expectations in most cases and greatly improve performance, but it's a (very slightly) breaking change, so any feedback is welcome!

Also I really can't emphasize enough how slow `tf.ragged.constant` is, it's bad enough to create a data pipeline bottleneck in more or less any training setup:
![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/12866554/131121785-4fbe942a-1ca4-4af6-a9da-cd6d5ea67b30.png)


Hi @lhoestq, the tests have been modified and everything is passing. The Windows tests look to be failing for an unrelated reason, but other than that I'm ready to merge if you are!

Hi @Rocketknight1 ! Feel free to merge `master` into this branch to fix and run the full CI :)

@lhoestq rebased onto master and it looks good! I'm doing some testing with new notebook examples, but are you happy to merge if that looks good?

@lhoestq No, I'm happy to merge it as-is and add documentation afterwards!