Discussion of the Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017
Revenues
Subscription Solutions
Subscription solutions revenues increased $177.2 million, or 38.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. Subscription solutions revenues increased $155.0 million, or 50.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The increase in both periods was primarily a result of growth in MRR driven by the higher number of merchants using our platform.
Merchant Solutions
Merchant solutions revenues increased $327.7 million, or 53.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase in merchant solutions revenues was primarily a result of Shopify Payments revenue growing by $239.6 million, or 53.3%, in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. This increase was a result of an increase in the number of merchants using our platform, continued expansion into new geographical regions, and an increase in adoption of Shopify Payments by our merchants, which drove $9.1 billion of additional GMV facilitated using Shopify Payments in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Shopify Payments penetration rate was 42.1%, resulting in GMV of $25.7 billion that was facilitated using Shopify Payments. This compares to a penetration rate of 40.4%, resulting in GMV of $16.6 billion that was facilitated using Shopify Payments in the same period in 2018. As at December 31, 2019 Shopify Payments adoption among our merchants was as follows: United States, 91%; Canada, 90%; Australia, 89%; United Kingdom, 88%; Ireland, 84%; New Zealand, 76%; and other countries where Shopify Payments is available, 70%. Merchant solutions revenues increased $327.7 million, or 53.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. The increase in merchant solutions revenues was primarily a result of Shopify Payments revenue growing by $239.6 million, or 53.3%, in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. This increase was a result of an increase in the number of merchants using our platform, continued expansion into new geographical regions, and an increase in adoption of Shopify Payments by our merchants, which drove $9.1 billion of additional GMV facilitated using Shopify Payments in 2019 compared to the same period in 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Shopify Payments penetration rate was 42.1%, resulting in GMV of $25.7 billion that was facilitated using Shopify Payments. This compares to a penetration rate of 40.4%, resulting in GMV of $16.6 billion that was facilitated using Shopify Payments in the same period in 2018. As at December 31, 2019 Shopify Payments adoption among our merchants was as follows: United States, 91%; Canada, 90%; Australia, 89%; United Kingdom, 88%; Ireland, 84%; New Zealand, 76%; and other countries where Shopify Payments is available, 70%.
In addition to the increase in revenue from Shopify Payments, revenue from transaction fees, referral fees from partners, Shopify Capital, and Shopify Shipping increased during the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the same period in 2018, as a result of the increase in GMV facilitated through our platform.
Merchant solutions revenues increased $245.0 million, or 67.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The increase in merchant solutions revenues was primarily a result of Shopify Payments revenue growing by $176.0 million, or 64.4%. Additionally, revenue from transaction fees, referral fees from partners, Shopify Capital, and Shopify Shipping increased for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017.
Table:
 | Years ended December 31, |  |  | 2019 vs 2018 | 2018 vs 2017
 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | % Change | % Change
 | (in thousands, except percentages) |  |  |  | 
Revenues: |  |  |  |  | 
Subscription solutions | $642,241 | $464,996 | $310,031 | 38.1% | 50.0%
Merchant solutions | 935,932 | 608,233 | 363,273 | 53.9% | 67.4%
 | $1,578,173 | $1,073,229 | $673,304 | 47.0% | 59.4%
Percentage of revenues: |  |  |  |  | 
Subscription solutions | 40.7% | 43.3% | 46.0% |  | 
Merchant solutions | 59.3 % | 56.7 % | 54.0 % |  | 
Total revenues | 100.0 % | 100.0 % | 100.0 % |  | 


Question: Which year has the highest Merchant solutions revenues?
Answer: 2019
Calculation: 935,932> 608,233> 363,273