hellotayssir/FinQA_TAT-QA_financial_finetuning_dataset huggingface dataset:
Fair Value Valuation Assumptions
Valuation of Stock Options
The fair value of stock options granted are principally estimated using a binomial-lattice model. The inputs in our binomial-lattice model include expected stock price volatility, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, contractual term, and vesting schedule, as well as measures of employees’ cancellations, exercise, and post-vesting termination behavior. Statistical methods are used to estimate employee termination rates.
The following table presents the weighted-average assumptions, weighted average grant date fair value, and the range of expected stock price volatilities:
Expected life The expected life of employee stock options is a derived output of the binomial-lattice model and represents the weighted-average period the stock options are expected to remain outstanding. A binomial-lattice model assumes that employees will exercise their options when the stock price equals or exceeds an exercise multiple. The exercise multiple is based on historical employee exercise behaviors.
Volatility To estimate volatility for the binomial-lattice model, we consider the implied volatility of exchange-traded options on our stock to estimate short-term volatility, the historical volatility of our common shares during the option’s contractual term to estimate long-term volatility, and a statistical model to estimate the transition from short-term volatility to long-term volatility.
Risk-free interest rate As is the case for volatility, the risk-free interest rate is assumed to change during the option’s contractual term. The riskfree interest rate, which is based on U.S. Treasury yield curves, reflects the expected movement in the interest rate from one time period to the next (“forward rate”).
Dividend yield The expected dividend yield assumption is based on our historical and expected future amount of dividend payouts. Share-based compensation expense recognized is based on awards ultimately expected to vest and therefore has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant based on historical experience and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.
Table:
 |  | Employee and Director Options | 
 |  | For the Years Ended December 31, | 
 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Expected life (in years) | 7.85 | 7.64 | 7.01
Volatility | 30.00% | 32.37% | 35.00%
Risk free interest rate | 1.90% | 3.10% | 2.14%
Dividend yield | 0.76% | 0.61% | 0.50%
Weighted-average grant date fair value | $17.12 | $21.03 | $21.11
Stock price volatility range: |  |  | 
Low | 30.00% | 31.72% | 28.19%
High | 38.17% | 36.73% | 35.00%


Question: How was the fair value of stock options granted estimated by?
Answer: using a binomial-lattice model.
mastercard incorporated notes to consolidated financial statements 2014 ( continued ) ( in thousands , except percent and per share data ) upon termination of employment , excluding retirement , all of a participant 2019s unvested awards are forfeited . however , when a participant terminates employment due to retirement , the participant generally retains all of their awards without providing additional service to the company . eligible retirement is dependent upon age and years of service , as follows : age 55 with ten years of service , age 60 with five years of service and age 65 with two years of service . compensation expense is recognized over the shorter of the vesting periods stated in the ltip , or the date the individual becomes eligible to retire . there are 11550 shares of class a common stock reserved for equity awards under the ltip . although the ltip permits the issuance of shares of class b common stock , no such shares have been reserved for issuance . shares issued as a result of option exercises and the conversions of rsus are expected to be funded with the issuance of new shares of class a common stock . stock options the fair value of each option is estimated on the date of grant using a black-scholes option pricing model . the following table presents the weighted-average assumptions used in the valuation and the resulting weighted- average fair value per option granted for the years ended december 31: .

