hellotayssir/FinQA_TAT-QA_financial_finetuning_dataset huggingface dataset:
Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to the results reported in accordance with US GAAP, we also use certain non-GAAP measures such as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA to evaluate operating performance and to facilitate the comparison of our historical results and trends. These financial measures are not a measure of financial performance under US GAAP and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income as a measure of performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity.
They are not, on their own, necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs as determined in accordance with GAAP. The calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP are provided below.
EBITDA is defined as net earnings before interest expense, income taxes, and depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is comprised of EBITDA, adjusted for certain items as permitted or required under our credit facility as described in the reconciliations below. These measures are a common measure of operating performance in the telecommunications industry and are useful, with other data, as a means to evaluate our ability to fund our estimated uses of cash.
The following tables are a reconciliation of net income (loss) to adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:
(1) Other, net includes the equity earnings from our investments, dividend income, income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries, acquisition and transaction related costs including integration and severance, non-cash pension and post-retirement benefits and certain other miscellaneous items. (2) Includes all cash dividends and other cash distributions received from our investments.
Table:
 |  |  | Year Ended December 31,
(In thousands, unaudited) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Net income (loss) | $ (19,931) | $ (50,571) | $ 65,299
Add (subtract): |  |  | 
Interest expense, net of interest income | 136,660 | 134,578 | 129,786
Income tax benefit | (3,714) | (24,127) | (124,927)
Depreciation and amortization | 381,237 | 432,668 | 291,873
EBITDA | 494,252 | 492,548 | 362,031
Adjustments to EBITDA: |  |  | 
Other, net (1) | (8,847) | 549 | 19,314
Investment distributions (2) | 35,809 | 39,078 | 29,993
Gain on extinguishment of debt | (4,510) | — | —
Non-cash, stock-based compensation | 6,836 | 5,119 | 2,766
Adjusted EBITDA | $ 523,540 | $ 537,294 | $ 414,104


Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in Interest expense, net of interest income from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 2082
Calculation: 136,660-134,578
Subsequent to the year end, we have received the final ratifications required for full planning to become effective and therefore we expect the positive impact on retained earnings to reverse once these arrangements are formally concluded. In this event EPRA NAV per share would have been 143 pence.
Debt measures
A Debt to asset ratio
Our debt to assets ratio increased to 67.8 per cent in 2019 due to the property revaluation deficit in the year. This reduces to 65.3 per cent when adjusted for expected disposal proceeds from intu Puerto Venecia and intu Asturias.
B Interest cover
Interest cover of 1.67x remains above our target minimum level of 1.60x although it has reduced in 2019 as a result of the reduction in net rental income.
C Immediately available cash and facilities
Immediately available cash and facilities has reduced in the year by £5.3 million to £241.5 million at 31 December 2019. This excludes the rents collected at the end of December 2019 which relate to the first quarter of 2020 and remain in the debt structures until interest payments are made. At 10 March 2020, immediately available cash and facilities is £200.3 million, which will be augmented by the intu Puerto Venecia sales proceeds expected to be received in early April.
Table:
 | Notes | 2019 | 2018 | Change
Debt to assets ratio | A | 67.8% | 53.1% | 14.7%
Interest cover | B | 1.67x | 1.91x | –0.24x
Weighted average debt maturity |  | 5.0 years | 5.8 years | –0.8 years
Weighted average cost of gross debt (excluding RCF) |  | 4.3% | 4.2% | –0.1%
Proportion of gross debt with interest rate protection |  | 88% | 84% | 4%
Immediately available cash and facilities | C | £241.5m | £246.8m | £(5.3)m


Question: What is the change in the proportion of gross debt with interest rate protection from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 4
Calculation: 88-84
Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, professional fees, insurance costs, and other business development and selling expenses.
The following table shows selling, general and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017:
Selling, general and administrative expense in 2019 increased compared to 2018 primarily due to higher employee compensation expense, lower accretion expense in 2018 associated with the reduction in our module collection and recycling liability described above, and higher professional fees.
Table:
 |  | Year Ended |  | Change |  |  | 
(Dollars in thousands) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 over 2018 |  | 2018 over 2017 | 
Selling, general and administrative | $205,471 | $176,857 | $202,699 | $28,614 | 16% | $(25,842) | (13)%
% of net sales . | 6.7% | 7.9% | 6.9% |  |  |  | 


