[Feature request] Support for external modality for language datasets
State: closed | Author: aleSuglia (CONTRIBUTOR)
Labels: name: enhancement

name: generic discussion

# Background

In recent years many researchers have advocated that learning meanings from text-based only datasets is just like asking a human to "learn to speak by listening to the radio" [[E. Bender and A. Koller,2020](https://openreview.net/forum?id=GKTvAcb12b), [Y. Bisk et. al, 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.10151)]. Therefore, the importance of multi-modal datasets for the NLP community is of paramount importance for next-generation models. For this reason, I raised a [concern](https://github.com/huggingface/nlp/pull/236#issuecomment-639832029) related to the best way to integrate external features in NLP datasets (e.g., visual features associated with an image, audio features associated with a recording, etc.). This would be of great importance for a more systematic way of representing data for ML models that are learning from multi-modal data. 

# Language + Vision

## Use case
Typically, people working on Language+Vision tasks, have a reference dataset (either in JSON or JSONL format) and for each example, they have an identifier that specifies the reference image. For a practical example, you can refer to the [GQA](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/dorarad/gqa/download.html#seconddown) dataset.

Currently, images are represented by either pooling-based features (average pooling of ResNet or VGGNet features, see [DeVries et.al, 2017](https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08481), [Shekhar et.al, 2019](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1265.pdf)) where you have a single vector for every image. Another option is to use a set of feature maps for every image extracted from a specific layer of a CNN (see [Xu et.al, 2015](https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.03044)). A more recent option, especially with large-scale multi-modal transformers [Li et. al, 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.03557), is to use FastRCNN features. 

For all these types of features, people use one of the following formats:
1. [HD5F](https://pypi.org/project/h5py/)
2. [NumPy](https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.savez.html)
3. [LMDB](https://lmdb.readthedocs.io/en/release/)

## Implementation considerations

I was thinking about possible ways of implementing this feature. As mentioned above, depending on the model, different visual features can be used. This step usually relies on another model (say ResNet-101) that is used to generate the visual features for each image used in the dataset. Typically, this step is done in a separate script that completes the feature generation procedure. The usual processing steps for these datasets are the following:

1. Download dataset
2. Download images associated with the dataset
3. Write a script that generates the visual features for every image and store them in a specific file
4. Create a DataLoader that maps the visual features to the corresponding language example

In my personal projects, I've decided to ignore HD5F because it doesn't have out-of-the-box support for multi-processing (see this PyTorch [issue](https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/11929)). I've been successfully using a NumPy compressed file for each image so that I can store any sort of information in it.

For ease of use of all these Language+Vision datasets, it would be really handy to have a way to associate the visual features with the text and store them in an efficient way. That's why I immediately thought about the HuggingFace NLP backend based on Apache Arrow. The assumption here is that the external modality will be mapped to a N-dimensional tensor so easily represented by a NumPy array. 

Looking forward to hearing your thoughts about it!

Comments: Thanks a lot, @aleSuglia for the very detailed and introductive feature request.
It seems like we could build something pretty useful here indeed.

One of the questions here is that Arrow doesn't have built-in support for generic "tensors" in records but there might be ways to do that in a clean way. We'll probably try to tackle this during the summer.

I was looking into Facebook MMF and apparently they decided to use LMDB to store additional features associated with every example: https://github.com/facebookresearch/mmf/blob/master/mmf/datasets/databases/features_database.py



I saw the Mozilla common_voice dataset in model hub, which has mp3 audio recordings as part it. It's use predominantly maybe in ASR and TTS, but dataset is a Language + Voice Dataset similar to @aleSuglia's point about Language + Vision. 

https://huggingface.co/datasets/common_voice

Hey @thomwolf, are there any updates on this? I would love to contribute if possible!

Thanks, 
Alessandro 

Hi @aleSuglia :) In today's new release 1.17 of `datasets` we introduce a new feature type `Image` that allows to store images directly in a dataset, next to text features and labels for example. There is also an `Audio` feature type, for datasets containing audio data. For tensors there are `Array2D`, `Array3D`, etc. feature types

Note that both Image and Audio feature types take care of decoding the images/audio data if needed. The returned images are PIL images, and the audio signals are decoded as numpy arrays.

And `datasets` also leverage end-to-end zero copy from the arrow data for all of them, for maximum speed :)