Table:
 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007
risk-free rate of return | 2.5% ( 2.5 % ) | 3.2% ( 3.2 % ) | 4.4% ( 4.4 % )
expected term ( in years ) | 6.17 | 6.25 | 6.25
expected volatility | 41.7% ( 41.7 % ) | 37.9% ( 37.9 % ) | 30.9% ( 30.9 % )
expected dividend yield | 0.4% ( 0.4 % ) | 0.3% ( 0.3 % ) | 0.6% ( 0.6 % )
weighted-average fair value per option granted | $ 71.03 | $ 78.54 | $ 41.03
the risk-free rate of return was based on the u.s .
treasury yield curve in effect on the date of grant .
the company utilizes the simplified method for calculating the expected term of the option based on the vesting terms and the contractual life of the option .
the expected volatility for options granted during 2009 was based on the average of the implied volatility of mastercard and a blend of the historical volatility of mastercard and the historical volatility of a group of companies that management believes is generally comparable to mastercard .
the expected volatility for options granted during 2008 was based on the average of the implied volatility of mastercard and the historical volatility of a group of companies that management believes is generally comparable to mastercard .
as the company did not have sufficient publicly traded stock data historically , the expected volatility for options granted during 2007 was primarily based on the average of the historical and implied volatility of a group of companies that management believed was generally comparable to mastercard .
the expected dividend yields were based on the company 2019s expected annual dividend rate on the date of grant. .

Question: what is the average expected volatility for the years 2007-2009?
Answer: 36.83%
Calculation: table_average(expected volatility, none)
(1) Exclude adjustments related to the migration to the new customer management system implemented during the third quarter of fiscal 2018.
During the third quarter of fiscal 2018, the Canadian broadband services segment implemented a new customer management system, replacing 22 legacy systems. While the customer management system was still in the stabilization phase, contact center congestion resulted in lower services activations during most of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018. Contact center and marketing operations had returned to normal at the end of the first quarter of 2019.
Variations of each services are also explained as follows:
INTERNET Fiscal 2019 fourth-quarter Internet service customers net additions stood at 2,540 compared to net losses of 2,965 for the same period of the prior year mainly due to: • the ongoing interest in high speed offerings; • the sustained interest in bundle offers; and • the increased demand from Internet resellers; partly offset by • competitive offers in the industry.
VIDEO Fiscal 2019 fourth-quarter video service customers net losses stood at 8,164 compared to 15,953 for the same period of the prior year as a result of: • highly competitive offers in the industry; and • a changing video consumption environment; partly offset by • customers' ongoing interest in digital advanced video services; and • customers' interest in video services bundled with fast Internet offerings.
TELEPHONY Fiscal 2019 fourth-quarter telephony service customers net additions amounted to 2,778 compared to net losses 16,900 for the same period of the prior year mainly due to: • more telephony bundles due to additional promotional activity in the second half of fiscal 2019; and • growth in the business sector; partly offset by • increasing wireless penetration in North America and various unlimited offers launched by wireless operators causing some customers to cancel their landline telephony services for wireless telephony services only.
Table:
 |  | Net additions (losses) | Net additions (losses)
 |  | Three months ended August 31, | Three months ended August 31,
 | August 31, 2019 | 2019 | 2018(1)
Primary service units | 1,810,366 | (2,846) | (35,818)
Internet service customers | 788,243 | 2,540 | (2,965)
Video service customers | 649,583 | (8,164) | (15,953)
Telephony service customers | 372,540 | 2,778 | (16,900)


Question: What is the increase/ (decrease) Internet service customers of Net additions (losses) from 2018 to 2019?
Answer: 5505
Calculation: 2,540-(-2,965)
2. Other operating income
Gains from the disposal of fixed assets and gains from the reversal of impairment losses includes €354 million of income from the disposal of real estates (2017/18: €137 million) and €5 million of income from reversal of impairment losses (2017/18: €4 million). Project developments and sale-and-leaseback transactions contributed to the real estate transactions.
The income from logistics services provided by METRO LOGISTICS to companies intended for disposal and non-group companies is offset by expenses from logistics services, which are reported under other operating expenses.
The other operating income includes cost allocations and cost shares as well as a great number of insignificant individual items.
Disclosures on companies intended for sale can be found under no. 43 – discontinued business sectors page 266 .
Table:
€ million | 2017/2018 | 2018/2019
Gains from the disposal of fixed assets and gains from the reversal of impairment losses | 145 | 360
Income from logistics services | 285 | 257
Services | 251 | 250
Rents incl. reimbursements of subsidiary rental costs | 268 | 236
Services rendered to suppliers | 111 | 103
Miscellaneous | 211 | 198
 | 1,271 | 1,405