Question: What are the reasons for higher selling, general and administrative expense in 2019 as compared to 2018?
Answer: Selling, general and administrative expense in 2019 increased compared to 2018 primarily due to higher employee compensation expense, lower accretion expense in 2018 associated with the reduction in our module collection and recycling liability described above, and higher professional fees.
Non-Operating Income, net: Non-operating income, net consists primarily of interest income, net foreign currency exchange losses, the noncontrolling interests in the net profits of our majority-owned subsidiaries (primarily Oracle Financial Services Software Limited and Oracle Corporation Japan) and net other income, including net recognized gains and losses related to all of our investments, net unrealized gains and losses related to the small portion of our investment portfolio related to our deferred compensation plan, net unrealized gains and losses related to certain equity securities and non-service net periodic pension income (losses).
On a constant currency basis, our non-operating income, net decreased in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to decreases in other income, net in fiscal 2019 , which was primarily attributable to realized gains on the sale of certa in marketable securities during fiscal 2018 , and lower interest income in fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower average cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities balances during fiscal 2019 .
Table:
 |  |  | Year Ended May 31, | 
 |  |  | Percent Change | 
(Dollars in millions) | 2019 | Actual | Constant | 2018
Interest income | $1,092 | -9% | -9% | $1,203
Foreign currency losses, net | (111) | 50% | 62% | (74)
Noncontrolling interests in income | (152) | 12% | 12% | (135)
Other income, net | (14) | -107% | -42% | 191
Total non-operating income, net | $815 | -31% | -31% | $1,185


Question: Why did Oracle's interest income in fiscal 2019 decrease?
Answer: lower interest income in fiscal 2019 primarily due to lower average cash, cash equivalent and marketable securities balances during fiscal 2019 .
14. INCOME TAXES
Our effective tax rates for each of the periods presented are the result of the mix of income earned in various tax jurisdictions that apply a broad range of income tax rates. The more significant provisions of the Tax Act as applicable to us are described in Note 1 above under “Impacts of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.” During fiscal 2019, we recorded a net benefit of $389 million in accordance with SAB 118 related to adjustments in our estimates of the one-time transition tax on certain foreign subsidiary earnings, and the remeasurement of our net deferred tax assets and liabilities affected by the Tax Act. Our provision for income taxes for fiscal 2019 varied from the 21% U.S. statutory rate imposed by the Tax Act primarily due to earnings in foreign operations, state taxes, the U.S. research and development tax credit, settlements with tax authorities, the tax effects of stock-based compensation, the Foreign Derived Intangible Income deduction, the tax effect of GILTI, and a reduction to our transition tax recorded consistent with the provision of SAB 118. Our provision for income taxes for fiscal 2018 varied from the 21% U.S. statutory rate imposed by the Tax Act primarily due to the impacts of the Tax Act upon adoption, state taxes, the U.S. research and development tax credit, settlements with tax authorities, the tax effects of stock-based compensation and the U.S. domestic production activity deduction. Prior to the January 1, 2018 effective date of the Tax Act, our provision for income taxes historically differed from the tax computed at the previous U.S. federal statutory income tax rate due primarily to certain earnings considered as indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations, state taxes, the U.S. research and development tax cr edit, settlements with tax authorities, the tax effects of stock-based compensation and the U.S. domestic production activity deduction.
The following is a geographical breakdown of income before the provision for income taxes:
Table:
 | Year Ended May 31 |  | 
(in millions) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Domestic | $3,774 | $3,366 | $3,674
Foreign | 8,494 | 9,058 | 8,006
Income before provision for income taxes | $12,268 | $12,424 | $11,680
 |  |  | 


