SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Reportable Segments
Fiscal Year 2019 Compared with Fiscal Year 2018
Productivity and Business Processes
Revenue increased $5.3 billion or 15%. • Office Commercial revenue increased $3.2 billion or 13%, driven by Office 365 Commercial, offset in part by lower revenue from products licensed on-premises, reflecting a continued shift to cloud offerings. Office 365 Commercial grew 33%, due to growth in seats and higher average revenue per user. • Office Consumer revenue increased $286 million or 7%, driven by Office 365 Consumer, due to recurring subscription revenue and transactional strength in Japan. • LinkedIn revenue increased $1.5 billion or 28%, driven by growth across each line of business. • Dynamics revenue increased 15%, driven by Dynamics 365 growth.
Operating income increased $3.3 billion or 25%, including an unfavorable foreign currency impact of 2%.

• Gross margin increased $4.1 billion or 15%, driven by growth in Office Commercial and LinkedIn. Gross margin percentage increased slightly, due to gross margin percentage improvement in LinkedIn and Office 365 Commercial, offset in part by an increased mix of cloud offerings.

• Operating expenses increased $806 million or 6%, driven by investments in LinkedIn and cloud engineering, offset in part by a decrease in marketing.
Intelligent Cloud
Revenue increased $6.8 billion or 21%.

• Server products and cloud services revenue, including GitHub, increased $6.5 billion or 25%, driven by Azure. Azure revenue growth was 72%, due to higher infrastructure-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service consumption-based and per user-based services. Server products revenue increased 6%, due to continued demand for premium versions and hybrid solutions, GitHub, and demand ahead of end-of-support for SQL Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008.

• Enterprise Services revenue increased $278 million or 5%, driven by growth in Premier Support Services and Microsoft Consulting Services.
Operating income increased $2.4 billion or 21%.

• Gross margin increased $4.8 billion or 22%, driven by growth in server products and cloud services revenue and cloud services scale and efficiencies. Gross margin percentage increased slightly, due to gross margin percentage improvement in Azure, offset in part by an increased mix of cloud offerings.

• Operating expenses increased $2.4 billion or 22%, driven by investments in cloud and AI engineering, GitHub, and commercial sales capacity.
More Personal Computing
Revenue increased $3.4 billion or 8%.

• Windows revenue increased $877 million or 4%, driven by growth in Windows Commercial and Windows OEM, offset in part by a decline in patent licensing. Windows Commercial revenue increased 14%, driven by an increased mix of multi-year agreements that carry higher in-quarter revenue recognition. Windows OEM revenue increased 4%. Windows OEM Pro revenue grew 10%, ahead of the commercial PC market, driven by healthy Windows 10 demand. Windows OEM non-Pro revenue declined 7%, below the consumer PC market, driven by continued pressure in the entry level category.

• Surface revenue increased $1.1 billion or 23%, with strong growth across commercial and consumer.

• Gaming revenue increased $1.0 billion or 10%, driven by Xbox software and services growth of 19%, primarily due to third-party title strength and subscriptions growth, offset in part by a decline in Xbox hardware of 13% primarily due to a decrease in volume of consoles sold.

• Search advertising revenue increased $616 million or 9%. Search advertising revenue, excluding traffic acquisition costs, increased 13%, driven by higher revenue per search.
Operating income increased $2.2 billion or 21%, including an unfavorable foreign currency impact of 2%.

• Gross margin increased $2.0 billion or 9%, driven by growth in Windows, Gaming, and Search. Gross margin percentage increased slightly, due to a sales mix shift to higher gross margin businesses in Windows and Gaming.

• Operating expenses decreased $172 million or 1%.
Fiscal Year 2018 Compared with Fiscal Year 2017
Productivity and Business Processes
Revenue increased $6.0 billion or 20%.

• LinkedIn revenue increased $3.0 billion to $5.3 billion. Fiscal year 2018 included a full period of results, whereas fiscal year 2017 only included results from the date of acquisition on December 8, 2016. LinkedIn revenue primarily consisted of revenue from Talent Solutions.

• Office Commercial revenue increased $2.4 billion or 11%, driven by Office 365 Commercial revenue growth, mainly due to growth in subscribers and average revenue per user, offset in part by lower revenue from products licensed on-premises, reflecting a continued shift to Office 365 Commercial.

• Office Consumer revenue increased $382 million or 11%, driven by Office 365 Consumer revenue growth, mainly due to growth in subscribers.

• Dynamics revenue increased 13%, driven by Dynamics 365 revenue growth.
Operating income increased $1.5 billion or 13%, including a favorable foreign currency impact of 2%.