Question: In which year was the amount of Services larger?
Answer: 2017/2018
Calculation: 251>250
35 Related party transactions
Key management1 compensation
1 Key management comprises the directors of intu properties plc and the Executive Committee who have been designated as persons discharging managerial responsibility (PDMR).
During 2017 the Group’s joint ventures in intu Puerto Venecia and intu Asturias sold shares in subsidiaries, previously wholly owned by the respective joint ventures, listed on the Spanish MaB to PDMRs of the Group. The total value of the shares at 31 December 2019 is €1.0 million for each joint venture, representing 1 per cent of the respective outstanding share capital. The sale of shares in these entities was required to comply with Spanish MaB free float listing requirements. The Group provided an interest-free loan to PDMRs to enable them to purchase the shares. The loans are treated as a taxable benefit which accordingly is included in the above table. In line with the terms of the relevant loan agreements entered into, the loans are repayable in full upon cessation of employment or the sale of the underlying assets. Further to the exchange of contracts in respect of the sale of intu Puerto Venecia in December 2019 and of intu Asturias in January 2020, the relevant PDMRs sold these shareholdings in January 2020 and February 2020 respectively. All outstanding loans in respect of the above arrangements have been repaid to the Company in full or in part. For those loans which have been partially repaid, the outstanding balance has been written off by the Company.
Table:
Key management1 compensation |  | 
£m | 2019 | 2018
Salaries and short-term employee benefits | 4.7 | 4.9
Pensions and other post-employment benefits | 0.3 | 0.8
Share-based payments | 1.5 | 1.7
 | 6.5 | 7.4


Question: In which year is there a higher share-based payment?
Answer: 2018
Calculation: Find the year with the higher share-based payment
The net deferred tax asset is classified on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):
We have various tax attribute carryforwards which include the following:
• Foreign federal and local gross net operating loss carryforwards are $61.6 million, of which $47.0 million have no expiration date and $14.6 million have various expiration dates beginning in fiscal 2020. Among the total of $61.6 million foreign net operating loss carryforwards, a valuation allowance of $31.7 million has been provided for certain jurisdictions since the recovery of the carryforwards is uncertain. U.S. federal and certain state gross net operating loss carryforwards are $14.0 million and $30.7 million, respectively, which were acquired from our acquisitions. A full valuation allowance against certain other state net operating losses of $30.7 million has been recorded. California gross net operating loss carryforwards are $2.8 million and are scheduled to expire beginning in fiscal 2032.
• U.S. federal R&D credit carryforwards of $35.4 million are scheduled to expire beginning in fiscal 2025. California R&D credit carryforwards of $32.2 million have no expiration date. A total of $27.1 million valuation allowance, before U.S. federal benefit, has been recorded against California R&D credit carryforwards of $32.2 million since the recovery of the carryforwards is uncertain. Other states R&D credit carryforwards of $3.9 million are scheduled to expire beginning in fiscal 2020. A valuation allowance totaling $2.7 million, before U.S. federal benefit, has been recorded against certain state R&D credit carryforwards of $3.9 million since the recovery of the carryforwards is uncertain.
• U.S. federal foreign tax credit carryforwards of $51.9 million are scheduled to expire beginning in fiscal 2022.
Table:
 | Fiscal year-end | 
 | 2019 | 2018
Non-current deferred income tax assets | $87,011 | $64,858
Non-current deferred income tax liabilities | (27,785) | (26,339)
Net deferred tax assets | $59,226 | $38,519