Question: What is the % change in the foreign income from 2017 to 2018, in billions?
Answer: 13.14
Calculation: (9,058-8,006)/8,006
The following tables present the recorded investment by portfolio segment and by class, excluding commercial financing receivables and other miscellaneous financing receivables at December 31, 2019 and 2018. Commercial financing receivables are excluded from the presentation of financing receivables by portfolio segment, as they are short term in nature and the current estimated risk of loss and resulting impact to the company’s financing results are not material.
Write-offs of lease receivables and loan receivables were $16 million and $47 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Provisions for credit losses recorded for lease receivables and loan receivables were a release of $6 million and an addition of $2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019.
The average recorded investment of impaired leases and loans for Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific was $138 million, $49 million and $45 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Both interest income recognized, and interest income recognized on a cash basis on impaired leases and loans were immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Table:
($ in millions) |  |  |  | 
At December 31, 2019: | Americas | EMEA | Asia Pacific | Total
Recorded investment: |  |  |  | 
Lease receivables | $ 3,419 | $1,186 | $  963 | $ 5,567
Loan receivables | 6,726 | 3,901 | 2,395 | 13,022
Ending balance | $10,144 | $5,087 | $3,359 | $18,590
Recorded investment, collectively evaluated for impairment | $10,032 | $5,040 | $3,326 | $18,399
Recorded investment, individually evaluated for impairment | $   112 | $   47 | $   32 | $   191
Allowance for credit losses |  |  |  | 
Beginning balance at January 1, 2019 |  |  |  | 
Lease receivables | $    53 | $   22 | $   24 | $     99
Loan receivables | 105 | 43 | 32 | 179
Total | $   158 | $   65 | $   56 | $   279
Write-offs | (42) | (3) | (18) | (63)
Recoveries | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2
Provision | 5 | (7) | (3) | (5)
Other* | (1) | 0 | (1) | (2)
Ending balance at December 31, 2019 | $   120 | $   54 | $   36 | $   210
Lease receivables | $    33 | $   23 | $   16 | $    72
Loan receivables | $    88 | $   31 | $   20 | $   138
Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment | $    25 | $   11 | $    4 | $    39
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment | $    96 | $   43 | $   32 | $   171


Question: What were the write-offs in December 2019?
Answer: $16 million
* Recast to reflect segment changes.
The 2018 GTS gross profit margin was essentially flat year to year and reflected benefits from productivity initiatives, including automation of delivery processes infused with AI and global workforce optimization.
Pre-tax income performance reflected continued investment to expand go-to-market capabilities and develop new offerings for the hybrid market.
Table:
($ in millions) |  |  | 
For the year ended December 31: | 2018* | 2017* | Yr.-to-Yr. Percent/ Margin Change
Global Technology Services |  |  | 
External total gross profit | $10,035 | $10,022 | 0.1%
External total gross profit margin | 34.4% | 34.3% | 0.1 pts
Pre-tax income | $ 1,781 | $ 2,618 | (32.0)%
Pre-tax margin | 5.9% | 8.8% | (2.8) pts


Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) in External total gross profit from 2017 to 2018
Answer: 13
Calculation: 10,035-10,022
notes to the consolidated financial statements union pacific corporation and subsidiary companies for purposes of this report , unless the context otherwise requires , all references herein to the 201ccorporation 201d , 201cupc 201d , 201cwe 201d , 201cus 201d , and 201cour 201d mean union pacific corporation and its subsidiaries , including union pacific railroad company , which will be separately referred to herein as 201cuprr 201d or the 201crailroad 201d . 1 . nature of operations operations and segmentation 2013 we are a class i railroad that operates in the united states . we have 32094 route miles , linking pacific coast and gulf coast ports with the midwest and eastern united states gateways and providing several corridors to key mexican gateways . we serve the western two- thirds of the country and maintain coordinated schedules with other rail carriers for the handling of freight to and from the atlantic coast , the pacific coast , the southeast , the southwest , canada , and mexico . export and import traffic is moved through gulf coast and pacific coast ports and across the mexican and canadian borders . the railroad , along with its subsidiaries and rail affiliates , is our one reportable operating segment . although revenues are analyzed by commodity group , we analyze the net financial results of the railroad as one segment due to the integrated nature of our rail network . the following table provides revenue by commodity group : millions of dollars 2009 2008 2007 .