• Gross margin increased $4.4 billion or 19%, driven by LinkedIn and growth in Office Commercial. Gross margin percentage decreased slightly, due to an increased mix of cloud offerings, offset in part by gross margin percentage improvement in Office 365 Commercial and LinkedIn. LinkedIn cost of revenue increased $818 million to $1.7 billion, including $888 million of amortization for acquired intangible assets.

• Operating expenses increased $2.9 billion or 25%, driven by LinkedIn expenses and investments in commercial sales capacity and cloud engineering. LinkedIn operating expenses increased $2.2 billion to $4.5 billion, including $617 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets.
Intelligent Cloud
Revenue increased $4.8 billion or 18%.

• Server products and cloud services revenue increased $4.5 billion or 21%, driven by Azure and server products licensed on-premises revenue growth. Azure revenue grew 91%, due to higher infrastructure-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service consumption-based and per user-based services. Server products licensed on-premises revenue increased 5%, mainly due to a higher mix of premium licenses for Windows Server and Microsoft SQL Server.

• Enterprise Services revenue increased $304 million or 5%, driven by higher revenue from Premier Support Services and Microsoft Consulting Services, offset in part by a decline in revenue from custom support agreements.
Operating income increased $2.4 billion or 26%.

• Gross margin increased $3.1 billion or 16%, driven by growth in server products and cloud services revenue and cloud services scale and efficiencies. Gross margin percentage decreased, due to an increased mix of cloud offerings, offset in part by gross margin percentage improvement in Azure.

• Operating expenses increased $683 million or 7%, driven by investments in commercial sales capacity and cloud engineering.
More Personal Computing
Revenue increased $3.0 billion or 8%.

• Windows revenue increased $925 million or 5%, driven by growth in Windows Commercial and Windows OEM, offset by a decline in patent licensing revenue. Windows Commercial revenue increased 12%, driven by multi-year agreement revenue growth. Windows OEM revenue increased 5%. Windows OEM Pro revenue grew 11%, ahead of a strengthening commercial PC market. Windows OEM non-Pro revenue declined 4%, below the consumer PC market, driven by continued pressure in the entry-level price category.

• Gaming revenue increased $1.3 billion or 14%, driven by Xbox software and services revenue growth of 20%, mainly from third-party title strength.

• Search advertising revenue increased $793 million or 13%. Search advertising revenue, excluding traffic acquisition costs, increased 16%, driven by growth in Bing, due to higher revenue per search and search volume.

• Surface revenue increased $625 million or 16%, driven by a higher mix of premium devices and an increase in volumes sold, due to the latest editions of Surface.

• Phone revenue decreased $525 million.
Operating income increased $1.8 billion or 20%, including a favorable foreign currency impact of 2%.

• Gross margin increased $2.2 billion or 11%, driven by growth in Windows, Surface, Search, and Gaming. Gross margin percentage increased, primarily due to gross margin percentage improvement in Surface.

• Operating expenses increased $391 million or 3%, driven by investments in Search, AI, and Gaming engineering and commercial sales capacity, offset in part by a decrease in Windows marketing expenses.
Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes corporate-level activity not specifically allocated to a segment, including restructuring expenses.

Fiscal Year 2019 Compared with Fiscal Year 2018

We did not incur Corporate and Other activity in fiscal years 2019 or 2018.

Fiscal Year 2018 Compared with Fiscal Year 2017

Corporate and Other operating loss decreased $306 million, due to a reduction in restructuring expenses, driven by employee severance expenses primarily related to our sales and marketing restructuring plan in fiscal year 2017.
Table:
(In millions, except percentages) | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | Percentage Change 2019 Versus 2018 | Percentage Change 2018 Versus 2017
Revenue |  |  |  |  | 
Productivity and Business Processes | $ 41,160 | $ 35,865 | $ 29,870 | 15% | 20%
Intelligent Cloud | 38,985 | 32,219 | 27,407 | 21% | 18%
More Personal Computing | 45,698 | 42,276 | 39,294 | 8% | 8%
Total | $  125,843 | $  110,360 | $  96,571 | 14% | 14%
 | Operating Income (Loss) |  |  |  | 
Productivity and Business Processes | $ 16,219 | $ 12,924 | $ 11,389 | 25% | 13%
Intelligent Cloud | 13,920 | 11,524 | 9,127 | 21% | 26%
More Personal Computing | 12,820 | 10,610 | 8,815 | 21% | 20%
Corporate and Other | 0 | 0 | (306) | * | *
Total | $42,959 | $35,058 | $29,025 | 23% | 21%
* not meaningful |  |  |  |  | 


Question: Why did corporate and other operating loss decrease in 2018?
Answer: due to a reduction in restructuring expenses, driven by employee severance expenses primarily related to our sales and marketing restructuring plan in fiscal year 2017.