Question: What was the  Non-current deferred income tax assets  in 2018?
Answer: $64,858
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In March 2011, our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase up to $1.5 billion of our common stock (the “2011 Buyback”). In addition to the 2011 Buyback, in December 2017, our Board of Directors approved an additional stock repurchase program, pursuant to which we are authorized to repurchase up to $2.0 billion of our common stock (the “2017 Buyback”, and together with the 2011 Buyback the “Buyback Programs”).
During the three months ended December 31, 2019, we repurchased a total of 93,654 shares of our common stock for an aggregate of $19.6 million, including commissions and fees, pursuant to the 2011 Buyback. There were no repurchases under the 2017 Buyback. The table below sets forth details of our repurchases under the 2011 Buyback during the three months ended December 31, 2019.
(1) Repurchases made pursuant to the 2011 Buyback
(2) Average price paid per share is a weighted average calculation using the aggregate price, excluding commissions and fees.
(3) Remaining under the 2011 Buyback.
We have repurchased a total of 14.1 million shares of our common stock under the 2011 Buyback for an aggregate of $1.4 billion, including commissions and fees. We expect to continue to manage the pacing of the remaining $2.1 billion under the Buyback Programs in response to general market conditions and other relevant factors. We expect to fund any further repurchases of our common stock through a combination of cash on hand, cash generated by operations and borrowings under our credit facilities. Purchases under the Buyback Programs are subject to our having available cash to fund repurchases.
Under the Buyback Programs, our management is authorized to purchase shares from time to time through open market purchases or in privately negotiated transactions not to exceed market prices and subject to market conditions and other factors. With respect to open market purchases, we may use plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act in accordance with securities laws and other legal requirements, which allows us to repurchase shares during periods when we otherwise might be prevented from doing so under insider trading laws or because of self-imposed trading blackout periods. These programs may be discontinued at any time.
Table:
Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | Average Price Paid per Share (2) | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (3)
 |  |  |  | (in millions)
October 1, 2019 - October 31, 2019 | — | $ | — | $
November 1, 2019 - November 30, 2019 | 42,800 | $209.74 | 42,800 | $103.1
December 1, 2019 - December 31, 2019 | 50,854 | $209.59 | 50,854 | $92.4
Total Fourth Quarter | 93,654 | $209.66 | 93,654 | $92.4


Question: What is the average of average price paid per share between November and December?
Answer: 209.67
Calculation: ($209.74+$209.59)/2
5. Earnings Per Common Share
Basic earnings per common share ("EPS") is based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.  Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that would occur upon issuance of common shares for awards under stock-based compensation plans, or conversion of preferred stock, but only to the extent that they are considered dilutive.
The following table shows the computation of basic and diluted EPS:
In conjunction with the acquisition of Hawaiian Telcom in the third quarter of 2018, the Company issued 7.7 million Common Shares as a part of the acquisition consideration. In addition, the Company granted 0.1 million time-based restricted stock units to certain Hawaiian Telcom employees under the Hawaiian Telcom 2010 Equity Incentive Plan
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company had a net loss available to common shareholders and, as a result, all common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.  For the year ended December 31, 2017, awards under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans for common shares of 0.2 million, were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive.  For all periods presented, preferred stock convertible into 0.9 million common shares was excluded as it was anti-dilutive.
Table:
Year Ended December 31, |  |  | 
(in millions, except per share amounts) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Numerator: |  |  | 
Net (loss) income | $(66.6) | $(69.8) | $40.0
Preferred stock dividends | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4
Net (loss) income applicable to common shareowners - basic and diluted | $(77.0) | $(80.2) | $29.6
Denominator: |  |  | 
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic | 50.4 | 46.3 | 42.2
Stock-based compensation arrangements | — | — | 0.2
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted | 50.4 | 46.3 | 42.4
Basic and diluted net (loss) earnings per common share | ($1.53) | ($1.73) | $0.70