Table:
millions of dollars | 2009 | 2008 | 2007
agricultural | $ 2666 | $ 3174 | $ 2605
automotive | 854 | 1344 | 1458
chemicals | 2102 | 2494 | 2287
energy | 3118 | 3810 | 3134
industrial products | 2147 | 3273 | 3077
intermodal | 2486 | 3023 | 2925
total freight revenues | $ 13373 | $ 17118 | $ 15486
other revenues | 770 | 852 | 797
total operating revenues | $ 14143 | $ 17970 | $ 16283
although our revenues are principally derived from customers domiciled in the united states , the ultimate points of origination or destination for some products transported are outside the united states .
basis of presentation 2013 the consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the united states of america ( gaap ) as codified in the financial accounting standards board ( fasb ) accounting standards codification ( asc ) .
subsequent events evaluation 2013 we evaluated the effects of all subsequent events through february 5 , 2010 , the date of this report , which is concurrent with the date we file this report with the u.s .
securities and exchange commission ( sec ) .
2 .
significant accounting policies change in accounting principle 2013 we have historically accounted for rail grinding costs as a capital asset .
beginning in the first quarter of 2010 , we will change our accounting policy for rail grinding costs .

Question: for 2009 , what was freight revenue per route mile?
Answer: 416682
Calculation: multiply(13373, const_1000000), divide(#0, 32094)
In relation to the oil derivative instrument (see note 24), the fair value was determined using the estimated discounted cash flows of the additional payments due to us as a result of oil prices moving above a contractual oil price floor over the term of the liquefaction tolling agreement ("LTA"). Significant inputs used in the valuation of the oil derivative instrument include management’s estimate of an appropriate discount rate and the length of time to blend the long-term and the short-term oil prices obtained from quoted prices in active markets. The changes in fair value of our oil derivative instrument is recognized in each period in current earnings in "Realized and unrealized gain on oil derivative instrument" as part of the consolidated statement of income.
The realized and unrealized (loss)/ gain on the oil derivative instrument is as follows:
The unrealized loss/gain results from movement in oil prices above a contractual floor price over term of the LTA; the realized gain results from monthly billings above the base tolling fee under the LTA. For further information on the nature of this derivative, refer to note 24.
Table:
 |  | Year Ended December 31, | 
(in thousands of $) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Realized gain on oil derivative instrument | 13,089 | 26,737 | —
Unrealized (loss)/gain on oil derivative instrument  | (39,090) | (9,970) | 15,100
 | (26,001) | 16,767 | 15,100


Question: What was the percentage change in total realized and unrealized (loss)/ gain on the oil derivative instrument from 2017 to 2018?
Answer: 11.04
Calculation: (16,767 - 15,100)/15,100
Taxes
At €298 million (2017/18: €216 million), recognised income tax expenses are €81 million higher than the previous year’s figures.
During the reporting period, the group tax rate for the continuing segment is 42.0% (2017/18: 37.6%). The group tax rate represents the relationship between recognised income tax expenses and earnings before taxes. The increase in the ratio in the current financial year is mainly attributable to impairments on deferred taxes on loss carry-forwards in Germany. The comparatively low ratio in the previous year includes positive one-off tax effects such as tax rate changes abroad and the reduction for risk provisions.
For more information about income taxes, see the notes to the consolidated financial statements in no. 12 – income taxes page 206 .
1 Adjustment of previous year according to explanation in notes.
Table:
€ million | 2017/2018 | 2018/2019
Actual taxes | 173 | 215
thereof Germany | (14) | (9)
thereof international | (159) | (206)
thereof tax expenses/income for the current period | (194) | (221)
thereof tax expenses/income of previous periods | (−21) | (−6)
Deferred taxes | 43 | 83
thereof Germany | (39) | (104)
thereof international | (4) | (−21)
 | 216 | 298


