--- annotations_creators: - no-annotation language_creators: - expert-generated language: - en - es license: - mit multilinguality: - monolingual size_categories: - 1K, 'name': 'Cuaderno_2013_1_B', 'year': '2013' } ``` ### Data Fields - `qid`: question identifier (int) - `category`: category of the question: "medicine", "nursing", "psychology", "chemistry", "pharmacology", "biology" - `qtext`: question text - `answers`: list of possible answers. Each element of the list is a dictionary with 2 keys: - `aid`: answer identifier (int) - `atext`: answer text - `ra`: `aid` of the right answer (int) - `image`: (optional) a `PIL.Image.Image` object containing the image. Note that when accessing the image column: `dataset[0]["image"]` the image file is automatically decoded. Decoding of a large number of image files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"image"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["image"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["image"][0]` - `name`: name of the exam from which the question was extracted - `year`: year in which the exam took place ### Data Splits The data is split into train, validation and test set for each of the two languages. The split sizes are as follow: | | Train | Val | Test | | ----- | ------ | ----- | ---- | | Spanish | 2657 | 1366 | 2742 | | English | 2657 | 1366 | 2742 | ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale As motivation for the creation of this dataset, here is the abstract of the paper: "We present HEAD-QA, a multi-choice question answering testbed to encourage research on complex reasoning. The questions come from exams to access a specialized position in the Spanish healthcare system, and are challenging even for highly specialized humans. We then consider monolingual (Spanish) and cross-lingual (to English) experiments with information retrieval and neural techniques. We show that: (i) HEAD-QA challenges current methods, and (ii) the results lag well behind human performance, demonstrating its usefulness as a benchmark for future work." ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization The questions come from exams to access a specialized position in the Spanish healthcare system, and are designed by the [Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social](https://www.mscbs.gob.es/), who also provides direct [access](https://fse.mscbs.gob.es/fseweb/view/public/datosanteriores/cuadernosExamen/busquedaConvocatoria.xhtml) to the exams of the last 5 years (in Spanish). #### Who are the source language producers? The dataset was created by David Vilares and Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez. ### Annotations The dataset does not contain any additional annotations. #### Annotation process [N/A] #### Who are the annotators? [N/A] ### Personal and Sensitive Information [More Information Needed] ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset [More Information Needed] ### Discussion of Biases [More Information Needed] ### Other Known Limitations [More Information Needed] ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators The dataset was created by David Vilares and Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez. ### Licensing Information According to the [HEAD-QA homepage](https://aghie.github.io/head-qa/#legal-requirements): The Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Biniestar Social allows the redistribution of the exams and their content under [certain conditions:](https://www.mscbs.gob.es/avisoLegal/home.htm) - The denaturalization of the content of the information is prohibited in any circumstance. - The user is obliged to cite the source of the documents subject to reuse. - The user is obliged to indicate the date of the last update of the documents object of the reuse. According to the [HEAD-QA repository](https://github.com/aghie/head-qa/blob/master/LICENSE): The dataset is licensed under the [MIT License](https://mit-license.org/). ### Citation Information ``` @inproceedings{vilares-gomez-rodriguez-2019-head, title = "{HEAD}-{QA}: A Healthcare Dataset for Complex Reasoning", author = "Vilares, David and G{\'o}mez-Rodr{\'i}guez, Carlos", booktitle = "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics", month = jul, year = "2019", address = "Florence, Italy", publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics", url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P19-1092", doi = "10.18653/v1/P19-1092", pages = "960--966", abstract = "We present HEAD-QA, a multi-choice question answering testbed to encourage research on complex reasoning. The questions come from exams to access a specialized position in the Spanish healthcare system, and are challenging even for highly specialized humans. We then consider monolingual (Spanish) and cross-lingual (to English) experiments with information retrieval and neural techniques. We show that: (i) HEAD-QA challenges current methods, and (ii) the results lag well behind human performance, demonstrating its usefulness as a benchmark for future work.", } ``` ### Contributions Thanks to [@mariagrandury](https://github.com/mariagrandury) for adding this dataset.