pullmantur during 2013 , we operated four ships with an aggre- gate capacity of approximately 7650 berths under our pullmantur brand , offering cruise itineraries that ranged from four to 12 nights throughout south america , the caribbean and europe . one of these ships , zenith , was redeployed from pullmantur to cdf croisi e8res de france in january 2014 . pullmantur serves the contemporary segment of the spanish , portuguese and latin american cruise markets . pullmantur 2019s strategy is to attract cruise guests from these target markets by providing a variety of cruising options and onboard activities directed at couples and families traveling with children . over the last few years , pullmantur has systematically increased its focus on latin america . in recognition of this , pullmantur recently opened a regional head office in panama to place the operating management closer to its largest and fastest growing market . in order to facilitate pullmantur 2019s ability to focus on its core cruise business , in december 2013 , pullmantur reached an agreement to sell the majority of its inter- est in its land-based tour operations , travel agency and pullmantur air , the closing of which is subject to customary closing conditions . in connection with the agreement , we will retain a 19% ( 19 % ) interest in the non-core businesses . we will retain ownership of the pullmantur aircraft which will be dry leased to pullmantur air . cdf croisi e8res de france in january 2014 , we redeployed zenith from pullmantur to cdf croisi e8res de france . as a result , as of january 2014 , we operate two ships with an aggregate capac- ity of approximately 2750 berths under our cdf croisi e8res de france brand . during the summer of 2014 , cdf croisi e8res de france will operate both ships in europe and , for the first time , the brand will operate in the caribbean during the winter of 2014 . in addition , cdf croisi e8res de france offers seasonal itineraries to the mediterranean . cdf croisi e8res de france is designed to serve the contemporary seg- ment of the french cruise market by providing a brand tailored for french cruise guests . tui cruises tui cruises is designed to serve the contemporary and premium segments of the german cruise market by offering a product tailored for german guests . all onboard activities , services , shore excursions and menu offerings are designed to suit the preferences of this target market . tui cruises operates two ships , mein schiff 1 and mein schiff 2 , with an aggregate capacity of approximately 3800 berths . in addition , tui cruises has two ships on order , each with a capacity of 2500 berths , scheduled for delivery in the second quarter of 2014 and second quarter of 2015 . tui cruises is a joint venture owned 50% ( 50 % ) by us and 50% ( 50 % ) by tui ag , a german tourism and shipping company that also owns 51% ( 51 % ) of tui travel , a british tourism company . industry cruising is considered a well-established vacation sector in the north american market , a growing sec- tor over the long-term in the european market and a developing but promising sector in several other emerging markets . industry data indicates that market penetration rates are still low and that a significant portion of cruise guests carried are first-time cruisers . we believe this presents an opportunity for long-term growth and a potential for increased profitability . the following table details market penetration rates for north america and europe computed based on the number of annual cruise guests as a percentage of the total population : america ( 1 ) europe ( 2 ) .

Table:
year | north america ( 1 ) | europe ( 2 )
2009 | 3.0% ( 3.0 % ) | 1.0% ( 1.0 % )
2010 | 3.1% ( 3.1 % ) | 1.1% ( 1.1 % )
2011 | 3.4% ( 3.4 % ) | 1.1% ( 1.1 % )
2012 | 3.3% ( 3.3 % ) | 1.2% ( 1.2 % )
2013 | 3.4% ( 3.4 % ) | 1.2% ( 1.2 % )
( 1 ) source : international monetary fund and cruise line international association based on cruise guests carried for at least two con- secutive nights for years 2009 through 2012 .
year 2013 amounts represent our estimates .
includes the united states of america and canada .
( 2 ) source : international monetary fund and clia europe , formerly european cruise council , for years 2009 through 2012 .
year 2013 amounts represent our estimates .
we estimate that the global cruise fleet was served by approximately 436000 berths on approximately 269 ships at the end of 2013 .
there are approximately 26 ships with an estimated 71000 berths that are expected to be placed in service in the global cruise market between 2014 and 2018 , although it is also possible that ships could be ordered or taken out of service during these periods .
we estimate that the global cruise industry carried 21.3 million cruise guests in 2013 compared to 20.9 million cruise guests carried in 2012 and 20.2 million cruise guests carried in 2011 .
part i .

Question: by what percentage did the global cruise guests increase from 2011 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2013?
Answer: 1.91% and 3.46% , respectively
Calculation: subtract(20.9, 20.2), divide(#0, 20.2), subtract(21.3, 20.9), divide(#2, 20.9)