Question: What was the percentage change in total taxes in  2018/2019 from 2017/2018?
Answer: 37.96
Calculation: (298-216)/216
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):
Table:
 | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018
Accrued compensation and benefits | $12,227 | $15,283
Accrued tax liabilities | 4,354 | 4,455
Lease liabilities | 5,109 | —
Other | 6,066 | 5,553
Total accrued liabilities | $27,756 | $25,291


Question: What is the total accrued liabilities as at 31 December 2019?
Answer: $27,756
Deferred taxes arise because of differences in the book and tax bases of certain assets and liabilities. Significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
At December 31, 2019, undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries indefinitely invested outside the U.S. amounted to approximately $3.8 billion. The majority of Verizon’s cash flow is generated from domestic operations and we are not dependent on foreign cash or earnings to meet our funding requirements, nor do we intend to repatriate these undistributed foreign earnings to fund U.S. operations.
Furthermore, a portion of these undistributed earnings represents amounts that legally must be kept in reserve in accordance with certain foreign jurisdictional requirements and are unavailable for distribution or repatriation. As a result, we have not provided U.S. deferred taxes on these undistributed earnings because we intend that they will remain indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. and therefore unavailable for use in funding U.S. operations. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred taxes related to these undistributed earnings is not practicable.
At December 31, 2019, we had net after-tax loss and credit carry forwards for income tax purposes of approximately $3.0 billion that primarily relate to state and foreign taxes. Of these net after-tax loss and credit carry forwards, approximately $2.0 billion will expire between 2020 and 2039 and approximately $1.0 billion may be carried forward indefinitely.
During 2019, the valuation allowance decreased approximately $481 million. The balance of the valuation allowance at December 31, 2019 and the 2019 activity is primarily related to state and foreign taxes.
Table:
 |  | (dollars in millions)
At December 31, | 2019 | 2018
Deferred Tax Assets |  | 
Employee benefits | $ 5,048 | $ 5,403
Tax loss and credit carry forwards | 3,012 | 3,576
Other – assets | 5,595 | 1,650
 | 13,655 | 10,629
Valuation allowances | (2,260) | (2,741)
Deferred tax assets | 11,395 | 7,888
Deferred Tax Liabilities |  | 
Spectrum and other intangible amortization | 22,388 | 21,976
Depreciation | 16,884 | 15,662
Other—liabilities | 6,742 | 3,976
Deferred tax liabilities | 46,014 | 41,614
Net deferred tax liability | $ 34,619 | $ 33,726


Question: What was the change in the employee benefit from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: -355
Calculation: 5,048 - 5,403
We operate in the following two reportable segments, which are the same as our operating segments:
• Enterprise Security. Our Enterprise Security segment focuses on providing our Integrated Cyber Defense solutions to help business and government customers unify cloud and on-premises security to deliver a more effective cyber defense solution, while driving down cost and complexity. • Consumer Cyber Safety. Our Consumer Cyber Safety segment focuses on providing cyber safety solutions under our Norton LifeLock brand to help consumers protect their devices, online privacy, identities, and home networks.
Operating segments are based upon the nature of our business and how our business is managed. Our Chief Operating Decision Makers, comprised of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, use our operating segment financial information to evaluate segment performance and to allocate resources.
There were no inter-segment sales for the periods presented. The following table summarizes the operating results of our reportable segments:
Note 15. Segment and Geographic Information
Table:
 |  | Year Ended | 
(In millions) | March 29, 2019 | March 30, 2018 | March 31, 2017
Total segments: |  |  | 
Net revenues | $4,731 | $4,834 | $4,019
Operating income | $1,414 | $1,584 | $1,026
Enterprise Security: |  |  | 
Net revenues | $2,323 | $2,554 | $2,355
Operating income | $269 | $473 | $187
Consumer Cyber Safety: |  |  | 
Net revenues | $2,408 | $2,280 | $1,664
Operating income | $1,145 | $1,111 | $839


Question: What does the table represent?
Answer: summarizes the operating results of our reportable segments