Question: What is the total Net (loss) income  between 2017 to 2019?
Answer: -96.4
Calculation: ($66.6)+($69.8)+$40.0
Warranty Reserves
We provide warranties on the majority of our product sales and reserves for estimated warranty costs are recorded during the period of sale. The determination of such reserves requires us to make estimates of product return rates and expected costs to repair or replace the products under warranty. We currently establish warranty reserves based on historical warranty costs for each product line. The weighted average warranty period covered is approximately 15 to 18 months. If actual return rates and/or repair and replacement costs differ significantly from our estimates, adjustments to cost of sales may be required in future periods.
Components of the reserve for warranty costs during fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 were as follows (in thousands):
Table:
 |  | Fiscal | 
 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Beginning balance | $40,220 | $36,149 | $15,949
Additions related to current period sales | 52,271 | 58,865 | 41,365
Warranty costs incurred in the current period | (54,538) | (51,935) | (31,825)
Accruals resulting from acquisitions | 21 | 179 | 14,314
Adjustments to accruals related to foreign exchange and other | (1,514) | (3,038) | (3,654)
Ending balance | $36,460 | $40,220 | $36,149


Question: What is the approximate weighted average warranty period covered?
Answer: approximately 15 to 18 months
The fair value of the option component of the ESPP shares was estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted
average assumptions:
The Company issued 266 shares, 231 shares and 183 shares under the ESPP in the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, at a weighted average
exercise price per share of $86.51, $77.02, and $73.02, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the Company expects to recognize $3,531 of the total unamortized compensation cost
related to employee purchases under the ESPP over a weighted average period of 0.37 years.
Table:
 |  | Year ended December 31 | 
 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017
Expected life (in years) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5
Volatility | 36% - 37% | 33% - 40% | 29% - 37%
Risk-free interest rate | 1.58 - 2.43% | 1.76% - 2.50% | 0.76% - 1.16%
Dividend yield | - % | - % | - %


Question: What is the number of shares issued in the years ended December 31, 2017 to 2019 respectively?
Answer: $73.02, $77.02, $86.51
Our product categories are:
Drinkable Kefir, sold in a variety of organic and non-organic sizes, flavors, and types, including low fat, non-fat, whole milk, protein, and BioKefir (a 3.5 oz. kefir with additional probiotic cultures).
European-style soft cheeses, including farmer cheese in resealable cups.
Cream and other, which consists primarily of cream, a byproduct of making our kefir.
ProBugs, a line of kefir products designed for children.
Other Dairy, which includes Cupped Kefir and Icelandic Skyr, a line of strained kefir and yogurt products in resealable cups.
Frozen Kefir, available in soft serve and pint-size containers.
Lifeway has determined that it has one reportable segment based on how our chief operating decision maker manages the business and in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief operating decision maker. The chief operating decision maker, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing our performance, has been identified collectively as the Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Operating Officer, the Chief Executive Officer, and Chairperson of the board of directors. Substantially all of our consolidated revenues relate to the sale of cultured dairy products that we produce using the same processes and materials and are sold to consumers through a common network of distributors and retailers in the United States.
Net sales of products by category were as follows for the years ended December 31:
(a) Includes Lifeway Kefir Shop sales
Significant Customers – Sales are predominately to companies in the retail food industry located within the United States. Two major customers accounted for approximately 22% and 21% of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Two major customers accounted for approximately 17% of accounts receivable as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. Our ten largest customers as a group accounted for approximately 57% and 59% of net sales for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Table:
 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
In thousands | $ | % | $ | %
Drinkable Kefir other than ProBugs | $ 71,822 | 77% | $ 78,523 | 76%
Cheese | 11,459 | 12% | 11,486 | 11%
Cream and other | 4,228 | 4% | 5,276 | 5%
ProBugs Kefir | 2,780 | 3% | 2,795 | 3%
Other dairy | 1,756 | 2% | 3,836 | 4%
Frozen Kefir (a) | 1,617 | 2% | 1,434 | 1%
Net Sales | $ 93,662 | 100% | $ 103,350 | 100%


Question: What is the change in the net sales for cheese between 2018 and 2019?
Answer: -27
Calculation:  11,459 - 11,486